Twenty-sixth report of the State Highway Department of Georgia to the Governor and General Assembly of the State of Georgia for the fiscal years ending June 30, 1955, and June 30, 1956

Twenty-Sixth Report
OF THE
State Highway Department
OF GEORGIA TO THE
Governor and General Assembly of the State of Georgia
FOR THE FISCAL YEARS ENDING JUNE 30, 1955, AND JUNE 30, 1956

Th e Atlanta Ex jJressway, at the intersection of the noTthwest leg with the northeast leg.

Twenty-Sixth Report, State Highway Department of Georgia 1
Letter of Transmittal
Atlanta, Georgia November 1, 1956
Honorable Marvin Griffin, Governor and
Members of the General Assembly State of Georgia Atlanta, Georgia Gentlemen:
It is our pleasure to submit for your consideration the twenty-sixth report of the State Highway Department of Georgia, covering the activities of the Department for the fiscal years ending June 30, 1955, and June 30, 1956.
The report contains information on the organization, functions, operations, and accomplishments of the State Highway Department, and also includes a complete statement prepared by the Treasurer of the Department covering all revenues and expenditures during the biennium.
Respectfully submitted, STATE HIGHWAY BOARD OF GEORGIA
ROGER H. LAWSON, Chairman JOHN E. QUILLIAN, Member ROY F. CHALKER, Member

2

Twenty-Sixth Report, State Highway Department of Georgia

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page No.

Letter of Transmittal _____

1

Organization Personnel __________________________________________

5

History of the Organization of the Highway Department

11

Members of State Highway Commission, 1916 - 1919

16

Members of State Highway Board, 1919 - 1943

17

Members of State Highway Commission, 1943 - 1950

18

State Highway Directors, 1943 - 1950 _

20

Members of State Highway Board, 1950 - 1956

21

State Highway Engineers, 1919- 1956 _

23

Administrative Division ________ _

25

U. S. Bureau of Public Roads _

32

The Federal-Aid Highway Program _

37

Highway Systems ___ _

47

Measurement and Record of Public Roads

67

Georgia Rural Roads Authority

75

State Bridge Building Authority

77

State Toll Bridge Authority

79

Legal Division __

83

Personnel Division ___ Division of Surveys and Aerial Mapping ___

----------------------------- 91 97

Division of Road Design

99

Division of Bridges

103

Division of Contracts and Estimates

111

Division of Right-of-Way

123

Division of Construction ___

131

Division of Materials and Tests

135

Division of Urban Projects ______

139

Post Roads Division

143

Division of Maintenance, Equipment and Warehouse _________________

147

Field Divisions _____

155

Division of Highway Planning

161

Division of Finance and Audits _

171

Twenty-Sixth Repo1t, State Highway Department of Geor-gia 3

TABLES AND CHARTS

Organization Chart

Page No.
7

Map of the Congressional Districts

8

Map of the Highway Districts

9

Mileage of State Highway System, by Type of Surface, 1954 - 1956 __ 27

Road-User Revenue and Appropriations for Road Purposes, 1937- 1955 35

Apportionment of Federal-Aid Highway Funds to Georgia, 1917 - 1958 44

Map of National System of Interstate and

Defense Highways in Georgia

46

Mileage of Highways, by Systems

56

Mileage of Highways, by Type of Surface

57

Mileage of State Highway System, 1920 - 1956

60

Mileage of State Highway System and County Roads, by Counties

61

Motor Fuel Used for Highway Purposes, 1925 - 1955 _

69

Motor-Vehicle Registrations, 1910 - 1955 ____

71

Summary of Contracts Awarded, 1955 - 1956

114

Contracts Awarded, by Type of Construction, 1955 _______________________________ 115

Contracts Awarded, by Type of Construction, 1956

119

Map of the Five Field Divisions _______

154

Traffic Flow Map, 1955

160

Cost of Construction of Roads and Bridges, 1916 - 1956 _

170

Financial Statements for Fiscal Year Ending June 30, 1956 ____________________ 192

Financial Statements for Fiscal Year Ending June 30, 1955

176

4

Twenty-Sixth RepoTt, State Highway DepaTtment of GeoTgia

State Highway Board
ROGER H. LAWSON, Chairman Central Highway District
(3rd, 4th, 6th and lOth Congressional Districts) JOHN E. QUILLIAN, Member Northern Highway District
(5th, 7th and 9th Congressional Districts) ROY F. CHALKER, Member Southern Highway District
(1st, 2nd and 8th Congressional Districts)
State Highway Engineer
M. L. SHADBURN
'freasurer
BENTON ODOM

Twenty-Sixth RepoTt, State Highway DepaTtment of GeoTgia 5
STATE HIGHWAY DEPARTMENT
Organization Personnel August 1, 1956
ROGER H. LAWSON, Chairman, State Highway Board JOHN E. QUILLIAN, Member, State Highway Board ROY F. CHALKER, Member, State Highway Board BENTON ODOM, Treasurer PAUL MILLER, Assistant Attorney General LAMAR J. MURDAUGH, Assistant Attorney General E. J. SUMMEROUR, Assistant Attorney General M. L. SHADBURN, State Highway Engineer V. W. SMITH, SR., Assistant State Highway Engineer-Administrative C. S. FAIN, Assistant State Highway Engineer-General F. P. KING, Assistant State Highway Engineer-Federal JOHN W. WADE, Assistant State Highway Engineer-Rural Roads W. F. ABERCROMBIE, State Highway Materials Engineer S. P. ALLISON, State Highway Urban Engineer J. 0. BACON, State Highway Maintenance Engineer C. A. CURTIS, State Highway Right-of-Way Engineer ROY A. FLYNT, State Highway Planning Engineer J. A. KENNEDY, State Road Design Engineer C. W. LEFTWICH, State Highway Construction Engineer JOHN C. LEWIS,
Personnel Administrator and Compensation Attorney
C. A. MARMELSTEIN, State Highway Bridge Engineer GEORGE T. McDONALD, Director, Post Roads Division and
Executive Secretary to State Highway Board
T. D. SPENCE, State Highway Office Engineer L. W. VERNER, State Highway Location Engineer
FIELD DIVISION ENGINEERS
W. C. SMITH, JR., Division No. I, Gainesville MARION PATRICK, Division No.2, Augusta J. C. COLLINS, Division No.3, Macon EARL OLSON, Division No.4, Tifton R. G. RAY, JR., Division No. 5, Savannah

6

T wenty-Sixth Repo1t, State Highw ay Depa1tmen t of Geo'l'gia

Th e old covered bridge of limited load capacity and narrow roadway width, shown at top, has been replaced by the structure of modern design shown at bottom . This is over Middle Fo rk Broad River, on State Route 184, in
Banks Count y. Project BA (3) 1205-A (9).

State Highway Department of Georgia Organization Chart
1956

STATE HIGHWAY DEPARTMENT OF GEORGIA

ORGANIZATION CHART

AUGUST I, 1956

I I PEOPLE

ATTORNEY GENERAL
I

I LEGISLATURE

I I

I ""' I SUPERVISOR " PURC,.SES

l I GOVERNOR

I

STATE PERSONNEL BOAH'LJ MEFilT SYSTEM OF PERSONNEL
ADMINISTRATION

J

I ASSISTANT ATTORNEYS GENERAL

I EXECUTIVE SECRETARY I'----'"-"-'-"-"-1'-"_._"_'_"_'"_"_ ___J

I I STATE HIGHWAY ENGINEER

l

I

---+----11 I H~HWA> r- \ASSISTANT smE

1
ENGINEER-oINISTRATIVE

Ass~r.-T smE HIGHWM ENGINEER-""'""'

I ASSISTANT STATE HIGHWAY ENGINEER- GENERAL

1

---+----1: I ~-:

ASSISTANT STATE HIGHWAYENGINEER- RURAL ROADS

DI'JISION OF HIGHWAY PLANNING

I

I STATE HIGHWAY PLANNING ENGINEER

DIVISION OF SURVEYS AND

I

AERIAL MAPPING

I STATE: HIGHWAY LOCATION ENGINEER

I I ST:~:IS~::OD:E:~:: ::;:~ER

I . HIGH~M ENGINE~ DIVISION OF 8RIDCES

STATE

BRIDGE

I ""II HIGHWAY ENGINEERS *PHOTOF<>lHROATMQGMREAMTtR.IEITCRIST AIRF'LANf F'ILOT
AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHER PHCTC TECHNICIAN

.,., ... 1J!lr""'"'.,......"II, '"'"""'"" 1H!r'.",'.".,'.. .,_., III I ENGINEERS

SUPE,ISOR

<IGHWA' BRIDGE ENGINEER

E"INEERS

DIVISION OF MATERIALS AND TESTS
I \ STATE HWY. MATERIALS ENGINEER

DIVISION OF COI'ISTI'IUCTION

~IGHWAY (STA;E

GONST. ENGINEER)

PLANNINI3
IASS"T. HWY. f'LANNING ENGRS. HIGHWAY ENGINEERS

~~

TERN"G"IN'EEw RINm G

I

ASST. HWY. PLANNING ENG.

TRAFFIC INVESTIGATORS

ROAD Ll. . STUDT
ASST. HWY. PLANNING ENG.
I ROAD LIFE ANALYST$

r~

TRAF"C SURVET ASST. HWY. PLANNING ENG. FIELO TRAFFIC ENGINf:ER

TRAFFIC RECORDERS

1

I
I SENIOR ROAD DESIGNERS

I

ROAD DESIGNERS O~AFTSt.IE 'I

I

l

l ;sE~~~~F~s~~J~!1~s II I BRIDGE OETAILERS DRAFTS~,jEN

WELDING coNSULTANT WELDING INSPECTOR

I I

ASSIST.6.NT sTATE HIGHWA"Y M.6.TERIAL$ ENGINEER

I I

ASSISTANT STATE HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTION ENGIIlE[R

TRACERS

~ '-------r--- ._-----,---

I SOUNDING OUT<IT

I

I I \e"YSICALTESTING J
r HWY. MATERIALS;
I 1 ENGINEER

CHEMICAL ~ CHIEF CHEMIST

I HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTION EMGINEERS I

~ HIGHw., SPECIFICATIONS
ENGINEER

1

I I DIVISION "' RIG"-- .,

POST ROADS DIVISION

I

I I STATE HIGHWAY RIGHT OFWAY ENGINE~

DIRECTOR
L-----,1----'

CDIVISION OF CONTFUCTS t.NO ESTIMATES ATE HIGHWAY OFFICE ENGINEER

I

(
\L._:_~:_:._~"_~._:._:_:~_:AT~_;_:._:~:_:_,_:_:_"_s_ _JI
ACCOUNTING HIGHWAY ACCOUNTS
EXECUTIVE

I

PERSONNEL DIVISION

I

PERSONNEL ADMINISTRATOR AND COMPENSATION ATTORNEY

I

I I DIVISION OF URBJI.N PROJECTS
ISTATE HIGHWAY URBAN ENGINEER

I
OIVI510N OF MAINTENANCE' EQUPMENT

I

I STATE

AND WAREHOUSE :-ltGHWAY MAIIIITENAIIICE

ENGINEER

I I

ASSISTANT COMPENSATION o\TTY.

H ll SENIOR PERSONNE. ASSISTANT CL.ERICAI..

I
ROAD DESIGN ENGINEERS

I I

HIGHWAY ~AINTENANCE
[NGINEE~S

~~

SUERINTENOENT OF ROADSIDE PARI(S

1

I

I

(AOSFFSITC.ESETQAUTEIPMHEWNYT. "C'0VNSSUT.'PELNIGE.)SJ WAREHOUSEt.'AN

~

PUSLOICIRB:RTEOLRATOIOFNS

J

.__________.

I ~fAISON ~~ I I I I HIGHWAY AGENT I I ' - - - - - - - - J

HIGHWAT RECORDS SUPERVISOR
L------J

'SSISTA"T' 'NO MACHINE OPERATORS

BOOKKEEPERS CLERKS

'-------- '------'

BUILDING MAINTENANCE SUPERVISO'I:

~~

MAIL CLERK TELEPHONE OF'ERATORS

I I

SENIOR ROAD DESIGNERS ROAD DESIGNERS DRAFTSMEN

II

SUPE~INTENOENT OF EQUIPMENT

HSU>'ERINTENOENT OF WAREHOUSE

I

AUDITORS

I

BOOKKEEPEI'IS

I

I

SUPERINTENDENT OF SIGNS

H

SUPERINTENDENT OF CENTER LINE AND
8RIDGE PAINTING

I

ASs/~:~. l:::::~~:y ENG.
I HWY. MAPPING Et-.GINEERS HWY. MAPPING ASSISTANTS

r~ ~ I FISCAL ANALYST SENIOR ACCOUNT.6.NT ~-------'

~ CARTOGRAPHCIHCIEFORAFTSiliAN {

C<ANl"O "S'TART<ISCTIACRSCH

I

I SENIOR CARTOGRAPHIC D>IAFTSMAN DRAFTSMEN

TABULATING EXECUTIVE A TABULATING EQUIPMf:NT
OPERATORS

OFFICE MANAGER

I

ACCOUNTANT CLERICAL

I

I ~ ASPHAcT

~~SOILS.GEOLOGY SFOUNDATIONS

ISR. MATERIALS TEST ENGINEER

ENGINEER~ SR. MATERIALS
TEST

I :LAB'O"R'A"T'O"RIES

j .AOMINISTRATI'JE

MATERIALS I lHWY. ENGINEER

1TEST ENGINEERS I

FIVE FIELD DIVISIONS [ FIELD DIVISION ENG"NEER

I

-CO-NST-RU-CTION

I

HIGHWAY ENGINEERS

~ H

- OFFI- CE
HIGHWAY ENGINEER

I

I I RESIOENT HIGHWA' ENGINEERS FIELD MATERIA.S TEST TECHNICIA>lS
I HIGHWAY PROJECT EN:iiNEERS
! SENIOR ENGINEER IN(, AIDES ENGINEERI'IG AID5

ENGINEERING AUDITORS ACCOUNTANTS CLERICAL
I II LOCATION AND RIGHT-OF-WAY HIGHWAY ENGINEER5
HSENIOR ENGINEERING AIDES ENGINHRING AIDES

SUPERINTE NOENT OF
I TIRES AND BATTERIES

~~

SUPERINTENDENT OF

TRUCK WEIGHING

J

IHIOHWAY RAOIO SUPE"ISOR

I

DRAWN B"Y OI'JISION OF HIGHWAY F'LANNING

I

SPECIAL MAINTENANCE OUTFITS

I

~ HIGHWAY ENGINER

I

HIGHWAY MAINTENANCE ASSISTANTS

PATROLMEN

I

I

SIGN FOREMEN
EQUIPMENT OPERATORS LABORERS

MECH.6.NICS

j

Twenty-Sixth Repmt, State H ighway Depa1tment of Gemgia 7
The old-st')le, multiple pony truss bridge with narrow roadway width ana limited load capacity shown at top has been replaced by the bridge shown at bottom. This is over Whit e Oak Creek, on Stat e R oute 54, between Turin and L uthersville, in Coweta Count y. Project BA (3) 1232-B (1).

8

Twenty-Sixth Report, State Highway Department of Georgia

STATE
HIGHWAY DEPARTMENT
OF
GEORGIA
COUNTIES AND CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICTS

...J

f

L

0

R

FIRST CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT:-Bryan, Bulloch, Burke, C'andler, Chatham, Effingham, Emanuel, Evans, Jenkins, Liberty, Long, Mcintosh, Montgomery, Screven, Tatt~ nail, Toombs, Treutlen, Wheeler.
SECOND CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT:-Baker, Brooks, Calhoun, Colquitt, Decatur, Dougherty, Early, Grady, Miller, Mitchell, Seminole, Thomas, Tift, Worth.
THIRD CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT:-Ben Hill, Chattahoochee, Clay, Crisp, Dodge, Dooly, Harris, Houston, Lee, Macon, Marion, Muscogee, Peach, Pulaski, Quitman, Randolph, Schley, Stewart, Sumter, Taylor, Terrell, Turner, Webster, Wilcox.
FOURTH CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT:-Butts, Carroll, Clayton, C'oweta, Fayette, Heard, Henry, Lamar, Meriwether, Newton, Pike, Spalding, Talbot, Troup, Upson.
FIFTH CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT:-DeKalb, Fulton, Rockdale.
SIXTH CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT:-Baldwin, Bibb, Bleckley, Crawford, Glascock, Hancock, Jasper, Jefferson, Johnson, Jones, Laurens, Monroe, Putnam, Twiggs, Washington, Wilkinson.
SEVENTH CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT:-Bartow, Catoosa, Chattooga, Cobb, Dade, Douglas, Floyd, Gordon, Haralson, Murray, Paulding, Polk, Walker, Whitfield.
EIGHTH CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT:-Appling, Atkinson, Bacon, Berrien, Brantley, Camden, Charlton, Clinch, Coffee, Cook, Echols, Glynn, Irwin, Jeff Davis, Lanier, Lowndes, Pierce, Telfair, Ware, Wayne.
NINTH CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT:-Banks, Barrow, Cherokee, Dawson, Fannin, Forsyth, Gilmer, Gwinnett, Habersham, Hall, Jackson, Lumpkin, Pickens, Rabun, Stephens, Towns, Union, White.
TENTH CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT:-C'larke, Columbia, Elbert, Franklin, Greene, Hart, Lincoln. Madison, McDuffie, Morgan, Oconee, Oglethorpe, Richmond, Taliaferro, Walton, Warren, Wilkes.

Twenty-Sixth Report, State Highway Department of Georgia 9
STATE HIGHWAY DEPARTMENT
or
GEORGIA
COUNTIES AND HIGHWAY DISTRICTS
II~
I,
I
F SOUTHERN HIGHWAY DISTRICT
First, Second and Eighth Congressional Districts CENTRAL HIGHWAY DISTRICT
Third, Fourth, Sixth and Tenth Congressional Districts NORTHERN HIGHWAY DISTRICT
Fifth, Seventh and Ninth Congressional Districts

ur Bridge over Flint River, on Stat e Route 32, between L eesburg and Ashburn . Construction consisted of nine 80-ft. composite beam spans and five 27-ft. beam spans, total length 835 feet. Project BA ( 2) 1906 (11) L ee-Worth Counties.

Twenty-Sixth Report, State Highway Department of Georgia 11
History of the Organization of
the Highway Department
The State Highway Department of Georgia was created by Act of the General Assembly, August 16, 1916, and a Highway Commission was appointed. This Commission was composed of three members of the Prison Commission, together with the State Geologist, the Dean of the College of Civil Engineering of the University of Georgia, and the Professor of Highway Engineering at the Georgia School of Technology. This Commission served until the reorganization of the Highway Department by Act of the General Assembly, approved August 18, 1919.
State Highway Board Created in 1919
The Act of 1919 provided that the State Highway Department of Georgia, reorganized and reconstructed, should be managed and controlled by the State Highway Board, which should consist of three members appointed by the Governor, one from each of the three divisions of the State. The boundaries of each division were set out. The term of office of initial appointees was to be two, four and six years, respectively, after which each new member was to serve six years. The members received compensation on a daily basis while engaged in the performance of their duties.
New Highway Board Created in 1937
By an Act of the General Assembly approved March 3, 1937, the State Highway Board was abolished and the terms and tenure of office of the members were terminated. Another Act was passed and approved on the same day, creating a new State Highway Board to consist of three members to be appointed by the Governor and confirmed by the Senate. The members were to be selected from different sections of the State and the first three appointments were for terms of two, four and six years, respectively, after which the terms were to be for six years. From the beginning, the Chairman was a full-time officer, and an Act of the General Assembly, approved February 16, 1938, provided that the other two mem-

12 Twenty-Sixth RepoTt, State Highway Depa7tment of Georgia
hers should also devote their full time to the performance of the duties of their office.
Another Highway Board Created in 1941
The Act of March 3, 1937, was repealed and the terms of office of the members of the State Highway Board were terminated by an Act of the General Assembly approved January 30, 1941. The latter Act provided that the State Highway Department should be managed and controlled by a State Highway Board composed of a Chairman and two members, to be appointed by the Governor from different sections of the State. The members were to serve during the term of the Governor by whom they were appointed. The Chairman was a full-time officer and the Act provided that the other two members should receive compensation on a daily basis while engaged in the performance of their duties.
Reorganization of 1943
The General Assembly of 1943 passed an Act, approved March 17, 1943, repealing the Act of January 30, 1941, and abolishing the State Highway Board. The 1943 Act provided that the State Highway Department should be managed and controlled by a State Highway Director, and created a State Highway Commission as an advisory body with whom the State Highway Director should from time to time consult regarding the administration of the affairs of the State Highway Department. The Act also created the office of Treasurer of the State Highway Department. All of these officers were appointed by the Governor and confirmed by the Senate. The State Highway Director and Treasurer of the State Highway Department were full-time officers and served at the pleasure of the Governor. The part-time State Highway Commissioners were appointed for a term of four years, to be concurrent with the term of the Governor. One Commissioner was appointed from each of the ten Congressional Districts and two from the State at large. One member of the State Highway Commission was designated by the Governor to be Chairman, one member was designated as Vice-Chairman and another as Secretary.

Twenty-Sixth Report, State Highway Department of Georgia 13
Present Organization
The Act of March 17, 1943, was repealed by an Act of the General Assembly, approved February 2, 1950 (Act No. 536, Senate Bill No. 34, Georgia Laws 1950, pp. 62-72) and a further reorganization of the State Highway Department was effected. The 1950 Act abolished the State Highway Commission and the position of State Highway Director, and created a State Highway Board, composed of three members, who are full-time officers. The first three members were elected by the General Assembly; one from the Southern Highway District, composed of the First, Second and Eighth Congressional Districts; one from the Central Highway District, composed of the Third, Fourth, Sixth and Tenth Congressional Districts; and one from the Northern Highway District, composed of the Fifth, Seventh and Ninth Congressional Districts. The 1950 Act as amended by an Act approved February 5, 1951 (Act No. 56, Senate Bill No. 1, Georgia Laws 1951, pp. 31-41) provides that future members shall be elected by a majority vote of a caucus composed of all members of the General Assembly. Vacancies occurring when the General Assembly is not in session shall be filled by the Governor until the next meeting of the General Assembly, by appointment of a resident of the same Highway District to serve until the meeting of and election by members of the General Assembly at its next session, in the same manner as members are elected for a regular term, to fill the unexpired term.
The first member from the Southern Highway District was elected for a term of six years; the first member from the Central Highway District was elected for a term of four years; and the first member from the Northern Highway District was elected for a term of two years. Thereafter, the terms of the members shall be six years, each dating from the expiration of the first terms, or from a subsequent six-year term. There shall always be one member from each of the three Highway Districts. Biennially, one of the members is elected as Chairman by a majority vote of the Board members present.
The 1950 Act provides that the Treasurer of the State Highway Department shall be appointed by a majority of the State Highway Board to serve at the pleasure of the Board.

14 T wenty-Sixth R epo1t, State H ighway De1Ja1tment of Geo1gia
Top ) Georgia's only suspension bridge) built in 1927 and closed to traffic in 1953) was temporarily replaced by the Stat e-operat ed ferry shown. Bottom, the H erman E. Talmadge Bridge) over the Chattahoo chee R iver, on Stat e R oute 91) near D onalsonville) in S eminole County. This high-level) steel and concrete structure is 1)597 feet long and provides horizontal and vertical clearance fo r futu re navigational requirements. Pro ject BA (3) 1518 ( 12).

Twenty-Sixth Report, State Highway Department of Georgia 15
Appointments
The members of the original State Highway Commission, the appointments to the State Highway Board under the Acts of 1919, 1937 and 1941, the State Highway Directors and State Highway Commissions appointed under the Act of 1943, and the members elected to the State Highway Board under the Act of 1950 are shown in the tabulations on the following pages.

Members of the Original State Highway Commission
1916- 1919

Name of Member

I

Title

Term Began

T. E. Patterson.
J. E. Davidson

Chairman, Member of Prison Commission . ... Member of Prison Commission

E. L. Rainey

--- Member of Prison Commission

S. W. McCallie. State -------------- Geologist.

C. M. Strahan

-------------- Professor of Civil Engineering, University of Georgia

R. D. Kneale. ----------------------- Professor of Civil Engineering, Georgia School of Technology

--

Aug. ------- 16, 1916 ... Aug. 16, 1916
Aug. -------- 16, 1916 .. Aug. 16, 1916
... Aug. 16, 1916
Aug. 16, 1916

Term Ended

Sept. 1, 1919 ... Sept. 1, 1919 Sept. 1, 1919 . .. Sept. 1, 1919 ...

... Sept. 1, 1919.

... Sept. 1, 1919

-------

Members of State Highway Board of Georgia
1919- 1943

N arne of Member

Title

Appointed By

Term Began

Term Ended

Remarks

- - - ~~~- -~~~-~~-~~~~~-j-~ I ~--~---~~~-1~~~~---~~ ~~~~~~-

--~~~~~~- -~---

C. M. Strahan

Chairman

Governor Dorsey _ Sept. 1, 1919 Dec. 31, 1921 Expiration of initial 2-year term.

Stanley S. Bennet-

Member

____ Governor Dorsey_

Sept. 1, 1919 Dec. 31, 1923 Expiration of initial 4-year term.

R. C. Neely

Member

Governor Dorsey

Sept. 1, 1919 Oct. 27, 1923 ___ Died in Office.

John N. Holder

----Chairman __ Governor Hardwick _____ Jan. 1, 1922 __ June 2, 1929 Succeeded C. M. Strahan.

W. T. Anderson_--------- Member

__ Governor Walker __ Nov. 1, 1923_ July, 1925

Succeeded R. C. Neely.

Stanley S. Bennet

Member

___ Governor Walker ____ Jan. 1, 1924_ Dec. 31. 1929 Reappointed.

John R. Phillips

Member

_Governor Walker

Aug. 1925 _ _ _ Dec. 31, 1931 _ Succeeded W. T. Anderson.

Sam Tate

--Chairman ___ Governor Hardman __ June 4, 1929 April 1, 1930 Succeeded John N. Holder.

W. C. Vereen_

Member ___ Governor Hardman _ Jan. 1, 1930 _ June 19, 1933 Succeeded Stanley S. Bennet.

J. W. Barnett-

- Chairman ___ Governor Hardman_. April 1, 1930 _ June 19, 1933 ___ Succeeded Sam Tate.

J.P. Wilhoit

Member _____ Governor Russell__

Jan. 1, 1932 .June 19, 1933 _ Succeeded John R. Phillips.

J.P. Wilhoit

Officer-in-Chg. Gov. Eugene Talmadge June 19, 1933 July 20, 1933 Appointed Officer-in-Charge.

]. ]. Mangham_ -------Chairman ___ Gov. Eugene Talmadge July 20, 1933 Nov. 21, 1933 _ Succeeded ]. W. Barnett.

W. E. Wilburn

Member

_Gov. Eugene Talmadge July 20, 1933 ____ Nov. 21, 1933 Succeeded]. P. Wilhoit.

Max L. McRae_

Member _ Gov. Eugene Talmadge July 20, 1933 __ Jan. 13, 1937 Succeeded W. C. Vereen.

W. E. Wilburn_ John A. Heck

Chairman _ Gov. Eugene Talmadge Nov. 21, 1933__ .Jan. 25, 1937 _ Appointed Chairman.

___ Member

_Gov. Eugene Talmadge Nov. 21, 1933 _ Dec. 31, 1933 Succeeded J. J. Mangham.

John A. Heck_

Member

__ Gov. Eugene Talmadge Jan. 1, 1934 Mar. 1, 1937 Reappointed.

Jim L. Gillis, Sr. __ -------- Member

__ Governor Rivers------------ Jan. 25, 1937 April 19, 1940 _ Succeeded W. E. Wilburn.

Herman H. Watson - Member

Governor River"_

Mar. 3, 1937. Dec. 2, 1939 Succeeded John A. Heck.

W. L. Miller ____________ Member

Governor Rivers

_ Jan. 13, 193 7_ .Jan. 14, 1941 _ Succeeded Max L. McRae.

W. L. Miller

Chairman

Governor Rivers

Jan. 25, 1937. Jan. 14, 1941 _Appointed Chairman.

L. L. Patten

Member_ -- Governor Rivers.

Dec. 2, 1939 _ fan. 14, 1941 _ Succeeded Herman H. Watson.

Herman H. Watson Member

__ Governor Rivers _ ____ Dec. 2, 1939 _ fan. 14, 1941 _ Succeeded Jim L. Gillis, Sr.

W. E. Wilburn_ _____ Chairman _________ Gov. Eugene Talmadge_ Jan. 14, 1941 .Jan. 12, 1943 _ Succeeded W. L. Miller.

S. E. Vandiver

- Member

--Gov. Eugene Talmadge Jan. 14, 1941. Jan. 12, 1943 Succeeded Herman H. Watson.

T. G. Tyson_

_Member___ Gov. Eugene Talmadge Jan. 14, 1941 .Jan. 12, 1943 __ Succeeded L. L. Patten.

-,

Members of State Highway Commission
1943- 1950

Name of Member

Title

Congressional District

Appointed By

Term Began Term Ended

Remarks

J. J. Bouhan.

Member. --------- First .. -------- Governor ArnalL ---- April 21, 1943. .Jan. 18, 1947

L. Roy Robinson ----------- Member .. ------- Second ..

Governor ArnalL . . April 21, 1943 .. . Jan. 18, 1947

Sims Garrett, Jr. .......... Vice-Chairman Third ..

Governor ArnalL ... April 21, 1943 ... .Jan. 18, 1947.

.Judson J. Milam ---------- Member. -------- Fourth ..

Hugh Burgess .. ------------- Member.

Fifth

Frank A. Dennis ----------- Member.

Sixth.

Mrs. Frank A. Dennis .. Member..

Sixth

Governor ArnalL. .. April 21, 1943. .Jan. 18, 1947.. Governor ArnalL ----- April 21, 1943. Jan. 18, 1947.. Governor Arnall . ... April 21, 1943 . Dec. 31, 1944. Died Ill Office. Governor Arnall .... .Jan. 18, 1945 ... .Jan. 18, 1947. Succeeded F. A.

Penn Selman . Lonnie A. Pope

-------- Member .. Secretary.. -------

Seventh. Eighth. ----------

Governor Arnall .. . April Governor Arnall ... .. April

21, 21,

1943 1943

.Jan. 18, 1947 .Jan. 18, 1947

Dennis.

Steve C. Tate ---------------- Chairman.

Ninth.

Governor ArnalL .. .. April 21, 1943.. Jan. 18, 1947.

J. Knox Gholston --------- Member ... Wyck Knox ------------------ Member.
Maurice W. Tift ---------- Member. Willard H. Lariscy. Member.

Tenth. State at Large State at Large First

Governor Arnall ------ April 21, 1943.. Jan. 18, 1947. Governor Arnall ... .. April 21, 1943 Jan. 18, 1947.. Governor Arnall . April 21, 1943 Jan. 18, 1947.. Governor Thompson March 21, 1947 Nov. 18, 1948..

Leon Houston. --------- Member

W. Gerue Dunn

Member ...

Second. Third.

Governor Thompson March 21, 1947 Nov. 18, 1948.. .. Governor Thompson March 21, 1947 Nov. 18, 1948..

Judson J. Milam

Chairman .. Fourth ..

Governor Thompson March 21, 1947 Nov. 18, 1948

C. R. Vaughn.

. Member.

Fifth.

Governor Thompson March 21, 1947 Nov. 18, 1948

J. David Dyer Member. - ------------

A. E. Young.

. Secretary .

Sixth Seventh

Governor Thompson March 21, 1947 Nov. 18, 1948 .... Governor Thompson March 21, 1947 Nov. 18, 1948

George M. Bazemore ... Member

Eighth

Governor Thompson March 21, 1947 Nov. 18, 1948

Mose W. Gordon ---------- Vice-Chairman Ninth

Governor Thompson March 21, 1947 Nov. 18, 1948

Furman D. Smith, Sr. .. Member. . Tenth ..

Governor Thompson March 21, 1947 Nov. 18, 1948..

Maurice W. Tift ----------- Member.

State at Large Governor Thompson March 21, 1947 Nov. 18, 1948

L. Roy Robinson . -------- Member.

State at Large Governor Thompson March 21, 1947 Nov. 18, 1948

Members of State Highway Commission (Continued)
1943- 1950

Name of Member

Title

Congressional District

Appointed by

Term Began Term Ended I

J. E. Parker._ ____ Member._ ---------

First_

w. Frank Tyson ___ .. Member

Second

Dixon Oxford___ ---- Chairman_

Third_

Tom Steele_____

____ Member _

Fourth_

Henry McCalla ____ Member._

Fifth_

Marvin E. Moate __ ---- Member_

Sixth

C. L. Moss_____ -------- Vice-Chairman Seventh

John B. Walker_ --- Member.. John E. Quillian _ __ Member

Eighth_ Ninth __

J. J. McLanahan ------ Secretary__

A. w. Smith ___

Member

Tenth_ State at Large

Frank G. Binford ----- Member.._

State at Large

Gov. Herman E. Talmadge Gov. Herman E. Talmadge Gov. Herman E. Talmadge Gov. Herman E. Talmadge Gov. Herman E. Talmadge Gov. Herman E. Talmadge Gov. Herman E. Talmadge Gov. Herman E. Talmadge Gov. Herman E. Talmadge Gov. Herman E. Talmadge Gov. Herman E. Talmadge Gov. Herman E. Talmadge

Nov. 18, 1948 Feb. 2, 1950 Nov. 18, 1948 Feb. 2, 1950 Nov. 18, 1948 Feb. 2, 1950 Nov. 18, 1948 Feb. 2, 1950 Nov. 18, 1948 Feb. 2, 1950 Nov. 18, 1948 Feb. 2, 1950 Nov. 18, 1948 Feb. 2, 1950 Nov. 18, 1948 Feb. 2, 1950 _ Nov. 18, 1948 Feb. 2, 1950_ Nov. 18, 1948 Feb. 2, 1950_ Dec. 2, 1948 Feb. 2, 1950 March 28, 1949 Feb. 2, 1950 _

Remarks

State Highway Directors
1943- 1950

Name

Title

Appointed By

Term Began

Term Ended

Ryburn G. Clay

Executive Officer-in-Charge. Governor ArnalL

.Jan. 12, 1943.

April 21, 1943 _

Ryburn G. Clay __________ Director _ __ __________ Governor Arnall

__ April 21, 1943 __ Oct. 5, 1945

George T. McDonald_

___ Engineer-Director

_Governor Arnall__

____ Oct. 5, 1945..

.Jan. 18, 1947 __ -

W. R. Nee!

_ _ __ _ _____ Director .. ________________________________ Governor Thompson_

.. Jan. 18, 194 7_

March 20, 1947__

John C. Beasley

______ Director

. Governor Thompson_

March 20, 1947_ .June 4, 1948-

W. R. Nee!

___ Engineer-Director

__ Governor Thompson

____ June 4, 1948

Sept. 13, 1948.

John C. Beasley

______ Director..

___ Governor Thompson

.. Sept. 13, 1948

Nov. 17, 1948

Jim L. Gillis, Sr. ________________ Director

______ Gov. Herman E. Talmadge Nov. 17, 1948

Feb. 2, 1950

Members of State Highway Board of Georgia
1950- 1956

N arne of Member

Highway District

Term Began

I Term Ended

Remarks

John E. Quillian . . ....... Northern .

Feb. ... ---- 2, 1950. ------"- Feb. 8, 1952

Reelected for 6-year term.

Dixon Oxford .

..... .... CentraL

.. ... Feb . 2, 1950 . -------- Feb. 8, 1954

Reelected for 6-year term.

Jim L. Gillis, Sr. .

. ...... Southern.

Feb. 2, 1950.. ----- ----------

---------

---- Jan. 15, 1955

Elected Chairman 1950, 1952, 1954. Resigned and succeeded by W. A. Blasingame .

Dixon Oxford .. ............ CentraL

.... Feb. 9, 1954.. .... July 15, 1955

Resigned and succeeded by Roger H. Lawson .

W. A. Blasingame ..

.... Southern.. ......... .. .......... Jan. 19, 1955 ..... Feb. 8, 1956 ....... . Elected Chairman Jan. 19, 1955. Reelected for 6-year term.

W. A. Blasingame .. . .... Southern ..

......... Feb. 9, 1956

July 15, 1956 .

Elected Chairman Feb. 9, 1956. Resigned and succeeded as member by Roy F. Chalker.

John E. Quillian.

.... Northern ....... .

..... Feb. 9, 1952.. . .. Now in office.

Term ends Feb. 8, 1958.

Roger H. Lawson ... ..... CentraL

Roy F. Chalker

... Southern

.... .. July 16, 1955 ....... Now in office . ......... July 16, 1956 Now in office

Elected Chairman July 16, 1956.

Term ends Feb. 8, 1960.

.."..'..

Appointed by the Governor to serve until a member is elected by the General Assembly to fill the unexpired term ending Feb. 8, 1962.

Th e State of Georgia from 1916, when the first Stat e H ighway D epartment was created, to this dat e (jun e 30, 1956) , has had nine Stat e H ighway Engineers, each of w hom during one or more periods of time has directed highway engineerin o operations. These men are all pictured here. All of them are still engaged in som e fo rm of highway actvity. L eft to rioht: Mose E. Cox, George T. M cDonald, W . R. N eel, B. P. M cWho rter, W . B. BTantley, M . L . Shadbum ( now in office), E. A. Stanley, H enry E . N ewton, E. Jack Smith.

Stale Highway Engineers
1919- 1956

Name

Term Began

Term Ended

Remarks

W. R. Nee!.......

. ..... Sept. 1, 1919 ......... .. .. .. March 1, 1930.

B. P. McWhorter .....

March 1, 1930

... June 20, 1933

M. E. Cox .......

... June 20, 1933

. . Sept. 28, 1934

H. E. Newton. ............... Sept. 28, 1934

.Feb. 1, 1937

E. Jack Smith............... ..... Feb. 1, 1937

.... July 14. 1937

E. A. Stanley........

July 14, 1937

..... Oct. 16, 1938

W. B. Brantley... ......... Oct. 16, 1938 ................... April 1, 1940

W. R. Nee! ................. April 1, 1940

May 24, 1941

M. L. Shadburn

.... May 24, 1941 ..

. ..... April 21, 1943

George T. McDonald . April 21, 1943 ..... ..

Jan. 18, 1947

............. _Engineer-Director 10-5-1945 to 1-18-1947.

W. R. Nee1 ........................ March 20, 1947................... Nov. 17, 1948

Engineer-Director 6-4-1948 to 9-13-1948.

M. L. Shadburn ............. Nov. 17, 1948 ............ ____________ Still in office June 30, 1956

1

24 Twenty-Six th Repmt, State Highway Depa1tment of Ge01gia
T w o construction views of the Interstat e S ystem Freeway at Tifton, under Project IN-401-1 .

Twenty-Sixth Report, State Highway Department of Georgia 25
Administrative Division
ROGER H. LAWSON, Chairman, State Highway Board JOHN E. QUILLIAN, Member, State Highway Board ROY F. CHALKER, Member, State Highway Board M. L. SHADBURN, State Highway Engineer
The members of the State Highway Board are elected by a caucus composed of all members of the General Assembly, as outlined in the preceding section of this report. Under the law, the State Highway Board is charged with the management and control of the State Highway Department, the State Highway System of roads and bridges, and the State Highway funds. The Board determines the policies of the Highway Department, approves the program of projects selected for improvement, executes all contracts, approves the employment of personnel, and authorizes the expenditure of funds.
Contracts Let
During this biennium, contracts were awarded by the State Highway Department for the improvement of 4,193 miles of roadway and the construction of 270 bridges at a total cost of over $75 million. These contracts covered 649 miles of grading, 349 miles of grading and base, 372 miles of base, 2,218 miles of bituminous surfacing, 578 miles of resurfacing, 27 miles of concrete pavement, 12 underpass structures, and 33 grade crossing signals. The total length of bridges was 5.7 miles. In addition to the work let to contract, the State Maintenance Forces completed 1,347 miles of bituminous surfacing at a cost of $4.5 million, making a total of 5,546 miles of highway improvement made during the two years.
In addition to the above, contracts were awarded by the State Bridge Building Authority for the construction of 146 bridges, 6.6 miles in length, and 109 miles of roadway approaches to bridges, at a total cost of $13.7 million.
The Georgia Rural Roads Authority let contracts for 1,374 miles of roadway improvements and the construction of 68 bridges, at a total cost of $15.7 million.
A statement is presented elsewhere in this report which shows the mileage of each type of work and the total cost of

26 Twenty-Sixth Report, State Highway Department of Gemgia
projects let to contract for each class of Federal-aid funds, as well as 100% State funds on the State Highway System and Post Roads, and also the mileage of each type of work let to contract by the State Bridge Building Authority and the Georgia Rural Roads Authority. A summary of all work mentioned above includes 7,023 miles of roadway improvements, the construction of 484 bridges and 12 underpass structures, and the installation of 33 grade crossing signals, at a total cost of over $109 million. This is the largest outlay for highway improvements within a two-year period in the history of the State.
State Highway System
Act No. 536 of the General Assembly, approved February 2, 1950, grants authority to the State Highway Board to substitute, relocate, and abandon any part of the State Highway System in building new roads or bridges, or in improving roads or bridges on the State Highway System, keeping in view only the control points.
During the fiscal year ending June 30, 1955, the mileage of the State Highway System was decreased by 9.8 miles, and during the year ending June 30, 1956, the System was increased by 18.9 miles.
The mileage of the State Highway System as of June 30, 1956, was 15,130.4 miles, of which 13,145.8 miles were paved and 1,984.6 miles were unpaved. A tabulation of the mileage by type of surface is given below and a list showing the mileage in each county appears elsewhere in this report. There were 3,825 bridges and grade separation structures on the State Highway System as of June 30, 1956, with a total length of 126.5 miles, which are included in the following tabulation according to the type of surface.

Twenty-Sixth Report, State Highway Depmtment of Georgia 27

MILEAGE OF STATE HIGHWAY SYSTEM

Type of Surface
Unimproved ---------------------- ----------Graded and Drained -----------------Soil-Surfaced ---------- -------------------Gravel or Stone ------------------ -------Low-Type Bituminous --------------High-Type Bituminous ~~~ --------Portland Cement Concrete -----Brick or Block -------- -------------- -----

I
June 30, I June 30,

1954 I 1955

77.3

69.4

1,435.3

1,072.7

1,112.1

804.0

491.6

409.3

5,488.6

5,788.5

4,641.3

5,148.4

1,862.3

1,806.7

12.8

12.5

June 30, 1956
64.9 870.6 688.6 360.5 6,003.9 5,369.2 1,760.2
12.5

Total ------------- -------- ------------

15,121.3

15,111.5

I

~

15,130.4

Engineering Operations
The State Highway Engineer is the chief engineering office:r of the State Highway Department and is responsible directly to the State Highway Board. He directs and supervises, through the various division heads and the field division engineers, the planning, location, design, construction, and maintenance of all roads and bridges on the State Highway System, as well as the construction of Post Roads. He directs the selection and assignment of engineering personnel, and establishes the policies and procedures to be followed in the training of graduate civil engineers.
His staff includes four Assistant State Highway Engineers. His chief assistant is the Assistant State Highway EngineerAdministrative, whose principal duty is the overall direction of the Federal-aid highway programs. He coordinates and expedites the work of the several divisions concerned with the various operations involved in placing Federal-aid projects under contract, and maintains liaison with the Bureau of Public Roads. Where necessary, he issues instructions for straightening out any difficulties which arise in the preparation of plans, procurement of right-of-way, letting of contracts, etc.
The Assistant State Highway Engineer-Federal is responsible for the preparation and submission of the various Federalaid programs to the Bureau of Public Roads and handles all details in connection with obtaining Public Roads approval of the projects. He furnishes information as to costs, etc. on proposed projects to the State Highway Board, who select the projects to be included in the programs.

28 Twenty-Sixth Repo1t, State Hig hway Depa1tment of Geo1gia
Top , t~1pical timb er bridge and a headache to county maintenance fo rces. Bottom, new brid ae of flat slab , precast concrete construction, located on Post Road between H erndon and Canooch ee, over O "eec hee River, in
Emanu el Count y. Project BA (3) 1189 (4) Emanuel.

Twenty-Sixth Report, State Highway Department of Georgia 29
The Assistant State High way Engineer-General handles the work in connection with contracts for State-aid and Post Roads projects to be constructed with 100% State funds. He is also responsible for carrying on the general and routine activities in the office of the State Highway Engineer.
The Assistant State Highway Engineer-Rural Roads is as~.igned to engineering duties pertaining to projects of the Georgia Rural Roads Authority.
Georgia Highway Conference
For the past five years, an Annual Georgia Highway Conference has been conducted by the School of Civil Engineering of the Georgia Institute of Technology, in cooperation with the State Highway Department. The objective of these conferences is to provide a forum for the discussion of problems of mutual interest to the various groups in the highway field and as a medium of exchange of information on technical advances. Over 200 persons have registered for the conference each year, representing almost every group in the highway field. Interesting papers were presented by nationally known leaders in the industry as well as by prominent engineers of Georgia and other Southeastern States. The Highway Department was well represented among those presenting papers, and a large number of the Department's engineers attended the conferences.
Each year, except the first, the proceedings of the Annual Georgia Highway Conferences have been printed in book form, for distribution to those who attended and others interested, as a contribution of the Highway Department. These annual conferences have been very worthwhile, and it is planned to continue them.

30 Twenty-Sixth Rep01t, State Highway Depa1tment of Geo1gia
Top, placing limerock fo r soil .bound macadam base. Bottom, pneumatic vibrator used for compaction. Project F-098-1 (4), on State Route 33,
between Sylv ester and Moultrie, in Colquitt County.

Twenty-Six th Repo1t, State Highway Depa1tment of Georgia 31 Construction operations on the project desc ribed on the opposite page.

32 Twenty-Sixth Report, State Highway Department of Georgia
U. S. Bureau of Public Roads
The Bureau of Public Roads of the Department of Commerce is responsible for the expenditure of Federal funds on highways. John A. Volpe, appointed Federal Highway Administrator on October 22, 1956, and C. D. Curtiss, Commissioner of Public Roads, are the heads of the national organization in Washington. The division office, through which the work in Georgia and six other Southeastern States and Puerto Rico is cleared, is in charge of B. P. McWhorter, Division Engineer, at Peachtree-Seventh Building, Atlanta.
District Office
The district office staff is as follows:
J. S. Call, District Engineer Wm. M. Danielson, Program and Planning Engineer J. A. Temple, Principal Highway Engineer Wilbur B. King, Principal Highway Engineer Lyman C. Bradley, Bridge Engineer Herman L. Gaines, Office Engineer John T. Little, Administration
Area Highway Engineers
Hugh L. Chamberlain Thomas P. Griffin Henry P. Parrish M. D. Stanley
These trained engineers and specialists advise with State Highway Department engineers on details in connection with route locations, surveys, design, construction and maintenance of Federal-aid projects. Frequent inspections are made of construction work and the maintenance condition of all projects involving Federal participation.
The basic facts developed through cooperative traffic, engineering and economic studies by the Division of Highway Planning and the Bureau of Public Roads are utilized in the preparation and review of highway programs, designation of Interstate, Primary, Secondary and Forest Highway Systems, and to determine the priorities and type of highway improvements.

Twenty-Sixth Rep01t, State Highway DepaTtment of GeoTgia 33
History of Organization
This agency was created in 1893 as the Office of Road Inquiry in the Department of Agriculture and later the name was changed to Bureau of Public Roads. Under Federal Reorganization Plan No. 1, the personnel and functions of the Bureau of Public Roads were transferred to the Federal Works Agency and the name of the organization was changed to Public Roads Administration, effective July 1, 1939.
Under Reorganization Plan No. 7, effective August 20, 1949, the Public Roads Administration was transferred to the Department of Commerce and the organization was given again the name of Bureau of Public Roads.
The Highway Department desires to express its sincere appreciation for the cooperation and services rendered by the Bureau of Public Roads.

34 Twenty-Sixth Report, State Highway Department of Georgia

"

.".

)
v 1/

"
" ,.

v

r-t K

I I

' \.

I I

\1/

vI I

." .

IV

I I

"
>O

\ .. /

~

\ \

J I I

I I
..,

--

1 "
v v , -

/_ /,' ' ' J ROAD
~

USER

REVENUE

/ ........~......~

I I

-.-...... ',' "

.I
APPROPRIATIONS FOR ROAO PURP.Q.iU

,' JV

~'

oo

'

0 1937

Ill I

ltll

1140

1141

IIU

1143

, ,

1945

1146

CALENDAR YEAR

1147

.....

LUI "'O "''

1152 ,,,3

'"' ~

A tabulation of the road-user revenue and appropriations for road purposes appears on opposite page.

ROAD-USER REVENUE COLLECTED BY STATE OF GEORGIA AND APPROPRIATIONS FOR ROAD PURPOSES
1937- 1955

---
Calendar Year

Motor-Fuel Tax

ROAD-USER REVENUE
Motor-Vehicle Registration
Fees

Total Road-User Revenue

I

APPROPRIATIONS FOR ROAD PURPOSES

Payments to State Highway
Department

Payments to Counties for Roads

Total Appropriations for
Road Purposes

1937

$ 19,550,144

$ 1,303,956

$ 20,854,100

$ 7,953,547

$ 3,153,23 7

$ 11,106,784

1938

19,630,315

1,653,713

21,284,028

13,980,195

3,420,343

17,400,538

1939

21,046,637

1,883,117

22,929,754

15,278,123

3,364,984

18,643,107

1940

22,802,364

2,044,372

24,846,736

16,585,235

3,954,484

20,539,719

1941

26,048,632

2,226,150

28,274,782

18,485,761

4,190,140

22,675,901

1942

21,539,607

2,228,699

23,768,306

16,225,581

4,393, 721

20,619,302

1943

18,181,984

2,227,164

20,409,148

11,107,802

4,300,000

15,407,802

1944

20,231,665

2,374,501

22,606,166

10,259,028

4,300,000

14,559,028

1945

23,173,083

2,54 7,921

25,721,004

14,444,957

4,558,503

19,003,460

1946

30,964,547

2,897,807

33,862,354

25,414,954

4,817,013

30,231,967

1947

34,620,424

3,409,971

38,030,395

18,344,134

4,817,013

23,161,147

1948

36,529,630

3,276,965

39,806,595

39,823,877

4,817,013

44,640,890

1949

41,600,658

3, 794,594

45,395,252

24,480,165

4,817,013

29,297,178

1950 1951 1952 1953 1954

51,087,455 52,596,610 52,819,626 55,753,434 58,033,711

4,371,044 4,789,069
5,13 7' 796 5,646,011 6,124,845

55,458,499 57,385,679
57,957,422 61,399,445

27,416,711 41,705,696 50,415,960 41,784,755

4,817,013 7,067,013 9,317,013 9,037,506

32,233,724 48,772,709 59,732,973 50,822,261

-0

64,158,556

52,092,216

8,757,991

60,850,207

1955

65,528,400

7,034,064

72,562,464

44,431,731

9,037,498

53,469,229

Totals

$671,738,926

$64,971,759

$736,710,685

$490,230,428

$102,937,498

$593,167,926

36 T wenty-Six th Repo1t, State H ighway Depa1tment of Georgia
Top, a dan aerous bridge with limit ed load capacity and narrow roadway, which has been replaced by the steel and concrete long-span bridge shown at bottom . Th e new structure, over the Chattahooch ee River, on State Route 109, between LaGrange, Georgia and Roanoke, Alabama, is 914 feet in length with a 26-ft . roadway and good sight distance. Project BA (3 )
1656-A ( 12), T roup Count)'

Twenty-Sixth Report, State Highway Depa1tment of Georgia 37
The Federal-Aid Highway Program
The Federal-Aid Road Act of July 11,1916, launched the Federal Government on a nationwide cooperative plan of highway improvement. A vital feature of this first Act was that the Federal Government was ". . . authorized to cooperate with the States through their respective State highway departments ..."
The Federal Highway Act of 1921 provided for the selection of the Federal-aid Highway System and a continuation of the cooperative Federal-aid plan with initiative in the selection of projects resting with the State highway departments. Since 1921 there have been a number of perfecting amendments which strengthened the legislation and facilitated the highway program. One of these changes provided for Federal participation in the cost of surveys and plans and right-of-way. Another amendment, recognizing the hazards to life and impediments to highway traffic existing at railway grade crossings, authorized the use of Federal-aid funds to the extent of 100 per cent of the construction costs for the elimination or protection of such crossings.
Diversion of Road-User Revenue
Another amendment expressed the policy that all road-user revenues should be used for highway purposes and provided that the apportionment of Federal funds to each State would be subject to reduction because of diversion to other than highway purposes of road-user revenues. Section 12 of the Hayden-Cartwright Act of June 18, 1934, (48 Stat. 995) reads as follows:
"Since it is unfair and unjust to tax motor-vehicle transportation unless the proceeds of such taxation are applied to the construction, improvement, or maintenance of highways, after June 30, 1935, Federal aid for highway construction shall be extended only to those States that use at least the amounts now provided by law for such purpose in each State from motor-vehicle registration fees, licenses, gasoline taxes, and other special taxes on motor-vehicle owners and operators of all kinds for the construe-

38 Twenty-Sixth Report, State Highway Department of Georgia
tion, improvement, and maintenance of highways and administrative expenses in connection therewith, including the retirement of bonds for the payment of which such revenues have been pledged, and for no other purposes, under such regulations as the Secretary of Agriculture (now the Secretary of Commerce) shall promulgate from time to time; Provided, That in no case shall the provisions of this section operate to deprive any State of more than one-third of the amount to which that State would be entitled under any apportionment hereafter made, for the fiscal year for which the apportionment is made."
Highway Planning
Another important change in the Federal-Aid Highway Act was the provision first carried in Section 11 of the HaydenCartwright Act of June 18, 1934, authorizing the use of 1% per cent of the Federal-aid apportionment to any State for engineering and economic investigations and highway research. The fact-finding studies which were inaugurated under this provision came to be known as Statewide Highway Planning Surveys and are carried on in Georgia by the Division of Highway Planning. The wisdom of this provisiOI). has been amply demonstrated, and the Highway Planning Surveys of the various States are continuing to provide the information so vital and essential to sound planning.
Apportionments
The following section of this report contains information as to the class of roads included in each of the several Federalaid Highway Systems, and a tabulation at the end of this section shows the amounts of the Federal-aid apportionments to Georgia since the first appropriation in 1917.
The Federal-aid Primary funds were apportioned among the several States on the basis of one-third according to area, one-third according to population, and one-third according to the mileage of rural delivery and star mail routes.
The Federal-aid Secondary funds were apportioned on the basis of one-third according to area, one-third according to rural population, and one-third according to mileage of rural delivery and star mail routes.
The Urban Highway funds were apportioned according to

Twenty-Sixth Report, State Highway Department of Geotgia 39
the population of municipalities or other urban places of 5,000 or more population.
Funds for the improvement of the National System of Interstate and Defense Highways were first authorized in the Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1952, for the fiscal years 1954 and 1955, and were apportioned on the same basis as outlined above for Federal-aid Primary funds. The Interstate funds for the fiscal years 1956, 1957 and 1958 were apportioned on the basis of one-half according to population and one-half in the same manner as the Primary funds, and the 1959 funds will be apportioned on the same basis.
The Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1956 provides that the Interstate funds for the fiscal years 1960 through 1969, inclusive, shall be apportioned among the several States in the ratio which the estimated cost of completing the Interstate System in each State bears to the sum of the estimated cost of completing the Interstate System in all of the States.
It is required that all Primary, Secondary and Urban funds be matched by the State on a 50-50 basis, except that 10 per cent of the sum authorized for each class of projects may be expended on railway-highway projects without State matching. This exception applies also to Interstate funds.
The Interstate funds for the years 1954 and 1955 were matched on a 50-50 basis. For the year 1956 and part of the funds for the year 1957, the matching was on the basis of 60 per cent Federal and 40 per cent State. The additional 1957 funds and those for the years 1958 through 1969 are to be matched on the basis of 90 per cent Federal and 10 per cent State.
There is shown below the amount of the apportionment to Georgia of Federal-aid Interstate, Primary, Urban and Secondary funds, and the amount of State-matching funds, for each of the years indicated.

Fiscal Year Ending June 30
1954. 1955. -------1956 .... ----1957 --------1958 -----------

Federal Funds
$13,260,893 13,335,300 20,349,497 46,52-7,280 59,231,212

State-Matching Funds
$13,260,893 13,335,300 191001,508 24,464,366 24,016,620

Total
$26,521,786 26,670,600 39,351,005 70,991,646 83,247,832

40 Twenty-Sixth Report, State Highway Department of Georgia
The funds were made available for a period of two years after the close of the fiscal year for which authorized. The funds are deemed to have been expended when placed under formal project agreements; i. e., after bids have been opened and the Bureau of Public Roads has concurred in the award of the contract, and the project agreement has been executed by the State Highway Department and the Bureau of Public Roads.
Use of Federal-Aid Funds
Federal-aid funds may be used to retire bonds issued by the States, counties, cities, or other political subdivisions where proceeds of such bonds are used to accelerate the construction of toll-free facilities on the National System of Interstate and Defense Highways or the Federal-aid Primary System, provided the work is done under plans approved in advance by the Commissioner of Public Roads.
Preliminary engineering and construction engineering, surveys, plans, and right-of-way costs are eligible for Federal participation, as well as the cost of construction. The FederalAid Highway Act of 1956 provides for Federal participation in that part of the cost of relocation of utility facilities necessitated by the construction of a Federal-aid project which is accepted by the State Highway Department for State participation. Federal funds may also be used for archaeological and paleontological salvage when considered necessary in connection with the construction of a project. The maintenance of highways and bridges constructed with Federal-aid funds is the responsibility of the State and Federal funds may not be used for this purpose.
Programming of Projects
Following apportionment of a year's authorization, the State Highway Department submits programs of projects for improvement with the funds. These programs are reviewed by the Public Roads District Engineer and his recommendations, together with the recommendations of the Public Roads Division Engineer, are forwarded with the program to the Washington office for approval. Approval of a program represents a commitment to the State that it may proceed to make surveys and plans, acquire right-of-way and take neces-

Twenty-Sixth Report, State Highway Department of Georgia 41
sary steps preliminary to placing each project under construction.
Federal-Aid Fiscal Procedure
Federal funds for highway work are not turned over to the State in advance of construction. Instead, they are paid to the State in the form of reimbursement during and after the period that the work is in progress. They are paid only on projects for which the plans have been approved previously by the Bureau of Public Roads and for which the work is conducted in accordance with the applicable requirements established by the Bureau of Public Roads. The State Highway Department makes payments from State funds to the contractor on monthly estimates of the dollar value of work that has been accomplished on a project. The State Highway Department then submits monthly progress vouchers for the work accomplished on which the Federal Government makes prompt payment.
A project is reported completed when the major elements of construction are done and the road or bridge is open to traffic. To secure final reimbursement the State Highway Department then submits a final voucher to the Bureau of Public Roads indicating the various construction items and claiming the Federal portion due but not paid on progress vouchers. Final reimbursement is not made until the project has been finally inspected and a determination made by field engineers of the Bureau of Public Roads that it was constructed in accordance with the approved plans, specifications and estimates, and a detail audit made of the claim by a Federal auditor.
Interstate System
The Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1956 authorizes the appropriation of Federal funds over a 13-year period for completing the National System of Interstate and Defense Highways and expressly provides that the standards for the system shall be adequate to accommodate the traffic expected thereon in the year 1975. The system is to be developed to freeway characteristics.
The design standards adopted by the American Association of State Highway Officials and approved by the Bureau of Public Roads provide that the highways must be designed

42 Twenty-Sixth Report, State Highway Depattment of Georgia
with control of access to insure their safety, permanence, and utility and with flexibility to provide for possible future expansion. The highways shall be designed to serve safely and efficiently the volumes of passenger vehicles, buses, and trucks, including tractor-trailer and semitrailer combinations and corresponding military equipment, estimated to be that which will exist in 1975, including attracted, generated, and development traffic on the basis that the entire system is completed.
As stated, control of access is required for all sections of the Interstate System, and this shall be accomplished by acquiring access rights outright prior to construction or by the construction of frontage roads, or both. Railroad grade crossings shall be eliminated for all through traffic lanes, and all at-grade intersections of public highways and private driveways shall be eliminated.
The design speed of all highways on the system shall be at least 70, 60 and 50 miles per hour for flat, rolling, and mountainous topography, respectively, and depending upon the nature of terrain and development. The design speed in urban areas should be at least 50 miles per hour. Traffic lanes shall not be less than 12 feet wide, and wide rights-of-way are desirable.
The following section of this report contains a map and other information on the National System of Interstate and Defense Highways in Georgia.
1954 Secondary Road Plan
The Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1954 provided that the Secretary of Commerce may, upon the request of any State, discharge his responsibility relative to plans, specifications, estimates, surveys, contract awards, design, inspection, and construction of Federal-aid Secondary road projects by his receiving and approving a certified statement by the State Highway Department setting forth that the plans, design, and construction for such projects are in accord with the standards and procedures of the State applicable to projects in this category approved by him. The State Highway Department of Georgia put this plan into effect on November 1, 1954, and cperations under the plan have proven very satisfactory.

Twenty-Sixth Report, State Highway Department of Georgia 43
It is still necessary that approval be obtained from the Bureau of Public Roads covering additions, extensions and changes in the Federal-aid Secondary System. But after a project has been approved in the program, the Highway Department prepares the plans, awards the contract, and supervises the construction without any further approval from the Bureau of Public Roads. Copies of the contract are filed with the Bureau of Public Roads and a final inspection is made by them after construction has been completed. The audit and reimbursement for the Federal share of the cost of the project is handled in the usual manner.
Studies
The Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1956 authorizes five different studies to be made by the Federal Government in cooperation with the States, and the State Highway Department of Georgia will assist in making these studies. All but one of the studies are to be completed in three years, and are as follows:
Equitable Tax Allocation Study to help determine the benefits and proportionate share of costs attributable to each class of people and vehicles using the highways.
Sizes and Weights Study to establish the maximum desirable dimensions and weights for vehicles operated on the Federalaid highway systems.
Reimbursement Study to decide if the government should equitably reimburse any State for toll or free highways completed between 1947 and 1957 if they meet Interstate System standards.
Highway Safety Study to investigate possibilities for Federal action to promote highway safety through enforcement, uniform laws, education and other appropriate measures.
Revised Needs Studies to determine the allocation of funds for completing the Interstate System during the last ten years of the 13-year program; reports to be submitted in 1958, 1962, 1966, 1967 and 1968.

APPORTIONMENT OF FEDERAL-AID HIGHWAY FUNDS TO GEORGIA

Fiscal Year Ending
.Tunc 30

FederalAid
Primary

FederalAid
Secondary

Urban Highways

- - ----------------- ----- -

Federal-

Interstate

Aid Grade

Emergency

Emergency

National

U.S. Works

System

Crossing

Advance

Recovery

Program

J'- - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - 1 - " - ' - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - -

1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947
1948 1949 1950 1951
1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958

$ 134,329.48 268,658.96
1,749,954.20 2,557,485.02 2,697,150.96 1,997,957.58 1,331,971.72 1, 729,366.09 1,983,022.99 . 2,000,867.00 1,981,189.00 1,979,209.00 1,980,015.00 1,980,443.00 3,318,280.00 3,316,029.00 2,753,344.80
3,16B,22i:llll 3,168,222.00 3,233,279.00 3,154,850.00 2,507,151.00 2,509,551.00 2,519,366.00 2,517,196.00

5,026,124.00 5,017,556.00 5,535,806.00 5,491,196.00 6,059,367.00 6,093,832.00 7,815,446.00
9, 176,781.00 9,339,362.00

3,834,698.00 3,828,985.00 4,224,971.00 4,190,994.00
4,627 '705.00 4,654,049.00 5,968,900.00 7,015,695.00 7,160,423.00

1;441,091.00 1,441,091.00 1,778,042.00 1,764,294.00 I ,955, 727.00 1,965,808.00 2,521,183.00 2,985,688.00 3,115,011.00

Totals

$61,232,053.00 $23,813,164.00 $72.249,205.00 $4,558,555.00 $2,077,996.00 $3,123,298.00 $15,204,676.00 $9,884,916.00

----'-.-.. ==-------=-=c-=-. -=====-~-----'---_-_-_-_CC.=------'---~=--=--=-

---c---__'-c_=-cc_.-_-_-_-_-_~--=----- ---=---_-_-___---.=-----'-~-=-=--=---

APPORTIONMENT OF FEDERAL-AID HIGHWAY FUNDS TO GEORGIA-Continued

Fiscal Year Ending June 30
1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958
Totals

Fonst Highways

Public Works Adminis-
tration

Flood Relief

~~~--

--~---

Defense Access Highways

Strategic Network

~-------

Advance Engineering

$646,200.00

$687,198.74

$629,229.00

$251,720.00

Flight Strips

Total for Year All Funds

$ 139,680.15 273,940.65
1,798,847.29
2,606,625.62 2,746,597.13
2,016,553.66 1,358,752.23
1, 750,878.53
2,004,872.54
2,033,972.81 2,013,391.67
2,013,999.94
2,007,298.94 2,012,962.55
5,951,406.28 6,504,924.34
12,975,547.66 5,253,017.03
9,919,022.76 3,203,520.86 3,199,630.18
5,176,572.83 5, 720,237.05
3,405,917.80
3,590,547.16
3,541,035.69 6,540,476.26
2,291,681.26
1,112,011.20 12,420,474.03
11,775,635.00
11,425,190.00
218,763.35 10,382,055.00
10,368,802.00 13,851,765.00
12,743,936.00
13,786,559.00 13,414,299.00
20.428,496.00 48.061,198.83
59,336,904.00

$361,289.21 $341,377,999.28

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46 Twenty-Sixth Report, State Highway Department of Georgia
NORTH CAROLINA
FLORIDA
National System of Interstate and Defense Highways in Georgia.

Twenty-Sixth Report, State Highway Department of Georgia 47
Highway Systems
Classification of highways is made necessary by the several plans of highway financing that have been developed during the years by the State and Federal Governments. Each plan of financing limits itself to particular highways or kinds of highways and thus establishes a new classification. It is possible for a highway to be on two or more systems. For example, a road may be on both the State Highway System and the Federal-aid Primary System; or a road may be classified as a County Road, a Post Road, and a Federal-aid Secondary Road. The classes of highways in Georgia based on methods of financing are as follows:
1. National System of Interstate and Defense Highways. 2. Federal-aid Primary System. 3. Federal-aid Secondary System. 4. Forest Highway System. 5. State Highway System. 6. Post Roads. 7. County Roads.
The System of United States Numbered Highways (such as U. S. 41) was established for reasons other than financing, as will be explained under that heading.
National System of Interstate and Defense Highways
The National System of Interstate and Defense Highways, selected by the State highway departments in cooperation with the Bureau of Public Roads, was approved on August 2, 1947, with additional routes into, through, and around urban areas being approved on September 15, 1955. This system consists of routes of highest importance to the nation, which connect the principal metropolitan areas, cities and industrial centers, serve the national defense, and connect at suitable border points with routes of continental importance in the Dominion of Canada and the Republic of Mexico. The Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1944 provided for the designation of a 40,000-mile system and additional routes totaling not more than 1,000 miles in length may be designated as provided for in the FederalAid Highway Act of 1956. These

48 Twenty-Sixth Report, State Highway Department of Georgia
additional routes shall be designated in the same manner as were the routes constituting the original 40,000 miles, that is, by cooperation between the State highway departments and the Bureau of Public Roads. The Interstate System is a part of the Federal-aid Primary System, as all Interstate routes not already included in the Primary System were automatically added thereto by law.
No funds other than the regular Primary and Urban funds had been appropriated for the development of the Interstate System prior to the Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1952, but that Act and the Acts of 1954 and 1956 authorized a separate and additional appropriation for the purpose of expediting the construction, reconstruction and improvement of the Interstate System. Information as to the financing of these improvements, the standards to govern, etc., has been given in the preceding section of this report.
The National System of Interstate and Defense Highways in Georgia contained 1,190.4 miles as of June 30, 1956, based upon the mileage of the present traveled way where an existing road connects the approved control points, and the estimated mileage where there is no existing road. The accompanying map shows the approved Interstate routes in Georgia, but not the final location of the routes. The location on which an Interstate System route is to be constructed will be determined by means of engineering, traffic and economic studies, including consideration of local needs, and agreed upon by the State Highway Department and the Bureau of Public Roads. Where an Interstate highway is not to be constructed on the existing highway location, the existing highway route will generally be retained on the Federal-aid Primary System and thus be eligible for improvement with appropriate Federal-aid funds.
Federal-Aid Primary System
The Federal-aid Primary System consists of routes of the National System of Interstate and Defense Highways and other important routes with their urban extensions, including important loops, belt highways and spurs. This system was first designated under authority of the Federal Highway Act of 1921 and the routes were selected by mutual agreement between the State highway departments and the Bureau of Public Roads. Additions, revisions and changes in the routes

Twenty-Sixth Report, State Highway Department of Gemgia 49
have been made during the intervening years as conditions justified, and studies continue to be made so that the system will contain the routes of greatest importance, within the mileage limitation fixed by law. The system is limited to seven per cent of the 1921 total highway mileage in the State, except that in addition the law permits, without charge against the seven per cent limitation, mileage within Federal reservations, mileage within designated urban areas, and mileage of Interstate routes that were not a part of the Primary System prior to their designation as Interstate routes. Permissible system mileage may be increased by increments of one per cent of the 1921 total highway mileage whenever provision has been made for the completion and maintenance of 90 per cent of the State's authorized mileage. The system may be considered as meeting the 90 per cent completion requirement if 90 per cent of the miles has been improved to provide right-of-way, geometric design, surface, base and subgrade, and structures consistent with requirements for traffic service.
The Federal-aid Primary System in Georgia as of June 30, 1956, consisted of 7,061.9 miles in rural areas, 388.2 miles within established urban areas, and 158.6 miles within Federal reservations, or a total of 7,608.7 miles.
Federal-Aid Secondar)' System
The Federal-Aid Highway Acts of 1936 and 1944 provided for the selection and designation of a system of principal secondary and feeder roads, including farm-to-market roads, rural mail routes, and school-bus routes, but not limited to roads of these specific descriptions. These roads are selected by the State Highway Department in cooperation with the county commissioners and approved by the Bureau of Public Roads, and are the only roads on which Federal-aid Secondary funds may be expended. The approved System as of June 30, 1956, contained 13,088.4 miles, of which 6, 780.5 miles were also on the State Highway System.
The Federal-aid Secondary System may include roads inside of municipalities of less than 5,000 population. Urban boundaries have been established by the State Highway Department and approved by the Bureau of Public Roads for all cities having a population of 5,000 or more, according to the

50 Twenty-Sixth Report, State Highway Department of Georgia

census of 1950. A map showing the urban boundaries has been forwarded to the mayor of each city, and to the county commissioners of the county in which the city is located. Extensions of Federal-aid Secondary routes through urban areas of 5,000 or more population are included in the total mileage of the Secondary System, but such extensions are ineligible for improvement with Federal-aid Secondary funds and may be financed only with Federal-aid Urban funds.

Forest Highu:ay System

Forest highways are those forest roads wholly or partly within, adjoining, or adjacent to and serving the national forests that are of primary importance to the State, counties or communities, and that have been selected and designated by the Commissioner of Public Roads of the Bureau of Public Roads, U. S. Department of Commerce, and the Chief of the Forest Service of the U. S. Department of Agriculture as constituent parts of the Forest Highway System. It is not a thoroughly connected system, but is composed of individual and frequently separated routes, generally of short length. Forest Highways are classified as follows:

Class 1. On the Federal-aid Primary System. Class 2. On the Federal-aid Secondary System. Class 3. Other Forest Highways.

The mileage of the Forest Highway System in Georgia as of June 30, 1956, was as follows:

Class 1._ Class 2. Class 3.

153.4 miles 148.2 miles
62.5 miles

Total

364.1 miles

The Forest Highway System may be increased or decreased in mileage when the proposed modifications have been jointly agreed upon and recommended by the State Highway Department, the Regional Forester, the District Engineer and the Division Engineer of the Bureau of Public Roads, and approved by the Commissioner of Public Roads and the Chief of the Forest Service. Funds for the construction of Forest Highways are provided by Congressional appropriation and are usually included in the same Act as other Federal-aid

Twenty-Sixth Report, State Highway Department of Georgia 51
Highway funds. The funds are prorated and apportioned among the several states according to the area and value of the national forests, and the construction work is supervised by the Division Engineer of the Bureau of Public Roads.
State Highway System
Roads on the State High way System are located, constructed, improved and maintained by the State Highway Department. The original system of 4,800 miles was established under the provisions of an Act of the General Assembly of Georgia, approved August 18, 1919. This Act provided that the State Highway Board should designate the system of interconnecting county-seat public roads as State-aid Roads. An amendment of 1921 increased the limit to 5,500 miles, an amendment of 1925 increased it to 6,300 miles, and other increases were made by amendments passed in 1929 and 1933. An Act approved February 12, 1938, gave the State Highway Board the right and authority to designate any public road in the State as a State-aid Road, with no limitation by statute as to the mileage of the State Highway System.
An Act of the General Assembly, approved March 17, 1943, which abolished the State Highway Board and created a State Highway Department under a State Highway Director, and a State Highway Commission, authorized and empowered the State Highway Director to place on the State Highway System any roads he deemed necessary to the best interests of the State, when approved by a majority of the State Highway Commission, by first giving written notice to the county road authorities concerned thirty days prior to such action. This Act of March 17, 1943, was repealed by an Act of the General Assembly, approved February 2, 1950.
The Act of February 2, 1950, as amended, which created the present State Highway Board, contains a section which reads in part as follows:
"The present State Highway system mileage, known as State-aid roads, as shown by the records of the State Highway Department at the time of the passage of this amendment shall remain on the State highway system mileage and be maintained by the State Highway Department. Provided, however, the State Highway Board shall have the right to substi-

52 Twenty-Sixth Report, State Highway Department of Georgia
tute, relocate, and abandon any or all of the State highway system mileage in building new roads or bridges or in improving the State highway system road and bridges, keeping in view only the control points as shown by the present State highway system. In relocating, resurveying, substituting and abandoning any road, bridge or right-of-way on the State highway system, the State Highway Board shall confer with the ordinary or county commissioners concerned, as the case may be, and give due consideration to their wishes in the said relocation, resurveying, substitution and abandonment, but in case of disagreement the judgment of the State Highway Board shall prevail. The State Highway Board shall prescribe appropriate rules and regulations by which new mileage may be added to the State highway system. Provided, however, no new mileage shall
be added to the State highway system until 90 o/c of
the roads and bridges of the State highway system are paved, except in emergencies or unusual situations as shown by appropriate resolutions entered on the minutes of the State Highway Board."
The State Highway System contained 15,130.4 miles as of June 30, 1956. Streets within municipalities which form a continuation of, or link in, the State Highway System are a part of the system.
Post Roads
All rural roads over which United States mail is carried are postal routes; however, in Georgia only such roads which are not on the State Highway System are classified as Post Roads. The Act of 1937 which established the Post Roads Division within the State Highway Department and authorized the expenditure of State funds for the construction of Post Roads, also authorized the State Highway Department to construct farm-to-market roads, so that generally the term "Post Roads" is applied to all public roads in Georgia not on the State Highway System.
Post Roads and farm-to-market roads may be constructed by the State Highway Department to the extent that funds are made available, but the construction and maintenance of

Twenty-Sixth Report, State Highway Department of Georgia 53
such roads are primarily the responsibility of the counties. There are 72,912.4 miles of Post Roads and farm-to-market roads in Georgia not on the State Highway System. All of these roads are classified also as County Roads, inasmuch as they are under the control and jurisdiction of the counties.
County Roads
All rural roads in the State not on the State Highway System nor within Federal or State reservations are classified as County Roads. The counties are responsible for the construction and maintenance of these roads; although, as stated above, the State Highway Department undertakes to construct as many of them as possible with Federal-aid Secondary funds and State funds. The county commissioners (or ordinary in counties having no commissioners) are authorized to open and locate new roads. There are 72,912.4 miles of County Roads, including roads in State parks, national forests, and State reservations. These are classified also as Post Roads and farm-to-market roads and include 6,307.9 miles on the Federal-aid Secondary System.
United States Numbered Highways
In 1926, the American Association of State Highway Officials (being composed of all the State Highway Departments and the Bureau of Public Roads of the Federal Government) selected a limited system of State roads to carry continuous numbers across the country so as to facilitate travel on the main interstate lines, over the shortest routes and the best roads. These roads are designated by the use of the United States shield as the insignia, and are commonly referred to as U. S. Routes or U. S. Numbered Highways. The establishment of a U. S. number as a guide for interstate travel over certain roads has no connection with the designation of Federal funds for road construction and, therefore, the U. S. Highway numbers should not be confused with route numbers assigned to the Federal-aid Highway System. The U. S. numbers may recognize a State road which has been constructed entirely by the use of State funds.
Additions, changes, extensions, revisions or reductions in the U. S. Numbered System are made by the Executive Committee of the American Association of State Highway Offi-

54 Twenty-Six th Repo1t, State H ighway Depa1tment of Geo1gia
Top, old and narrow concrete bridge over Bear Creek, on State Route 3, between Americus and L eesburg. Bottom, new structure, with 28-ft. road-
way, loading H20- S16. Project BA ( 2) 1936-A (3), Sumter County.

Twenty-Sixth Report, State Highway Depar-tment of Georgia 55
cials, after consulting with the Highway Department of the States affected. The established policies of the Executive Committee provide that no additional road shall be added to the U. S. Numbered System, and no existing U. S. road shall be extended except where there is a definite showing of an adequately improved highway carrying an established and necessary line of interstate traffic not otherwise provided for by existing U. S. routes and for which traffic adequate service cannot be provided by State route numbers. Also, no new U. S. routes located wholly within one state may be established, nor may any new U. S. route be established which is less than 300 miles in length.

56 Twenty-Sixth Report, State Highway Depa1tment of Georgia

MILEAGE OF HIGHWAYS, BY SYSTEMS June 30, 1956

State

City

Highway County Streets &

System Roads Alleys*

Total

Federal-aid Primary

System:

Rural

---------------- -----""

Urban ---

Federal-aid Secondary

System ---------------------

Not on any Federal-aid

System -----

--------------

7,030.9 189.6 ------------

337.4 -------------

50.8

7,220.5 388.2

6,780.5 6,307.9 13,088.4 --------------

981.6 66,414.9 7,432.3 74,828.8

Total ------------------- -------------- 15,130.4 72,912.417,483.1 95,525.9

*Mileage of city streets and alleys is estimated. Urban extensions of State Highway System and County Roads within incorporated places are included in the mileage of the respective systems and are not classified as city streets. Also, the mileage of the Federal-aid Secondary System includes extensions through incorporated places.

Twenty-Sixth Report, State Highway Department of Georgia 57

MILEAGE OF STATE HIGHWAY SYSTEM AND COUNTY ROADS, BY TYPE OF SURFACE

June 30, 1956

----
State Highway System

i
County Roads

Total

Unimproved _ __ Graded and Drained Soil-Surfaced Gravel or Stone Low-Type Bituminous _ High-Type Bituminous Portland Cement Concrete Brick or Block

64.9 870.6 688.6 360.5 6,003.9 5,369.2 1,760.2
12.5

3,292.3 46,001.8
8,992.4 7,678.2 5,614.8 1,090.9
237.1 4.9

3,357.2 46,872.4
9,681.0 8,038.7 11,618.7 6,460.1 1,997.3
17.4

Total __________ __

_

---- 15,130.4 I 72,912.4 88,042.8

--

58 Twen ty-Six th Report, State Highway Depmtment of Geo1gia
Top, old timber bridge over Atlantic Coast L ine R ailroad, on Stat e R oute 49, in 0 olethorpe. Bottom, steel and concrete bridge, 203 feet long, with 28-ft. roadway and 5-ft. sidewalks. Project BA ( 1) 950 ( 7), Macon County.

Twenty-Sixth Repo1t, State Highway Depa1tment of Geo1gia 59
Top, old bridge over Bear Creek, on Stat e Route 3, between Americus and L eesburg. Bottom, new structure, with 28-ft. roadway and desian loading of
H20 - S16 . Project BA ( 2) 1936-A (3).

60 Twenty-Sixth Report, State Highway Department of Georgia

MILEAGE OF STATE HIGHWAY SYSTEM

1920- 1956

Date

Mileage

December 31, 1920

4,800.0

December 31, 1921

5,500.0

December 31, 1922

5,500.0

December 31, 1923

5,854.7

December 31, 1924 _ 6,248.8

December 31, 1925

6,648.8

December 31, 1926

7,048.8

December 31, 1927 _ 7,061.4

December 31, 1928

7,075.6

December 31, 1929 _ 7,090.6

June 30, 1930

__ 7,124.4

June 30, 1931 _

7,138.5

June 30, 1932

__ 8,196.8

June 30, 1933.

8,498.3

June 30, 1934

8,876.2

June 30, 1935 _

9,206.4

June 30, 1936

9,272.8

June 30, 1937_

10,118.6

June 30, 1938

10,952.8

June 30, 1939

__ 11,215.4

June 30, 1940

11,907.7

June 30, 194L

13,212.5

June 30, 1942

_13,223.7

June 30, 1943 _

13,968.6

June 30, 1944

13,995.3

June 30, 1945 _________ 14,003.2

June 30, 1946

13,808.2

June 30, 1947 ___

14,285.4

June 30, 1948

14,385.5

June 30, 1949

14,876.8

June 30, 1950

_ 15,201.9

June 30, 1951 ___ _ .15,175.6

June 30, 1952

15,228.9

June 30, 1953

15,097.8

June 30, 1954

15,121.3

June 30, 1955

_______ 15,111.5

June 30, 1956 _

_ 15,130.4

Twenty-Sixth Report, State Highway Department of Georgia 61

MILEAGE OF STATE HIGHWAY SYSTEM AND COUNTY ROADS, BY COUNTIES
June 30, 1956

County
Appling Atkinson Bacon Baker Baldwin Banks Barrow Bartow Ben Hill Berrien Bibb Bleck ley Brantley Brooks Bryan Bulloch Burke Butts Calhoun Camden Candler Carroll Catoosa Charlton Chatham Chattahoochee Chattooga Cherokee Clarke Clay Clayton Clinch Cobb

Certified State
Highway System Mileage
128.50 92.34 66.95 77.97 67.24 76.27 77.91
128.81 80.29
119.20 99.57 67.51 96.88
114.66 79.90
118.41 141.54
57.15 77.07 106.77 48.38 154.55 57.67 114.59 91.26 37.90 50.68 107.93 45.88 46.12 70.69 144.97 130.64

County Road System Mileage
769.37 435.45 495.80 299.80 273.68 406.11 329.50 723.35 329.71 631.37 390.43 301.96 429.79 608.15 218.18 1118.61 1058.98 303.99 296.15 261.16 388.38 1008.72 260.96 203.63 298.94 59.62 459.54 738.24 202.49 182.63 335.54 464.23 841.13

Total Public Road
Mileage
897.87 527.79 562.75 377.77 340.92 482.38 407.41 852.16 410.00 750.57 490.00 369.47 526.67 722.81 298.08 1237.02 1200.52 361.14 373.22 367.93 436.76 1163.27 318.63 318.22 390.20 97.52 510.22 846.17 248.37 228.75 406.23 609.20 971.77

62 Twenty-Sixth RepoTt, State Highway DepaTtment of GeoTgia

MILEAGE OF STATE HIGHWAY SYSTEM AND COUNTY ROADS, BY COUNTIES
June 30, 1956

County
Coffee Colquitt Columbia Cook Coweta Crawford Crisp Dade Dawson Decatur DeKalb Dodge Dooly Dougherty Douglas Early Echols Effingham Elbert Emanuel Evans Fannin Fayette Floyd Forsyth Franklin Fulton Gilmer Glascock Glynn
Gordon Grady Greene

Certified State
Highway System Mileage
180.64 139.00
84.78 48.57 109.76 70.01 72.29 80.19 88.67 125.40 130.96 132.90 90.43 103.75 67.74 126.03 87.46 94.91 92.26 193.69 53.08 94.62 79.97 106.25 61.14 99.49 234.85 76.04 42.98 102.03
86.11 136.73
82.98

County Road System Mileage
730.77 855.68 305.57 415.87 694.12 338.71 516.51 207.75 217.51 687.91 749.30 743.81 649.29 279.42 357.31 561.52 220.86 456.62 623.06 843.12 248.05 358.42 360.91 674.18 461.28 570.54 1333.95 423.47 192.46
210.43 567.61 589.21 404.53

Total Public Road
Mileage
911.41 994.68 390.35 464.44 803.88 408.72 588.80 287.94 306.18 813.31 880.26 876.71 739.72 383.17 425.05 687.55 308.32 551.53 715.32 1036.81 301.13 453.04 440.88 780.43 522.42 670.03 1568.80 499.51 235.44
312.46 653.72 725.94 487.51

Twenty-Sixth Report, State Highway Department of Georgia 63

MILEAGE OF STATE HIGHWAY SYSTEM AND COUNTY ROADS, BY COUNTIES
June 30> 1956

County
Gwinnett Habersham Hall Hancock Haralson Harris Hart Heard Henry Houston Irwin Jackson Jasper Jeff Davis Jefferson Jenkins Johnson Jones Lamar Lanier Laurens Lee Liberty Lincoln Long Lowndes Lumpkin McDuffie Mcintosh Macon Madison Marion Meriwether

Certified State
Highway System Mileage
142.56 91.77
147.53 80.54 75.87
130.13 85.75 71.16 85.27
114.17 75.52 94.40
119.85 75.92
166.12 71.74 85.31 88.31 51.43 97.19
186.71 76.10 78.90 81.05 66.45
143.13 85.75 69.95 74.04
151.23 114.06
84.14 138.97

County Road System Mileage
964.10 410.19 839.59 440.07 555.12 479.96 568.07 435.52 635.04 392.35 442.23 620.73 395.20 499.40 565.31 406.57 407.96 404.10 325.70 202.72 1120.06 372.52 193.71 210.69 196.85 699.52 319.03 309.60 122.82 437.07 593.76 377.93 675.33

Total Public Road
Mileage
1106.66 501.96 987.12 520.61 630.99 610.09 653.82 506.68 720.31 506.52 517.75 715.13 515.05 575.32 731.43 478.31 493.27 492.41 377.13 299.91
1306.77 448.62 272.61 291.74 263.30 842.65 404.78 379.55 196.86 588.30 707.82 462.07 814.30

64 Twenty-Sixth Report, State Highway Department of Georgia

MILEAGE OF STATE HIGHWAY SYSTEM AND COUNTY ROADS, BY COUNTIES
June 30, 1956

County
Miller Mitchell Monroe Montgomery Morgan Murray Musco gee Newton Oconee Oglethorpe Paulding Peach Pickens Pierce Pike Polk Pulaski Putnam Quitman Rabun Randolph Richmond Rockdale Schley Screven Seminole Spalding
Stephens Stewart Sumter Talbot Taliaferro Tattnall

Certified State
Highway System Mileage
56.71 164.80 140.95
74.18 69.81 85.14 89.90 115.33 57.73 78.48 94.39 47.28 87.79 75.03 48.27 71.72 75.57 71.57 35.33 68.55 75.78 98.55 53.51 58.41 116.83 58.46
53.72 61.03 62.92 135.65 117.15 51.92 155.27

County Road System
Mileage
410.75 651.84 450.07 343.82 470.13 393.03 279.20 423.97 263.71 549.21 547.83 208.16 362.65 491.65 377.30 525.50 270.77 312.96 139.29 305.33 419.73 436.10 238.53 205.63 595.05
321.95 442.75 340.16 348.41 526.37 332.60 173.89 716.36

Total Public Road
Mileage
467.46 816.64 591.02 418.00 539.94 478.17 369.10 539.30 321.44 627.69 642.22 255.44 450.44 566.68 425.57 597.22 346.34 384.53 174.62 373.88 495.51 534.65 292.04
264.04 711.88 380.41 496.47 401.19 411.33 662.02 449.75 225.81 871.63

Twenty-Sixth Report, State Highway Department of Ge01gia 65

MILEAGE OF STATE HIGHWAY SYSTEM AND COUNTY ROADS, BY COUNTIES
June 30, 1956

County
Taylor Telfair Terrell Thomas Tift Toombs Towns Treutlen Troup Turner Twiggs Union Upson Walker Walton Ware Warren Washington Wayne Webster Wheeler White Whitfield Wilcox Wilkes Wilkinson Worth

Certified State
Highway System Mileage
146.36 155.08
93.04 174.66
72.00 130.48
60.64 88.35 139.99 78.50 77.27 73.67 73.02 116.55 92.48 137.01 87.40 150.12 104.31 51.45 84.55 69.16 76.30 111.16 94.63 97.46 134.14

County Road System Mileage
444.44 438.63 413.34 584.14 509.49 548.04 131.96 296.74 491.32 433.90 336.87 372.71 436.51 602.39 633.62 620.70 328.49 739.99 597.59 227.82 358.63 299.47 498.15 477.09 434.85 401.10 785.52

Total Public Road
Mileage
590.80 593.71 506.38 758.80 581.49 678.52 192.60 385.09 631.31 512.40 414.14 446.38 509.53 718.94 726.10 757.71 415.89 890.11 701.90 279.27 443.18 368.63 574.45 588.25 529.48 498.56 919.66

Total

15,130.44

72,912.36

88,042.80

County Road System Mileage includes roads in National Forests, State Parks. and State Reservations.

66 Twenty-Sixth Repo1t, State Highway Depa1tment of Geo1gia
Top, typical timb er bridge on heavily traveled U. S. 1, w hich has been replaced by concrete bridge shown at bottom. This is ove-r Blackwater CTeek, between Alma and Baxley, in Appling Count y. PToject BA (2) 769-A (4).

Twenty-Sixth Report, State Highway Department of Georgia 67
Measurement and Record
of Public Roads
Act No. 56 of the General Assembly, approved February 5, 1951, provides that the State Highway Department shall keep a record as accurate and up-to-date as is reasonably possible of all roads and bridges in the State. This record shall include the mileage of all roads and bridges on the various county road systems that are being maintained by the counties and the mileage of all roads and bridges which are a part of the State Highway System and are being maintained by the State Highway Department. The record shall show the mileage of roads in each county that is paved and unpaved, and such other information as to the condition, status, type and use as deemed necessary for sound long-range planning of construction and maintenance.
Measurement of Roads
The Act authorized the State Highway Board to employ personnel to go into the counties to inspect and measure the public roads and gather the information necessary for the compilation of the above records. The Highway Board directed the Division of Highway Planning to maintain the required records and to make the measurement of public roads in each county. The work was completed in all counties in 1954.
The legislative Act provides that not more than every four years the county road authorities may request an official inspection and measurement of the roads in the county, under the uniform rules and regulations of the Highway Department, and during this biennium such remeasurement has been marle in 11 counties.

HIGHWAY USE OF MOTOR FUEL IN GEORGIA
1925-1955

11oo r~ -=o--===-~-=---- -------,-----==------=-~------=--=---= ____ ~-- _--=- -= _ -----=-----=-- __ =-=---=--= _______ -- _ _ _ _ _ -= --= = -=---= - ----= ---=-~--=--~lloo

1000 lr--- - - - - - -~---- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

~ 1000

r - 900 ) ) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 -

I
- 900

aool~----------------------------------------------------------- l--

700 11--- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ---- - - - - - - - - .

-

1-- f-- f-. 1-

r- r- eoo
I
I
! 1- 700

500 --~
400 1- -- ~ -- -

YEAR
A tabulation of the motor fuel used for hi[c;hway purposes is jne1ented on the opposite page.

Twenty-Sixth Report, State Highway Department of Georgia 69

HIGHWAY USE OF MOTOR FUEL IN GEORGIA 1925- 1955

Year

Thousand Gallons

1925 .... . .

133,548

1926 .

154,976

1928 1929 1930 1931

183,896 197,106 209,794 213,089 211,767

1932 1933 1934 1935

190,592 202,196 229,447 254,609

1936

287,284

1937.

312,468

1938.

319,246

1940 ..

339,877 374,300

1941 .....

406,781

1942

324,259

1943

282,739

1944

314,692

1945

367,726

1946 ..

. .

495,202

1947

568,404

1948

579,048

1949

629,271

1950.

706,796

1951. ........ 778,131

1952. .......

877,130

1953.

913,975

1954. ........

959,358

1955. ...... .. . 1,053,372

MOTOR-VEHICLE REGISTRATIONS IN GEORGIA 1910-1955

"OOjf-------------- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - , "00

1100~---------------------------------------------------~

liOO

10001~-----------------------------------------------------------nH

1000

9001~-------------------------------------------------------rll

900

eool~--------------------------------------------------~~ H.f-IIHIHII-i 800

7oo1~------------------------------------------------!!1~riii~IIH1tlltllrll'oo

oool~--------------------------------------------------~

ool~----------ill -PA-SS~ENG~EI-'I -CA-liS-------------------------n/

0 a TIIIUCKS

BUSSES

4001~-------------------------------------,~

f--111-m-m-IIC-il 600
oo
-j/f--1/f-1/f-1/H, 40o

300 11-------------------------n-

3oo -jlf-1/f--1/f-i/H

200

f--llf-IIC-IIr-ilr-11 100

A tabulation of the motor-vehicle registrations, by years, appears on the following pages.

Twenty-Sixth Report, State Highway Department of Georgia 71

MOTOR-VEHICLE REGISTRATIONS IN GEORGIA 1910- 1955

(Publicly-owned vehicles not included)

Year

Automobiles Busses

1910-

4,400

191L

5,870

1912-

12,950

1913- --- - - - 16,480

1914_- ------------

20,115

1915_- - - --- 24,000

1916- -- -- --

44,025

1917

66,824

1918

99,676

1919

127,000

1920

134,000

1921

118,476

1922

126,498

1923

151,420

1924 ------------

181,413

1925

217,578

1926- -

241,949

1927 ------------ 262,630

1928 ----------------- 277,881

1929 ----------------- 310,362

1930 ----------------- 294,461

1931 --

274,576

1932

245,666

1933 -----------

278,935

1934

314,576

1935

325,950

1936

335,696

1937 -- ---------

361,010

1938

356,609

1939

384,773

1940

412,439

1941 --

460,787

1942-

443,705

1943 420,157 --- -----------

1944

423,746

2,155 2,067 2,161 2,613 2,595 2,716 2,982 3,134 3,242 2,910 3,269

Trucks
90 190 620 710 800 1,000 2,000 3,500 5,000 10,000 12,000 13,500 16,925 22,469 26,275 30,515 35,519 38,005 40,975 48,543 47,119 46,264 42,050 51,212 60,262 66,079 72,726 78,206 73,156 81,951 87,182 95,063 91,942 91,349 94,302

Total
4,490 6,060 13,570 17,190 20,915 25,000 46,025 70,324 104,676 137,000 146,000 131,976 143,423 173,889 207,688 248,093 277,468 300,635 318,856 358,905 341,580 320,840 287,716 330,147 376,993 394,096 410,583 441,829 432,360 469,440 502,603 558,984 538,889 514,416 521,317

72 Twenty-Sixth Repo1t, Sta te Highway Depa1tment of Geo1gia
B-ridge over Camp Creek, on Federal-aid S econdary Route between Englishville Church and Ooletho rpe, at S chley-Macon county line. Th e 178-ft. steel and concrete bridge (bottom} replaced the old, substandard bridge
shown at top. Project S -1660 ( 1} .

Twenty-Sixth Report, State Highway Department of Georgia 73

MOTOR-VEHICLE REGISTRATIONS IN GEORGIA 1910- 1955
(Publicly-owned vehicles not included)

Year

Automobiles

1945

418,566

1946 --

450,072

1947_ --

499,600

1948 ------------- 540,984

1949

604,541

1950-

692,409

195L_

752,616

1952

798,834

1953

-- 846,816

1954 --

-- 892,794

1955

986,273

Busses
3,249 3,429 3,684 3,641 3,642 3,644 3,606 3,705 3,659 3,646 3,490

Trucks
101,381 122,114 145,251 163,192 175,263 191,893 202,830 207,792 218,799 224,430 235,726

Total
523,196 575,615 648,535 707,817 783,446 887,946 959,052 1,010,331 1,069,274 1,120,870 1,225,489

7 4 Twenty-Sixth Repo1t, State Highway Depa1tmen t of Geotgia
Top, old and dange rous bridge with 18-ft. roadway on heavily tra veled U. S . 41 . Bottom, new bridge with increased roadway width and Load capacity, over Mill G-reek, between Dalton and Rin agold. Project BA (3)
1774-A ( 7), Whitfield Count y.

Twenty-Sixth Report, State Highway Department of Georgia 75
Georgia Rural Roads Authority
The Georgia Rural Roads Authority was created by an Act of the General Assembly, approved February 8, 1955, as a body corporate and politic and an instrumentality and public corporation of the State of Georgia. The purpose of the Authority is to construct rural roads not on the State Highway System by means of long-term revenue bond financing.
Membership
The Act provides that the Authority shall consist of a member of the State Highway Board to be designated by the Governor and four additional members who shall be appointed by the Governor with the advice and consent of the Senate. The original appointments to the Authority on February 9, 1955, were Dixon Oxford, Chairman (member of the State Highway Board), Walter B. Williams, Sr. of Gray, Willis N. Harden of Commerce, L. A. Lee of Dalton, and David S. Price of Jesup. Mr. Oxford resigned on July 15, 1955, and was succeeded as Chairman of the Authority and member of the Highway Board by Roger H. Lawson. John E. Sheffield, Jr. is Secretary and Benton Odom is Treasurer of the Authority.
Projects
The Act provides that the projects to be constructed by the Authority shall be initiated upon recommendation of the State Highway Board; that the Authority shall consider such request and may provide for undertaking and financing of all or any part of the projects recommended, but it shall be under no duty to undertake or finance any of them.
The right-of-way is obtained by the county in which the project is located and deeded to the Authority. The State Highway Department makes the surveys, prepares the plans and specifications, and furnishes engineering and construction supervision for projects of the Rural Roads Authority, and is reimbursed by the Authority for the costs involved. The construction is performed under contracts let by competitive bids, except that a contract may be made with a county or other political subdivision, upon agreed terms and without bids, but the unit prices shall not exceed the average of the unit prices

76 Twenty-Sixth RepoTt, State Highway Department of GeoTgia
submitted in the immediately preceding 60 days by competitive bidders for similar construction to the Highway Department or the Authority.
Bonds
The Authority is authorized to issue negotiable bonds in a sum not to exceed $100 million outstanding at any one time for the purpose of paying the cost of constructing rural roads and bridges, but this amount shall not exceed $30 million unless authorized by the Governor. The bonds and the income thereof are exempt from all taxation within the State. The bonds shall not be deemed to constitute a debt of the State of Georgia or a pledge of the credit of the State, but shall be payable solely from the rental to be paid for the use of the projects by the State Highway Department, as outlined below. Bonds in the amount of $14,448,533.43 were issued on October 1, 1955, and in the amount of $15,307,425.43 on June 1, 1956.
Rentals
The roads constructed by the Rural Roads Authority are leased to the State Highway Department for a term not in excess of 50 years. The rental payments are used to retire the bonds, to pay the administrative and operating expenses of the Authority, and to reimburse the Highway Department for any funds expended for the Authority. Upon retirement of the bonds, the rentals shall cease and the roads shall be maintained as a part of the public road system of the counties in which the roads are located. The roads are also maintained by the respective counties during the term of the leases.
Contracts Awarded
Contracts were awarded during the fiscal year ending June 30, 1956, by the Rural Roads Authority for the construction of 68 bridges, and roadway improvements consisting of 90 miles of grading and 1,284 miles of bituminous surfacing, at a total cost of $15,764,349.00.

Twenty-Sixth Report, State Highway Department of Georgia 77
State Bridge Building Authority
The State Bridge Building Authority was created by an Act of the General Assembly, approved March 25, 1953, as a body corporate and politic which shall be deemed to be an instrumentality of the State of Georgia and a public corporation. It is entirely separate from the State Highway Department, but because of the close relationship existing between the two agencies, information concerning the State Bridge Building Authority is presented in this report.
Purpose
The preamble to the Act set forth the purpose of the Authority as follows:
"Whereas, it is necessary to provide additional bridges of durable and lasting construction within the highway system of the State and to replace many substandard and worn out bridges within the highway system of the State which are hazards to traffic and which presently require a large annual maintenance expenditure, and
"Whereas, it is advisable to authorize the financing in whole or in part of the construction of such bridges without creating any debt of the State, by the issuance of revenue bonds of the Authority for that purpose."
Membership
The Act provides that the Authority shall consist of three members, one of whom shall be the Chairman of the State Highway Board. The remaining two members were appointed by the Governor for terms expiring on July 1, 1956, and July 1, 1959, respectively. Subsequent appointments of the two members shall be for terms of six years. The Authority elects one of its members as chairman and another as vice-chairman, and a secretary and treasurer, who need not necessarily be a member of the Authority. The members serve without compensation, but are entitled to reimbursement for actual expenses incurred in the performance of their duties.
Roger H. Lawson, a member of the State Bridge Building Authority by virtue of being Chairman of the State Highway Board, is the present Chairman of the Authority. The other members, appointed by the Governor, are Frank G. Binford

78 Twenty-Sixth Report, State Highway Department of Georgia

of Thomaston and J. J. McLanahan of Elberton. Benton Odom, Treasurer of the Highway Department, serves as Secretary of the State Bridge Building Authority.

Revenue Bonds
The State Bridge Building Authority was granted the power to issue negotiable revenue bonds in a sum not to exceed $30 million outstanding at any one time for the purpose of paying for the cost of construction of bridges and approaches thereto. During 1953 and 1954, bonds in the total amount of $30,635,000 were issued. The bonds bear interest and are not deemed to constitute a debt of the State of Georgia, but are payable solely from the fund created by the rental of the bridges. The bonds and interest therefrom are exempt from taxation by the State of Georgia.

Lease of Bridges
The bridges constructed by the Authority are leased to the State Highway Department for terms not exceeding 50 years, and a separate Act of the General Assembly authorizes the State Highway Board to enter into lease contracts with the Authority, provided that the total of such lease rentals contracted to be paid at any time shall never exceed $2.5 million per year.

Contracts Let
During this biennium, the State Bridge Building Authority awarded contracts for the construction of 146 bridges, 6.602 miles in length, and 109.1 miles of roadway approaches. The following tabulation gives information as to the contracts let for the past three years:

Contracts Awarded by State Bridge Building Authority

Fiscal Year Ending June 30
1954 1955 1956
Total

Number of
Bridges
93 133
13
--
239

I Length of
Bridges
I (Miles)
6.612 5.620 0.982
13.214

Mileage of Roadway Approaches
44.205 99.681
9.475
153.361

Amount of
Contracts
$15,806,7 60 11,670,429 2,060,533
$29,537,722

Twenty-Sixth Report, State Highway Department of Georgia 79
State Toll Bridge Authority
The State Toll Bridge Authority was created by an Act of the General Assembly, approved March 2, 1953, as a body corporate and politic and an instrumentality and public corporation of the State of Georgia. The purpose of the Authority is to construct bridges on the State Highway System to be financed by the issuance of revenue bonds of the Authority secured by the revenue to be received from tolls.
Membership
The Act provides that the Authority shall consist of three members, appointed by the Governor. The initial terms were to expire on July 1 of the years 1955, 1957 and 1959, and subsequent terms were to be for a period of six years. The members serve without compensation, but are entitled to reimbursement for their actual expenses incurred in the performance of their duties. Kenneth W. Dunwody of Macon is Chairman of the Authority, and the other members are DeNean Stafford of Tifton and Robert B. Lee of Leesburg. Benton Odom is Secretary of the Authority.
Projects
The Act provides that the Governor, in his discretion, or upon the recommendation of the State Highway Board, is authorized to call a joint meeting of the Authority and the State Highway Board for the purpose of initiating all projects which may be considered under the authority of the Act.
Tolls
For the purpose of earning sufficient revenues to make possible the financing of the construction of the projects of the Authority with revenue bonds, the Authority is authorized and empowered to collect tolls on each project which it shall cause to be constructed. When the bonds issued for a particular bridge have been paid in full, the tolls shall cease and the bridge shall become a part of the State Highway System and thereafter be maintained by the State Highway Department.

80 Twenty-Sixth Repo1t, State H ighway Depa1tment of Geo1gia
Top, one of eight inferior bridges replaced by the contract under Project BA (2) 1667 (19), on Stat e Route 23, between Folkston and St. George.
Bottom, new precast concrete bridge.

Twenty-Sixth Report, State Highway Department of Georgia 81
Bonds
The Authority is authorized to issue negotiable revenue bonds, to mature within 40 years, and to paid solely from tolls and other revenues from the bridges to be constructed from the proceeds of the bonds. The bonds and income thereof are exempt from all taxation within the State. The bonds shall not constitute a debt of the State of Georgia or a pledge of the faith and credit of the State.
In November 1954, the State Toll Bridge Authority issued bonds in the sum of $6,650,000 to defray the cost of building a bridge over the Turtle River at Brunswick, in Glynn County, which has been named the Sidney Lanier Bridge. It is 4,470 feet, 6% inches in length, and was opened to traffic on June 22, 1956. This is the only bridge to be constructed by the Authority to date.

82 T wenty-Sixth Repo1t, State H ighway Depa1tment of Geo1gia
Top, dangerous truss and timb er bridge over Flint River, on State Route 128, between Rob erta and R eynolds. Bottom, new steel and conc-rete bridge.
Project BA (2) 1097 ( 5) Ta ylo r-Crawford Counties.

Twenty-Sixth Report, State Highway Department of Georgia 83
Legal Division
EUGENE COOK, Attorney General
PAUL MILLER, Assistant Attorney General
LAMAR J. MURDAUGH, Assistant Attorney General
E. J. SUMMEROUR, Assistant Attorney General
The unit of the State Law Department assigned to the Highway Department under the Attorney General included as of June 30, 1956, three Assistant Attorneys General.
The variety of problems presented for solution perhaps surpasses those presented for legal determination by any other unit of the State Government. One day might see an attorney engaged in preventing the deportation of a badly needed engineer of foreign birth who, temporarily at least, was unable to find a quota available for continued stay in this country. Another day might find an attorney engaged in attempting to arrange a real estate bond for a valued employee who had had the misfortune to become involved in a wreck (not his fault) and under a misapprehension as to the type of insurance he carried, is about to lose his driving license, and his job with the Department, since he must commute.
Almost every day sees the attorneys engaged in consultation and advising with the division heads or Board members concerning various problems ranging from the content of a lease or deed or contract to the advisability of accepting a proposed limitation in a right-of-way deed, a difficulty with a contractor, or a proposed new law.
Litigation
Litigation forms an important part of the work of the attorneys and falls generally in the several classes of cases as follows:
(1) Damage suits brought because of accidents at bridges causing personal or property damage. During the two-year period none of such suits resulted in damages awarded against the State Highway Department, although some 18 such suits were filed with damages claimed in excess of three-quarters of a million dollars.

84 Twenty-Sixth Report, State Highway Department of Georgia
(2) Damage suits brought because of damage to abutting property during construction of roads, there being eight such claims, all but two of which were successfully defended ; and in the two where damages were awarded the total damages were less than $3,000.
(3) Injunction suits brought against the State Highway Department attempting to control departmental activities. None of these suits were lost.
(4) Suits involving interpretation of laws, or constitutionality of laws, relating to construction of roads and bridges, which include suits establishing the constitutionality of the several Authorities, such as the Georgia Rural Roads Authority, the State Toll Bridge Authority, etc. All such suits resulted in establishment of constitutionality, except in one instance where an Act passed in 1951 and the contract with the Ocean Highway and Port Authority of Florida entered into under the terms of that Act were both held to be unconstitutional. This unit of the Law Department was endeavoring to establish the unconstitutionality of this Act and contract, so the above may be considered as a victory for the unit.
(5) Suits brought by the State Highway Department (or negotiations designed to avoid such suits) to remove encroachments, obstructions, or other interference with complete use of State-owned rights-of-way. Since the Bureau of Public Roads has become very insistent that the integrity of Stateowned rights-of-way be protected, this class of case is becoming increasingly important.
(6) Condemnation suits are perhaps the most numerous of all litigated cases in which the Highway Department is interested. However, the Law Department maintains, as to the majority of these suits, only a fair degree of supervision over the county attorneys in the several counties who actually handle the cases. These cases numbered 370 in over half of the counties of the State during the two-year period.
During this period, one such case established the principle that, regardless of prior dedication or use of given lands, the State Highway Department could condemn such land for road purposes where required. The fact that the land was already devoted to some public use would not prevent condemnation.
Another of these cases established the principle that the necessity for taking is not limited to those lands upon which

Twenty-Sixth RepoTt, State Highway DepaTtment of GeoTgia 85
actual construction takes place; but may include other land required or desirable to facilitate the vision of users of the highway or for other similar purposes.
(7) Garnishments are still filed against State employees. Some are justified, some are not. All require investigation and an answer filed into court. Twenty-nine were answered during this two-year period.
Claims
Miscellaneous claims are filed, which often must be summarily denied. Most must be closely investigated. Quite a few go to the General Assembly through some member thereof in the form of a bill or resolution. Of 71 claims filed against the Highway Department, three were paid, totalling $2,045.
The Highway Department also has claims against others. Suit is seldom filed, as we have found most people who wreck departmental property or vehicles carry insurance, and these insurance companies are quite prompt in recognizing their obligations.
U. S. Condemnations
One condemnation case brought against the State by the United States required careful handling to preserve the State's rights to widen roads or relocate them at will and it involved the crossing of these State roads by the drainage ditch from the Marine Supply Base in Dougherty County. Since the lands on each side of the road at the drainage ditch crossing were being acquired in fee by the Navy, it was essential that the future of these roads be protected by decree of the court on this case. This was done.
Three other United States condemnations involving lands adjacent to Georgia roads have been watched with care. In several instances, situations arose in which litigation was dangerous, and round table negotiation was substituted to secure substantial protection of highway interests.
Negotiations
One such instance involved a Rural Road project in Bartow County. It appeared that back in the 1890's and early 1900's the mineral boom in Bartow County had resulted in the sale

86 Twenty-Sixth Report, State Highway Department of Georgia
by resident land owners of mineral interests to various corporations. A subsidence in this mining activity resulted in most of these mineral rights remaining dormant for a number of years, although of record. About 1940 the county requested the improvement of this stretch of road under the Post Roads Act, and, being advised that straightening of the road was necessary, secured additional right-of-way deeds from various land owners along the road. These owners, however, held their land subject to mineral rights previously sold. The road was improved and paved and turned back to the county for maintenance.
In 1954 and 1955 a big lode of iron ore was discovered and actively mined under these old mining right deeds, and it developed that this lode of highly valuable ore ran under and beneath a large stretch of this road. The ore was at a deep level and the digging of pits to retrieve it to depths of over 100 feet resulted in collapse of the road along a considerable stretch.
Some citizens of Bartow County brought an injunction suit against the mining operator, and request was made that the county do the same, with the State joining in. However, after careful study of the matter it was decided that such suits might be unsuccessful, and the outcome of such cases would set an extremely bad precedent.
A round table conference was arranged attended by the attorneys for the private litigants (mostly farmers along the road), county attorneys, attorneys for the mining company owning the mineral deeds, and that company's lessee doing the actual mining, State Highway representatives, representatives of the Bureau of Public Roads, and members of the Attorney General's staff.
An agreement was worked out which resulted in the donation of right-of-way for a detour road, blacktopping that detour, acceleration of the rate of mining so as to be completed within two years, and then the reconstruction of the road destroyed, at joint expense of the mining company, State and county. The private suit was dismissed.
Another case arose when it developed that supporting underground columns of a commercial structure actually projected into the area of a city street, below the level of the

Twenty-Sixth Report, State Highway Department of Georgia 87
street, given by the City of Atlanta as part of the expressway right-of-way at the intersection of Spring Street with the downtown connector. This connector was to go under the Spring Street level by underpass. Upon excavation, this abutment was discovered lying in the way of the proposed underpass. The contractor refused to remove the abutment because it might cause the commercial structure to collapse with ensuing damage claims against him.
The legal situation was very confused, so a round table conference was arranged attended by attorneys and officials representing the city, the contractor, the owner of the commercial structure, the Bureau of Public Roads and the Highway Department. At this conference a solution was reached satisfactory to all concerned and the work proceeded without any considerable delay and with no damage to the structures.
Another case of this type arose when, upon commencing improvement of a stretch of road in Rabun County from Clayton to the North Carolina line, it developed that a number of years ago the City of Clayton had built a waterworks, finding a source of supply several miles north of Clayton not far from this highway. The water main from the source of supply to the city, and several tap-in pipes to that main, had been laid under State highway right-of-way, under a permit which contained a stipulation that the city would relocate these facilities at the city's expense in the event improvement of the road required such relocation.
However, the city was "broke" and it had no money either in the waterworks account or in the general tax account to meet this expense. The relocation had to be accomplished, else the highway improvement had to be delayed or abandoned. It was obvious, in the face of the city's commitment, State Highway funds could not be used to relocate these facilities. The only alternative appeared to be to remove them completely under the grading allotment to the project. However, the county was called in and a three-cornered agreement worked out which avoided the commitment of highway funds, yet secured the relocation of the city's waterworks facilities.
These three illustrations are typical of many cases where involved negotiations seem preferable to litigation or summary action. The unit of the Law Department assigned to the

88 Twenty-Sixth Repo1t, State Highway Depa1tment of Geo1gia
Th e Bailey Bridge shown at top was purchased from the Federal Governm ent after World War II and was in use almost three years on Stat e Route 168, at the Alapaha River, between Nashville and Hom erville. It has been replaced with the bridge shown at bottom. Project BA (3) 1136 (8) Ber-
rien-Lanier Counties.

Twenty-Sixth Report, State Highway Department of Georgia 89
Highway Department is always happy to participate in, promote, guide and help conclude such negotiations satisfactorily.
Increased Activities
The passage of the 1956 Federal-aid Highway Act calls for a vastly accelerated program of road construction in Georgia, particularly of that type of road designed for interregional and intersectional traffic. The impact of this program upon the legal unit is just beginning to be felt. Obviously, the increased tempo of right-of-way acquisition, planning, contract letting, construction, etc., will result in increased burdens upon the legal unit, which stands ready to meet these new obligations with the same devotion to duty as in the past.

90 T wenty-Sixth Repo1t, State H ighway Depa1tment of Geo1gia
Top, old timb er bridge over Patsiliga Cree k, at Ficklin's Mill, on Stat e Route 137, between Butler and Roberta. Bottom, new steel and concTete structuTe.
Project BA (3) 1920 ( 7) Taylor County.

Twenty-Sixth Report, State Highway Department of Georgia 91
Personnel Division
JOHN C. LEWIS
Personnel Administrator and Compensation Attorney
The Personnel Division receives and analyzes applications for employment, interviews applicants, and cooperates with the division heads in the selection and assignment of qualified personnel, including engineering, technical, accounting and clerical workers.
The employment of all personnel and changes in salary, promotions, transfers, etc., are authorized by the State High~ way Board, and the Personnel Division prepares or processes the necessary documents for submission to the Board. This division maintains files containing pertinent information con~ cerning each employee, which is made available to the Board in connection with advancement of employees.
State Merit System
The Highway Department has been operating under the State Merit System of Personnel Administration nearly seven years. Slightly more than half of the employees, excluding laborers, are in positions covered by the Merit System, in~ eluding engineers, draftsmen, instrumentmen, inspectors, lab~ oratory technicians, accounting and clerical personnel. The Merit System does not include personnel assigned to the equip~ ment repair shops, foremen, timekeepers, patrolmen, rodmen, chainmen, equipment operators, and other miscellaneous non~ technical workers.
The Personnel Division maintains liaison with the State Merit System and handles all matters pertaining to the System, such as scheduling of examinations for employees, maintaining uniformity in salary for the different job classifications, sub~ mission of the required reports, etc. This division interprets the rules and regulations of the State Personnel Board and counsels with the employees regarding their status with the Highway Department. During the past year, the Personnel Division has worked with the Merit System and other State departments in developing a longevity pay plan, under which an employee who has been with a State department or agency

92 Twenty-Sixth RepoTt, State Highway DepaTtment of GeoTgia
for a total of ten years, and who has been at the maximum salary for his position for three consecutive years, may be advanced to the first step of the longevity pay plan. This plan covers three steps or increments at present.
Employees' Retirement System
Since January 1, 1950, employees of the Highway Department who are under the Merit System have been covered by the Employees' Retirement System of Georgia, except those who were employed prior to that date and themselves elected not to become a member of the Retirement System. On July 1, 1953, the Retirement System was extended to cover all employees of the Highway Department, regardless of Merit System status, except those who were employed at that time and preferred not to participate in the retirement plan. Five per cent of the employee's salary is deducted on each payroll and credited to his individual account in the annuity savings fund of the Retirement System. If any employee resigns or his services are terminated before he reaches the age of retirement, the full amount of his contribution is refunded to him. The State Highway Department also contributes a sum amounting to a percentage of the employees' salaries, which is placed in the pension accumulation fund.
An employee is eligible for retirement at age 60, or after 35 years of service. Retirement is compulsory at the age of 70, except that persons with professional, scientifc and/or technical skill who are so certified to the Retirement System by the State Highway Board may continue in their employment. Forty-five employees have retired during this biennium, and a total of 96 persons have retired since the plan became effective on January 1, 1950.
In-Service Training Program
A special system of in-service training for civil engineering graduates has been in operation for the past six years. Under this program, the trainee is transferred from unit to unit on a prearranged schedule and his assignment consists of actual performance of the regular duties of the unit, with full facilities of the unit being made available. In this manner, he is enabled to acquire a thorough working knowledge of the details of each phase of the work. Several of these engineers

Twenty-Sixth Report, State Highway Department of Georgia 93
have completed the three-year training period and are holding responsible positions in the Department. The training program has been described in an attractive booklet, A Career in Highway Engineering, which gives complete information as to the type of work included in the program, etc. Quantities of this booklet have been distributed among the graduating classes in civil engineering in leading technical schools and universities throughout the country.
Cooperative Plan of Employment
The High way Department also has in effect the cooperative plan for college students, whereby civil engineering students work with the Highway Department for three months and attend school three months. This program gives the trainee an opportunity, while attending school, to coordinate engineering principles as taught with the principles of actual highway design, construction and maintenance, thereby qualifying him for a more advanced and responsible job when he receives his degree from college. Over a period of years, the Highway Department has acquired a great number of key engineers through the cooperative plan.
Compensation Claims
Employees of the Highway Department who receive personal injury by accident arising out of and in the course of their employment come within the provisions of the Georgia Workmen's Compensation Laws, and the Personnel Division is responsible for handling all matters pertaining to such cases. This division receives reports of all injuries to employees, investigates the cases, and follows up with such action as is proper under the provisions of the Workmen's Compensation Act.
The Personnel Administrator and Compensation Attorney or the Assistant Compensation Attorney represents the Highway Department before the Workmen's Compensation Board in Atlanta, or before a commission of the Board in the county where the accident occurred, and represents the Highway Department through any subsequent court action. He authorizes payment of compensation and medical expenses in accordance with the award of the Compensation Board, and negotiates with attorneys, doctors, hospitals, and courts of law in all questions pertaining to Workmen's Compensation.

94 Twenty-Sixth Report, State Highway Department of Ge01gia
Top, one of fi ve old bridges over Mu ckalee C reek, on Stat e Route 118, between Smith ville and L eslie. Bottom, new bridge oveT main stream at site of the above bridge with smaller relief bridge at the left . Project BA (2)
1593-A (2), L ee County.

Twenty-Sixth Report, State Highway Department of Georgia 95

AASHO 25-Year Award of Merit

The benefits to be derived by an organization from the long and faithful service of its employees are well known and the State Highway Department is fortunate in having a large number of employees with many years of service. During this biennium 12 employees received recognition in this respect by being presented with the Twenty-Five-Year Award of Merit of the American Association of State Highway Officials. This award, consisting of a certificate and lapel button, is conferred annually by the Association to employees in certain grades, who have had twenty-five years of service, either continuous or cumulative, in one or more member departments. The member departments are the 48 State Highway Departments, the Territorial Departments of Puerto Rico and Hawaii, the District of Columbia Highway Department and the Bureau of Public Roads. The following employees of the State Highway Department of Georgia received the Association's TwentyFive-Year Award of Merit during 1955 and 1956:

David B. Baker George W. Best, Jr. C. E. Biggers T. A. Crouch C. S. Fain J. A. Kennedy

I. H. Mann G. H. Sconyers R. B. Sorrells, Jr. T. D. Spence J. Y. Stribling W. M. Williams

96 Twenty-Six th Repo1t, State Highway Depmtment of Geo1gia
Bridge over Flint R iver, on Stat e Route 26, between Oglethorpe and Montezuma, in Macon County. Th e new stru cture, shown at bottom, was constructed at a new location upstream and eliminated the combined dangers of substandard road wa)' width and curving bridge roadway. Project BA
(I) 950-A (6).

Twenty-Sixth Report, State Highway Depa1tment of Georgia 97
Division of Surveys and Aerial Mapping
L. W. VERNER
State Highway Location Engineer
The Division of Surveys and Aerial Mapping is responsible for all location surveys, aerial photographic mapping, and the operation of an aerial laboratory.
Route Location
The Division of Highway Planning prepares a route inspection report which establishes the general nature of an improvement to a road. When a location survey is authorized, the State Highway Location Engineer, with the aid of aerial photographs, county maps, and on-the-ground inspections, furnishes instructions and control points on aerial strip maps to the Field Division Engineer, who issues instructions for the survey to be made. Many secondary and farm-to-market roads are surveyed each year, and it is customary for the survey to follow the old road as closely as conditions will permit. The purpose of ~mproving this type of road is to better serve the people residing on it.
Location Surveys
The Field Division Engineer has direct supervision of all location surveys, and his office issues instructions to the Resident Highway Engineer in charge of the field survey party. The head of the party is held accountable for the progress and quality of the work accomplished by his party. Approximately 20 survey parties are assigned to the five field divisions. With the use of aerial photographs and field inspections a location of a principal highway is usually tentatively established and an agreement reached with the U. S. Bureau of Public Roads before the field survey is started; the extensive use of aerial pictures has made this practice possible. Once a survey is completed, the final duty of this division is to review the field notes and penciled plans submitted by the field division office before turning them over to the Division of Road Design or the Division of Urban Projects for preparation of plans.

98 Twenty-Sixth Report, State Highway Department of Georgia
Aerial Photography
It has long been established that aerial photographs materially aid and expedite highway survey work, and they have proved to be invaluable in reconnaissance studies for locations. The greatly expanded Federal-aid highway program emphasizes that present-day methods of making complete ground surveys would prove an endless task, and that a more modern plan of procedure would have to be developed for Georgia to complete the program within the time required. The State Highway Department has contracted with a commercial firm of photogrammetric engineers for 414 miles of complete aerial topographic and planimetric coverage on the Interstate System, with controlled contour intervals of two and five feet. The use of contour maps will materially reduce the work of the regular field survey parties, and will allow more time for the completion of the primary, secondary, and rural road projects.

Twenty-Sixth Report, State Highway Department of Georgia 99
Division of Road Design
J. A. KENNEDY
State Road Design Engineer
The Division of Road Design prepares plans for construction of roads and streets from field notes to the completed blueprint stage. Typical grading and paving sections are designed, based on the anticipated traffic, the future economic development, the availability of local materials, and the terrain, after survey notes from field location parties have been plotted. The type of drainage required is determined from a study of drainage areas, high-water elevations, and the character of the soil. It is the responsibility of this division to maintain accurate records of projects programmed, survey notes received, plans prepared, and plans that are let to contract, etc. A record is also kept of information needed on plans during the course of their preparation.
This division consults with the Bureau of Public Roads on matters pertaining to design, and maintains contact with the American Association of State Highway Officials and officials of other State Highway Departments so as to keep abreast with the latest trends and developments in highway design.
Plans
A field inspection by an engineer from the Division of Construction in company with a representative from the Bureau of Public Roads, on Federal-aid projects other than secondary projects, and at times with a designer from this division, is made after preliminary plans are completed. Revisions suggested on the field inspection are made on the plans, final plans are completed and blueprints made. Blueprints of completed plans for Federal-aid projects other than secondary are submitted to the Bureau of Public Roads for review and approval. When approval by the Bureau has been obtained, a set of plans is delivered to the Division of Contracts and Estimates for processing and advertising for bids. Prints of plans are furnished to interested contractors at a nominal cost after the project has been advertised.

r
100 Twenty-Sixth RepoTt, State Highway DepaTtment of GeoTgia
Reproduction
The Division of Road Design has an automatic blueprint machine and a self-developing photostat layout, and makes blueprints and photostats of plans required by the field divisions, Bureau of Public Roads, and contractors. The quick production of blueprints and photostats has accelerated the processing of plans and has materially reduced the cost and time requirements.
Plans Completed
During the year ending June 30, 1955, plans were completed for 495 miles of roads in 88 counties on the State Highway System and for 252 miles of roads in 50 counties on secondary and Post Roads. Plans were also prepared for 11 projects covering installation of protective devices at unsafe railway-highway crossings.
During the year ending June 30, 1956, plans were completed for 302 miles of roads in 61 counties on the State Highway System and for 201 miles of roads in 37 counties on secondary and Post Roads. One project for grade crossing elimination by separation, totaling 0.186 mile, was finished. In addition, plans were worked for 16 signal projects to protect dangerous railway-highway crossings. These projects were for the erection of automatic flashing lights, bells, and/or short arm gates.
Considerable preliminary plan work has been performed on numerous projects which will be included in the Interstate System programs, and preliminary work has also been done on other Federal-aid projects and right-of-way plans for projects to be included in future programs. This accounts for the miles of plans completed in the fiscal year 1956 being less than for the previous year, as shown in the following tabulation.

Twenty-Sixth Report, State Highway Department of Georgia 101

ROADWAY PLANS COMPLETED

Fiscal Year

Miles Completed
Plans

July 1, 1954, to June 30, 1955 ___

747

July 1, 1955, to June 30, 1956 _____ 503

Total-2 Years_ _ _____ _ 1250

Automatic Flashing Lights
11 16
27

102 Twenty-Sixth Repo1t, State Highway Depa1tment of Geo1gia
Top, old bridge over the I chawaynockaway Creek on State Route 200, between N ewton and Damascus, which was a combination of old truss and timb er, with poor sight distance. Bottom, new 380-ft . concrete and steel bridge, with 24-ft. roadwa')l. Project BA (3) 1876-B ( 10), Baker Count y.

Twenty-Sixth Report, State Highway Department of Ge01gia 103
Division of Bridges
C. A. MARMELSTEIN
State Highway Bridge Engineer
Georgia's progress in bridge construction during the past few years is very much in evidence in both rural and urban areas of the State. And though the past has seen a great deal accomplished on our systems of roads and bridges, the foreseeable future indicates even greater efforts will be required.
The assignment of this division, among other things, is to prepare detailed plans, tracings of plans, and cost estimates of the various structures required as an integral part of a road system. The structure types include bridges over streams, over railroads and over highways, pedestrian overpasses, underpasses, minor drainage structures such as culverts and major retaining walls.
Surveys
The initial step in plan preparation is the determination of the bridge site. Quite frequently, aerial photographs of the area are used in determining a preliminary survey location. A location survey party makes a detailed survey of a proposed line, and forwards all data in note form to the Division of Road Design or the Division of Bridges. These notes are plotted up and show such features as alignment, ground elevations, highwater marks for specified years, water boundaries, drainage areas, stream traverses, and topography. Exploration of subsurface conditions is also made as a requirement in determining the proper type of foundation to be used. These explorations, or soundings, are made by the location party in certain cases and by a heavy sounding outfit directly under this division's jurisdiction in other cases. This outfit is equipped with floating equipment and diamond drills which will penetrate solid rock and retrieve samples.
Preliminary W ark
When the foregoing information is received and plotted, preliminary bridge layouts are then made. Determination of

104 Twenty-Six th Repo1t, State Highway Depa1tment of Geo1gia
Top, a combination truss and concrete girder type bridge, over the Chattahoochee River, on Stat e Route 139, between Adamsville and Mableton, which has been replaced by the steel beam and concrete slab type structure shown at bottom. Th e new btidge is 451 feet long, with 28-ft. t oadway.
Ptoject BA ( 2) 1625 (2) Fulton-Cobb Counties.

Twenty-Sixth Report, State Highway Depa1tment of Georgia 105
bridge length and height is the first step. For a grade separation, the total length, individual span lengths, and the height will be determined principally by horizontal and vertical clearance requirements. However, in bridging a stream crossing, particularly a major one, hydrological analysis must be used in order that the opening provided by the bridge will be sufficient to pass safely the discharge of a flood of the design frequency. Thus the length and height of this type structure are primarily determined by flood magnitude and not by the width of the stream to be crossed. The U. S. Geological Survey cooperates with the State in making these hydrological analyses. Once the overall bridge length and its height are determined, individual span lengths can be selected on an economical basis to fit existing conditions such as water boundaries, topography, etc. Before actual design begins, reference is made to traffic data furnished by the Division of Highway Planning in order that proper roadway width and load capacity will be used to meet present and anticipated traffic requirements.
Design
Final design, detailed pencil drawings, and ink tracings of these drawings follow up the preliminary work; and a cost estimate is made based upon prevailing bid prices. All detailing and design work is done by graduate engineers applying the latest theories of structural analysis and practice. In some instances, an existing bridge can be economically widened, and a new structure will not be necessary.
Other Functions
Other assignments of this division are to act in a consultant capacity to the field forces who build the structures in accordance with the blueprints, insuring that the intent of the plans and specifications is carried out; to cooperate with maintenance forces in effecting repairs to older bridges; to develop an index record of all State bridges; to act in an advisory capacity relating to questions concerning bridge load capacities and bridge clearances; and to check shop detailed drawings prepared by structural steel fabricators.
Arrangements are being made to take full advantage of all possible means of expediting the preparation of bridge plans and to speed construction. Electronic computers will be used

106 Twenty-Sixth Report, State Highway Department of Georgia
to reduce the number of man-hours required for certain routine calculations; standard precast units, already in use, will be used as extensively as possible on secondary and rural roads projects; and standards are now being prepared for use on the longer spans required on the primary system and portions of the secondary system. These will be several variations of span lengths, roadway widths, and design loads, and will employ the use of both steel beams and concrete beams. The use of the latter will be one means of overcoming the shortage of structural steel members.
Bridge Building and Rural Roads Authorities
The bridges constructed during the past few years by the State Bridge Building Authority were designed in their entirety by this division, and with a few exceptions all bridges authorized under the original $30-million program have been completed.
Plans for bridges being constructed by the Rural Roads Authority are usually assembled by the field divisions, using standard plans developed by the Division of Bridges. This division acts as consultant on these projects when necessary, and occasionally prepares special designs for the Rural Roads Authority where conditions do not warrant using the short span, standard type of construction.
Sidney Lanier Bridge
The only structure built thus far by the State Toll Bridge Authority is the Sidney Lanier Bridge over the Turtle River at Brunswick, which was opened to traffic on June 22, 1956. This bridge was designed by consulting engineers and some of its more interesting statistics are as follows: Overall length, 4,470 feet, 6% inches; two 26-ft. roadways divided by a 3-ft. raised median; and 2-ft. clear safety curbs. The vertical lift span is 264 feet in length, providing 250-ft. horizontal clearance between the fender systems, 24.4-ft. vertical clearance above mean high water in the closed position, and 139.4-ft. vertical clearance in the open position. The design loading was H20 - S16.
Illustrative Projects
Following are descriptions of a few typical bridge projects let to contract during the period covered by this report. Proj-

Twenty-Sixth Report, State Highway Department of Georgia 107
ects bearing the prefix "BA" are being financed with State Bridge Building Authority funds.
Project BA (3) 1804 (7). Floyd County.
Two bridges, concrete slab and steel beams of 4-lane cross section with 5-ft. sidewalks, completing an urban project started under the first increment of the State Bridge Building Authority. Located in Rome over the Etowah River and the main line of the Southern Railway. Design load of H20 - S16, combined lengths of 835% feet. Bid price $618,700.
Project Fl-013-1 (2) (3) (4). DeKalb and Gwinnett Counties.
A Federal Interstate project involving overpasses, underpasses, and stream crossings extending the expressway northeast out of Atlanta. Seven bridges, with concrete slab and steel beams of various cross sections, having design load of H20 - S16 and combined lengths of 1,218 feet. Bid price $325,700.
Project S-0806 (4). Burke County.
A Federal-aid Secondary project on a county road. The bridge is 148 feet long with a 24-ft. roadway. Bid price $29,600.
Project S-1243 (1) Ct. 2. Rockdale County.
On State Route 138, over Yellow River. This 235-ft. structure with 28-ft. roadway replaces a steel truss and timber approach bridge 349 feet in length with 11-ft. roadway, built by the county in 1920.
The load limit of the old bridge was 6000 lbs. Design load for the new concrete slab and steel beam bridge H20 - S16. Bid price $57,600.
Project F-037-1 (3). Monroe and Butts Counties.
On a relocation of State Route 87, the Macon "short route", two bridges with 28-ft. roadway, H20 - S16 design load, and combined lengths of 420 feet. Bid price $97,400.
Project BA (3) 1518 (12). Seminole County.
This new, high-level structure on the Georgia-Florida State line replaces a State-operated ferry. Length 1,597 feet, roadway 28 feet, design load H20- S16. Bid price $641,500.

108 T wenty-Sixth Re7Jo1t, Sta te Highway Depa1tment of Geo1gia
Top, typical example of old timb er bridges on heavily traveled U. S. 17. Bottom, all concrete replacem ent, 28-ft . roadway, H20 - S/6 loadin a. This is near Brunswick, in Glynn County, and is a small part of the ((new look" U.S. 17 bears today, from South Carolina State line to the Florida Stat e line.
Project BA ( 2) 1791-A (15).

Twenty-Sixth Report, State Highway Department of Geotgia 109
Project IN 401-1 (2) Ct. 2. Tift County.
A Federal Interstate project, involving 17 bridges at 11 sites in Tifton, typical of planning and construction required to bypass today's heavy traffic around urban areas and provide a limited-access facility by use of grade separations. Total length 3,236 feet, design load H20- S16. Bid price $997,150.
Project BA (3) 1215 (3). Charlton and Camden Counties.
On State Route 252 at Burnt Fort, a modern concrete and steel bridge, with two concrete overflow structures, replaces a rickety, one-way traffic, timber bridge at the Satilla River. Combined lengths 1,163 feet with 28-ft. roadways and H20S16 design load. The main bridge contains Georgia's first allwelded plate girder construction. Bid price $395,100.
Project S-0966 (1). Pierce County.
Two bridges typical of the Highway Department's latest precast concrete type are being built at the Alabaha River on State Route 203. Combined length 425 feet, with 27-ft. roadway and H15 design load. Bid price $70,100.
Bridges on the Coastal Highway.
Under the State Bridge Building Authority program, all bridges of deficient load capacity on the Coastal Highway, U. S. 17, have been replaced or are under contract. This work included construction of 28 bridges and 5 bridge culverts. Design load of H20- S16 and roadways of 28 feet or more.

110 Twenty-Six th R epo1t, State Highway Depa1tment of Ge01gia
Top, old bridge over Whitewater Creek, on Stat e Route 54, between Fayetteville and Sharpsburg, in Fayette County. Bottom, view of part of impro vem ents which involved roadway relocation and three new structures. Project
BA (2) 1901-B (5).

Twenty-Sixth Report, State Highway Department of Georgia 111
Division of Contracts and Estimates
T. D. SPENCE
State Highway Office Engineer
The Division of Contracts and Estimates is responsible for the preparation and processing of documents pertaining to the construction of projects under the various programs established by the Highway Department. When the Division of Road Design completes the plans for any particular project, and secures the necessary approval of such plans, they are then turned over to this division to carry out the remaining steps leading to the final completion of the construction work. These steps consist of the preparation of detailed estimates and sample proposals, which must be approved by the Bureau of Public Roads in the case of projects involving Federal funds, except Federal-aid Secondary projects. When the necessary approvals are obtained, notices to contractors are prepared and on instructions of the State Highway Board such notices are mailed to the legal organs of the various counties in which the projects are located. These notices specify the dates on which bids will be received and set out detailed quantities of all items comprising the project.
Bids and Contracts
On the date established in the notices, bids are opened in the presence of the State Highway Board and the complete results later tabulated so that the correct low bidder can be ascertained. When the low bids are approved by th,e State Highway Board on State-aid and Federal-aid Secondary projects, and by the State Highway Board and the Bureau of Public Roads on projects involving Federal funds other than secondary, the contract and bond are prepared for execution by the contractor, bonding company, and the State Highway Board. When the contracts have been executed completely, this office authorizes construction and prepares detailed estimates for auditing monthly statements in favor of the contractors and detailed estimates upon which the project agreements with the Bureau of Public Roads are based for projects involving Federal funds.

112 Twenty-Sixth Report, State Highway Department of Georgia
Monthly Statements
In accordance with the specifications governing construction work, the field division offices submit monthly statements covering work accomplished on which payments to the contractors should be made. These statements are audited and then passed for payment to the Division of Finance and Audits. The Division of Contracts and Estimates is entirely responsible for the correctness of these statements. Upon completion of a project, the division office submits the final statement, with complete details attached, supporting the quantities of all items concerned in the contract. This entire final statement is then audited, including all the tabulations and computations, to verify the quantities as shown on the face of the statement. In case of projects involving Federal funds, both the monthly and final vouchers on which claim is made for reimbursement from the Federal Government are prepared and submitted to the Bureau of Public Roads for audit and payment.
Change Orders
This division is responsible for the proper handling of all changes that may occur in connection with the proper construction of the project. Contingencies frequently arise that could not be foreseen when the plans were prepared, and this division is responsible for the proper approval of such changes. These changes are handled by change orders or construction changes or supplemental agreements. In cases where it is impracticable to establish unit prices for supplemental agreements, the work is done by force account and the force account bills are handled through this office for approval. On projects involving Federal funds, approval of the Bureau of Public Roads is obtained for the changes occurring during construction, so that the Federal Government will participate in the increased cost due to such changes.
Liaison With Public Utilities
The Highway Agent (Utilities Liaison) assigned jointly to this division and the Division of Right-of-Way coordinates the work of the Highway Department in which public utility companies are involved. He makes all contacts with railroads and public utility companies, including power, light, electric

Twenty-Sixth Report, State Highway Department of Georgia 113
co-op memberships, telephone and telegraph, gas distribution, and pipe line transmission of water, gas and petroleum products. Briefly, the functions performed by the Highway Agent (Utilities Liaison) for this division are as follows:
On construction and maintenance projects where utility facilities are in conflict with highway improvements, estimates are furnished by the several owners of conflicting facilities. These estimates are analyzed as to completeness and necessity, and the legal question as to liability of the State Highway Department for payment of these expenses is determined. The bills are also analyzed to determine that no item of expense is included that is not eligible for reimbursement by the Highway Department.
On railway-highway grade separation projects, agreements for construction and special provisions for insurance are prepared and submitted to the railroads for execution before bids are received on the projects. Before construction is authorized, the necessary protective insurance policies are procured from the contractor and submitted to the railroad for acceptance. Evidence of renewal of the insurance is also handled as no work can be performed on railroad right-of-way without proper insurance in force at all times.
On projects for the installation of grade-crossing protective devices, construction and maintenance agreements with the railroads are prepared. After execution, the agreements are submitted to the Bureau of Public Roads for approval, as generally ten per cent of the costs of these projects are paid by the railroad and ninety per cent by the Federal Government.
Files
This division is responsible for keeping the central files of the General Office, and for operation of the mimeograph.

114 Twenty-Sixth Report, State Highway Department of Georgia

Contracts Awarded by State Highway Department Two-Year Period July 1, 1954, to June 30, 1956

Number of Grade Crossing Signals ______________ 33

Number of Underpasses _________________________________ 12

Number of Bridge Repairs ------------------------------ 5

Number of Bridges -------------------------------------------- 270

Length of Bridges ____________

5.741 Miles

Grading ______________________________________________________________ 648.946 Miles

Grading and Base ---------------------------------------------- 348.672 Miles

Base ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 372.598 Miles

Bituminous Surfacing -------------------------------------- 2,217.624 Miles

Resurfacing ---------------------------------------- _______________ 578.059 Miles

Concrete Pavement -------------------------------------------- 27.491 Miles

Total Length All Types of Work ____________________ 4,199.131 Miles

Total Amount All Contracts Awarded

by State Highway Department __________________

$75,431,849.00

Contracts Awarded by State Bridge Building Authority Two-Year Period July 1, 1954, to June 30, 1956

Number of Bridges --------------------------- _______________ Length of Bridges _______________ ____________________
Grading ______ ------------------------------------ ____________________ Grading and Base ________________ -----------------------------
Base ----------------------------------------------------------Bituminous Surfacing ____________________________________
Resurfacing ____________________ -------------------------------Concrete Pavement _________________________________________
Total Length All Types of Work-------------------Total Amount All Contracts Awarded
by State Bridge Building Authority __________

146 6.602 Miles 0.098 Miles 1.416 Miles 0.553 Miles
98.461 Miles 3.915 Miles 4.713 Miles
115.758 Miles

$13,730,962.00

Contracts Awarded by Georgia Rural Roads Authority July 1, 1955, to June 30, 1956

Number of Bridges ___ ___________________________

68

Length of Bridges --------------------------------------------- 1.021 Miles

Grading _---------------------------------------------------------

89.531 Miles

Bituminous Surfacing -------------------------------------- 1,284.107 Miles

Total Length All Types of Work __________________ 1,374.659 Miles

Total Amount All Contracts Awarded by Georgia Rural Roads Authority ____________

$15,764,349.00

Twenty-Sixth Report, State Highway Department of Georgia 115

Contracts Awarded by State Highway Department July 1, 1954, to June 30, 1955
NUMBER OF LETTINGS-9

FEDERAL-AID INTERSTATE PROJECTS

Bituminous Surfacing

_____________ _

Total Cost ------------------------------------------------

5.746 Miles $

590,000.00

FEDERAL-AID PRIMARY PROJECTS

Number of Underpasses ----------------------------------

Number of Grade Crossing Signals

Number of Bridges _ Length of Bridges _____________________

Grading

________________________ _

Bituminous Surfacing _____________

Resurfacing _ Concrete Pavement ___________________

Total Length All Types of Work ________________ _

Total Cost All Types of Work ________

3 10 22
0.273 Miles 0.000 Miles 66.462 Miles 130.222 Miles 0.000 Miles 196.957 Miles

$13,237,514.00

FEDERAL-AID URBAN PROJECTS

Number of Underpasses ________________

Number of Bridges ____

Length of Bridges ___________________________________

Grading _____________________

_______________

Resurfacing _

___________________________ _

Concrete Pavement ___________ -------------------------- __ Total Length All Types of Work _______

Total Cost All Types of Work ____

3 2 0.066 Miles 0.052 Miles 0.000 Miles 1.756 Miles 1.874 Miles

$ 3,397,749.00

FEDERAL-AID SECONDARY PROJECTS (On State System)

Number of Grade Crossing Signals __________ Number of Bridges ____________ ---------------Length of Bridges _ ________________________________ Bituminous Surfacing _____________________________________

Concrete Pavement __________

---------------

Total Length All Types of Work_______

Total Cost All Types of Work _____ ---------------

5 29
0.512 Miles 222.604 Miles
0.014 Miles 223.130 Miles

$ 4,540,460.00

116 Twenty-Sixth Report, State Highway Department of Georgia

Contracts Awarded July 1, 1954, to June 30, 1955 (Continued)

FEDERAL-AID SECONDARY PROJECTS (Off State System)

Number of Grade Crossing Signals ______________
Number of Bridges -------------------------------------------Length of Bridges ______________________________
Bituminous Surfacing -------------------------------------Total Length All Types of Work _ Total Cost All Types of Wo~k _______________________

4 42
0.815 Miles 279.080 Miles 279.895 Miles

$ 5,624,470.00

DEFENSE ACCESS-ROAD PROJECTS

Number of Underpasses _________________ Bituminous Surfacing _____________________________________ Concrete Paving _______________________________________________
Total Length All Types of Work ____________ Total Cost All Types of Work _______________________

1 11.091 Miles
0.570 Miles 11.661 Miles
$

516,422.00

FOREST HIGHWAY PROJECTS

Number of Bridges ______________________________
Length of Bridges ______ ------------------------------------Bituminous Surfacing _______________________ Total Length All Types of Work ____________________ Total Cost All Types of Work ______________

1 0.034 Miles 2.178 Miles 2.212 Miles
$ 125,796.00

STATE PROJECTS (Contract Work)

Number of Bridge Repairs __________________________
Number of Bridges _______ -------------------------------Length of Bridges ____________________________ ----------------Grading _______________________________________________________________ Bituminous Surfacing __________________________
Resurfacing _______________________ ------------------------------Total Length All Types of Work __________ Total Cost All Types of Work ____ -------------------

5 2 0.248 Miles 3.842 Miles 35.204 Miles 3.441 Miles 42.735 Miles
$

656,735.00

Twenty-Sixth Report, State Highway Department of Georgia 117

Contracts Awarded July I, 1954, to June 30, 1955 (Continued)

STATE PROJECTS

(County Contracts)

Number of Bridges ___________
Length of Bridges Grading _____________________________
Grading and Base ____
Base -------------------------------Concrete Pavement ________
Bituminous Surfacing Resurfacing _ Total Length All Types of Work ___ Total Cost All Types of Work ____

5 0.129 Miles 32.433 Miles 18.513 Miles 20.247 Miles 1.291 Miles 69.288 Miles 92.310 Miles 234.211 Miles

$ 2,453,347.00

STATE PROJECTS

(Convict Forces)

Grading ________________
Base -------------------------Total Length All Types of Work ____ Total Cost All Types of Work ____

17.991 Miles 18.832 Miles 36.823 Miles
$

205,715.00

POST ROADS PROJECTS

(Contract Work)

Grading ______

Bituminous Surfacing

Resurfacing _______

________________________ _

Total Length All Types of Work Total Cost All Types of Work

3.058 Miles 84.900 Miles
3.285 Miles 91.243 Miles
$ 541,483.00

POST ROADS PROJECTS

(County Contracts)

Number of Bridges __

Length of Bridges ____________________________________________

Grading _

________________________________________ _

Grading and Base _______________ -----------------------------

Base _______________

-----------------------------

Concrete Pavement ______________________________________

Bituminous Surfacing _______________________

Resurfacing _

______________________________

Total Length All Types of Work ______________

Total Cost All Types of Work

19 0.422 Miles
215.916 Miles 156.557 Miles 147.610 Miles
0.600 Miles 434.063 Miles
5.078 Miles 960.246 Miles

$ 5,705,433.00

118 Twenty-Sixth Report, State Highway Department of Georgia

Contracts Awarded July 1, 1954, to June 30, 1955 (Continued)

POST ROADS PROJECTS (Convict Forces)

Number of Bridges __________________________________________
Length of Bridges ---------------------------------------------Grading ------------------------------------------------------Grading and Base _____________________________________________
Base ---------------------------------------------------------------------Total Length All Types of Work ___ Total Cost All Types of Work _______________________

4 0.075 Miles 34.829 Miles 23.694 Miles 12.420 Miles 71.018 Miles
$ 597,492.00

Summary of Contracts Awarded by State Highway Department July 1, 1954, to June 30, 1955

Number of Grade Crossing Signals ___________ 19

Number of Underpasses __________________________

7

Number of Bridge Repairs ______________________________ 5

Number of Bridges -------------------------------------------- 126

Length of Bridges ______________________________

2.574 Miles

Grading ---------------------------------- _____________________ 308.121 Miles

Grading and Base ---------------------------------------------- 198.764 Miles

Base _____________ ---------------------------------------------

199.109 Miles

Bituminous Surfacing _____________________________________ 1,210.616 Miles

Resurfacing __________________ ------------------------------------- 234.336 Miles

Concrete Pavement -------------------------------------- _

4.231 Miles

Total Length All Types of Work __________________ 2,157.751 Miles

Total Amount All Contracts Awarded

by State Highway Department ______

$38,192,616.00

Contracts Awarded by State Bridge Building Authority July 1, 1954, to June 30, 1955

Number of Bridges ------------------------------Length of Bridges ________ ______________________________
Grading ____________________ -------------------------------------
Grading and Base __ -------------------------------Base __________ ---------------------------------------------------------Concrete Pavement ________________ --------------------------
Bituminous Surfacing Resurfacing --------------------------------- ______________________ Total Length All Types of Work _____________
Total Amount All Contracts Awarded by State Bridge Building Authority __________

133 5.620 Miles 0.098 Miles 1.416 Miles 0.553 Miles 4.713 Miles
91.966 Miles 0.935 Miles
105.301 Miles

$11,670,429.00

Twenty-Sixth Report, State Highway Department of Georgia 119

Contracts Awarded by State Highway Department July 1,1955, to June 30,1956 NUMBER OF LETTINGS-8

FEDERAL-AID INTERSTATE PROJECTS

Number of Underpasses ____

5

Number of Bridges _

6

Length of Bridges ___________________

0.216 Miles

Concrete Pavement ____________

4.953 Miles

Total Length All Types of Work ___

5.169 Miles