AIR PROTECTION BRANCH 2016 Air Quality Report 2016 Ambient Air Surveillance Report 2016 Ambient Air Surveillance Report Last updated: 11/1/17 Ambient Monitoring Program Informational Publication This document is published annually by the Ambient Monitoring Program, in the Air Protection Branch of the Georgia Department of Natural Resources, Environmental Protection Division. DISCLAIMER: Any reference to specific brand names is not an endorsement of that brand by the Georgia Environmental Protection Division. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION DIVISION Air Protection Branch Ambient Monitoring Program 4244 International Parkway Suite 120 | Atlanta, GA 30354 Web: http://amp.georgiaair.org Phone: 404-363-7000 | 404-363-7100 2016 Ambient Air Surveillance Report 2 Ambient Monitoring Program Contents Introduction .................................................................................................................................................................................................. 5 Air Quality in Georgia : 2016 ........................................................................................................................................................................ 6 Air Monitoring FAQs ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 7 Ambient Monitoring Website.................................................................................................................................................................... 10 Community Involvement ............................................................................................................................................................................ 12 Voluntary Emissions Reductions Programs................................................................................................................................................ 13 Emissions Trends in Georgia....................................................................................................................................................................... 17 Georgia's Ambient Air Monitoring Sites .................................................................................................................................................... 18 Criteria Pollutants ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 19 Carbon Monoxide ........................................................................................................................................................................ 20 Oxides of Nitrogen....................................................................................................................................................................... 22 Sulfur Dioxide .............................................................................................................................................................................. 26 Ozone .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 29 Lead ............................................................................................................................................................................................. 33 Particulate Matter ....................................................................................................................................................................... 35 Air Quality Index ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 46 Photochemical Monitoring......................................................................................................................................................................... 49 Carbonyls .................................................................................................................................................................................................... 50 Air Toxics Monitoring ................................................................................................................................................................................. 51 Black Carbon ............................................................................................................................................................................................... 54 Risk Assessment.......................................................................................................................................................................................... 55 Meteorological Report ............................................................................................................................................................................... 61 Quality Assurance/Quality Control ............................................................................................................................................................ 68 2016 Ambient Monitoring Network Table ................................................................................................................................................. 71 Risk Assessment Screening Values ............................................................................................................................................................. 73 Meteorological Instruments Used in 2016................................................................................................................................................. 74 Pollutant Concentrations............................................................................................................................................................................ 75 2016 Ambient Air Surveillance Report 3 Ambient Monitoring Program Page intentionally left blank 2016 Ambient Air Surveillance Report 4 Ambient Monitoring Program Introduction EPD Mission The Environmental Protection Division (EPD) protects and restores Georgia's environment. We take the lead in ensuring clean air, water, and land. With our partners, we pursue a sustainable environment that provides a foundation for a vibrant economy and healthy communities. Who We Are This report is prepared by the Ambient Monitoring Program (AMP), a program of the Air Protection Branch of the Georgia Environmental Protection Division (EPD), the State's lead environmental agency and a Division of the Georgia Department of Natural Resources. The Air Protection Branch ensures clean air in Georgia in support of Georgia EPD's mission. The environmental professionals (scientists, meteorologists, and engineers) who make this report possible make sure Georgia produces air quality data that is accurate, complete, and readily available for public use. The Air Protection Branch has six programs: 1. Ambient Monitoring 2. Mobile and Area Sources 3. Planning and Support 4. Radioactive Materials 5. Stationary Source Compliance 6. Stationary Source Permitting What We Do Monitor air quality in Georgia Forecast air quality for public use Develop plans to maintain or attain the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) Issue permits to regulated stationary sources (industrial facilities and power plants) Enforce all state and federal requirements through compliance activities (inspections) Oversee required federal emission testing on cars 2016 Ambient Air Surveillance Report 5 Ambient Monitoring Program Air Quality in Georgia: 2016 The Ambient Monitoring Program of the Georgia Environmental Protection Division's Air Protection Branch has been monitoring air quality in the State of Georgia for more than forty years. During that time, the list of monitored compounds has grown to more than 200 pollutants at 42 sites in 31 counties across the state. This monitoring is performed to protect public health and environmental quality. The resulting data is used for a broad range of regulatory and research purposes, as well as to inform the public. This report includes monitoring data from 2016 and shows that the air quality in Georgia has steadily improved over the last few decades. Photo courtesy of http://blog.cleanenergy.org/2010/07/09/epa-proposes-new-air-quality-rules/ A lot has changed in 40 years of air quality monitoring. How are we doing as a state? http://www.nationsonline.org/oneworld/map/google_map_Atlanta.htm 2016 Ambient Air Surveillance Report 6 Ambient Monitoring Program Air Monitoring FAQs Where are the monitors located? Over 100 air samplers (called monitors) are located throughout Georgia that measure for nearly 200 air pollutants. These pollutants can be gaseous such as ground-level ozone, or can be very fine particles such as particulate matter 2.5 (PM2.5), also known as particle pollution. How are air samples collected? There are two types of collection methods depending on the pollutant and the monitor: Continuous - The air pollutant is measured continuously and the data is automatically recorded at a centralized location into a database. Non-Continuous A canister or filter is used to collect the air pollutant over a period of time (8-hr, 24-hr). A technician collects the canister or filters over a specified amount of time and takes them to an approved laboratory for analysis. How do we know the air quality data is accurate? Both the continuous and non-continuous data are screened for errors by validation specialists. When the data is certified as valid, it can be reported to the public and used to compare to the National Ambient Air Quality Standards, and to previous years' data for trend information. The validated data is also used by scientists and policy makers. Validated data is used to prepare publications such as the Annual Reports and EPD's Annual Network Plan. Non-Validated data includes hourly data from continuous monitors published as the Air Quality Index (AQI) on the Georgia Air Monitoring website (http://amp.georgiaair.org) and AirNow, a national air quality database. What is the Air Quality Index (AQI)? The Air Quality Index, or AQI, is a color coded indicator of what the air quality is like taking into consideration measurements of multiple pollutants including ozone, particulate matter, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, and carbon monoxide. What is the air quality like where I am? Real time, hourly, air quality data for your area is available on the Georgia Air Monitoring Website at http://amp.georgiaair.org. Georgia's air quality data is also uploaded to a national air quality information database called AirNow (www.airnow.gov) and available to the public in real time. Why don't we have monitoring everywhere? The number of monitoring sites and their location can vary from year to year depending on the availability of long-term space allocation, regulatory needs, and funding. The cost associated with establishing and running a monitoring station is significant. It involves maintaining equipment and collecting samples to produce quality data for public use. EPD does not own land at any of its ambient air monitoring stations, we are always either a guest or a leaseholder. Each monitoring station must meet federal siting criteria set by EPA and be approved by the landowner. Before deciding to establish a new monitoring station, EPD has to consider regulatory needs, funding limitations, and finding an appropriate location where a long-term arrangement is possible. If EPD determines a change is needed, EPA has to review and approve the changes before the changes can happen. 2016 Ambient Air Surveillance Report 7 Ambient Monitoring Program Air Quality FAQs What are National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS)? Under the Clean Air Act, EPA is required to set National Ambient Air Quality Standards (40 CFR part 50) for air pollutants that may be harmful to public health and the environment. There are two types of National Ambient Air Quality Standards. Primary standards protect public health, including protecting populations considered "sensitive," such as children, the elderly, and asthmatics. Secondary standards protect public welfare, including protection against damage to animals, crops, vegetation, and buildings, and decreased visibility in national parks and protected areas. The EPA has set National Ambient Air Quality Standards for six pollutants, called "criteria" air pollutants. These standards are periodically reviewed, as required by the Clean Air Act, and revised, as appropriate. What is `attainment?' With the criteria pollutants, a geographic area that meets or does better than the national ambient air quality standard (NAAQS) is called an attainment area. An area that does not meet this standard is called a nonattainment area. (www.epa.gov) Where do we get emission inventory? The National Emissions Inventory (NEI) is a detailed estimate of air emissions that include criteria pollutants and hazardous air pollutants. It is released every three years and it is based on data provided by the State, Local and Tribal Agencies. Examples of Air Monitors in Georgia 2016 Ambient Air Surveillance Report 8 Ambient Monitoring Program Communication and Partnerships 2016 Ambient Air Surveillance Report 9 Ambient Monitoring Program Georgia EPD's Ambient Air Monitoring Website Air Quality Forecast Site Information Links to Annual Reports Trends in Georgia's Air Pollutant Information And So Much More... Visit us at http//amp.georgiaair.org/ 2016 Ambient Air Surveillance Report 10 Ambient Monitoring Program Social Media Georgia Climate Office https://www.facebook.com/georgiaclimate/ https://twitter.com/gaclimateoffice 2016 Ambient Air Surveillance Report 11 Ambient Monitoring Program Reaching out into the Community Educating school children and incorporating air quality information into the classroom-learning environment is an outreach strategy for the GA EPD Ambient Monitoring Program (AMP). AMP staff visit Georgia classrooms to discuss air quality, forecasting, and monitoring. Each program presented by the AMP is designed to supplement grade-specific curricula. Learning opportunities include meteorological lessons and forecasting techniques, among other relevant topics. In many situations, these lessons involve hands-on activities and mini-field trips to the monitoring sites. High School students simulate forecasting conditions and use scientific methods to create their own forecasts. AMP staff also participate in Career Days at both elementary and high schools to promote environmental and meteorological careers. AMP hosts an annual Air Quality Seminar and Air Monitoring Station fieldtrip for college interns in the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's (CDC) Environmental Health Summer Intern Program, thereby reaching top college students from all over the country. Air Quality specialists from Korea come to learn about GA EPD's Ambient Monitoring Program. GA EPD Ambient Air Monitoring and air quality forecasting highlighted on WABE 90.1 radio. 2016 Ambient Air Surveillance Report 12 Ambient Monitoring Program Voluntary Emissions Reductions Programs GA EPD Partners Encouraging fewer vehicles on the road... http://gacommuteoptions.com/ Sponsored by the Atlanta Regional Commission (ARC). Distributes daily ozone forecasts (as well as PM2.5 forecasts produced by EPD and Georgia Tech) during the ozone season to enable citizens in the sensitive group category, as well as industries, to alter activities on days that are forecasted to have high ozone levels. Forecasts for the Atlanta, Macon and Columbus metropolitan areas. Rewards commuters for trying an alternative to driving alone to and from work (e.g. carpooling or trying transit). With a focus on reducing all sources of diesel emissions in Georgia, the GADER program not only encompasses the Georgia School Bus Retrofit initiative, but also assists with funding, and education assistance and outreach for voluntary measures such as idling reduction, Truck Stop Electrification, the use of cleaner fuels, and diesel emissions controls to rail yards, long haul and delivery truck fleets, construction equipment, and more. Helping schools afford cleaner school buses... Older diesel school buses are replaced early or fitted with an emissions control device to reduce emissions of oxides of nitrogen (NOX). Selective catalytic reduction (SCR) is an emissions reduction technology used in diesel engines to convert NOX pollution into harmless atmospheric nitrogen and water. The technology is enhanced when the engines run on low sulfur diesel fuel, the dominant fuel today. Diesel powered commercial trucks can add particulate trap filters to capture particulate matter pollution exhausted from their engines. For information about the Georgia Diesel Emissions Reduction Program, go to http://www.gaderprogram.org/html/Retrofit.html. Encouraging the use of alternative fuels... 2016 Ambient Air Surveillance Report 13 Ambient Monitoring Program Helping promote Truck Stop Electrification Stations... Diesel powered commercial trucks can produce emissions of oxides of nitrogen (NOX) due to idling. Truck drivers are typically required to rest 8 hours for every 10 hours of travel time and their diesel engines are often idled during rest times to power air conditioning and heating systems. Truck stop electrification allows truck drivers to run their air conditioning, heating, electronic devices without having to run their diesel powered engines. Cool and warm air can be pumped into the trucks via a hose hookup at the electrified truck stops as well. Working to reduce locomotive and rail yard emissions... Locomotives can be retrofitted with cleaner engines and technology that helps improve air quality. Smaller, more efficient modular diesel engines reduce emissions. New engines, known as "genset" and Tier 4 engines, utilize two or more smaller engines that can combine to equal the strength of the older engines. Automatic engine start/stop technology reduces idling. In-cylinder strategies include better fuel injection timing, and better rings and oil separators. `Mother' locomotives and `Slug' sets operate in tandem. The Mother's excess electrical power is used to drive the Slug's traction motors, saving fuel and reducing air pollution. 22 locomotives have been converted to MotherSlug sets in Georgia, with several more sets to be completed by the end of 2017. Electric plugin stations allow the diesel engine to be shut down when temperatures drop below freezing and still keep the cooling water warm. 2016 Ambient Air Surveillance Report 14 Ambient Monitoring Program Air Quality in Georgia 2016 Ambient Air Surveillance Report 15 Ambient Monitoring Program Pollutants of Concern and Their Sources in Georgia The list below shows the most common air pollutants in Georgia and their source by percentage. Mobile sources, including on-road vehicles, construction equipment and aircraft, contribute greatly to pollution in Georgia, especially around densely populated cities like in the Atlanta Metro area. *CO is more of a concern for indoor air quality than it is for outdoor air quality. Figure 1: Pollutants of Concern and Their Sources in Georgia 2016 Ambient Air Surveillance Report 16 Source: 2014 National Emissions Inventory Ambient Monitoring Program Emissions Trends in Georgia The sources of pollutants seen on the previous page were assembled into seven categories for the following graphs. The major contributors for CO and NOx are highway vehicles, while the largest contributors of SO2 are electric utilities. Wildland and prescribed fires can have a large impact on PM2.5 emissions, and VOCs come from a variety of stationary sources. There is a downward trend shown here for all emissions from 2008 through 2016. In 2011, there was a wildfire in the Okefenokee Swamp area that showed an uptick in the data for that year. Carbon Monoxide Georgia's air quality is improving... Nitrogen Oxides Sulfur Dioxide VOCs PM2.5 2016 Ambient Air Surveillance Report Figure 2: Emissions Trends in Georgia 17 Ambient Monitoring Program Georgia's Ambient Air Monitoring Sites Figure 3. Georgia's ambient air monitoring sites For more detailed site information, see page 71. 2016 Ambient Air Surveillance Report 18 Ambient Monitoring Program Criteria Pollutants (six most common regulated pollutants) The Clean Air Act (CAA) requires the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to identify pollutants that may endanger public health or welfare. Under the CAA, the EPA sets National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) for six common air pollutants, also referred to as "criteria" pollutants based on the current science regarding their known health effects. The NAAQS are divided into primary standards that protect public health and secondary standards that protect the public welfare and environment. EPA reviews the NAAQS periodically, based on new findings about the health effects of air pollution. For more information about the NAAQS, please refer to EPA's website (https://www.epa.gov/criteria-air-pollutants/naaqs-table). NAAQS have been established for six common air pollutants called criteria pollutants: Carbon Monoxide (CO) Oxides of Nitrogen (NO2) Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) Ozone (O3) Lead (Pb) Particulate Matter (PM) We monitor for these criteria pollutants and much more. Our monitoring network takes the guess work out of knowing what pollutants are in the air you breathe. 2016 Ambient Air Surveillance Report 19 Ambient Monitoring Program Carbon Monoxide (CO) What is it? Carbon Monoxide is an odorless, colorless, and poisonous gas that is a by-product of incomplete burning. Learn more: https://www.epa.gov/co-pollution Where does it come from? Carbon and oxygen can combine to form two different gases. When combustion of carbon is complete, in the presence of plenty of air, the product is mainly carbon dioxide (CO2). Sources of carbon include; coal, coke, charcoal. When combustion of carbon is incomplete, i.e. there is a limited supply of air, only half as much oxygen adds to the carbon, and instead you form carbon monoxide (CO). In Georgia, 57% of the carbon monoxide comes from mobile sources including cars, construction equipment, aircraft, locomotives, and on the coast commercial marine vessels. See page 16 for icon key. Health Impacts Increased risk of lower blood flow, anemia, and reduced heart activity. Sensitive groups include fetuses, young infants, pregnant women, elderly people, and individuals with anemia or emphysema. Georgia Monitoring Information for CO Measurement Technique Measured continuously with infrared light1 More information about measurement technique 1 https://www.thermofisher.com/order/catalog/ product/48I Figure 4. Georgia carbon monoxide monitoring sites 2016 Ambient Air Surveillance Report 20 Ambient Monitoring Program National Ambient Air Quality Standards for Carbon Monoxide Primary NAAQS: Secondary NAAQS: 8-hour average not to exceed 9 ppm more than once per year 1-hour average not to exceed 35 ppm more than once per year None Attainment Designation All of Georgia is in attainment of both the 8-hour and 1-hour standards for carbon monoxide. Figure 5 and Figure 6 show how Georgia's CO compares to the two NAAQS. CO Annual Maximum 1-hour Averages (ppm) 40 35 1-Hour Standard (35 ppm) 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 Roswell Rd Yorkville South DeKalb GA Tech NR Figure 5. Carbon monoxide annual maximum 1-hour average compared to the 1-hour standard 10 8-Hour Standard (9 ppm) 8 6 4 2 0 Roswell Rd Yorkville South DeKalb GA Tech NR Figure 6. Carbon monoxide annual 8-hour average compared to the 8-hour standard CO Annual Maximum 8-hour Averages (ppm) 2016 Ambient Air Surveillance Report 21 Ambient Monitoring Program Oxides of Nitrogen (NO, NO2, NOx and NOY) What is it? Oxides of nitrogen are a mixture of gases that are composed of nitrogen and oxygen and primarily produced during combustion. Learn more: https://www.epa.gov/no2-pollution Where does it come from? Nitrogen oxides (NOx) are usually products of combustion from mobile sources such as vehicle engines and construction equipment engines. They also come from large industrial boilers, turbines, and kilns, as well as fires. In Georgia, 67% of NOx comes from vehicles. See page 16 for icon key. NO2 is formed from the oxidation of nitric oxide (NO). NOY consists of all atmospheric reactive nitrogen oxide compounds. Health Impacts Increases risk of respiratory infections, respiratory diseases and asthma Source: http://www.compoundchem.com/2015/09/30/vehicle-emissions/ Georgia Monitoring Information for Oxides of Nitrogen Measurement Technique Measured continuously with chemiluminescent method2 more information about measurement technique Figure 7. Georgia's NO/NO2/NOx monitoring sites (green circles) and NOY site (red square) 2 https://www.thermofisher.com/order/catalog/product/42I 2016 Ambient Air Surveillance Report 22 Ambient Monitoring Program NOx Daily Cycle NOx reacts with volatile organic compounds in the presence of sunlight to form ground level ozone (O3) pollution which causes NOx levels to drop in the middle of a sunny day and increase at night on a daily basis. (Courtesy of Jamie Smith) Because this pattern typically reoccurs each day within a 24-hour period, this is known as a diurnal cycle. The following graph shows a comparison of the daily average of hourly NO2 data at the near-road sites, DMRC and Georgia Tech, compared to the South DeKalb NO2 site. The two near-road sites (shown in green and red) display the highest daily averages. The cyclical diurnal pattern of lower concentrations mid-day and higher concentrations in evening is shown below. 2016 Ambient Air Surveillance Report Figure 8. Diurnal Pattern of NO2 23 Ambient Monitoring Program Reducing NOx Emissions in Georgia Ozone formation in the southeastern United States is driven by emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx) in large urban areas with high vehicle traffic. Therefore, Georgia has focused efforts on reducing the emissions of NOx, particularly in the Atlanta ozone nonattainment area. Our vehicle emissions inspection program, also known as Georgia's Clean Air Force, which covers the counties of Cherokee, Clayton, Cobb, Coweta, DeKalb, Douglas, Fayette, Forsyth, Fulton, Gwinnett, Henry, Paulding, and Rockdale, helps reduce NOx, the main precursor to ozone. A series of Georgia air quality rules were implemented in 1999 through 2014 specifically targeting NOx emissions from combustion sources such as industrial boilers and electric steam generating units at power plants, especially large coal-fired units. Figure 9 shows how NOX pollution in Georgia declined as NOx controls were implemented at large stationary sources from 1999 through 2014. The Georgia multi-pollutant rule, implemented 2008-2014, required additional NOx reductions at power plants in addition to reductions in mercury and sulfur dioxide emissions. During the same time, national manufacturing standards required greater efficiency and performance from engines in vehicles, construction equipment, and generators which also helped reduce NOX emissions nationwide, including Georgia. 2016 Ambient Air Surveillance Report Figure 9. Implementation of NOx Controls 24 *Multi-pollutant Rule is discussed on page 27. Ambient Monitoring Program National Ambient Air Quality Standards for Nitrogen Dioxide Primary NAAQS: Annual mean must not exceed 53 ppb 3-year average of the 98th percentile of daily maximum one-hour averages must not exceed 100 ppb Secondary NAAQS: Annual mean must not exceed 53 ppb Attainment Designation NO2 monitoring is required in urban areas with populations exceeding one million. The Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Roswell Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) is the only urban area in Georgia required to perform NO2 monitoring. Figure 10 shows Georgia's annual average NO2 concentrations from 2000 to 2016. Annual average concentrations are well below the standard of 53 ppb. EPD operates two near-road monitoring sites (Georgia Tech and DMRC) to study the effects of traffic pollution. Figure 11 indicates that Georgia's 1-hour design values are well below the 100 ppb national standard. Figure 10. Nitrogen dioxide annual averages compared to the annual standard Figure 11. Nitrogen dioxide 1-hour design values compared to the 1-hour standard 2016 Ambient Air Surveillance Report 25 Ambient Monitoring Program Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) What is it? Sulfur dioxide (SO2) is a colorless reactive gas that is formed by burning sulfur-containing material, such as coal or diesel fuel, or by processing sulfur-containing clays. Learn more: https://www.epa.gov/so2-pollution Where does it come from? 81% of SO2 emissions in Georgia come from electric generation and large industrial boilers. See page 16 for icon key. SO2 can be oxidized in the atmosphere into sulfuric acid, and form acid rain. Sulfur is oxidized to form SO2 during combustion. SO2 then can react with other pollutants to form aerosols, which are solid or liquid particles in a gas. SO2 can also form sulfate particles, that contribute to the formation of fine particulate matter (PM2.5). In liquid form, SO2 may be found in clouds, fog, rain, aerosol particles, and in surface liquid films on these particles. Environmental Impacts Both SO2 and NO2 can form acid rain that lead to acidic deposition3. Health Impacts SO2 can impair respiratory function, increase respiratory disease, and reduce lung's ability to clear foreign particles especially in sensitive groups like children, the elderly, and individuals with asthma, hyperactive airways, and cardiovascular disease. Short-term peak exposures can cause significant constriction of air passages in sensitive asthmatics, wheezing, shortness of breath, and coughing in these sensitive groups, and affect ability to perform exercise. Georgia Monitoring Information for Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) Measurement Technique Continuous ultraviolet fluorescence4 more information about measurement technique 4 https://www.thermofisher.com/order/catalog/ product/43I Figure 12. Georgia's sulfur dioxide monitoring sites 3Acid deposition causes damage to forests, man-made structures, and streams and lakes, which can be deadly for aquatic wildlife. 2016 Ambient Air Surveillance Report 26 Ambient Monitoring Program Reducing SO2 in Georgia Georgia's Multi-Pollutant Rule In 2007, Georgia implemented State Rule 391-3-1-.02(2)(sss), which affects the 13-county Atlanta nonattainment area plus surrounding counties. This multi-pollutant control measure for electric steam generating units at electric utilities required coal fired power plants to install controls to reduce three criteria pollutants, PM, NOx, and SO2, and had rolling start dates between 2008 and 2014. The controls are called Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) for NOx and Flue Gas Desulfurization (FGD) for SO2 and PM. Figure 13 shows the decrease in SO2 concentrations as these controls have been implemented across the state. Figure 13. Implementation of SO2 Controls SO2 and PM Figure 14. Schematic design of the absorber of an FGD Statewide SO2 Concentration Comparison from 2005 to 2014 Figure 15 compares the concentrations of sulfur dioxide from 2005-2007 and 2011-2014 in Georgia on a scale of 0 to 1 in Dobson units (DU)5. These maps were created by NASA using satellite data and depict multi-year averages of sulfur dioxide concentrations over the eastern United States. According to analyses of satellite data, in the eastern U.S., levels of sulfur dioxide have dropped by about 80 percent between 2005 and 2014. 2005-2007 2011-2014 http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=87182 5A Dobson unit (DU) is a measurement of density of a gas in a column of the Earth's atmosphere. 2016 Ambient Air Surveillance Report 27 Figure 15. Ambient Monitoring Program National Ambient Air Quality Standards for Sulfur Dioxide Primary NAAQS: 3-year average of 99th percentile of the daily maximum 1-hour concentration not to exceed 75 ppb Secondary NAAQS: 3-hour concentrations not to exceed 0.5 ppm (500 ppb) more than once per year Attainment Designation EPA strengthened the SO2 primary National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) in 2010 and has developed a 4-phase process for designations. Please refer to EPA's information on the SO2 data requirement rules for more details5. All the SO2 design6 values, for 2014-2016 in Georgia, were below the 1-hour standard, with the highest design value occurring at the Augusta site (60 ppb). SO2 Three-Year Average of 99th Percentile of Daily Maximum 1- Hour Averages (ppb) 120 100 80 1-Hour Standard (75 ppb) 60 40 20 0 Rome Savannah-L&A Augusta Savannah-E.Pres Ma con- Forest ry Confederate Ave South DeKalb Figure 16. SO2 three-year averages of the 99th percentile of annual daily max 1-hour averages 5https://www.epa.gov/so2-pollution/final-data-requirements-rule-2010-1-hour-sulfur-dioxide-so2-primary-national-ambient 6Three-year average of the 99th percentile of annual daily maximum 1-hour averages 2016 Ambient Air Surveillance Report 28 Ambient Monitoring Program Ozone (O3) What is it? Ozone is a form of oxygen. But unlike oxygen (O2), ozone (O3) is not a stable gas. Ozone is highly reactive and unstable corrosive and capable of damaging living cells. Ground-level ozone can be harmful at high concentrations and is a regulated pollutant. NOTE: Ozone occurs naturally in the Earth's upper atmosphere (stratosphere) where it protects life on Earth from the sun's harmful ultraviolet (UV) rays. This is the good ozone. "Good Up High, Bad Nearby." Learn more: https://www.epa.gov/ozone-pollution Where does it come from? Ground-level ozone is not emitted directly into the air, but is created by chemical reactions between nitrogen oxides (NOx) and volatile organic compounds (VOC) in the presence of sunlight. Major sources of NOx include emissions from industrial facilities, electric utilities and motor vehicle exhaust. In Georgia, the major sources of VOC are natural sources such as trees and vegetation. Other VOC sources include gasoline vapors and chemical solvents. (Courtesy of Jamie Smith) Figure 17. Ozone formation process Health Impacts Ozone can irritate the mucous membranes of the nose, throat, and airways which can lead to coughing and chest pain. It can increase risk of respiratory infections in people with asthma and respiratory disease. Ozone reduces the ability to perform physical exercise by impairing normal lung function. Repeated exposure may cause permanent scarring of lung tissue. Georgia Monitoring Information for Ozone 2016 Ambient Air Surveillance Report Measurement Technique Continuous ultraviolet photometric method7 More information about measurement technique 7 https://www.thermofisher.com/order/catalog/product/49I Figure 18. Georgia's ozone monitoring sites 29 Ambient Monitoring Program EPA's CASTNET Site As part of the Clean Air Status and Trends Network (CASTNET), EPA established a monitoring site in Pike County, Georgia in 1988. The CASTNET site is part of a national air quality monitoring network put in place to assess long-term trends in atmospheric deposition and ecological effects of air pollutants. The CASTNET site is one of 95 regional sites across rural areas of the United States and Canada measuring nitrogen, sulfur, and ozone concentrations, and deposition of sulfur and nitrogen. Like the South DeKalb ozone monitor, the CASTNET ozone monitor also collects data year-round. https://www.epa.gov/castnet More Information about Ground Level Ozone Ground level ozone formation occurs through a complex series of photochemical reactions that take place in the presence of sunlight, causing a diurnal pattern (high ozone during the day, low ozone at night, see Figure 19). Figure 19. Typical urban 1-hour ozone diurnal pattern The photochemical reactions require a reaction between oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Since there will always be strong sunshine in the summer, and the naturally-occurring (or biogenic) levels of VOCs in Georgia are high, the most effective way to control ozone production in Georgia is to reduce emissions of NOx in the summer. Examples of the most common reactive VOCs that contribute to ozone formation are: hydrocarbons found in automobile exhaust (benzene, propane, toluene); vapors from cleaning solvents (toluene); and biogenic emissions from plants and trees (isoprene). In Georgia, biogenic emissions account for 84% VOCs. With the exception of the South DeKalb and CASTNET sites, ozone in Georgia, unlike other pollutants previously discussed, is monitored March through October, complying with federal monitoring regulations (in 40CFR Part 58). Ozone is prevalent in urban areas in the summer but can appear in other areas due to weather patterns that can move air or many hundreds of miles. 2016 Ambient Air Surveillance Report 30 Ambient Monitoring Program Primary NAAQS: Secondary NAAQS: National Ambient Air Quality Standards for Ozone 3-year average of 4th highest daily maximum 8-hr concentration not to exceed 0.070 ppm Same as the Primary Standards Attainment Designation Ozone monitoring has been in place in the Atlanta area since the 1970's. Currently the Atlanta-Sandy SpringsRoswell MSA ozone network includes ten monitors located in ten counties. On March 27, 2008 the ozone primary standard level was lowered to 0.075 ppm for the 8-hour averaging time, fourth maximum value, averaged over three years (Federal Register, Vol. 73, No. 60, page 16436). With the implementation of this ozone standard, the boundary of the Atlanta nonattainment area was defined as a 15-county area (Figure 20). With the 2013-2015 ozone data, the entire state of Georgia (including Atlanta) met the 2008 ozone standard of 0.075 ppm for ozone. Georgia was redesignated to attainment on May 22, 2017. On October 1, 2015, EPA lowered the ozone standard to 0.070 ppm8. A violation of the standard is determined by using an 8-hour average of the fourth maximum daily value, averaged over three years. There has been a gradual reduction in the number of days exceeding the ozone standards (Figure 21). Figure 20. Georgia's 8-hour ozone nonattainment area (NAA) map for the 2008 standard Figure 21. Ozone design values for Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Roswell MSA 8https://www.epa.gov/ozone-pollution/2015-revision-2008-ozone-national-ambient-air-quality-standards-naaqs-supporting 2016 Ambient Air Surveillance Report 31 Ambient Monitoring Program 8-hour ozone exceedances in Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Roswell MSA In 2016, the Atlanta-Sandy Springs- Roswell MSA area had a total of 29 days that exceeded the current (0.070 ppm) 8-hour standard. 2016 was one of the hottest and driest 2014 summers on record for Georgia. 2015 2016 The term `exceedance' is defined as a daily maximum 8-hour average greater than the standard. The Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Roswell MSA ozone monitors which exceeded the 8-hour ozone standard (0.070 ppm) in 2016 are mapped in Figure 22. National 8-hour ozone concentrations Figure 23 was taken from EPA's "Our Nation's Air- Status and Trends through 2015" (https://gispub.epa.gov/air/ trendsreport/2016/). It shows the fourth maximum reading for the 8-hour ozone readings across the United States. Georgia's fourth maximum ozone readings in 2015 were in the 0.055-0.07 ppm (light blue) and 0.07-0.085 ppm (green) ranges. Figure 22. 2016 Ambient Air Surveillance Report Figure 23. 32 Ambient Monitoring Program Lead (Pb) What is it? Lead is a naturally occurring element found in small amounts in the earth's crust. While it has some beneficial uses, it can be toxic to humans and animals causing detrimental health effects. Learn more: https://www.epa.gov/lead Where does it come from? In the past, the Clean Air Act required extensive lead monitoring to detect the high levels of airborne lead that resulted from the use of leaded gasoline. With the phase-out of leaded gasoline, lead concentrations decreased drastically by the late 1980s. Figure 24 shows the drop in annual averages from 1990 through 2016. A major source of lead is acid battery plants. Lead can also come from the dust of vehicle traffic, construction activities, and agricultural activities and deposit on leaves and plants. Figure 24. Health Impacts Exposure mainly through inhalation and ingestion of lead in food, water, soil, or dust. Puts children at particular risk exposure since they commonly put hands, toys, and other items in their mouths, which may come in contact with lead-containing dust and dirt. Bioaccumulates in blood, bones, and tissues. Can damage kidneys, liver, and nervous system. Excessive and repeated exposure leads to neurological impairments that can cause seizures, mental retardation, and behavioral disorders especially in children, infants, and fetuses. Lead toxicity is rarely attributed to a single exposure or digestive event, it is the product of chronic exposure over time. May be a factor in high blood pressure and subsequent heart disease. Georgia Monitoring Information for Lead Figure 25. Georgia's lead monitoring sites 2016 Ambient Air Surveillance Report 33 Measurement Technique 24-hour total suspended particulate (100 microns or less) on 8"x10" pre-weighed fiberglass filter9 more information about measurement technique 9 https://tisch-env.com/high-volume-air-samplers/ Ambient Monitoring Program National Ambient Air Quality Standards for Lead Primary NAAQS: Rolling 3-month average, not to exceed 0.15 ug/m3 Secondary NAAQS: Same as the Primary Standards Attainment Designation Figure 26 shows how Georgia's lead data compares to the rolling three-month average standard for 2012 through 2016. The last of the three months used for each average is indicated on the graph. The two monitors in the Columbus GA-AL MSA are located near a lead battery manufacturer, and have shown higher readings compared to the other monitors in the Columbus GA-AL MSA or the Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Roswell MSA. In November 2016, there was a violation of the lead standard in Columbus due to a malfunction on a silo control and is reflected in the graph below. Figure 26. Georgia's three-month rolling averages, 2012-2016 2016 Ambient Air Surveillance Report 34 Ambient Monitoring Program Particulate Matter PM10 and PM2.5 Learn more: https://www.epa.gov/pm-pollution Particulate matter includes a broad range of material that Ultra-low sulfur diesel fuel is one fuel that emits less sulfur consists of solid particles, fine liquid droplets, or condensed dioxide, a source of particulate matter formation. liquids absorbed onto solid particles. Biodiesel fuel emits less particulate matter, carbon Airborne particulates are not a single pollutant as discussed monoxide, hydrocarbons, and air toxics. for the other criteria pollutants, but rather a mixture of many different air pollutants. Also, emulsified diesel emits less nitrogen oxides and particulate matter. There are two ways that particulate known as primary and secondary. matter is formed, Particulate pollution may be categorized by size since there are different health impacts associated with the different Primary sources that emit particles directly include sizes of particulate matter. combustion, incineration, construction, mining, smelting, metal processing, and grinding sources. metals We currently monitor for three sizes of particles: PM10 (up to 10 microns in diameter), PM2.5 (up to 2.5 microns in Other primary sources include diesel engine exhaust, road diameter) and PMcoarse (PM10 minus PM2.5). To illustrate the dust, wind blown soil, forest fires, open burning of size differences, Figure 27 shows how approximately ten vegetation for land clearing or waste removal, ocean spray, PM10 particles can fit on a cross section of a human hair, and and volcanic activity. approximately thirty PM2.5 particles would fit on a cross A great deal of particulate matter is in form of gaseous air section of a hair. pollutants that readily react with oxygen and each other. These particles and droplets are invisible to the naked eye, While many of those reactions produce other gases, they and composition and sources can vary greatly by region. frequently produce particles. Particles formed through this process are known as secondary particulate matter such as sulfate particles, nitrate particles, and calcium nitrate or sodium nitrate particulates. Regional relative humidity can affect the level of water present within the particles and affect how much dissolved gases or reactive species enter the lungs when particles are inhaled. Alternative diesel fuels are available that emit less particulate matter, as well as other pollutants. Figure 27. Comparison of particulate matter size to human hair 2016 Ambient Air Surveillance Report 35 Ambient Monitoring Program PM10 What is it? PM10 are dust particles that are up to 10 micrometers in diameter. Where does it come from? Sources include crushing or grinding operations and dust stirred up by vehicles on roads. See page 16 for icon key. Health Impacts Penetrate deeply into the lungs. Breathing and respiratory problems, aggravation of existing respiratory and cardiovascular disease, alterations in the body's defense system against inhaled materials and organisms, and damage to lung tissue. Individuals with chronic lung or cardiovascular disease, individuals with influenza, asthmatics, elderly people, and children are most effected. Georgia Monitoring Information for PM10 Figure 28. Georgia's PM10 and PMcoarse (red square) monitoring sites Measurement Techniques Two types of EPA-approved reference or equivalent monitors used to determine attainment with the PM10 standard: Integrated low-volume monitor that collects a 24-hour sample through an impaction inlet device that only allows particles with 10 microns or less in size to reach the filter media.10 Continuous beta ray attenuation monitor, with an inlet designed to cut out particles larger than 10 microns in size.11 more information about measurement techniques 10 https://tisch-env.com/low-volume-air-sampler/ 11http://metone.com/air-quality-particulate-monitors/regulatory/bam-1020/ 2016 Ambient Air Surveillance Report 36 Ambient Monitoring Program National Ambient Air Quality Standards for Particulate Matter PM10 Primary NAAQS: Number of days with a maximum of 24-hour concentration of 150 g/m3 must not exceed more than once per year on average over 3 years Secondary NAAQS: Same as the Primary Standards Attainment Designation Figure 29 shows how Georgia compares to the 24-hour standard for PM10, which is 150 g/m3. The standard allows one exceedance per year, averaged over a 3-year period; therefore, this chart shows the second highest 24-hour average for each site. All three samplers collected data well below the standard. Figure 29. PM10 annual second maximum 24-hour concentrations 2016 Ambient Air Surveillance Report 37 Ambient Monitoring Program PM2.5 What is it? PM2.5 are particles that are 2.5 micrometers in diameter or smaller, and can only be seen with an electron microscope. Most particles form in the atmosphere as a result of complex reactions of chemicals such as sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides. Where does it come from? Fine particles are produced from dust and all types of combustion, including motor vehicles, power plants, residential wood burning, forest fires, agricultural burning, and some industrial processes. See page 16 for icon key. Health Impacts Can penetrate deep into lung tissue and even enter the bloodstream. This may cause significant respiratory or cardiovascular problems that can shorten an individual's lifespan. High risk groups include children, the elderly, and people with cardiovascular or lung diseases such as emphysema and asthma. Georgia Monitoring Information for PM2.5 Measurement Techniques Two types of methods: integrated and continuous. The integrated samplers are the official reference method (FRM) used for determining which areas in Georgia are attainment (meeting the national standard). Integrated samplers collect samples on Teflon filters for 24 hours, using a 2.5 microns particle size sorting device.12 The continuous method consists of two types of instruments. The beta attenuation method (BAM) is designed for the inlet to cut out particles larger than 2.5 microns in size. EPD has two sites where BAM samplers are running as Federal Equivalent Method (FEM) samplers that can be used for attainment determinations as well: South DeKalb and Albany.13 The tapered element oscillating microbalance (TEOM) method is used to support the development of air quality models and forecasts, including the Air Quality Index (AQI), and provide the public with information about pollutant concentrations in real time. As set up at EPD's sites, these samplers cannot be used for making attainment determinations.14 Continuous PM2.5 data is reported every hour on Georgia's Ambient Air Monitoring web page located at http:// amp.georgiaair.org/. The immediate availability of this data allows the public to make informed decisions regarding their outdoor activities. more information about measurement techniques 12https://www.thermofisher.com/order/catalog/ product/2025I 13http://www.metone.com/products/air-quality-monitors/ 14https://www.thermofisher.com/order/catalog/ 2016 Ambient Air Surveillance Report 38 Ambient Monitoring Program Figure 30 shows the location of Georgia's PM2.5 FRM monitors and Figure 31 shows the location of PM2.5 continuous and speciation monitors. Figure 30. Georgia's PM2.5 FRM monitoring sites 2016 Ambient Air Surveillance Report Figure 31. Georgia's PM2.5 continuous (green circles) and PM2.5 speciation (red squares) monitoring sites 39 Ambient Monitoring Program Reducing PM2.5 Emissions in Georgia PM Controls Georgia's Multi-Pollutant Rule In 2007, Georgia implemented State Rule 391-3-1-.02(2)(sss), which affects the 13-county Atlanta nonattainment areas plus surrounding counties. This multi-pollutant control measure that affected electric steam generating units at electric utilities required coal fired power plants to install controls to reduce three criteria pollutants, PM, NOx, and SO2, and had rolling start dates between 2008 and 2014. The controls that were added are called Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) for NOx and Flue Gas Desulfurization (FGD) for SO2 and PM. Figure 32 shows the decrease in PM2.5 concentrations as these controls were implemented across the state. SO2 and PM Schematic design of the absorber of an FGD Figure 32: Implementation of PM Controls 2016 Ambient Air Surveillance Report 40 Ambient Monitoring Program National Ambient Air Quality Standards for Particulate Matter PM2.5 Primary NAAQS: 3-year average of the annual weighted mean not to exceed 12.0 g/m3 3-year average of the 98th percentile of 24-hour concentration not to exceed 35 g/m3 Secondary NAAQS: 3-year average of the annual weighted mean not to exceed 15.0 g/m3 3-year average of the 98th percentile of 24-hour concentration not to exceed 35 g/m3 Attainment Designation For an area to concentrations be in has to attainment of the annual ambient air be less than or equal to 12.0 g/m3. PM2.5 standard, the three-year average of the annual average In addition, the 24-hour primary and secondary standard requires that the three-year average of the 98th percentile of the 24hour concentrations be less than or equal to 35 micrograms per cubic meter. Currently all areas of Georgia are designated unclassifiable/attainment for the 2012 annual PM2.5 standard because they are meeting the national standard. Figure 33. Comparison of the three-year averages of the 98th percentile of PM2.5 24-hour data 2016 Ambient Air Surveillance Report Figure 34. Comparison of the PM2.5 three-year annual averages to the annual standard 41 Ambient Monitoring Program How Wildfires of November 2016 Impacted PM2.5 Levels in Georgia During the month of November, the Southeast experienced several days of wildfires that affected PM2.5 levels across the region. The following maps depict the location of fires in north GA, and nearby in TN, SC, NC, and AL. The two maps below show a closer view of the two bigger fires that impacted GA. The colors give a visual of the date progression. Figure 35. Location of wildfires 2016 Ambient Air Surveillance Report 42 Ambient Monitoring Program In the following graphs, the PM2.5 ambient monitoring data is shown in more detail for November 2016. The first graph shows the daily Air Quality Index (AQI) for the PM2.5 data for each metropolitan area (MSA). Several monitors were affected from November 9th through November 17th, and had PM2.5 concentrations that were considered "Unhealthy". The second graph reflects the 24hour averages of the regulatory FRM PM2.5 data for November 2016. The red line depicts the daily standard of 35 g/m3. While the PM2.5 data was affected by the wildfires and there were 24-hour averages above the daily standard, Georgia continued to be below both of the PM2.5 National Ambient Air Quality Standards for 2016. Figure 36. Hourly PM2.5 samples for November 2016 This graph shows the daily Air Quality Index (AQI) for PM2.5 data for each metropolitan area (MSA). Several PM2.5 concentrations were considered "Unhealthy" in November 2016. Figure 37. 24-hour PM2.5 samples for November 2016 35 g/m3 standard Figure 36. 24-hour PM2.5 samples for November 2016 This graph reflects the 24-hour averages of the regulatory FRM PM2.5 data for November 2016. Not all 24-hour samplers run daily. 2016 Ambient Air Surveillance Report 43 Ambient Monitoring Program PM2.5 Speciation Particle speciation measurements are performed to support the regulatory, analytical, and public health purposes of the program. These measurements help scientists and regulators track the progress and effectiveness of newly implemented pollution controls. The data also improves scientific understanding of the relationship between particle composition, visibility impairment, and adverse human health effects. Each individual particle, regardless of its source, has a distinct chemical composition which depends on local sources and a variety of other factors. Each has varying health effects based on its size and chemical composition. Georgia currently monitors fifty-three species in particulate matter. Of these, sulfate and organic carbon are detected in the highest concentrations, with magnitudes of up to five to nine times greater than the other major species. Refer to Figure 31 for a map of Georgia's PM2.5 Speciation monitors. Figure 38 compares the percent composition of PM2.5 for each site based on 2015 annual averages. At the time this report was compiled, all of the 2016 PM2.5 speciation data was not available from EPA. Organic carbon makes up 4151% of PM2.5 for all sites with Augusta having the largest percentage. Sulfate is the second largest portion of PM2.5 for all sites except Augusta and ranges from 12-24%. Nitrate, crustal, elemental carbon, and ammonium ion make up no more than 11% of PM2.5 for all sites. The chemical elements typical of the Earth's crust are grouped together as "crustal". Figure 38. Measurement Techniques15,16 Filter media with laboratory techniques using gravimetric (microweighing) analysis X-ray fluorescence and particle-induced X-ray emission for trace elements; Ion chromatography for anions and selected cations Controlled combustion for carbon Gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy (GC/MS) for semivolatile organic particles more information about measurement techniques 15http://www.urgcorp.com/index.php/systems/manual-sampling-systems/urg3000n-carbon-sampler 16http://www.metone.com/?wpfb_dl=228 2016 Ambient Air Surveillance Report 44 Ambient Monitoring Program PREDOMINANT SPECIES FOUND IN PM2.5 Figure 39 presents each site with all species making up the composition at each location. Ammonium Ion Sulfate Products Nitrate Products Crustal Products Elemental Carbon Organic Carbon Figure 39. Annual averages of PM2.5 composition data in Georgia Ammonium Ion: commonly released by fertilizer production, livestock production, coke production, and some large refrigeration systems. Ironically, it can be emitted by NOx control systems installed on large fossil fuel combustion systems, which use ammonia or urea as a reactant. Sulfate Products: formed during the oxidation of SO2 in the atmosphere. Nitrate Products: formed through a complex series of reactions that convert NOx to nitrates - vehicle emissions and fossil fuel burning. Crustal Products: components that are the result from the weathering of Earth's crust--ocean salt and volcanic discharges-- aluminum, calcium, iron, titanium, and silicon--released by metals production, and can be resuspended in the atmosphere by mechanisms that stir up fine dust, such as mining, agricultural processes, and vehicle traffic. Elemental Carbon: carbon in the form of soot- diesel engine emissions, wood-burning fireplaces, and forest fires. Organic Carbon: may be released directly, but are also formed through a series of chemical reactions in the air, mostly as a result of the burning of fossil fuels and wood. 2016 Ambient Air Surveillance Report 45 Ambient Monitoring Program The Air Quality Index The Air Quality Index (AQI) is a national air standard rating system developed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. The AQI is used statewide to provide the public, on a daily basis, with an analysis of air pollution levels and possible related health risks. Generally, an index scale of 0 to 500 is used to assess the quality of air, and these numbers are synchronized with a corresponding descriptor word such as: Good, Moderate, Unhealthy for Sensitive Groups, Unhealthy, and Very Unhealthy. To protect public health the EPA has set an AQI value of 100 to correspond to the NAAQS for the following criteria pollutants: Ozone (O3), Sulfur Dioxide (SO2), Carbon Monoxide (CO), Particulate Matter 10 (PM10), Particulate Matter 2.5 (PM2.5), and Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2). The AQI for a reporting region equates to the highest rating recorded for any pollutant within that region. Therefore, the larger the AQI value, the greater level of air pollution present, and the greater expectation of potential health concerns. However, this system only addresses air pollution in terms of acute health effects over time periods of 24 hours or less and does not provide an indication of chronic pollution exposure over months or years. Figure 40 shows how the recorded concentrations correspond to the AQI values, descriptors and health advisories. Each day the AQI values are available to the public through Georgia EPD's Ambient Air Monitoring website at http://amp.georgiaair.org/. Maximum Pollutant Concentration PM2.5 PM10 SO2 O3 O3 CO NO2 (24hr) g/m3 (24hr) g/m3 (1hr)* ppm (8hr)^ ppm (1hr) ppm (8hr) (1hr) ppm ppm AQI Value Descriptor EPA Health Advisory 0.0 0 54 0 0.035 0.000 None 0.0 0 0 to 50 Good (green) Air quality is considered satisfactory, 12.0 0.059 4.4 0.053 and air pollution poses little or no risk. 12.1 35.4 Air quality is acceptable; however, for some pollutants there may be a moder- ate health concern for a very small 55 0.036 0.060 None 4.5 0.054- 51 to Moderate number of people. For example, people 154 0.075 0.075 9.4 0.100 100 (yellow) who are unusually sensitive to the con- dition of the air may experience respira- tory symptoms. 35.5 55.4 55.5 150.4 155 254 255 354 0.076 0.185 0.186 0.304* 0.076 0.095 0.096 0.115 0.125 0.164 0.165 0.204 9.5 12.4 12.5 15.4 0.1010.360 0.3610.649 101 to 150 151 to 200 Unhealthy for Sensitive Groups Unhealthy (red) Members of sensitive groups (people with lung or heart disease) are at greater risk from exposure to particle pollution. Those with lung disease are at risk from exposure to ozone. The general public is not likely to be affected in this range. Everyone may begin to experience health effects in this range. Members of sensitive groups may experience more serious health effects. 150.5 250.4 355 424 0.305 0.604* 0.116 0.374 0.205 0.404 15.5 30.4 0.650 1.249 201 to 300 Very Unhealthy (purple) AQI values in this range trigger a health alert. Everyone may experience more serious health effects. When the AQI is in this range because of ozone, most people should restrict their outdoor exertion to morning or late evening hours to avoid high ozone exposures. 250.5 350.4 350.5 500 425 504 505 604 0.605 0.804* 0.805 1.004* None^ None^ 0.405 0.504 0.505 0.604 30.5 40.4 40.5 50.4 1.250 1.649 1.650 2.049 301 to 400 401 to 500 Hazardous (maroon) AQI values over 300 trigger health warnings of emergency conditions. The entire population is more likely to be affected. Figure 40. The AQI, *AQI values of 200 or greater are calculated with 24-hr SO2 concentrations, ^AQI values of 301 or greater are calculated with 1-hr O3 concentrations. **AQI numbers above 100 may not be equivalent to a violation of the standard 2016 Ambient Air Surveillance Report 46 Ambient Monitoring Program 2016 AQI Values Summary for Georgia Air Quality Index Summary by CBSA Number of Days Pollutants Monitored in 2016 Good (0-50) Moderate (51-100) Unhealthy for Sensitive Groups (101-150)** Unhealthy (151-200)** Very Unheathy (201-300)** Hazardous (>300)** Albany PM2.5 Americus 263 100 - O3 Athens-Clark County 219 26 1 O3, PM2.5 295 61 4 Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Roswell O3, NO2, PM2.5, CO, SO2, PM10 105 229 28 Augusta-Richmond County, GA-SC O3, PM2.5, PM10 255 104 5 Brunswick O3, PM2.5 Chattanooga, TN-GA O3, PM2.5 Columbus, GA-AL 317 27 2 227 127 2 O3, PM2.5 Dalton O3 General Coffee 264 95 5 223 40 1 PM2.5 Gainesville 21 2 - Macon PM2.5 103 14 1 O3, SO2, PM2.5 267 94 5 Rome SO2, PM2.5 Savannah 287 78 1 O3, SO2, PM2.5 304 59 3 Summerville O3 Valdosta 221 25 - PM2.5 Warner Robins 276 51 - PM2.5 306 44 2 - - - - - - 2 - - 4 - - 2 - - - - - 3 - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Table 1. 2016 AQI summary data, most days had an AQI value in the `Good' (0-50) category for all the sites. 2016 Ambient Air Surveillance Report 47 Ambient Monitoring Program Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Roswell MSA Figure 41 shows in more detail the AQI values for the Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Roswell MSA. There were 32 days with an AQI value above 100 in 2016. Ozone is a major driver of an elevated AQI and can be higher in the summer months due to increased sunlight. Higher ozone and PM2.5 concentrations are the primary sources of AQI values in the "Unhealthy for Sensitive Groups" category in the Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Roswell MSA. Figure 41. 2016 AQI Values for the Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Roswell MSA 2016 Ambient Air Surveillance Report 48 Ambient Monitoring Program PHOTOCHEMICAL ASSESSMENT MONITORING STATIONS (PAMS) To better understand ozone formation, EPD monitors oxides of nitrogen, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), carbonyl compounds, and meteorological parameters at the PAMS site. Isoprene, the tracer for VOCs emissions from vegetation, is by far the largest contributor to ozone formation at the PAMS site. It is naturally released in large quantities by conifer trees, which are very abundant in the Southeastern United States. Georgia Monitoring Information Figure 42. Georgia's PAMS monitoring site Measurement Techniques Throughout the year, 24-hour integrated volatile organic compounds samples are taken with a canister every sixth day and analyzed in the EPD laboratory for 56 hydrocarbon compounds using a gas chromatograph with mass spectroscopy detection (GC/MS). more information about measurement technique 17https://www.perkinelmer.com/labsolutions/resources/docs/APP_Analysis-of -VOCs-in-Air-Using-EPA-Method-TO-17011909_01.pdf Additionally, from June through August, hydrocarbon samples are analyzed hourly at the South DeKalb PAMS site using a gas chromatography unit with a Flame Ionization Detector (FID). 17 The amount of isoprene emissions from conifers varies seasonally, with emissions increasing as length of daylight and temperature increases (Figure 43). Figure 43. Average yearly profile of isoprene Toluene (generally the most abundant anthropogenic species in urban air) reaches the air from a variety of sources such as combustion of fossil fuels and evaporative emissions, motor vehicle fuel and is also used as a common solvent in many products such as paint. It is relatively constant throughout the year, suggesting a steady level of emissions year-round (Figure 44). 2016 Ambient Air Surveillance Report Figure 44. Toluene average annual occurrence 49 Ambient Monitoring Program Carbonyl Compounds Carbonyl compounds define a large group of organic compounds, which include acetaldehyde, acrolein, and formaldehyde. These compounds can lead to ozone formation. Sources of carbonyl compounds include vehicle exhaust, cigarette smoke, paper production, stationary internal combustion engines and turbines, solvents, polymers, plastics, and the combustion of wood. Depending on the amount inhaled, exposure to these compounds can cause irritation to the eyes, ears, nose, and throat, dizziness, and damage to the lungs. Carbonyls Total Averages (g/m3) for 2016 Figure 45. Georgia's carbonyls monitoring sites Figure 46. Total Average 24-hour carbonyl concentrations by species Measurement Techniques The carbonyls are sampled with two types of methods. One method includes an absorbent cartridge filled with dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH), using High Performance Liquid Chromatography analysis. 18 Another collection method is the canister sampler that is used for sampling volatile organic compounds at the Air Toxics sites. Acrolein is analyzed using this method. The graph to the right shows this data. Figure 47. Acrolein concentrations and percent detections, 2014- 2016 more information about measurement techniques 18http://www.atec-online.com/ 2016 Ambient Air Surveillance Report 50 Ambient Monitoring Program AIR TOXICS MONITORING In order for EPD to expand the understanding of the quality of Georgia's air regarding ambient concentrations of hazardous air pollutants, EPD began state-sponsored air toxics monitoring activities. Air Toxics are those pollutants that cause or may cause cancer or other serious health effects, such as reproductive effects or birth defects, or adverse environmental and ecological effects. Air toxic pollutants, or hazardous air pollutants (HAPs), are a group of air pollutants that have a wide variety of sources-- mobile sources (such as vehicles), stationary industrial sources, small area sources, indoor sources (such as cleaning materials), and other environmental sources (such as volcanoes and wildfires). The lifetime, transportation, and make-up of these pollutants are affected by both weather (rain and wind) and landscape (mountains and valleys). In addition, some HAPs that are no longer used, but were commonly used in the past, can still be found in the environment today. Negative effects on human health range from headaches, nausea, and dizziness to cancer, birth defects, problems breathing, and other serious illnesses. These effects can vary depending on frequency of exposure, length of exposure time, health of the person that is exposed, along with the toxicity of the compound. People can be exposed to HAPs by breathing contaminated air, consuming food or water contaminated by air pollutants, or touching contaminated water or soil. Some of the substances tend to have only one critical effect, while others may have several. Some of the effects may occur after a short exposure and others appear after long-term exposure, or many years after being exposed. These air pollutants also affect the environment. Wildlife experience symptoms similar to those in humans and pollutants accumulate in the food chain. Many air pollutants can also be absorbed into waterways and have toxic effects on aquatic wildlife. From the list of 187 HAPs compounds identified by EPA, toxic compounds monitored include metals, volatile organic compounds, semi-volatile organic compounds, and carbonyl compounds. Monitoring Techniques Three types of samplers are used at all locations: the HIVOL, PUF, and canister. 19 The HIVOL sampler collects quartz fiber filters that are subjected to a chemical digestion process and are analyzed on an inductively coupled plasma spectrometer. PUF (polyurethane foam) sampler is used for sampling semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) --A multi-layer cartridge is prepared which collects both the particulate fraction and the volatile fraction of this group of compounds, analyzed using a gas chromatograph. The canister sampler for VOCs is analyzed using a gas chromatograph with mass spectroscopy detection (GC/MS). more information about measurement techniques 19https://tisch-env.com/high-volume-air-samplers/ 2016 Ambient Air Surveillance Report Figure 48. Air Toxics monitoring sites 51 Ambient Monitoring Program METALS Sources include: gasoline and diesel exhaust batteries soil and water burning coal emissions from iron and steel production lead smelters operation of iron and steel production plants by-product of mining and smelting sulfide ores used in industrial processes tires radioactive metal in radiotherapy photocells and solar panels Sources include: various industrial, stationary and mobile sources VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS SEMI-VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS Sources include: burning of coal, oil, gas, and garbage found in dyes, cigarette smoke, coal tar, plastics, and pesticides Figure 49. Air Toxics data NATTS The National Air Toxics Trends Station (NATTS) network was established in 2003 at the South DeKalb site and is intended for long-term operation for the purpose of discerning national trends. The NATTS Network consists of 27 sites nationwide, 20 urban and 7 rural. The South DeKalb site monitors the same compounds as other air toxics sites, as well as black carbon, and carbonyls. As part of the NATTs network, metals are monitored on a PM10 sampler at the South DeKalb site. The sample is analyzed using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). 2016 Ambient Air Surveillance Report 52 Ambient Monitoring Program Near-Road VOCs The DMRC site is set up as part of the Near-Road Monitoring Network and is located within 40 meters of I-285, a heavily traveled interstate. The South DeKalb site is approximately a mile away from the DMRC site and is located 580 meters from the same interstate. DMRC site South DeKalb site The following scatterplots and correlations were created to compare select VOCs that had several pollutant detections at both the South DeKalb and DMRC sites. VOC Toluene M/P Xylene Chloromethane Trichlorofluoromethane Dicholrodifluoromethane Benzene Correlation Coefficient (r) 0.13398 0.61461 0.65920 0.65416 0.23494 0.15009 Figure 50. Comparison of select VOCs at the South DeKalb and DMRC sites 2016 Ambient Air Surveillance Report A few of the VOCs at the South DeKalb and DMRC sites have relatively low correlations. This suggests that some VOCs found in vehicle exhaust dissipate quickly in the air. 53 Ambient Monitoring Program Black Carbon Figure 51. Black carbon monitoring sites DMRC Near-Road Monitoring GA Tech Near-Road Monitoring SDK v. GT y = 0.2052x + 0.6801 SDK v. 285 10 R = 0.08 35 9 y = 0.5413x + 0.0824 R = 0.5546 8 7 6 SDK v. GT 5 SDK v. 285 4 Linear (SDK v. 3 Linear (SDK v. 2 GT) 285) 1 0 -1 4 9 --11 4 9 The black carbon scatterplots show a relatively high correlation (R2=0.5546) between the South DeKalb and DMRC sites. The scatterplots that include GA Tech have less correlation, (R2=0.0835 and 0.1739) which could be an indication of less truck diesel traffic (black carbon) in the downtown corridor versus the I-285 perimeter. 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 0 GT v. 285 y = 0.426x + 1.22 66 R = 0.1739 GT v. 285 Linear (GT v. 285) 5 10 15 Figure 52. Comparison of black carbon at the South DeKalb, Georgia Tech, and DMRC sites 2016 Ambient Air Surveillance Report 54 Ambient Monitoring Program RISK ASSESSMENT The following risk assessment reflects data collected at the Air Toxics Network (ATN) and the National Air Toxics Trends Station (NATTS). Some of the chemicals monitored in the ATN are also monitored at Photochemical Assessment Monitoring Stations (PAMS); therefore, those chemicals were evaluated and compared to concentrations measured at nearby ATN sites for this report. To put into perspective the risks from environmental hazards, the continuum below presents risk statistics for some familiar events. Risk analysts describe cancer risks numerically in scientific notation, for example 1 x 10*-5+, 1 x 10-5 or 1.00E-05, which means that there is one chance in 100,000 of an event occurring. It is important to note that these risk statistics are population averages, while risk analysts usually estimate risk to the maximum exposed individual. Additionally, it should be noted that these risk values are considered additional risk. That is, risk above the normal background risk from exposure in everyday life. Putting Risks in Perspective Methods The initial evaluation consisted of a comparison of the monitored results to "health based" screening values. These values were calculated using procedures recommended in EPA's latest guidance on risk assessment for air toxics, `A Preliminary Risk-Based Screening Approach for Air Toxics Monitoring Data Sets' (https://archive.org/details/ APreliminaryRisk-basedScreeningApproachForAirToxicsMonitoringDataSets). Briefly, EPA's prioritized chronic doseresponse (toxicity) values for both non-cancer (reference concentrations, RfC) and cancer (inhalation unit risks, IUR) effects were used to generate screening air concentrations. To screen for non-cancer effects, the reference concentration was used as a starting point. However, to account for possible exposure to multiple contaminants acting on the same target organ or body system, the screening air concentration was obtained by dividing the RfC by a factor of 10. Screening values for the cancer endpoint were determined by calculating air concentrations equivalent to a risk level of one in one million. Most screening values utilized in this assessment are listed in Appendix A of the above mentioned guidance document and updated "Table 1. Prioritized Chronic Dose-Response Values for Screening Risk Assessments (5/09/2014)" (https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2014-05/ documents/table1.pdf). The screening values are derived from the dose-response values: cancer-based air screening values=1E-06/IUR and non-cancer based air screening values=RfC x 0.1 x 1000. For a limited number of chemicals, other resources such as toxicity values from the Regional Screening Table (https://www.epa.gov/risk/ regional-screening-levels-rsls-generic-tables-june-2017) were used to calculate conservative screening values protective of a worse-case residential exposure scenario. Assumptions were made that accounted for the potential for continuous exposure to air toxics for 24 hours per day for 70 years. The conservative screening process was utilized so that the chance of underestimating the potential for health impacts would be minimized, as chemicals were excluded from further quantitative analysis. The following figure shows the formulas used to calculate cancer risk and non-cancer hazard for chemicals that were carried beyond the screening process into the quantitative assessment. 2016 Ambient Air Surveillance Report 55 Ambient Monitoring Program Formula for Calculating Risk Using IUR for Carcinogens: Risk IUR*Conc Formula for Calculating Hazard Quotient Using RfC for Noncarcinogens: HQ Conc RfC Equation Parameters: Risk: Theoretical lifetime cancer risk (unitless probability) HQ: Hazard quotient (unitless ratio) Conc: Measured ambient air concentration in g/m3 IUR: Inhalation unit risk (1/(g/m3)) RfC: Reference concentration (g/m3) Results and Interpretation Seventy-one (71) air toxic chemicals were assessed at six sites in Georgia. Out of these 71 air toxic chemicals, nine (9) were found to be above the screening values. Table 2 shows the theoretical cancer risk and non-cancer hazard that would result from an individual breathing air containing the detected chemicals at the estimated concentrations daily for 70 years, or a full lifetime. These cancer risk and hazard quotient estimates are likely conservative because they were calculated assuming continuous exposure to outdoor air at breathing rates typical of moderate exertion. Real risk cannot be calculated, but may be substantially lower. Lifetime cancer risks for the limited number of chemicals exceeding screening values exceeded 1 x 10-6 or one in one million, a value generally deemed as insignificant. However, lifetime cancer risks for these chemicals did not exceed 2 x 10-5 or two in one-hundred thousand. This risk estimate falls within EPA's acceptable cancer risk range of 1 x 10-6 to 1 x 10-4 commonly used for regulatory decision making. In contrast to cancer risks, non-cancer hazards are not expressed as a probability of an individual suffering an adverse effect. Instead, the non-cancer hazard to individuals is expressed in terms of a ratio defined as the hazard quotient (HQ). These HQ values relate daily exposure concentrations, or dose, to a concentration or an amount thought to be without appreciable risks of causing deleterious non-cancer effects in sensitive individuals as well as the general population. HQ values less than 1.0 indicate the air "dose" is less than the threshold dose required to cause toxic effects other than cancer. 2016 Ambient Air Surveillance Report 56 Ambient Monitoring Program Site Chemical Arsenic Macon-Forestry Chromium Benzene 1,3 Butadiene Acrolein Arsenic Chromium Savannah-E. Pres. St. Acrolein Bromomethane Benzene Arsenic General Coffee Chromium Benzene Acrolein Arsenic South DeKalb Chromium Acrolein Benzene Arsenic Yorkville Chromium Acrolein Benzene DMRC Benzene Acrolein CAS # Annual Average (g/m3) 7440-38-2 5.9E-04 18540-29-9 1.4E-03 71-43-2 4.2E-01 106-99-0 2.9E-01 107-02-8 6.8E-01 7440-38-2 4.8E-04 18540-29-9 1.7E-03 107-02-8 3.3E-01 74-83-9 5.9E-01 71-43-2 4.5E-01 7440-38-2 3.7E-04 18540-29-9 1.2E-03 71-43-2 4.2E-01 107-02-8 3.3E-01 7440-38-2 5.9E-04 18540-29-9 1.8E-03 107-02-8 3.2E-01 71-43-2 5.9E-01 7440-38-2 8.0E-04 18540-29-9 1.9E-03 107-02-8 3.6E-01 71-43-2 4.2E-01 71-43-2 6.5E-01 107-02-8 3.4E-01 Detection Frequency 22/29 29/29 7/29 1/29 23/29 24/30 30/30 7/25 3/25 6/25 15/28 28/28 2/22 13/22 49/61 61/61 20/60 32/60 24/29 29/29 15/28 2/28 17/29 12/29 Cancer Risk 3.E-06 1.E-05 3.E-06 9.E-06 N/A 2.E-06 1.E-05 N/A N/A 4.E-06 2.E-06 1.E-05 3.E-06 N/A 3.E-06 2.E-05 N/A 5.E-06 3.E-06 2.E-05 N/A 3.E-06 5.E-06 N/A Hazard Quotient 0.04 0.01 0.01 0.1 34 0.03 0.02 17 0.1 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.01 17 0.04 0.02 16 0.02 0.05 0.02 18 0.01 0.02 17 CAS # is Chemical Abstracts Services number for each compound, which is a specific way to identify each compound. Table 2. Site-specific detection frequency, mean concentration, cancer risk, and hazard quotient by location for chemicals that exceeded their screening values in 2016. 2016 Ambient Air Surveillance Report 57 Ambient Monitoring Program Site Macon-Forestry Savannah-E. Pres. St. General Coffee DMRC South DeKalb Yorkville Aggregate Cancer Risk 3.E-05 3.E-05 2.E-05 5.E-06 2.E-05 2.E-05 Table 3. Aggregate cancer risk and hazard index by site for 2016. Hazard Index 34 17 17 17 16 18 Figure 53 is a graphical representation of the data in Table 3, and it is also used to display the comparison between the previous two consecutive years of hazard indices and their respective cancer risks.. The screening values utilized in this assessment are listed in Appendix B. Figure 53. Aggregate cancer risk and hazard index by site for 2014-2016 2016 Ambient Air Surveillance Report 58 Ambient Monitoring Program The following table shows the summary information for the PAMS site. Of the chemicals that are evaluated in conjunction with the Air Toxics data, benzene and ethylbenzene were two chemicals found above the screening value at this site. Site Chemical CAS # Detection Fre- 1st Max 2nd Max Annual Hazard Cancer Risk quency Average Quotient South DeKalb Benzene 71-43-2 61/61 13.4 12.1 3.8 0.1 3.E-05 Ethylbenzene 100-41-4 39/61 4.8 4.8 1.5 1 4.E-06 Table 4. Detection frequency, 1st and 2nd maximums, mean, cancer risks, and hazard quotients for VOCs from the PAMs site which exceeded their screening levels in 2016. There are three air monitoring sites in Georgia that collect carbonyls data in 2016, as discussed earlier. The risk assessment for this data is summarized in the following table. Site Chemical Savannah Yorkville South DeKalb Acetaldehyde Formaldehyde Acetaldehyde Formaldehyde Acetaldehyde Propionaldehyde Formaldehyde CAS # 75-07-0 50-00-0 75-07-0 50-00-0 75-07-0 123-83-6 50-00-0 Annual Average (g/m3) 1.6 3.5 2.0 4.4 1.1 0.8 1.5 Detection Frequency 23/30 30/30 28/30 28/30 27/27 4/27 26/26 Cancer Risk 4.E-06 5.E-05 4.E-06 6.E-05 2.E-06 N/A 2.E-05 Hazard Quotient 0.2 0.4 0.2 0.4 0.1 0.1 0.1 Table 5. Detection frequency, mean, cancer risks, and hazard quotients for carbonyls which exceeded their screening levels in 2016. This report summarizes the concentrations measured and associated cancer risk and hazard quotient as detailed above. For specific questions regarding public health, please contact: Franklin Sanchez, REHS Director Chemical Hazards Program Environmental Health Georgia Department of Public Health 2 Peachtree Street NW, 13th Floor Atlanta, GA 30303-3142 404.657.6534 Fax: 404.657.6516 Franklin.Sanchez@dph.ga.gov 2016 Ambient Air Surveillance Report 59 Ambient Monitoring Program The maps included on the following page show the estimated rate of lung related diseases per county in Georgia. This is based on data obtained from the American Lung Association's 'Estimated Prevalence and Incidence of Lung Disease' (http://www.lung.org/ assets/documents/research/estimated-prevalence.pdf). These rates are mapped as the number of estimated lung related disease cases per 1000 or 100 people in each county, based on 2012 data. Adult Asthma Rate Per 1000 Pediatric Asthma Rate Per 1000 Lung Cancer Rate Per 100 COPD Rate Per 1000 Figure 54. Estimated incidence of lung related diseases in Georgia 2016 Ambient Air Surveillance Report 60 Ambient Monitoring Program METEOROLOGICAL REPORT State Climatology and Meteorological Summary of 2016 The climate across North and Central Georgia varies based on a variety of factors, the most prominent of which is terrain. The Gulf of Mexico and the Atlantic Ocean are the two nearby maritime bodies that exert an important influence on the North Georgia climate, acting as major sources of moisture support. A complete suite of meteorological instrumentation is used to characterize meteorological conditions around metropolitan Atlanta. See Appendix C for details. Figure 55. Meteorological Site Map Figure 56. Sample meteorological instrumentation at EPD sites: a) ceilometer, b) sonic anemometer, c) Temperature probe and relative humidity monitor, d) tipping bucket 2016 Ambient Air Surveillance Report 61 Ambient Monitoring Program Meteorological Measurements for 2016 The majority of locations in North and Central Georgia were much warmer than normal and drier than normal during 2016. A winter weather event impacted much of North Georgia from January 22nd through January 23rd, with light snow accumulations as far as south central Georgia. Several locations experienced record, or near-record, seasonal summer temperatures. Atlanta also experienced the 1st warmest Fall on record. Figure 57. Total Snow January 22-23 For more information regarding the Georgia Climate Office, see https://epd.georgia.gov/office-state-climatologist. 2016 Ambient Air Surveillance Report 62 Figure 58. Total Ice January 22-23 Ambient Monitoring Program Figure 59. Seasonal Avg. Temperature (F) and Rankings for Jun-Aug (National Weather Service at Peachtree City) Figure 60. Seasonal Avg. Temperature (F) and Rankings for Sept. Nov. (National Weather Service at Peachtree City) 2016 Ambient Air Surveillance Report 63 Ambient Monitoring Program Drought Conditions for Georgia The Northeast Alabama, Northwest Georgia, and Southern Tennessee core drought area started showing noticeable rainfall deficits in March 2016. East Central Georgia saw rapidly degrading conditions in early summer 2016. A newer core emerged south of Macon area that began in early fall 2016, and expanded towards south Georgia along I-75, and along the Alabama/Georgia border. Drought led to North Georgia wildfire activity and air quality issues in mid-November 2016. Figure 61. Drought Conditions in Georgia Agricultural Impacts Agricultural impacts were widespread and devastating to farmers, who described extremely dry pastures, bringing in hay from out of state with no second cutting, losing their entire corn crop and feeding it to livestock, noticing ribs showing on lactating cows, and inability to plant winter grazing. 2016 Ambient Air Surveillance Report 64 Ambient Monitoring Program Air Quality Forecasting Statistics Table 6: Observed Air Quality Observed # of Days in AQI Category Metro Area and Pollutant Atlanta Ozone Macon Ozone Atlanta PM2.5 Columbus PM2.5 Total # of days in record 214 181 343 322 Good 101 147 169 278 Moderate 84 31 171 43 Unhealthy for Sensitive Groups 26 3 3 1 Note: Total number of days in record based on AirNow data for observed measurements. Unhealthy 3 0 0 0 Table 7: Predicted Air Quality Hits Atlanta Ozone 12 Macon Ozone 1 1 Atlanta PM2.5 0 Columbus PM2.5 Misses 17 2 2 1 False Alarms 10 1 1 0 Bias 1.6 ppbv Gross Error 7.6 ppbv 3.8 ppbv 0.2 mg/ m3 1.0 mg/ m3 7.3 ppbv 2.7 mg/ m3 2.8 mg/ m3 Correlation (-1 to +1) 0.65 0.70 0.47 0.48 % Accurate 2 categories 87 98 99 99+ % Accurate 5 categories 63 80 72 87 Notes: Hits are the number of days on which an observed exceedance of the daily NAAQS was correctly predicted. Misses are the number of days on which an observed exceedance of the daily NAAQS was not predicted. False Alarms are the number of days on which an exceedance of the daily NAAQS was predicted, but was not later observed. Bias is the average tendency to over-predict (positive bias) or under-predict (negative bias) the observed pollutant concentration. Gross Error is the average absolute error of the predictions relative to the observations. Correlation is a measure of the ability to predict the relative change in observed concentrations. Higher positive correlation implies that the predictions are accurately anticipating changes in the observed concentrations. % Accurate 2 categories is the percentage of days when the forecast prediction correctly matched the observation for the "no smog alert" / "smog alert" condition (i.e. 2 categories). % Accurate 5 categories is the percentage of days when the forecast prediction correctly matched the observation for five categories of the Air Quality Index (Good, Moderate, Unhealthy for Sensitive Groups, Unhealthy, and Very Unhealthy). 2016 Ambient Air Surveillance Report 65 Ambient Monitoring Program Observed and Predicted Air Quality: Figure 62. Atlanta observed and predicted ozone, 2016 Figure 63. Atlanta observed and predicted PM2.5, 2016 2016 Ambient Air Surveillance Report 66 Ambient Monitoring Program Observed and Predicted Air Quality: Figure 64. Macon observed and predicted ozone, 2016 Figure 65. Columbus observed and predicted PM2.5, 2016 2016 Ambient Air Surveillance Report 67 Ambient Monitoring Program Quality Assurance/Quality Control Program The purpose of the QA/QC Program is to assure the quality of data from EPD's air monitoring network. The GA EPD meets or exceeds the QA requirements defined in 40 CFR 58 and all applicable appendices. With the QA Program, GA EPD independently challenges the ambient air monitors to ensure they meet the requirements of 40 CFR 58. The QA/QC program includes but is not limited to the following activities: Instruments performance audits Monitor siting evaluations Precision and span checks Bias determination Flow rate determination Leak checks Data validation For additional independent quality assurance activities, the EPD participates in EPA's National Performance Audit Program (NPAP) and Performance Evaluation Program (PEP) for criteria pollutants. EPD's samplers are compared on a national basis through these independent audits. As the Primary Quality Assurance Program for ambient air monitoring activities in Georgia, the Ambient Monitoring Program operates under an EPA approved Quality Management Plan and utilizes Quality Assurance Project Plans (QAPPs) for each state wide monitoring network. The primary purpose of the QAPP is to provide an overview of the project, describe the need for the measurements and define QA/QC activities to be applied to the project. All other ambient air monitoring initiatives, including state and industrial projects, must have an approved monitoring plan for each specific project. Accuracy Levels 2016 Ambient Air Surveillance Report 68 Ambient Monitoring Program Accuracy Levels Overall Average % Difference 30.00% 20.00% 10.00% 0.00% -10.00% -20.00% -30.00% Lower 95% Probability Limit Overall Average % Difference Upper 95% Probablility Limit Air Toxics Network TSP Metals Carbonyls Canister VOCs -5.93% -26.75% -7.03% -0.91% -1.93% -0.17% 4.13% 22.90% 6.70% Summary of Flow Rate Accuracy Performance Audit Lower 95% Probability Limit Overall Average % Difference Upper 95% Probablility Limit 8.00% 6.00% 4.00% 2.00% 0.00% -2.00% -4.00% -6.00% -8.00% Lower 95% Probability Limit Overall Average % Difference Upper 95% Probablility Limit Meteorological Measurements Ambient Temperature Barometirc Pr ess ure Relative Humidity -1.45% -0.11% -6.47% 0.36% -0.02% -0.25% 2.17% 0.07% 5.98% Performance Overall Average Audit Results Lower 95% Probability Limit Overall Average % Difference Upper 95% Probablility Limit 2016 Ambient Air Surveillance Report 69 Ambient Monitoring Program Overall Average % Difference Appendix Section 2016 Ambient Air Surveillance Report 70 Ambient Monitoring Program Appendix A: Georgia Air Monitoring Network SITE ID Site Name Rome MSA 131150003 Rome Brunswick MSA 131270006 Brunswick Valdosta MSA 131850003 Valdosta Warner Robins MSA COUNTY Black PM2.5 PM2.5 PM2.5 PM PM10 PAMS Carb- Car- Met O3 CO FRM Cont. Spec. Coarse NOx NO2 NOy SO2 Pb PM10 Cont. VOC VOC SVOC onyls Met bon als Floyd SS X S Glynn S S NR Lowndes S S 131530001 Warner Rob- Houston Dalton MSA S S 132130003 Fort Moun- Murray S NR Albany MSA 130950007 Albany Dougherty S S Gainesville MSA 131390003 Gainesville Hall S S Athens-Clark County MSA 130590002 Athens Clarke S SS X Macon MSA 130210007 Macon-Allied Bibb S X 130210012 Macon- Bibb S Columbus Georgia- Alabama MSA Columbus- 132150001 Health Dept. Muscogee S S S S NR NR NR NR 132150008 Columbus- Muscogee S S S 132150009 Columbus- Muscogee S Columbus-Ft. 132150010 Benning Muscogee S 132150011 ColumbusColumbus- 132151003 Crime Lab Savannah MSA Muscogee Muscogee S X Savannah-E. 130510021 President St. Chatham S S S NR NR NR NR NR NR 130510091 Savannah- Chatham S 130511002 Savannah- Chatham S S NR Augusta Georgia-South Carolina MSA 130730001 Evans Columbia S NR 132450091 Augusta Richmond S SS X S S NR Monitoring Types: S=SLAMS; P=PAMS; C=NCore; X=Supplemental Speciation; T=STN; N=NATTS; R=Near-Road; NR=Non-Regulatory; A=CASTNET 2016 Ambient Air Surveillance Report 71 Ambient Monitoring Program Appendix A: Georgia Air Monitoring Network (continued) SITE ID Site Name COUNTY Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Roswell MSA PM2.5 PM2.5 PM2.5 PM NO/ PM10 PAMS Carb- O3 CO FRM Cont. Spec. Coarse NOx NO2 NOy SO2 Pb PM10 Cont VOC VOC SVOC onyls Black Met Met Car- als 130630091 Forest Park Clayton S 130670003 Kennesaw Cobb S S 130770002 Newnan Coweta S S NR 130850001 Dawsonville Dawson S South DeK- S/ C S/P/ 130890002 alb DeKalb S/ P/C S/C S/C T/C S/P S/P C C NR C P N N P/N P N N 130890003 DMRC DeKalb R R S R R 130970004 Douglasville Douglas S NR 131210039 Fire Station Fulton S S 131210055 Confederate Fulton S S GA Tech- 131210056 Near Road Fulton R R S R R NR R R 131350002 Gwinnett Gwinnett S S S 131510002 McDonough Henry S S 132230003 Yorkville Paulding S/P S/P S S NR NR NR P NR 132319991 EPA CAST- Pike A 132470001 Conyers Rockdale S/P P Chattanooga Tennessee-Georgia MSA 132950002 Rossville Not In An MSA Walker S S X 130550001 Summerville Chattooga S 130690002 General Coffee X 132611001 Leslie Sumter S NR NR NR 133030001 Sandersville Washing- S 133190001 Gordon Wilkinson S Monitoring Types: S=SLAMS; P=PAMS; C=NCore; X=Supplemental Speciation; T=STN; N=NATTS; R=Near-Road; NR=Non-Regulatory; A=CASTNET 2016 Ambient Air Surveillance Report 72 Ambient Monitoring Program Appendix B: Air Toxics Compounds Monitored and Risk Assessment Screening Values used in Initial Assessment CAS # Chemical 7440-36-0 7440-38-2 7440-41-7 7440-43-9 18540-29-9 Metals Antimony Arsenic Beryllium Cadmium Chromium** 83-32-9 208-96-8 120-12-7 56-55-3 205-99-2 207-08-9 191-24-2 50-32-8 192-97-2 218-01-9 71-43-2 100-52-7 100-44-7 74-83-9 106-99-0 123-72-8 108-90-7 75-00-3 75-01-4 74-87-3 110-82-7 106-93-4 95-50-1 541-73-1 106-46-7 75-71-8 75-34-3 156-59-2 75-35-4 75-09-2 78-87-5 10061-01-5 10061-02-6 76-14-2 95-47-6 Semi-Volatiles Acenaphthene Acenaphthylene Anthracene Benzo(a)anthracene Benzo(b)fluoranthene Benzo(k)fluoranthene Benzo(g,h,i)perylene Benzo(a)pyrene Benzo(e)pyrene Chrysene Volatile Organic Compounds Benzene Benzenecarbonal (Benzaldehyde) Benzyl chloride Bromomethane (Methyl bromide) 1,3-Butadiene Butanal (Butyraldehyde) Chlorobenzene (Phenyl chloride) Chloroethane (Ethyl chloride) Chloroethene (Vinyl chloride) Chloromethane (Methyl chloride) Cyclohexane 1,2-Dibromoethane (Ethylene dibromide) 1,2-Dichlorobenzene 1,3-Dichlorobenzene 1,4-Dichlorobenzene Dichlorodifluoromethane (Freon 12) 1,1-Dichloroethane (Ethylidene chloride) cis-1,2-Dichloroethene 1,1-Dichloroethene (1,1-Dichloroethylene) Dichloromethane (Methylene chloride) 1,2-Dichloropropane (Propylene dichloride) cis-1,3-Dichloropropene trans-1,3-Dichloropropene 1,1-Dichloro-1,2,2,2-tetrafluoroethane(Freon114) 1,2-Dimethylbenzene (o-Xylene) Screen Value (g/m3) CAS # Chemical 0.02 7440-48-4 0.00023 7439-92-1 0.00042 7439-96-5 0.00056 7440-02-0 0.000012 7782-49-2 7440-66-6 Cobalt Lead Manganese Nickel Selenium Zinc 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.0091 0.0091 0.0091 0.3 0.00091 0.3 0.091 27208-37-3 53-70-3 206-44-0 86-73-7 193-39-5 91-20-3 85-01-8 198-55-0 129-00-0 Cyclopenta(cd)pyrene Dibenzo(a,h)anthracene Fluoranthene Fluorene Indeno(1,2,3-c,d)pyrene Naphthalene Phenanthrene Perylene Pyrene 0.13 N/A 0.02 0.5 0.03 N/A 100 1000 0.11 9.0 6300* 0.002 210* N/A 0.091 100* 0.63 N/A 210* 100 0.076* N/A N/A N/A 10 108-38-3/106-42-3 1,3 and 1,4-Dimethylbenzene (m/p-Xylene) 75-07-0 Ethanal (Acetaldehyde) 100-41-4 Ethylbenzene 100-42-5 Ethenylbenzene (Styrene) 622-97-9 Benzene,1-ethenyl-4-methyl (p-Ethyltoluene) 76-13-1 Freon 113 87-68-3 Hexachloro-1,3-Butadiene(Hexachlorobutadiene) 110-54-3 50-00-0 n-Hexane Methanal (Formaldehyde) 108-88-3 Methylbenzene/Phenylmethane (Toluene) 123-38-6 67-64-1 Propanal (Propionaldehyde) 2-Propanone (Acetone) 107-02-8 Propenal (Acrolein) 79-34-5 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane 127-18-4 Tetrachloroethene (Perchloroethylene) 56-23-5 Tetrachlormethane (Carbon tetrachloride) 120-82-1 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene 526-73-8 1,2,3-Trimethylbenzene 95-63-6 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene 108-67-8 1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene 71-55-6 1,1,1-Trichloroethane (Methyl chloroform) 79-00-5 1,1,2-Trichloroethane 79-01-6 Trichloroethene (Trichloroethylene) 75-69-4 Trichlorofluoromethane (Freon 11) 67-66-3 Trichloromethane (Chloroform) Screen Value (g/m3) 0.01 0.15 0.3 0.0021 2 N/A N/A 0.00083 0.3 0.3 0.0091 0.3*** 0.3 N/A 0.3 10 0.45 0.4 100 N/A N/A 0.045 70 0.0769 40 0.8 32000* 0.002 0.017 3.846 0.17 20 63* 63* N/A 5000 0.063 0.244 N/A* 9.8 Sources: `A Preliminary Risk-Based Screening Approach for Air Toxics Monitoring Data Sets' (U.S. EPA, 2010)(https://archive.org/details/ APreliminaryRisk-basedScreeningApproachForAirToxicsMonitoringDataSets), "Table 1. Prioritized Chronic Dose-Response Values for Screening Risk Assessments (5/09/2014)(https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2014-05/documents/table1.pdf)." *Regional Screening Table (https://www.epa.gov/risk/regional-screening-levels-rsls-generic-tables-june-2017) **Chromium is a ratio of the total chromium value. ***Naphthalene: 1 in 10,000 uncertainty in IUR; therefore IUR not used in developing screening value. 2016 Ambient Air Surveillance Report 73 Ambient Monitoring Program Appendix C: Meteorological Instruments used in 2016 PARAMETER Wind Speed/Wind Direction Ambient Temperature/ Relative Hu- midity COMPANY R.M. Young R.M. Young R.M. Young R.M. Young INSTRUMENT MODEL Ultrasonic Anemometer Ultrasonic Anemometer TEMP/RH Probe TEMP/RH SENSOR, DEG C 81000 85000 41375V C 41382V C BC Aro uu l gnC us r swL t ic a a k b X X X X X LOCATION D D C aSSY o o C w . a o Mu N S no s Dv r a g e F ENa f n o e . k c l w t. v R v A y n K P v o a n Ma - L v e v a r il n s a t n G & e r il l e l S v n n s T A . s l b s e E il l e e X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X R.M. Barometric Pres- 61201 X X X Young sure Sensor Barometric Pressure R.M. Barometric Pres- Young sure Sensor 61302V X X X Precipitation No- Tipping Bucket 260- X X X X X valynx Rain Gauge 2501 Solar Radiation Eppley Standard Precision PSP/ Lab Pyronometer SPP X X Total Ultraviolet Radiation Data Logger Towers Eppley Lab ESC ESC Aluma Tower Inc. Aluma Tower Inc. Total Ultraviolet Radiometer Data System Controller Data System Controller Crank-Up Tower Fold-Over Tower TUVR X X 8832 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 8816 X T-135 X X X X X X X X X X X X X FOT-10 X X X 2016 Ambient Air Surveillance Report 74 Ambient Monitoring Program Appendix D: Pollutant Concentrations Primary NAAQS: Secondary NAAQS: National Ambient Air Quality Standards for Carbon Monoxide 8-hour average not to exceed 9 ppm more than once per year None Pollutant: Data Interval: Site ID 130890002 131210056 Carbon Monoxide Hourly City County Decatur DeKalb Atlanta Fulton Criteria Pollutant Summary Report - 2016 Site Name South DeKalb GA Tech Near Road Hours Measured 7159 8599 Units: Parts per million (ppm) Max 1 - Hour 1st 2nd Obs. > Max 8 - Hour Obs. 35 > 9 1st 2nd 1.569 1.558 0 1.4 1.2 0 3.2 2.7 0 2.3 2.2 0 Primary NAAQS: Secondary NAAQS: National Ambient Air Quality Standards for Nitrogen Dioxide Annual mean must not exceed 53 ppb 3-year average of the 98th percentile of daily maximum one-hour averages must not exceed 100 ppb Annual mean must not exceed 53 ppb Pollutant: Data Interval: Nitrogen Dioxide Hourly Criteria Pollutant Summary Report - 2016 Units: Parts per billion (ppb) Site ID City County Site Name Hours Measured 98th% 130890002 Decatur DeKalb South DeKalb 8033 49.4 Max 1-Hour 1st 2nd 59.2 57.1 Annual Arithmetic Mean 10.52 130890003 131210056 Atlanta Atlanta DeKalb Fulton DMRC GA Tech Near Road 8569 8536 61.1 72.8 65.5 53.6 61.0 59.6 16.94 19.65 2016 Ambient Air Surveillance Report 75 Ambient Monitoring Program Pollutant: Data Interval: NOx Hourly Site ID City 130890002 130890003 131210056 Decatur Atlanta Atlanta Pollutant Summary Report - 2016 County Site Name Hours Measured DeKalb South DeKalb 8033 DeKalb Fulton DMRC GA Tech Near Road 8568 8536 Units: Parts per billion (ppb) Max 1-Hour 1st 2nd 268.6 261.6 414.4 405.2 298.7 265.4 Annual Arithmetic Mean 21.27 41.28 46.59 Pollutant: Data Interval: NOy Hourly Pollutant Summary Report - 2016 Units: Parts per billion (ppb) Site ID 130890002 City Decatur County DeKalb Site Name South DeKalb Hours Measured 7985 Max 1-Hour 1st 2nd 202.0 200.0 Annual Arithmetic Mean 20.88 2016 Ambient Air Surveillance Report 76 Ambient Monitoring Program Primary NAAQS: Secondary NAAQS: Pollutant: Data Interval: Ozone Hourly National Ambient Air Quality Standards for Ozone 3-year average of 4th highest daily maximum 8-hr concentration not to exceed 0.070 ppm Same as the Primary Standards Criteria Pollutant Summary Report - 2016 8-Hour Averages Units: Parts per million (ppm) Site ID City 130210012 Macon 130510021 Savannah 130550001 130590002 130670003 130730001 130770002 Summerville Athens Kennesaw Evans Newnan 130850001 Dawsonville 130890002 Decatur 130970004 Douglasville 131210055 Atlanta 131270006 Brunswick 131350002 Lawrenceville 131510002 McDonough 132130003 Chatsworth 132150008 Columbus 132230003 132319991 132450091 132470001 Yorkville Williamson Augusta Conyers 132611001 Leslie County Bibb Chatham Chattooga Clarke Cobb Columbia Coweta Dawson DeKalb Douglas Fulton Glynn Gwinnett Henry Murray Muscogee Paulding Pike Richmond Rockdale Sumter Site Name MaconForestry Savannah-E. Pres. St. Summerville Athens Kennesaw Evans Newnan Dawsonville South DeKalb Douglasville Confederate Ave. Brunswick Gwinnett Tech McDonough Fort Mountain ColumbusAirport Yorkville CASTNET Augusta Conyers Leslie Days Measured 241 220 240 244 244 241 244 240 233 243 241 224 243 243 241 237 227 234 241 238 243 1st Max 2nd Max 3rd Max 4thMax 0.079 0.077 0.074 0.062 0.068 0.071 0.105 0.068 0.087 0.078 0.083 0.059 0.066 0.069 0.076 0.066 0.069 0.076 0.082 0.059 0.065 0.069 0.071 0.065 0.069 0.069 0.078 0.086 0.075 0.074 0.088 0.085 0.078 0.064 0.082 0.060 0.082 0.059 0.080 0.089 0.084 0.078 0.074 0.069 0.068 0.075 0.068 0.065 0.078 0.078 0.067 0.082 0.071 0.075 0.066 0.077 0.069 0.074 0.066 0.077 0.071 0.067 0.066 0.070 0.058 0.065 0.069 0.070 0.062 0.066 0.067 0.074 0.071 0.075 0.057 0.078 0.078 0.067 0.065 0.067 0.071 0.065 0.076 0.065 Number of Days >0.070 3 0 0 1 3 0 1 2 7 7 12 0 6 8 1 1 2 4 0 9 1 2016 Ambient Air Surveillance Report 77 Ambient Monitoring Program Pollutant: Data Interval: Ozone Hourly Site ID City 130210012 Macon 130510021 Savannah 130550001 Summerville 130590002 Athens 130670003 130730001 130770002 Kennesaw Evans Newnan 130850001 130890002 130970004 131210055 Dawsonville Decatur Douglasville Atlanta 131270006 Brunswick 131350002 Lawrenceville 131510002 132130003 132150008 132230003 132319991 132450091 132470001 132611001 McDonough Chatsworth Columbus Yorkville Williamson Augusta Conyers Leslie Criteria Pollutant Summary Report - 2016 County Bibb Chatham Chattooga Clarke Cobb Columbia Coweta Dawson DeKalb Douglas Fulton Glynn Gwinnett Henry Murray Muscogee Paulding Pike Richmond Rockdale Sumter 1-Hour Averages Site Name Macon-Forestry Savannah-E. Pres. St. Summerville Athens Kennesaw Evans Newnan Dawsonville South DeKalb Douglasville Confederate Ave. Brunswick Gwinnett Tech McDonough Fort Mountain Columbus- Airport Yorkville CASTNET Augusta Conyers Leslie Units: Parts per million (ppm) Days Measured 243 227 242 245 245 241 245 244 234 245 242 227 245 244 243 237 236 236 244 241 245 1st Max 0.089 0.074 0.085 0.086 0.115 0.075 0.100 0.090 0.105 0.091 0.102 0.071 0.094 0.106 0.086 0.083 0.084 0.085 0.080 0.100 0.075 2nd Max 0.089 0.069 0.072 0.079 0.087 0.073 0.078 0.082 0.097 0.087 0.097 0.069 0.092 0.097 0.072 0.076 0.079 0.082 0.076 0.095 0.074 2016 Ambient Air Surveillance Report 78 Ambient Monitoring Program Primary NAAQS: Secondary NAAQS: National Ambient Air Quality Standards for Sulfur Dioxide 3-year average of 99th percentile of the daily maximum 1-hour concentration not to exceed 75 ppb 3-hour concentrations not to exceed 0.5 ppm (500 ppb) more than once per year Pollutant: Data Interval: Sulfur Dioxide Hourly Criteria Pollutant Summary Report - 2016 Units: Parts per billion (ppb) Site ID 130210012 City Macon County Site Name Hours Measured Macon- Bibb Forestry 8604 Max 24 Hour 1st 2nd 2.6 1.8 Max 3 Hour 1st 2nd Max 1-Hour 1st 2nd 99th Pctl 1- Hr Maximum 5Minute Average Annual Arithmetic Mean 6.8 5.5 13.7 7.6 6.0 13.7 1.04 130510021 Savan- Chat- Savannah- 8252 10.6 10.5 28.7 22.9 38.3 33.5 28.7 38.3 1.57 nah ham E. Pres. St Savan- Chat- Savannah- 130511002 nah ham L&A 8555 12.8 12.4 29.7 27.0 60.7 46.5 40.1 60.7 1.68 South 130890002 Decatur DeKalb DeKalb 8293 2.4 1.5 8.0 6.5 32.2 31.9 31.6 32.2 0.24 131150003 Rome Floyd Rome 8667 14.8 7.7 41.3 37.7 78.7 73.1 48.7 78.7 1.61 131210055 Atlanta Fulton Confeder- 8500 4.2 3.3 9.9 8.7 38.2 13.2 6.3 38.2 1.04 ate Ave. 132450091 Augusta Richmond Augusta 8590 12.0 9.7 38.5 35.3 89.5 78.3 58.0 89.5 1.79 2016 Ambient Air Surveillance Report 79 Ambient Monitoring Program Primary NAAQS: Secondary NAAQS: National Ambient Air Quality Standards for Particulate Matter PM2.5 3-year average of the annual weighted mean not to exceed 12.0g/m3 3-year average of the 98th percentile of 24-hour concentration not to exceed 35g/m3 3-year average of the annual weighted mean not to exceed 15.0g/m3 3-year average of the 98th percentile of 24-hour concentration not to exceed 35g/m3 Pollutant: Data Interval: Site ID 130210007 Criteria Pollutant Summary Report - 2016 Particulate Matter PM2.5 24-Hour Units: Micrograms per cubic meter (g/m3 ) 98th% and Annual Arithmetic Mean Integrated Sampling (midnight to midnight) Using Federal Reference Method Values Annual City County Site Name Days Measured 98th Percentile Exceeding Applicable Daily Standard Arithmetic Mean Macon Bibb Macon-Allied 287 21.2 1 9.73 130210012 Macon Bibb Macon-Forestry 115 14.2 1 6.53 130510091 Savannah Chatham Savannah- 116 24.5 1 8.33 Mercer 130590002 Athens Clarke Athens 117 14.8 1 8.33 130630091 Forest Park Clayton Forest Park 120 17.3 1 9.28 130670003 Kennesaw Cobb Kennesaw 303 18.2 1 9.26 130890002 Decatur DeKalb South DeKalb 291 18.3 1 8.92 130950007 Albany Dougherty Albany 294 20.4 0 8.62 131150003 Rome Floyd Rome 298 18.4 0 9.43 131210039 Atlanta Fulton Fire Station #8 122 19.9 131210056 Atlanta GA Tech Near Fulton Road 122 24.2 131270006 Brunswick Glynn Brunswick 121 34.2 1 9.92 1 10.76 2 7.86 2016 Ambient Air Surveillance Report 80 Ambient Monitoring Program Primary NAAQS: Secondary NAAQS: National Ambient Air Quality Standards for Particulate Matter PM2.5 3-year average of the annual weighted mean not to exceed 12.0g/m3 3-year average of the 98th percentile of 24-hour concentration not to exceed 35g/m3 3-year average of the annual weighted mean not to exceed 15.0g/m3 3-year average of the 98th percentile of 24-hour concentration not to exceed 35g/m3 Pollutant: Data Interval: Site ID Criteria Pollutant Summary Report - 2016 Particulate Matter PM2.5 24-Hour Units: Micrograms per cubic meter (g/m3 ) 98th% and Annual Arithmetic Mean Integrated Sampling (midnight to midnight) Using Federal Reference Method Values City County Site Name Days Measured 98th Percentile Exceeding Applicable Annual Arithmetic Daily Stand- Mean ard 131350002 Lawrenceville Gwinnett Gwinnett Tech 121 18.1 1 8.47 131390003 Gainesville Hall Gainesville 119 23.3 2 8.50 131530001 Warner Robins Houston Warner Robins 119 19.1 1 7.89 131850003 Valdosta Lowndes Valdosta 117 17.1 0 7.26 Columbus- 132150001 Columbus Muscogee Health Dept. 117 18.0 1 9.10 Columbus 132150008 Columbus Muscogee Airport 121 16.5 0 8.68 Columbus- 132150011 Columbus Muscogee Cusseta 121 33.8 2 9.57 132230003 Yorkville Paulding Yorkville 116 14.2 0 7.31 132450091 Augusta Richmond Augusta 119 30.0 2 9.55 132950002 Rossville Walker Rossville 115 16.9 1 9.21 Washing- 133030001 Sandersville ton Sandersville 119 25.0 1 8.08 133190001 Gordon Wilkinson Gordon 117 20.1 2 9.52 2016 Ambient Air Surveillance Report 81 Ambient Monitoring Program Pollutant: Data Interval: Pollutant Summary Report - 2016 Particulate Matter PM2.5 1-Hour Units: Micrograms per cubic meter (g/m3 ) Hourly Averages of Semi-Continuous Measurements Hours Meas- Annual Arith- Site ID City County Site Name 1st Max 2nd Max ured metic Mean 130210012 Macon Bibb Macon-Forestry 8579 130511002 Savannah Chatham Savannah-L&A 130590002 Athens Clarke Athens 130770002 Newnan Coweta Newnan 130890002 Decatur DeKalb South DeKalb 130950007 131210055 Albany Atlanta Dougherty Fulton Albany Confederate Avenue 131350002 Lawrenceville Gwinnett Gwinnett Tech 8367 8597 8611 6614 6345 8583 8444 131510002 McDonough Henry McDonough 8669 131530001 Warner Robins Houston Warner Robins 8118 131850003 132150008 132230003 132450091 Valdosta Columbus Yorkville Augusta Lowndes Muscogee Paulding Richmond Valdosta Columbus- Airport Yorkville Augusta 7745 8434 8406 8589 132950002 Rossville Walker Rossville 8181 115.6 154.1 177.0 139.4 100.0 82.0 90.4 151.2 96.5 82.0 90.0 143.1 155.9 121.7 161.0 114.7 113.7 172.2 110.6 95.0 68.0 84.8 147.4 84.1 78.0 87.0 127.0 146.6 121.6 151.0 7.38 8.3 7.79 7.56 12.83 9.11 11.09 8.05 7.62 8.56 8.63 7.98 10.26 8.88 10.4 2016 Ambient Air Surveillance Report 82 Ambient Monitoring Program Primary NAAQS: Secondary NAAQS: National Ambient Air Quality Standards for Particulate Matter PM10 Number of days with a maximum of 24-hour concentration of 150g/m3 must not exceed more than once per year on average over 3 years Same as the Primary Standards Pollutant: Data Interval: Site ID Criteria Pollutant Summary Report - 2016 Particulate Matter PM10 24-Hour Units: Micrograms per cubic meter (g/m3 ) 24-Hour Integrated Measurements Annual City County Site Name Days Measured 1st Max Number Values >150 Arithmetic Mean 131210039 Atlanta Fulton Fire Station #8 60 68 0 15.8 132450091 Augusta Richmond Augusta 58 43 0 15.5 Site ID 130890002 City Decatur Hourly Continuous Measurements County Site Name Hours Measured DeKalb South DeKalb 8687 1st Max 212 Annual Arithmetic Mean 17.2 2016 Ambient Air Surveillance Report 83 Ambient Monitoring Program Primary NAAQS: Secondary NAAQS: National Ambient Air Quality Standards for Lead Rolling 3-month average not to exceed 0.15 g/m3 Same as the Primary Standard Pollutant: Data Interval: Lead 24-Hour Criteria Pollutant Summary Report - 2016 Units: Micrograms per cubic meter (g/m3 ) Site ID City County Site Name Number of Obs. Nov 2015-Jan 2016 Dec 2015-Feb 2016 Jan 2016-Mar 2016 Feb 2016-Apr 2016 Mar 2016-May 2016 Apr 2016-Jun 2016 May 2016-Jul 2016 Jun 2016-Aug 2016 Jul 2016-Sep 2016 Aug 2016-Oct 2016 Sep 2016-Nov 2016 Oct 2016-Dec 2016 # of Values > 0.15 130890003 Atlanta DeKalb DMRC 45 0.0019 0.0023 0.0022 0.0022 0.0016 0.0016 0 132150009 Columbus Muscogee Columbus-UPS 70 0.1431 0.1466 0.1451 0.0133 0.0154 0.0287 0.0331 0.0296 0.0179 0.0154 0.3566 0.3565 2 132150010 Columbus Muscogee Columbus-Ft. Benning 71 0.0196 0.0148 0.0169 0.0219 0.0218 0.0176 0.0107 0.0429 0.0477 0.0539 0.0334 0.0261 0 132150011 Columbus Muscogee Columbus-Cusseta 65 0.0039 0.0031 0.0020 0.0027 0.0039 0.0043 0.0030 0.0026 0.0028 0.0124 0.0735 0.0750 0 2016 Ambient Air Surveillance Report 84 Ambient Monitoring Program Name PAMSHC TNMOC Ethane Ethylene Propane Propylene Acetylene n-Butane Isobutane trans-2-Butene cis-2-Butene n-Pentane Isopentane 1-Pentene trans-2-Pentene cis-2-Pentene PAMS Continuous Hydrocarbon Data (June-August 2016) (concentrations in parts per billion Carbon (ppbC)) Site #Samples Avg. 1st Max S. DeKalb 1937 39.87 205.8 S. DeKalb 1937 53.59 251.4 S. DeKalb 1939 4.191 38.29 S. DeKalb 1939 1.502 10.62 S. DeKalb 19.39 3.189 23.14 S. DeKalb 1939 0.842 4.54 S. DeKalb 1939 0.520 7.30 S. DeKalb 1939 1.408 16.13 S. DeKalb 1939 0.662 8.41 S. DeKalb 1939 0.053 0.83 S. DeKalb 1939 0.045 2.74 S. DeKalb 1939 2.041 19.03 S. DeKalb 1939 2.836 42.45 S. DeKalb 1939 0.081 0.99 S. DeKalb 1939 0.078 1.09 S. DeKalb 1939 0.034 0.52 3-Methylpentane S. DeKalb 1939 0.366 5.02 n-Hexane n-Heptane n-Octane S. DeKalb S. DeKalb S. DeKalb 1940 1940 1940 0.527 0.304 0.130 7.36 10.16 0.82 2nd Max 178 216.4 28.83 8.68 21.85 4.32 5.7 8.26 7.88 0.68 0.82 18.46 25.88 0.51 0.99 0.44 4.08 3.89 6.14 0.74 2016 Ambient Air Surveillance Report 85 Ambient Monitoring Program Name n-Nonane n-Decane PAMS Continuous Hydrocarbon Data (June-August 2016)(continued) (concentrations in ppbC) Site #Samples Avg. 1st Max S. DeKalb 1940 0.127 4.21 S. DeKalb 1940 0.163 9.53 Cyclopentane Isoprene 2,2-Dimethylbutane 2,4-Dimethylpentane Cyclohexane 3-Methylhexane 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane S. DeKalb S. DeKalb S. DeKalb S. DeKalb S. DeKalb S. DeKalb S. DeKalb 1939 1939 1939 1940 1940 1940 1940 0.148 5.980 0.048 0.123 0.138 0.438 0.573 1.66 38.76 0.55 1.32 1.21 9.73 4.75 2,3,4-Trimethylpentane S. DeKalb 1940 0.169 1.60 3-Methylheptane S. DeKalb 1940 0.113 0.93 Methylcyclohexane S. DeKalb 1940 0.274 1.91 Methylcyclopentane S. DeKalb 1940 0.345 3.97 2-Methylhexane S. DeKalb 1940 0.305 5.53 1-Butene S. DeKalb 1939 0.269 0.96 2,3-Dimethylbutane S. DeKalb 1939 0.126 3.20 2-Methylpentane S. DeKalb 1939 0.464 6.41 2,3-Dimethylpentane S. DeKalb 1940 0.224 2.60 n-Undecane S. DeKalb 1940 0.189 6.36 2-Methylheptane S. DeKalb 1940 0.076 0.82 2nd Max 3.28 6.91 1.12 37.47 0.4 0.98 0.91 4.76 4.46 1.29 0.92 1.86 2.8 3.08 0.9 2.94 4.42 1.86 5.05 0.73 2016 Ambient Air Surveillance Report 86 Ambient Monitoring Program PAMS Continuous Hydrocarbon Data (June-August 2016) (continued) (concentrations in ppbC) Name Site #Samples Avg. 1st Max m & p Xylenes S. DeKalb 1940 1.037 40.61 Benzene S. DeKalb 1940 0.580 4.6 Toluene S. DeKalb 1940 2.170 94.67 Ethylbenzene S. DeKalb 1940 0.309 10.08 o-Xylene S. DeKalb 1940 0.414 10.00 1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene S. DeKalb 1940 0.201 5.46 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene S. DeKalb 1940 0.486 16.16 n-Propylbenzene S. DeKalb 1940 0.076 3.87 Isopropylbenzene S. DeKalb 1940 0.030 0.71 o-Ethyltoluene S. DeKalb 1940 0.122 4.69 m-Ethyltoluene S. DeKalb 1940 1.751 12.09 m-Diethylbenzene S. DeKalb 1940 0.123 0.72 p-Diethylbenzene S. DeKalb 1940 0.119 1.61 Styrene S. DeKalb 1940 0.196 1.27 1,2,3-Trimethylbenzene S. DeKalb 1940 2.876 14.29 p-Ethyltoluene S. DeKalb 1940 0.296 8.01 2nd Max 20.91 4.32 54.44 6.20 5.54 2.81 7.36 2.17 0.44 2.53 10.07 0.62 1.41 1.20 14.22 6.23 2016 Ambient Air Surveillance Report 87 Ambient Monitoring Program Name PAMSHC TNMOC Ethane Ethylene Propane Propylene Acetylene n-Butane Isobutane trans-2-Butene cis-2-Butene n-Pentane Isopentane 1-Pentene Site S. DeKalb S. DeKalb S. DeKalb S. DeKalb S. DeKalb S. DeKalb S. DeKalb S. DeKalb S. DeKalb S. DeKalb S. DeKalb S. DeKalb S. DeKalb S. DeKalb PAMS 2016 24-hour Canister Hydrocarbons (concentrations in parts per billion Carbon (ppbC)) #Samples #Detects^ Avg.* 61 61 51.28 61 61 124.61 61 57 6.25 61 1 0.04 61 58 4.07 61 49 0.60 46 40 1.30 61 42 3.63 61 26 0.76 61 ND 61 ND 61 61 3.30 61 57 3.78 61 22 0.11 1st Max 150 250 18.0 2.2 11.0 3.2 7.4 20.0 5.5 35.0 11.0 0.6 2nd Max 110 250 13.0 9.1 1.5 2.7 13.0 3.3 14.0 9.8 0.5 2016 Ambient Air Surveillance Report 88 Ambient Monitoring Program Name trans-2-Pentene cis-2-Pentene 3-Methylpentane n-Hexane n-Heptane n-Octane n-Nonane n-Decane Cyclopentane Isoprene 2,2-Dimethylbutane 2,4-Dimethylpentane Cyclohexane 3-Methylhexane PAMS 2016 24-hour Canister Hydrocarbons (continued) (concentrations in ppbC) Site #Samples #Detects^ Avg.* S. DeKalb 61 S. DeKalb 61 S. DeKalb 61 S. DeKalb 61 S. DeKalb 61 S. DeKalb 61 S. DeKalb 61 S. DeKalb 61 S. DeKalb 61 S. DeKalb 61 S. DeKalb 61 S. DeKalb 61 S. DeKalb 61 S. DeKalb 61 10 0.06 4 0.02 58 0.87 58 1.40 42 0.38 17 0.08 11 0.06 13 0.07 15 0.09 36 4.16 19 0.12 13 0.08 18 0.10 41 0.42 1st Max 0.6 0.4 2.1 12.0 1.3 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.6 15 0.6 0.7 0.5 1.4 2nd Max 0.4 0.2 1.9 9.3 1.2 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.6 15 0.6 0.4 0.5 1.3 2016 Ambient Air Surveillance Report 89 Ambient Monitoring Program Name 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane 2,3,4-Trimethylpentane 3-Methylheptane Methylcyclohexane Methylcyclopentane 2-Methylhexane 1-Butene 2,3-Dimenthylbutane 2-Methylpentane 2,3-Dimethylpentane n-Undecane 2-Methylheptane m & p Xylenes Benzene PAMS 2016 24-hour Canister Hydrocarbons (continued) (concentrations in ppbC) Site #Samples #Detects^ Avg.* S. DeKalb 61 S. DeKalb 61 S. DeKalb 61 S. DeKalb 61 S. DeKalb 61 S. DeKalb 61 S. DeKalb 61 S. DeKalb 61 S. DeKalb 61 S. DeKalb 61 56 1.62 21 0.14 10 0.04 20 0.15 44 0.53 37 0.32 22 0.14 23 0.19 56 1.07 30 0.23 S. DeKalb 61 S. DeKalb 61 S. DeKalb 61 S. DeKalb 61 22 0.10 8 0.04 58 1.34 61 1.19 1st Max 4.3 0.7 0.5 0.9 3.0 1.1 1.0 0.9 3.6 0.9 0.5 0.4 3.8 4.2 2ndMax 3.0 0.7 0.4 0.7 3.0 1.0 0.7 0.8 3.5 0.8 0.4 0.4 3.7 3.8 2016 Ambient Air Surveillance Report 90 Ambient Monitoring Program Name Toluene Ethylbenzene o-Xylene PAMS 2016 24-HOUR Canister Hydrocarbons (continued) (concentrations in ppbC) Site #Samples #Detects^ Avg.* S. DeKalb 61 61 2.69 S. DeKalb 61 39 0.34 S. DeKalb 61 51 0.52 1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene S. DeKalb 61 14 0.11 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene S. DeKalb 61 61 4.80 n-Propylbenzene S. DeKalb 61 Isopropylbenzene S. DeKalb 61 o-Ethyltoluene S. DeKalb 61 m-Ethyltoluene p-Ethyltoluene S. DeKalb 61 S. DeKalb 61 m-Diethylbenzene S. DeKalb 61 p-Diethylbenzene S. DeKalb 61 Styrene S. DeKalb 61 1,2,3-Trimethylbenzene S. DeKalb 61 4 0.02 ND 32 0.24 34 0.30 43 0.36 4 0.02 7 0.04 50 0.41 17 0.10 1st Max 9.5 1.1 1.4 1.4 18.0 0.3 0.9 1.1 1.0 0.6 0.5 1.1 0.6 2ndMax 6.7 1.1 1.4 0.6 15.0 0.3 0.8 1.0 0.9 0.4 0.4 0.9 0.5 2016 Ambient Air Surveillance Report 91 Ambient Monitoring Program Name Antimony Arsenic 2016 Metals (concentrations in micrograms per cubic meter (g/m3)) Site #Samples #Detects^ Avg.* Macon-Forestry 29 29 0.00129 Savannah-E. Pres. St. 30 30 0.00094 General Coffee 28 27 0.00029 Yorkville 29 29 0.00071 South DeKalb** 61 61 0.00257 Macon-Forestry 29 22 0.00059 Savannah-E. Pres. St. 30 24 0.00048 General Coffee 28 15 0.00037 Yorkville South DeKalb** Macon-Forestry 29 24 0.00080 61 49 0.00059 29 ND Savannah-E. Pres. St. 30 Beryllium General Coffee 28 Yorkville 29 South DeKalb** 61 3 0.00003 ND 2 0.00003 1 0.00003 Macon-Forestry 29 27 0.00008 Savannah-E. Pres. St. 30 30 0.00017 Cadmium General Coffee Yorkville 28 27 0.00007 29 28 0.00008 South DeKalb** 61 25 0.00009 Macon-Forestry 29 29 0.00138 Savannah-E. Pres. St. 30 30 0.00171 Chromium General Coffee 28 28 0.00122 Yorkville 29 29 0.00189 South DeKalb** 61 61 0.00184 Macon-Forestry 29 4 0.00011 Savannah-E. Pres. St. 30 7 0.00012 Cobalt General Coffee 28 ND Yorkville 29 5 0.00009 South DeKalb** 61 16 0.00008 1st Max 0.00945 0.00190 0.00063 0.00202 0.01264 0.00167 0.00104 0.00093 0.00246 0.00161 0.00015 0.00014 0.00010 0.00016 0.00036 0.00017 0.00015 0.00054 0.00263 0.00378 0.00214 0.01051 0.00390 0.00048 0.00041 0.00036 0.00033 2nd Max 0.00648 0.00178 0.04772 0.00187 0.00957 0.00142 0.00094 0.00065 0.00146 0.00145 0.00007 0.00004 0.00014 0.00031 0.00016 0.00014 0.00049 0.00251 0.00317 0.00194 0.00285 0.00379 0.00031 0.00021 0.00021 0.00020 2016 Ambient Air Surveillance Report 92 Ambient Monitoring Program Name Lead Manganese Nickel Selenium Zinc Site Macon-Forestry Savannah-E. Pres. St. General Coffee Yorkville South DeKalb** Macon-Forestry Savannah-E. Pres. St. General Coffee Yorkville South DeKalb** Macon-Forestry Savannah-E. Pres. St. General Coffee Yorkville South DeKalb** Macon-Forestry Savannah-E. Pres. St. General Coffee Yorkville South DeKalb** Macon-Forestry Savannah-E. Pres. St. General Coffee Yorkville South DeKalb** 2016 Metals (continued) (concentrations in g/m3) #Samples #Detects^ 29 29 30 30 28 28 29 29 61 61 29 29 30 30 28 28 29 29 61 61 29 27 30 28 28 26 29 27 61 57 29 21 30 18 28 11 29 15 61 14 21 21 23 23 21 21 28 28 60 60 Avg.* 0.00170 0.00280 0.00094 0.00157 0.00192 0.00807 0.00883 0.00313 0.00596 0.00441 0.00049 0.00080 0.00082 0.00053 0.00057 0.00029 0.00021 0.00012 0.00019 0.00016 0.02693 0.02462 0.01991 0.01368 0.01642 1st Max 0.00396 0.01551 0.00153 0.00514 0.00668 0.02059 0.03441 0.00736 0.02756 0.01820 0.00091 0.00179 0.00231 0.00107 0.00114 0.00095 0.00074 0.00041 0.00078 0.00137 0.13502 0.08524 0.06599 0.02803 0.04189 2nd Max 0.00363 0.00755 0.00143 0.00283 0.00433 0.01845 0.03430 0.00697 0.01341 0.01264 0.00085 0.00165 0.00179 0.00083 0.00110 0.00090 0.00069 0.00032 0.00056 0.00079 0.06352 0.04772 0.04225 0.02121 0.04145 2016 Ambient Air Surveillance Report 93 Ambient Monitoring Program Name Acenaphthene Acenaphthylene Anthracene Benzo(a)anthracene Benzo(a)pyrene Benzo(b)fluoranthene Benzo(e)pyrene 2016 Semi-Volatile Compounds (concentrations in g/m3) Site #Samples #Detects^ Macon-Forestry 22 22 Savannah-E. Pres. St. 21 21 General Coffee 20 15 South DeKalb* 55 55 Yorkville 27 25 Macon-Forestry 20 3 Savannah-E. Pres. St. 21 2 General Coffee 20 2 South DeKalb* 55 10 Yorkville 27 2 Macon-Forestry 22 ND Savannah-E. Pres. St. 21 1 General Coffee 20 2 South DeKalb* 55 2 Yorkville 27 1 Macon-Forestry 22 ND Savannah-E. Pres. St. 21 1 General Coffee 21 ND South DeKalb* 55 1 Yorkville 27 ND Macon-Forestry 22 ND Savannah-E. Pres. St. 21 1 General Coffee 21 ND South DeKalb* 55 2 Yorkville 27 ND Macon-Forestry 22 ND Savannah-E. Pres. St. 21 1 General Coffee 21 ND South DeKalb* 55 3 Yorkville 27 1 Macon-Forestry 22 ND Savannah-E. Pres. St. 21 ND General Coffee 21 1 South DeKalb* 55 7 Yorkville 27 1 Avg.** 0.00301 0.00143 0.00039 0.00170 0.00091 0.00011 0.00017 0.00011 0.00021 0.00015 0.00013 0.00011 0.00019 0.00014 0.00011 0.00015 0.00011 0.00015 0.00011 0.00015 0.00014 0.00011 0.00016 0.00014 1st Max 0.01330 0.00509 0.00198 0.00456 0.00155 0.00025 0.00210 0.00035 0.00104 0.00018 0.00090 0.00045 0.00248 0.00015 0.00021 0.00073 0.00021 0.00085 0.00028 0.00032 0.00015 0.00018 0.00085 0.00015 2nd Max 0.00970 0.00344 0.00173 0.00416 0.00095 0.00020 0.00025 0.00015 0.00080 0.00015 0.00391 0.00082 0.00015 0.00015 0.00015 0.00021 2016 Ambient Air Surveillance Report 94 Ambient Monitoring Program Name Benzo(g,h,i)perylene Benzo(k)fluoranthene Chrysene Dibenzo(a,h)anthracene Fluoranthene Fluorene Indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene 2016 Semi-Volatile Compounds (continued) (concentrations in g/m3) Site #Samples #Detects^ Macon-Forestry 21 ND Avg.** Savannah-E. Pres. St. 21 2 0.00011 General Coffee 21 South DeKalb* 55 Yorkville 27 Macon-Forestry 22 Savannah-E. Pres. St. 21 ND 10 0.00016 1 0.00014 ND ND General Coffee 21 1 0.00011 South DeKalb* 55 3 0.00015 Yorkville 27 1 0.00014 Macon-Forestry 21 ND Savannah-E. Pres. St. 21 General Coffee 21 2 0.00011 1 0.00013 South DeKalb* 55 8 0.00017 Yorkville 27 1 0.00014 Macon-Forestry 22 ND Savannah-E. Pres. St. 21 ND General Coffee 21 ND South DeKalb* 55 ND Yorkville 27 ND Macon-Forestry 22 20 0.00085 Savannah-E. Pres. St. 21 General Coffee 20 South DeKalb* 55 Yorkville 27 18 0.00049 14 0.00047 55 0.00076 19 0.00044 Macon-Forestry 22 22 0.00225 Savannah-E. Pres. St. 21 21 0.00132 General Coffee 20 17 0.00056 South DeKalb* 55 55 0.00219 Yorkville 27 Macon-Forestry 22 Savannah-E. Pres. St. 21 24 0.00150 ND 2 0.00011 General Coffee 21 1 0.00011 South DeKalb* 55 Yorkville 27 6 0.00015 1 0.00014 1st Max 0.00021 0.00091 0.00015 0.00019 0.00047 0.00016 0.00020 0.00035 0.00113 0.00015 0.00301 0.00140 0.00218 0.00197 0.00058 0.00603 0.00357 0.00231 0.00619 0.00225 0.00018 0.00021 0.00085 0.00015 2nd Max 0.00015 0.00021 0.00033 0.00018 0.00030 0.00213 0.00136 0.00125 0.00186 0.00050 0.00570 0.00209 0.00143 0.00544 0.00185 0.00015 0.00018 2016 Ambient Air Surveillance Report 95 Ambient Monitoring Program Name Naphthalene Phenanthrene Pyrene Perylene 2016 Semi-Volatile Compounds (continued) (concentrations in g/m3) Site #Samples #Detects^ Avg.** Macon-Forestry 22 21 0.02190 Savannah-E. Pres. St. 21 21 0.01342 General Coffee 20 20 0.00772 South DeKalb* 55 55 0.04823 Yorkville 27 27 0.01620 Macon-Forestry 22 22 0.00487 Savannah-E. Pres. St. 21 21 0.00239 General Coffee 21 20 0.00138 South DeKalb* 55 55 0.00389 Yorkville 27 23 0.00252 Macon-Forestry 22 19 0.00032 Savannah-E. Pres. St. 21 16 0.00026 General Coffee 21 12 0.00051 South DeKalb* 55 50 0.00039 Yorkville South DeKalb* 27 9 0.00022 55 ND 1st Max 0.05382 0.04760 0.06561 0.12346 0.02960 0.01623 0.00634 0.00430 0.00909 0.00429 0.00101 0.00123 0.00261 0.00131 0.00032 2nd Max 0.04517 0.02344 0.02103 0.11569 0.01831 0.01457 0.00568 0.00391 0.00768 0.00283 0.00068 0.00057 0.00138 0.00055 0.00020 ND indicates no detection ^Detect is counted as any value above half method detection limit. *Sample collected every 6 days. **When a detected concentration is below one half of the method detection limit, then one half of the method detection level is used to calculate the average. 2016 Ambient Air Surveillance Report 96 Ambient Monitoring Program Name Freon 113 Freon 114 1,3-Butadiene Cyclohexane Chloromethane Dichloromethane 2016 Volatile Organic Compounds (concentrations in g/m3) Site #Samples #Detects^ Avg.** Macon-Forestry 29 ND Savannah-E. Pres. St. 25 ND General Coffee 22 ND South DeKalb* 60 ND DMRC 29 ND Yorkville 28 ND Macon-Forestry 29 ND Savannah-E. Pres. St. 25 ND General Coffee 22 South DeKalb* 60 DMRC 29 Yorkville 28 Macon-Forestry 29 Savannah-E. Pres. St. 25 General Coffee 22 South DeKalb* 60 DMRC 29 Yorkville 28 Macon-Forestry 29 ND ND ND ND 1 0.28956 ND ND ND ND ND 1 0.45185 Savannah-E. Pres. St. 25 ND General Coffee 22 South DeKalb* 60 DMRC 29 Yorkville 28 Macon-Forestry 29 ND 1 0.44310 ND 1 6.84299 29 1.09219 Savannah-E. Pres. St. 25 25 1.27740 General Coffee 22 South DeKalb* 60 DMRC 29 Yorkville 28 Macon-Forestry 29 22 0.95366 60 1.03358 29 1.06921 28 1.05694 13 0.52026 Savannah-E. Pres. St. 25 4 0.45609 General Coffee 22 ND South DeKalb* 60 DMRC 29 Yorkville 28 10 0.45517 8 0.46588 3 0.45081 1st Max 0.37616 0.61988 0.75763 185.9632 1.32188 2.16871 1.63170 1.28057 1.50777 1.46646 1.28479 0.48614 0.65976 0.59031 0.45141 2nd Max 1.28057 1.75562 1.48711 1.23926 1.25992 1.23926 0.55558 0.45141 0.59031 0.55558 0.43405 2016 Ambient Air Surveillance Report 97 Ambient Monitoring Program Name Chloroform Carbon tetrachloride Trichlorofluoromethane Chloroethane 1,1-Dichloroethane Methyl chloroform 2016 Volatile Organic Compounds (continued) (concentrations in g/m3) Site #Samples #Detects^ Avg.** Macon-Forestry 29 ND Savannah-E. Pres. St. 25 ND General Coffee 22 ND South DeKalb* 60 ND DMRC 29 ND Yorkville 28 ND Macon-Forestry 29 ND Savannah-E. Pres. St. 25 ND General Coffee 22 ND South DeKalb* 60 ND DMRC 29 ND Yorkville 28 ND Macon-Forestry 29 Savannah-E. Pres. St. 25 29 1.16947 25 1.18012 General Coffee 22 22 1.03673 South DeKalb* 60 60 1.19183 DMRC 29 29 1.16326 Yorkville 28 28 1.15687 Macon-Forestry 29 ND Savannah-E. Pres. St. 25 ND General Coffee 22 ND South DeKalb* 60 ND DMRC 29 ND Yorkville 28 ND Macon-Forestry 29 ND Savannah-E. Pres. St. 25 ND General Coffee 22 ND South DeKalb* 60 ND DMRC 29 ND Yorkville 28 ND Macon-Forestry 29 ND Savannah-E. Pres. St. 25 ND General Coffee 22 ND South DeKalb* 60 ND DMRC Yorkville 29 ND 28 ND 1st Max 1.40491 1.40491 1.40491 1.5173 1.4611 1.5173 2nd Max 1.29252 1.29252 1.23632 1.34871 1.34871 1.34871 2016 Ambient Air Surveillance Report 98 Ambient Monitoring Program Name Ethylene dichloride Tetrachloroethylene 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane Bromomethane 1,1,2-Trichloroethane Dichlorodifluoromethane 2016 Volatile Organic Compounds (continued) (concentrations in g/m3) Site #Samples #Detects^ Macon-Forestry 29 ND Savannah-E. Pres. St. 25 ND General Coffee 22 ND South DeKalb* 60 ND DMRC 29 ND Yorkville 28 ND Macon-Forestry 29 ND Savannah-E. Pres. St. 25 ND General Coffee 22 ND South DeKalb* 60 ND DMRC 29 ND Yorkville 28 ND Macon-Forestry 29 ND Savannah-E. Pres. St. 25 ND General Coffee 22 ND South DeKalb* 60 ND DMRC 29 ND Yorkville 28 ND Macon-Forestry 29 ND Savannah-E. Pres. St. 25 3 General Coffee 22 ND South DeKalb* 60 ND DMRC 29 ND Yorkville 28 ND Macon-Forestry 29 ND Savannah-E. Pres. St. 25 ND General Coffee 22 ND South DeKalb* 60 ND DMRC 29 ND Yorkville 28 ND Macon-Forestry 29 29 Savannah-E. Pres. St. 25 25 General Coffee 22 22 South DeKalb* 60 60 DMRC 29 29 Yorkville 28 28 Avg.** 0.58625 1.99582 2.04448 1.66588 1.98904 1.97627 1.95575 1st Max 0.66853 2.22515 2.3735 2.2746 2.3735 2.3735 2.47239 2nd Max 0.62396 1.58233 2.22515 2.17571 1.92847 2.17571 2.32405 2016 Ambient Air Surveillance Report 99 Ambient Monitoring Program Name Trichloroethylene 1,1-Dichloroethylene 1,2-Dichloropropane trans-1,3-Dichloropropene cis-1,3-Dichloropropene cis-1,2-Dichloroethene 2016 Volatile Organic Compounds (continued) (concentrations in g/m3) Site #Samples #Detects^ Avg.** Macon-Forestry 29 ND Savannah-E. Pres. St. 25 ND General Coffee 22 ND South DeKalb* 60 ND DMRC 29 ND Yorkville 28 ND Macon-Forestry 29 ND Savannah-E. Pres. St. 25 ND General Coffee 22 ND South DeKalb* 60 ND DMRC 29 ND Yorkville 28 ND Macon-Forestry 29 ND Savannah-E. Pres. St. 25 ND General Coffee 22 ND South DeKalb* 60 ND DMRC 29 ND Yorkville 28 ND Macon-Forestry 29 ND Savannah-E. Pres. St. 25 ND General Coffee 22 ND South DeKalb* 60 ND DMRC 29 ND Yorkville 28 ND Macon-Forestry 29 ND Savannah-E. Pres. St. 25 ND General Coffee 22 ND South DeKalb* 60 ND DMRC 29 ND Yorkville 28 ND Macon-Forestry 29 ND Savannah-E. Pres. St. 25 ND General Coffee 22 ND South DeKalb* 60 ND DMRC 29 ND Yorkville 28 ND 1st Max 2nd Max 2016 Ambient Air Surveillance Report 100 Ambient Monitoring Program Name Ethylene dibromide Hexachlorobutadiene Vinyl chloride m/p Xylene Benzene Toluene 2016 Volatile Organic Compounds (continued) (concentrations in g/m3) Site #Samples #Detects^ Avg.** Macon-Forestry 29 ND Savannah-E. Pres. St. 25 ND General Coffee 22 ND South DeKalb* 60 ND DMRC 29 ND Yorkville 28 ND Macon-Forestry 29 ND Savannah-E. Pres. St. 25 ND General Coffee 22 ND South DeKalb* 60 ND DMRC 29 ND Yorkville 28 ND Macon-Forestry 29 ND Savannah-E. Pres. St. 25 ND General Coffee 22 ND South DeKalb* 60 ND DMRC 29 ND Yorkville 28 ND Macon-Forestry 29 ND Savannah-E. Pres. St. 25 ND General Coffee 22 ND South DeKalb* 60 11 0.56611 DMRC 29 7 0.61389 Yorkville 28 ND Macon-Forestry 29 7 0.42242 Savannah-E. Pres. St. 25 General Coffee 22 South DeKalb* 60 DMRC 29 Yorkville 28 Macon-Forestry 29 Savannah-E. Pres. St. 25 General Coffee 22 South DeKalb* 60 DMRC 29 Yorkville 28 6 0.44781 2 0.41966 32 0.59440 17 0.65483 2 0.42076 12 0.59361 7 0.53026 ND 29 0.87203 18 0.87454 ND 1st Max 0.78184 1.04245 0.54303 0.92634 0.54303 3.51370 2.01239 0.54303 1.05472 0.79104 4.52025 2.71215 2nd Max 0.54295 0.95558 0.44720 0.54303 0.39928 0.54295 1.50131 0.47914 0.90405 0.71571 0.54295 2.03411 2016 Ambient Air Surveillance Report 101 Ambient Monitoring Program Name Ethylbenzene o- Xylene 1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene Styrene Benzene,1-ethenyl-4- methyl 2016 Volatile Organic Compounds (continued) (concentrations in g/m3) Site #Samples #Detects^ Avg.** Macon-Forestry 29 ND Savannah-E. Pres. St. 25 ND General Coffee 22 ND South DeKalb* 60 ND DMRC 29 ND Yorkville 28 ND Macon-Forestry 29 ND Savannah-E. Pres. St. 25 ND General Coffee 22 ND South DeKalb* 60 ND DMRC 29 ND Yorkville 28 ND Macon-Forestry 29 ND Savannah-E. Pres. St. 25 ND General Coffee 22 ND South DeKalb* 60 ND DMRC 29 ND Yorkville 28 ND Macon-Forestry 29 ND Savannah-E. Pres. St. 25 ND General Coffee 22 ND South DeKalb* 60 ND DMRC 29 ND Yorkville 28 ND Macon-Forestry 29 9 0.69878 Savannah-E. Pres. St. 25 ND General Coffee 22 ND South DeKalb* 60 ND DMRC 29 ND Yorkville 28 ND Macon-Forestry 29 ND Savannah-E. Pres. St. 25 ND General Coffee 22 ND South DeKalb* 60 ND DMRC 29 ND Yorkville 28 ND 1st Max 1.49162 2nd Max 1.44900 2016 Ambient Air Surveillance Report 102 Ambient Monitoring Program Name Chlorobenzene 1,2-Dichlorobenzene 1,3-Dichlorobenzene 1,4-Dichlorobenzene Benzyl chloride 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene 2016 Volatile Organic Compounds (continued) (concentrations in g/m3) Site #Samples #Detects^ Avg.** Macon-Forestry 29 ND Savannah-E. Pres. St. 25 ND General Coffee 22 ND South DeKalb* 60 ND DMRC Yorkville 29 ND 28 ND Macon-Forestry 29 ND Savannah-E. Pres. St. 25 ND General Coffee 22 ND South DeKalb* 60 ND DMRC 29 ND Yorkville 28 ND Macon-Forestry 29 ND Savannah-E. Pres. St. 25 ND General Coffee 22 ND South DeKalb* 60 ND DMRC 29 ND Yorkville 28 ND Macon-Forestry 29 ND Savannah-E. Pres. St. 25 ND General Coffee 22 ND South DeKalb* 60 ND DMRC 29 ND Yorkville 28 ND Macon-Forestry 29 ND Savannah-E. Pres. St. 25 ND General Coffee 22 ND South DeKalb* 60 ND DMRC Yorkville 29 ND 28 ND Macon-Forestry 29 ND Savannah-E. Pres. St. 25 ND General Coffee 22 ND South DeKalb* 60 ND DMRC 29 ND Yorkville 28 ND 1st Max 2nd Max ND indicates no detection ^Detect is counted as any value above half method detection limit. *Sample collected every 6 days **When a detected concentration is below one half of the method detection limit, then one half of the method detection level is used to calculate the average. 2016 Ambient Air Surveillance Report 103 Ambient Monitoring Program Site ID City 130890002 130890003 131210056 Decatur Decatur Atlanta 2016 Black Carbon (concentrations in micrograms per cubic meter) County Site Name Hours Measured Annual Mean DeKalb South DeKalb 5765 1.095 DeKalb DMRC 8756 1.604 Fulton GA Tech NR 8745 1.902 1st Max 7.90 34.64 11.73 2nd Max 5.88 23.76 9.13 2016 Ambient Air Surveillance Report 104 Ambient Monitoring Program 2016 Carbonyl Compounds, 24-hour (concentrations in micrograms per cubic meter) Name Site #Samples #Detects^ Avg.** Savannah-E. Pres. St. 30 30 3.53751 Formaldehyde Yorkville 30 28 4.35711 South DeKalb* 26 26 1.46554 Savannah-E. Pres. St. 30 23 1.60942 Acetaldehyde Yorkville 30 28 2.01350 South DeKalb* 27 27 1.09107 Savannah-E. Pres. St. 30 1 0.63719 Propionaldehyde Yorkville 30 3 0.76155 South DeKalb* 27 4 0.82479 Savannah-E. Pres. St. 30 1 0.68476 Butyraldehyde Yorkville 30 3 0.70084 South DeKalb* 27 1 0.56266 Savannah-E. Pres. St. 30 25 2.81264 Acetone Yorkville 30 26 1.96488 South DeKalb* 27 20 1.06631 Savannah-E. Pres. St. 30 ND Benzaldehyde Yorkville 30 1 0.56200 South DeKalb* 26 ND Savannah-E. Pres. St. 25 7 0.33182 Yorkville 28 15 0.35802 Acrolein (with canister method) DMRC Macon 29 12 0.33614 29 23 0.68320 General Coffee 22 13 0.33428 South DeKalb* 60 20 0.32027 1st Max 2nd Max 38.57062 5.30051 29.08587 10.38422 4.29000 3.87000 20.41974 2.31665 18.00554 6.92281 2.97000 2.77000 2.89280 5.19391 1.79993 6.64000 5.25000 4.36756 3.73961 1.45379 0.60000 7.34546 5.67215 5.67749 5.54017 4.29000 4.15000 2.14681 0.59656 0.94074 0.61951 1.44552 0.48184 0.66540 0.45890 0.48184 0.43595 0.48184 0.45890 0.45890 ND indicates no detection ^Detect is counted as any value above half method detection limit. * Sample collected every 6 days ** When a detected concentration is below one half of the method detection limit, then one half of the method detection level is used to calculate the average. 2016 Ambient Air Surveillance Report 105 Ambient Monitoring Program