2016 Air quality report

AIR PROTECTION BRANCH
2016 Air Quality Report

2016 Ambient Air Surveillance Report 2016 Ambient Air Surveillance Report Last updated: 11/1/17

Ambient Monitoring Program

Informational Publication
This document is published annually by the Ambient Monitoring Program, in the Air Protection Branch of the Georgia Department of Natural Resources, Environmental Protection Division.
DISCLAIMER: Any reference to specific brand names is not an endorsement of that brand by the Georgia Environmental
Protection Division.

ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION DIVISION
Air Protection Branch
Ambient Monitoring Program 4244 International Parkway Suite 120 | Atlanta, GA 30354 Web: http://amp.georgiaair.org Phone: 404-363-7000 | 404-363-7100

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Contents
Introduction .................................................................................................................................................................................................. 5 Air Quality in Georgia : 2016 ........................................................................................................................................................................ 6 Air Monitoring FAQs ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 7 Ambient Monitoring Website.................................................................................................................................................................... 10 Community Involvement ............................................................................................................................................................................ 12 Voluntary Emissions Reductions Programs................................................................................................................................................ 13 Emissions Trends in Georgia....................................................................................................................................................................... 17 Georgia's Ambient Air Monitoring Sites .................................................................................................................................................... 18 Criteria Pollutants ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 19
Carbon Monoxide ........................................................................................................................................................................ 20 Oxides of Nitrogen....................................................................................................................................................................... 22 Sulfur Dioxide .............................................................................................................................................................................. 26 Ozone .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 29 Lead ............................................................................................................................................................................................. 33 Particulate Matter ....................................................................................................................................................................... 35 Air Quality Index ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 46 Photochemical Monitoring......................................................................................................................................................................... 49 Carbonyls .................................................................................................................................................................................................... 50 Air Toxics Monitoring ................................................................................................................................................................................. 51 Black Carbon ............................................................................................................................................................................................... 54 Risk Assessment.......................................................................................................................................................................................... 55 Meteorological Report ............................................................................................................................................................................... 61 Quality Assurance/Quality Control ............................................................................................................................................................ 68 2016 Ambient Monitoring Network Table ................................................................................................................................................. 71 Risk Assessment Screening Values ............................................................................................................................................................. 73 Meteorological Instruments Used in 2016................................................................................................................................................. 74 Pollutant Concentrations............................................................................................................................................................................ 75

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Introduction
EPD Mission
The Environmental Protection Division (EPD) protects and restores Georgia's environment. We take the lead in ensuring clean air, water, and land. With our partners, we pursue a sustainable environment that provides a foundation for a vibrant economy and healthy communities.
Who We Are
This report is prepared by the Ambient Monitoring Program (AMP), a program of the Air Protection Branch of the Georgia Environmental Protection Division (EPD), the State's lead environmental agency and a Division of the Georgia Department of Natural Resources.
The Air Protection Branch ensures clean air in Georgia in support of Georgia EPD's mission.
The environmental professionals (scientists, meteorologists, and engineers) who make this report possible make sure Georgia produces air quality data that is accurate, complete, and readily available for public use.
The Air Protection Branch has six programs: 1. Ambient Monitoring 2. Mobile and Area Sources 3. Planning and Support 4. Radioactive Materials 5. Stationary Source Compliance 6. Stationary Source Permitting
What We Do
Monitor air quality in Georgia Forecast air quality for public use Develop plans to maintain or attain the National Ambient
Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) Issue permits to regulated stationary sources (industrial
facilities and power plants) Enforce all state and federal requirements through
compliance activities (inspections) Oversee required federal emission testing on cars

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Air Quality in Georgia: 2016

The Ambient Monitoring Program of the Georgia Environmental Protection Division's Air Protection Branch has been monitoring air quality in the State of Georgia for more than forty years. During that time, the list of monitored compounds has grown to more than 200 pollutants at 42 sites in 31 counties across the state. This monitoring is performed to protect public health and environmental quality. The resulting data is used for a broad range of regulatory and research purposes, as well as to inform the public.
This report includes monitoring data from 2016 and shows that the air quality in Georgia has steadily improved over the last few decades.

Photo courtesy of http://blog.cleanenergy.org/2010/07/09/epa-proposes-new-air-quality-rules/

A lot has changed in 40 years of air quality monitoring.
How are we doing as a state?

http://www.nationsonline.org/oneworld/map/google_map_Atlanta.htm

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Air Monitoring FAQs
Where are the monitors located?
Over 100 air samplers (called monitors) are located throughout Georgia that measure for nearly 200 air pollutants. These pollutants can be gaseous such as ground-level ozone, or can be very fine particles such as particulate matter 2.5 (PM2.5), also known as particle pollution.
How are air samples collected?
There are two types of collection methods depending on the pollutant and the monitor: Continuous - The air pollutant is measured continuously and the data is automatically
recorded at a centralized location into a database. Non-Continuous A canister or filter is used to collect the air pollutant over a period of time
(8-hr, 24-hr). A technician collects the canister or filters over a specified amount of time and takes them to an approved laboratory for analysis.
How do we know the air quality data is accurate?
Both the continuous and non-continuous data are screened for errors by validation specialists. When the data is certified as valid, it can be reported to the public and used to compare to the National Ambient Air Quality Standards, and to previous years' data for trend information. The validated data is also used by scientists and policy makers. Validated data is used to prepare publications such as the Annual Reports and EPD's Annual Network Plan. Non-Validated data includes hourly data from continuous monitors published as the Air Quality Index (AQI) on the Georgia
Air Monitoring website (http://amp.georgiaair.org) and AirNow, a national air quality database.
What is the Air Quality Index (AQI)?
The Air Quality Index, or AQI, is a color coded indicator of what the air quality is like taking into consideration measurements of multiple pollutants including ozone, particulate matter, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, and carbon monoxide.
What is the air quality like where I am?
Real time, hourly, air quality data for your area is available on the Georgia Air Monitoring Website at http://amp.georgiaair.org. Georgia's air quality data is also uploaded to a national air quality information database called AirNow (www.airnow.gov) and available to the public in real time.
Why don't we have monitoring everywhere?
The number of monitoring sites and their location can vary from year to year depending on the availability of long-term space allocation, regulatory needs, and funding. The cost associated with establishing and running a monitoring station is significant. It involves maintaining equipment and collecting samples to produce quality data for public use. EPD does not own land at any of its ambient air monitoring stations, we are always either a guest or a leaseholder. Each monitoring station must meet federal siting criteria set by EPA and be approved by the landowner. Before deciding to establish a new monitoring station, EPD has to consider regulatory needs, funding limitations, and finding an appropriate location where a long-term arrangement is possible. If EPD determines a change is needed, EPA has to review and approve the changes before the changes can happen.

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Air Quality FAQs
What are National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS)?
Under the Clean Air Act, EPA is required to set National Ambient Air Quality Standards (40 CFR part 50) for air pollutants that may be harmful to public health and the environment. There are two types of National Ambient Air Quality Standards. Primary standards protect public health, including protecting populations considered "sensitive," such as children, the elderly, and asthmatics. Secondary standards protect public welfare, including protection against damage to animals, crops, vegetation, and buildings, and decreased visibility in national parks and protected areas. The EPA has set National Ambient Air Quality Standards for six pollutants, called "criteria" air pollutants. These standards are periodically reviewed, as required by the Clean Air Act, and revised, as appropriate.
What is `attainment?'
With the criteria pollutants, a geographic area that meets or does better than the national ambient air quality standard (NAAQS) is called an attainment area. An area that does not meet this standard is called a nonattainment area. (www.epa.gov)
Where do we get emission inventory?
The National Emissions Inventory (NEI) is a detailed estimate of air emissions that include criteria pollutants and hazardous air pollutants. It is released every three years and it is based on data provided by the State, Local and Tribal Agencies.
Examples of Air Monitors in Georgia

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Communication and Partnerships

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Georgia EPD's Ambient Air Monitoring Website Air Quality Forecast Site Information Links to Annual Reports Trends in Georgia's Air Pollutant Information
And So Much More...
Visit us at http//amp.georgiaair.org/

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Social Media Georgia Climate Office

https://www.facebook.com/georgiaclimate/

https://twitter.com/gaclimateoffice

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Reaching out into the Community
Educating school children and incorporating air quality information into the classroom-learning environment is an outreach strategy for the GA EPD Ambient Monitoring Program (AMP). AMP staff visit Georgia classrooms to discuss air quality, forecasting, and monitoring. Each program presented by the AMP is designed to supplement grade-specific curricula. Learning opportunities include meteorological lessons and forecasting techniques, among other relevant topics. In many situations, these lessons involve hands-on activities and mini-field trips to the monitoring sites. High School students simulate forecasting conditions and use scientific methods to create their own forecasts. AMP staff also participate in Career Days at both elementary and high schools to promote environmental and meteorological careers.
AMP hosts an annual Air Quality Seminar and Air Monitoring Station fieldtrip for college interns in the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's (CDC) Environmental Health Summer Intern Program, thereby reaching top college students from all over the country.

Air Quality specialists from Korea come to learn about GA EPD's Ambient Monitoring Program.

GA EPD Ambient Air Monitoring and air quality forecasting highlighted on WABE 90.1 radio.

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Voluntary Emissions Reductions Programs GA EPD Partners

Encouraging fewer vehicles on the road...

http://gacommuteoptions.com/

Sponsored by the Atlanta Regional Commission (ARC).
Distributes daily ozone forecasts (as well as PM2.5 forecasts produced by EPD and Georgia Tech) during the ozone season to enable citizens in the sensitive group category, as well as industries, to alter activities on days that are forecasted to have high ozone levels.
Forecasts for the Atlanta, Macon and Columbus metropolitan areas.
Rewards commuters for trying an alternative to driving alone to and from work (e.g. carpooling or trying transit).

With a focus on reducing all sources of diesel emissions in Georgia, the GADER program not only encompasses the Georgia School Bus Retrofit initiative, but also assists with funding, and education assistance and outreach for voluntary measures such as idling reduction, Truck Stop Electrification, the use of cleaner fuels, and diesel emissions controls to rail yards, long haul and delivery truck fleets, construction equipment, and more.

Helping schools afford cleaner school buses...

Older diesel school buses are replaced early or fitted with an emissions control device to reduce emissions of oxides of nitrogen (NOX).
Selective catalytic reduction (SCR) is an emissions reduction technology used in diesel engines to convert NOX pollution into harmless atmospheric nitrogen and water. The technology is enhanced when the engines run on low sulfur diesel fuel, the dominant fuel today.
Diesel powered commercial trucks can add particulate trap filters to capture particulate matter pollution exhausted from their engines.
For information about the Georgia Diesel Emissions Reduction Program, go to http://www.gaderprogram.org/html/Retrofit.html.

Encouraging the use of alternative fuels...

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Helping promote Truck Stop Electrification Stations...
Diesel powered commercial trucks can produce emissions of oxides of nitrogen (NOX) due to idling. Truck drivers are typically required to rest 8 hours for every 10 hours of travel time and their diesel engines are often idled during rest times to power air conditioning and heating systems.
Truck stop electrification allows truck drivers to run their air conditioning, heating, electronic devices without having to run their diesel powered engines.
Cool and warm air can be pumped into the trucks via a hose hookup at the electrified truck stops as well.
Working to reduce locomotive and rail yard emissions...
Locomotives can be retrofitted with cleaner engines and technology that helps improve air quality.
Smaller, more efficient modular diesel engines reduce emissions.
New engines, known as "genset" and Tier 4 engines, utilize two or more smaller engines that can combine to equal the strength of the older engines.
Automatic engine start/stop technology reduces idling.
In-cylinder strategies include better fuel injection timing, and better rings and oil separators.
`Mother' locomotives and `Slug' sets operate in tandem. The Mother's excess electrical power is used to drive the Slug's traction motors, saving fuel and reducing air pollution.
22 locomotives have been converted to MotherSlug sets in Georgia, with several more sets to be completed by the end of 2017.
Electric plugin stations allow the diesel engine to be shut down when temperatures drop below freezing and still keep the cooling water warm.

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Air Quality in Georgia

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Pollutants of Concern and Their Sources in Georgia
The list below shows the most common air pollutants in Georgia and their source by percentage. Mobile sources, including on-road vehicles, construction equipment and aircraft, contribute greatly to pollution in Georgia, especially around densely populated cities like in the Atlanta Metro area.

*CO is more of a concern for indoor air quality than it is for outdoor air quality.

Figure 1: Pollutants of Concern and Their Sources in Georgia

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Source: 2014 National Emissions Inventory Ambient Monitoring Program

Emissions Trends in Georgia
The sources of pollutants seen on the previous page were assembled into seven categories for the following graphs. The major contributors for CO and NOx are highway vehicles, while the largest contributors of SO2 are electric utilities. Wildland and prescribed fires can have a large impact on PM2.5 emissions, and VOCs come from a variety of stationary sources. There is a downward trend shown here for all emissions from 2008 through 2016. In 2011, there was a wildfire in the Okefenokee Swamp area that showed an uptick in the data for that year.
Carbon Monoxide
Georgia's air quality is improving...
Nitrogen Oxides

Sulfur Dioxide VOCs

PM2.5

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Figure 2: Emissions Trends in Georgia

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Georgia's Ambient Air Monitoring Sites

Figure 3. Georgia's ambient air monitoring sites For more detailed site information, see page 71.

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Criteria Pollutants (six most common regulated pollutants)
The Clean Air Act (CAA) requires the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to identify pollutants that may endanger public health or welfare. Under the CAA, the EPA sets National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) for six common air pollutants, also referred to as "criteria" pollutants based on the current science regarding their known health effects. The NAAQS are divided into primary standards that protect public health and secondary standards that protect the public welfare and environment. EPA reviews the NAAQS periodically, based on new findings about the health effects of air pollution. For more information about the NAAQS, please refer to EPA's website (https://www.epa.gov/criteria-air-pollutants/naaqs-table).
NAAQS have been established for six common air pollutants called criteria pollutants:

Carbon Monoxide (CO) Oxides of Nitrogen (NO2) Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) Ozone (O3) Lead (Pb) Particulate Matter (PM)

We monitor for these criteria pollutants and much more. Our monitoring network takes the guess work out of knowing what pollutants are in the air you breathe.

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Carbon Monoxide (CO)
What is it?
Carbon Monoxide is an odorless, colorless, and poisonous gas that is a by-product of incomplete burning. Learn more: https://www.epa.gov/co-pollution
Where does it come from?
Carbon and oxygen can combine to form two different gases. When combustion of carbon is complete, in the presence of plenty of air, the product is mainly carbon dioxide (CO2). Sources of carbon include; coal, coke, charcoal. When combustion of carbon is incomplete, i.e. there is a limited supply of air, only half as much oxygen adds to the carbon, and instead you form carbon monoxide (CO).
In Georgia, 57% of the carbon monoxide comes from mobile sources including cars, construction equipment, aircraft, locomotives, and on the coast commercial marine vessels.
See page 16 for icon key.

Health Impacts
Increased risk of lower blood flow, anemia, and reduced heart activity.
Sensitive groups include fetuses, young infants, pregnant women, elderly people, and individuals with anemia or emphysema.

Georgia Monitoring Information for CO

Measurement Technique
Measured continuously with infrared light1

More information about measurement technique
1 https://www.thermofisher.com/order/catalog/ product/48I

Figure 4. Georgia carbon monoxide monitoring sites

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National Ambient Air Quality Standards for Carbon Monoxide

Primary NAAQS: Secondary NAAQS:

8-hour average not to exceed 9 ppm more than once per year 1-hour average not to exceed 35 ppm more than once per year None

Attainment Designation
All of Georgia is in attainment of both the 8-hour and 1-hour standards for carbon monoxide. Figure 5 and Figure 6 show how Georgia's CO compares to the two NAAQS.

CO Annual Maximum 1-hour Averages (ppm)

40

35

1-Hour Standard (35 ppm)

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

Roswell Rd

Yorkville

South DeKalb

GA Tech NR

Figure 5. Carbon monoxide annual maximum 1-hour average compared to the 1-hour standard

10

8-Hour Standard (9 ppm)

8

6

4

2

0

Roswell Rd

Yorkville

South DeKalb

GA Tech NR

Figure 6. Carbon monoxide annual 8-hour average compared to the 8-hour standard

CO Annual Maximum 8-hour Averages (ppm)

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Oxides of Nitrogen (NO, NO2, NOx and NOY)
What is it?
Oxides of nitrogen are a mixture of gases that are composed of nitrogen and oxygen and primarily produced during combustion. Learn more: https://www.epa.gov/no2-pollution
Where does it come from?
Nitrogen oxides (NOx) are usually products of combustion from mobile sources such as vehicle engines and construction equipment engines. They also come from large industrial boilers, turbines, and kilns, as well as fires. In Georgia, 67% of NOx comes from vehicles.

See page 16 for icon key.
NO2 is formed from the oxidation of nitric oxide (NO). NOY consists of all atmospheric reactive nitrogen oxide
compounds.

Health Impacts
Increases risk of respiratory infections, respiratory diseases and asthma

Source: http://www.compoundchem.com/2015/09/30/vehicle-emissions/

Georgia Monitoring Information for Oxides of Nitrogen

Measurement Technique
Measured continuously with chemiluminescent method2
more information about measurement technique Figure 7. Georgia's NO/NO2/NOx monitoring sites (green circles) and NOY site (red square) 2 https://www.thermofisher.com/order/catalog/product/42I

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NOx Daily Cycle
NOx reacts with volatile organic compounds in the presence of sunlight to form ground level ozone (O3) pollution which causes NOx levels to drop in the middle of a sunny day and increase at night on a daily basis.
(Courtesy of Jamie Smith)
Because this pattern typically reoccurs each day within a 24-hour period, this is known as a diurnal cycle. The following graph shows a comparison of the daily average of hourly NO2 data at the near-road sites, DMRC and Georgia Tech, compared to the South DeKalb NO2 site. The two near-road sites (shown in green and red) display the highest daily averages. The cyclical diurnal pattern of lower concentrations mid-day and higher concentrations in evening is shown below.

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Figure 8. Diurnal Pattern of NO2 23

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Reducing NOx Emissions in Georgia
Ozone formation in the southeastern United States is driven by emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx) in large urban areas with high vehicle traffic. Therefore, Georgia has focused efforts on reducing the emissions of NOx, particularly in the Atlanta ozone nonattainment area. Our vehicle emissions inspection program, also known as Georgia's Clean Air Force, which covers the counties of Cherokee,
Clayton, Cobb, Coweta, DeKalb, Douglas, Fayette, Forsyth, Fulton, Gwinnett, Henry, Paulding, and Rockdale, helps reduce NOx, the main precursor to ozone.
A series of Georgia air quality rules were implemented in 1999 through 2014 specifically targeting NOx emissions from combustion sources such as industrial boilers and electric steam generating units at power plants, especially large coal-fired units. Figure 9 shows how NOX pollution in Georgia declined as NOx controls were implemented at large stationary sources from 1999 through 2014. The Georgia multi-pollutant rule, implemented 2008-2014, required additional NOx reductions at power plants in addition to reductions in mercury and sulfur dioxide emissions. During the same time, national manufacturing standards required greater efficiency and performance from engines in vehicles, construction equipment, and generators which also helped reduce NOX emissions nationwide, including Georgia.

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Figure 9. Implementation of NOx Controls 24

*Multi-pollutant Rule is discussed on page 27. Ambient Monitoring Program

National Ambient Air Quality Standards for Nitrogen Dioxide

Primary NAAQS:

Annual mean must not exceed 53 ppb 3-year average of the 98th percentile of daily maximum one-hour averages
must not exceed 100 ppb

Secondary NAAQS:

Annual mean must not exceed 53 ppb

Attainment Designation
NO2 monitoring is required in urban areas with populations exceeding one million. The Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Roswell Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) is the only urban area in Georgia required to perform NO2 monitoring.
Figure 10 shows Georgia's annual average NO2 concentrations from 2000 to 2016. Annual average concentrations are well below the standard of 53 ppb.
EPD operates two near-road monitoring sites (Georgia Tech and DMRC) to study the effects of traffic pollution. Figure 11 indicates that Georgia's 1-hour design values are well below the 100 ppb national standard.

Figure 10. Nitrogen dioxide annual averages compared to the annual standard

Figure 11. Nitrogen dioxide 1-hour design values compared to the 1-hour standard

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Sulfur Dioxide (SO2)
What is it?
Sulfur dioxide (SO2) is a colorless reactive gas that is formed by burning sulfur-containing material, such as coal or diesel fuel, or by processing sulfur-containing clays. Learn more: https://www.epa.gov/so2-pollution
Where does it come from?
81% of SO2 emissions in Georgia come from electric generation and large industrial boilers.
See page 16 for icon key.
SO2 can be oxidized in the atmosphere into sulfuric acid, and form acid rain. Sulfur is oxidized to form SO2 during combustion. SO2 then can react with other pollutants to form aerosols, which
are solid or liquid particles in a gas. SO2 can also form sulfate particles, that contribute to the formation of fine particulate matter (PM2.5). In liquid form, SO2 may be found in clouds, fog, rain, aerosol particles, and in surface liquid films on these particles.
Environmental Impacts
Both SO2 and NO2 can form acid rain that lead to acidic deposition3.
Health Impacts
SO2 can impair respiratory function, increase respiratory disease, and reduce lung's ability to clear foreign particles especially in sensitive groups like children, the elderly, and individuals with asthma, hyperactive airways, and cardiovascular disease.
Short-term peak exposures can cause significant constriction of air passages in sensitive asthmatics, wheezing, shortness of breath, and coughing in these sensitive groups, and affect ability to perform exercise.
Georgia Monitoring Information for Sulfur Dioxide (SO2)

Measurement Technique
Continuous ultraviolet fluorescence4

more information about measurement technique
4 https://www.thermofisher.com/order/catalog/ product/43I

Figure 12. Georgia's sulfur dioxide monitoring sites

3Acid deposition causes damage to forests, man-made structures, and streams and lakes, which can be deadly for aquatic wildlife.

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Reducing SO2 in Georgia
Georgia's Multi-Pollutant Rule
In 2007, Georgia implemented State Rule 391-3-1-.02(2)(sss), which affects the 13-county Atlanta nonattainment area plus surrounding counties.
This multi-pollutant control measure for electric steam generating units at electric utilities required coal fired power plants to install controls to reduce three criteria pollutants, PM, NOx, and SO2, and had rolling start dates between 2008 and 2014.
The controls are called Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) for NOx and Flue Gas Desulfurization (FGD) for SO2 and PM. Figure 13 shows the decrease in SO2 concentrations as these controls have been implemented across the state.

Figure 13. Implementation of SO2 Controls

SO2 and PM Figure 14. Schematic design of the absorber of an FGD

Statewide SO2 Concentration Comparison from 2005 to 2014

Figure 15 compares the concentrations of sulfur dioxide from 2005-2007 and 2011-2014 in Georgia on a scale of 0 to 1 in Dobson units (DU)5.
These maps were created by NASA using satellite data and depict multi-year averages of sulfur dioxide concentrations over the eastern United States.
According to analyses of satellite data, in the eastern U.S., levels of sulfur dioxide have dropped by about 80 percent between 2005 and 2014.

2005-2007

2011-2014

http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=87182

5A Dobson unit (DU) is a measurement of density of a gas in a column of the Earth's atmosphere.

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Figure 15.

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National Ambient Air Quality Standards for Sulfur Dioxide

Primary NAAQS:

3-year average of 99th percentile of the daily maximum 1-hour concentration not to exceed 75 ppb

Secondary NAAQS:

3-hour concentrations not to exceed 0.5 ppm (500 ppb) more than once per year

Attainment Designation
EPA strengthened the SO2 primary National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) in 2010 and has developed a 4-phase process for designations. Please refer to EPA's information on the SO2 data requirement rules for more details5.
All the SO2 design6 values, for 2014-2016 in Georgia, were below the 1-hour standard, with the highest design value occurring at the Augusta site (60 ppb).

SO2 Three-Year Average of 99th Percentile of Daily Maximum 1-
Hour Averages (ppb)

120

100

80

1-Hour Standard (75 ppb)

60

40

20

0

Rome Savannah-L&A Augusta

Savannah-E.Pres Ma con- Forest ry

Confederate Ave South DeKalb

Figure 16. SO2 three-year averages of the 99th percentile of annual daily max 1-hour averages

5https://www.epa.gov/so2-pollution/final-data-requirements-rule-2010-1-hour-sulfur-dioxide-so2-primary-national-ambient 6Three-year average of the 99th percentile of annual daily maximum 1-hour averages

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Ozone (O3)
What is it?
Ozone is a form of oxygen. But unlike oxygen (O2), ozone (O3) is not a stable gas. Ozone is highly reactive and unstable corrosive and capable of damaging living cells. Ground-level ozone can be harmful at high concentrations and is a regulated pollutant. NOTE: Ozone occurs naturally in the Earth's upper atmosphere (stratosphere) where it protects life on Earth from the sun's harmful ultraviolet (UV) rays. This is the good ozone. "Good Up High, Bad Nearby." Learn more: https://www.epa.gov/ozone-pollution
Where does it come from?
Ground-level ozone is not emitted directly into the air, but is created by chemical reactions between nitrogen oxides (NOx) and volatile organic compounds (VOC) in the presence of sunlight. Major sources of NOx include emissions from industrial facilities, electric utilities and motor vehicle exhaust. In Georgia, the major sources of VOC are natural sources such as trees and vegetation. Other VOC sources include gasoline vapors and chemical solvents.

(Courtesy of Jamie Smith) Figure 17. Ozone formation process
Health Impacts
Ozone can irritate the mucous membranes of the nose, throat, and airways which can lead to coughing and chest pain. It can increase risk of respiratory infections in people with asthma and respiratory disease. Ozone reduces the ability to perform physical exercise by impairing normal lung function. Repeated exposure may cause permanent scarring of lung tissue.
Georgia Monitoring Information for Ozone

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Measurement Technique
Continuous ultraviolet photometric method7

More information about measurement technique 7 https://www.thermofisher.com/order/catalog/product/49I

Figure 18. Georgia's ozone monitoring sites

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EPA's CASTNET Site
As part of the Clean Air Status and Trends Network (CASTNET), EPA established a monitoring site in Pike County, Georgia in 1988. The CASTNET site is part of a national air quality monitoring network put in place to assess long-term trends in atmospheric deposition and ecological effects of air pollutants. The CASTNET site is one of 95 regional sites across rural areas of the United States and Canada measuring nitrogen, sulfur, and ozone concentrations, and deposition of sulfur and nitrogen. Like the South DeKalb ozone monitor, the CASTNET ozone monitor also collects data year-round. https://www.epa.gov/castnet
More Information about Ground Level Ozone
Ground level ozone formation occurs through a complex series of photochemical reactions that take place in the presence of sunlight, causing a diurnal pattern (high ozone during the day, low ozone at night, see Figure 19).
Figure 19. Typical urban 1-hour ozone diurnal pattern
The photochemical reactions require a reaction between oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Since there will always be strong sunshine in the summer, and the naturally-occurring (or biogenic) levels of VOCs in Georgia
are high, the most effective way to control ozone production in Georgia is to reduce emissions of NOx in the summer.
Examples of the most common reactive VOCs that contribute to ozone formation are: hydrocarbons found in automobile exhaust (benzene, propane, toluene); vapors from cleaning solvents (toluene); and biogenic emissions from plants and trees (isoprene). In Georgia, biogenic emissions account for 84% VOCs.

With the exception of the South DeKalb and CASTNET sites, ozone in Georgia, unlike other pollutants previously discussed, is monitored March through October, complying with federal monitoring regulations (in 40CFR Part 58).
Ozone is prevalent in urban areas in the summer but can appear in other areas due to weather patterns that can move air or many hundreds of miles.

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Primary NAAQS: Secondary NAAQS:

National Ambient Air Quality Standards for Ozone
3-year average of 4th highest daily maximum 8-hr concentration not to exceed 0.070 ppm
Same as the Primary Standards

Attainment Designation
Ozone monitoring has been in place in the Atlanta area since the 1970's.
Currently the Atlanta-Sandy SpringsRoswell MSA ozone network includes ten monitors located in ten counties.
On March 27, 2008 the ozone primary standard level was lowered to 0.075 ppm for the 8-hour averaging time, fourth maximum value, averaged over three years (Federal Register, Vol. 73, No. 60, page 16436).
With the implementation of this ozone standard, the boundary of the Atlanta nonattainment area was defined as a 15-county area (Figure 20).

With the 2013-2015 ozone data, the entire state of Georgia (including Atlanta) met the 2008 ozone standard of 0.075 ppm for ozone.
Georgia was redesignated to attainment on May 22, 2017.
On October 1, 2015, EPA lowered the ozone standard to 0.070 ppm8.
A violation of the standard is determined by using an 8-hour average of the fourth maximum daily value, averaged over three years. There has been a gradual reduction in the number of days exceeding the ozone standards (Figure 21).

Figure 20. Georgia's 8-hour ozone nonattainment area (NAA) map for the 2008 standard

Figure 21. Ozone design values for Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Roswell MSA

8https://www.epa.gov/ozone-pollution/2015-revision-2008-ozone-national-ambient-air-quality-standards-naaqs-supporting

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Ambient Monitoring Program

8-hour ozone exceedances in Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Roswell MSA

In 2016, the Atlanta-Sandy Springs-

Roswell MSA area had a total of 29

days that exceeded the current

(0.070 ppm) 8-hour standard. 2016

was one of the hottest and driest

2014

summers on record for Georgia.

2015 2016

The term `exceedance' is defined as a daily maximum 8-hour average greater than the standard. The Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Roswell MSA ozone monitors which exceeded the 8-hour ozone standard (0.070 ppm) in 2016 are mapped in Figure 22.

National 8-hour ozone concentrations

Figure 23 was taken from EPA's "Our

Nation's Air- Status and Trends through

2015"

(https://gispub.epa.gov/air/

trendsreport/2016/). It shows the fourth

maximum reading for the 8-hour ozone

readings across the United States. Georgia's

fourth maximum ozone readings in 2015

were in the 0.055-0.07 ppm (light blue) and

0.07-0.085 ppm (green) ranges.

Figure 22.

2016 Ambient Air Surveillance Report

Figure 23.

32

Ambient Monitoring Program

Lead (Pb)
What is it?
Lead is a naturally occurring element found in small amounts in the earth's crust. While it has some beneficial uses, it can be toxic to humans and animals causing detrimental health effects. Learn more: https://www.epa.gov/lead

Where does it come from?
In the past, the Clean Air Act required extensive lead monitoring to detect the high levels of airborne lead that resulted from the use of leaded gasoline. With the phase-out of leaded gasoline, lead concentrations decreased drastically by the late 1980s. Figure 24 shows the drop in annual averages from 1990 through 2016.
A major source of lead is acid battery plants. Lead can also come from the dust of vehicle traffic, construction activities, and agricultural activities and deposit on leaves and plants.

Figure 24.

Health Impacts
Exposure mainly through inhalation and ingestion of lead in food, water, soil, or dust. Puts children at particular risk exposure since they commonly put hands, toys, and other items in their mouths, which
may come in contact with lead-containing dust and dirt. Bioaccumulates in blood, bones, and tissues. Can damage kidneys, liver, and nervous system. Excessive and repeated exposure leads to neurological impairments that can cause seizures, mental retardation, and
behavioral disorders especially in children, infants, and fetuses. Lead toxicity is rarely attributed to a single exposure or digestive event, it is the product of chronic exposure over
time. May be a factor in high blood pressure and subsequent heart disease.

Georgia Monitoring Information for Lead

Figure 25. Georgia's lead monitoring sites

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33

Measurement Technique
24-hour total suspended particulate (100 microns or less) on 8"x10" pre-weighed fiberglass filter9
more information about measurement technique 9 https://tisch-env.com/high-volume-air-samplers/
Ambient Monitoring Program

National Ambient Air Quality Standards for Lead

Primary NAAQS:

Rolling 3-month average, not to exceed 0.15 ug/m3

Secondary NAAQS:

Same as the Primary Standards

Attainment Designation
Figure 26 shows how Georgia's lead data compares to the rolling three-month average standard for 2012 through 2016.
The last of the three months used for each average is indicated on the graph.
The two monitors in the Columbus GA-AL MSA are located near a lead battery manufacturer, and have shown higher readings compared to the other monitors in the Columbus GA-AL MSA or the Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Roswell MSA.
In November 2016, there was a violation of the lead standard in Columbus due to a malfunction on a silo control and is reflected in the graph below.

Figure 26. Georgia's three-month rolling averages, 2012-2016

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Ambient Monitoring Program

Particulate Matter PM10 and PM2.5
Learn more: https://www.epa.gov/pm-pollution

Particulate matter includes a broad range of material that Ultra-low sulfur diesel fuel is one fuel that emits less sulfur

consists of solid particles, fine liquid droplets, or condensed dioxide, a source of particulate matter formation.

liquids absorbed onto solid particles.

Biodiesel fuel emits less particulate matter, carbon

Airborne particulates are not a single pollutant as discussed monoxide, hydrocarbons, and air toxics.

for the other criteria pollutants, but rather a mixture of many different air pollutants.



Also, emulsified diesel emits less nitrogen oxides and particulate matter.



There are two ways that particulate known as primary and secondary.

matter

is

formed,



Particulate pollution may be categorized by size since there are different health impacts associated with the different

Primary sources that emit particles directly include sizes of particulate matter.

combustion, incineration, construction, mining, smelting, metal processing, and grinding sources.

metals



We currently monitor for three sizes of particles: PM10 (up to 10 microns in diameter), PM2.5 (up to 2.5 microns in

Other primary sources include diesel engine exhaust, road

diameter) and PMcoarse (PM10 minus PM2.5). To illustrate the

dust, wind blown soil, forest fires, open burning of size differences, Figure 27 shows how approximately ten

vegetation for land clearing or waste removal, ocean spray,

PM10 particles can fit on a cross section of a human hair, and

and volcanic activity.

approximately thirty PM2.5 particles would fit on a cross

A great deal of particulate matter is in form of gaseous air

section of a hair.

pollutants that readily react with oxygen and each other. These particles and droplets are invisible to the naked eye,

While many of those reactions produce other gases, they and composition and sources can vary greatly by region.

frequently produce particles. Particles formed through this process are known as secondary particulate matter such as



sulfate particles, nitrate particles, and calcium nitrate or

sodium nitrate particulates.

Regional relative humidity can affect the level of water present within the particles and affect how much dissolved gases or reactive species enter the lungs when particles are inhaled.

Alternative diesel fuels are available that emit less

particulate matter, as well as other pollutants.

Figure 27. Comparison of particulate matter size to human hair

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Ambient Monitoring Program

PM10
What is it?
PM10 are dust particles that are up to 10 micrometers in diameter.
Where does it come from?
Sources include crushing or grinding operations and dust stirred up by vehicles on roads.
See page 16 for icon key.
Health Impacts
Penetrate deeply into the lungs. Breathing and respiratory problems, aggravation of existing respiratory and cardiovascular disease, alterations in the
body's defense system against inhaled materials and organisms, and damage to lung tissue. Individuals with chronic lung or cardiovascular disease, individuals with influenza, asthmatics, elderly people, and
children are most effected.
Georgia Monitoring Information for PM10

Figure 28. Georgia's PM10 and PMcoarse (red square) monitoring sites
Measurement Techniques
Two types of EPA-approved reference or equivalent monitors used to determine attainment with the PM10 standard:
Integrated low-volume monitor that collects a 24-hour sample through an impaction inlet device that only allows particles with 10 microns or less in size to reach the filter media.10
Continuous beta ray attenuation monitor, with an inlet designed to cut out particles larger than 10 microns in size.11
more information about measurement techniques 10 https://tisch-env.com/low-volume-air-sampler/
11http://metone.com/air-quality-particulate-monitors/regulatory/bam-1020/

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Ambient Monitoring Program

National Ambient Air Quality Standards for Particulate Matter PM10

Primary NAAQS:

Number of days with a maximum of 24-hour concentration of 150 g/m3

must not exceed more than once per year on average over 3 years

Secondary NAAQS:

Same as the Primary Standards

Attainment Designation
Figure 29 shows how Georgia compares to the 24-hour standard for PM10, which is 150 g/m3.
The standard allows one exceedance per year, averaged over a 3-year period; therefore, this chart shows the second highest 24-hour average for each site. All three samplers collected data well below the standard.

Figure 29. PM10 annual second maximum 24-hour concentrations

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Ambient Monitoring Program

PM2.5
What is it?
PM2.5 are particles that are 2.5 micrometers in diameter or smaller, and can only be seen with an electron microscope. Most particles form in the atmosphere as a result of complex reactions of chemicals such as sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides.
Where does it come from?
Fine particles are produced from dust and all types of combustion, including motor vehicles, power plants, residential wood burning, forest fires, agricultural burning, and some industrial processes.
See page 16 for icon key.
Health Impacts
Can penetrate deep into lung tissue and even enter the bloodstream. This may cause significant respiratory or cardiovascular problems that can shorten an individual's lifespan.
High risk groups include children, the elderly, and people with cardiovascular or lung diseases such as emphysema and asthma.
Georgia Monitoring Information for PM2.5
Measurement Techniques
Two types of methods: integrated and continuous. The integrated samplers are the official reference method (FRM) used for determining which areas in Georgia are
attainment (meeting the national standard). Integrated samplers collect samples on Teflon filters for 24 hours, using a 2.5 microns particle size sorting device.12 The continuous method consists of two types of instruments. The beta attenuation method (BAM) is designed for the inlet to cut out particles larger than 2.5 microns in size.
EPD has two sites where BAM samplers are running as Federal Equivalent Method (FEM) samplers that can be used for attainment determinations as well: South DeKalb and Albany.13 The tapered element oscillating microbalance (TEOM) method is used to support the development of air quality models and forecasts, including the Air Quality Index (AQI), and provide the public with information about pollutant concentrations in real time. As set up at EPD's sites, these samplers cannot be used for making attainment determinations.14 Continuous PM2.5 data is reported every hour on Georgia's Ambient Air Monitoring web page located at http:// amp.georgiaair.org/. The immediate availability of this data allows the public to make informed decisions regarding their outdoor activities.

more information about measurement techniques
12https://www.thermofisher.com/order/catalog/ product/2025I 13http://www.metone.com/products/air-quality-monitors/ 14https://www.thermofisher.com/order/catalog/

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Ambient Monitoring Program

Figure 30 shows the location of Georgia's PM2.5 FRM monitors and Figure 31 shows the location of PM2.5 continuous and speciation monitors.

Figure 30. Georgia's PM2.5 FRM monitoring sites

2016 Ambient Air Surveillance Report

Figure 31. Georgia's PM2.5 continuous (green circles) and PM2.5 speciation (red squares) monitoring sites

39

Ambient Monitoring Program

Reducing PM2.5 Emissions in Georgia
PM Controls
Georgia's Multi-Pollutant Rule
In 2007, Georgia implemented State Rule 391-3-1-.02(2)(sss), which affects the 13-county Atlanta nonattainment areas plus surrounding counties.
This multi-pollutant control measure that affected electric steam generating units at electric utilities required coal fired power plants to install controls to reduce three criteria pollutants, PM, NOx, and SO2, and had rolling start dates between 2008 and 2014.
The controls that were added are called Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) for NOx and Flue Gas Desulfurization (FGD) for SO2 and PM.
Figure 32 shows the decrease in PM2.5 concentrations as these controls were implemented across the state.
SO2 and PM
Schematic design of the absorber of an FGD

Figure 32: Implementation of PM Controls

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Ambient Monitoring Program

National Ambient Air Quality Standards for Particulate Matter PM2.5

Primary NAAQS:

3-year average of the annual weighted mean not to exceed 12.0 g/m3

3-year average of the 98th percentile of 24-hour concentration not to exceed 35 g/m3

Secondary NAAQS:

3-year average of the annual weighted mean not to exceed 15.0 g/m3

3-year average of the 98th percentile of 24-hour concentration not to exceed 35 g/m3

Attainment Designation



For an area to concentrations

be in has to

attainment of the annual ambient air be less than or equal to 12.0 g/m3.

PM2.5

standard,

the

three-year

average

of

the

annual

average

In addition, the 24-hour primary and secondary standard requires that the three-year average of the 98th percentile of the 24hour concentrations be less than or equal to 35 micrograms per cubic meter.

Currently all areas of Georgia are designated unclassifiable/attainment for the 2012 annual PM2.5 standard because they are meeting the national standard.

Figure 33. Comparison of the three-year averages of the 98th percentile of PM2.5 24-hour data

2016 Ambient Air Surveillance Report

Figure 34. Comparison of the PM2.5 three-year annual averages to the annual standard

41

Ambient Monitoring Program

How Wildfires of November 2016 Impacted PM2.5 Levels in Georgia
During the month of November, the Southeast experienced several days of wildfires that affected PM2.5 levels across the region.
The following maps depict the location of fires in north GA, and nearby in TN, SC, NC, and AL.
The two maps below show a closer view of the two bigger fires that impacted GA. The colors give a visual of the date progression.

Figure 35. Location of wildfires

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Ambient Monitoring Program

In the following graphs, the PM2.5 ambient monitoring data is shown in more detail for November 2016. The first graph shows the daily Air Quality Index (AQI) for the PM2.5 data for each metropolitan area (MSA). Several monitors were affected from November 9th through November 17th, and had PM2.5 concentrations that were considered "Unhealthy". The second graph reflects the 24hour averages of the regulatory FRM PM2.5 data for November 2016. The red line depicts the daily standard of 35 g/m3. While the PM2.5 data was affected by the wildfires and there were 24-hour averages above the daily standard, Georgia continued to be below both of the PM2.5 National Ambient Air Quality Standards for 2016.
Figure 36. Hourly PM2.5 samples for November 2016

This graph shows the daily Air Quality Index (AQI) for PM2.5 data for each metropolitan area (MSA). Several PM2.5 concentrations were considered "Unhealthy" in November 2016.

Figure 37. 24-hour PM2.5 samples for November 2016

35 g/m3 standard

Figure 36. 24-hour PM2.5 samples for November 2016

This graph reflects the 24-hour averages of the regulatory FRM PM2.5 data for November 2016. Not all 24-hour samplers run daily.

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Ambient Monitoring Program

PM2.5 Speciation
Particle speciation measurements are performed to support the regulatory, analytical, and public health purposes of the program. These measurements help scientists and regulators track the progress and effectiveness of newly implemented pollution controls. The data also improves scientific understanding of the relationship between particle composition, visibility impairment, and adverse human health effects. Each individual particle, regardless of its source, has a distinct chemical composition which depends on local sources and a variety of other factors. Each has varying health effects based on its size and chemical composition.
Georgia currently monitors fifty-three species in particulate matter. Of these, sulfate and organic carbon are detected in the highest concentrations, with magnitudes of up to five to nine times greater than the other major species. Refer to Figure 31 for a map of Georgia's PM2.5 Speciation monitors.

Figure 38 compares the percent composition of PM2.5 for each site based on 2015 annual averages. At the time this report was compiled, all of the 2016 PM2.5 speciation data was not available from EPA.
Organic carbon makes up 4151% of PM2.5 for all sites with Augusta having the largest percentage.
Sulfate is the second largest portion of PM2.5 for all sites except Augusta and ranges from 12-24%.
Nitrate, crustal, elemental carbon, and ammonium ion make up no more than 11% of PM2.5 for all sites.
The chemical elements typical of the Earth's crust are grouped together as "crustal".

Figure 38.

Measurement Techniques15,16
Filter media with laboratory techniques using gravimetric (microweighing) analysis
X-ray fluorescence and particle-induced X-ray emission for trace elements; Ion chromatography for anions and selected cations
Controlled combustion for carbon
Gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy (GC/MS) for semivolatile organic particles

more information about measurement techniques 15http://www.urgcorp.com/index.php/systems/manual-sampling-systems/urg3000n-carbon-sampler 16http://www.metone.com/?wpfb_dl=228

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Ambient Monitoring Program

PREDOMINANT SPECIES FOUND IN PM2.5

Figure 39 presents each site with all species making up the composition at each location.
Ammonium Ion
Sulfate Products Nitrate Products Crustal Products Elemental Carbon Organic Carbon

Figure 39. Annual averages of PM2.5 composition data in Georgia
Ammonium Ion: commonly released by fertilizer production, livestock production, coke production, and some large
refrigeration systems. Ironically, it can be emitted by NOx control systems installed on large fossil fuel combustion systems, which use ammonia or urea as a reactant.
Sulfate Products: formed during the oxidation of SO2 in the atmosphere.
Nitrate Products: formed through a complex series of reactions that convert NOx to nitrates - vehicle emissions and
fossil fuel burning.
Crustal Products: components that are the result from the weathering of Earth's crust--ocean salt and volcanic
discharges-- aluminum, calcium, iron, titanium, and silicon--released by metals production, and can be resuspended in the atmosphere by mechanisms that stir up fine dust, such as mining, agricultural processes, and vehicle traffic.
Elemental Carbon: carbon in the form of soot- diesel engine emissions, wood-burning fireplaces, and forest fires.
Organic Carbon: may be released directly, but are also formed through a series of chemical reactions in the air, mostly
as a result of the burning of fossil fuels and wood.

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Ambient Monitoring Program

The Air Quality Index

The Air Quality Index (AQI) is a national air standard rating system developed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. The AQI is used statewide to provide the public, on a daily basis, with an analysis of air pollution levels and possible related health risks.
Generally, an index scale of 0 to 500 is used to assess the quality of air, and these numbers are synchronized with a corresponding descriptor word such as: Good, Moderate, Unhealthy for Sensitive Groups, Unhealthy, and Very Unhealthy. To protect public health the EPA has set an AQI value of 100 to correspond to the NAAQS for the following criteria pollutants: Ozone (O3), Sulfur Dioxide (SO2), Carbon Monoxide (CO), Particulate Matter 10 (PM10), Particulate Matter 2.5 (PM2.5), and Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2).
The AQI for a reporting region equates to the highest rating recorded for any pollutant within that region. Therefore, the larger the AQI value, the greater level of air pollution present, and the greater expectation of potential health concerns. However, this system only addresses air pollution in terms of acute health effects over time periods of 24 hours or less and does not provide an indication of chronic pollution exposure over months or years. Figure 40 shows how the recorded concentrations correspond to the AQI values, descriptors and health advisories. Each day the AQI values are available to the public through Georgia EPD's Ambient Air Monitoring website at http://amp.georgiaair.org/.

Maximum Pollutant Concentration

PM2.5

PM10

SO2

O3

O3

CO

NO2

(24hr) g/m3

(24hr) g/m3

(1hr)* ppm

(8hr)^ ppm

(1hr) ppm

(8hr) (1hr)

ppm ppm

AQI

Value

Descriptor

EPA Health Advisory

0.0

0 54 0 0.035 0.000

None

0.0

0

0 to 50 Good (green) Air quality is considered satisfactory,

12.0

0.059

4.4

0.053

and air pollution poses little or no risk.

12.1 35.4

Air quality is acceptable; however, for

some pollutants there may be a moder-

ate health concern for a very small

55

0.036 0.060

None

4.5 0.054- 51 to

Moderate

number of people. For example, people

154

0.075

0.075

9.4

0.100

100

(yellow)

who are unusually sensitive to the con-

dition of the air may experience respira-

tory symptoms.

35.5 55.4
55.5 150.4

155 254
255 354

0.076 0.185
0.186 0.304*

0.076 0.095
0.096 0.115

0.125 0.164
0.165 0.204

9.5 12.4
12.5 15.4

0.1010.360
0.3610.649

101 to 150
151 to 200

Unhealthy for Sensitive Groups
Unhealthy (red)

Members of sensitive groups (people with lung or heart disease) are at greater risk from exposure to particle pollution. Those with lung disease are at risk from exposure to ozone. The general public is not likely to be affected in this range.
Everyone may begin to experience health effects in this range. Members of sensitive groups may experience more serious health effects.

150.5 250.4

355 424

0.305 0.604*

0.116 0.374

0.205 0.404

15.5 30.4

0.650 1.249

201 to 300

Very Unhealthy (purple)

AQI values in this range trigger a health alert. Everyone may experience more serious health effects. When the AQI is in this range because of ozone, most people should restrict their outdoor exertion to morning or late evening hours to avoid high ozone exposures.

250.5 350.4 350.5 500

425 504 505 604

0.605 0.804* 0.805 1.004*

None^ None^

0.405 0.504 0.505 0.604

30.5 40.4 40.5 50.4

1.250 1.649 1.650 2.049

301 to 400
401 to 500

Hazardous (maroon)

AQI values over 300 trigger health warnings of emergency conditions. The entire population is more likely to be affected.

Figure 40. The AQI, *AQI values of 200 or greater are calculated with 24-hr SO2 concentrations, ^AQI values of 301 or greater are calculated with 1-hr O3 concentrations. **AQI numbers above 100 may not be equivalent to a violation of the standard

2016 Ambient Air Surveillance Report

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Ambient Monitoring Program

2016 AQI Values Summary for Georgia

Air Quality Index Summary by CBSA Number of Days

Pollutants Monitored in 2016

Good (0-50)

Moderate (51-100)

Unhealthy for Sensitive Groups
(101-150)**

Unhealthy (151-200)**

Very Unheathy (201-300)**

Hazardous (>300)**

Albany

PM2.5 Americus

263

100

-

O3 Athens-Clark County

219

26

1

O3, PM2.5

295

61

4

Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Roswell

O3, NO2, PM2.5, CO, SO2, PM10

105

229

28

Augusta-Richmond County, GA-SC

O3, PM2.5, PM10

255

104

5

Brunswick

O3, PM2.5 Chattanooga, TN-GA
O3, PM2.5 Columbus, GA-AL

317

27

2

227

127

2

O3, PM2.5 Dalton
O3 General Coffee

264

95

5

223

40

1

PM2.5 Gainesville

21

2

-

Macon

PM2.5

103

14

1

O3, SO2, PM2.5

267

94

5

Rome

SO2, PM2.5 Savannah

287

78

1

O3, SO2, PM2.5

304

59

3

Summerville

O3 Valdosta

221

25

-

PM2.5 Warner Robins

276

51

-

PM2.5

306

44

2

-

-

-

-

-

-

2

-

-

4

-

-

2

-

-

-

-

-

3

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

1

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Table 1. 2016 AQI summary data, most days had an AQI value in the `Good' (0-50) category for all the sites.

2016 Ambient Air Surveillance Report

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Ambient Monitoring Program

Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Roswell MSA
Figure 41 shows in more detail the AQI values for the Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Roswell MSA. There were 32 days with an AQI value above 100 in 2016. Ozone is a major driver of an elevated AQI and can be higher in the summer months due to increased sunlight. Higher ozone and PM2.5 concentrations are the primary sources of AQI values in the "Unhealthy for Sensitive Groups" category in the Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Roswell MSA.
Figure 41. 2016 AQI Values for the Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Roswell MSA

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48

Ambient Monitoring Program

PHOTOCHEMICAL ASSESSMENT MONITORING STATIONS (PAMS)
To better understand ozone formation, EPD monitors oxides of nitrogen, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), carbonyl compounds, and meteorological parameters at the PAMS site. Isoprene, the tracer for VOCs emissions from vegetation, is by far the largest contributor to ozone formation at the PAMS site. It is naturally released in large quantities by conifer trees, which are very abundant in the Southeastern United States.

Georgia Monitoring Information
Figure 42. Georgia's PAMS monitoring site

Measurement Techniques

Throughout the year, 24-hour integrated volatile organic compounds samples are taken with a canister every sixth day and analyzed in the EPD laboratory for 56 hydrocarbon compounds using a gas chromatograph with mass spectroscopy detection (GC/MS).


more information about measurement technique
17https://www.perkinelmer.com/labsolutions/resources/docs/APP_Analysis-of -VOCs-in-Air-Using-EPA-Method-TO-17011909_01.pdf

Additionally, from June through August, hydrocarbon samples are analyzed hourly at the South DeKalb PAMS site using a gas chromatography unit with a Flame Ionization Detector (FID). 17

The amount of isoprene emissions from conifers varies seasonally, with emissions increasing as length of daylight and temperature increases (Figure 43).

Figure 43. Average yearly profile of isoprene
Toluene (generally the most abundant anthropogenic species in urban air) reaches the air from a variety of sources such as combustion of fossil fuels and evaporative emissions, motor vehicle fuel and is also used as a common solvent in many products such as paint. It is relatively constant throughout the year, suggesting a steady level of emissions year-round (Figure 44).

2016 Ambient Air Surveillance Report

Figure 44. Toluene average annual occurrence

49

Ambient Monitoring Program

Carbonyl Compounds
Carbonyl compounds define a large group of organic compounds, which include acetaldehyde, acrolein, and formaldehyde. These compounds can lead to ozone formation.
Sources of carbonyl compounds include vehicle exhaust, cigarette smoke, paper production, stationary internal combustion engines and turbines, solvents, polymers, plastics, and the combustion of wood.
Depending on the amount inhaled, exposure to these compounds can cause irritation to the eyes, ears, nose, and throat, dizziness, and damage to the lungs.
Carbonyls Total Averages (g/m3) for 2016

Figure 45. Georgia's carbonyls monitoring sites

Figure 46. Total Average 24-hour carbonyl concentrations by species

Measurement Techniques

The carbonyls are sampled with two types of methods.

One method includes an absorbent

cartridge

filled

with

dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH),

using High Performance Liquid

Chromatography analysis. 18

Another collection method is the

canister sampler that is used for

sampling

volatile

organic

compounds at the Air Toxics sites.

Acrolein is analyzed using this

method. The graph to the right

shows this data.

Figure 47. Acrolein concentrations and percent detections, 2014- 2016

more information about measurement techniques 18http://www.atec-online.com/

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Ambient Monitoring Program

AIR TOXICS MONITORING
In order for EPD to expand the understanding of the quality of Georgia's air regarding ambient concentrations of hazardous air pollutants, EPD began state-sponsored air toxics monitoring activities.
Air Toxics are those pollutants that cause or may cause cancer or other serious health effects, such as reproductive effects or birth defects, or adverse environmental and ecological effects.
Air toxic pollutants, or hazardous air pollutants (HAPs), are a group of air pollutants that have a wide variety of sources-- mobile sources (such as vehicles), stationary industrial sources, small area sources, indoor sources (such as cleaning materials), and other environmental sources (such as volcanoes and wildfires). The lifetime, transportation, and make-up of these pollutants are affected by both weather (rain and wind) and landscape (mountains and valleys). In addition, some HAPs that are no longer used, but were commonly used in the past, can still be found in the environment today.
Negative effects on human health range from headaches, nausea, and dizziness to cancer, birth defects, problems breathing, and other serious illnesses. These effects can vary depending on frequency of exposure, length of exposure time, health of the person that is exposed, along with the toxicity of the compound.
People can be exposed to HAPs by breathing contaminated air, consuming food or water contaminated by air pollutants, or touching contaminated water or soil.
Some of the substances tend to have only one critical effect, while others may have several. Some of the effects may occur after a short exposure and others appear after long-term exposure, or many years after being exposed.
These air pollutants also affect the environment. Wildlife experience symptoms similar to those in humans and pollutants accumulate in the food chain. Many air pollutants can also be absorbed into waterways and have toxic effects on aquatic wildlife.
From the list of 187 HAPs compounds identified by EPA, toxic compounds monitored include metals, volatile organic compounds, semi-volatile organic compounds, and carbonyl compounds.

Monitoring Techniques
Three types of samplers are used at all locations: the HIVOL, PUF, and canister. 19 The HIVOL sampler collects quartz fiber filters that
are subjected to a chemical digestion process and are analyzed on an inductively coupled plasma spectrometer. PUF (polyurethane foam) sampler is used for sampling semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) --A multi-layer cartridge is prepared which collects both the particulate fraction and the volatile fraction of this group of compounds, analyzed using a gas chromatograph. The canister sampler for VOCs is analyzed using a gas chromatograph with mass spectroscopy detection (GC/MS).
more information about measurement techniques
19https://tisch-env.com/high-volume-air-samplers/
2016 Ambient Air Surveillance Report

Figure 48. Air Toxics monitoring sites

51

Ambient Monitoring Program

METALS

Sources include: gasoline and diesel exhaust batteries soil and water burning coal emissions from iron and steel production lead smelters operation of iron and steel production
plants by-product of mining and smelting sulfide
ores used in industrial processes tires radioactive metal in radiotherapy photocells and solar panels

Sources include:
various industrial, stationary and mobile sources

VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

SEMI-VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

Sources include:
burning of coal, oil, gas, and garbage
found in dyes, cigarette smoke, coal tar, plastics, and pesticides

Figure 49. Air Toxics data

NATTS
The National Air Toxics Trends Station (NATTS) network was established in 2003 at the South DeKalb site and is intended for long-term operation for the purpose of discerning national trends.
The NATTS Network consists of 27 sites nationwide, 20 urban and 7 rural. The South DeKalb site monitors the same compounds as other air toxics sites, as well as black carbon, and carbonyls. As part of the NATTs network, metals are monitored on a PM10 sampler at the South DeKalb site. The sample is
analyzed using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS).

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Near-Road VOCs
The DMRC site is set up as part of the Near-Road Monitoring Network and is located within 40 meters of I-285, a heavily traveled interstate. The South DeKalb site is approximately a mile away from the DMRC site and is located 580 meters from the same interstate.

DMRC site

South DeKalb site
The following scatterplots and correlations were created to compare select VOCs that had several pollutant detections at both the South DeKalb and DMRC sites.

VOC Toluene M/P Xylene Chloromethane Trichlorofluoromethane Dicholrodifluoromethane Benzene

Correlation Coefficient (r)
0.13398 0.61461
0.65920 0.65416 0.23494 0.15009

Figure 50. Comparison of select VOCs at the South DeKalb and DMRC sites

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A few of the VOCs at the South DeKalb and DMRC sites have relatively low correlations. This suggests that some VOCs found in vehicle exhaust dissipate quickly in the air.

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Ambient Monitoring Program

Black Carbon

Figure 51. Black carbon monitoring sites

DMRC Near-Road Monitoring

GA Tech Near-Road Monitoring

SDK v. GT y = 0.2052x + 0.6801

SDK v. 285

10

R = 0.08 35

9

y = 0.5413x + 0.0824

R = 0.5546

8

7

6

SDK v. GT 5

SDK v. 285

4

Linear (SDK v.

3

Linear (SDK v.

2

GT)

285)

1 0

-1

4

9

--11

4

9

The black carbon scatterplots show a relatively high correlation (R2=0.5546) between the South DeKalb and DMRC sites. The scatterplots that include GA Tech have less correlation, (R2=0.0835 and 0.1739) which could be an indication of less truck diesel traffic (black carbon) in the downtown corridor versus the I-285 perimeter.

12 10 8 6 4 2 0
0

GT v. 285
y = 0.426x + 1.22 66 R = 0.1739
GT v. 285

Linear (GT v. 285)

5

10

15

Figure 52. Comparison of black carbon at the South DeKalb, Georgia Tech, and DMRC sites

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RISK ASSESSMENT
The following risk assessment reflects data collected at the Air Toxics Network (ATN) and the National Air Toxics Trends Station (NATTS). Some of the chemicals monitored in the ATN are also monitored at Photochemical Assessment Monitoring Stations (PAMS); therefore, those chemicals were evaluated and compared to concentrations measured at nearby ATN sites for this report.
To put into perspective the risks from environmental hazards, the continuum below presents risk statistics for some familiar events. Risk analysts describe cancer risks numerically in scientific notation, for example 1 x 10*-5+, 1 x 10-5 or 1.00E-05, which means that there is one chance in 100,000 of an event occurring. It is important to note that these risk statistics are population averages, while risk analysts usually estimate risk to the maximum exposed individual. Additionally, it should be noted that these risk values are considered additional risk. That is, risk above the normal background risk from exposure in everyday life.
Putting Risks in Perspective

Methods
The initial evaluation consisted of a comparison of the monitored results to "health based" screening values. These values were calculated using procedures recommended in EPA's latest guidance on risk assessment for air toxics, `A Preliminary Risk-Based Screening Approach for Air Toxics Monitoring Data Sets' (https://archive.org/details/ APreliminaryRisk-basedScreeningApproachForAirToxicsMonitoringDataSets). Briefly, EPA's prioritized chronic doseresponse (toxicity) values for both non-cancer (reference concentrations, RfC) and cancer (inhalation unit risks, IUR) effects were used to generate screening air concentrations. To screen for non-cancer effects, the reference concentration was used as a starting point. However, to account for possible exposure to multiple contaminants acting on the same target organ or body system, the screening air concentration was obtained by dividing the RfC by a factor of 10. Screening values for the cancer endpoint were determined by calculating air concentrations equivalent to a risk level of one in one million. Most screening values utilized in this assessment are listed in Appendix A of the above mentioned guidance document and updated "Table 1. Prioritized Chronic Dose-Response Values for Screening Risk Assessments (5/09/2014)" (https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2014-05/ documents/table1.pdf). The screening values are derived from the dose-response values: cancer-based air screening values=1E-06/IUR and non-cancer based air screening values=RfC x 0.1 x 1000. For a limited number of chemicals, other resources such as toxicity values from the Regional Screening Table (https://www.epa.gov/risk/ regional-screening-levels-rsls-generic-tables-june-2017) were used to calculate conservative screening values protective of a worse-case residential exposure scenario. Assumptions were made that accounted for the potential for continuous exposure to air toxics for 24 hours per day for 70 years. The conservative screening process was utilized so that the chance of underestimating the potential for health impacts would be minimized, as chemicals were excluded from further quantitative analysis. The following figure shows the formulas used to calculate cancer risk and non-cancer hazard for chemicals that were carried beyond the screening process into the quantitative assessment.

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Formula for Calculating Risk Using IUR for Carcinogens:
Risk IUR*Conc
Formula for Calculating Hazard Quotient Using RfC for Noncarcinogens:
HQ Conc RfC
Equation Parameters: Risk: Theoretical lifetime cancer risk (unitless probability) HQ: Hazard quotient (unitless ratio) Conc: Measured ambient air concentration in g/m3 IUR: Inhalation unit risk (1/(g/m3)) RfC: Reference concentration (g/m3)
Results and Interpretation
Seventy-one (71) air toxic chemicals were assessed at six sites in Georgia. Out of these 71 air toxic chemicals, nine (9) were found to be above the screening values. Table 2 shows the theoretical cancer risk and non-cancer hazard that would result from an individual breathing air containing the detected chemicals at the estimated concentrations daily for 70 years, or a full lifetime. These cancer risk and hazard quotient estimates are likely conservative because they were calculated assuming continuous exposure to outdoor air at breathing rates typical of moderate exertion. Real risk cannot be calculated, but may be substantially lower. Lifetime cancer risks for the limited number of chemicals exceeding screening values exceeded 1 x 10-6 or one in one million, a value generally deemed as insignificant. However, lifetime cancer risks for these chemicals did not exceed 2 x 10-5 or two in one-hundred thousand. This risk estimate falls within EPA's acceptable cancer risk range of 1 x 10-6 to 1 x 10-4 commonly used for regulatory decision making.
In contrast to cancer risks, non-cancer hazards are not expressed as a probability of an individual suffering an adverse effect. Instead, the non-cancer hazard to individuals is expressed in terms of a ratio defined as the hazard quotient (HQ). These HQ values relate daily exposure concentrations, or dose, to a concentration or an amount thought to be without appreciable risks of causing deleterious non-cancer effects in sensitive individuals as well as the general population. HQ values less than 1.0 indicate the air "dose" is less than the threshold dose required to cause toxic effects other than cancer.

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Site

Chemical

Arsenic

Macon-Forestry

Chromium Benzene

1,3 Butadiene

Acrolein

Arsenic

Chromium Savannah-E. Pres. St. Acrolein

Bromomethane

Benzene

Arsenic

General Coffee

Chromium Benzene

Acrolein

Arsenic

South DeKalb

Chromium Acrolein

Benzene

Arsenic

Yorkville

Chromium Acrolein

Benzene

DMRC

Benzene Acrolein

CAS #

Annual Average (g/m3)

7440-38-2

5.9E-04

18540-29-9

1.4E-03

71-43-2

4.2E-01

106-99-0

2.9E-01

107-02-8

6.8E-01

7440-38-2

4.8E-04

18540-29-9

1.7E-03

107-02-8

3.3E-01

74-83-9

5.9E-01

71-43-2

4.5E-01

7440-38-2

3.7E-04

18540-29-9

1.2E-03

71-43-2

4.2E-01

107-02-8

3.3E-01

7440-38-2

5.9E-04

18540-29-9

1.8E-03

107-02-8

3.2E-01

71-43-2

5.9E-01

7440-38-2

8.0E-04

18540-29-9

1.9E-03

107-02-8

3.6E-01

71-43-2

4.2E-01

71-43-2

6.5E-01

107-02-8

3.4E-01

Detection Frequency
22/29 29/29 7/29 1/29 23/29 24/30 30/30 7/25 3/25 6/25 15/28 28/28 2/22 13/22 49/61 61/61 20/60 32/60 24/29 29/29 15/28 2/28 17/29 12/29

Cancer Risk
3.E-06 1.E-05 3.E-06 9.E-06 N/A 2.E-06 1.E-05 N/A N/A 4.E-06 2.E-06 1.E-05 3.E-06 N/A 3.E-06 2.E-05 N/A 5.E-06 3.E-06 2.E-05 N/A 3.E-06 5.E-06 N/A

Hazard Quotient
0.04 0.01 0.01 0.1 34 0.03 0.02 17 0.1 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.01 17 0.04 0.02 16 0.02 0.05 0.02 18 0.01 0.02 17

CAS # is Chemical Abstracts Services number for each compound, which is a specific way to identify each compound.

Table 2. Site-specific detection frequency, mean concentration, cancer risk, and hazard quotient by location for chemicals that exceeded their screening values in 2016.

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Site
Macon-Forestry Savannah-E. Pres. St. General Coffee DMRC South DeKalb Yorkville

Aggregate Cancer Risk
3.E-05 3.E-05 2.E-05 5.E-06 2.E-05 2.E-05

Table 3. Aggregate cancer risk and hazard index by site for 2016.

Hazard Index
34 17 17 17 16 18

Figure 53 is a graphical representation of the data in Table 3, and it is also used to display the comparison between the previous two consecutive years of hazard indices and their respective cancer risks..
The screening values utilized in this assessment are listed in Appendix B.

Figure 53. Aggregate cancer risk and hazard index by site for 2014-2016

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The following table shows the summary information for the PAMS site. Of the chemicals that are evaluated in conjunction with the Air Toxics data, benzene and ethylbenzene were two chemicals found above the screening value at this site.

Site

Chemical

CAS # Detection Fre- 1st Max 2nd Max Annual Hazard Cancer Risk

quency

Average Quotient

South DeKalb Benzene

71-43-2

61/61

13.4

12.1

3.8

0.1

3.E-05

Ethylbenzene 100-41-4

39/61

4.8

4.8

1.5

1

4.E-06

Table 4. Detection frequency, 1st and 2nd maximums, mean, cancer risks, and hazard quotients for VOCs from the PAMs site which exceeded their screening levels in 2016.

There are three air monitoring sites in Georgia that collect carbonyls data in 2016, as discussed earlier. The risk assessment for this data is summarized in the following table.

Site

Chemical

Savannah Yorkville South DeKalb

Acetaldehyde Formaldehyde Acetaldehyde Formaldehyde Acetaldehyde Propionaldehyde Formaldehyde

CAS #
75-07-0 50-00-0 75-07-0 50-00-0 75-07-0 123-83-6 50-00-0

Annual Average (g/m3) 1.6 3.5 2.0 4.4 1.1 0.8 1.5

Detection Frequency
23/30 30/30 28/30 28/30 27/27 4/27 26/26

Cancer Risk
4.E-06 5.E-05 4.E-06 6.E-05 2.E-06 N/A 2.E-05

Hazard Quotient
0.2 0.4 0.2 0.4 0.1 0.1 0.1

Table 5. Detection frequency, mean, cancer risks, and hazard quotients for carbonyls which exceeded their screening levels in 2016.

This report summarizes the concentrations measured and associated cancer risk and hazard quotient as detailed above. For specific questions regarding public health, please contact:
Franklin Sanchez, REHS Director Chemical Hazards Program Environmental Health Georgia Department of Public Health 2 Peachtree Street NW, 13th Floor Atlanta, GA 30303-3142 404.657.6534 Fax: 404.657.6516 Franklin.Sanchez@dph.ga.gov

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The maps included on the following page show the estimated rate of lung related diseases per county in Georgia. This is based on data obtained from the American Lung Association's 'Estimated Prevalence and Incidence of Lung Disease' (http://www.lung.org/ assets/documents/research/estimated-prevalence.pdf). These rates are mapped as the number of estimated lung related disease cases per 1000 or 100 people in each county, based on 2012 data.

Adult Asthma Rate Per 1000

Pediatric Asthma Rate Per 1000

Lung Cancer Rate Per 100

COPD Rate Per 1000

Figure 54. Estimated incidence of lung related diseases in Georgia

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METEOROLOGICAL REPORT
State Climatology and Meteorological Summary of 2016
The climate across North and Central Georgia varies based on a variety of factors, the most prominent of which is terrain. The Gulf of Mexico and the Atlantic Ocean are the two nearby maritime bodies that exert an important influence on the
North Georgia climate, acting as major sources of moisture support. A complete suite of meteorological instrumentation is used to characterize meteorological conditions around metropolitan
Atlanta. See Appendix C for details.

Figure 55. Meteorological Site Map

Figure 56. Sample meteorological instrumentation at EPD sites: a) ceilometer, b) sonic anemometer, c) Temperature probe and relative humidity monitor, d) tipping bucket

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Meteorological Measurements for 2016
The majority of locations in North and Central Georgia were much warmer than normal and drier than normal during 2016. A winter weather event impacted much of North Georgia from January 22nd through January 23rd, with light snow
accumulations as far as south central Georgia. Several locations experienced record, or near-record, seasonal summer temperatures. Atlanta also experienced the 1st
warmest Fall on record.

Figure 57. Total Snow January 22-23

For more information regarding the Georgia Climate Office, see https://epd.georgia.gov/office-state-climatologist.

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Figure 58. Total Ice January 22-23 Ambient Monitoring Program

Figure 59. Seasonal Avg. Temperature (F) and Rankings for Jun-Aug (National Weather Service at Peachtree City)

Figure 60. Seasonal Avg. Temperature (F) and Rankings for Sept. Nov. (National Weather Service at Peachtree City)

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Drought Conditions for Georgia
The Northeast Alabama, Northwest Georgia, and Southern Tennessee core drought area started showing noticeable rainfall deficits in March 2016.
East Central Georgia saw rapidly degrading conditions in early summer 2016. A newer core emerged south of Macon area that began in early fall 2016, and expanded towards south Georgia along I-75,
and along the Alabama/Georgia border. Drought led to North Georgia wildfire activity and air quality issues in mid-November 2016.

Figure 61. Drought Conditions in Georgia
Agricultural Impacts
Agricultural impacts were widespread and devastating to farmers, who described extremely dry pastures, bringing in hay from out of state with no second cutting, losing their entire corn crop and feeding it to livestock, noticing ribs showing on lactating cows, and inability to plant winter grazing.

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Air Quality Forecasting Statistics

Table 6: Observed Air Quality

Observed # of Days in AQI Category

Metro Area and Pollutant Atlanta Ozone Macon Ozone Atlanta PM2.5 Columbus PM2.5

Total # of days in record 214 181 343 322

Good 101 147 169 278

Moderate 84 31 171 43

Unhealthy for Sensitive Groups 26 3 3 1

Note: Total number of days in record based on AirNow data for observed measurements.

Unhealthy 3 0 0 0

Table 7: Predicted Air Quality

Hits

Atlanta Ozone

12

Macon Ozone

1

1 Atlanta PM2.5

0 Columbus PM2.5

Misses 17 2 2 1

False Alarms
10 1
1
0

Bias 1.6 ppbv

Gross Error
7.6 ppbv

3.8 ppbv
0.2 mg/ m3
1.0 mg/ m3

7.3 ppbv
2.7 mg/ m3
2.8 mg/ m3

Correlation (-1 to +1)
0.65 0.70
0.47
0.48

% Accurate 2 categories 87 98
99
99+

% Accurate 5 categories 63 80
72
87

Notes:
Hits are the number of days on which an observed exceedance of the daily NAAQS was correctly predicted.
Misses are the number of days on which an observed exceedance of the daily NAAQS was not predicted.
False Alarms are the number of days on which an exceedance of the daily NAAQS was predicted, but was not later observed.
Bias is the average tendency to over-predict (positive bias) or under-predict (negative bias) the observed pollutant concentration.
Gross Error is the average absolute error of the predictions relative to the observations.
Correlation is a measure of the ability to predict the relative change in observed concentrations. Higher positive correlation implies that the predictions are accurately anticipating changes in the observed concentrations.
% Accurate 2 categories is the percentage of days when the forecast prediction correctly matched the observation for the "no smog alert" / "smog alert" condition (i.e. 2 categories).
% Accurate 5 categories is the percentage of days when the forecast prediction correctly matched the observation for five categories of the Air Quality Index (Good, Moderate, Unhealthy for Sensitive Groups, Unhealthy, and Very Unhealthy).

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Observed and Predicted Air Quality: Figure 62. Atlanta observed and predicted ozone, 2016

Figure 63. Atlanta observed and predicted PM2.5, 2016

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Observed and Predicted Air Quality: Figure 64. Macon observed and predicted ozone, 2016

Figure 65. Columbus observed and predicted PM2.5, 2016

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Quality Assurance/Quality Control Program
The purpose of the QA/QC Program is to assure the quality of data from EPD's air monitoring network. The GA EPD meets or exceeds the QA requirements defined in 40 CFR 58 and all applicable appendices. With the QA Program, GA EPD independently challenges the ambient air monitors to ensure they meet the requirements of 40 CFR 58.
The QA/QC program includes but is not limited to the following activities: Instruments performance audits Monitor siting evaluations Precision and span checks Bias determination Flow rate determination Leak checks Data validation
For additional independent quality assurance activities, the EPD participates in EPA's National Performance Audit Program (NPAP) and Performance Evaluation Program (PEP) for criteria pollutants. EPD's samplers are compared on a national basis through these independent audits. As the Primary Quality Assurance Program for ambient air monitoring activities in Georgia, the Ambient Monitoring Program operates under an EPA approved Quality Management Plan and utilizes Quality Assurance Project Plans (QAPPs) for each state wide monitoring network. The primary purpose of the QAPP is to provide an overview of the project, describe the need for the measurements and define QA/QC activities to be applied to the project. All other ambient air monitoring initiatives, including state and industrial projects, must have an approved monitoring plan for each specific project.
Accuracy Levels

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Accuracy Levels

Overall Average % Difference

30.00%
20.00%
10.00%
0.00%
-10.00%
-20.00%
-30.00% Lower 95% Probability Limit Overall Average % Difference Upper 95% Probablility Limit

Air Toxics Network

TSP Metals

Carbonyls

Canister VOCs

-5.93%

-26.75%

-7.03%

-0.91%

-1.93%

-0.17%

4.13%

22.90%

6.70%

Summary of Flow Rate Accuracy Performance Audit

Lower 95% Probability Limit Overall Average % Difference Upper 95% Probablility Limit

8.00% 6.00% 4.00% 2.00% 0.00% -2.00% -4.00% -6.00% -8.00%
Lower 95% Probability Limit Overall Average % Difference Upper 95% Probablility Limit

Meteorological Measurements

Ambient Temperature

Barometirc Pr ess ure

Relative Humidity

-1.45%

-0.11%

-6.47%

0.36%

-0.02%

-0.25%

2.17%

0.07%

5.98%

Performance Overall Average Audit Results

Lower 95% Probability Limit Overall Average % Difference Upper 95% Probablility Limit

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Overall Average % Difference

Appendix Section

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Appendix A: Georgia Air Monitoring Network

SITE ID Site Name Rome MSA
131150003 Rome Brunswick MSA
131270006 Brunswick Valdosta MSA
131850003 Valdosta Warner Robins MSA

COUNTY

Black

PM2.5 PM2.5 PM2.5 PM

PM10 PAMS

Carb-

Car- Met

O3 CO FRM Cont. Spec. Coarse NOx NO2 NOy SO2 Pb PM10 Cont. VOC VOC SVOC onyls Met bon als

Floyd

SS X

S

Glynn S

S

NR

Lowndes

S S

131530001 Warner Rob- Houston Dalton MSA

S S

132130003 Fort Moun- Murray S

NR

Albany MSA

130950007 Albany Dougherty

S S

Gainesville MSA

131390003 Gainesville

Hall

S S

Athens-Clark County MSA

130590002 Athens

Clarke S

SS X

Macon MSA

130210007 Macon-Allied Bibb

S

X

130210012 Macon-

Bibb S

Columbus Georgia- Alabama MSA

Columbus-

132150001 Health Dept. Muscogee

S S S

S

NR NR

NR

NR

132150008 Columbus- Muscogee S

S S

132150009 Columbus- Muscogee

S

Columbus-Ft.

132150010 Benning Muscogee

S

132150011 ColumbusColumbus-
132151003 Crime Lab Savannah MSA

Muscogee Muscogee

S

X

Savannah-E. 130510021 President St. Chatham S

S S

NR

NR NR NR NR

NR

130510091 Savannah- Chatham

S

130511002 Savannah- Chatham

S

S

NR

Augusta Georgia-South Carolina MSA

130730001 Evans Columbia S

NR

132450091 Augusta Richmond S

SS X

S

S

NR

Monitoring Types: S=SLAMS; P=PAMS; C=NCore; X=Supplemental Speciation; T=STN; N=NATTS; R=Near-Road; NR=Non-Regulatory; A=CASTNET

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Appendix A: Georgia Air Monitoring Network (continued)

SITE ID Site Name COUNTY Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Roswell MSA

PM2.5 PM2.5 PM2.5 PM NO/

PM10 PAMS

Carb-

O3 CO FRM Cont. Spec. Coarse NOx NO2 NOy SO2 Pb PM10 Cont VOC VOC SVOC onyls

Black Met Met Car- als

130630091 Forest Park Clayton

S

130670003 Kennesaw Cobb S

S

130770002 Newnan Coweta S

S

NR

130850001 Dawsonville Dawson S

South DeK-

S/

C

S/P/

130890002

alb

DeKalb S/ P/C S/C S/C T/C

S/P S/P C C

NR C P N N P/N P N N

130890003 DMRC DeKalb

R R

S

R

R

130970004 Douglasville Douglas S

NR

131210039 Fire Station Fulton

S

S

131210055 Confederate Fulton S

S

GA Tech-

131210056 Near Road Fulton

R R

S R R

NR R R

131350002 Gwinnett Gwinnett S

S S

131510002 McDonough Henry S

S

132230003 Yorkville Paulding S/P S/P S S

NR NR NR P

NR

132319991 EPA CAST- Pike A

132470001 Conyers Rockdale S/P

P

Chattanooga Tennessee-Georgia MSA

132950002 Rossville Not In An MSA

Walker

S S X

130550001 Summerville Chattooga S

130690002 General Coffee

X

132611001 Leslie Sumter S

NR NR

NR

133030001 Sandersville Washing-

S

133190001 Gordon Wilkinson

S

Monitoring Types: S=SLAMS; P=PAMS; C=NCore; X=Supplemental Speciation; T=STN; N=NATTS; R=Near-Road; NR=Non-Regulatory; A=CASTNET

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Appendix B: Air Toxics Compounds Monitored and Risk Assessment Screening Values used in Initial Assessment

CAS # Chemical

7440-36-0 7440-38-2 7440-41-7 7440-43-9 18540-29-9

Metals Antimony Arsenic Beryllium Cadmium Chromium**

83-32-9 208-96-8 120-12-7 56-55-3 205-99-2 207-08-9 191-24-2 50-32-8 192-97-2 218-01-9
71-43-2 100-52-7 100-44-7 74-83-9 106-99-0 123-72-8 108-90-7 75-00-3 75-01-4 74-87-3 110-82-7 106-93-4 95-50-1 541-73-1 106-46-7 75-71-8 75-34-3 156-59-2 75-35-4 75-09-2 78-87-5 10061-01-5 10061-02-6 76-14-2 95-47-6

Semi-Volatiles Acenaphthene Acenaphthylene Anthracene Benzo(a)anthracene Benzo(b)fluoranthene Benzo(k)fluoranthene Benzo(g,h,i)perylene Benzo(a)pyrene Benzo(e)pyrene Chrysene Volatile Organic Compounds Benzene Benzenecarbonal (Benzaldehyde) Benzyl chloride Bromomethane (Methyl bromide) 1,3-Butadiene Butanal (Butyraldehyde) Chlorobenzene (Phenyl chloride) Chloroethane (Ethyl chloride) Chloroethene (Vinyl chloride) Chloromethane (Methyl chloride) Cyclohexane 1,2-Dibromoethane (Ethylene dibromide) 1,2-Dichlorobenzene 1,3-Dichlorobenzene 1,4-Dichlorobenzene Dichlorodifluoromethane (Freon 12) 1,1-Dichloroethane (Ethylidene chloride) cis-1,2-Dichloroethene 1,1-Dichloroethene (1,1-Dichloroethylene) Dichloromethane (Methylene chloride) 1,2-Dichloropropane (Propylene dichloride) cis-1,3-Dichloropropene trans-1,3-Dichloropropene 1,1-Dichloro-1,2,2,2-tetrafluoroethane(Freon114) 1,2-Dimethylbenzene (o-Xylene)

Screen Value (g/m3)

CAS # Chemical

0.02 7440-48-4 0.00023 7439-92-1 0.00042 7439-96-5 0.00056 7440-02-0 0.000012 7782-49-2
7440-66-6

Cobalt Lead Manganese Nickel Selenium Zinc

0.3 0.3 0.3 0.0091
0.0091 0.0091
0.3 0.00091
0.3 0.091

27208-37-3 53-70-3 206-44-0 86-73-7
193-39-5 91-20-3 85-01-8 198-55-0 129-00-0

Cyclopenta(cd)pyrene Dibenzo(a,h)anthracene Fluoranthene Fluorene Indeno(1,2,3-c,d)pyrene Naphthalene Phenanthrene Perylene Pyrene

0.13 N/A 0.02 0.5 0.03 N/A 100 1000 0.11 9.0 6300* 0.002 210* N/A 0.091 100* 0.63 N/A 210* 100 0.076* N/A N/A N/A 10

108-38-3/106-42-3 1,3 and 1,4-Dimethylbenzene (m/p-Xylene)

75-07-0

Ethanal (Acetaldehyde)

100-41-4

Ethylbenzene

100-42-5

Ethenylbenzene (Styrene)

622-97-9

Benzene,1-ethenyl-4-methyl (p-Ethyltoluene)

76-13-1

Freon 113

87-68-3

Hexachloro-1,3-Butadiene(Hexachlorobutadiene)

110-54-3 50-00-0

n-Hexane Methanal (Formaldehyde)

108-88-3

Methylbenzene/Phenylmethane (Toluene)

123-38-6 67-64-1

Propanal (Propionaldehyde) 2-Propanone (Acetone)

107-02-8

Propenal (Acrolein)

79-34-5

1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane

127-18-4

Tetrachloroethene (Perchloroethylene)

56-23-5

Tetrachlormethane (Carbon tetrachloride)

120-82-1

1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene

526-73-8

1,2,3-Trimethylbenzene

95-63-6

1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene

108-67-8

1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene

71-55-6

1,1,1-Trichloroethane (Methyl chloroform)

79-00-5

1,1,2-Trichloroethane

79-01-6

Trichloroethene (Trichloroethylene)

75-69-4

Trichlorofluoromethane (Freon 11)

67-66-3

Trichloromethane (Chloroform)

Screen Value (g/m3)
0.01 0.15 0.3 0.0021
2 N/A
N/A 0.00083
0.3 0.3 0.0091 0.3*** 0.3 N/A 0.3
10 0.45 0.4 100 N/A N/A 0.045 70 0.0769 40 0.8 32000* 0.002 0.017 3.846 0.17 20 63* 63* N/A 5000 0.063 0.244 N/A* 9.8

Sources: `A Preliminary Risk-Based Screening Approach for Air Toxics Monitoring Data Sets' (U.S. EPA, 2010)(https://archive.org/details/ APreliminaryRisk-basedScreeningApproachForAirToxicsMonitoringDataSets), "Table 1. Prioritized Chronic Dose-Response Values for Screening Risk Assessments (5/09/2014)(https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2014-05/documents/table1.pdf)." *Regional Screening Table (https://www.epa.gov/risk/regional-screening-levels-rsls-generic-tables-june-2017) **Chromium is a ratio of the total chromium value. ***Naphthalene: 1 in 10,000 uncertainty in IUR; therefore IUR not used in developing screening value.

2016 Ambient Air Surveillance Report

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Ambient Monitoring Program

Appendix C: Meteorological Instruments used in 2016

PARAMETER
Wind Speed/Wind Direction
Ambient Temperature/ Relative Hu-
midity

COMPANY
R.M. Young R.M. Young R.M. Young R.M. Young

INSTRUMENT MODEL

Ultrasonic Anemometer
Ultrasonic Anemometer
TEMP/RH Probe
TEMP/RH SENSOR, DEG C

81000
85000 41375V
C 41382V
C

BC Aro uu l gnC us r swL t ic a a k b X X X

X

X

LOCATION

D

D

C

aSSY

o

o C w . a o Mu N

S

no s Dv r a g e F ENa

f n o e . k c l w t. v R v

A y n K P v o a n Ma - L

v e v a r il n s a t n G &

e r il l e l S v n n s T A

. s l b s e E il

l

e

e

X X X X X

X X

X X

X

X

X X

X

X

X

X X

X

R.M.

Barometric Pres- 61201 X

X

X

Young

sure Sensor

Barometric Pressure

R.M. Barometric Pres-

Young

sure Sensor

61302V

X

X X

Precipitation

No-

Tipping Bucket

260- X

X

X

X

X

valynx

Rain Gauge

2501

Solar Radiation

Eppley Standard Precision PSP/

Lab

Pyronometer

SPP

X

X

Total Ultraviolet Radiation Data Logger
Towers

Eppley Lab
ESC
ESC
Aluma Tower
Inc. Aluma Tower
Inc.

Total Ultraviolet Radiometer
Data System Controller
Data System Controller
Crank-Up Tower
Fold-Over Tower

TUVR

X

X

8832 X X

X X X X X X X X X X X X X

8816

X

T-135 X X X X X

X X X X X X

X X

FOT-10

X

X X

2016 Ambient Air Surveillance Report

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Ambient Monitoring Program

Appendix D: Pollutant Concentrations

Primary NAAQS: Secondary NAAQS:

National Ambient Air Quality Standards for Carbon Monoxide 8-hour average not to exceed 9 ppm more than once per year None

Pollutant: Data Interval:
Site ID
130890002 131210056

Carbon Monoxide Hourly
City County
Decatur DeKalb Atlanta Fulton

Criteria Pollutant Summary Report - 2016

Site Name
South DeKalb GA Tech Near Road

Hours Measured
7159
8599

Units: Parts per million (ppm)

Max

1 - Hour

1st

2nd

Obs. > Max 8 - Hour Obs.

35

> 9

1st

2nd

1.569 1.558

0

1.4 1.2 0

3.2

2.7

0

2.3 2.2 0

Primary NAAQS: Secondary NAAQS:

National Ambient Air Quality Standards for Nitrogen Dioxide
Annual mean must not exceed 53 ppb 3-year average of the 98th percentile of daily maximum one-hour averages must not
exceed 100 ppb Annual mean must not exceed 53 ppb

Pollutant: Data Interval:

Nitrogen Dioxide Hourly

Criteria Pollutant Summary Report - 2016

Units: Parts per billion (ppb)

Site ID

City

County

Site Name

Hours Measured

98th%

130890002 Decatur DeKalb South DeKalb

8033

49.4

Max 1-Hour

1st

2nd

59.2

57.1

Annual Arithmetic
Mean
10.52

130890003 131210056

Atlanta Atlanta

DeKalb Fulton

DMRC
GA Tech Near Road

8569 8536

61.1

72.8

65.5

53.6

61.0

59.6

16.94 19.65

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Ambient Monitoring Program

Pollutant: Data Interval:

NOx Hourly

Site ID

City

130890002 130890003 131210056

Decatur Atlanta Atlanta

Pollutant Summary Report - 2016

County

Site Name

Hours Measured

DeKalb South DeKalb

8033

DeKalb Fulton

DMRC
GA Tech Near Road

8568 8536

Units: Parts per billion (ppb)

Max 1-Hour

1st

2nd

268.6

261.6

414.4

405.2

298.7

265.4

Annual Arithmetic
Mean 21.27
41.28
46.59

Pollutant: Data Interval:

NOy Hourly

Pollutant Summary Report - 2016

Units: Parts per billion (ppb)

Site ID 130890002

City Decatur

County DeKalb

Site Name South DeKalb

Hours Measured
7985

Max 1-Hour

1st

2nd

202.0

200.0

Annual Arithmetic Mean
20.88

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Ambient Monitoring Program

Primary NAAQS: Secondary NAAQS:

Pollutant: Data Interval:

Ozone Hourly

National Ambient Air Quality Standards for Ozone 3-year average of 4th highest daily maximum 8-hr concentration not to exceed 0.070 ppm Same as the Primary Standards
Criteria Pollutant Summary Report - 2016

8-Hour Averages

Units: Parts per million (ppm)

Site ID

City

130210012

Macon

130510021 Savannah

130550001 130590002 130670003 130730001 130770002

Summerville Athens
Kennesaw Evans
Newnan

130850001 Dawsonville

130890002

Decatur

130970004 Douglasville

131210055

Atlanta

131270006 Brunswick 131350002 Lawrenceville

131510002 McDonough

132130003 Chatsworth

132150008 Columbus

132230003 132319991 132450091 132470001

Yorkville Williamson
Augusta Conyers

132611001

Leslie

County
Bibb Chatham Chattooga
Clarke Cobb Columbia Coweta Dawson DeKalb Douglas Fulton Glynn Gwinnett Henry Murray Muscogee Paulding Pike Richmond Rockdale Sumter

Site Name
MaconForestry Savannah-E. Pres. St. Summerville Athens Kennesaw
Evans Newnan
Dawsonville
South DeKalb
Douglasville Confederate
Ave. Brunswick
Gwinnett Tech
McDonough
Fort Mountain ColumbusAirport Yorkville
CASTNET Augusta
Conyers
Leslie

Days Measured
241 220 240 244 244 241 244 240 233 243 241 224 243 243 241 237 227 234 241 238 243

1st Max

2nd Max

3rd Max

4thMax

0.079 0.077 0.074

0.062 0.068 0.071 0.105 0.068 0.087 0.078 0.083

0.059 0.066 0.069 0.076 0.066 0.069 0.076 0.082

0.059 0.065 0.069 0.071 0.065 0.069 0.069 0.078

0.086 0.075 0.074

0.088 0.085 0.078

0.064 0.082

0.060 0.082

0.059 0.080

0.089 0.084 0.078

0.074 0.069 0.068

0.075 0.068 0.065

0.078 0.078 0.067 0.082

0.071 0.075 0.066 0.077

0.069 0.074 0.066 0.077

0.071 0.067 0.066

0.070 0.058 0.065 0.069 0.070 0.062 0.066 0.067 0.074 0.071 0.075 0.057 0.078 0.078 0.067 0.065 0.067 0.071 0.065 0.076 0.065

Number of Days >0.070
3 0 0 1 3 0 1 2 7 7 12 0 6 8 1 1 2 4 0 9 1

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Ambient Monitoring Program

Pollutant: Data Interval:

Ozone Hourly

Site ID

City

130210012

Macon

130510021

Savannah

130550001 Summerville

130590002

Athens

130670003 130730001 130770002

Kennesaw Evans
Newnan

130850001 130890002 130970004 131210055

Dawsonville Decatur
Douglasville Atlanta

131270006

Brunswick

131350002 Lawrenceville

131510002 132130003 132150008 132230003 132319991 132450091 132470001 132611001

McDonough Chatsworth Columbus
Yorkville Williamson
Augusta Conyers
Leslie

Criteria Pollutant Summary Report - 2016

County Bibb
Chatham Chattooga
Clarke Cobb Columbia Coweta Dawson DeKalb Douglas Fulton Glynn Gwinnett Henry Murray Muscogee Paulding Pike Richmond Rockdale Sumter

1-Hour Averages Site Name
Macon-Forestry Savannah-E. Pres. St.
Summerville Athens
Kennesaw Evans
Newnan Dawsonville South DeKalb Douglasville Confederate Ave. Brunswick Gwinnett Tech McDonough Fort Mountain Columbus- Airport
Yorkville CASTNET Augusta Conyers
Leslie

Units: Parts per million (ppm)

Days Measured 243 227 242 245 245 241 245 244 234 245 242 227 245 244 243 237 236 236 244 241 245

1st Max 0.089 0.074 0.085 0.086 0.115 0.075 0.100 0.090 0.105 0.091 0.102 0.071 0.094 0.106 0.086 0.083 0.084 0.085 0.080 0.100 0.075

2nd Max 0.089 0.069 0.072 0.079 0.087 0.073 0.078 0.082 0.097 0.087 0.097 0.069 0.092 0.097 0.072 0.076 0.079 0.082 0.076 0.095 0.074

2016 Ambient Air Surveillance Report

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Ambient Monitoring Program

Primary NAAQS: Secondary NAAQS:

National Ambient Air Quality Standards for Sulfur Dioxide 3-year average of 99th percentile of the daily maximum 1-hour concentration not to exceed 75 ppb 3-hour concentrations not to exceed 0.5 ppm (500 ppb) more than once per year

Pollutant: Data Interval:

Sulfur Dioxide Hourly

Criteria Pollutant Summary Report - 2016 Units: Parts per billion (ppb)

Site ID 130210012

City Macon

County

Site Name

Hours Measured

Macon-

Bibb

Forestry

8604

Max 24 Hour

1st

2nd

2.6 1.8

Max 3 Hour

1st

2nd

Max 1-Hour

1st

2nd

99th Pctl
1- Hr

Maximum
5Minute Average

Annual Arithmetic Mean

6.8 5.5 13.7 7.6 6.0

13.7

1.04

130510021 Savan-

Chat- Savannah- 8252 10.6 10.5 28.7 22.9 38.3 33.5 28.7

38.3

1.57

nah

ham E. Pres. St

Savan-

Chat- Savannah-

130511002

nah

ham

L&A

8555 12.8 12.4 29.7 27.0 60.7 46.5 40.1 60.7

1.68

South

130890002 Decatur DeKalb

DeKalb

8293 2.4 1.5 8.0 6.5 32.2 31.9 31.6

32.2

0.24

131150003 Rome

Floyd

Rome

8667 14.8 7.7 41.3 37.7 78.7 73.1 48.7 78.7

1.61

131210055 Atlanta

Fulton Confeder- 8500

4.2

3.3 9.9 8.7 38.2 13.2 6.3

38.2

1.04

ate Ave.

132450091 Augusta

Richmond

Augusta

8590 12.0 9.7 38.5 35.3 89.5 78.3 58.0

89.5

1.79

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Ambient Monitoring Program

Primary NAAQS: Secondary NAAQS:

National Ambient Air Quality Standards for Particulate Matter PM2.5 3-year average of the annual weighted mean not to exceed 12.0g/m3 3-year average of the 98th percentile of 24-hour concentration not to exceed 35g/m3 3-year average of the annual weighted mean not to exceed 15.0g/m3 3-year average of the 98th percentile of 24-hour concentration not to exceed 35g/m3

Pollutant: Data Interval:
Site ID 130210007

Criteria Pollutant Summary Report - 2016

Particulate Matter PM2.5 24-Hour

Units: Micrograms per cubic meter (g/m3 )

98th% and Annual Arithmetic Mean

Integrated Sampling (midnight to midnight) Using Federal Reference Method

Values

Annual

City

County

Site Name

Days Measured

98th
Percentile

Exceeding Applicable
Daily Standard

Arithmetic
Mean

Macon

Bibb

Macon-Allied

287

21.2

1

9.73

130210012

Macon

Bibb

Macon-Forestry 115

14.2

1

6.53

130510091

Savannah

Chatham

Savannah-

116

24.5

1

8.33

Mercer

130590002

Athens

Clarke

Athens

117

14.8

1

8.33

130630091 Forest Park

Clayton

Forest Park

120

17.3

1

9.28

130670003 Kennesaw

Cobb

Kennesaw

303

18.2

1

9.26

130890002

Decatur

DeKalb

South DeKalb

291

18.3

1

8.92

130950007

Albany

Dougherty

Albany

294

20.4

0

8.62

131150003

Rome

Floyd

Rome

298

18.4

0

9.43

131210039

Atlanta

Fulton

Fire Station #8

122

19.9

131210056

Atlanta

GA Tech Near

Fulton

Road

122

24.2

131270006 Brunswick

Glynn

Brunswick

121

34.2

1

9.92

1

10.76

2

7.86

2016 Ambient Air Surveillance Report

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Ambient Monitoring Program

Primary NAAQS: Secondary NAAQS:

National Ambient Air Quality Standards for Particulate Matter PM2.5 3-year average of the annual weighted mean not to exceed 12.0g/m3 3-year average of the 98th percentile of 24-hour concentration not to exceed 35g/m3 3-year average of the annual weighted mean not to exceed 15.0g/m3 3-year average of the 98th percentile of 24-hour concentration not to exceed 35g/m3

Pollutant: Data Interval:
Site ID

Criteria Pollutant Summary Report - 2016

Particulate Matter PM2.5 24-Hour

Units: Micrograms per cubic meter (g/m3 )

98th% and Annual Arithmetic Mean

Integrated Sampling (midnight to midnight) Using Federal Reference Method

Values

City

County

Site Name

Days Measured

98th Percentile

Exceeding Applicable

Annual Arithmetic

Daily Stand-

Mean

ard

131350002 Lawrenceville Gwinnett Gwinnett Tech

121

18.1

1

8.47

131390003

Gainesville

Hall

Gainesville

119

23.3

2

8.50

131530001 Warner Robins Houston Warner Robins

119

19.1

1

7.89

131850003

Valdosta

Lowndes

Valdosta

117

17.1

0

7.26

Columbus-

132150001

Columbus

Muscogee

Health Dept.

117

18.0

1

9.10

Columbus

132150008

Columbus

Muscogee

Airport

121

16.5

0

8.68

Columbus-

132150011

Columbus

Muscogee

Cusseta

121

33.8

2

9.57

132230003

Yorkville

Paulding

Yorkville

116

14.2

0

7.31

132450091

Augusta

Richmond

Augusta

119

30.0

2

9.55

132950002

Rossville

Walker

Rossville

115

16.9

1

9.21

Washing-

133030001 Sandersville

ton

Sandersville

119

25.0

1

8.08

133190001

Gordon

Wilkinson

Gordon

117

20.1

2

9.52

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Ambient Monitoring Program

Pollutant: Data Interval:

Pollutant Summary Report - 2016

Particulate Matter PM2.5 1-Hour

Units: Micrograms per cubic meter (g/m3 )

Hourly Averages of Semi-Continuous Measurements

Hours Meas-

Annual Arith-

Site ID

City

County

Site Name

1st Max

2nd Max

ured

metic Mean

130210012

Macon

Bibb Macon-Forestry 8579

130511002 Savannah

Chatham Savannah-L&A

130590002

Athens

Clarke

Athens

130770002 Newnan

Coweta

Newnan

130890002

Decatur

DeKalb South DeKalb

130950007 131210055

Albany Atlanta

Dougherty Fulton

Albany
Confederate Avenue

131350002 Lawrenceville Gwinnett Gwinnett Tech

8367 8597 8611 6614 6345 8583 8444

131510002 McDonough

Henry

McDonough

8669

131530001 Warner Robins Houston Warner Robins

8118

131850003 132150008 132230003 132450091

Valdosta Columbus Yorkville Augusta

Lowndes Muscogee Paulding Richmond

Valdosta Columbus-
Airport Yorkville
Augusta

7745 8434 8406 8589

132950002 Rossville

Walker

Rossville

8181

115.6 154.1 177.0 139.4 100.0 82.0 90.4 151.2 96.5 82.0 90.0 143.1 155.9 121.7 161.0

114.7 113.7 172.2 110.6 95.0 68.0 84.8 147.4 84.1 78.0 87.0 127.0 146.6 121.6 151.0

7.38 8.3 7.79 7.56 12.83 9.11 11.09 8.05 7.62 8.56 8.63 7.98 10.26 8.88 10.4

2016 Ambient Air Surveillance Report

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Ambient Monitoring Program

Primary NAAQS: Secondary NAAQS:

National Ambient Air Quality Standards for Particulate Matter PM10 Number of days with a maximum of 24-hour concentration of 150g/m3 must not exceed more than once per year on average over 3 years
Same as the Primary Standards

Pollutant: Data Interval:
Site ID

Criteria Pollutant Summary Report - 2016

Particulate Matter PM10 24-Hour

Units: Micrograms per cubic meter (g/m3 )

24-Hour Integrated Measurements

Annual

City

County

Site Name

Days Measured

1st Max

Number Values >150

Arithmetic Mean

131210039

Atlanta

Fulton

Fire Station #8

60

68

0

15.8

132450091 Augusta Richmond

Augusta

58

43

0

15.5

Site ID 130890002

City Decatur

Hourly Continuous Measurements

County

Site Name

Hours Measured

DeKalb

South DeKalb

8687

1st Max 212

Annual Arithmetic Mean
17.2

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Ambient Monitoring Program

Primary NAAQS: Secondary NAAQS:

National Ambient Air Quality Standards for Lead Rolling 3-month average not to exceed 0.15 g/m3 Same as the Primary Standard

Pollutant: Data Interval:

Lead 24-Hour

Criteria Pollutant Summary Report - 2016 Units: Micrograms per cubic meter (g/m3 )

Site ID City
County Site Name Number of Obs. Nov 2015-Jan 2016 Dec 2015-Feb 2016 Jan 2016-Mar 2016 Feb 2016-Apr 2016 Mar 2016-May 2016 Apr 2016-Jun 2016 May 2016-Jul 2016 Jun 2016-Aug 2016 Jul 2016-Sep 2016 Aug 2016-Oct 2016 Sep 2016-Nov 2016 Oct 2016-Dec 2016 # of Values > 0.15

130890003 Atlanta DeKalb DMRC 45 0.0019 0.0023 0.0022 0.0022 0.0016 0.0016
0

132150009 Columbus Muscogee Columbus-UPS
70 0.1431 0.1466 0.1451 0.0133 0.0154 0.0287 0.0331 0.0296 0.0179 0.0154 0.3566 0.3565
2

132150010 Columbus Muscogee Columbus-Ft. Benning
71 0.0196 0.0148 0.0169 0.0219 0.0218 0.0176 0.0107 0.0429 0.0477 0.0539 0.0334 0.0261
0

132150011 Columbus Muscogee Columbus-Cusseta
65 0.0039 0.0031 0.0020 0.0027 0.0039 0.0043 0.0030 0.0026 0.0028 0.0124 0.0735 0.0750
0

2016 Ambient Air Surveillance Report

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Name PAMSHC TNMOC Ethane Ethylene Propane Propylene Acetylene n-Butane Isobutane trans-2-Butene cis-2-Butene n-Pentane Isopentane 1-Pentene trans-2-Pentene cis-2-Pentene

PAMS Continuous Hydrocarbon Data (June-August 2016)

(concentrations in parts per billion Carbon (ppbC))

Site

#Samples

Avg.

1st Max

S. DeKalb

1937

39.87

205.8

S. DeKalb

1937

53.59

251.4

S. DeKalb

1939

4.191

38.29

S. DeKalb

1939

1.502

10.62

S. DeKalb

19.39

3.189

23.14

S. DeKalb

1939

0.842

4.54

S. DeKalb

1939

0.520

7.30

S. DeKalb

1939

1.408

16.13

S. DeKalb

1939

0.662

8.41

S. DeKalb

1939

0.053

0.83

S. DeKalb

1939

0.045

2.74

S. DeKalb

1939

2.041

19.03

S. DeKalb

1939

2.836

42.45

S. DeKalb

1939

0.081

0.99

S. DeKalb

1939

0.078

1.09

S. DeKalb

1939

0.034

0.52

3-Methylpentane S. DeKalb

1939

0.366

5.02

n-Hexane n-Heptane n-Octane

S. DeKalb S. DeKalb S. DeKalb

1940 1940 1940

0.527 0.304 0.130

7.36 10.16 0.82

2nd Max 178 216.4 28.83 8.68 21.85 4.32 5.7 8.26 7.88 0.68 0.82 18.46 25.88 0.51 0.99 0.44 4.08 3.89 6.14 0.74

2016 Ambient Air Surveillance Report

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Ambient Monitoring Program

Name n-Nonane n-Decane

PAMS Continuous Hydrocarbon Data (June-August 2016)(continued)

(concentrations in ppbC)

Site

#Samples

Avg.

1st Max

S. DeKalb

1940

0.127

4.21

S. DeKalb

1940

0.163

9.53

Cyclopentane Isoprene
2,2-Dimethylbutane 2,4-Dimethylpentane
Cyclohexane 3-Methylhexane 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane

S. DeKalb S. DeKalb S. DeKalb S. DeKalb S. DeKalb S. DeKalb S. DeKalb

1939 1939 1939 1940 1940 1940 1940

0.148 5.980 0.048 0.123 0.138 0.438 0.573

1.66 38.76 0.55 1.32 1.21 9.73 4.75

2,3,4-Trimethylpentane

S. DeKalb

1940

0.169

1.60

3-Methylheptane

S. DeKalb

1940

0.113

0.93

Methylcyclohexane

S. DeKalb

1940

0.274

1.91

Methylcyclopentane

S. DeKalb

1940

0.345

3.97

2-Methylhexane

S. DeKalb

1940

0.305

5.53

1-Butene

S. DeKalb

1939

0.269

0.96

2,3-Dimethylbutane

S. DeKalb

1939

0.126

3.20

2-Methylpentane

S. DeKalb

1939

0.464

6.41

2,3-Dimethylpentane

S. DeKalb

1940

0.224

2.60

n-Undecane

S. DeKalb

1940

0.189

6.36

2-Methylheptane

S. DeKalb

1940

0.076

0.82

2nd Max 3.28 6.91 1.12 37.47 0.4 0.98 0.91 4.76 4.46 1.29 0.92 1.86 2.8 3.08 0.9 2.94 4.42 1.86 5.05 0.73

2016 Ambient Air Surveillance Report

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Ambient Monitoring Program

PAMS Continuous Hydrocarbon Data (June-August 2016) (continued)

(concentrations in ppbC)

Name

Site

#Samples

Avg.

1st Max

m & p Xylenes

S. DeKalb

1940

1.037

40.61

Benzene

S. DeKalb

1940

0.580

4.6

Toluene

S. DeKalb

1940

2.170

94.67

Ethylbenzene

S. DeKalb

1940

0.309

10.08

o-Xylene

S. DeKalb

1940

0.414

10.00

1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene

S. DeKalb

1940

0.201

5.46

1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene

S. DeKalb

1940

0.486

16.16

n-Propylbenzene

S. DeKalb

1940

0.076

3.87

Isopropylbenzene

S. DeKalb

1940

0.030

0.71

o-Ethyltoluene

S. DeKalb

1940

0.122

4.69

m-Ethyltoluene

S. DeKalb

1940

1.751

12.09

m-Diethylbenzene

S. DeKalb

1940

0.123

0.72

p-Diethylbenzene

S. DeKalb

1940

0.119

1.61

Styrene

S. DeKalb

1940

0.196

1.27

1,2,3-Trimethylbenzene

S. DeKalb

1940

2.876

14.29

p-Ethyltoluene

S. DeKalb

1940

0.296

8.01

2nd Max 20.91 4.32 54.44 6.20 5.54 2.81 7.36 2.17 0.44 2.53 10.07 0.62 1.41 1.20 14.22 6.23

2016 Ambient Air Surveillance Report

87

Ambient Monitoring Program

Name PAMSHC
TNMOC Ethane Ethylene Propane Propylene Acetylene n-Butane Isobutane trans-2-Butene cis-2-Butene n-Pentane Isopentane 1-Pentene

Site S. DeKalb S. DeKalb S. DeKalb S. DeKalb S. DeKalb S. DeKalb S. DeKalb S. DeKalb S. DeKalb S. DeKalb S. DeKalb S. DeKalb S. DeKalb S. DeKalb

PAMS 2016 24-hour Canister Hydrocarbons

(concentrations in parts per billion Carbon (ppbC))

#Samples

#Detects^

Avg.*

61

61

51.28

61

61

124.61

61

57

6.25

61

1

0.04

61

58

4.07

61

49

0.60

46

40

1.30

61

42

3.63

61

26

0.76

61

ND

61

ND

61

61

3.30

61

57

3.78

61

22

0.11

1st Max 150 250 18.0 2.2 11.0 3.2 7.4 20.0 5.5
35.0 11.0 0.6

2nd Max 110 250 13.0
9.1 1.5 2.7 13.0 3.3
14.0 9.8 0.5

2016 Ambient Air Surveillance Report

88

Ambient Monitoring Program

Name
trans-2-Pentene cis-2-Pentene
3-Methylpentane n-Hexane n-Heptane n-Octane n-Nonane n-Decane
Cyclopentane Isoprene
2,2-Dimethylbutane 2,4-Dimethylpentane
Cyclohexane 3-Methylhexane

PAMS 2016 24-hour Canister Hydrocarbons (continued) (concentrations in ppbC)

Site

#Samples #Detects^

Avg.*

S. DeKalb

61

S. DeKalb

61

S. DeKalb

61

S. DeKalb

61

S. DeKalb

61

S. DeKalb

61

S. DeKalb

61

S. DeKalb

61

S. DeKalb

61

S. DeKalb

61

S. DeKalb

61

S. DeKalb

61

S. DeKalb

61

S. DeKalb

61

10

0.06

4

0.02

58

0.87

58

1.40

42

0.38

17

0.08

11

0.06

13

0.07

15

0.09

36

4.16

19

0.12

13

0.08

18

0.10

41

0.42

1st Max
0.6 0.4 2.1 12.0 1.3 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.6 15 0.6 0.7 0.5 1.4

2nd Max
0.4 0.2 1.9 9.3 1.2 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.6 15 0.6 0.4 0.5 1.3

2016 Ambient Air Surveillance Report

89

Ambient Monitoring Program

Name 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane 2,3,4-Trimethylpentane
3-Methylheptane Methylcyclohexane Methylcyclopentane
2-Methylhexane 1-Butene
2,3-Dimenthylbutane 2-Methylpentane
2,3-Dimethylpentane n-Undecane
2-Methylheptane m & p Xylenes Benzene

PAMS 2016 24-hour Canister Hydrocarbons (continued) (concentrations in ppbC)

Site

#Samples #Detects^

Avg.*

S. DeKalb

61

S. DeKalb

61

S. DeKalb

61

S. DeKalb

61

S. DeKalb

61

S. DeKalb

61

S. DeKalb

61

S. DeKalb

61

S. DeKalb

61

S. DeKalb

61

56

1.62

21

0.14

10

0.04

20

0.15

44

0.53

37

0.32

22

0.14

23

0.19

56

1.07

30

0.23

S. DeKalb

61

S. DeKalb

61

S. DeKalb

61

S. DeKalb

61

22

0.10

8

0.04

58

1.34

61

1.19

1st Max 4.3 0.7 0.5 0.9 3.0 1.1 1.0 0.9 3.6 0.9 0.5 0.4 3.8 4.2

2ndMax 3.0 0.7 0.4 0.7 3.0 1.0 0.7 0.8 3.5 0.8 0.4 0.4 3.7 3.8

2016 Ambient Air Surveillance Report

90

Ambient Monitoring Program

Name Toluene Ethylbenzene o-Xylene

PAMS 2016 24-HOUR Canister Hydrocarbons (continued)

(concentrations in ppbC)

Site

#Samples #Detects^

Avg.*

S. DeKalb

61

61

2.69

S. DeKalb

61

39

0.34

S. DeKalb

61

51

0.52

1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene

S. DeKalb

61

14

0.11

1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene

S. DeKalb

61

61

4.80

n-Propylbenzene

S. DeKalb

61

Isopropylbenzene

S. DeKalb

61

o-Ethyltoluene

S. DeKalb

61

m-Ethyltoluene p-Ethyltoluene

S. DeKalb

61

S. DeKalb

61

m-Diethylbenzene

S. DeKalb

61

p-Diethylbenzene

S. DeKalb

61

Styrene

S. DeKalb

61

1,2,3-Trimethylbenzene

S. DeKalb

61

4

0.02

ND

32

0.24

34

0.30

43

0.36

4

0.02

7

0.04

50

0.41

17

0.10

1st Max 9.5 1.1 1.4 1.4 18.0 0.3
0.9 1.1 1.0 0.6 0.5 1.1 0.6

2ndMax 6.7 1.1 1.4 0.6 15.0 0.3
0.8 1.0 0.9 0.4 0.4 0.9 0.5

2016 Ambient Air Surveillance Report

91

Ambient Monitoring Program

Name Antimony
Arsenic

2016 Metals (concentrations in micrograms per cubic meter (g/m3))

Site

#Samples

#Detects^

Avg.*

Macon-Forestry

29

29

0.00129

Savannah-E. Pres. St.

30

30

0.00094

General Coffee

28

27

0.00029

Yorkville

29

29

0.00071

South DeKalb**

61

61

0.00257

Macon-Forestry

29

22

0.00059

Savannah-E. Pres. St.

30

24

0.00048

General Coffee

28

15

0.00037

Yorkville South DeKalb** Macon-Forestry

29

24

0.00080

61

49

0.00059

29

ND

Savannah-E. Pres. St.

30

Beryllium General Coffee

28

Yorkville

29

South DeKalb**

61

3

0.00003

ND

2

0.00003

1

0.00003

Macon-Forestry

29

27

0.00008

Savannah-E. Pres. St.

30

30

0.00017

Cadmium

General Coffee Yorkville

28

27

0.00007

29

28

0.00008

South DeKalb**

61

25

0.00009

Macon-Forestry

29

29

0.00138

Savannah-E. Pres. St.

30

30

0.00171

Chromium General Coffee

28

28

0.00122

Yorkville

29

29

0.00189

South DeKalb**

61

61

0.00184

Macon-Forestry

29

4

0.00011

Savannah-E. Pres. St.

30

7

0.00012

Cobalt General Coffee

28

ND

Yorkville

29

5

0.00009

South DeKalb**

61

16

0.00008

1st Max 0.00945 0.00190 0.00063 0.00202 0.01264 0.00167 0.00104 0.00093 0.00246 0.00161
0.00015
0.00014 0.00010 0.00016 0.00036 0.00017 0.00015 0.00054 0.00263 0.00378 0.00214 0.01051 0.00390 0.00048 0.00041
0.00036 0.00033

2nd Max 0.00648 0.00178 0.04772 0.00187 0.00957 0.00142 0.00094 0.00065 0.00146 0.00145
0.00007
0.00004
0.00014 0.00031 0.00016 0.00014 0.00049 0.00251 0.00317 0.00194 0.00285 0.00379 0.00031 0.00021
0.00021 0.00020

2016 Ambient Air Surveillance Report

92

Ambient Monitoring Program

Name Lead Manganese Nickel Selenium Zinc

Site Macon-Forestry Savannah-E. Pres. St. General Coffee
Yorkville South DeKalb** Macon-Forestry Savannah-E. Pres. St. General Coffee
Yorkville South DeKalb** Macon-Forestry Savannah-E. Pres. St. General Coffee
Yorkville South DeKalb** Macon-Forestry Savannah-E. Pres. St. General Coffee
Yorkville South DeKalb** Macon-Forestry Savannah-E. Pres. St. General Coffee
Yorkville South DeKalb**

2016 Metals (continued) (concentrations in g/m3) #Samples #Detects^

29

29

30

30

28

28

29

29

61

61

29

29

30

30

28

28

29

29

61

61

29

27

30

28

28

26

29

27

61

57

29

21

30

18

28

11

29

15

61

14

21

21

23

23

21

21

28

28

60

60

Avg.* 0.00170 0.00280 0.00094 0.00157 0.00192 0.00807 0.00883 0.00313 0.00596 0.00441 0.00049 0.00080 0.00082 0.00053 0.00057 0.00029 0.00021 0.00012 0.00019 0.00016 0.02693 0.02462 0.01991 0.01368 0.01642

1st Max 0.00396 0.01551 0.00153 0.00514 0.00668 0.02059 0.03441 0.00736 0.02756 0.01820 0.00091 0.00179 0.00231 0.00107 0.00114 0.00095 0.00074 0.00041 0.00078 0.00137 0.13502 0.08524 0.06599 0.02803 0.04189

2nd Max 0.00363 0.00755 0.00143 0.00283 0.00433 0.01845 0.03430 0.00697 0.01341 0.01264 0.00085 0.00165 0.00179 0.00083 0.00110 0.00090 0.00069 0.00032 0.00056 0.00079 0.06352 0.04772 0.04225 0.02121 0.04145

2016 Ambient Air Surveillance Report

93

Ambient Monitoring Program

Name Acenaphthene Acenaphthylene
Anthracene Benzo(a)anthracene
Benzo(a)pyrene Benzo(b)fluoranthene
Benzo(e)pyrene

2016 Semi-Volatile Compounds (concentrations in g/m3)

Site

#Samples #Detects^

Macon-Forestry

22

22

Savannah-E. Pres. St.

21

21

General Coffee

20

15

South DeKalb*

55

55

Yorkville

27

25

Macon-Forestry

20

3

Savannah-E. Pres. St.

21

2

General Coffee

20

2

South DeKalb*

55

10

Yorkville

27

2

Macon-Forestry

22

ND

Savannah-E. Pres. St.

21

1

General Coffee

20

2

South DeKalb*

55

2

Yorkville

27

1

Macon-Forestry

22

ND

Savannah-E. Pres. St.

21

1

General Coffee

21

ND

South DeKalb*

55

1

Yorkville

27

ND

Macon-Forestry

22

ND

Savannah-E. Pres. St.

21

1

General Coffee

21

ND

South DeKalb*

55

2

Yorkville

27

ND

Macon-Forestry

22

ND

Savannah-E. Pres. St.

21

1

General Coffee

21

ND

South DeKalb*

55

3

Yorkville

27

1

Macon-Forestry

22

ND

Savannah-E. Pres. St.

21

ND

General Coffee

21

1

South DeKalb*

55

7

Yorkville

27

1

Avg.** 0.00301 0.00143 0.00039 0.00170 0.00091 0.00011 0.00017 0.00011 0.00021 0.00015
0.00013 0.00011 0.00019 0.00014
0.00011
0.00015
0.00011
0.00015
0.00011
0.00015 0.00014
0.00011 0.00016 0.00014

1st Max 0.01330 0.00509 0.00198 0.00456 0.00155 0.00025 0.00210 0.00035 0.00104 0.00018
0.00090 0.00045 0.00248 0.00015
0.00021
0.00073
0.00021
0.00085
0.00028
0.00032 0.00015
0.00018 0.00085 0.00015

2nd Max 0.00970 0.00344 0.00173 0.00416 0.00095 0.00020 0.00025 0.00015 0.00080 0.00015
0.00391 0.00082
0.00015
0.00015 0.00015
0.00021

2016 Ambient Air Surveillance Report

94

Ambient Monitoring Program

Name Benzo(g,h,i)perylene Benzo(k)fluoranthene
Chrysene Dibenzo(a,h)anthracene
Fluoranthene Fluorene
Indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene

2016 Semi-Volatile Compounds (continued) (concentrations in g/m3)

Site

#Samples #Detects^

Macon-Forestry

21

ND

Avg.**

Savannah-E. Pres. St.

21

2

0.00011

General Coffee

21

South DeKalb*

55

Yorkville

27

Macon-Forestry

22

Savannah-E. Pres. St.

21

ND

10

0.00016

1

0.00014

ND

ND

General Coffee

21

1

0.00011

South DeKalb*

55

3

0.00015

Yorkville

27

1

0.00014

Macon-Forestry

21

ND

Savannah-E. Pres. St.

21

General Coffee

21

2

0.00011

1

0.00013

South DeKalb*

55

8

0.00017

Yorkville

27

1

0.00014

Macon-Forestry

22

ND

Savannah-E. Pres. St.

21

ND

General Coffee

21

ND

South DeKalb*

55

ND

Yorkville

27

ND

Macon-Forestry

22

20

0.00085

Savannah-E. Pres. St.

21

General Coffee

20

South DeKalb*

55

Yorkville

27

18

0.00049

14

0.00047

55

0.00076

19

0.00044

Macon-Forestry

22

22

0.00225

Savannah-E. Pres. St.

21

21

0.00132

General Coffee

20

17

0.00056

South DeKalb*

55

55

0.00219

Yorkville

27

Macon-Forestry

22

Savannah-E. Pres. St.

21

24

0.00150

ND

2

0.00011

General Coffee

21

1

0.00011

South DeKalb*

55

Yorkville

27

6

0.00015

1

0.00014

1st Max
0.00021
0.00091 0.00015
0.00019 0.00047 0.00016
0.00020 0.00035 0.00113 0.00015
0.00301 0.00140 0.00218 0.00197 0.00058 0.00603 0.00357 0.00231 0.00619 0.00225
0.00018 0.00021 0.00085 0.00015

2nd Max 0.00015 0.00021
0.00033
0.00018 0.00030
0.00213 0.00136 0.00125 0.00186 0.00050 0.00570 0.00209 0.00143 0.00544 0.00185 0.00015 0.00018

2016 Ambient Air Surveillance Report

95

Ambient Monitoring Program

Name Naphthalene
Phenanthrene
Pyrene Perylene

2016 Semi-Volatile Compounds (continued) (concentrations in g/m3)

Site

#Samples #Detects^

Avg.**

Macon-Forestry

22

21

0.02190

Savannah-E. Pres. St.

21

21

0.01342

General Coffee

20

20

0.00772

South DeKalb*

55

55

0.04823

Yorkville

27

27

0.01620

Macon-Forestry

22

22

0.00487

Savannah-E. Pres. St.

21

21

0.00239

General Coffee

21

20

0.00138

South DeKalb*

55

55

0.00389

Yorkville

27

23

0.00252

Macon-Forestry

22

19

0.00032

Savannah-E. Pres. St.

21

16

0.00026

General Coffee

21

12

0.00051

South DeKalb*

55

50

0.00039

Yorkville South DeKalb*

27

9

0.00022

55

ND

1st Max 0.05382 0.04760 0.06561 0.12346 0.02960 0.01623 0.00634 0.00430 0.00909 0.00429 0.00101 0.00123 0.00261 0.00131 0.00032

2nd Max 0.04517 0.02344 0.02103 0.11569 0.01831 0.01457 0.00568 0.00391 0.00768 0.00283 0.00068 0.00057 0.00138 0.00055 0.00020

ND indicates no detection ^Detect is counted as any value above half method detection limit. *Sample collected every 6 days. **When a detected concentration is below one half of the method detection limit, then one half of the method detection level is used to calculate the average.

2016 Ambient Air Surveillance Report

96

Ambient Monitoring Program

Name Freon 113 Freon 114 1,3-Butadiene Cyclohexane Chloromethane Dichloromethane

2016 Volatile Organic Compounds (concentrations in g/m3)

Site

#Samples #Detects^

Avg.**

Macon-Forestry

29

ND

Savannah-E. Pres. St.

25

ND

General Coffee

22

ND

South DeKalb*

60

ND

DMRC

29

ND

Yorkville

28

ND

Macon-Forestry

29

ND

Savannah-E. Pres. St.

25

ND

General Coffee

22

South DeKalb*

60

DMRC

29

Yorkville

28

Macon-Forestry

29

Savannah-E. Pres. St.

25

General Coffee

22

South DeKalb*

60

DMRC

29

Yorkville

28

Macon-Forestry

29

ND

ND

ND

ND

1

0.28956

ND

ND

ND

ND

ND

1

0.45185

Savannah-E. Pres. St.

25

ND

General Coffee

22

South DeKalb*

60

DMRC

29

Yorkville

28

Macon-Forestry

29

ND

1

0.44310

ND

1

6.84299

29

1.09219

Savannah-E. Pres. St.

25

25

1.27740

General Coffee

22

South DeKalb*

60

DMRC

29

Yorkville

28

Macon-Forestry

29

22

0.95366

60

1.03358

29

1.06921

28

1.05694

13

0.52026

Savannah-E. Pres. St.

25

4

0.45609

General Coffee

22

ND

South DeKalb*

60

DMRC

29

Yorkville

28

10

0.45517

8

0.46588

3

0.45081

1st Max
0.37616
0.61988
0.75763 185.9632 1.32188 2.16871 1.63170 1.28057 1.50777 1.46646 1.28479 0.48614 0.65976 0.59031 0.45141

2nd Max
1.28057 1.75562 1.48711 1.23926 1.25992 1.23926 0.55558 0.45141 0.59031 0.55558 0.43405

2016 Ambient Air Surveillance Report

97

Ambient Monitoring Program

Name Chloroform Carbon tetrachloride Trichlorofluoromethane Chloroethane 1,1-Dichloroethane Methyl chloroform

2016 Volatile Organic Compounds (continued) (concentrations in g/m3)

Site

#Samples #Detects^ Avg.**

Macon-Forestry

29

ND

Savannah-E. Pres. St.

25

ND

General Coffee

22

ND

South DeKalb*

60

ND

DMRC

29

ND

Yorkville

28

ND

Macon-Forestry

29

ND

Savannah-E. Pres. St.

25

ND

General Coffee

22

ND

South DeKalb*

60

ND

DMRC

29

ND

Yorkville

28

ND

Macon-Forestry

29

Savannah-E. Pres. St.

25

29

1.16947

25

1.18012

General Coffee

22

22

1.03673

South DeKalb*

60

60

1.19183

DMRC

29

29

1.16326

Yorkville

28

28

1.15687

Macon-Forestry

29

ND

Savannah-E. Pres. St.

25

ND

General Coffee

22

ND

South DeKalb*

60

ND

DMRC

29

ND

Yorkville

28

ND

Macon-Forestry

29

ND

Savannah-E. Pres. St.

25

ND

General Coffee

22

ND

South DeKalb*

60

ND

DMRC

29

ND

Yorkville

28

ND

Macon-Forestry

29

ND

Savannah-E. Pres. St.

25

ND

General Coffee

22

ND

South DeKalb*

60

ND

DMRC Yorkville

29

ND

28

ND

1st Max
1.40491 1.40491 1.40491 1.5173 1.4611 1.5173

2nd Max
1.29252 1.29252 1.23632 1.34871 1.34871 1.34871

2016 Ambient Air Surveillance Report

98

Ambient Monitoring Program

Name Ethylene dichloride Tetrachloroethylene 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane
Bromomethane 1,1,2-Trichloroethane Dichlorodifluoromethane

2016 Volatile Organic Compounds (continued) (concentrations in g/m3)

Site

#Samples

#Detects^

Macon-Forestry

29

ND

Savannah-E. Pres. St.

25

ND

General Coffee

22

ND

South DeKalb*

60

ND

DMRC

29

ND

Yorkville

28

ND

Macon-Forestry

29

ND

Savannah-E. Pres. St.

25

ND

General Coffee

22

ND

South DeKalb*

60

ND

DMRC

29

ND

Yorkville

28

ND

Macon-Forestry

29

ND

Savannah-E. Pres. St.

25

ND

General Coffee

22

ND

South DeKalb*

60

ND

DMRC

29

ND

Yorkville

28

ND

Macon-Forestry

29

ND

Savannah-E. Pres. St.

25

3

General Coffee

22

ND

South DeKalb*

60

ND

DMRC

29

ND

Yorkville

28

ND

Macon-Forestry

29

ND

Savannah-E. Pres. St.

25

ND

General Coffee

22

ND

South DeKalb*

60

ND

DMRC

29

ND

Yorkville

28

ND

Macon-Forestry

29

29

Savannah-E. Pres. St.

25

25

General Coffee

22

22

South DeKalb*

60

60

DMRC

29

29

Yorkville

28

28

Avg.**
0.58625
1.99582 2.04448 1.66588 1.98904 1.97627 1.95575

1st Max
0.66853
2.22515 2.3735 2.2746 2.3735 2.3735 2.47239

2nd Max
0.62396
1.58233 2.22515 2.17571 1.92847 2.17571 2.32405

2016 Ambient Air Surveillance Report

99

Ambient Monitoring Program

Name Trichloroethylene 1,1-Dichloroethylene 1,2-Dichloropropane trans-1,3-Dichloropropene cis-1,3-Dichloropropene cis-1,2-Dichloroethene

2016 Volatile Organic Compounds (continued) (concentrations in g/m3)

Site

#Samples #Detects^

Avg.**

Macon-Forestry

29

ND

Savannah-E. Pres. St.

25

ND

General Coffee

22

ND

South DeKalb*

60

ND

DMRC

29

ND

Yorkville

28

ND

Macon-Forestry

29

ND

Savannah-E. Pres. St.

25

ND

General Coffee

22

ND

South DeKalb*

60

ND

DMRC

29

ND

Yorkville

28

ND

Macon-Forestry

29

ND

Savannah-E. Pres. St.

25

ND

General Coffee

22

ND

South DeKalb*

60

ND

DMRC

29

ND

Yorkville

28

ND

Macon-Forestry

29

ND

Savannah-E. Pres. St.

25

ND

General Coffee

22

ND

South DeKalb*

60

ND

DMRC

29

ND

Yorkville

28

ND

Macon-Forestry

29

ND

Savannah-E. Pres. St.

25

ND

General Coffee

22

ND

South DeKalb*

60

ND

DMRC

29

ND

Yorkville

28

ND

Macon-Forestry

29

ND

Savannah-E. Pres. St.

25

ND

General Coffee

22

ND

South DeKalb*

60

ND

DMRC

29

ND

Yorkville

28

ND

1st Max

2nd Max

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Name Ethylene dibromide Hexachlorobutadiene
Vinyl chloride m/p Xylene
Benzene Toluene

2016 Volatile Organic Compounds (continued) (concentrations in g/m3)

Site

#Samples #Detects^ Avg.**

Macon-Forestry

29

ND

Savannah-E. Pres. St.

25

ND

General Coffee

22

ND

South DeKalb*

60

ND

DMRC

29

ND

Yorkville

28

ND

Macon-Forestry

29

ND

Savannah-E. Pres. St.

25

ND

General Coffee

22

ND

South DeKalb*

60

ND

DMRC

29

ND

Yorkville

28

ND

Macon-Forestry

29

ND

Savannah-E. Pres. St.

25

ND

General Coffee

22

ND

South DeKalb*

60

ND

DMRC

29

ND

Yorkville

28

ND

Macon-Forestry

29

ND

Savannah-E. Pres. St.

25

ND

General Coffee

22

ND

South DeKalb*

60

11

0.56611

DMRC

29

7

0.61389

Yorkville

28

ND

Macon-Forestry

29

7

0.42242

Savannah-E. Pres. St.

25

General Coffee

22

South DeKalb*

60

DMRC

29

Yorkville

28

Macon-Forestry

29

Savannah-E. Pres. St.

25

General Coffee

22

South DeKalb*

60

DMRC

29

Yorkville

28

6

0.44781

2

0.41966

32

0.59440

17

0.65483

2

0.42076

12

0.59361

7

0.53026

ND

29

0.87203

18

0.87454

ND

1st Max
0.78184 1.04245 0.54303 0.92634 0.54303 3.51370 2.01239 0.54303 1.05472 0.79104 4.52025 2.71215

2nd Max
0.54295 0.95558 0.44720 0.54303 0.39928 0.54295 1.50131 0.47914 0.90405 0.71571 0.54295 2.03411

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Name Ethylbenzene
o- Xylene
1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene
1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene
Styrene Benzene,1-ethenyl-4-
methyl

2016 Volatile Organic Compounds (continued) (concentrations in g/m3)

Site

#Samples #Detects^ Avg.**

Macon-Forestry

29

ND

Savannah-E. Pres. St.

25

ND

General Coffee

22

ND

South DeKalb*

60

ND

DMRC

29

ND

Yorkville

28

ND

Macon-Forestry

29

ND

Savannah-E. Pres. St.

25

ND

General Coffee

22

ND

South DeKalb*

60

ND

DMRC

29

ND

Yorkville

28

ND

Macon-Forestry

29

ND

Savannah-E. Pres. St.

25

ND

General Coffee

22

ND

South DeKalb*

60

ND

DMRC

29

ND

Yorkville

28

ND

Macon-Forestry

29

ND

Savannah-E. Pres. St.

25

ND

General Coffee

22

ND

South DeKalb*

60

ND

DMRC

29

ND

Yorkville

28

ND

Macon-Forestry

29

9

0.69878

Savannah-E. Pres. St.

25

ND

General Coffee

22

ND

South DeKalb*

60

ND

DMRC

29

ND

Yorkville

28

ND

Macon-Forestry

29

ND

Savannah-E. Pres. St.

25

ND

General Coffee

22

ND

South DeKalb*

60

ND

DMRC

29

ND

Yorkville

28

ND

1st Max 1.49162

2nd Max 1.44900

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Name Chlorobenzene 1,2-Dichlorobenzene 1,3-Dichlorobenzene 1,4-Dichlorobenzene Benzyl chloride 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene

2016 Volatile Organic Compounds (continued)

(concentrations in g/m3)

Site

#Samples #Detects^ Avg.**

Macon-Forestry

29

ND

Savannah-E. Pres. St.

25

ND

General Coffee

22

ND

South DeKalb*

60

ND

DMRC Yorkville

29

ND

28

ND

Macon-Forestry

29

ND

Savannah-E. Pres. St.

25

ND

General Coffee

22

ND

South DeKalb*

60

ND

DMRC

29

ND

Yorkville

28

ND

Macon-Forestry

29

ND

Savannah-E. Pres. St.

25

ND

General Coffee

22

ND

South DeKalb*

60

ND

DMRC

29

ND

Yorkville

28

ND

Macon-Forestry

29

ND

Savannah-E. Pres. St.

25

ND

General Coffee

22

ND

South DeKalb*

60

ND

DMRC

29

ND

Yorkville

28

ND

Macon-Forestry

29

ND

Savannah-E. Pres. St.

25

ND

General Coffee

22

ND

South DeKalb*

60

ND

DMRC Yorkville

29

ND

28

ND

Macon-Forestry

29

ND

Savannah-E. Pres. St.

25

ND

General Coffee

22

ND

South DeKalb*

60

ND

DMRC

29

ND

Yorkville

28

ND

1st Max

2nd Max

ND indicates no detection ^Detect is counted as any value above half method detection limit. *Sample collected every 6 days **When a detected concentration is below one half of the method detection limit, then one half of the method detection level is used to calculate the average.

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Site ID

City

130890002 130890003 131210056

Decatur Decatur Atlanta

2016 Black Carbon (concentrations in micrograms per cubic meter)

County Site Name

Hours Measured

Annual Mean

DeKalb South DeKalb

5765

1.095

DeKalb

DMRC

8756

1.604

Fulton GA Tech NR

8745

1.902

1st Max
7.90 34.64 11.73

2nd Max
5.88 23.76 9.13

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2016 Carbonyl Compounds, 24-hour

(concentrations in micrograms per cubic meter)

Name

Site

#Samples #Detects^ Avg.**

Savannah-E. Pres. St.

30

30

3.53751

Formaldehyde

Yorkville

30

28

4.35711

South DeKalb*

26

26

1.46554

Savannah-E. Pres. St.

30

23

1.60942

Acetaldehyde

Yorkville

30

28

2.01350

South DeKalb*

27

27

1.09107

Savannah-E. Pres. St.

30

1

0.63719

Propionaldehyde

Yorkville

30

3

0.76155

South DeKalb*

27

4

0.82479

Savannah-E. Pres. St.

30

1

0.68476

Butyraldehyde

Yorkville

30

3

0.70084

South DeKalb*

27

1

0.56266

Savannah-E. Pres. St.

30

25

2.81264

Acetone

Yorkville

30

26

1.96488

South DeKalb*

27

20

1.06631

Savannah-E. Pres. St.

30

ND

Benzaldehyde

Yorkville

30

1

0.56200

South DeKalb*

26

ND

Savannah-E. Pres. St.

25

7

0.33182

Yorkville

28

15

0.35802

Acrolein (with canister method)

DMRC Macon

29

12

0.33614

29

23

0.68320

General Coffee

22

13

0.33428

South DeKalb*

60

20

0.32027

1st Max

2nd Max

38.57062 5.30051

29.08587 10.38422

4.29000 3.87000

20.41974 2.31665

18.00554 6.92281

2.97000 2.77000

2.89280

5.19391 1.79993

6.64000 5.25000

4.36756

3.73961 1.45379

0.60000

7.34546 5.67215

5.67749 5.54017

4.29000 4.15000

2.14681

0.59656 0.94074 0.61951 1.44552 0.48184 0.66540

0.45890 0.48184 0.43595 0.48184 0.45890 0.45890

ND indicates no detection ^Detect is counted as any value above half method detection limit. * Sample collected every 6 days ** When a detected concentration is below one half of the method detection limit, then one half of the method detection level is used to calculate the average.

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