Publications of the Georgia State Department of Agriculture for the year 1882, vol. 8

PUBLICATIONS
OP THE
GEORGIA STATE
mfcf
FOR THE YEAR 1882

Volume VIII
J T HENDERSON Commissionef
Atlanta Georgia1883
IAS P HARBISON CO Printers Atlas
IA UEORCJIAUBRApy
A
BAR 6 45Circular No 25
New Series j

SEASON OF 188182

ANALYSES
AND
COMMERCIAL VALUES
Commercial Fertilizers
CHEMICALS
INSPECTED ANALYZED AND ADMITTED TO SALE IN GEORGIA
TO THE 15TH OF FEBRUARY 1882
JNDER THB SUPERVISION OF
THE COMMISSIONER OF AGRICULTURE
OF THE STATE OF GEORGIA
ATLANTA GEORGIA
1882
JB P HARRISON CO PUKISHERt A PRINTER ATLAMTA QASUGGESTIONS TO FARMERS
s are advised not to buy any fertilizer or chemical for compounding or
the same unless it has both the manufacturers guaranteed analysis
and the Inspectors tag upon or attached to it and all farmers are requested to
inform the Commissioner of Agriculture of any case where a fertilizer is sold or
offered for saje without having both the guaranteed analysis and the Inspectors
tag attached
Any farmer who desires to do so can save a fair sample or any inspected
brand of fertilizer which he purchases and have it analyzed at the Department
Laboratory if the following conditions are complied with
1 The sample should be taken before any of the fertilizers is distributeda
small quantity from each package of the same brand or if a large quantity
is purchased from a sufficient number of packages to fairly represent the whole
lot
2 Then very thoroughly mix but not grind or triturate these small quanti
ties taken from different packages and from the mixture fill a common quinine
bottle closely cork and seal it with wax
3 Attach a label to the bottle showing the correct name of the brand the
name of the manufacturer the guaranteed analysis as taken from the packages
and the name of the dealer from whom the fertilizer was purchased Also at
tach to the bottle one of the Inspectors tags found applied to the fertilizer
4 Let the above be done in the presence of witness and the sample be placed
in the hands of disinterested party for safe keeping until wanted
Then after the crop is rttade if the farmer has reason to believe the fertilizer
was not such as it was represented to be let the sample be sent to this Depart
ment either by the hand of some reliable disinterested party or by express
prepaid and it will be analyzed without charge
The above precautions are considered necessary for the protection of the
dealer on the one hand and to give to the whole transaction that character of
fairness without which the analysis when made would be of little value to the
farmer
The Commissioner is not required by law to have samples analyzed for farm
ers and he trusts that he will not be expected to depart from the above rules in
any case where compliance with them on the part of the person seeking an
analysis had been practicable
RELATIVE COMMERCIAL VALUE3
Particular attention is called to the fact that in the calculations of Relative
Commercial Values for the present season the Commissioner has given a higher
valuation to ammonia and a lower valuation to potash than heretofore not be
cause of any change in the estimate of their respective agriculuralvalues but by
reason of the greater cost to the manufacturer of ammoniating material on the
one hand and the diminished cost of potash on the other The valuation given
to phosphoric acid is unchanged Ammonia was rated last season at 18 cents per
pound and potash at 8 cents per pound The present valuations areammonia
26 cents and potash 6 cents
This change will account for the higher relative commercial value of many
i the brands containing ammoniaDEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
Atlanta Ga February 20 1881
EXPLANATIONS OF THE TABLES OF ANALYSES
The table on the following pages show the analyses of Commercial Fertil
n izers for the season of 188182 whieh have been inspected analyzed and
I admitted to sale in Georgia up to February 15th
In arranging the Table the chemical determinations to which no value is
attached are first given viz Moisture and Insoluble Phosphoric Acid
Next are given the valuable determinations viz Soluble and Reverted
Phosphoric Acid Ammonia and Potash
vJ The Soluble and Rjverted Phosphoric Acid are entered in separate cel
umns but being of equal value the same money value is given to them hence
the sum of these two is placed in one column making the Total Available
Phosphoric Acid
Note Insol uble Phosphoric Acid is not available as a plantfoodespecially if derived from
phosphate rock but if derived from animal bone is valuable if immediate results are not desired
The determinations in the analysis are given in Percentages
After the chemical determinations are the Relative Commercial Valuesor
approximate estimate of the real worth of the valuable ingredients found by
analysis in a ton of ech fertilizer
NotbThese Relative Commercial Values are a means nf comparing the rcl value of fertil
izers one with another It is more convenient to compare the aggregate value of all valuable
lngred ents in dollars and cents than otherwise they represent approximately the true value of
the several fertilizers at Savannah
Commercial values are followed by the names and places of dealers and man
ufacturers These are given as reported to the Department by the Inspectors
The following prices per pound of the valuable ingredients or elements of
plantfood found in the fertilizers by analysis have been adopted as a practical
approximation to their true value at Savannah viz
Available Phosphoric Acid12i cents per pound
Ammonia25 cents per pound
Potash 6 cents per pound
The commercial values are calculated as follows The Available Phosphoric
Acid Ammonia and Potash being the valuable ingredients for which
the farmer pays his moneythey only are considered in ascertaining the com
mercial value The numbers in the respective columns of these ingredients in
dicate ike number of pounds of each in one hundred pounds of the fertilizer
To ascertain the value of the Available Phosphoric Acid in a fertlizer multi
ply the number in that column by 12 the value in cents of one pound for the
value of that element in 100 pounds which product multiplied by 20 twenty
times one hundred makes 2000 pounds or one ton will give the value of the
available Phosphoric Acid in one ton
Multiply the number of pounds of Ammonia by 25 the value in cents of one
pound This product multiplied by 20 will give the value of the Ammonia
in a ton
Multiply the Potash by 6 the value in cents of a pound and the product by
20 which will give the value of Potash in a ton
Then add these values together and you will have the relative commercia
value of a ton of the fertilizer J T HENDERSON
Commissioner of Agriculture
117713TABLES of Analyses Relative Commercial Values etc of Commercial Fertilizers Chemicals etc inspected
analyzed and admitted to sale in Georgia to February 15 1882
wv
TABLE IAmmoniated Supekphosphates ot Lues
NAME OF FERTILIZERS
Phosphoric Acid

M
FOR WHOM INSPECTED
BY WHOM AND WHERE MANU
FACTURED

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W
o
A J West Co Ammoniated Phosphate
Alta AmmoniaUid Guano
Albatross Guano
A L Maxwells Choice Amed His Bone
Ammoniated Bone SupeiphosS L K Co
Ammoniated Dissolved Bone Fletcher
Ammoniated Alkaline Phosphate
Aurora Fertilizer
Avalon Ammoniated Dissolved Bone
Bahama Guano
Bakers Standard Guano
Baldwin A Co Ammoniated Dissolved Bone
Bone and Peruvian Guano
Bowker Cotton Fertilizer
Brighton Guano
Bralley Patent Superphosphate
Brtidley Ammoniated Dissolved Bone
Carolina Fertilizer
Cairo Guano
Colgate Manure
Cotton Food Fertilizer
Cotion ompouud Anid Diss Bone
Chappell Champion Ammoniated Superphos
Chesapeake Guano
Crown Guano
Cumberland Superphosphate of Lime
C T M Ammoniated Bone
DeLeons Complete cotton Fertilizer
Dixie Guano
U00
1
1150
11
1225
1450
180i
IIIf
III 9
110
auo
15 a
I3V0
I3C0
110
1165
1225
1300
I13U
975
12 00
1310
13C0
12 30
1141
15501
13 5d
1125
U00
205
490
220
630
100
83
450
665
67
682
6 00
974
6
600
2 0 670
201
37r
125
09
075
21
lHS
16i
160
08
195
390
4S0
265
350
519
22l
835
050
204
000
672
810
5
89U
8 35
G05
680
865
840
775
673
0 8
50
745
6 00
lOf
683
710
1010
6701
6801
370
200
319
770
126
215
225
370
3
015
7S9
281
155
3 69
3 05
270
260
885
4 2
3211
4ill
190
110
6 9
34311026
1 15 8 25
175 1175
386 1056
880 1060
1035
965
10
1370
llno
861
825
1040
1060
82
13 19
1171
990
9
1045
1105
U00
1110
1075
1005
10 00
9 81
800
08
295
200
815
245
241
260
20
2118
299
225
263
306
315
267
2 98
260
265
30
295
200
3 40
230
240
275
316
241
285
205
205
186 42 21 A J West Co AtTUa Ga
0 85 35 14 Lorenlz Riltler Atlnta ha
195 43 76 Viid v Hartshorn Savannah Ga
2 to 49 12 tiemiciti Co or i snton Baltimore
103 40 94 Seal Lawon Kessler Co Bait
140 36 31 A A Fletcher Co Marietti Ga
180 3 78 Chesareake Guano Co Baltimore
187 12 54 Seal Lawson Kessler Co Bait
136 43 08 Moses Clcmmons Richmond Va
21s 31 45 Walton Whann Co Atlanta Ga
475 51 7i Chemical Co of Canton Baltimore
18 46 84 Baldwin s Co savannah Ga
205 42 96 T L Switt Co Atlanta Ga
155 30 56 Weld Hartshorn Savannah
135 42 64 R W L Haisin Co Baltimore
1 55 42 48Langston it Crane Atlanta Ga
1 35 42 25 W J Pollard Augusta Ga
2 40 45 88 Barrett Carsweli Augusta Ga
138 43 28 R W L Haisin Co Baltimore
1 95 37 3b Chemical Co of Canton Baltimore
19o 44 28 Maryland Fertilizer Co Baltimore
14C 36 56 Ptapsco Guano Co Baltimore Md
140 8s 68 P S 1 happen Son Baltimore
075 3 4 6n Chesape ake Guano
18 13 67 ibbott Bro Atlanta Ga
17 31 72Chas Ellis Savannah Ga
110 41 97 Seal Lawson Kesler Co Baltime
185 42 77 P M DeLeon Savannah Ga
136 42 98lR W L Raisin Co Baltimore
RW L Raisir Co Baltimore
Lorentx Rittler Baltimore Md
Bowker Fertilizer Company New York
Chemical Company ol Canton Baltimore
Seal Lawson Kessler Co Baltimore
Northwestern Fertilizer Co Chcago
hesapeake Guano Co Baltimore
Seal Lawson Kessler Co Baltimore
Moses Ciemmons Richmond Va
Walton Whann A Co Wilmington Del
Chemical Co of Canton Baltimore
Baldwin Co Newark N J
Upshavv Guano Co Norfolk Va
Bowker Fertilizer Company New York
R W L Raisin Co Baltimore
Bradley Fertilizer Co Boston Mass
Bradley Fertilizer Co Boston Mass
Bradley Fertilizer Co Boston Mass
R W L Raisin Co Baltimore
Chemical Co of Canton Baltimore
Maryland Fertilizer Co Baltimore
Patapseo Guano Co Baltimere
P S Chappell Son Baltimore
Chesapeake Guano Co Baltimore Md
Bowker Fertilizer Company New York
Cumberland Bone Co Portland Me
Seal Lawson Kesler Co Baltimore
P M DeLeon Savannah
Ri W L Raisin Co BaltimoreDobbs Ammoniated Cotton Fertilizer
Eagle Ammoniated Bone Superphosphate
Empire Guano
Euiaw Fertilizer light
Euiaw Fertilizer blick
Enrek i Amd Superphosphate of Lime
1qnitable Amd Soluble Phosphate of Lime
EscellenziCotton Fertilizer
Excelsior Gnano
E Frank 0s Ammoniated Bone Super Phos
Farmers Friend Fertilizer
Gate City Guano
Gem in mo
Georgia State Grange Fertilizer
Georgia Hone Cotton Phosphate
Gimt Guano
Georgia Ferti izir
ioss v pinmPhospho
Gnaidiun Gnaao
Hope Guano
Homestead Ammoniated Bone Black
iloniestea 1 Guano
Hynian Danccys Premium Rone Phosphate
J S Wood A Bro Ammoniated Dis Bone
Jno C Ragsdale Guano
Jno N Swift Amniouiated Boue and Potash
TnoR Scot Co s Fertilizer
Keys one Gumo
King Guano
King Col ton Guano
Kelso Gnano
J It Guano Ammoniated
Lion Gnano
Lister Bios Standard Bone Fertilizer
Longs Prepared Chemicals
Lister Bros Crccmt Bone Fertilizer
Lockwoods Cotton Guano
MasCadOD Guano
Mat his Chemicals
ilarhisChemicals
Vapes Nitrogenized Superphosphate
Jterrynmns Ammoniated Dissolved Bone
Nassau Gnano
dient Comp ete Manure
Our Own Guano
P B Weavers O K Phosphate
Paiansco Ammoniated Solub e Phosphate
Pine Island Ammoniated Phosphate
1095 205 680 375 1055 295
tao 205 6 5 2 70 920 261
1113 200 680 390 1070 2 98
117 340 65 380 10 30 231
850 215 765 370 1135 3ou
100 l 100 875 4 25 1300 271
1525 2 40 751 34 1090 220
1235 085 856 334 i 9 2 4
13 00 06 845 255 llll 2 61
13 0 i 185 9H 18U 1090 2 00
14 81 2 co 185 972 1157 255
1110 075 5117 696 120
11Oi 210 6 67 365 103 297
150i 085 8S5 291 1176 309
1125 180 475 G9U 1161 127
llSu 200 675 3 95 1070 297
14 00 28 80 OSi 885 24
1035 105 420 G5 1035 35
11IB lo 640 367 10 05 248
112 2H5 674 891 1005 29
11 75 130 900 02 920 30 i1
1385 2115 625 210 835 20U
170 J 175 75 2 2 7 975 200
11 211 2 05 680 3 75 1055 29
H05 210 0 75 375 1050 297
1775 32 i 185 78 90 304
1675 125 415 640 10 55 215
1115 205 677 381 0 55 298
11 25 195 675 405 080 2 95
125 1110 0 50 11 70 1220 219
1375 435 42 l 518 982 215
1275 5n5 6 57 291 948 2 On
1110 203 672 3 00 1032 296
1536 Oso 886 285 117 306
1710 035 1000 400
14Gu 1 37 8in 261 115 idi
20 25 108 785 127 912 830
12 00 135 185 995 1180 305
1125 425 725 360 1085 243
990 130 686 734 1319 2 60
1675 185 7HI 16 7 805 201
1350 06 975 115 1120 267
1140 225 633 3 38 1021 315
17 25 300 690 266 95 290
13 4H 10 715 335 1050 20
Hlii 206 675 879 1051 2 98
1070 39 5M 431 1011 2 67
1850 3 00 180 740 920 300
140
120
14U
275
llO
59
1 3
19i
2i
l8s
07H
20
80S C Dnobs Athens Ga
49Banit arswell Augusta Ga
78 It W L Kaisiu Co Biillimo c
iS C Dobbs Athens
IBradley Fertilizer Co Boston Mas9
R WL Haisin Co Baltimore
Kobe son Taylor Co harlsn S C Robertson ay or Co t hurleston S C
Rob rton Taylor Co harlsn SCRobertson Taylor Co hurleston S C
Joseph Junes Atlanta Ga lAUantic Va Fer Co Orient L I
late Mailer Wtltichon Baltimore
9u lony A Dugdale Baltimoie
6 Savai nali uano Co Savannah
25 D G Parse Snvitnnah Ga
i9Kcad Co New York
18 Savannah Guano o savannah Ga
2 Seal Lawson Kessler A Co Baltimc
180 89
133 43
In oaldwin c t o Savann li 7a
77htonol hosphatc Co Ciiarlesion
76 H WL Raisin o Bait more
97C C Ilaidwick savannah la
79 fieo Wsscottv Co A llama ia
43 N L C Angier Atlania Ga
13JR W L Basin Co Baltimore
lnngsion Crane Co At inla Ga
50iChesepeake Guano Co Baltimore
14
137
280
110
138
136
I7U
125
075
10
187 t
175
188
155
095
22
12
02
31 48IT S atner Buford da
42

10
fOI S Woodvfc Bro Savannah
74 li W L Hasin Co Baltimore
5iQtiinnipaic Fertilizing LoNewLon
don onn
47jRcad i o New York
13 E W L Uisin t Co Baltimore
38R W L Kaism Co B iltimore
29 hesepoake Guano Co Bultimore
30 Raisin Co Baltimoie
Tale Mull r A Wiltichen Baltimoie
Long A lingdac Baltimore
Savannah Gnano i o Savannah
E Frank Coe New York
Bead Co New Voik
Savannah Gnano Co savannah Ca
Seal Lawson Kesslor On Baltimore
195
141
2 6
137
20
24040 8
Lorentz Kittler Atlanta Ga
It W L Riisiu Co Baltimore
Ha dwin fc Co Sav nnah 7a
Long A Dugdale Baltimore
nldwin A Co Savannah Ga
InnS Kilo At anta Ga
Georgia hem Works Augusta Ga
hemical Co of union Baltimore
Chemical Co of Canton Baltimore
i T Singleton Eutouton
Ino Meiryman o Baltimore
Webster Davis Atlanta a
IoseiliI ones Atlanta Ga
avaimuh GnannCo Saannah Ga
I S Wed Bro Savannah Ga
Patapsco Gnano Co Baltimore
Billiiw n i Co Newark N J
Stono Phosphate Co Charleston
B W L Hasin A Co Baltimore
Preston Fertilizer Co N w York
Geo W Scott Co Atlania Ga
Bvwker Fertilizer Co New York
B w c Haisin r0 Baltimore
Michigan Works Detroit Mich
Cliesepeake Gnano Co Baltimore
Ilyniiin Daucey Norfolk Va
1J S Wi od v Bro Baltimore
R W L Raisin A Co Baltimore
Qtiinnipac Fertg Co New London Conn
Head io New Yoik
It W L Raisin Co Baltimore
It W L hasin A Co Bultimore
hesepeake Gunno Co Buimore
Raisin i o Baltimore
LoientzA Rjtbr Hal imorc
B W L Raisin Co Baltimore
Baldwin V Co Newark N J
Long d Dogdale Bultimore
Baldwin Co Newark N J
Lockwood MeClintock New York
Georgia Chemical WorKB Aiigusm Ga
Chemical Co of Canton Baltimore
Chemical C of t ant n Kallimore
Mapes Formula New York
Jno Merr man Co Ba timnrc
Bowker Fernzir Co New YorK
Atlantic Va Ferti Co Orient L L
Savannah Gnano Co Savannah
J S Wood Bro Savannh Ga
Patapsco Gnano Co Bait move

5
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QuinnipaicFer Co New LonnConnQamnipaic Fer Co New London ConnTABLE IConcluded
NAME OF FERTILIZERS
Phosphoric Acid 0 3
d
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a
03 o
n J2 3 V 0 3 o 3 X s
o S o X o 4 o 5
BY WnOM AND WHERE SOLDOE
I OK WHOUINSPEtTtD
BY
WHOM AND WTTERE MANU
FACTURED
PlantersFavorite Gnano
Plow Brand Raw Bone Superphosphate
Pokamoke Guano
Pomona Guano
Potom ic l uano
Pirn ico Guano
Pure Dissolved Ammoniated Bone
Pure Dissolved Ammoniated Bone
Pure Devolved Ammoneitecl Bone
Pure Dissolved Ammoniated Bone
Ramspcck A Green Fertilizer
Resurgim Guano
Royal u pel phosphate
Koanoke Glano
Untils Cotton Juano
R D Coes Original Amd conble Bone
fcea Gull Aml Dissolved Bone
Sea Fowl Guano
ScaCJiff Amd Superphosphate
Sea Cliff Arad Superphosphate
Seal Lawson Jfc Kessier Amd Diss Bone
Soluble Pacific Guano
Soluble Amed Superphosphate of Lime
Soluble Sea Island Guano
South Am rican Guano
Stan lard Bone Supeiphosphate
Standard Fi rtizer
Sternes Amd Bone Superphosphate
Star Brand Complete Manure
rtrling Guano
Stonewal I Bone Phosphate
titono Soluble Guano
Long A Dngdale Baltimore
Walton W liana Co At finta Ga
Fn eman 1 yd AJaysun Hiyden
Nosfoik Va
P M U Lon Saiannah jq
R W L Kaiin t Co Baliimore
IK W L Raisin Co Ualtimi re
Chemical Co of Cant n Baltimore
Ininical o of i anton Baliimore
Chemical i o or Canton Baltimore
Chemical Co of Canton Baltimore
hamspeck Green Atlama Ga
Chemical Co of canton Baltimore
II M Comer Co Savannah Ga
K W L Ruisin A Co Baltimore
K W L Raism Co Baliimore
lorentzA hittler Baltimore Md
atapseo Guano Co Baninn re
N A llarnee on A Co Savannah
N A Iladee on Co favannah
N A Hardee on oSavannah
eat Lawson A Kessier Baltimore
Adairi Bro Ailania Ga I
j Win H YoungColunibiis Ga V
Woods Co ravannah Ga
n Ober a Sons Baltilnoru
Ii W L Raisin Co Baltimore
B W L Raisin Co Baliimore
H A kins Co Gainesville Ga
Goldsmith Bros Atlanta Ga
H T Inman Atlanta Ga
iAllison Addison iiMiwond Va
N L c Anier Atlanta Ga
West Bros savannah Ga
Slono Phosphate Co CharlestonSC
Long Dngdnle Baltimore
Walton u hann i o Wilmington Del
Freeman Loyd Mason Drydcn Nor
folk Va
P M DeLeon Savannah Ga
Ii W L Raisn Co Baltimore
It W L Kaisill Co Bait inure
i beinical Co of Canio t altimore
tieniicnl o of Canton Baltimnre
t hemical Co of Canton Baltimore
i hemical Co t anton Baltimore
Read fc i o New Yo k
ben ical Co of anton Baltimore
Bradley Fert Co Boston Mass
K W L Raisin Co Ba tlinoro
R w L Kaisln o Baltimore
Lorcinz Rittbr Baltimo e
Iatai sco Gnano Co Bait more
Bradley Fert o Boston
Bowker Fertilizer Co New York
Bowker Fertilizer i o New Y rk
Seal Lawson Kessier A Co Bait
Pacific Gnano Co Woods Hole Mass
G Ober Sens Baltimore
R W L liaisin Co Baltimore
R W L Raisin Co Baltimore
Chemiial Co of Canton Baltimore
Standard 1err Co Inixbury Mass
Sternes Feit Co New Orleans I a
Allison Aitdison Richmm d Va
Manhattan Chemical o New York
Bowker Fertilizer Co New Yoik
IStono Phosphate Co Cnarleson
B
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15
ANALYSES OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS
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Sf l O O 2 o 5 TABLE IIAcid PJwsphates and Dissolved Bones
NAME OF FERTILIZER
Acid Phosphate lor i otton
Ashley Acid Phosphate with Potash
Ashley Ac d Phosphate without Potash
At antic Acid Phosphate
Avaloo Dissolved Bone
Bakers Prepared Chemicals
B Q Swanson Acid Phosphate
Bowker Acid I hosphate
Bradley Acid Phosphate
IhciokoeDis Bone
Chemical o of Canton Acid Phosphate
Crown Acid phosphate
DeLcons Dissolved Bone Phosphate
Diamond Soluble Bone
Dissolved Hone Plios of Lime
Dissolved Bone Phosphate South Carolina
Dissolved Bone or Acid Phosphate
Eagie Acid Phosphate
Kdisio Acid Phosphate
English Huegenin Acid Phos
Etiwan Dis Bone
Eutaw Acid Phosphate
Georgia Acid Phosphate
Georgia Slate Grange Dissolved Bono
Georgia State Grange Acid Phosphate
Georgia Chern Whs Acid Phos with Potash
Georgia Dissolved Bone
Guardian Acid Phosphate
Longs Dissolved Bone
L gs Prepared t hemicals
Martin Co Acid Phosphate
Merrymans Acid Phosphate
Oriental Acid Phosphate
Palmetto Acid Phosphate
Paragon Acid Phosphate
Pimlico Acid Phos
BY WHOM INSPECTED
BY WHOM AND WHERE MAN
UFACTURED
imported Horn Ireland
16 Ashley Phosphate Co i harlcston S C
9 Ashley Phospliate Co Charleston S
t2tlamic Phosphate Co Charleston
4ii Moses Cleiumons Richmond Va
00ChemicalCo f Canton Baltimore
88 H Inman Atlanta Ua
87 Veld Uaitshoin Savannah Ga
52 N A Hardees Sun o SavanGa
Atlantic hosphate Co I harleston
hemicai Co of i anton Baltimore
F Grant A Co Savannah Ga
P i Heeon New Voiv
Walton Whann A Co Atlanta Ga
J G Friih harlesion S c
Q Ober a Sons i altimorc
1 alton Whann Co Atlanta Ga
5u Barren I a swell Augusta Ga
v B Chis 1m Charleston s 0
Atl niic iin ephate Co harleston
Etiwan Phospha e Charleston
Kobeitson Tayl r 4 Co harleston
K W L Raisin Co Hallimore
Baldwin i o Savannnli Ga
BaldMil Co Savannah Ga
8 Georgia Chcml Uoks a ngusta Ga
i C Uarduick Savannah Ga
N L Angler Atlanta ua
Long Dugdalo Baltimore
LiigS Dngdale Baltimore
naue Jenkins Ailanta Ga
liii M rrymanu A Co Baltimore
Barrett Carswell Angnsia Ga
langston CraiiD Atlanta Ga
Stono Phos i o Charleston
R W L Raisin Co Baltimore
ealiasouiisslei Co rjalllniore
shcy Phosphat i Co Charleston S C
Ashley Ill sphate CoCharleston S C
Allaiuic i hos Co Charleston S C
Moses Olcmmons Richmond Va
Chemical o of i anton Baltimore
Aslupoo Phos Co Charleston s C
Bowker Fort Co Charleston s C
Bradley Ke tilizer Co Boston Mass
Aiiai c Phos Co Charleston S C
Chemical Co of i anton altinn re
Bowker Fertilizing Co New York
P M D Leon New York
Walton Whann Co i iimingtonDel
Pacific Guano Co Charleston
G Ober ons Baltimore Md
WaltonWhann CoVilmingtonDel
Ashepoo Ihos Co chrlesion SC
Idist Phos i o Charleston S C
Atlantic Phos Co Charleston S 0
Etiwan PhoiliaieCoChailestoiisC
Robertson Taylor A Charleston
R VV L haism Co Baltimore
Baldwin Co Newark N J
Baldwin o Newark N J
Ueorgia Chemical Works Augusta Ga
Brestn Ker Co New York
Bowker Fertilizer Co New York
Long A Dngdale B Itimorc
Lmg A Dngdaie Baltimore
Harle Jenknis Atlanta Ga
Juo Merrymanu A Co Baltimore
Ashepoo Phos Co Charleston S C
Williarn i radley Boston Mass
stono Phosphate Co Charleston
R W L Raisin Co Baltimore
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17
ANALYSES OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS
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f S E S TABLE III Chemicals and Compounds other than Ammoniated Superphosphates and Acid Phosphates or
Dissolved Bones
NAME OF FERTILIZER
Ammoniate Vulcanite Guano
Ashley Ash Element
Ash Element
Bradley Ground Bone and Potasht
Curriers Raw Kone Meali
Fine Kaw Bone Northwestern Fer Cot
Home Fertilizer
Kainit Chemical Co of Canton
Kainit Weld Hartshrn
Kainit Lippman Bros
Kainit Wilcox Gibbs Co
Kainit Baldwin A Co
Kainit Ashiny Phosphate Co
Kainit P M DeLeon
Organic Silicated Phosphate
Popplcin Phosphate
Pure Ground Bone Sternest
Pure Fi e Ground Meal T 4 Rt
Phosphoric Acid
1310
650
900
490
700
725
1500
1100
60
860
1394
440
1140
1315
2326
2442
285
350
2065
2310
745
335
768
530
3 00
1080
763
270
498
181
7SO
418
200
1240
1200
1160
1120
112
20
1120
300
420
3 05
FOR WHOM INSPECTED
Licbig Gibbons Baltimore
Ashley Fhos Co Charleston S C
Stono Phosphate Co
N A Hardee on CoSavannah
Wade White Marietta Ga
A A Fletcher Co Marietta Ga
Boykin Carmer Co Baltimore
t hemical Co of Canton Baltimore
Weld Hartshorn Savannah Ga
Lippman Bro Baltimore
Wilcox Gibbs Co SavannahGa
Baldwin Co Savannah Ga
Ashley Phos Co Charleston S C
P M Deleon Savannah Ga
Popplein Phosphate Co Baltimore
Popplein Phosphate Co Baltimore
Winter k Legg Marietta Ga
McCormick Neal Atlanta
BY WHOM AND WHERE MANUFAC
TURED
Liebig Gibbons Baltimore
Ashley Ihos Co Charleston S C
stuno Phosphate Co
Bradley Fertilizer Co Boston Mass
tieorge E Currier Louisville Ky
Northwestern Fertilizer Co Chicago
Hoykcn Carmer Co Baltimore
Imported
Imported
Imported
Imported
Imported
Imported
Imported
Popplein Phosphate Co Baltimore
Popplein Phosphate Co Baltimore
ternes Fertilizer Co New Orleans La
Thomson Edward Chicago Ill
These goods are nonacidulated and are claimed to he made by a pecnliar process they cannot therefore be classed among acid phosphates or ammoniated
superphosphates lunte no commercial value is assigned them The analysis only is given
tRawbone or bone meal contains no reverted acid proper as it has not been acidulated The whole of the phosphoric acid is therefore reported as Insolu
ble though practically it is much more available as plant food than phosphoric acid from other sources A good finelyground bone meal is worth about 84000
nor tOIl
tibia contains Soluble Silica 1572 per cent which is claimed to be valuabl as plant food
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0Special Circular No 2j
New Series
REPORT OF THE AVERAGE CONDITION OF CROPS
IN GEORGIA MAY ist 1882
RETURNABLE MAY Ist 1882
Department of Agriculture
Atlanta Ga April 10 1882
Dear Sir Please answer the following questions on the first day of May or as early as possi
ble alter that date and mail promptly Answer every question that will admit of it in nnmbers
indicating per cent
AN AVERAGE CROP or AVERAGE CONIMTION or anything
with which comparison is made is always taken as IOO Thus it
the corn crop at any time is 10 per cent hetter than last year or 10
per cent better than an average it should be reported as 110 in
eacli case and if 10 per cent below tiiesc standards it should be
90 Never report 10 per cent better or 10 per cent worse but
110 or 90 as the case may be So avoid vague comparisons such
as some better hardly so good above an average etc
In making up your answers let them apply to Che whole county in which you reside or as far in
every direction as yoV knowledge may extend not simply to your own farm
If a crop about which questions are askeU is not grown in your county use the character X If
you have not sufficient data to make an approximate estimate leave the space blank
T Correspondents will please file a copy of the last Supplemental Report for reference and
comp risnn in making out their reports of areas and yield The census returns give a fixed and def
inite basis of comparison which toey can use to advantage
Conespondents will please also give their nearest express office in order that seeds maybe
shippeJ direct to them in future
The Commissioner rakes this occasion to return his thanks to the crop correspondents for the
valuable aid which they have rendered the Department in its efforts to advance the interests of the
farmers and planters of Georgia He f els that they are entitled to his especial consideration and
to a participation in all advantages to be derived from the work of the Department Hence the
request for the express office
Very respectfully
J T HENDERSON
Commissioner of Agriculture
I For what county do yon report county
II Your name
III Your postoffice
IV Your nearest express office2 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 20
CORN
Acreage compared to last yearper cent
Preparation of soil compared to last year
Date of planting compared to last year State how many days earlier or later
Stand compared to a good stand per cent
5 What casualties have affected the cropsuch as storms insects etc and to what
extent injured hy each
OATS
6 Acreage compared to last year per cent
7 What per cent of the crop was sown last fall
8 What per cent of the crop is sown with rustproof varieties
9 Condition and prospect of fall sown compared to an average
10 Condition and prospect of spring sown compared to an average
11 Condition and prospect of whole crop compared to an average
WHEAT
12 Acreage compared to last yearpercent
13 What casualties have affected the wheat and to what extent injured by them
14 Condition and prospects compared to an averageper cent
COTTON
15 Acreage compared to last year per cent
16 Average time of planting compared to last year
Earlierjay8
Laterdlys
17 Amount of commercial fertilizers used on cotton in your county compared to last year21 QUESTIONS FOR SUPPLEMENTAL CROP REPORT 3
18 What per cent of the total area in cotton in your county is manured with either
commercial fertilizers home manures or compostsPr cent
19 What per cent of these was home manure or compost
20 What per cent of the crop is up
21 Where up what is the stand compared to a good stand
22 Condition of plants compared to an average
23 Compared to the wh le area in grain cropscorn oats and wheat 100 representing
such areawhat is the area in cotton in your county
SUGAR CANE
24 Area compared to last yearPer cent
25 Stand compared to an average
RICE
26 Area in low land rice compared to last year percent
27 Area in upland rice compared to last year
SORGHUM
28 Area compared to last year
CLOVER AND GRASSES
29 Area in clover and cultivated grasses compared to last yearper cent
30 Condition and prospects compared to an average
FRUIT
31 What per cent of a full crop of peaches has escaped frostper cent
32 What per cent of a full crop of apples have set
33 What per cent of a fall crop of pears have set 1
34 What is the grape prospect compared to an average
35 How many acres are planted in orchards in yonr county
36 How many in vineyards 4 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 22J
STOCK
37 Condition of sheep compared to an average percent
88 Drop of lambs to number of ewes kept
39 Condition of work stock compared to an average at this season
40 Stock of hogs all ages compared to last year
41 What diseases if any have affected stock this spring Describe the diseases and state
the remedies used with results
LABOR SUPPLIES ETC
42 Supply of labor compared to last year per cent
43 Wages paid compared to last year
If higher what per cent
If lower what per cent
44 What percent of the farm labor is hired for wages
45 What per cent of the farm labor is hired on shares
46 What per cent of the ftrtn labor works as renters
47 What wages with board are paid full hands
48 What is the cash price per bushel at which corn sells in your cnunty May 1st cents
49 What is the credit price paid per bushel at the same date 1
50 Quantity purchased compared to last yearper ceut
51 Quantity of hay being purchased compared to last year

23 QUESTIONS FOB SUPPLEMENTAL OROP KEPORT
52 Tons of commercial fertilizers purchased in your county compared to last year Per cent
53 Price paid compared to last year
54 Average cotton option price in lint cotton for amm mated superphosphate pods
55 Average cotton option price in lint cotton paid for nouammoniated superphos
FISH
56 How have the carp introduced into ponds in your county succeeded
57 What size have those introduced in 1879 attained
58 What size have those introduced in 1880 attained
59 Report any facts of interest derived from your observation or experience relating to any of
the productive industries of the State DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 24Special Circular No 24
New Series
REPORT OF GROWING CROPS ETC FOR THE MONTH
OF MAY 1882
RETURNABLE JUNE 1st 1882
Department of Agriculture
Atlanta Ga April 20 1882
Dear SirPlease answer the following questions on the first day of June and mail promptly
so that your report may reach this office by the 5th day of June if possible
Answer every question that will admit of it in numbers indicating per cent
In making up your answers let them apply to the whole county in which you reside or as far in
each direction as your knowledge may extend not simply to your own farm
In all cases where the crop is not grown in your county use the character X If you have not
sufficient data to mate an approximate estimate leave the space blank
Very respectfully
J T HENDERSON
Commissioner oj Agriculture
N Bli your mail facilities are such that matter mailed on the 1st of the month will not reach
this office by the 5th please make out your report so long before the end of the month as will be
necessary to have it reach this office by the 5th
I For what county do you report 1county
II Your name
III Your postoffice2 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 20
CORN
1 Condition compared to this time last year percent
OATS
2 Yield where harvested compared to average per cent
3 Prospective yield where not harvested compared to average fpercent
4 To what extent injured by rust per cent
WHEAT
5 Yield whf re harvested compared to averagepercent
6 Prospective yield where not harvested compared to average percent
7 To what extent injured by rust per cent
8 What variety has given best results in your county
COTTON
9 Stand 1st June compared to averagepercent
10 Condition compared to average per cent
SORGHUM
11 Co dition compared to averageper cent
SUGAR CANE
12 Stand compared to a good standper cent
13 Condition compared to an averagepercent
POTATOES
14 Prospective yield of Irish potatoes compared to average percent
15 Area in sweet potatoes compared to last yearper cent
16 Condition compared to averageper cent
MISCELLANEOUS
Condition compared to average of
17 Ricepercentl QUESTIONS FOE SUPPLEMENTAL CROP REPORT 3
18 Millet percent
19 Ground peaspercent
20 Chufas percent
21 Melons per cent
ORCHARDS
22 Peach prospect compared to average per cent
23 Apple prospect compared to average fper cent
94 Pear prospect compared to average per cent
Grape prospect compare to average percent
STOCK
26 Clip of wool compared to last year fper cent
Hn What per centof sheep killed by dogs in last twelve months
What per cent died bydisease 1
9 What per cent of hogs have died with cholera this year
SEASONS
SO Report any facts of special interest in regard to new methods of culture successful experi
ments with new crops or remarkable results
NoteWishing to revise the mail lists of the Department correspondents who are willing to
continue their reports will please indicate such willingness by answering these questions Any
one who desires to discontinue reporting will please suggest a suitable person to take his place
Please suggest the names and postoffice address of a few farmers in your county who would like to
receive the publications of the Department
CIRCULAR No 26 j New Series CROP REPORT For the Month of April 1882
SHOWING AREAS PLANTED CONDITION OF GROWING CRO PS AND OTHER MATTERS RELATING TO AGRICULTURE IN GEORGIA
Commissioner

ATLANTA GEORGIA
Jas P Harrison Co Printers Binders and ElectrotypersCircular No 26
New Series
CROP REPORT
FOR THE MONTH OF APRIL 1882
RETURNED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE MAY 1 1832
Department of Agriculture
Atlanta Ga May 15th 1882
CORN
Correspondents report an increase of 125 par cent in the area planted in corn
over that of 1881 The experience of a short crop last year with the consequent
scarcity and high price of corn has exerted a wholesome influence in the adj ustment
of areas devoted to the different crops The areas in the different sections of the
State compared to those of 1881 are north Georgia 1137 middle Georgia 114
southwest Georgia 1137 east Georgia 103 and southeast Georgia 110
In every section except north Gorgia the preparation for corn is reported
above an average This is gratifying as much dnls upon the preptration of
the soil Indeed a thorough preparation and pulverization of the soil followed
by favorable seasons almost insures a good crop
The preparation compared to that of last year is reportel in north Georgia
95 in middle Georgia 1035 in southwest Georgia 1015 la east Georgia lo7
and in southeast Georgia 113
The stand in the whole State is reported at 93 In north Georgia 100 in mid
dle Georgia 985 in southwest Georgia 934 in east Georgia 97 in southeast
Georgia 103 Ttie stand his been somewhat impaired by bud worms and cut
worms in all section but not mjre than usual With this exception no serious
injury has affected the crop
While the oat crop is growing justly more popular every year and is no doubt
a superior food product to corn for our long warm summers it cannot supersede
the corn which has no superior as food for stock in winter Besides farmers
cannot afford to depend upon a single provender crop Liberal areas should be
planted in both crops so that if one fails the other may be relied upon to supply
the deficiency Both rarely fail the same seasonDEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
OATS
26l
Probably a larger area has baen sown to oats than ever before in the history of
Georgia Not only so but the prospect for a heavy yield surpasses that of any
previous year
The area in the whole State compared to that of last year is reported at 125 in
north Georgia 111 in middle Georgia 137 in southwest Georgia 123 in east
Georgia 128 in southeast Georgia 117 Of these 53 per cent were sown in the
fall in north Georgia 64 5 per cent in middle Georgia 64 per cent in southwest
Georgia 83 per cent in east Georgia and 73 per cent in southeast Georgia mak
ing 65 per cent of the crop of the State fall sown
In north Georgia 645 per cent of the crop was sown with rustproof varieties
85 per cent in middle Georgia 97 per cent in southwest Georgia 88 per cent in
east Georgia and 90 per cent in southeast Georgia In the whole State 84 per
cent
It is not a little remarkable in view of the experience of the last five years that
a larger proportion of the crop was not planted in the rustproef varieties It
was thought that the experience of 1880 and 1881 would have convinced every
one of the superiority of the rustproof over all other varieties in our climate
The condition of fall sown oats is reported in north Georgia compared to an
average at 110 in middle Georgia at 1186 in southwest Georgia at 111 in east
Georgia and southeast Georgia at 108 in the whole State at 1155 The condi
tion of spring sown in north Georgia is 1046 in middle Georgia 103 in south
west Georgia 99 in east Georgia 105 and in southeast Georgia 97 in the whole
State 1027 The condition of the whole crop fall and spring sown is reported at
110 in north Georgia 124 in middle Georgia 109 in southwest Georgia 118 in
east Georgia and 105 in southeast Georgia in the whole State 1135
It is a matter of importance that the purest rustproof be allowed to ripen
thoroughly and saved as free as possible from admixture of other varieties of
oats other grains and grasses and weed seeds Traveling separators often become
the means of mixing varieties unless special care is taken to thoroughly clean the
machines before commencing to thresh each crop
Those who are scarce of forage will do well to harvest a portion of the crop in
the milk and cure it for hay If well cured at this stage it makes a very superior
hay which seems to be preferred by stock of all kinds toother varieties of hay
There is great waste in feeding sheaf oits unless they are finely cut before feed
ing If cured as above suggested there is no waste at all
WHEAT
A large area was seeded to wheat last fall and the crop was generally promis
ing May 1stbut rust is repotted on the blade in most of the counties Reporters
generally remark that at that date they could not estimate the injury likely to re
sult from that cause while many express the opinion that very little injury will
result
There seems to be a mistaken impression prevailing among many farmers that
rnst on the blade does rot seriously injure the yield or quality of the grain This
is a giave error especially if it appears on the blades before the wheat approaches
maturity Only a few counties report rust on the stem conspicuous among these
are Tallot and Troup counties27
SUPPLEMENTAL CROP REPORT1882
The area in wheat compared to that of last year in north Georgia is 114 in mid
dle Georgia 122 in southwest Georgia 86 in east Georgia 83 and in the whole
State 110 none is reported in southeast Georgia It will be observed that the
largest increase in area is in the two principal wheat growing sections north
and middle Georgia
Injury by fly is reported in a number of counties and in some by the army
worm In some counties considerable areas have been stripped of blades by this
worm and portions of the grain eaten from the heads The ravages of this worm
have been local being confined to a few counties on the western border of the
State
The condition and prospect of the crop compared to an average is reported in
north Georgia at 108 in middle Georgia at 105 5 in southwest Georgia at 86
and in east Georgia at 83 in the whole State it is 100 This does not correctly
represent the condition of the crop May 1st when the reports were made as undue
weight is given to southwest and east Georgia where very limited areas are de
voted to this grain Since the reports were made however the rust has increas
ed so that the estimate is now probably a correct representation of the prospect
of the crop of the State
Dealers in farm implements and machinery report the sales of more reapers
this year than for five years preceding This is partly attributable to the influ
ence of the Cotton Exposition where farmers became acquainted with these ma
chines and partly to a rapidly growing intelligence among the farmers of the
State but mainly to the fact than an unusually large area is devoted to small
grain oats and wheat which promise an extraordinarily large yield
COTTON
There is a material reduction in the area devoted to cotton in every section
of the State In north Georgia the area compared to that of last year is reported
at 895 in middle Georgia at 845 in southwest Georgia at 91 in east Georgia at
89 and south Georgia at 90 The acreage for the whole State is only 88 It will
be seen therefore that the increase in area devoted to corn corresponds within
one half of one per cent to the decrease in that devoted to cotton This is grati
fying even under the peculiar circumstances which induced the change of policy
and it is sincerely hoped that the results of this seasons operations will so firmly
impress upon the minds of the farmers of the State the wisdom of the changed re
lation between the area in grain and cotton shown in this report as to establish
permanently a policy which must result in greatly increased prosperity to every
branch of industry in the State Georgia is essentially an agricultural State and
her prosperity depends upon the successful prosecution of her agricultural inter
ests Nothing has been more clearly demonstrated to thinking minds than the
folly of the policy of producing cotton to the exclusion of a sufficiency of home
supplies Abundant and cheap provisions insure cheaper more honest and re
liable labor upon which in its last analysis success in agriculture depends The
only means by which the people of Georgia can insure cheapsupplies of all kinds
is to produce them more largely at home Let every farmer who reads this con
trast his fetlings of contentment and independence when he has his smokehouse
barn and hay loft all well filled with those of anxiety arising from his feeling of
dependence upon others for supplies necessary to sustain both man and beast6
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
28
and he will involuntarily resolve to use the means necessary to secure content
ment and independence in future The farmer who depends upon others for sup
plies who mmt furnish his table from the grocery merchant deprives himself of
the principal charm cf country life and cannot complain if his sonsshould make
their headquarters rearer their source of supplies by moving from the farm to the
city or town It is sincerely hoped that with the experience of this year the tide
ado ted 3Ed a rrmaDerit lati0ml selfsrporting policy generally
The reduction in the quantity of commercial fertilizers applied to cotton is
greater in all the sections except southwest Georgia than that in area Compar
ed to last year the quantity applied to cotton in north Georgia is 705 in middle
Georgia 72 in southwest Georgia SO in east Georgia 80 and in southeast Georgia
SI In the whole State the average decrease is 222 per cent A larger propor
tion of the crop has been planted without manure of any kind than usual Only
805 per cent of the crop has been fertilized Of the fertilizers used 32 6 per
cent were home manure or compost in the whole State In north Georgia 40 7
cr nearly half the area has been manured with other than commercial fertilized
In middle GeOigia 27 per cent in southwest Georgia 31 per cent in east Georgia
27 and in southeast Georgia 55
While farmers are seeking avenms of escape from unnecessary expenditures in
their farm management they will do well to carefully examine into the subject
of saving and accumulating home manures and composting them with superphos
phate It seems strange that any intelligent farmer in Georgia who has investi
gated tins subject should fail to avail himself of it as the cheapest means of man
urmg his crors The experience of thousands of farmers who have used compost
for the last fen years has been uniformly satisfactory the compost producing as
much cotton or corn as the commercial manures at onefourth the cost per acre
Those who would avoid the necessity of spending their money for highpriced
con mercial manures should commerce now to collect the materiel for next win
teis compost heap It is useless for them to pay for the privilege of using patent
f ormulas which as a general thing are valueless and sometimes the ingredients
recommended are actually deleterious to the home manuns to which thev are
added
May 1st C05 of the crop was up in the State 42 per cent in north Georgia 49
per cent in middle Georgia 83 percent in southwest Georgia 65 per cent in
east Georgia and 71 per cent in southeast Georgia
1U Hand where the cotton is up compared to a good stand is 949 in north
Georgia 945 in middle Georgia 98 in southwest Georgia and east Georgia and
99 in southeast Georgia and 96 in the whole State The recent cold weather has
been very unfavorable and farmers are reported plowing up cotton and planting
corn in some localities
The condition of the plants May 1st compared to an average was in north Georia
111 in middle Georgia 915 in southwest Georgia 99 in east Georgia 98 andin
southeast Georgia 99 In the whole State it was 101
Compared to the whole area in grain cropscorn oats and wheat 100 repre
senting such area the area in cotton in north Georgia is 32 in middle Georgia
596 in southwest Georgia 67 in east Georgia 59 and in southeast Georgia 33E29 SUPPLEMENTAL CROP REPORT1882 7
In the whole State 54 or 4 per cent more than half as much area devoted to cotton
as to the grain crops
SUGAR CANE
The area in sugar cane compared to that of last year is in middle Georgia 108
in southwest Georgia 106 in east Georgia 104 and in southeast Georgia 114 In
the whole State it is 106 The cultivation of this crop is gradually increasing in
middle Georgia where correspondents report it very profitable much more so
than sorghum
The stand of cane compared to an average is in the State 103 in middle
Georgia 98 in southwest Georgia 102 in east Georgia 105 in southeast Geor
gia 106
RICE
The area in lowland rice compared to last year is reported at 95 in the State
This crop is cultivated in low spots to some extent in all sections of the State and
while not strictly speaking lowland rice is so reported One county in north
Georgia reports it at 100 two in middle Georgia report 100 in southwest Georgia
it is reported at 93 in east Georgia 99 and in southeast Georgia the lowland
rice region proper 92
Up land rice is succ ssfully cultivated as far north a i White county The area
compared to last year is in north Georgia 100 in middle Georgia 93 in south
west Georgia 91 east Georgia 103 and in southeast Georgia 90 in the whole
State the area is 968
SORGHUM
The area in sorghum compared to that of last year is reported in north Georgia
98 in middle Georgia 1136 in southwest Georgia 90 in east Georgia 96 and in
southeast Georgia none reported In the State it is 1038
CLOVER AND GRASSES
The area in these compared to last year in north Georgia is 985 in middle
Georgia 113 in southwest Georgia 109 and in east Georgia 100 none is reported
n southeast Georgia in the State the area is 106 Grass and clover were to a con
siderable extent killed by the drouth of last summer Hence the reduction in
area in some sections The increase in middle Georgia is due mainly to the
adoption of the stock law in a number of the counties in that section There has
been more inquiry on the subject during the last nine months than in three years
previous to the adoption of the stock law
The condition and prospect compared to an average is in north Georgia 103 in mid
die Georgia 105 in southwest Georgia 117 and in east Georgia 102 The condi
tion in the whole State is 1046
FRUIT
Peaches are reported at 72 per cent of a full crop in north Georgia 78 7 in
middle Georgia 54 in southwest Georgia 696 in east Georgia and 86 in southeast
deorgip in the whole State 708
Apples are reported at 66 per cent of a full crop in north Georgia 61 in middle3
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
30
Georgia 47 in southwest Georgia 51 in east Georgia and 66 in southeast Geor
gia in the State 5S9
Pears in north Georgia 59 in middle Georgia 756 in southwest Georgia 78 in
east Georgia 497 and in southeast Georgia 77 in the State 665
Grapes in north Georgia 96 in middle Georgia 93 in southwest Georgia 148 in
east Georgia 98 and in southeast Georgia 1C5 in the State 109
Many of the peach trees in southern Georgia have put out neither leaves nor
blossoms this year They are supposed to have been killed by a freeze which
succeeded a warm spell last winter Some growers are having the trees destroyed
The general outlook for a crop of fruit in the State is good this year with the
exception just mentioned The apple bloom was partial but those that bloomed
have set well
STOCK
Oi all kinds have passed the winter in good condition considering the short crop
of grain produced last year
That of sheep May 1st is reported at 103 compared to an average at that sea
son They are reported at 99 in north Georgia 104 in middle Georgia 101 in
southwest Georgia 108 in east Georgia and 107 in southeast Georgia
The number of lambs dropped compared to the number of ewes kept is report
ed in north Georgia 91 in middle Georgia 88 in southwest Georgia 85 east
Georgia 786 and in southeast Georgia 96 Average in the whole State 86
Work slock are represented as in good condition in every section except middle
Georgia where they are reported as only 628 In north Georgia they are re
ported at 948 in southwest Georgia at 96 east Georgia at 92 and in southeast
Georgia at 100 In the whole State 86
The stock of hogs compared to last year in north Georgia is reported at 855
in middle Georgia 93 southwest Georgia 106 in east Georgia 957 and in south
east Georgia 93 In the whole State 943 There is complaint of cholera in
many counties A number of our correspondents have found good results from
the use of turpentine
LABOR
The supply of labor vaiies but little from last year though complaint is made
of the withdrawal of labor from the farm by the offer of higher wages than farm
ers can priy by the railroad contractors and lumber and turpentine men In
north Georgia it is 92 compared to last year 96 in middle Georgia 95 in south
west Georgia 97 in east Georgia and 87 in southeast Georgia In the State 945
This does not mean that there is less labor in the State than last year but
that less is available for farm work Indeed with a reduction of 12 per cent in
the area in cotton less labor is required
Owing to the demand for labor on the railroads and in the lumber and turpen
tine business wages have advanced in portions of the State near these enter
prises
A larger per cent of laborers work for wages this year than usual In north
Georgia 20 per cent of farm labor is hired for wages in middle Georgia 23 in
southwest Georgia 38 in east Georgia 33 and in southeast Georgia 45 In north
and middle Georgia 40 per cent work for a share of the crop in southwest Geor31
SUPPLEMENTAL CROP REPORT1832
9
gia and east Georgia 33 and in southeast Georgia 20 In the whole State 388
per cent work on shares
In north Georgia 40 per cent of laborers rent land in middle Georgia 327 in
southwest Georgia 20 in east Georgia 28 and in southeast Georgia 35 In the
whole State 325 per cent
WAGES OF FARM LABORERS
The average wages paid farm laborers in Georgia this year is 942 per month
with board In north Georgia the average is 1025 in middle Georgia 911 in
southwest Georgia 903 in east Georgia 900 and in southeast Georgia 1100
PRICE OF CORN
The average cash price per bushel at which corn sold in the State May 1st is
reported 113 in north Georgia 107 in middle Georgia 113 in southwest
Georgia 114 in east Georgia 115 and in southeast Georgia 117
The average credit price per bushel at which it sold at the same date is 1 38
in north Georgia 132 in middle Georgia 138 in southwest Georgia 142 in
cast Georgia 1 40 and in southeast Georgia 136
The per cent paid in the State on the cash price by those who buy on credit is
less than in any previous yea This year it is 22 percent while last year it was
54 per cent The cash price this year however is one cent per bushel higher
than the credit price last year so that while less per cent is paid on the cash
price that price being t24 cents higher than last year and even higher than
the credit price of last year the tax on those who buy is much greater than last
year
Sixteen per cent less corn has been bought this year than last up to May 1st
The quantity purchased in north Georgia compared to last year is 92 in middle
Georgia 957 in southwest Georgia 62 in east Georgia 79 in southeast Georgia
96 in the State 84
The fact that less corn has been bought is attributable to two causes
1 More hay and other forage was saved in Georgia last fall thin ever before
in the history of her agriculture Having long forage in abundance less corn has
been required to keep stock in good order
2 A more determined spirit of economy has prevailed among the farmers this
year than before
Preparation for this was commenced last fall by saving all available long forage
and by planting barley rye and oats for soiling or pasturing the stock
Forty too per cent less hay has been bought this spring than last The quantity
purchased in the different sections of the State compared to last year is as follows
In north Georgia 72 in middle Georgia 577 in southwest Georgia 38 in east
Georgia 57 and in southeast Georgia 90 in the whole State 58
COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS
The number of tons of commercial fertilizers purchased compared to last year
in the whole State is 767 In no rth Georgia 67 in middle Georgia 745 in
southwest Georgia 85 in east Georgia 82 and in southeast Georgia 76
Taking into consideration the fact that eight per ctnt more compost has been10
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
32
used this year than last and that the urea in cotton is reduced 12 per cent this
reduction in quantity of commercial fertilizers purchased is quite natural
AH of these facts are gratifying as they indicate a determination on the part
of fame to reduce expenses and at the same time pursue a more rational sys
tem of agriculture J
The average price of commercial fertilizers this year compared to last is in the
State 95 percent In norlh Georgia 946 in middle Georgia 925 in souhwest
Georgia 97 in east Georgia 93 and in southeast Georgia 95
The average cotton option price at which ammoniated superphosphates sold
SflfcT IS e0tt0n That f nonammocia superphosphates is33
SUPPLEMENTAL CROP REPORT1882
11
NOTES FROM CORRESPONDENTS
NORTH GEORGIA
Banli County Some complaint of mat on the blades of wheat The pros
pect for the grain crop never was better The cool weather unfavorable to
cotton The general outlook for the farmers at this time is quite encouraging
Wheat very promising If we can have a dry May the crop will be fine if it
escapes storms The oat crop is as promising as I ever saw in my life We
have very few idlers everybody is at work A good many hands are working on
the N E Extension which makes labor scarce The wheat crop is atpresent
promising but there is rust reported in places in this county The farmers have
a fear that the wheat crop will yet be cut short by rust though as the month of
May is at hand we can soon tell what will be the result We need no more rain
for wheat The outlook for grass killers and clod knockers for the present is prom
ising Carp have just been introduced during the past year Those I have seen
are about 3 inches long There is a considerable f xcitement on the subject of carp
raising This day 1st May was nearly cold enough for frost Two weeks have
been very cool Wheat and oats never looked more promising Cotton that is
up looks badly Corn is at par Upon the whole if no disaster befalls our har
vest our condition will not be as gloomy as anticipated One good feature in
our county is that as a general thing our farmers are not selling their corn as high
as the merchants
Barlow County Immense quantities of iron ore and manganese are shipped
from this county Two bloomeries in Allatoona district
Caoosa County Outlook better than last year farmers not burdened with
debts in better spirits waking up and making greater effort to obtain a knowl
edge of what to plant how to plant and how to obtain the best results A dispo
sition prevails to pi ant more cotton than last year but will make their own sup
plies Cotton is the surplus or money crop A growing industry is springing up
in Walker county in strawberries All along as far as fifteen miles south of Chat
tanooga Tennesseee acres have been set in two years givihg astonishing good re
sult Shipping to Cincinnati now May 2d at 60 cents per gallon wholesale
Clarke County Every man and his neighbor is looking around for labor
saving implements It is only a question of money and two or three years to
rout out the old ripper plow and the substitution of sulky and other cultivators
Oats have a firm foothold with us and will be the principal stock food in the fu
ture Barley patches all over this section Many commenced sowing the grasses
including Eurmuda The country people see daylight ahead Twelve and a half
cents for a good cotton crop puts them out of debt and no new ones will be
made
Chaltooga Covntyk crops planted this spring are looking smallowing to cool12
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
34
nights but the farmers are working with a vim If no disaster to small grain
farmers will be all right
Datcson County I sowed oats in the month of August last year and they are
the finest I have ever hadthe best in my section I am of the opinion August
is the month to sow in north Georgia Try it farmers on your cotton fields In
picking cotton you will press the soil firmly about the roots After picking is
done graze them with light stock
I am satisfied the area in orchards is increasing from the fact that nursery men
are doing a good business in the county selling trees We have a considerable
surplus of corn and forage is plenty Flour and bacon is scarce
Dade CountyCholera has killed nearly all of the hogs Lime and coal oil are
the best remedy I have tried
Floyd County Our people have diversified their crops this year more than for
the last ten years but not as much as they should have done Necessity more than
choice caused them to diversify Cotton is still their choice crop and could
credit and food supplies have been procured easily the cotton crop planted would
have been as large or larger than ever We are now having an excess of rain
that will cause much grass The corn crop has been plowed over but the ground
left in a compact condition from the rains which will require another plowing as
soon as it can bs given Western corn being used is a very inferior article greatly
damaged mouldy and rotten In fact it is hardly fit for hogs I would not give
one bushel of Georgia raised corn for five btiFhels of Western corn
Mr T X Pinson and Col C W Sproull report their carp as doing well
growing to weigh 5 to 7 pounds in eighteen months
Forsyih County Some improved breeds of horses and cattle have bsen intro
duced Prominent among the cattleare the Jerseys which are giving good satis
faction and are stimulating all our farmers to make improvement in this
important industry There is also an increased desire to improve seeds of differ
ent crops which I think was brought about by distributions from the Depaitment
of Agriculture
Franklin County I received some carp in 1830 My pond is at head of branch
half a mile from rier Moccasons destroyed the carp I have built at a place
out of reach of them now and would be glad to receive carp to stock it I have
used alum and buttermilk for cholera in chickens with great success and am of
opinion that it will benefit hogs I will try to get a chance to test it when it
breaks out again in my community and will report results
Gilmer CountyThe prospects are hopeful for the farmers of this county
Plenty of corn and provisions of all kinds Spring two weeks earlier than an
average year Wheat is headingno sign of rust If no disaster happens in two
weeks a good crop may be relied on
Gordon County The first fact I will notice derived from observation is that
those who raise corn grain clover and stock are in a more prosperous condition
than the cotton planter Hence I conclude that cotton is not the crop for this sec
tion Rice has not been cultivated heretofore but I am introducing it in a small
way in this neighborhood by distributing seed of upland rice to my neighbors
Wherever a forage or provision crop in this section has been made a specialty ia
has succeeded Root crops should receive more attention Bee culture is receiv
jng some attention More than half the households have bees though most of them35
SUPPLEMENTAL CROP REPORT1882
13
use the old style hive The bee product makes up a large percentage of the
sweetening of this section Goobers or pindars are raised on a small scale mostly
for home consumption I think there is being more interest manifested in stock
raising particularly horses and mules I know of no one who has any carp
there are a few fieh ponds in the county Getting tan bark is one of the industries
that engages many laborers at this time Oak timber is plentiful on the mountain
and heretofore considered almost valuelessnow yields a good profit in birk at 350
per cord Blind staggers in horsesall fatal Cholera in hogs
Gwinnett CountyThe wheaterop is fine nearly all in full head some little
rust I have one acre of cotton planted March 29th which is up and chopped
out to a stand Lots of the plants are putting out thefifth leaf The cold weather
has not affected it like it did the young cotton I will say farmers are work
ing better than I ever saw them and are in betterircumstances than since the
war The farmer that have succeeded best since the war are those that have
hired hands and superintended their own farms There is plenty of corn in
this section for sale If the oat crop does not sustain any disaster the price will
soon fall Some farmers are becoming apprehensive and have reduced to 90 cents
cash There is one farm near me where there is one thousand bushels for sale
Any observing man who values a farm cannot fail to regret seeing the de
struction or removal of soil from the planted fields caused by the recent heavy
rains while many men in their idle hoars might have prevented it by hillside
ditching Not with a single furrow but by running with a twohorse plow two
furrows about eight inches apart one furrow thrown up hill and the other down
throwing out the center with a shovel giving a descent of 2J inches in 12 feet
making a ditch that if full wonld float a small canoe About fences I see
that many men lay the worm of their rail fences down hill which makes the
fence look like it aimed to slide down and pile itself at the bottom of the hill
And they frequently lay a half decayed rail or perishable pole on the ground
where it soon rote Why not put a rock under every corner if they can be had
and this Baves the worm from decay and thus makes the fence ten rails high with
nine rails To show the down hill fence worm in contrast with the up hill worm
take a board two feet long raise one end four inches higher than the other then
take a handfull of ten penny nails and lay one worm up the board and another down
and let the people see that the up hill worm is much the most like stair steps
Frnit culture especially peaches and apples have been very much improved
both as to quality of fruit and the acreage Also 3 to grape culture there has
been a very decided improvement owing to the fact that we have learned how to
prune and what kind of soil and fertilizing is best adapted to several varieties j
that but a few years ago were thought to be worthless M re attention is now given
to vegetable gardens and the variety and quality of the vegetables are decidedly
superior to any time during our past history More attention is now given to bee
culture than at any time since the war Tne Italian variety has been introduced
to a small extent and are proving highly satisfactory I am confident that the
short corn crop of last vear as a result of the long drouth has and is benefitting
this county more than anything that could have transpired About ten times as
much hay consisting of crab and swamp grass and an increased area in wheat
oats and corn and a diminution of cotton are some of the results While the14
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
36
foregoing report is specially for the west side of Gwinnett it will probably apply
to the entire county and the adjolnin counties
Habersham CountyFarmers should diversify not only in crops but in
everything that is possible for us to grow or raise and then can we be truly inde
pendent Please urge upon the farmers of our dear old State the importance of
turning under green crops on worn land I know from my personal experience
the value of n I increased the yield of an old field from four bushels of wheat
to the acre to nine bushels to th9 acre by turning under a heavy crop of pea vines
at a cost of 260 per acre counting the plowing in of peas and cost of pas and
turning under the vines A crop ofrye sown in October and turned under in
boot first of May and half bush peas to acre harrowed in on the same ground and
turned under in September ill double if not threbble the yield of any crop put
upon it If every farmer in Georgia will take five or ten acres next October and
commence it and in the fall of 1833 sow the same to wheat the wheat harvest of
1884 I am satisfied would be unprecedented in the history of the State Every
man has a hobby and this 1 guess is mine and I knowing its value wish from
the bottom of my heart every farmer in the State would try it
Haralson County1 Can say that the people are determined to plant corn and
raise their supplies at home but are going to mike the change gradually
Miton County We are using B adleys compost in this county In my set
tlement there is nothing else used H tve discarded guano altogether Farmers
that used it last year say they could not tell the difference between the compost
and the best guano I will give you the form 1a Oue thousand pounds stable
manure 1000 lbs rich dirt or swamp muck 5 bushels leached ashes 8 lbs
of sulphate of ammonia 8 lbs sulphuric acidl lb powdered alum well mixed 400
to 500 lbs to the acre This compost cost but little over 100 per ton besides the la
bor two hands can mix and put up six tons per day If 1000 lbs per acre is used it
will be much cheaper than gutno Sme of my neighbors have used 1000 lbs per
acre on oats and they look well There is nothing in this formula to recommend
it The stable manure rich earth ashes and sulphate of ammonia of course
possess virtue The stable manure if properly saved is indeed valuable and rich
earth if used at the rate of many tons per acre will produce appreciable results
but in the quantities recommended can serve only as an absorbent of other valu
able ingredient which in this case are used in very small quantities For instance
8 lbs of sulphate of ammonia will furnish if pure only 206 lbs of ammonia or a
fraction less than 1000 per cent This will do no harm The percentage of phos
phoric acid derived from the stable manure and a3hes will be hardly appreciable
less than one per cent The soluble potash is leached from the ashes before used to
prevent it is supposed the loss of ammonia while a microscopic homeopathic dose
is given in one lb of powdered alum If our correspondent will substitute 1 000
lbs of cotton seed or half the weight of cotton seed meal for the rich earth omitthe
sulphate of ammonia sulphuric acid and alum replace the ashes with 300 lb of
kuilt and add 500 or 600 lbs of high grade acid or superphosphate he will have
a better compost which will indeed be equal in agricultural value to the best com
mercal manures and one which may be used at the same rate per acre at which
commercial fertilizers are usually applied The feat of making something out of
nothing has not yet been accomplished and our correspondent is advised not to
undertake it The oat crop is the largest and best I have ever seen in this37
SUPPLEMENTAL CROP REPORT1882
15
county and if it is seasonable and rains in May will be the largest crop ever
gathered in Georgia None but the red rustproof owed in mv settlement
in fact there is no other seed as the rust killed out all other varieties two
years ago I am well pleased with my carp fish There is no other in this settle
ment but my own I bought two hundred last October from Mr Wright of Griffin
Uot them m pond to themselves with no other fish Hope my carp will spawn
this spring I drew down one of my ponds last September and transferred the
carp into a pond with no other fish but the carp of 1879 and 1880 They have
grown wonderfully
The sulphuric acid is a dangerous substance in the hands of farmere and farm
laborers This will be abundantly supplied if needed at all in the superphos
pnate nearly half of which is sulphate of lime
If there is any charge at all for the privilege of using this remarkable formula
it is very dear The small quintities of chemicals added will costut little and
attect the stable manure earth and ashes but littleso little indeed that their
omission would not be discovered
While farmers should to the very utmost economise in the use of fertilizers by
saving every available home manure they should at the same time avail
themselves of every avenue of information to protect themselves from imposi
tion r
Murray County There is in places some rust in the wheat and the worms
cave injured and entirely destroyed some sown upon pea land especially where
the vines were not turned under with a large plow So far the stand of corn and
cotton is good
Paulding County am glad to state to the Department of Agriculture that
the farmers of my county are determined to raise more cornless cotton Less
fertilizers are used I have been farming on a small scale for fifteen years I
have bought one thousand pounds of fertilizers I have bought no corn or meat
1run a twomule farm make my corn and meafat home and from 10 to 15 bales
of cotton which is clear profit The International Cotton Exposition at At
lanta has aroused considerable enthusiasm in regard to improved implements eeds
and systems of agriculture such as will no doubt result in an improved condition
of the agricultural class
Polk County Four good reasons for hope Firat nure economy second more
energy third less highpriced manure fourth more grain and less cotton
willrfr IT P3Were never promising If they escape rust they
will relieve the food pressure very much The spring is very early and has been
wet the consequence is that lands have been planted without thorough prepara
tlon Tnere le much labor as usual but it is very exactingdemanding cash
as the work is done Farmers were very much depressed the first part of the year
but are much more hopeful now Our merchants are doing all in their power to
supply food for man and horse and in that way to help the farmers With all
they could do the bread and meat has been a serious question but it will soon be
bridged over
Walker Countyzlker county is a good section for all the grasses and clovers
making one to two tons of hay per acre and producing from ten to fifty bushels
of corn per acre and now in consequence of the unwise policy of planting too16
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
38
much cotton ninetenths of the corn cribs are empty and the owners purchasing
corn and hay
Whitfield CountyI have never seen small grain looking better Farmers are a
little behind in corn planting btft most of the cotton has been put in
MIDDLE GEORGIA
Baldwin County I have seen several varieties of wheat and all have the rust
except the Bill Dallas I have not seen any rust in oats Everybody has been
convinced that it is better to pay a little more for rust proof oats
Butts County The drouth of last year and the partial failure of the grain crop
has stimulated our farmers to plant more grain potatoes peas etc as the result
of which we have the most enormou3 crop of oats that was ever raised in this
county Many acres will yield 75 to 100 bus per acre It seems that the sugar cane
will soon be raised extensively Tbe demand for the seed this spring was very
much greater than the supply
Campbell CountyThe plan to make more home supplies seems to gain ground
with the farmers in this county The no fence law went in force the first of Jan
uary last in this county Those that opposed it begin to see its benefits and ceise
their clamor against it That is the best thing for the farmers interest that has
been done in the last decade There are a few farmers in this county experi
menting on a small scale with sugar cane Farmers are slowly but surely learning
to diversify their crops and raise at least their breadstuffs and forage and a large
portion of their meat at home They have learned from their own sad experi
ence by the aid of your department the press and last but not least the Grange
that it will not do to raise cotton to buy provisions for themselves or food for
their stock
Carroll County Wheat never looked better Outs promise a large yield
Cotton planted early dying too cool Corn but little planted on bottom land
too wet There is some distress for want of breadstuffs which is stimulating the
farmers to raise more corn Credit prices are ruinous to the farmer It would
be a good thing if they have to suffer some it would probably learn them a les
son I have been farming here on the same place 35 years where I was born
53 years ago and have never been compelled to buy a bushel of corn for my fam
ily but always sell more or less corn wheat and oats and my prospect now is an
abundant crop of grain But I cannot persuade my neighbors to plant on the
cotton surplus plan but they go on the contrary and plant on the corn surplus
plan Poor mules horses hogs and the cry is hard times all the time I have
five or six new tenants who came on my place last winter without a bite to feed
themselves or families and they are good workers but weut on the all cotton plan
and it will always be the case here 1 fear Many thanks for Beed If the
farmers will all turn tneir corn land in the fall of the year and then cross
plow it by listing it up in the spring and then plant corn in water furrows
they will not surfer from drouths so often and this is my experience with corn
Last summer my corn was perfectly green to the bottom blade while corn just
across the fence burnt up I sowetf cow peas broadcast the last time I plowed my
corn and never fail to make a good crop I like the specklebunch pea better than
any for sowing broadcast Tie grain crop in our county was never more promising
The wheat has the blade rust or red mold more or less but I dont think it will39
SUPPLEMENTAL CROP REPORT1882
17
materially hurt it Fall oats are good stood the winter well and both wheat and
oat crops are eight or ten days earlier than last year John Bonner has a twoacre
patch of wheat that he claims will make 100 bushels The corn crop is also very
promising with an excellent stand Dr Wm Gaulding has just told me he had
30 acres half leg high The Cotton plant is looking badly and dying out and the
past two cool nights itis feared will materially damage it as we had some frost
this morning
Coweta County Perhaps the most interesting fact is the almost general deter
mination of the farmers to make their farms selfsupporting devoting larger area
to grain and fruit also more attention to stockraising The improved breeds of
cows hogs and sheep are finding their way into almost every part of the county
Many have not only made terms of peace with the old and hated enemyBermu
da grassbut are actually cultivating or getting on the most friendly relation
with it
BeKaXb County My observation and experience brings me to know that one o
the most important industries of this section would be the cultivation of the
grasses
I hear of a few fields of wheat with rust very few Prospect fine In the
southern part of the county fruit was damaged by a heavy hale storm on the 28th
Farmers are very busy stimulated by fine rains and flattering prospects
The blight has made its appearance which not only threatens to destroy the
crop but also the trees It is my observation that in a well selected variety of grapes
that there is a greater return and a surer crop than from all the other fruits com
bined Only in favored localities I do not believe that peach trees to any extent
should be allowed to encumber the ground I think the same thing with refer
ence to pears The sand pear or LeConte pear is worthless here on account of its
blooming before frost is over I dont believe we would get one crop in ten from
it in this climate In defense of what I here state I will say that I am no novice
in fruit culture I have studied the subject to some extent for the last ten years
and have closely observed results and give it as my opinion that the grape crop is
the coming fruit crop of this section I do not esteem the scuppernong varieties
very highly If we as farmers would purchase less commercial fertilizers and
devote more time in saving and composting our home manure from our lots sta
bles and stalls and diversify our crops plant less manure well cultivate thor
oughly we could live much better live easy and prosper as a people
Elhert Cownty have been informed by one of our leading merchants that the
farmers of this county have bought at least onethird less supplies this year than
last The prospect for wheat and oats is very flattering at present
Fayetle County Orchards and vineyards are receiving more attention than for
merly There is a tendency to more diversified farming of raising cereals for
home consumption The introduction of rust proof oats has been of great advan
tage to our county We need greatly a rust proof wheat A greater interest
is heeded in making homemade manures
Greene County Some persons are beginning tolappreciate the advantages of
raising their supplies This disposition is growing rapidly I know of two fields
sown part in Dallas wheat and part in Fultz The Dallas is not hurt with rust
The Fultz is badly rusted There will be a demand next year for young carp
At the commencement of the year the outlook in the county was gloomy in18
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREREPORT
401
deed for the farmers Corn and meat scarce and high and no money to buy with
It seemed that the people could not get along and make a farm but they have
bought but little on time and seem to be and are getting along wi th their crops
better than they have since the war They are working better aud the outlook
is better than it has been for years Such fine grain crops both wheat and oats
we have not seen in ten years There are very few farmers using any guano this
year in this part of Greene but have much larger quantities of compost and used
it on both corn and cotton The people have made out on so little that I cannot
tell but they are working their crops well and the outlook is more cheering than
it has been for some time
Jones County1 Unless the farmers or landowners can be induced tophnt
more oats rye and barley and make those who rent their lands do the same our
farms and farm stock and the farmer with them is sure to break and ruin awaits
us in the near future We cannot stand this purchasing Western corn at 120
to 140 per bushel more than one more season The labor here is sufficient if
those who use it and own the land would turn their attention to it and use their
own judgment in having their lands cultivated with some reasonable discretion
and managementthey and their negro labor would both be benefited But in
stead thereof too many of our farmers and landowners make the negro political
laborers instead of field hands and consequently we are tending I fear to some
calamitous end After twelve years experience in farming I am convinced
that it will not pay to raise corn on ordinary upland and the experience of my
neighbors bears me out in my premises I think the oat crop will Supersede all
other crops in our section for stock feed Land that will produce ten bushels of
corn will make twentyfive bushels of rust proof oats with onethird the expense
Wheat always is an uncertain crop in most sections and I think should receive
more attention Cotton I findis the most expensive and least remunerative of
any crop we growand most of the farmers if free of debt would plant more largely
of grain and less cotton I think the decrease in the use of commercial ferti lizer
will lessen the crop to a great extent
Lincoln County There has evidently been a revolution in this countyand from
the sent ment as expressed by the farmers themselves at the present time I do
not think they intend to take any step backward in the future as to making the
farm selfsustaining This is evidenced by the fact that there is a larger area of
small grain planted than was ever known in the county and this is being followed
by a heavy corn crop There is being more attention paid to rearing stock of all
kinds All this will certainly tell in the future We are determined to make
the cotton as near a surplus crop as is possible The day the South does this her
independence prosperity is assured in my opinion
McDuffie County There seems to have been a small grain manianever so
much interest taken in it as now and the prospect for a fine oat crop is wonderful
Many of our farmers are so crippled by the all cotton and credit system that
much that would be done cannot be done on that account I believe a better
state ofthings is in the near future for us Our best farmers have adopted oats
for horses entirely and loose 50 per cent less than those fed on corn Cows and
sheep have come out of winter quarters in a better condition than any winter for
the past ten years Our farmers are growing more independent since they adopted
oats as their horse food The best oat crop ever raised in the county and ten days41
SUPPLEMENTAL CROP REPORT1882
19
earlier than last year Wheat a failure on gray lands but looking well on red
lands
Morgan County There seems to be some progress in our county as efforts are
being made to get money out of some things besides cotton One man sold two
thousand dollars worth of hay and will ship several hundred worth of honey
The wool crop is bringing in more money than it did several years ago Common
sheep have clipped this year about three lbs average I have a flock of merinos
that clipped six and ahalf several ews clipped from seven to nine lbs bucks
from nine to sixteen lbs The merino buck crossed on our common sheep makes
a good sheep that will clip from five to five and ahalf lbs wool and is also a fine
mutton sheep Decidedly an increase of interest in the raising of oats and
hay Tne stock law requiring owners of stock to take charge of same passed by
a majority of 222 in the county goes into effect August 28th 1882
Newton County Our people are seemingly satisfied at last that oats can and
must take the place of corn in a large measure They have sown many of them
double and are encouraged with the prospect of a good yield I wish to say that
unless the system of farming is entirely revolutionized at once our people are
ruined for this main reason The lands are exhausted and fertilizers used on
such lands cannot pav Our people have not the forest to fall back on as did our
antibellum planters We are shut up to improve by rotation rest deep plowing
growing pea vines grass clover and such like crops as fertilizers or abandon our
lands and Go West On our exhausted lands with shallow plowing no man
can nsk fertilizers and the expense of cultivation for a few days drought on such
land thus fertilized with amoniated manures will certainly blast the crop either
cotton corn wheat oats or potatoes
Now cannot your Department get up such an array of facts as will convince the
unconvinced and not leave them there but point them to the system or methods
by which they can continue to pay debts continue to live and in the end redeem
their lands themselves and the country It is sometimes very easy to realize the
fact that we are lost but the way out of the swamp is the trouble and by whose
light shall our people be led through this wilderness to a land of plenty if not bv
yours
I have seen the wheat and oat crops from Covington to Sheffield and to the
lower part of the county to Lees Bridge and never have seen in the last fortyone
yeawso much sowed or better propect of a full crop up to this date May 12th
Oglethorpe County The only farmers I know in this county th t are making
clear money are those that raise their own supplies Merchants who own farms
and furnish their hands from the store are of course making money provided
they do not sell too much to others on time
I received a small sack of Dallas wheat from the Department in 1880 which I
sowed saved and sowed again last fall It is doing well but is at least two weeks
later than my Purple Straw sown at the same time I think that wheat is earlier
heading this year than I have ever known it Varieties of wheat that I have
heretofore cut about the 10th of June will I think this year be cut by the middle
of May
Pike County Ribbon cane is the most profitable article raised in this county20
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
42
We have a fence law now and need a dog law We have more hounds in Pike
county than sheep I want to see the things taxed to prohibition
Putnam CountyI think the production of oats and hay in large quantities
greatly needed Sorgum also can be raised with great benefit to the farmers Be
sides making syrup it is very useful as feed for stock The seed alone is as good
for feeding as the same amount of corn If farmers will pay more attention to
getting their rich bottom lands in good order they will find it much better than
cultivating so much poor upland and depending on commercial manures I find
the best manner of preparing bottoms is to break thoroughly with a twohorse
plow and harrow well early in the season then just before planting break and
harrow again lay ofl with shovel and cover with one furrow drop corn one
grain if a place every ten or twelve inches and never thin out until it is knee
high Putnam county has purchased less corn than last year 90000 lbs less meat
and 600 tons less guanoa saving of about 40000 The wheat and oat crop will
be ready to harvest in thirty days and will save the county as much more The
present crop will be made 100000 cheaper than last year Our people are selling
more butter eggn chickens and grass than ever before The stock law is working
finely and everybody seems satisfied with it The acreage in cultivation will be
increased this year as we can cultivate without fences Putnam has made several
poor crops but it has taught her people a lesson of economy they will not forget
soon and with a good crop will be in a better fix than at any time since the war
Troup CountyThe universal rainfall during the last four months has ren
dered nearly worthless much of the plowing that has been done leaving the land
in a clammy tough condition and difficult to work There is considerable labor in
the county that work by the job having rented houses hence much of their time
idle As a rule the labor system of this county is neither satisfactory or profita
ble Should the time ever come dien proper dignity shall be accorded labor
when it shall not be considered disgraeeful for all able bodied persons to engage in
some productive industry then may we expect better times
Upson County My observation teaches me that in this part of the State there
should be a change from cotton and corn to oats first for stock wheat for bread
ground into Graham flour peas potatoes ground peas with some kind of winter
pasture tor hogs to make our meat together with a bunch of sheep on every farm
Sow small grain early graze down with the sheep in winter The sheep will de
stroy the Hessian fly by nipping them ofl Land that will make ten bushels in
corn with cultivation will make six to eight in wheat without cultivationall
without manure Plant a little cotton Make it make one bale to the acre Such
a course will renovate our lands fill our barns and graineries smoke houses give us
winter clothing and we can pay our debts with the money the cotton brings Of
course we should get our cribs full of the old standbycorn I see no reason why
many farmers could not raise mule colts as cheap as they can raise a cow Verily
Georgia can raise all her people require and still improve her soil a legacy better
than old worn out fields for the next generations and down with the idea I will
get the cream of my land and my children can do as I have done No wonder
many young men become discouraged with such destruction and waste of land left
them My observation and experience is that when a farmer raises his own cereals
at home and raises cotton only as a surplus he is on the high road to prosperity
while those that raise all cotton with their corn cribs and their meat43
SUPPLEMENTAL CROP REPORT1882
21
houses in the Northwest are always behind I also find by observation that there
is too little attention paid to the cow pea for it is certainly the clover of the
South It is a great renovator of the soil when either plowed in green or left to
decay on top of the ground Peavine hay cannot be excelled as a stock feed when
properly saved They eat it greedily When fed to cows it gives a peculiar rich
yellow color to their milk and butter It also gives to their hair a sleek lively
appearance It is a good antidote for disease better than most of stock powders
They cannot be recommended too highly as a manure Every old field in Georgia
ought to have a crop of them plowed in on them when planted to turn under as
a fertilizer Sow about two bushels per acre broadcast When planted for hay
plant in drills two and a half to three feet apart two feet apart in the row drop
ping eight to twelve in a bunch so they can be easily cut with the hoe or grass
blade or pulled up as preferred
Walton County In our county the cotton crop will continue to grow less each
year till enough of everything else is raised to supply all the wants of the people
and stpck at home The farming community is beginning to see the necessity of
making the farm self sustaining The long list of successful farmers in the State
published through your Department has had a marked influence on them Farm
ers clubs are being organized and revived and the subject discussed in all its
features A great change and for the better is visible in the future Since the
Exposition in your city labor saving machines etc are receiving much atten
tion In fact everything pertaining to the farmers interest and prosperity is be
ing eagerly sought after A radical change is soon to take place May God grant
it From my own observation and the beet information I can gather I come
to the conclusion that our prospects are rapidly brightening We certainly
are tending to the desired prosperity In the first place our grain crops of
all kinds are increased not only in acreage but the best land is selected for
corn and grain crops I am an old citizen here and to my great gratification I
see a large number of rich lots around gin houses and good fields now planted in
corn Many of them to my own knowledge have never grown a stalk of corn be
fore this is an omen for good One other matter though small in its character I
must mention because good must certainly come of it I notice among our peo
ple both white and colored an increased disposition to abandon dog raising and
keeping and replace them by one or two nice fat pigs Now to my mind this is
no small beginning Hired and farming labor are doing very well The tight
times for bread leads them to more energy I hope the day is close by whin we
will all abandon the Western rain and meat market and raise the same at home
We have the best country on earth if we would only use the same properly
SOUTHWEST GEORGIA
Baker CountyAt least 10 percent of our labor has gone into the turpentine
business but our farmers have put in full crops expecting the leturn of most of
this labor in time to chop cotton as the boxing closes 1st of April From some
cause the grafted and budded peach trees have neither bloomed or put on foliage
but are as bare as they were in January Seedling peaches have put on half crop
Oar corn is farther advanced than I ever saw for the Ut of May Choice spots22
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
44
early patches are from four to six feet high some tabling and wiil receive
last plowing by 10th inst
Brook County The spring to date has been extraordinarv I have only lost
two days from rain since January The stands of all crops are a8 near perfect as
possible especially corn Corn is unusually fine for the season Cotton planted
Irom ten to fifteen days earlier and no disaster to date Fine season at this ime
ground in fine condition for all crops Plemy of corn raised here and some is
being shpped off The very best of long forage is selling here at 80 cents per
hundred pounds A great deal of forage corn is grown here making the best of
teed and is a paying crop at 1000 per ton
We have had a protracted drought injuring oats and rye badly Good rains
for the last two weeks and much improvement in that crop The Burt oats sent
out by you are now ready for cutting and are of a good quality No rust They
I thik are the very best we have tried as yet
Peaches are many of them not in bloom Last year I saw well matured and
ripe peaches of the Alexander variety 24th of May and the same trees are now
only begmnmg to bloom Many of the native trees have peaches as large as
plums but not many on the trees Apples late
Crawford County The fruit crop is more seriously injured than was thought
two or three weeks ago Peaches as large as the end of your thumb continue to
fall off until at this time only about onethird of the crop is left They bloomed
well but are now showing the effects of the severe winter and spring Apples
not much better You made me say in your last report that I considered the Dal
las wheat as not adapted to the latitude above and below Macon I said or I in
tended to say that I did not regard it as suitable for the latitude below Macon I
know farmers in my county that have on hand wheat two years old Some years
with all the preparation and all the varieties we make failures but these men have
demonstrated that there is no necessity of buying a pound of flour for family use
While lam writing one of the farmers of my county has just sent in a sample of oats
five feet high taken from a forty acre field It is estimated that this field will yield
eighty bushels per acre Manured with acid phosphate and cotton seed and
planted in the fall Some of his neighbors with adjoining field are paying 150
per bushel for damaged corn on time
Becalur County I find this county is improving in every branch of industry
The mode of farming is very much improved compared to previous years Sheep
and cattle as well as other stock did better the past winter than for many years
There is not a loafer in this city and but precious few in the county Every
body is at work both men and women I know three farmers that gave some
time and money to rawing home manures for several years It has paid them
well Their crops at this time are 200 per cent better than those that buy freely
of commercial fertilizers
Booty County We see quite an increased interest manifested in small grain
over last year As an evidence of it John Byrom has six hundred acres in oats
and U M Gunn has four hundred acres an increase of 50 per cent over their
last years crop And many others are pursuing the same policy
Dougherty County Good compost of manure green cotton seed and acid
phosphate will pay 25 per cent on entire cost When my manure gives out I stop45
SUPPLEMENTAL CROP REPORT1882
23
planting Manure on oats will increase the crop more than it will any other food
crops
Marion County Intensive framing as exhibited by the small grain patches
scattered over our State will convince any close observer that if adopted nniver
sally it would solve the problem of how to make our farms self sustaining and our
labor remunerative Besides it would enable us to control the poor labor we
have so that they would serve us and not we them as we are now doin Dallas
wheat on clay land has not rusted but on sandy land has Cotton is sickly puny
and less promising than I ever saw it Corn and oats look well also wheat on
well fertilized clay soil but on sandy land is a failure
Miller County Tne crops in this county are the best ever known here and
are fully two weeks in advance Oats are in full head and unusually fine The
farmers are hard at work and greatly elated at the fine prospects We are profit
ing by the timely suggestions from the Agricultural Department of the Slate and
are beginning lo realize the benefits of the Department
Randolph County For blind staggers Remedy raise the tail and cut to the
bone about six inches from the root BottsTake one pint of melted lard and
drencu the animal It not relieved repeat the dose Sure cure
Season up to this time fine Farmers hopelul Wheat and oats nearly ready
to cut that is early sown The crop is earlier by ten to twenty days than ever
known
Schley CountyCarp introduced in 1879 weigh eight lbs Those of 1880
weigh 4 lbs each
Worth County Labor has become scarce and the best farm laborers are not
to be had at any reasonable price They have gone to saw mills and turpentine
distileries where they can command about 2000 per month hence a falling off
of area in cotton It eems to be pretty general all over South Georgia Crops
looking well Fall oats made
EAST GEORGIA
Burke County A greater effort is being made at the production of food with
an increased desire for improved implements of husbandry Labor being diverted
from a dependent cotton culture is finding occupation in lumber and turpentine
manufactories and building railroads Some manufactories of machinery is con
stantly started and money seeking investment in other pursuits than real estate
in the county and tilling the soil Fruits and vegetables are being more exten
sively cultivated for home use and shipment Gnod stock is being sought after
and the talk of the rural population is a desire to diversify and grow a variety of
products for greater independence at home How far this state of mind will con
tinue to influence healthy agriculture remains to be seen in the future fluctua
tions in price and demand
There is every indication and promise of a productive year if only the sea
sons to come prove propitious An early spring early planting good prepara
tion of the land good stands and growing seasons form altogether the mot grati
fying prospect I have seen for many years Every crop is promising except rye
which as far as my observation goes is a failure This is attributable I am satis
fied to the want of good or acclimated seed Last fall we had to depend on94
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 46
Ztp irv t i8
than below 150 per bushel Th P been fteDer over 2
SOUTHEAST GEORGIA
drills three feet apart ThT H h T flW1Dg ir Whel8 Per acre
thelo of land cash p1id when wo d e Cl T
Chipping paid for in cash Msl tonV u 3 Pad eVelV week
to Sosper C Sl J1 fr
can earn from 918 to 26 per mothTh f Wage fieW had
fioM lK P month Ths county does not suffer much vet for
fall L V Ware7eh0 W and crops generally are wold by wh
JBnffighama am fully convinced th Jj
are growing m favor with the planters
ceUnTof fr TT 1S gran CrP fr the Geoia at can ex
eel that of oats compared to the expense of raising they being a certain crop47
SUPPLEMENTAL CROP REPORT1882
25
if sown in September or October I can raise three bushels of oats cheaper than
one of corn
This county has generally been considered unsuited to growing oats success
fully but the Bust Proof having produced four successive good crops here appears
to demonstrate the adaptability of soil and climate to the Eust Proof Oats
Montgomery CountyThe timber business in this section is a curse as cotton
is in some other sections of the State Diversified farming is all the kind that will
pay in this section of the State All who raise their own supplies at In m ar
prosperous and no others Sheep raising would be a nice and profitable business
if a few obstacles could be removed most prominent among them thieves and dogs
There is some attention now given to fruit growing in this county which has
been very satisfactory where proper attention has been paid It is hard to tell
what fruit will do this year About 25 per cent of the peach trees are well set
with healthy looking fruit well grown for the season Some are now in full
bloom while others have but few scattering blooms and no leaves at this date
April 24th Apples are now just blooming and there is no telling what will be the
result I have answered for my county only so far as my knowledge extends The
peach crop is almost a failure A great many of the two and three year old tree8
are commencing to bud and some are dead cant account for it Apple trees are
very backward The chances altogether are very poor indeed The farmers in
our county seem to be alive to their interest letting politicians take care of them
selves and working at home and the result will be in the fall with good seasonsi
a bountiful crop of breadstufls I think the day is not far distant when we will
be independent of the West for food forinan and beast May God speed the day
when there will not be seen one grain of Western corn nor one pound of Western
meat on a Georgia farm but our cribs and smokehouses filled with our own rais
ing then we will be a prosperous people
Telair County I cant make any report in regard to the fruit The trees
are later putting forth than I have ever known Some are just now beginning to
bloom and I think the crop will be light and late I cant account for it as we
have had an unusually favorable spring
Washington County I notice that the Atlanta Exposition seems to have
awakened an interest in farmers and is causing a great many of them to introduce
labor saving implements and improved machinery This section p becoming
more interested in grain crops and are planting with a view of not having to buy
any corn hay or oats another year
Wilkinson County My Dallas wheat is exempt from rust to date and shows
no signs of it while my old red is rusted to the top and will paint a dog red to
run through it after a rain or when the dew is on it I think the Dallas a valua
ble acquisition in our locality in the wheat line Less bacon and corn bought in
this county this year than any year for ten Farmers are hard at work Crop
work well advanced Two destructive cyclones have passed through the upper
portion of my county doing considerable damage to crops timber and fences
Some lives were lost All who were near enough have extended help to those
Who sufferedTABLE No 1
NORTH GEORGIA
Corn Oats Wheat Cotton Sugar Rice CO 3J O t3 P B o gR i 10 105 90 95 100 140 118 100 100 80 100 no 60 80 100 100 104 90 105 80 110 130 Fruit Stock Labor and supplies
COUNTIES CO o 0 a o o e i S X 113 120 98 108 120 100 105 105 130 100 115 115 110 110 o o be S3 s d O S3 a a o od nS 55 98 105 115 106 fob 90 100 95 95 100 100 90 a ss O d 03 a a o o O Sfi g o 112 125 90 125 ll5 110 100 120 120 110 115 125 110 CO a o P o o o z Ph 50 50 70 65 25 85 85 90 25 50 15 40 g 50 00 3 u O a t o o3 n2 s 4 o o o 0 a a 7 62 30 25 90 55 40 95 50 60 80 72 50 50 75 O S3 Ji o is a S3 a O 0 I c o go O 108 120 107 112 100 116 110 100 110 100 130 125 100 be a as fl P ai o o tC a 11 S O S ja a s3 2 o a g 56 O O a 109 118 95 112 110 95 105 110 100 108 105 120 125 m O d O c si a a o o o be s3 go 115 122 90 125 120 110 105 100 110 105 115 110 105 a S3 o a o 8 a o o d 6 o to 03 3 1 o d O 108 112 85 112 110 90 95 100 80 110 110 120 120 110 00 S3 O d O 33 O a o o o o g 5 J 90 82 115 85 90 105 105 90 95 75 110 85 90 100 o th p2 a3 o CO J o a sa rt 3 w fl o P 72 50 90 62 60 100 6S 60 50 90 60 50 86 03 a a o u o o o o o u S 0 P 97 60 95 83 98 70 92 70 90 80 80 100 80 o 3 3 S3 a a o t sg O y ss a 33 35 80 62 30 40 25 30 60 50 70 30 36 25 a o o 2 o S 2 a o 3 a c 8t 95 100 90 85 100 100 100 100 80 100 100 100 95 65 d S s a a o v a aa SS SS sS C 42 70 20 27 60 5 12 46 30 10 27 40 25 B E P a o y 100 c O b a s O D G 100 B o o 9 II S8 2 a 1 ioo a o o 2 S3 li CD as gi r y 100 o o a 3 h a XI S O a 85 85 60 85 95 95 20 50 20 10 100 50 85 100 70 40 75 30 80 112 80 o o a p a o a a on SB 50 75 65 90 50 90 60 25 12 ion 50 90 50 75 60 bo 100 96 8 a o o a o n J f S3 S B O S3 32 o t o d i3 3 S o a O 97 100 103 110 90 100 110 95 100 100 110 90 102 90 100 ioo ioo 100 110 1 o d a 3 O CO 2 o O a o Ss S 95 95 90 60 110 86 70 100 81 85 1P0 so iin 100 125 100 go s t TO O 3 Si 9 O S3 w a S 8 o 97 95 80 95 98 100 ion 70 105 90 110 95 110 95 iio 100 100 85 85 100 95 85 2 S3 a a o o 0Q s O s3 f g go 03 08 100 65 90 98 60 105 o S3 a a o o h O 03 to V C s 95 B o o t o 3 o3 a o gs S3 O 1 05 s o S S3 s o u a o 0 i as 1 35 1 10 1 35 iw 1 26 1 20 a o o a O S3 s O 3 i Su a0 ted w o S3 a a 85 85 80 40 ft 1 50 1 00 X3 0 1 sI A c CO b a S3 O 75 95 55 90 25 120 d 0 b JD S3 O m re S r St 3 O O 0 H 75 33 15 68 100 110 0 0 c S3 a a 0 d fa 5 S3 ao 0 ts 2 S3 Ph
102 ioo 90 100 110 90 100 110 100 105 100 100 120 92 90

ChattoogaCherokee Cobb 100 75 80 90 1 10 1 10 1 05 95 90 95 80 100

Dawsou
Forsyth Franklin
85 90 95 100 85 90 45 iio 100 70 u6 80 80 87 90 90 100 90 100 95 105 80 ioo 100 100 ioo 80 100 80 85 1 18 1 00 1 20 80 95 1 OS 1 02 i20 1 20 1 0 ion 1 00 1 00 1 25 ll5 I 45 1 15 1 40 1 00 1 86 1 45 1 87 1 50 1 ro 40 SO 1 25 1 50 1 47 1 05 80 1 10 1 10 1 40 40 95 80 1 00 80 90 75 1 00 iio 105 70 125 80 110 15 60 50 60 85 ioo 50 110 60 60 50 75 65 70 76 96 100 91 95 90 90 98


Gwinnett
Habersham

Haralson 100 lit 100 100 125 115 120 135 100 115 no 115 200 105 100 135 100 117 120 120 150 112 105 140 100 135 115 85 75 75 90 85 75 73 85 85 85 65 90 60 62 72 100 100 95 100 100 80 57 85 15 15 60 100 75 100 35 85 25 85 50 65 85 50 60 75 72 100
150 115
120 no 120 ioo 108 100 76
105 no 110 120 135 120 100 110 ioo 99
Madison
135 160 120 120 50 75 33 60 85 70 90 35 110 110 110 no 50 25 22 45 75 100 105 90 100 90 100 ibo
Paulding Polk 30 27 40

a
w

H
g
W
Z
H
O
11

n
2
n
G
G
W
W
M
O
Q
00Union
Walker
White
Wliitfield
Average
100
no
1137
105 95
951108
100I 111
60
Tii
645
101 95 75 95 75 95 60 98 35
100
100
110
15
05
85 40 100
110 1046 110 114 108895 705 86407 111 32 100 100 100 100
87
lb
98
85
100 80
991 91
85
948
60
80
85 5
1 0
1 07
1 25
1 32
100
Too
946
MIDDLE GEORGIA
Bibb 125 110 110 118 110 110 130 112 115 125 110 120 no 120 i 05 115 100 115 115 110 110 110 110 its 115 103 135 108 Tib 125 110 115 ion 90 95 103 90 103 95 103 95 95 100 100 105 100 95 100 100 90 90 80 90 95 105 100 106 95 100 95 95 90 100 110 965 140 130 116 130 200 105 175 135 120 140 135 125 150 150 160 120 isa 175 145 120 130 130 120 135 125 150 130 135 136 165 140 115 137 80 90 50 40 25 75 27 75 45 85 65 45 50 90 75 25 40 85 80 85 85 80 75 85 80 65 90 45 90 SO 55 70 85 64 5 100 100 95 50 80 80 65 95 85 65 81 83 50 90 75 85 90 120 85 95 95 95 110 80 85 75 100 95 95 85 85 65 95 85 120 150 no 100 120 110 115 125 118 125 160 105 125 110 125 Tib 110 110 135 135 110 90 118 115 125 120 120 140 125 125 120 115 115 1186 10U 75 no 90 105 100 102 120 105 no 110 105 110 10 108 flu 100 95 105 102 100 80 110 110 120 75 130 105 105 100 105 100 103 no 110 110 95 115 250 107 120 115 120 150 105 116 llil 133 120 110 110 145 130 105 85 115 115 125 130 115 135 122 T26 115 180 115 124 100 85 150 105 105 100 107 105 115 120 125 130 120 12 150 110 110 115 110 100 120 130 110 115 120 180 130 90 126 160 110 90 122 100 110 150 110 125 100 105 80 126 125 125 100 12l HI 110 95 125 95 120 80 65 95 116 120 120 95 85 120 65 Too 95 110 85 105 5 100 70 90 90 90 90 92 77 85 85 85 82 90 80 100 Too 87 95 90 80 90 85 90 80 85 85 9i 77 95 85 85 85 85 845 100 00 85 80 90 90 75 65 80 65 70 25 55 75 40 85 77 85 76 65 65 60 75 70 80 50 70 85 76 70 70 100 72 75 40 95 90 90 100 97 70 85 90 75 70 50 65 95 60 90 65 85 75 75 80 75 95 75 85 65 60 75 60 60 95 85 79 in 30 20 20 20 35 17 15 30 25 25 15 25 45 30 10 22 25 60 30 32 50 20 50 25 28 25 27 20 25 30 27 100 85 80 85 85 90 95 85 95 100 80 95 100 95 100 72 100 85 loO 82 100 100 95 90 95 85 80 90 40 50 90 60 50 SO 92 55 35 40 65 60 60 40 To 65 75 35 45 20 100 115 111 95 100 115 95 115 90 100 150 115 85 200 110 101 90 90 75 90 25 85 85 98 70 50 100 75 65 25 100 87 Too 77 85 100 75 65 97 100 35 60 50 45 45 70 50 35 25 90 87 50 80 65 100 110 100 101 105 10 100 105 105 90 110 100 95 110 100 100 120 105 100 75 95 90 85 97 80 85 85 100 90 90 100 65 90 100 85 95 75 85 80 85 85 95 90 85 75 88 lot 110 90 95 100 100 95 85 91 90 80 98 90 60 95 95 100 85 85 oo 70 110 100 95 no 103 100 98 100 75 100 85 75 80 75 85 85 90 106 100 85 100 95 77 85 120 98 100 100 75 10 95 93 100 102 100 91 85 105 100 60 95 100 95 90 105 85 100 125 IK 125 110 115 115 110 133 105 115 115 115 110 125 125 ii5 118 120 110 112 125 115 110 120 120 112 115 120 120 US 118 115 125 113 150 130 150 130 145 150 135 130 145 145 145 145 145 135 T35 150 140 135 132 160 145 145 150 117 140 150 143 140 187 147 145 150 138 HO 12 115 01 8 5 95 105 90 120 90 10 Tin 175 no 120 WO 120 85 To 75 85 90 85 80 100 70 75 as 103 70 75 957 75 100 50 60 30 80 70 75 65 65 85 75 60 75 80 80 60 90 75 70 70 65 70 100
Butts Campbell 85
115 100
90 100 75 90 100 95 90
Too
Columbia Too Too 100
DeKalo DofYgls Elbert
Fayette Fuitoli Hancock Harris Lincoln 120 105 100 90 120 90
60 50 25 50 75 105 75 50 55 50 110 60 80 10 40 75 80 30 60 577 55 75 46 90 70 95 100 95 85 95
McDuffle 105 100
Meriwether 60 75 70 75 65 70 75 85 65 50 70 75 745
Monroe 85 90 55 37 40 85 80 45 90 140 Too 100 150 175 Too 8 110 100 1136 100 85 65 25 20 100 95 75 100 60 30 45 10 45 80 80 50 60 110 101 115 110 100 110 102 110 100 Too 102 100 125 104 90 85
Morgan Newton 95 90 101 100 100 100 100 95 95 95 100 100 106 95 ion 98 100 95 105 100 96
Oglethorpe 80 100 80 100
Pike 100 125 100 100 100 100
Rockdale 90 100 90
100 85 108 100 125 93
Talbot Taliaferro 100 100 90 90 85 915 55 70 40 65 75 596 110 T65 135 95
Too 100 60 loo 787 85 65 55 75 61 80 95 95 110 628 98 90 110 86 93 95
95
Warren AVilkes 100 108 100 98 95 85
Average 114 925

G
t
s
r

2
W
z
H

r
w
M
o
H
00
00
to
3TABLE No 1Continued
SOUTHWEST GEORGIA
COUNTIES
Baker
Berrien
Brookp
Calhoun
ChattahooV
Clay
Colquitt
Crawford
Decatnr
Dooly
Dougherty
Early
Houston
Irwin
Lee
Lowndes
Macon
Mnrion
Miller
Mitchell
Muscogec
Quitmat
Randolph
Schley
Stewart
Sumter
Taylor
Terrell
Thomas
Corn

120
10
117
US
105
120
110
110
in
105
108
110
110
Oats
97 110
100 107
o 5
o
77 95
11
116
llll
126
120
115
12
12
5o
105
116
110
116

3
o
O V
o
105
102
13
2 c
8
o
102
104
90
Wheat
5 i
80
3 v
0
00
95
117
75
105 90
100 75
Cotton
90
as
Z A
is
2 5
8
I
82
92
96
95
95
951 100
85 75
100
100 110 90 100
100 75
98 64
100 91
50 110
125 no
100 75
125
115 62
1051 100 70
105 80 80
66
to
36
411
40
17
87
1
37
30 100
25 105
25 100
100
100
91
75
100
110
100
100
no
109
95
100
Cane
a
a as
Rice
C S
e
Is
II
120
110
100
112
90
100 100
100
5 100

Fruit
Stock
125
26
Labor and
I 07 1 31
1 25 1 25
0 8S 1 10
1 20
OS
1 12
1 17
1 05
1
1 25
1 18
1 15
I mi
1 20
1 15
I 1
iw
ii5
20
40
1 29
16
1 21
1 50
1 32
1
1 42
1 32
1 in
1 51
1 50
fl
o
1 1
c

5
1 60
1 28
1 51
1 so
1 30
I 35
I 45
1 50
1 0
1 00
I 42
80
80
if
o
64
100
100
100
66
95
100
100
101
100
100
100
93
90
10
82
96
100
95
75
100
80
100
100
77
00
c
M

W
Z
o

o
a
c
H
a
w
pi
a
H
O
Q
en
o

mimmmKmvmtt i
Worth 101 112 100 105 984 115 H7 123 20 17 61 901 90 971 120 112 111 110 96 99 115 105 109 80 110 103 40 80 90 85 91 100 117 90 90 90 83 22 100 100 99 70 60 105 105 105 105 102 100 93 112 91 90 15 75 54 80 6b 100 112 100 80 85 100 i 90 95 100 961 100 100 95 1 OB 1 14 1 60 125 100 85
Or
Average 1127 76 31 67 106 47 101 1 42 B2 38 85 97 1 Ir
EAST GEORGIA
Bulloch
Burke
JUodge
Emsnuel
fllascock
Jefferson
Johnson
Laurens
Mtgomery
Pulaski
Richmond
Screven
Tatnall
Telfair
Twiggs
Washington
Wilkinson
110
112
125
110
92
ioo
no
no
no
107
115
110
105
105
105
100
II
Average 108 97 123 83
116
112
100
120
92
160
110
105
115
186
117
12
13
105
112
110
105
115
117
150
no
95
118
81
100
106
120
77
106
90
110
117
120
ISO
120
92
150
110
90
121
123
120
10S
128
102
116
106
107
105
96
100
101
ioo
105
so
27
US
5 104 105
100
100
76
100
96 1196 51 108 786
101
120
125
ion
100
125
105
95
106
100
130
100
120
106
100
100
ioo
ioo
75
110
100
87
90
100
1 35
1 15
1 60
1 26
1 52
1 35
1 75
1 50
1 40
1 50
1 80
1 25
1 40
1 30
1 40
1 50
1 51
92 957 97 1 15l 40 79 57 82 9 3
50
96
90
80
90
00
100
100
100
82
95
100
100
1110
95
95
100
SOUTHEAST GEORGIA
Appling 110 110 110 110 100 125 110 99 105 105 no 100 100 103 110 102 115 120 150 110 117 85 88 77 25 90 75 73 90 83 68 100 100 100 90 150 87 105 110 100 100 108 ioo 81 101 10 100 100 97 125 88 105 112 100 100 105 95 83 95 76 90 10 125 125 100 100 75 87 75 100 100 86 90 9C 75 75 10 66 125 102 110 100 120 90 107 90 90 100 150 60 96 100 100 100 1 25 1 50 125 100 33 ion

95 90 90 95 100 100 75 90 80 56 34 60 83 70 25 6b 22 1H4 105 125 125 100 114 107 107 100 100 101 106 88 92 100 80 92 95 75 100 80 90
10 100 100 100 100 105 107 80 75 100 93
Clinch Fchols Effingham 92 85 75 100 70 87 1 10 1 10 1 2 1 15 1 2b 1 80 1 40 1 25 106 100 100 83 80 100 100 100 75 76 ioo
80
80 90 80 100 50 55 90 71 50 32
Mclntosh Ware Wayne 81 88 117 136 96 90 76 95
RECAPITULATION
North Ga Middle Ga S W Ga East Ga 1137 114 1127 108 110 1125 100 965 984 87 103 98 1111 53 137 645 123 64 128 83 117 73 1251 65 64 5 85 91 88 90 84 11011046 1186 103 111 99 108 105 108 97 1155ll027 110 124 109 118 105 1185 114 122 103 82 110 108 1055 86 83 100 895 845 91 89 90 88 705 72 90 80 81 778 86 79 76 8 88 805 407 27 31 27 55 111 91 5 99 98 99 32 596 67 69 32 100 108 106 104 114 100 98 101 105 106 100 100 93 99 92 100 93 91 103 90 98 1136 911 96 72 787 54 696 86 66 61 47 51 66 99 104 101 108 107 103 91 88 85 786 96 86 948 628 96 92 100 86 855 98 106 957 93 943 92 96 95 97 87 945 107 118 114 115 117 113 182 138 142 140 136 138 92 967 62 79 96 84 72 577 38 57 90 58 67 745 85 82 76 767 94 925 97 93 95
For State 326 101 54 106 103 95 968 1038 708 589 95
00
c
I
d
r1
W
S

I
r

a
o
OO
OO
t330 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 52
TABLE No 2
Synopsis of Weather Reports from January 1st to April 30ih 1882
NORTH GEORGIA
STATIONS
Canton
BUerslie
Gainesville
Mosey Creek Leo
Mt Airy
Rabun Gap
Rome
JANUARY
Tempera
lure
Means M
64
66
6S 15
19
6
22
65116
410
416
445
438
434
470
442
Rain
fall
1640
7 4u
908
IB 8ft
1145
890
1402
FEBRUARY
Tempera
ture

Rain
fall
MARCH
raRain
tun fall
APRIL
26
80
22
28
7115
71139
207l26
440
502
181
485
453
490
8 50
685
935
1260
885
710 9
82 33
47 5 879il079l32
25 0
5S 4
555
644
509
570
1150
455
528
423
550
245
547 558
Tempera
ture
Rain
fall
600
64
622
1520
601
650
620
600
220
358
3 11
S90
362
MIDDLE GEORGIA
385
Athens
Atlanta
CarrolltonjX
LaGrange
Macou
Oxford
Thomson
Means
SOUTHWEST GEORGIA
Americue
Albany
Outhbert
Kashvilie
Thomasyille
Means
24570
32560
24595
77 271576
330
180
21
242
5J7831j568 4751 6
8 7837640 310 4
80 81 694 373
sf7983Ue faTieIe 8044
78140
8348
78153
8236
6861 6251 6f
Ml OS 538
640 070 3 85
6531 224 8 87
648 2981 5 85
700
72 j
690
706
EAST GEORGIA
260
271
445
2
Augusta
Ogeechee
Bwainsboro
Meansbfisi
500
500
800
540
603
571
340
OS
3 51
35
590
83 33590
464
85
6501 417
722 093
6861 255
Brunswick
Walthonrviile
Means
Means for State
SOUTHEAST GEORGIA
80 SO so 72 28 80 29 28 KOO 584 59 2 521 178 0 95 592 4178 3 78 3 78 10176 s 36 87 a 60 0 584 592 648 010I 1 055 4 OSSl 2 514 6 851456501 261 91 42 652 195 93 44 651 22S 848SJ605414 588I58 58651 6 8765 6J8449 690 693 392 295 8 7
7 8
602 67s 331
53
SUPPLEMENTAL REPORT1882
31
REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON LABORSAVING IMPLE
MENTS
Augusta Ga May 6th 1882
Hon J T Henderson Commissioner of Agriculture Atlanta Ga
Your Committee appointed in response to the resolution adopted by the Con
vention of the Georgia State Agricultural Society held in this city in February
last respectfully beg leave to report
The Committee was organized May 1st and proceeded to examine such imple
ments and machinery as were available This was continued for three days dur
ing which a number of superior laborsaving machines and implements including
pulverizers seed sowers harvesters mosvers binders cultivators engines etc
were examined Such as could be practically tested were operated in the field in
the presence of the Committee
So far as practicable therefore the Committee discharged the duties for which
it was organized but the number brought under our observation was so small
compared to the multitude on the market that it has been deemed improper to at
tempt to individualize those which seemed to possess superior merit
Undei the circumstances we could not do more than assure the farmers of Geor
gia of the great advantages to be derived from the use of laborsaving implements
and machinery and urge them to adopt those suited to their soil crops and means
after a most careful investigation of the merits of the different individuals in the
classes needed Some members of the Committee have in use on their farms a va
riety of the most modern of such machines including plows pulverizers
planters seed sowers harvesters mowers and engines which have given entire
satisfaction and have become as indispensable in their farming operations as the
scooter plow and the scythe were to our fathers
All who own lands on which improved implements can be successfully used are
urged to purchase them after a thorough inquiry into the merits of the various
candidates for their patronage
We further supgest that as far as practicable the Secretary of the State Agri
cultural Society endeavor to secure at each session of the Convention a practical
test of such improved implements and machinery as may be available in order
that the delegates to the Conventions may observe for themselves the merits of
the differdnt machines and report the results of their observations to their clubs
when they return to their homes We suggest that he invite manufacturers and
dealers to cooperate with the Society in this effort to afford its members an op
portunity of Beeing the various implements in practical operation during the ses
sions of the Cunventions Such exhibitions will enure to the mutual advantage
of both farmers and dealers and prove far more satisfactory than any report which
an examining committee could make
We desire to thank you sir for the compliment implied in our appointment32
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
54
by you for the discharge of a duty of such importance to the farmers of Georgia
and regret that our labor has not resulted in more pointed and practical con
elusions
We desire also to thank the local dealers in implements and machinery for the
valuable assistance rendered the Committee by cheerfully exhibiting their goods
both at their plaees of business and practically in the field
J B Campbell Chairman
Fred Little
George W Dhl
F E Eve
W B Capers
J 8 Newman55
SUPPLEMENTAL CROP REPORT1881
33
REPORTS BY THE CHEMIST
University op Georgia Athens Ga March 14th 1882
Hon J T Henderson Commissioner of Agriculture Atlanta Oa
Dear SirIn my general report of last season made to you May 26th 1881
and embodied in circular No 18 of the Department the following occurred
Although field experiment is not strictly in the line of my official duties I have
been prompted by your liberality and the generous assistance of a colleague to
essay on a small scale a special experiment of this character
Nitrogen or Ammonia is the most costly ingredient of commercial fertilizers
It can be purchased and applied in several distinct formsas Nitrates of Soda or
Potash Sulphate of Ammonia Dried Blood Cotton Seed Meal etc The ques
tion as to which of these forms is the most economical and best suited for agricul
tural purposes is certainly a very important one involving as it does the whole
question about which very little is at present known of the form in which plants
prefer to take their necessary nitrogen During two or three years past a series
of experiments have been conducted at several agricultural stations in the North
to test the question so far as corn potatoes and a few other crops are concerned
The results have been reported to and aggreeated by Prof W O Atwater of Mid
dletown Conn to whom I aro indebted for many valuable suggestions in this
connection These experiments are being repeated the present season So far
as I have been able to ascertain not one single experiment of this nature has ever
been made upon cotton More therefore for the purpose of inaugurating exper
imentation of this kind and of calling attention to its importance than with the
hope that a single experiment could furnish complete and infallable information
I have instituted a test on a small scale for this season My colleague Gen Wm
M Browne Professor of Agriculture ofjthe University has generously cooperated
with me and granted the Use of about an acre and a quarter of land of the exper
imental farm with labor etc necessary for cultivation Upon this cotton has
been planted under some twentysix 26 different conditions as to the nitrogen
supply With great liberality you furnished me with the fertilizing materials
The experiment is now well under way a good stand of plants being already ob
tained At the conclusion of the experiment I shall report to you the full details
of materials used results obtained etc
I have now the honor to present the detailed results of the experiment re
ferred to
OBJECT OF THE EXPERIMENT
The object for which this experiment was instituted was to determine or at
least to throw some light upon the following problems
1 Does cotton acquire the nitrogen necessary for its healthful growth and per
fect fruiting in whole or in part from the atmosphere or in whole or in part from
the soil 34
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
56
2 If the necessary nitrogen is obtained in whole or in part from the soil in
which of the following forms does cotton prefer that its nitrogen should be sup
plied viz Nitrates ammonia salts organic nitrogen of animal origin or organic
nitrogen of vegetable origin these being the only nitrogen compounds available
commercially
3 To what extent if at all is it necessary or prudent to apply nitrogenous
manures in the culture of cotton
4 Does the use of nitrogenous manures in cotton culture pay considered from
a monetary standpoint
It cannot be denied that these questions are very momentous considering the
immense importance of the cotton crop to ibia State and the large amount of
money annually expended generally andbecause of our ignorance in the mat
ternecessarily without discrimination for the nitrogenous fertilizers employed
in its culture
Without entertaining for a moment the idea that one single experiment no
matter bow carefully conducted could solve these problems it was thought that
intelligent work in this direction could not be too speedily begun even if the be
ginning was necessarily upon a small scale Hence the modest experiment
CONDITIONS OP THE EXPERIMENT
The following conditions were necessarily attendant upon the proper conduct of
the experiment
1 The use of a piece of land suitably located homogeneous poor and of which
the composition and previous history were known
2 The application of such fertilizers only whose compositions were actually
known
3 The knowledge of the kinds and quantities of materials necessary to produce
an ordinary aerage crop of cotton
ACTUAL CONDITIONS OBSERVED
1 The experiment was conducted on a piece of land at the University farm
kindy furnished for the purpose by my colleague Prof Win M Browne who also
attended in person to the cultivation gathering and final estimate of the crop I
quote his description as furnished me
The plat selected for the experiment had been cleared in the winter of 1880 of
a stunted growth of oak blackjack and pine and had not been cultivated for
over 25 years The soil which was uniform and homogeneous was upland and
level consisting of a clayey loam with but little vegetable matter was of a red
color dry rather heavy and well drained The soil was 4 inches in depth and
the the subsoil was a stiff clay
An analysis of the soil of this section of the experimental farm had previously
been made by myself without giving the details of the analysis I may state that
but small traces of vegetable matter were present and that the soil was emphat
ically poor
2 The fertilizers used were furnished mainly by the Commissioner of Agricul
ture and were as follows
Acid phosphate containing by actual analysis 104 per cent available phos57
SUPPLEMENTAL CROP REPORT1881
85
phoric acid muriate of potash containing 48 per cent potash nitrate of soda
containing 16 per cent nitrogen sulphate of ammonia containing 208 per cent
nitrogen dried blood containing 111 per cent nitrogen and cotton seed meal
containing 6 35 per cent nitrogen
3 Of the materials necessary to produce a crop of cotton the three which are
alone generally considered necessary to apply as fertilizers are prosphonc acid
which is lways accompanied with a sufficient quantity of lime potash and ni
trogen The analysis of the cotton plant shows that to produce a crop of 300
pounds lint cotton per acre there would be required in all 26 pounds of phos
phoric acid 48 pounds of potash and 50 pounds nitrogen Calling this amount
of each of these substitutes a full rationof each this full rationof phosphoric
acid would be furnished by 250 pounds of the acid phosphate mentioned above the
full ration of potash by 100 pounds of the muriate of potash and the full ration
of nitrogen by 312J pounds of nitrate sf soda 240 pounds sulphate of ammonia
450 pounds dried blood or 787J pounds cotton seed meal
DETAILS OF THE EXPERIMENT
1 Regarding culture I quote from Gen Browne The seed used were of the
Rameses variety planted with a Dow Law cotton planter at the rate of one bush
el per acre in last week of April 29th and covered with a board Hoed three
times and plowed and swept three times Kept perfectly clean and soil well
stirred The various fertilizers were applied by a distributor guaged with perfect
accuracy in the centre furrow of each cotton bed lightly intermingled with the
soil and covered with a shallow list The cold dry weather at planting time and
the intense heat with protracted drought in July and August were very unfavora
ble for the crop The stand of cotton was very imperfect from the first cause and
the yield was largely diminished by the second
2 The piece of ground ly acre devoted to the experiment waBlaid off in 26
plats each containing fa acres Each plat containing 4 rows each row 124 feet
long and the rows 3J feet apart The plats were numbered from 1 to 26
3 Plats numbered 1 5 16 21 and 26 were unmanured No 2 manured with a
full ration of nitrogen alone in the form of nitrate of soda No 3 with a full ra
tion of phosphoric acid alone No 4 with potash alone No 6 was manured with
full ration each of nitrogen as nitrate and prosphoric acid No 7 with nitrogen
and potash and No 8 with phosphoric acid and potash The first 8 plats there
fore were designed to test the action of full rations of phosphoric acid potash and
nitrogen as nitrate alone and combined in pairs
4 In order to determine the action and estimate the relative values of the dif
ferent nitrogen compounds it was necessary to apply with each of them the full
rations of phosphoric acid and potash so that the crop should suffer no detriment
from the lack if these foods and in order that any differences in yield might be
influenced by the nitrogen supply alone A mixture of acid phosphate and
muriate of potash was therefore used upon the other plats with different kinds
and proportions of nitrogenous fertilizers as follows
To plats 9 10 and 11 nitrate of soda in proportions of J f and full ration of
nitrogen
To plats 13 14 and 15 sulphate of ammonia in proportions of J f and full
ration of nitrogen36 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 58
troTgenPalS bd of h and full ratio of ni
of nitfSn23 and 25 C0Un 86ed mea1 PrPrt of i i and foil
ration
The following table exhibits in condensed form the foreg
oing statements
1 a FERTILIZERS 1 j 1 Nitrate of Soda u tf 0 a 0 C Oh 5 E 0 ft 0 V 3 3 s 3 0 i i 2 13 6 5 a n ft a u a 0 0 O is a a c 0 S O u a a u
i No manure
r
13K 12i IO 4
IO 3K
H 4 250
Nn manure 100
7 12 IO 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 22K 16K 14 18 16 22 26K 14 17 15 20 25 23 35 20 26 32 14 24K 35 45K 3S2K
8 IO IO IO IO IO IO IO IO IO IO IO IO IO IO IO IO 412K
9 4 16 35

IO 454 16

ii 558H

12 662 J
1 3 15 6 25 9 35 35o
M 43
11 510

16 590
i7
t8 6 12 18 35o
19 500
20 650
21 300
21 31 35
6m
875
26 37
59
SUPPLEMENTAL CROP REPORT1881
RESULTS OF THE EXPERIMENT
37
The following table shows the results obtained
c c o picking Aug 30 2d picking Sept 14 3 picking Oct 4th picking Oct Yield per acre 0 picking 0 Aug 2d 1 3d picking picking Sept Oct 1 u 4th picking Oct Yield acre per
4 6 3 14 4 12
lbs oz lbs oz lbs oz lbs oz lbs oz lbs oz lbs oz lbs oz lbs oz lbs oz
i 0 e 0 1 2 12 1 tA 180 7A 14 9 12 7 1 5 9 1 is 607 13
a 0 1 1 1 3 12 3 1 220 K 15 n 8 9 4 5 11 2 1 712
3 4 14 8 7 3 12 3 2 500 13 16 0 13 2 7 4 8 2 10 256 6
4 0 11 2 14 2 2K 2 9 203 4K 17 3 3 4 81 3 2 1 6 304 11
5 1 i4 3 12 2 4 1 11 240 10 89 12 10 8 11 a 4 8 898 2
9 4 9 8 3 4 1 14 596 T4 9 7 ro 8 14 7 11 5 9 745 5
2 1 4 1 2 5 2 1 262 8 07 1 11 1 i 9 2 4 782
d 8 5 9 ro 3 5 2 6 590 10 2 12 7 3 9 3 32 6 289 1
9 4 7 8 8 i 5 2 10 681 14 2 22 8 4 14 5 13 2 4 285 15
10 8 13 8 2A 3 2 2 8 580 7A 2 312 IO 12 13 6 13 4 8 929 11
11 8 1 7 ri 3 1 2 6 530 7A 2 4 n 13 2 4 6 14 3 9 887 8
jj 3 2 7 4 9 1 3 13 584 6 2 5 12 2 6 5 6 I2j 4 4 985 15
3 9 2 6 8 5 io 2 13I 602 sK 2 5 1 7 2 14 4 2I 1 12 260 11
CONCLUSIONS DEDUCED FROM THE RESULTS
The results of this experiment illustrate in a most striking manner the ex
reme dtffieuty of obtaining trustworthy results in agricultural experiments and
the utter futility of attempting to draw reliable conclusions from a single experi
ment no matter how carefully conducted This experiment was conducted with
he utmost care and no tune trouble or expense was spared The land was selec
ted with special uniformity in character and was believed to be homogeneous
toL Z r aCr f0f WtJ 8imiIar trip varied with no manure
from 180 to m pounds and with acid phosphate and muriate of potash from 385
to 590 pounds In strictness therefore the only proper conclusion that can be
drawn from these results is that the experiment should be several times repeated
upon the same land and under the same conditions until the comparative action
of fertilizers apphed can be determined with certainty This with the generous
cooperation o Prof Browne I propose shall be done No better argument
for the necessity of a scientific experimental station in Georgia permanent in lo
cation and endowment could be presented than the results of this first experiment
I may be permitted however to indicate even at the mk of error a few anna
rent conclusions bearing upon the objects of the experiment which may be rough
ly deduced from these results These must be considered however merely as in
dications not as positive conclusions
1 By supplying the plants with mineral food alone it is possible to obtain a
good average crop of cotton without the application of nitrogenous manures in
38
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
60
the soil Even when nitrogenous manures were employed the ration produced
in all cases better general results than the full ration
Therefore cotton ia able to obtain the greater part if not the whole of its neces
sary nitrogen from the atmosphere without depending upon the soil
2 It is possible to increase the yield by the use of nitrogenous manures applied
to the soil The order of preference displayed by the plant for the materials used
is as follows
1st Albumenoid nitrogen from vegetable sources as cotton seed meal 2d
Albumenoid nitrogen from animal sources as dried blood 3d Sulphate of am
monia 4th Nitrate of soda
3 The excessive application of nitrogenous manure even when accompanied
with ample quantities of mineral plantfood does not increase the yield but on
the contrary appears to diminish it As a rule the nitrogenous matter applied in
excess of J ration either diminished or added but a trifle to the yield Of course
we have no means of knowing what proportion of even this J ration was of value
in increasing the yield over mineral matter abone or to what extent it might be
advantageously diminished but certainly it represents the maximum quantity
that the crop would stand or use This J ration would be represented by about
4 per cent ammonia in a commercial fertilizer applied at the rate of 500 pounds
per acre
4 The following table exhibits the cost per acre of the manures applied to each
plat and the value of the crop estimating seed cotton at4 cents pr pound as also
the loss or gain over n manure and over mineral manure alone These figures
speak for themselves and need no comment61
SUPPLEMENTAL CROP REPORT1881
39
No OF PLAT
Cost
per acre
Yield
per acre
Compared ivitk
no manure
Unmanured plats i 5 16 21 26 average
Mineral manures 8 12 17 22 average
2 Nitrate of soda alone
3 Acid phosphate alone
4 Muriate of potash alone
6 Nitrate of soda and acid phosphate
7 Nitrate of soda and Muriate of potash
14
iS
18
19
20
23
24
25
Nitrate of soda A ration
Nitrate of soda ration
Nitrate of soda full ration
Sulphate of ammonia J ration
Sulphate of ammonia ratio
Sulphate of ammonia full ration
Dried blood ration
Dried blood ration
Dried blood full ration
Cotton seed meal ration
Cotton seed meal ration
Cotton seed meal full ration
6 1
12 50
3 1
3 00
15 62
15 5o
9 34
17 66
8 80
20 03
8 13
23
TO 50

4 21
1 08
13 34
Compared with
mineral manures
i e effect due to
nitrogenous ma
nure alone
Gain
10 29
J4 45
t8 62
13 76
21 40
22 92
10 25
T4 37
18 50
8 75
37
14 00
27 28
23 22
22 22
24 32

35 92 14 13
38 81 2 90
31 32 1 28
37 19
35 5
39 44
Loss
2 77
7 94
1 21
8 62
5 86
16 90
12 59I
13 80
The above calculations are based upon the following prices for the manure used
Acid phosphate 2500 per ton nitrate of soda 4c per lb muriate of potash
3c per lb sulphate of ammonia 7c per lb dried blood 55 per ton cotton
seed meal 20 per ton
Incidentally the following points may be noted in connection with the results
obtained
1 Acid phosphates are clearly excellent fertilizers for cotton even if used
alone
2 Muriate of potash appears to have been an uufortun ite choice a a source of
potash in every instance its use was attended not only with Iobs but with posi
tive detriment to the crop It is very probable that sulphate of potash or kainit
would have given much better results
3 Nitrate of soda and sulphate of ammonia appear to be generally valueless as
fertilizers for cotton
By way of answer to possible criticism that in but two instances in this ex40 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 62
periment was the crop manured for 300 lb lint actually obtained it may be
explained that of course only a portion of the fertilizers used was taken up by
the crop the remaining portion is still in the soil probably available for next
season s crop
Finally permit me to say that the results of thi experiment do not justify this
lengthy report as I am well aware I present it in this form however as an
illustration of what I consider the proper manner of conducting an experiment
and formulating results Its perusal may cause others to become interested in the
question involved and lead them te experiment with a view to their solution in
which case I am convinced much good will be accomplished
Very respectfully yours
H C White State Chemist
Hon J T Henderson Commissioner of Agriculture Atlanta Ga
Dear Silt
I I have carefully examined a sample of Cotton Butter Oil submitted by
you and find that it contains nothing whatever deleterious to health and
nothing in its composition or properties that would unfit it for safe and whoksome
use as an article of food As I am now engagsd upon an investigation of the diet
etic and other uses of Cotton Seed Oil with a view to a more extended report
hereafter I confine myself at this time to this brief statement
II I have have examined a simple of soil submitted through you by Messrs
B B Screven and Ino B Mallard of Walthourviire with a view to determine
whether the character of the soil is such as would justify the draining of a pond
of 1000 acres from which the sample was taken
The sample yielded on first exposure 7325 per cent moisture
On airdrying for twenlyfour hours the following results were obtained
Moisture 9 on
Volatile organic matter 44 jj
Mineral matter 12 OS
10000
The mineral matter consisted mainly of fine clay with a small proportion of
sand On examination fair traces of phosphoric acid and potash were obtained
The soil is in reality a highly carbonaceous muck or vegetable compound It
is decidedly acid in reaction
My opinion is that if the pond were thoroughly drained and the reclaimed soil
treated liberally with slaked lime well distributed and turned in a very fertile
soil would be obtained If good pulverulent or crushed marl is to be had it would
be preferable to lime The extent to which the fertilityrwould be permanent de
pends much upon the character of the subsoil As this is I take it in part at
east clayey I have no doubt indefinite fertility might be readily maintained
The land should be thoroughly drained and well cultivated at first
ILT The specimen of mineral submitted through you by Mr W C Sheffield
Cedar Spring Early county proves on examination to be an aggregated mass of
quartz grains and carbonate of lime containing a few spicuies and small masses
of phosphate of lime63
SUPPLEMENTAL CROP REPORT1881
41
It is in fact an indurated silicious mari containing phosphatic concretions in
very small proportion The proportion of phosphate of lime is a small fraction of
1 per cent No potash is present The mineral is in itself of no special value
Very respectfully
H C White
State Chemist
Hon J T Henderson Commissioner of Agriculture Atlanta Ga
Dear SirI have the honor to present results of the examination of a sample
of Ivory wheat or Egyptian wheat furnished by you some days since
By way of comparison I include analyses of three samples of Georgia raised
wheat made a few months since upon samples obtained from the Department
No 1 is Eed May wheat
No 2 is Dallas wheat
No 3 is winter wheat variety unknown
No 4 is the socalled Ivorv wheat
ANALYSES
No 1 No 2 No 3 No 4
1085 260 7338 150 982 185 1137 300 7152 160 1076 175 1175 265 7121 195 1089 155 1100 193 7029 287 1171 220



Ash

10000 10000 10000 10000
A partial analysis of the ash of each has been made with following results
No 1 No 2 No 3 No 4
4562 30 12 315 2111 4608 3089 808 1997 4089 3616 310 1885 44 21 2920 2 86 2373


10000 10000 10000 10000
Very repec fully
H C White
Stale Chemist
University of Georgia Athens Ga April 3 1882
Analysis of a sample of Millo Maize for the Department of Agriculture
Water 1280
Crude fibre 223
Fat 285
Starch gum sugar elc 7166
Albnmenoids 886
Ash 160
10000
ANALYSIS OE ASU
Phosphoric acid 4385
Potash 300842
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
64
Lime
Other mineral matter
345
2262
Hon J T Henderson Commissioner of Agriculture Atlanta Oa
Deab SibI have the honor to report the following results
PBOXIMATE ANALYSES
1 Illinois yellow corn
2 Illinois while corn
3 Georgia white field corn
4 Sweet potato yellow yam variety
10000
H C White
State Chemist
Water
Crude fibre indigestible
Fat
Starch gum sugar etc
Aibumenoids
Ash
1
1225
428
721
6385
866
155
10000
1410
368
450
0830
821
130
10000
s
10 75
215
043
7000
882
125
10000
4
0775
103
010
2885
127
100
ionoo
Estimating oil and redyformed fat as of double the value of starchlndllw
carbohydrates as fat formers we have the following relative values
Fat forming constituents
Flcslifonniny constituents
S027
880
7733
82J
8340
882
29 05
127
Very respectfully
H C White
Stale Chemist
reportrbedaayed6 remVa f whei DTutm r work is being done thisCircular No 27
New Series
CROP REPORT
FOR THE MONTH OF MAY 188
RETURNED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE JUNE 118S2
Department of Agriculture 1
Atlanta Ga June 12th 1882
CORN
The condition of the growing corn June 1st compared to the same date
last year is reported in the whole State 109 or nine per cent better In
north Georgia it is 101 in middle Georgia 109 in southwest Georgia and
East Georgia each 116 and in Southeast Georgia 107
OAT8
The yield of oats so far as they were harvested Tune 1st is reported at
121 compared to an average crop and the prospective yield of those not har
vested at 115 The yield of those harvested is in north Georgia 114 in
middle Georgia 125 in southwest Georgia 121 in east Georgia l23 and
in southeast Georgia 109 The prospective yield of those not harvested
June 1st is in north Georgia 114 in middle Georgia 121 in southwest
Georgia 112 in east Georgia 112 and in southeast Georgia 103 The ciop
is indeed a very fine one probably the best ever grown in the State not
withstanding the fact that they are reported injured by rust nine per cent in
the State In north Georgia 4 per cent in midddle Georgia 15 in south
west Georgia 5 in east Georgia 9 and in southeast Georgia 7
The weather has been extremely favorable for harvesting the small grain
crop
WHEAT
The yield of wheat where harvested is reported at 1215 in the State as
compared to an average crop In north Georgia it is 125 in middle Geor
gia 113 in southwest Georgia 79 and in east Georgia 89 None is report
ed in southeast Georgia
The prospective yield where not harvested compared to an average crop
is in the State 106 in north Georgia 117 in middle Georgia 109 in south
west Georgia 82 in east Georgia 86 and in southeast Georgia 100 ItDEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
66J
will be observed that the highest average is reported in those sections in
which the bulk of the crop is grown viz north and niiddleGeorgia
The crop has been injured by rust flftet n per cent in the state As 84
per cent of the crop was sown in rustproof varieties the injury from rust
on the remaining 16 per cen of the crop must have been very serious
to have amounted to 15 per cent of the whoie crop
The injury in the sections is as follows In north Georgia 6 per cent in
middle Georgia 13 in southwest Georgia 23 in east Georgia 23 and in
southeast Georgia 5
The varieties recommended by correspondents as giving most satisfactory
results are the Bill Dallas purple straw an 1 red May
COTTOX
The stand of cotton June 1st as compared to an average is in the
State 916 In north Georgia it is 78 in middle Georgia it is 90 in south
west Georgia 101 in east Georgia 96 and in southeast Georgia 99 The
stand in the upper portion of the State has been impaired by the cold
nights which occurred during May and the weather now is still very un
favorable
The thermometer registered this morning June 6th 52 degrees Far The
condtiou of the plants compared to an average June 1st was 91 in the
whole State In north Georgia 76 in middle Georgia 92 in southwest
Georgia 102 in east Georgia 90 and in southeast Giorgia 99
The cold weather lias not only impaired the stand but has retarded the
growth of the plant A great deal of replanting has been douo in north
and middle Georgia Unless the mining places are wide replantin is
rarely profitable since the replanted stalks are so shaded bv the original
plants as to prevent them from fruiting profitably
The United States Government has investigated the habits of the
COTTON CATERPILLAR
and machines have been invented which quite effectually destroy them
by sprinkling poisonous liquid upon the leave of the plants
The correspondents of this department estimated last year that six per
cent of the cotton crop of this State was destroyed by the caterpillar
In southwest Georgia the injury was reported at 9 per cent and in east
and southeast Georgia 10 per cent
According to this estimate the cotton crop of Georgia was injured in 1881
to the amount of 1823950 Tue greater part of this loss might have ben
prevented if the means now at the command of the planters had been
then available and utilized
There are two machines which are in the reach of every planter one
of which should be on every plantation before the season for the rava
ges of the caterpillar to commence arrives Professor C V Rilev En
tomo legist for the United States Department of Agriculturehas invent
ed a machine which he claims distributes the poisonous liquid so as to
effectually destroy the caterpillars67
CROP REPORT1881
Captain Jackson Warner of Austin Texas now in Atlanta has in
vented a cheap and simple machine to be used from the back of a horse
or mule which has been successfully used hi Texas in destroying the
worms on cotton Specimens of these machines may be seen in this of
fice The following wood cut which has baen kindly furnished by Cap
tain Warner will better illustrate the use of Warners Cotton Worm De
stroyer than any description could be written or printed
With this machine twentyfive acres can be treated in one day by one
man and horse
SORGHUM
The condition of Sorghum in the State compared to an average is 107
In North Georgia 100 in middle Georgia 101 in southwest Georgia 95 in
east Georgia 94 in southeast Georgia 100
SUGAR CANE
The stand of sugar cane compared to a good stand is 99 in the State 97 in
middle Georgia 100 in southwest Georgia 101 in east Georgia and 102 in
southeast GeorgiaDEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
T68
The ndiou compared to an average June 1st is 102 in the State 98
in udtteasGegoiia04 T fl ta G ad
POTATOES
This spring has been exceptionally favorable to the production of Irish
and planting of sweet potatoes oimsn
The prospective yield of Irish potatoes is for the State compared to an
SorT IP I hl 7rrth Gergia 106 l0 mlddle Borgia117 in southwest
Georgia K 9 m east Georga 104 and in southeast Georgia 105 The crop
i a good one all over the State A much larger area should be devoted to
tirix 7th r where they mature siiffleientiate to2St5
bemg kept through the winter By planting late varieties in the fertile
bproduTed S f QOrth Gergia a aDd Profltable 2S
TrS Tt RiCbardSOn of Whitfleld eounty sent to this office this spring
Irish Potato of supenor quality and size as crisp firm and free from
sproats as tbev were the day they were dug A portion of these were hZ
up a sack where they remained until the last week in May when the
were still m fine condition and free from sprots except at the bud ends
There is no reason why the valleys of north Georgia should not produce
ZT Plat0eS t0 SUpply the whole State duiig the winter months
No Northern potatoes brought to this market surpass those grown by Mr
Kichaidson on common npand new ground in Whitfleld county without
manure of any kind North Georgia should suppy the cities and town f
the Slate dunng winter with Irish potatoes cabbages and apples
lhe area m sweet potatoes compared to that of last year is in the State 110 in
north Geo 105 mide Georga J Georg ill n
east Georgia 113 and in southeast Georgia 105
The coition compared to anaveraSein the State is 1053 in north Georgia 98
Jhl PCUlarl7 a SUthern CrP alld st importance asa food crop for
man but lti value as food for stock is not less important Three bushels of Twee
potatoes possess food value equal to that of one bushel of corn in other Zl
three bushels cf sweet potatoes consumed by an animal will pr duce as much
flesh and fat as one bushel of the best corn but an acre of land that will produce
way that dried fruit is now handled
MISCELLANEOUS
Hice ii new gnwi in all ecicne cf the State though the principal crc is still
grown in a few counties a jcinire the Atlantic Ti lccipai crp is still
ftito ihs k0v7uroxh d
jo l JL2ssjraaissr69
CROP REPORT1881
to an average in the State is 97 in north Gaorgia where the upland rice is sown
to some extent it is 103 in middle Georgia 60 in southwest Georgia 101 in
east Georgia 90 and in southeast Georgia the principal rice growing region 99
Millet is reported in the State at 99 or one per cent below last years crop in
conditon June 1st
Ground peas are reported two per cent below last year in condition or 98
The price for which this crop has sold for several years past200 per bushel
makes it a very profitable crop Tne cost of cultivation is less than that of cot
ton and that of gathering and preparing for market not greater Pif y bushels is
regarded as an average yield per acre in the nuts while the tops make a forage
of which stock are fond Those necessarily left in the ground affjrd superior
food for hogs A larger area might be profitably devoted to this crop It is prof
itable in Virginia North Carolina and Tennessee why not in Georgia
Chufas afford very superior food for hogs but with the increasing indisposition
to raise hogs the area in this crop has been reduced some however still grow it
with most satisfactory resluts Their condition compared to an averaein the
State is 98
Meonsre attracting more attention each year as the facilities for shipping
them to Northern and Western cities improve and the demand for them in our
own growing cities increases The season thus far has been very unfavorable to
the growth of the vines The temperature has been too low for their rapid de
velopment while it has been favorable to the insect enemies which prey upon the
vines The cucumber beetle has been specially destructive to the young vines in
some sections The condition of the vines compared to an average is 100 in the
State in north Georgia 92 in middle Georgia 102 in southwest Georgia 103
in ea3t Georgia 90 and in southeast Georgia 101
FRUIT
A mistake prevails as to the extent of the fruit crop of the State this year The
crop of peaches is above an average only in middle Georgia apples and pears are
below an average in every section while grape3 are above an average in only two
sections viz middle and east Georgia
There is only 85 per cent of an average peach crop in the whole Sate In
north Georgia it is 97 in middle Georgia 112 in southwest Georgia 43 in
east Georgia 70 and in southeast Georgia 66
Apples are only two thirds of an average crop or 66 in the State In north
Georgia the principal applegrowing region there is 76 per cent or an aveage
crop in middle Georgia 79 in southwest Georgia 48 in east Georgia 46 and
in southeast Georgia 52
Pears are 735 in the State 78 in north Georgia and middle Georgia 70 in
in southwest Georgia 61 in east Georgia and60 in southeast Georgia
Grapes the most reliable fruit grown in the State are reported at 996 in the
whole State 99 in north Georgia 101 in middle Georgia 96 in southwest Geor
gia 102 in east Georgia and 98 in southeast Georgia The grape deserves to be
cultivated much more extensively in Georgia then it is at present A failure of
the grape crop is unheardof in the State Frost occasionally nips the buds on a
few early pruned vines but the crop is never destroyed The vines thrive and6 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE GEORGIA 70
bear abnndntl in every section of the State and the fruit properlv manipulated
produces wme of superior quality
STOCK
til 1 W00 If nePOred great6r tha that 0f last y in 7 action of
the State In north Georgia 101 in middle Georgia 104 southwest and eas
Georga 103 and in southeast Georgia 110 in the State 104
SHEEP KILLED BY DOGS
alZrTl 7rt96Per nt ofl of the sheep of the State killed by
dogs within the twelve months ending June 1st
Tne ravages of the dogs distributed by sections of the State was as follow In
no th Georgia 9 per cat were killed in middle Georgia 8 per cent in south
west Georgia 7 per cent in east Georgia 10 and in southeast Georgia 24 per
InorthP7eD f f dSeaeS aDd ld age dUring the Mme i0 Allows
1 4Itn T middk Grgia 4 Per Cent i in west Geor
ga 4 in east Georga 7 and in southeast Georgia 20
Hog have more than usual been afflicted with cholera this year Nine per cent
have died of cholera in the State as follows In north Georgia 5 per en n
SSSiSTinsomhwe3t Q30rgia13 3E
THE AGRICULTURAL OUTLOOK
Is generally favorable and farmers write more cheerfully than usual While the
the cotton crop is backward and unpromising there is yet ample time with fa
vorable seasons for it to lecover and make a good yield
Tne smallgrain crop is unusually fine the corn is promising farmers are pur
sh ndrthan u3ai and the
The determination on the part of the farmer of the State to adhere to the poli
y adopted this year of producing more food for man and beast at home Jem
to be firmly fixed This is the one thing needed to insure abundant and perma
nent prosperity to the people of the State Perma
A heavy responsibility rests upon the farmero of Georgia Tney have learned
wisdom by experience and will prove equal to all demands upon them
ENSILAGE
The second silo built and filled under the auspices of the International Cotton
Expoition was opened May 29th and the ensilage which was started early Vn Oc
ear Ues e Tl of preservation except a smaportion
near he surface The success of the experiment is beyond question and no one
need longer hesHate to preserve food for stock in this manner
The si o opened last fall and ensilage from it fed during the Exposition was
substantially built with brick walls extending to the surface of the gtund Z
coated with cement on the inside ana
That just opened had no brick wall The sides were simply cut down smoothly71
CROP REPORT1881
in the clay and covered with a thin coat of cemant In the first the bottom wag
covered with cement in the second the ensilage was stored on the clay bottom
Stock are now bdng fed on the ensilage with very satisfactory results
In this silo corn forage sorghum field peas and sweatpotato vines were Btored
and all have been well preserved
While the ensilage has been equally well preserved in this rude silo as in that
constructed with greater care and expense it is not deemed economy to build
them on this cheap plan as the walls will eventually crumble and become so irreg
ular that the ensilage cannot be stored securely in the silo
Heart pine lining for the sides would probably answer for many years and be
cheaper than brick and cement
Mr Garrett of North Carolina has abandoned the silo dug into the ground and
constructed his above ground on account of greater convenience in fee ding the
ensilage
PEA VINES AS A FERTILIZFR
As far fack as we have any history of agriculture the practice of turning under
growing crops for the purpose of restoring fertility to the soil has baen pract iced
and yet it is as necessary today to urge the importance and great value of the
practice upon farmers
Oolumella who figured during the 1st century A D wrote It the lupins
vetches lentils etc are cut down green and immediately covered before they
wither they fully supply the place of barnyard manure Had he lived now he
would have added commercial manure also
The resort to costly commercial fertilizers should be only temporary to bridge
over the period necessary to bring up worn lands by less costly means
The cheapest and at the same time the surest means that can be adopted to res
tore the worn lands of Geargin is in the use of pea vines grown for the improve
ment of the land and not for the removal of the crop though the soil is materially
benefitted by the growth of the pea vine3 even if the crop is removed This was
plainly demonstrated this spring on the Eve plantation near Augusta Georgia
where a crop of peavine hay was harvested last year from a portion of a field all
of which was sown in small grain last full The grain was in May whe n seen
at least one hundred per cent better where the peavine hay hid been grown and
harvested than where none had been grown The tall patches of grain where
small piles of the hay had been left to rot on the land reaching up a foot above
that around them indicated the still geater improvement resulting from the re
turn of the vines to the soil and the shade afforded by them
It is a well known fact observed by all farmers that even a covering of pine
plank left for any considerable length of time upon land will improve its produc
tive powers Much of the benefit therefore arises from the growth of peas on
land during our summers may be attributed to the mere covering which they af
ford the soil protectng it from the rays of the summer sun and obstructing the
ascape of fertilizing gasses from the soil
While of course the return of the crop of vines in some form to the soil on
which they grow is better where the improvement of the soil is the leading object
yet where the present demand for forage for use on the farm requires their re
moval and con version into hay the soil is materially benefitted by the shad8
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
72
which they afford during their growth and by the roots and stems left on the
land
The time has come when the farmers and planters of Georgia must look more
to the permanent improvement of the fertility of their soils than they hitherto
nave done
They have passed through the reriod which marks the history of all new coun
tries of clearing virgin forests wearing out the soil and clearing more It is
cheaper now to reclaim the worn soils than to clear new lands On the old landa
laborsaying implements and machinery may be used in restoring and cultivating
the soil and in seeding and harvesting the crops grown
By the use of peavines and lime or marl the old land may actually be reclaimed
more cheaply than the forests can be cleared and the stumps removed preparatory
to the us of laborsaving implements
New Orleans has become a great mart which drains the Southern Atlantic
states ol ther entire surplus crop of peas every spring and for what Why for
the purpose of growing the vines on the rich alluvial lands of Louisianaand
JJUssissppi for the purpose of restoring and perpetuating the fertility ot their
lands If such lands need such treatment is it not worse than folly for the farm
Tu rla t0 Se PeaS grWD Upon their Por lands t0 enC the fertile soil
or the Mississippi valley
If the productiveness of the fertile soils of the Savannah river bottoms is
doubled by the growth and removal of a crop of peavine hay how important
a Prachce of growing peas for soil improvement on the uplands of Georgia
depleted by the removal of the crops of a century 1
The great agriculturist Edmond Ruffin revolutionised the agriculture of
Southeastern Vrgtnia by the use of clover and marl to the extent of quadrupling
its production of the cereals r s
The hope of Georgia agriculture rests in the restoration of the productive
capacity of her worn soils by some means so cheap as to be within the reach of
the humblest landowner The teachings of science and the experience of the
cultivators of the soil for nineteen centuries point to the use of the leguminous
pants as the surest and cheapest means of restoring worn soils to the condition
of profitable productiveness In more northern latitudes the farmer feels assured
of the restoration of his soil when a crop of clover is secured In some of the
countries of Europe lupin and lentils are used in others vetches beans rape
etc We have the held pea with which we can commence lower down in the
scale than those who depend upon clover from the fact that peas will grow well
upon soilwhich have neither the character nor the quality to produce clover at
all If the Lodisim planter can afford to buy our peas at two dollars per bushel
on board he cars at Atlanta to manure the valley of the Mississippi cannot the
farmers of Gearga afford to plant those grown on their own land to improve
their thin uplands
Warm climates are far more destructive of vegetable matter in the soil than
those m winch the winters are long and decomposition suspended by long
continued freezes In our climate not only does the decomposition of the
humus of the soil progress through almost the entire year but the cultivation
of large areas m hoed crops greatly facilitates such destrucion The necessity of73
CROP REPORT1881
restoring by artificial means vegetable matter to our soils will therefore be readily
understood
Not only is humus more rapidly destroyed in our climate and under our culti
vation than it is in higher latitudes under the system of husbandry there practiced
but the necessity for its presence in the soil in warm climates is much greater than
in cold The presence of vegetable matter in our soils is of especial importance on
account of the improvement wrought by its presence in the mechanical condition
of the soil and its facility for absorbing and retaining moisture
Peas respond very promptly to the application of manure and convert it into
another and better form for the succeeding crop Would it not be wise there
fore to apply half the manure intended for the next cotton crop to peas grown
upon the land to be planted in cotton next season It is believed that manure
applied to peas planted now on land to be devoted to cotton next spring will in
crease the yield of cotton more than if applied directly to that crop and at the
same time is attended with no risk of injury to the cotton in case of drouth
The large area from which small grain is being harvested in the State furnishes
an inviting occasion for the beginning of this most important step in the redemp
tion of our agriculture
All who have sufficient seed are urged to sow or plant as much as possible of
the area from which small grain has been harvested in peas for the purpose of
improving their lands
Let every farmer in Georgia determine to adopt as a part of his rotation of
crops the largeBt possible area in peas following small grain for soil improvement
Let h im each fall carefully harvest and set aside as a sacred deposit enough Beed
peas to sow the area de voted to small grain The general adoption and continu
ance of this system would it is Confidently believed quadruple the production of
the State within the next decade
Experience teaches that it matters not whether the vines are turned in in a
green state or left to decay upon the surface of the soil None need therefore
be deterred from adopting this means of soil improvement on account of the cost
or difficulty of plowing in the vines Byen if a part or a whole of the crop be
turned into hay the benefit will still be very great though less than if the crop
is returned to the soil
The farmers of Georgia must adopt some means of cheaply and permanently
i mproving their toils The application of commercial fertilizers to the crops of
the State at an annual outlay of from four to six millions of dollars annually
causes a drain upon the productive interests which perpetuates itself from year
to year with no hope of relief without the adoption of some such system
as is here recommended A reasonable expenditure annually for concentrated
com mucial manures is not unwise but the indiscriminate purchase and use of
costly fertilizing materials to the neglect of home resources has cost the farmer
of Georgia millions of dollars which could have been expended more judiciously
in permanently enhancing the value and productiveness of their realty
If the farmers of the State will produce more grain and forage make larger com
post h eaps and adopt the foregoing recommendation as to planting peas their
prosperity is assured
10
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
74
NOTES FROM CORRESPONDENTS
NORTH GEORGIA
Banks County The spring has been too cold for cotton Frost the 16th of
May Cotton very small and backward with a bid stand Fully two weeks
later tlwn last year at this time Corn killed by budworm on low stiff bottom
land small for the time of year Best crop of oats I ever have seen Wheat
tolerably fair not much harvested yet next week will be general harvest Since
my report last month cotton owing to the rain and cool weather ha fallen off
to such an extent that I do not believe a half crop can be made I have kept a
diary since 1840 and have never known the prospect to be as poor as now The
Stand is very poor and that seems to be dying the roots lateral as well as tap
rot at the junction with the stem and the stem is double the sizs it us ually is
Corn is small but is doing tolerably well The wire worm has been and is yet
quite destructive to the young plants Oats look well and there is a much larger
area planted than I ever saw in this section They hive ho t taken the rust but
seem to be somewhat intested with an insect similar to the cabbage or rose louse
Wheat has improved very much and will be much better than usual Little or
none is yet harvested
Bartow CountyIncreased acreage and quality of wheat in this county will
make the total yield this year more than double that of last year While the
cool weather has benefitted the wheat and the numerous rains the oats cotton
has suffered vastly by both Stands would have been good but forthe dying out
of the plant Some have planted over others have replanted with hoes I have
replanted some of mine twice
Catoosa CountyThe Dallas wheat is fine Only a small area in it The
Moore red smooth head is the very best in this section It is thought cotton
will be a sad failure
Bade CountyCorn is unusually small but in excellent condition Oati better
than known for some years past Almost every farmer sowed the rmtproof va
riety All the other varieties sown is ruined with the rust Fortunately there
is not more than ten per cent of the latter sown and will be none next year
Cotton damaged to a considerable extent by the old snap and frost Some plow
ing up and planting in corn Melons very few have a stand Irish potatoes
never better Gardens very fine
Gwinnett CountyThe crop prospect from the present outlook is highly
encouraging The wheat crop now being harvested in many places is the best
since 1863 The fine quality of the grain and the increased acreage sown in this
county will greatly lessen our demand for flour from the West for the next year
at least The rustproof oats especially the fall sowing and upon bottom land
is superb Other varieties of the spring sowing are in gome cases threatened with75
CROP REPORT1882
11
mat Corn with favorable seasons and the increased acreage planted gives
hope of an abundant yield Cotton notwithstanding the late cold snap is doing
well Poor stands in some instances is the complaint But the old savin of
the fathers When you think you have only half a stand you have too much
Is true accrding to my observation Garden vegetables are early and were never
finer We would congratulate the farmers and the people upon the hopeful pros
pect of a splendid crop year The cold nights have so chilled the cotton that
it is believed there will be little over half a stand It is not more than half as
large as it usually is at this season Corn indicates a fine yield In traveling
from Decatur to Suwanee across the country I saw but few fields of cottonmostly
corn and oats Corn generally looked well
Habersham CountyOur farmers are abreast of the times and you will find
almost every improved implement in use I do not mean by all but by many
There has been a good catch of clover this spring and the area gradually in
creasing The nofence law would soon give ua fine graiing and fine cattle
therefore fine manure pits and fat fields
Hart CountyDallas wheat is less subject to rust though not rust proof A
variety of purple straw perhaps it is Tappahannock is preferable except bad
rust years This year it is the best by 15 to 20 per cent We have no new
methods but more experience with old ones Our people are learning to devote
more manures to winter and spring crops on account of drynees of the summer
when manures rather injure than benefit We note a very general disposition
among our farmers to make a living for man and beast on their farms and if they
dont change their minds they will certainly do it The current year debt against
this crop for our county is 10000000 less than it was last year and adding to
this the prospective production of nearly adequate supplies of meat and bread for
another year 1883 it does not seem that we will again be so embarrassed as we
have been for several years Since last report the cotton crop prospects are
very unfavorable Bad stands now and unhealthy slow growth Fine rains
and otherwise tolerably flattering Spring oats now beginning to head are
threatened with rust
Murray County The season has been unusually backward planting late
cotton ten days late corn about the same some not yet planted some cotton
had to be planted over and some has been replanted with corn Frost as late as
16th and 17th of May It is now June 1 quite cold Upon the whole the crop
prospect is flattering Wheat is extra so also is oats
Pickens County23d of May frost which injured cotton and melons Fruit
good crop on high land very sorry on low land May has been interspersed with
frost which has kept the crops rather backward Wheat rust only on blades
No complaint of rust on oats so far winter or fall sown oats fine
Walker County The increased yield of oats is due mainly to the fact that
farmers have sown more than usual of red rustproof
Whitfield CountyThe late frosts have damaged field peas and cotton Good
many are plowing up and replanting the crop12
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE GEORGIA
L76
MIDDLE GEORGIA
Bibb ComityCultivators both riding and walking are used to some extent
Several making their corn crop with them and are highly pleased Reapers are
also used for the first time to any extent in this county and they also seem to
give satisfaction
Carroli CountySeveral farmers have the sulky plow Not time yet to report
their value If the Department could find out what would prevent the bud worm
it would be of great service to the planter they are worse this year than ever be
fore Attribute it to the mild weather They have invaded the uplands as well
as the low There is no doubt that they raise in the old weeds cut out early
go in the ground and are ready to invade the corn as soon as up The extreme
cold weather has been favorable to them Cotton could not stand so much cold
weather and has died out until the stand is very deficient No oats doing any
thing except the red rust proof and they are sorry on account of the dry weather
except those sown in the fallthey are remarkably fine There will be more
wheat harvested in this county than I have ever known and I have lived here 52
years I began to cut on the 23d about ten days earlier than usual
Seasons have been good and the present outlook is good but owing to the cool
Weather the cotton is very small and has been looking badly but the last few days
of warm weather have brought it out wonderfully It is small but was looking
healthy Wheat on good ground is extra good Some here reached 40 bushels to
the
We had a dry May enabling the farmers to kill out the grass and put their
crops in fine condition The Burt oats you sent me are very fine I sowed them
near common old field oats they were in full head two months to the day from
sowing and now they are almost ripe They have no rust The other oats I sowed
more thin are ruined with rust The red rust proof oats are very fine in our
county while the common oats will not make the seed it took to raise them My
oats sowed in August are now ripe
Columbia CountyWe have been having too much rain and cool waather for
cotton in May and the plant is very backward considering the time planting was
begun 7th of April Cotton has also died out on light lands in some places
Farmers ar well up in working their corn and cotton crops as labor has been
much more efficient During the past week harvesting began but we have had
very heavy wind and rain storms the past week and oats are somewhat injured
especialy in exopsed positions and if the weather keeps bad it look as if there
will be great trouble and loss in handling grain
Coweta CountyUpland corn is very fine but there is a general complaint of
poor stands on the bottom lands Cut worms the cause seem to have been ex
ceedingly disastrous this season Crops are generally in a fine condition and
this is t he busy week for harvesting
DeKalb CountyThe average of the oat crop has been very much reduced from
the fact that many farmers bought other than rust proof seed in the spring and
the result will be almost a total failure while the rust proof varieties are as good
as the land will produce77
CROP REPORT1882
13
Fulton CountyI find the Burt oats sent out by the Department to bean ex
cellent early variety free from rust and valuable for its earliness
Harris County The oat crop of this county is the best ever known no rust
and the largest crop sown
McDuflk Coiinty The stand of cotton is the poorest I ever saw My crop of
Dallas wheat yielded me 21 bushels per acre The oat crop was never betterin
fact the county will double last years crop The Burt oat sent out by the
Department is a good oat for spring sowing grows faster and taller than the or
dinary rustproof oat spreads very little For fallsowing is not so good as
the common rustproof oat
Monroe County Oats not of the rustproof variety nearly ruined with rust or
mold Grasshoppers abound in great numbers in certain localities have done
but little damage as yet
Newton CountyWheat land plowed down with twohorse plow plowing in
cotton seed and then sowing wheat on surfac harrowing in with twohorse plow
has given one third more yield than by the ordinary plan
Oglethorpe County I had about eleven acres of ordinary land sowed in rust
proof oats without any manure that made enough to fe d my two mules twelve
months without any corn I also sowed six buehels of purple straw wheat on old
land manured with cotton seed about 30 bushels to the acre that I think will
thresh out 130 bushels
Putnam County Fifteen or twenty new reapers have been sold in our county
this season and we are harvesting the Vest crop of oats the county has ever made
Improved implements are generally being used and a better system of farming
being adopted The stock law is working like a charm I have not seen a man
that is opposed to it
Rockdale County I am the Reporter for Oak Grove Ciub chosen by the Club
Seasons good Decrease in wool owing to stock lav sheep slaughtered Wheat
and oats have not been better in fifty years than now in this county and more
wheat than ever was Hog crop less than has been since the war Cholera
killed them last fall and corn too high to buy to feed much
SOUTHWEST GEORGIA
Baker County Corn crop 20 days earlier than last year and very promising
now in silk and tassel that is all planted in February and will be generally laid
by this week Seasons good Cotton crop 20 days earlier than last year first
bloom May 20th generally first bloom June oth Crop in good condition Gar
den vegetables are exceptionably fine and early Melon crop very fine In short
the outlook in Baker is bright The good oat crop will enable farmers to go
through without buying more corn except for bread
Colquitt CountyThe seasons up to date have been favorable We have never
seen a better prospect for an abundant harvest at this date Many farmers made
oats enough to feed their work stock another year without an ear of corn
Beeatur CountyThe peach trees have been a phenomenon They did not ba
ginto bloom until after the regular tim and then the blooms dried up and fell14
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
78
from the trees Toe trees however did not leaf until the last of April and now
vigorous healthy trees have no fruit on them We will be almost without
peaches the present year No one has them If you can suggest the cause for
this condition and a remedy if any there be you will confer a favor My opin
ion is that it is due to several causes1st the exceedingly hot and dry summer1 of
last year though the trees grew well and did not suffer much apparently 2d
The raild winter and the unusually dry winter and spring with us The reasons
are mere suppositions with me not knowing how to explain or account for it
Some efforts were being put forth with ns to raise peaches for market but the
experience of this year the first year for the trees to fruit has been discouraging
Booty County There have been introduced in this county several cultivators
which are proving very satisfactory and there is considerable interest being taken
by farmers generally in them and there will be a great miny stumps and trees ta
ken up this fall and winter to make preperation for their use on a more ex
tensive scale the ensuing year There is no question about the cultivators being a
success where the land is clear of stumps and trees I bought a cultivator this
spring and it paid for itself in ten days in bedding up cotton land I bedded on
an average six acres per day and the work was done better than it could be done
with a turning plow in nve It beds a row at a through I have not tried it as
yet in cultivation will report results in next report
Dougherty CountyThe corn crop isvery promising with an increase of 25 per
cent has been well cultivated and floe seasons at this dtte The oat crop tie
best for years and 33 per cent more planted Will be more peas planted than
any year in ten All food crops have been increased 25 per cent and much bet
ter cultivation The prospects are fine Sjme fields of oats have yielded 40
bushels per acre
Houston County Oats are turning out wonderfully Fall and winter sowed
oats fertilized and ground well prepared are tunrning out 30 40 and 50 bushels
per acre and small patches ef from 2 to 5 acres are turning out from 60 to 9o
bushels per acre
Marion County I am as much pleased with two years trial of Dallas wheat
in my section on my own farm that I can safely say that although other varie
ties have been considerably injuredwith my next door neighbormine is the best
crop I have made in 25 years
Mitchell County We have had but little rain up to a week ago just enough to
prevent serious damage to our crop For the last week and especially last
night and this morningJune 1stthe rains have been copious Corn is very
promising indeed since the recent rains Tne area planted in cern is much larger
than last year
Quilman County Oar seasons have been very faverable except too cool for
cotton Stands are good but infested with lice yet there is time enough for a
crop The prospect for a corn crop is unusually good forward plantings in silk
Gardens are generally very good Altogether the present agricultural outlook is
very bright
Randolph County We have very fine crops where the land was prepared79
REPORT1882
15
well and cultivated shallow We have four traveling threshes and four reap
ers running in the county Seasons up to this time splendid
EAST GEORGIA
BuPock County The cold weather about three weeks ago caused the cotton
te die out very greatly hence about twothirds of a stand And at this time the
cut worm is playing havoc with the young plants cutting it down like young
collard plants Oat crop the best I have ever known in the county Corn good
Burke County1 Seasons in our county are more propicious than 1881 and
there is an encouraging condition of most crops where carefully put in and prop
erly cultivated Some interest in better and improved implements of cultiva
tion and more attention given to food products
Wilkinson County Fine season Wheat not more than half cropdamaged
by rust and mold Oits fall seeded never better spring seeded almost a failure
from rust Corn never better Cotton clean good stand and recovering from ef
fects of cold nights in May Labor good Crops of all kind well cultivated
SOUTHEAST GEORGIA
Pierce County The crop prospect in all sections of the country was never
better especially in this county The oat crop was by far the finest ever raised
and a good dea of the corn crop is in full silk and tassel and 1 Id by in good condi
tion Good stands of cotton in good condition arid looking well

TABLE No lSAowmg the condition of crops in Georgia etc June 1st 1882
NORTH GEORGIA
COUNTIES
Batiks
Barlow
Catoosa
Chattooga
Cherokee
Cobb
Bade
Dawson
Fannin
Floyd
Forsyth
Franklin
Gilmer
Gordon
Gwinnett
Haberyham
Hall
Haralson
Hart
Jackson
Lurapkin
Madison
Milton
Murray
Panldlng
Pickens
Polk
Rabnn
TownsI
orn

110
100
1U2
100
luO
ibii
90
107
Oats
u c
3
V
too
116
llll
100
106
Un
95
92
99
1
105
KM
105
no
110
P
a
s a 2
a
1
i
120
100
115
110
II
iib
iii
no
no
1S3
115 5
120 2
120
125 2
Wheat
n8
110
16
110
120
112
107
107
1
llll
4
y cj
PJ 53
1251
127
120
120
97
120
ii6
a
105
l25
115
107
iib
115
no
lib
112
117
ISO
115
110
112
120
10
Cotton
70
76
67
86
So
Hill
SI i
8S
86
86
77
77
60
86
7S
87
loo
Sugar
cane
o E o f 3
751 100
80 98
66 lOo
Potatoes
o
3 5 Be 3 s a a
w C3 a

7
W 8

u
s
o
l o

12 lot 100
llll 130 105
101 100 100
10U 100 80
106 105 fob
lOi 95 87
1111 125 100
106 100 Too
116 no 75
116 no 110
108 105 107
Miscellaneous
Condition compared to
an average of
106 inn
102 loo
ioo
ioo no
Fruit
100
1001
110 110
Too ioo
110
3 o
1111
118
60
lao
iib
187
26
iVii
80
12
isb
on
100
p

16
ll8
30
lull
25
1011
60
3C
04
Stock
75 75
76
55
150 60
80 100 90
100 70 50
76
loo
IOO
IOO
Too
102
10
87
ioo
90
101
95
loll
ft
106
106
llo
100
Toa
102
100
Toe
1011
100
107
1110
9i
100 too
100
90
501 100
751 100
3
35
2
6
211
3
To
111
96
25
2
8
2
10

O
W
rj

H
a
M
5
H
O

Q
SO
o
a
t1
H
a
so
M
M
o
so
s
oo
o81
CROP REPORT1882
17
ic w cc
C i 1 00
Si
Op o i
s cc
01 t t in
f iOOCSMN
fMinccj
IPfiHPIIffMf
5g jSg88SS888EggK888S85S88fSIg
W r rr IK X 7A iT
fSS jSSSggSSSggSS
o c t c
saSofesSseSSSS
SS jSigiSffSpSSIgSggssiSEggggfgx
5g
Saasoo
o o o o o
S 5 2
58 rSsfaggviiiSiSSSlscMKi
SSSS8SSS8SSS8g3S3SSf
9tSC C O 3 C C C tM ir r eS
OCOcji
KSSgggg ggggg

C C N a l
22k wg
SI lg SW
Sgg
3nc ift 3 iC o t v
yx iOlO
tgnocw i 15 cc u 5 too ir rFC
ss
JtJii C I CC D ifN ft i 2 MS n r
S i g p

oocc ntCiOosoitoiotoeer
SSlCOOOtfi
r O Ci i zr

lOCOiCiW
sSf2SII3ISieSsllHsHSsSS3SSSISissl

g cc
Is
iliiiiji

S S p E5TABLE No 1Continued
SOUTHWEST GEOKGIA
COUNTIES
Baker
Berrien
Brooks
Calhoun
Chattahooe
Clay
Coiquitt
Crawford
Decatur
DooJy
Dougherty
EarJy
Houston
Irwin
Lee
Lowndes
Macon
Marion
Miller
Mitchell
Muscogee
Quitmai
Randolph
Schley
Stewart
Sumter
Taylor
Terrell
Thomas
Corn
ooi 2

112
110
100
125
126
105
115
115
112
125
112
la
110
lOO
115
128
120
100
115
100
117
120
Oats
p
o S
2 8
118
150
110
77
150
125
120
125
110
110
125
l07
110
117
120
100
115
12
150
121
127
110
125
122
F 3
7 n
100
100
110
121
115
120
85
110
135
i60
g 2
117
120
160
1T2
120
137
120
110
no
105
122
Wheat

3o
10 65
72
a
w S 5j
w5
Ctxtoi
115
05
110
5
S
o
Sw7w Potatoes
Cane 7

S H
2
ills
CO O
103 109
100 100
100 100
95 101
111
lOo
no
100 75
102 urn
115

w s
pe
o S
a
111
lib
05
Kill
100
loo
90
lOu 100
100 107
100l 105
100
100
111
100
115
100
110
100
100
102
162
110
Is
a O
P
go
Fruit
Stock
c
a 5
il 3
Jo j
S
o
c bn
112 110
Condition compared to
an average of g
100 100
115
1001 90
100 100
100
so
116
100
US
11a
90
105
115
105
iob
ion
100
80
iuo
162
125
85

10 62 50
Id
10 10
CO
d
90
100
00
102
95
76
100
100
100
8
1O0
90 100
100
95
7ol 87
110
85
100
100
100
107
103
105
lOo
102
100
100
100
95
125
15
5
D
W

H
K
M
Z
H
o

o
i
o
c
t1
H
a
fo
w
CD
w
o
PC
Q
105
100
OOCROP REPORT
m io w S
1
W o
2 1
s oo o o
5 jgg iw i m n 5 8
oi t
o 11 CO iO l S
3 i O O 03 M o s
i o j 18 1 5
a t eo o n
K T t 13
000103
oai3ci
20
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
84
TABLE No 2Synopsis of Weather Reports for May 1882
NORTH GEORGIA
Ellerslie
Gainesville
Mossy Creek
Mt Airy
Rabun Gap
Rome
Means
Athens
Atlanta
Carrollton
LaGrange
Macon
Oxford
Thomson
Means
Americus
Cuthbert
Nashville
Thomasville
Means
Augusta
Brunswick
Walthourviile
Means
MemB for State
STATIONS
MIDDLE GEORGIA
SOUTHWEST GEORGIA
EAST GEORGIA
SOUTHEAST GEORGIA
Tempera
tare
6
80
71
8n
3S89
B6 46
8114
620
671
611
17636
612
670
642
Rain
fall
650
270
275
383
410
276
377
St
51 695
48663
42658
47714
50706
48 668
16701
18686
3
254
34d
245
294
270
470
3121 6
90 60 730 310
87 on 752 555
S7 53 700 210

3 54 727 350
Ogeechee b7 0 685 570 7
BwaiDsburo
Means

90159 9560 92 59 8650 753 744 748 678 233 255
2 44 398
Special Circular No 25
New Series
REPORT OF GROWING CROPS YIELDS ETC FORTHE
MONTH OF JUNE 1882
RETURNABLE JULY 1st 1882
Department of Agriculture
Atlanta Ga June 15 1882
Dear SirPlease answer the following questions on the first day of July and mail promptly
so that your report may reach this office by the 5th day of July if possible
Answer every question that will admit of it in numbers indicating per cent
In making up your answers let them apply to the wh ile county in which you reside or as far in
each direction as your knowledge may extend not simply to your ovm farm
In all cases where ttie crop is not grovn in your county use the character X If you have not
sufficient data to mate an approximate estimate leave the space blank
Very respectfully
J T HENDERSOX
Commissioner of Agriculture
N Blf your mail facilities are such that matter mailed on the 1st of the mo ith will not reach
this office by the 5th please make out your reporc so long before the end of the month as will be
necessary to have it reach this office by the 5th
I For what county do you report county
II Your name
III Your postoffice2 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 86
OATS
1 Yield compared to an average crop per cent
2 Yield compared to that of 1879per cent
3 Average yield per acre in your countybushels
WHEAT
A Yield compared to an average
5 Yield compared to that of 18T9
per cent
per cent
i Average yield per acre in your countybushels
MISCELLANEOUS
Condition compared to an average of
7 Corn
8 Cotton
9 Sugarcane
10 Rice
11 Sorghum
12 Millet
13 Ground peas
14 Chufas
15 Melons
16 Sweet potatoes
HAY
17 Yield of Hay compared to an average
18 Average yield per acre
FENCES
19 Has the stock law been adopted in your county
20 If so when did it go into operation
per cent
percent
per cent
percent
per cent
per cent
per cent
per cent
per cent
per cent
pei cent
tons 87 QUESTIONS FOR CROP REPORT 3
21 How are the people pleased with it
11 What influence has it had upon the agriculture of the country
23 What upon the value of farming lands f
84 Report any facts of special interest in regard to new methods of culture experiments with new
crops remarkable yields and the means employed in securing such results
N BCorrespondents are earnestly requested to select neat bundles of each variety of giain
sown in their counties tie up very securely wrap the heads in paper box and send to this office
by express or freight Let each bundle be six or eight inches in diameter Send also a quart of
each variety of the seed Label each with the name of the variety and the name and P O ad
dress of the grower
Circular No 28
New Series j
ANALYSES AND STATISTICS
Commercial Fertilizers
CHEMICALS
INSPECTED ANALYZED AND ADMITTED TO SALE IN GEORGIA
DURING THE SEASON OF 18812
J T HENDERSON
Commissioner of Agriculture
ATLANTA GEORGIA
JAMES P HARRISON CO PRINTERS AND PUBLISHERS
1882SUGGESTIONS TO FARMERS
Reprinted from Circular No 25
Farmers are advised not to buy any fertilizer or chemical for compounding or
composting the same unless it has both the manufacturers guaranteed analysis
and the Inspectors tag upon or attached to it and all farmers are requested to
inform the Commissioner of Agriculture of any case where a fertilizer is sold or
offered for sale without having both the guaranteed analysis and the Inspectors
tag attached
Any farmer who desires to do so can save a fair sample or any inspected
brand of fertilizer which he purchases and hive it analyzed at the Department
Laboratory if the following conditions are complied with
1 The sample should be taken before any of the fertilizers is distributeda
small quantity from each package of the same brand or if a large quantity
is purchased from a sufficient number of packages to fairly represent the whole
lot
2 Then very thoroughly mix but not grind or triturate these small quanti
ties taken from different packages and from the mixture fill a common quinine
bottle closely cork and seal it with wax
3 Attach a label to the bottle showing the correct name of the brand the
name o the manufacturer the guaranteed analysis as taken from the packages
and the name of the dealer from whom the fertilizer was purchased Also at
tach to the bottle one of the Inspectors tags found applied to the fertilizer
4 Let the above be done in the presence of witness and the sample be placed
in the hands of disinterested party for safe keeping until wanted
Then after the crop is made if the farmer has reason to believe the fertilizer
was not such as it was represented to be let the sample be sent to this Depart
ment either by the hand of some reliable disinterested party or by express
prepaid and it will be analyzed without charge
The above precautions are considered necessary for the protection of the
dealer on the one hand and to give to the whole transaction that character of
fairness without which the analysis when made would be of little value to the
farmer
The Commissioner is not required by law to have samples analyzed for farm
ers and he trusts that he will not be expected to depart from the above rules in
any case where compliance with them on the part of the person seeking an
analysis had been practicable
RELATIVE COMMERCIAL VALUES
Particular attention is called to the fact that in the calculations of Relative
Commercial Values for the present season the Commissioner has given a higber
valuation to ammonia and a lower valuation to potash than heretofore not be
cause of any change in the esimate of their respective agricuHuralvalues but by
reason of the greater cost to the manufacturer of ammoniating material on the
one hand and the diminished cost of potash on the other The valuation given
to phosphoric acid is unchanged Ammonia was rated last season at 18 cents per
pound and potash at 8 cents per pound The present valuations areammonia
25 cents and potash 6 cents
This change will account for the higher relative commercial value of many
of the brands containing ammoniaCircular No 28
New Series
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
Atlanta Ga June 19 1882
EXPLANATIONS OP THE TABLES OP ANALYSES
The tables commencing on the next page show the analyses of commercial
fertilizers and chemicals which have been inspected analyzed and admitted to
sale in Georgia for the season of 188182
In arranging the tables the chemical determinations to which no value is
assigned are first given viz Moisture and insoluble phosphoric acid
Insoluble phosphoric acid is not available as plant food If derived from nat
ural guanos as Peruvian etc it speedily becomes available if from animal
bone it becomes available in two or three years if from phosphate rock it re
mains unavailable for a considerable length of time Natural guanos andbones
have therefore value in this connection if immediate results are not desired
Next are given the determinations of valuable ingredients viz soluble and
reverted phosphoric acid ammonia and potash
The soluble and reverted phosphoric acid are entered in separate columns
but being of equal value the same money value is given them hence the sum
of these two is placed in one column making the total available phosphoric
acid
The determinations in the analysis are given in Percentages
After the chemical determinations are the relative commercial values or
estimate of the comparative real worth of the valuable ingredients found by
analysis in a ton of each fertilizer If each fertilizer contained but one valua
ble ingredient the percentage of that ingredient would correctly represent the
comparative value of the fertilizer But as a large majority of the brands con
tain two or more ingredients differing widely in agricultural and commercial
value and in the percentages in which they enter into the composition it is
found very convenient to add together the calculated commercial value in dol
lars and cents of each ingredient as a basis of comparison and as a guide to
the purchaser
The following prices per pound of the valuable ingredients or elements of
plant food found ia the fertilizers by analysis have been adopted as a practical
approximation to their true value at Savannah viz
Available Phosphoric Acidl2j cent8 per pound
Ammonia25 cents per pound
Potash 6 cents per pound
The available phosphoric acid ammonia and potash being the val
uable ingredients for which the farmer pays his money they only are consid
ered in ascertaining the commercial value The numbers in the respective col
umns of these ingredients indicate the number of pounds of each in one hundred
pounds of the fertilizerTABLES of Analyses Relative Commercial Values and statistics of Commercial Fertilisers Chemicals etc
inspected analyzed and admitted to sale in Georgia during the season of 18812
TABLE IAmmoniated Superphosphates of Limb
NAME OF FERTILIZERS
Fhosphobic Acid
A A Peruvian Guano 900 325
A J West Co Ammoniated Phosphate 1100 205
A L Maxwells Choice Amed Dis Bone 1075 680
Alta Ammoniated Guano 12su 490
Albatross Guano1160 220
Ammoniated Bone SuperphosS L K Co 1225 100
Ammoniated Dissolved Bone Fletcher 1450 230
Ammoniated Alkaline Phosphate 12 ou 450
Ammoniated star bone Phosphate 1050 2 52
Americus Ammoniated Dissolved Bone 1640 161
Ashley Soluble Guano 1275 173
Aurora Fertilizer 111 800
Avalon Ammoniated Dissolved Bone 1095 210
Agricl Chem for comptng Greenback Guano 1000 100
Arlington Ammoniated Bone Phosphate 1050 224
Barrys Chemical Fertilizer 1180 42
Barrys Granger Fertilizer 126 430
Baughs Raw Bone super Phossphate 1800 82
Bahama Guano 110 375
Bakers Standard Guano 900 125
Baldwin A Co Ammoniated Dissolved Bone 1520 095
Bales Nitrated Guano 1450 186
Bay State Guano 1130 195
Bay State Fertilizer 1550 074
Bone and Peruvian Guano 1320 075
Bowker Cotton Fertilizer 1300 215
Blue Bone Phosphate 1225 862
Bradley Patent Superphosphate 1166 I t0
Bradley Ammoniated Dissolved Bone 1225 160
Brighton Guano1100 195
Burgess Cotton Guano1850 170
4 aj
M
FOR WHOM INSPECTED
000
665
6 00
675
683
974
650
600
530
62
795
67fl
672
010
890
5 36
5 35
674
810
580
890
6
073
721
835
005
7 81
860
840
681
679
535
3 70
770
391
349
126
215
825
270
274
1 90
370
3
2 00
29
3 80
377
1 30
015
739
281
274
402
349
155
309
231
i70
860
365
377
1135
103S
1370
965
1031
llnO
865
825
800
89
985
10J0
looo
800
1188
916
912
800
825
1319
171
900
1075
1070
990
974
1013
1105
1100
045
1056
293
29
245
200
15
241
260
320
220
233
285
298
299
415
255
218
213
3 00
225
263
300
84ii
2 95
315
318
367
207
260
268
2 93
219
3046 62 n Oner on Baltimore
354221 A J WestCo Atlanta Ga
2l049 12 Chemical Co of Canton Baltimore
3 85 35 14 Loiemz itittlor Baltimore
195 43 76 Weld A Hatlshnrn Savannah
103 40 94 Seal Lawson Kessler Co Bait
14 36 31 A A Fletcher Co Marietta Ga
1 SO 33 78 Chesa eake Guano Co Baltimore
22 31 14 I I Tygert o Smyrna Del
lJi 30 26 V iiliiims Clark fe Co New York
125 40 37 Ashley Phosphate Co harlest nsi
1 37 12 54 Seal lawson Kessler Co Bait
136 43 08 Moses A Clemmons Richmond Va
260 13 87 1 K Law Gainesviile Ga
220 46 19 Damhman Pros Baltimore
18 31 93 Ga i hemical Works Augusta Ga
120 31 89 Ga Chemical Works Augusta Ga
150 36 80 Ceorge Hcliaffer Hampton a
81531 45 Wain n Whann Co Atlanta Ga
475 51 75 Chemical Co of Canton Baltimore
139 46 81 Baldwin b Co uvanuah Ga
125 36 00 J a Hale tome Ga
13S 4328 K W L Raisin Co Baltimore
047 3806 laik Cove Co New York
205 42 96 T L Swilt A Co Atlanta Ga
155 31 56 Weld it Haitshoin Savannah Ga
125 10 15 P S chapped Son Baltimore
1 55 42 48 Langston A Clane Atlanta Ga
1 35 13 25 W J Pollard Augusta Ga
186 42 64 R w L Raisin Co Baltimore
125 38 85 Reeves Nicholson A Co Athens
BY WHOM AND WHERE MANU
FACTURED
G oher on Baitmore
R W L Raisin Co Baltimore
Chemical Co of Canton Baltimore
LorenUs A Rittler Baltimore Mil
Bowker Fertilizer Company New York
eal Lawson Kesshr S Co Baltimore
Northwestern fertilizer Co St lousMo
hesapeake Guano Co Baltimore
W P Hardin A Co Smyrna Ga
Williams lark Co New York
Ashley Phosphate Company Charleston
Seal Lawson Kessler Co Baltimore
Moses Clemmons Richmond Va
Brown Chemical Company haliimore
I aiuhmau Bros Baltimore
Georg a Chemical Works Augusta Ga
Georgia Chemical Works Augusta Ga
Northwestern Fer Co Chicago III
Walton Whann A Co Wilmington Del
Chemical Company of Canton Baltimore
Baldwin Co Newark N J
J A Bide Home Ga
B W L Rabin Co Baltimore
W T Cole Griffin Ga
Upghaw Guano Company Norfolk Va
Bowker Fei tilizer ompany New York
P S Cluippell Son Baltimore
Bradley Fertilizer Co Boston Mass
Biadley Fertilizer Co Boston Mass
R W L Raisin Co Baltimore
B J Burgess A Co Alexandria Va
a
W
50
H
S
M
Z
H
O
11

m
50
o
c
c
50
W
o
w
o
COCarolina Fertilizer
Cairo Fertilizer
Colgnte Manure
Columbia Superphes
Chappell Champion Ammoniated Supcrphos
Chesapeake Guano
Champion Cotton Grower
Coles Georgia Cotton Fertilizer
Crown Guano Chesapeake Guano Co
Crown Guano Bowker Fertilizer Co
Cotton Food Fertilizer
Cotton Compound Ammoniated Superphos
Cumberland Superphosphate of Lime
Cumberland Superphosphate of Lime
C 8 M Fertilizer
C T M Ammoniated Bone
DeLeons Complete Cotton Fertilizer
Dissolved Bone Potash and Ammonia
Dixie Guano
DobbB Ammoniated Cotton Fertilizer
Dobbs Ammoniated Cotton Fertilizer
Eagle Ammoniated Bone Superphosphate
Electric Guano
Empire Guano
Enoree Fertilizer
Eutaw Fertilizer light
Eutaw Fertilizer black
Eureka Amd Superphosphate of Lime
Equitable Amd Soluble Phosphate of Lime
Excellenza Cotton Fertilizer
Excelsior Gnano
E Frank Coes Ammoniated Bone Super Phos
Farmers Hope Guano
Farmers Friend Fertilizer
Fertilizer of Ftiwaa Phosphate Co
Flanders Empire Amd Compound
Franklin Ammoniated Dissolved Bone
Game Guano
Gate City Guano
Gem Guano
Georgia State Grange Fertilizer
Georgia Bone Cotton Phosphate
Georgia Cotton Compound13 n
Georgia Fertilizer1400
Georgia Ammoniated Dissolved Bone11 50
Georgia Gold Dust I 7551
1300
1130
975
1350
1300
1280
1540
0
1350
1140
1200
1310
1550
17 50
950
1350
1125
1600
1100
1400
1095
1200
13 9
11 15
1150
1175
860
10011
1525
1225
1300
130
1425
450
1300
1525
1675
135d
1140
1100
1505
1125
0S0
195
390
213
350
519
18
07
321
220
480
265
336
150
145
060
204
075
200
276
205
205
45l
2 00
3 00
3 40
215
110
24H
035
065
185
085
2 60
235
180
200
518
075
210
085
180
265
280
608
300
775
073
685
681
69ii
105
765
720
70S
083
550
745
710
706
405
1000
670
925
680
364
680
650
730
6 80
800
65
765
875
75
856
845
910
900
185
708
765
800
402
50
665
885
476
746
300
621
446
3351110
40211075
320 1006
151
1 11
696
167
344
171
348
450
1911
115
3 49
395
1 75
3 80
8 99
880
518
375
2 70
181
890
2 56
3 SO
37
425
340
334
255
180
215
972
203
170
160
896
695
365
2 91
090
190
085
28
472
807
800
808
982
1061
879
1026
1060
935
82
1055
00
1175
1050
1324
IO61
882
1055
92
911
1070
10 56
1030
1134
1300
1090
1190
1100
1090
1115
1157
911
935
960
868
1200
1030
1176
1165
935
885
910
918
305
295
200
238
240
2 76
241
219
219
316
341
230
240
200
261
286
296
120
295
2 14
296
26l
24H
298
20
231
300
274
320
2 43
26
26
126
255
237
237
310
206
2k
309
125
230
240
211
261
2 40
138
19
170
140
075
160
055
150
180
190
140
17
210
115
I 1
136
15
136
140
1 20
100
110
276
45 S8Barrett farewell Augusta Ga
43 28 R W L Raism Co Baltimore
37 30 hemical Co of Canton Baltimore
36 01 Moses DeLeon Savannah
33 68 P S Chappell Son Baltimore
34 65 Chesepeake Guano Co Baltimore
37 27 R Seldner Son Baltimore
37 76 W T Cole Griffin
31 72 Chesepeake Gnano Co Baltimore
43 67 Abbott Bro Atlanta Ga
1 28 Maryland Fertilizer Co Baltimore
Patapsco Guano Co Baltimore
Chas Ellis Savannah Ga
has Ellis Savannah Ga
Houser Houser Fort Valley Ga
Seal Lawson Kesler Co Ualtime
P M DeLeon Savannah Ga
Seal Lawson Kesslcr A Co Baltime
R W L Raisin ft Co Baltimore
Dobbs Co Athens Ga
36 56
31 72
38 89
38 08
44 97
42 77
40 96
42 98
32 75
42 80
37 49
37 15
43 28
36 40
37 30
43 88
46 20
39 24
41 9
43 66
40 25
075 35 02
11042 99
lSoSO 18
17037 36
16036 42
15033 55
590 37
135 42 12
190 47 13
200 37 77
14036 56
070 34 97
16038 32
108 35 17
Bradley Fertilizer Co Boston Mass
K W L Raisin Co Baltimore
hemical Co of Canton Baltimore
P S Chappell son Baltimore
hesepeake Guano Co Balimore
Moes DeLeon Savannah
It Seldner A Son Baltimore
larks i ove Gnano Co
Chesepeake Guano Co Baltimore
Bowker Fertizer Co New York
Maryland Fertilizer Co Baltimore
Patapsco Gnano Co Baltimore
Cumberland Bone Co Portland Me
Cumberland Bone Co Portland Me
Houser Houser Fort Valley
Seal Lawson Kessler Co Baltimore
P M DeLeon Savannah
ceal Lawson Kessler Co Baltimore
n w L Raisin Co Baltimore
Dobbs 1 o Athens fa
s C Dobbs Athens GaIs C Dobbs Athens Ga
Barrett Carswell Augusta GaiBradley Fertilizer CoBoston Mass
P Zell A on BaltimoreP Zcll Son Baltimore
R W L Raisin ft Co Baltimore
Robertson Taylor Co Charlsn S C
Robertson Taylor Co CharlnSC
Robertson Taylor Co Charlsn SC
Joseph Jones Atlanta Ga
Tate Muller Wittichen Baltimore
Long Dugdale Baltimore
Savannah Guano Co Savannah
D G Purse Savannah Ga
aralhers Betts mithAthens Ga
Read Co New York
Ktiwan Phosphate Co Charleston
Seldner Son Baltimore Md
eldner Son Baltimore
Baltimore Uuano Co Baltimore
Savannah Guano Co Savannah Ga
Seal Lawson Kesler Co Baltime
naldwin Co SavannahGa
stonoPhosphate Co Charleston
Patapsco Guano Co Baltimore Md
C C Hardwick Savannah Ga
Georgia Cheml Works Augusta Ga
Geo W Scott Co Atlanta Ga
R W L Raisin A Co Baltimore
Robertson Taylor Co Charleston S C
Roliertson Taylor Co Charleston S C
Robertson Taylor Co Charleston SC
Atlantic Va Fer Co Orient L I
Tate Muller Wittichen Baltimore
Long A Hugdae Baltimore
Savannah Guano Co Savannah
E Frank Coe New York
B J Burgess t Co Alexandria Va
Read Co New York
ttiwan Phosphate Co Charleston
Seldner Son Baltimore
Seldner A Son alimore
Baltimore Guano Co Baltimore
Savannah Guano Co Savannah Ga
Scl lawson Kesaler Co Baltimore
Baldwin Co Newark N J
Stono Phosphate Co Charleston
Patapsco Guano Co Baltiinere
Preston Fertilizer Co New York
Georgia Chemical Works Augusta Ga
Geo W Scott Co Atlanta Ga
CD
CO

z

o
n
o
S
S
K
SB
O

r
11
w
73
H
tsTABLE IContinued
NAME OF FERTILIZER

Good Lnck Guano
Giant Guano
GossypiumPhospho
Guardian Guano
Gilt Edge Guano
High Grade Ammouiated 8uier Phos
Hope Guano
Homestead Ammoniated Bone Black
Homestead Guano
Hyman Danceys Premium Bone Phos
H Eraser Grant fc Cos Amd Dis Bone
Imperial Guano
J S Wood 4 Bro Ammoniated Dis Bone
Jno C Ragsdale Guano
Jno N Swift Ammoniated Bone and Potash
Jno R Scott Cos Fertilizer
Kelso Guano
Keyslone Gnano
King Gnano
King Cotton Guano
L C Co Dis Bone with Ammonia
L R Guano Ammoniated
Lion Guano
Lister Bros Standard Bone Fertilizer
Liebigs Ammoniated Dissolved Bone
Lockwoods Cotton Grower
Lister Bros Crescent Bone Fertilizer
Lowes Georgia Formula
Mastadon Gnano
Mathis Chemicals
Mathi Chemicals
Mapes Nitrogenized Superphosphate
Martins Ammoniated Dissolved Bone
McCord Cos Ammoniated Dis Bone
Merrymans Ammoniated Dissolved Bone
MilesI X L Gnano
Phosphoric Aoid a u at Fl

a

U
a jn o 2 QQ Q 6 3 5 1 4 a o a a J3 1 0r
FOR WHOM INSPECTED
BY WHOM AND WHERE MAN
UFACTURED
1215
1120
1035
1115
1545
1540
1121
1175
1325
1700
1800
14
1120
1105
1775
1675
1375
1115
1125
1250
1110
1276
1100
1535
1310
2025
1460
200
12 01
1125
99U
1075
1560
1270
1350
2050
200
i 00
1 05
195
118
200
205
130
265
175
040
260
200
2J0
320
125
435
205
115
160
052
605
208
085
265
108
135
405
135
425
130
185
021
240
060
154
805
675
420
640
628
686
674
900
625
750
1021
60
680
075
1 85
415
420
675
675
050
725
657
6 72
886
745
7
890
418
185
725
585
700
100S
580
975
905
550
395
61
365
378
277
391
020
210
226
110
20
37
375
720
6 40
50
380
405
1170
227
291
300
285
190
127
261
516
995
350
734
165
183
420
145
141
1356
1070
1035
1005
1006
9 63
1065
9 20
835
975
11 40
810
1055
1050
905
1055
982
1055
1080
122
1052
948
1082
1171
935
912
11si
931
11
1085
1319
805
1141
1000
1120
1046
243
297
305
243
22
232
297
300
200
200
352
231
295
297
304
215
245
298
295
219
200
200
296
305
23
330
3
2
35
243
260
200
260
225
207
2C7
176
1
220
1
160
125
1
160
48 12
43 26
43 79
39 43
38 32
37 18
43 13
38 00
32 80
34 48
47 78
33 76
42 80
42 74
10 58
38 47
38 30
42 83
43 38
42 29
36 30
34 6o
42 23
46 7 7
36 56
41 16
45 38
36 30
45 89
41 91
51 0
31 63
43 25
88 23
41 35
100 40 70
140
150
140
137
230
110
125
18
136
070
005
075
136
187
140
155
182
12
095
220
420
1S5
165
Wright Crane Augusta Ga
R W L Raisin Co Baltimore
Geo W Scott Co Atlanta Ga
N L O Angier Atlanta Ga
Ramspeck Green Atlanta Ga
J F Craft Hartwell Ga
R W L Raisin Co Baltimore
LangstonCrane Co Atlanta Ga
Chesapeake Guano Co Baltimore
T S Ganer Buford Ga
H Fraser Grant 4 Co Savannah Ga
Martin AParrott Atlanta Ga
J S Wood Ss Bro Savannah
R W L Raisin Co Baltimore
QuinnipaicFer Co N London Conn
Read Co New York
R W L Raisin Co Baltimore
R W L Raisin A Co Baltimore
R W L Raisin Co Baltimore
Chesapeake Gnano Co Baltimore
Langston Crane Co Atlanta Ga
Lorentz 4 Rittler Atlanta Ga
R W L Kaisin Co Baltimore
Baldwin 4 Co Savannah Ga
Patapsco Guano Co Baltimore
Jno S Knox Atlanta Ga
Baldwin Co Savannnh Ga
Georgia Cheml Works Augusta Ga
Georgia Cliemcl Works Augusta Ga
Chemical Co of Canton Baltimore
Chemical Co of Canton Baltimore
T Singleton EatontonOa
Wm W Martin Rome Ga
Georgia Cheml Works Augusta Ga
Jno Merrymann Co Baltimore
Langston Crane Co Atlanta Qa
K J Ruth 4 Co Baltimore
Lorentz A Rittler Baltimore
Geo W Scott Co Atlanta Ga
Bowker Fertilizing Co New York
Ramspeck Green Atlanta Ga
J Middleton Baltimore
R W L Raisin Co Baltimore
Michigan Carbon Works Detroit
Chesapeake Guano Co Baltimore
Hyman Dancy Norfolk Va
Imported
j S Wood Bro Savannah Ga
R W L Raisin Co Baltimore
QninnipacFer Co New LonnConn
Read o New York
R W L Raisin Co Baltimore
R W L Raisin Co Baltimore
U W L Raisin Co Baltimore
Chesapeake Guano Co Baltimore
Bradley Fertilizer Co Bos ton
Lorentz Ritllor Baltimore
R W L Raisin Co Baltimore
Baldwin Co Newark N J
Patapsco Guano Co Baltimore
Lockwood McClintock New York
Baldwin Co Newark N J
Georgia Chemical Works Augusta Ga
Georgia chemcial Works Augusta Ga
Chemical o of Canton Baltimore
Chemical Co of Canton Baltimore
Mapes Formula Co New York
Updiaw Guano Co Norfolk Va
Georgia Chemical Works Augusta Ga
Jno Merrymann 4 Co Baltimore
G W Miles 4 Co MHord Cpnp
2
58
H
2
W
z
H
O
11

o
2
o
c
H
C
SO
M
i
o
M
o
50
o
COs
M
Monarch Guano
Nassau Guano
Navassa Guano
Oglethorpe Guano
Orient Complete Manure
Oriole Oakey Wood Fertilizer
Oriole Finey Wood Fertilizer
Oriental Amd Bone Phos
Our Own Guano
P B Weavers O K Phosphate
Patapsco Ammoniated Soluble Phosphate
Pendleton s Amd Ferfor flowers A vegetls
Pendletons Amd Superphosphate
Pendletons Amd Superphosphate
Piedmont Guano
Pine Island Ammoniated Phos
Pimlico Guano
Planters Favorite Guano
Plow Brand Raw Bone Superphosphate
Pomona Guano
Pokemoke Guano
Potomac Guano
Pure Dissolved Ammoniated Bone
Pure Dissolved Ammoniated Bone
Pure Dissolved Ammoniated Bone
Pure Dissolved Ammoniated Bone
Pure Dissolved Raw Bone and Potash
Pure Bird Guano
Ramspeck Green Fertilizer
Resurgam Guano
Reeves Nicholson Co Matchless Guano
Roanoke Guano
Royal Superphosphate
Royal Amd Superphosphate
Ruths Cotton Guano
Russell Coee Amd Bone Superphosphate
R D Coes Original Amd Soluble Bone
Samana Guano
San Domingo Guana
Schaffers Steamed Animal Bone
Sea Gull Amd Dissolved Bone
Sea Fowl Guano
Sea Cliff Amd Superphosphate
Sea Cliff Amd Superphosphate
Seldners Amd Bone Phosphate
Seal Lawson Kessler Amd Diss Bone
Soluble Pacific Guanoftt
1475 190 664
1140 225 683
1475 315 372
1480 185 680
1725 801 690
1301 0 55 721
157b 053 719
655 185 545
1340 101 715
1110 206 675
1070 390 580
825 36 750
1121 215 805
875 250 755
1875 1 110 615
1850 300 180
1275 175 465
1605 015 615
1085 200 710
950 235 600
1270 165 460
1130 210 680
1300 650 485
1201 625 500
1290 125 600
ilKi 150 580
1001 161 700
13 00 350 025
1650 120 590
1085 385 678
1550 065 785
1111 208 6 80
1465 200 751
tisr 100 342
1105 206 678
2115 111 723
1275 491 680
1200 406 415
1475 215 615
2200 153 218
351 805
1318 151 700
1150 231 678
1675 201 750
1525 182 767
1140 265 675
1405 085 682
i
348
338
433
227
210
219
226
55
8 85
379
434
267
195
270
400
740
585
420
265
410
575
350
315
300
61
714
692
776
470
320
320
352
390
868
385
298
290
517
811
585
095
303
3
175
171
380

513
912 231
1021 313
805 262
908 2 30
950 290
940 273
945 226
1095 219
1050 200
1054 298
1014 267
1017 304
1000 332
1025 304
1015 200
920 300
1040 230
1035 220
975 285
1010 2 85
1035 230
1030 297
800 200
800 200
1217 200
1294 255
13 92 255
800 200
1060 2 10
1009 205
1105 200
1032 298
1140 270
1210 335
1050 296
1021 231
970 200
932 231
926 225
K04 207
900 273
1006 280
1021 310
925 20
938 242
1056 297
1195 273
175 36 45 Martin A Parrott Atlanta Ga
195 43 51 Webster Davis Atlanta Ga
150 35 06 Navassa Guano Co WilmgtonNC
175 86 86 Williams Clark Co New York
140 39 93 Joseph Jones Atlanta Ga
160 39 07 Symington BroB fc Co Baltimore
170 37 15 Symington Bros Co Baltimore
38 32 Barrett A Carswell Augusta Ga
260 39 37 Savannah Guano Co Savannah Ga
137 42 89 J S Wood Bro Savannah Ga
200 41 10 Palapsco Guano Co Baltimore
105 41 88 Pendleion Guano Co Atlanla Ga
130 43 16 Pendleion Guano Co Atlanta Ga
105 12 08 Pondleton Guano Co Atlanta Ga
100 16 60 T li Yow A Co Marietta Ga
240 40 88 Ginnipaic FcrtCoNew LondonConn
107 38 78 K W L Raisin Co Baltimore
36 90Long Dugdale Baltimore
210 49 94 Walton Whann A Co Atlanta Ga
125 41 00 P M DeLeonSaannahUa
105 38 66 Freeman Loyd Mayson Pryden
Norfolk Va
187 42 21 R W L Raisin A Co Baltimore
30 00 Chemical Co of Canton Baltimore
30 00 Chemical Co of Canton Baltimore
40 43 Chemical Co of Canton Baltimore
444 50 93 Chemical Co of Canton Baltimore
20i f9 95 G Ober Sons Baltimore
210 ii 52 G W Garmany Son Savannah
110 38 32 Kamspeck Green Atlanta Ga
230 37 78 Chemical Co of Canton Baltimore
1 75 39 72 Reeves Nicholson Co Athens Ga
138 42 80 R W L Raisin Co Baltimore
llo 43 32 H M Comer Co Savannah Ga
200 49 40 Wm WMartin Rme Ga
137 42 81 R V L Raisin Co Baltimore
100 38 28 J P Wheaton Savannah
080 35 28 Lorentz Kittler Baltimore Md
120 36 29 Georgia Chemical Works Augusta
11035 72 Martin Panott Atlanta Ga
110 31 7 George Sclnieffer Hampton Ga
135 37 77 Patapsco Guano Co Baltimore
170 41 19 N A Hardee Son 4 Co Savannah
195 43 26 N A HaideeSon Co Savannah
130 34 09 N A Hardee Son CoSavannah
160 37 47 Seldner A Son Baltimore
138 42 87 Seal Lawson Kessler Co Baltire
iAdair Bro Atlanta Ga
Woods Co Savannah Ga
Wm H Young Columbus Ga
am r
1
Williams Clark Co New York
Bowker Fertilizer Company New York
Navassa Guano Co Wilmington N C
Williams Clark A Co New York
Atlantic fc Va Fer Co Orient L I
Symington Bros Co Baltimore
Symington Bros Co Baltimore
Reuel Co New York
Savannah Guano Co Savannah
J S Wood A Bro Savannah Ga
Patapsco Guauo Co Baltinire
Pondleton Guano Co Atlanta Ga
Pendleton Guano Co Atlanta Ga
Pendleton Guano Co Atlanta Ga
Piedmont Guano Co Baltimore
Ginnipaic Fertilizer Co New London
R W L Haisin Co Baltimoie
Long Dugdale Baltimore
Walton Whann A Co Wilmington Del
P M DeLcon Savannah Ga
Freeman Loyd Mason Drydcn Nor
folk Va
R W L Raisin A Co Baltimore
Chemical Co of Canton Baltimore
Chemical Co of Canton Baltimore
Chemical Co of Canton Baltimore
Chemical Co if Canton Baltimore
4 Obear Son Baltimore
None Such Guano Co Havre de Grace
Read Co New Yoik
Chemical Co of Canton Baltimore
Burgess Co Alexandria Va
R W L Raisin Co Baltimore
Bradley Fert Co Boston Mass
Upshaw Guano Co Norfolk Va
R W L Raisin Co Baltimore
Russell Coe London N J
Lorentz Rittler Baltimore
Georgia hemical Works Augusta
Will ams Gark Co New York
Northwestern Fertilizer Co Chicago 111
Patapsco Guano Co Baltimore
Bradley Fert Co Boston
Bowker Fertilizer Co New York
Bowker Fertilizer Co New York
Seldner Son Baltimore
Seal Lawson Kessler Co
Pacific Guano Co Woods Hole Mass

Z

r

o
o
o
s
s
w
SO
o

r
w
H
N
MTABLE IConcluded
do
NAME OF FERTILIZERS
Phosphoric Acid

o
J2 t


to d oS o
4 4 o a u
Si o P 5 3 I a 3 1

a M 02 H pi 0
FOR WHOM INSPECTED
BY WHOM AND WHERE MANU
FACTURED
Soluble Amd Superphosphate of Lime
Soluble Sea Island Guano
South American Guano
South Georgia High Grade Fertilizer
SparkB A A Superphosphate
Sparks Alkaline Guano
Standard Bone Superphosphate
Standard Fertilizer
Stafford Blalock Double Anchor Guano
Star Brand Complete Mannre
Stemes Amd Bone Superphosphate
Sterling Guano
Stonewall Bone Phosphate
Stono Soluble Guano
St George Ammoniated Fertilizer
Sunny South Guano
Tornado Fertilizer
The Georgia Patapsco Am Sol Plios
The Cotton Maker
Triumph Amrnoniated Dissolved Bone
Universal Guano
Victor Guano
Wando Fertilizer
Winter Legs Am Dis Bone
Wicomico Guano
Wilcox Gibbs Cos Manipulated Guano
World of Good
Wrights Solid Guano
W G Co Superphosphate
Zells Ammoniated Bone uperphosphate
Zells Economizer
Zells Calvert Guano
1110
1110
1125
1440
1700
1600
1000
1875
1230
1650
1100
2050
1176
1125
1125
1150
1375
1220
1210
1400
1630
1450
13 00
1530
1105
1400
925
1025
12 00
1300
1550
1125
135
200
200
260
270
214
540
275
452
025
035
105
310
290
198
450
225
140
585
225
162
136
310
160
205
051
115
100
470
305
2781
575
720
680
676
600
415
754
681
600
554
620
1060
700
662
456
675
680
625
205
310
892
624
805
800
600
675
800
915
460
525
6 65
785
410
3951115
Average analyses and commercial values
360
400
215
440
108
328
440
351
65
200
215
304
344
887
S20
375
970
490
263
2
169
248
390
370
176
255
415
275
535
5 40
390
10 40
1075
815
855
862
1015
1040
90
1171
1260
915
960
800
1062
1000
1000
1175
800
1145
892
974
1048
990
1035
6
1260
875
800
1200
1265
05
231
295
297
235
219
237
243
200
251
200
275
335
304
261
296
210
250
300
245
231
231
200
267
228
295
213
250
200
240
240
150
230
145
135
137
155
11020 248
330
185
1 CO
120
125
125
180
14
110
1 3
076
230
100
075
225
1
200
220
060
137
176
0154
41 17 George Obear Son Baltimore
42 37 R W L Raisin Co Baltimore
43 87 R W L Raisin Co Baltimore
33 98 Williams Clark Co New York
32 23 Read Co New York
32 96 Seldner Son Baltimore
39 77 H Atkins Co Gainesville
37 20 Goldsmith Bro Atlanta Ga
36 62 P Zell Son Baltimore
40 75 Allison Addison Richmond Va
46 75 H T Inman Atlanta Ga
41 79 N L C Angier Atlanta Ga
39 35 West Bros Savannah Ga
34 27 Stono Phns Co Charleston
42 99 ScallawsonKessler Co Baltimore
35 90 Ramspeck ft Green Atlanta Ga
40 26 Maryland Fertilizer Co Baltimore
45 60 Georgia Chemical Works Augusta
33 16 J W Goldsmith Co Atlanta Ga
42 87 N A Hardee Son Co Savannah
36 01 Martin Parrott Atlanta Ga
36 75 H T Inman Co Atlanta Ga
42 9 Wando Fertilizer Co Charleston
36 87 Winter Segg Marietta Ga
42 26R W L Raisin t Co Baltimore
36 90 Wilcox Gibbs Co Savannah Ga
93 McCoimick Neal Atlanta Ga
A P Wright Co Thomasvills Ga
New Jersey Cbeml Co Philadelphia
P Zell Son Baltimore
P Zell Son Baltimore
P Zell Son Baltimore
G Ober A Sous Baltimore
R W L Raisin Co Baltimore
R W L Raisin Co Baltimrre
Wil iams Clark Co New York
Read Co New York
Seldner Son Baltimore
Chemical Co of Canton Baltimore
Standard Fertilizer Co DuxburryMas
P Zell A Son Baltimore
Allison tfc Addison Richmond Va
Sternes Fer Co New Orleans La
Manhattan Cheml Co New York
Bowker Fer Co New York
Stono Phosphate Co Charleston
Seal Lawson Kessler Co Baltimore
lorcntz A Rittler Baltimore
Maryland Fertilizer Co Baltimore
Georgia Cheml Works Augusta Ga
Chesapeake Guano Co Baltimore Sid
Williams Clark Co New York
Williams Clark Co New York
Rufferty Williams New York
Wando FertilizerCo Charleston S C
Read 4 Co New York
R W L Raisin Co Baltimore
Wilcox Gibbs Co t Savannah
Thomson Edwards Chicago 111
Read Co New York
New Jersey Cheml Co Philadelphia
P Zell Sou Baltimore
P Zell Son Baltimore
P Zell Son Baltimore
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toTABLE IIAta Phosphates and Dissolved Bones
NAMKOF FERTILIZER
Phosphoric acid
Acid Phosphate for Cotton
Albatross Acid Phosphate
Ashley Acid Phosphate with Potash
Ashley Acid Phosphate without Potash
Atlantic Acid Phosphate
Avalon Dissolved Bone
Bakers Prepared Chemicals
B Q Swanson Acid Phosphate
Bales Acid Phosphate
Barrys Acid Phosphate
Barrys B Phosohate of Lime
Bowkers Acid Phosphate
Bradley Acid Phosphate
Charleston Acid Phosphate
Cherokee Dissolved Bone
Chemical Co of Canton Acid Phos
Cotton I lant Dissolved Bone
Commercial Gnano Co rown Brand
Crown Acid Phosphate
DeLeons Dissolved Bone Poosphate
Diamond Soluble Bone
Dissolved Bone Phosphate of Lime
Dissoved Bone Phos South Carolina
Dissolved Bone or Acid Phosphate
Dissolved Bone Potash and Ammonia
Disslved South Carolina Bone
Eagle Acid Phosphate
Edisto Acid Phosphate
English Huegerin Acid Phosliate
EnoreeAcid Phosphate
Etiwan Dissolved Bone
Eti wan Potash Compound
Eutaw Acid Phosphate
Farmers Friend Acid Phosphate 16 10
Geo WScott CoChlestonAcidPhos 15 40
1375
1800
1625
1750
1350
1575
1465
1300
1145
960
950
13 75
UOO
1400
1360
790
1380
1625
1400
1235
1050
1325
1425
1435
1600
1250
1070
1600
1425
1025
1650
1150
1150
0 85
116
200
220
335
250
425
325
241
355
260
105
325
200
235
46
280
172
175
260
285
350
360
080
075
248
430
020
230
375
060
224
300
034
235
GQ
1170
1208
950
1055
8 26
645
410
700
634
73
735
700
695
612
820
635
706
824
875
405
885
1060
919
1100
925
1086
785
762
823
705
1190
842
710
710
684
1355
1382
1180
1235
1180
1115
1000
1175
121
1145
1150
1115
1175
22
1180
14 20
1080
1146
1295
1510
1256
1850
1340
1300
1324
1453
1300
1135
1175
1171
1480
1328
1850
1160
1131
004 33
010
105
0
052
130
210
200
095
160
080
145
135
125
197
155
150
085
090
300
180
FOR WHOM INSPECTED
Imported from Ireland
Webster Davis Atlanta Ga
Ashley Phosphate Co ChartestonSC
Ashley Phosphate CoCharlestonSC
Atlantic Phosphate Co Cearleston
Moses Clemmons Richmond Va
Chemical Co of Canton Baltimore
H T Inman Atlanta Ga
J A Bale Rome Ga
Georgia Clioml Works Augusta lia
Georgia hemil Works Augusta Ga
Weld Hartshorn Savannah Ga
N A HardcesSon Co Savan Ga
Charleston Phosphaie Co Charleston
Atlantic Phosphate Co Charleston
Chemical Co of Canton Baltimore
Georgia Chemical Works AugustaGa
W B Chisholm Charleston 7
G P Grant Co Savannah Ga
P M DeLeon New York
Walton Whann Co Atlantaaa
B G Frith Charleston S C
G Ober Sons Baltimore
Walton Whann Co Atlanta Oa
SealLawson Kcssler CoBaltimore
Tate Mnller Wlthclus Baltimore
Barrett Carswell Augusta Ga
W B Chiselm Charleston S C
Atlantic Phosphate Co Charleston
Robertson Taylor Co Charleston
Etiwan Phosphate Co Charleston
Etiwan Phosphate Co Charleston
Robertson Taylor Co Charleston
U P Richmond Savannah Ga
Goe W Scott Co Atlanta Ga
BY WHOM AND WHERE MANUFAC
TURED
Seal Lawson Kessler Baltimore
Wm Bradley Baltimore
Ashley Phosphate Co Charleston S C
Ashley Phosphate Co Charleston S C
Atlantic Phosphate Co Charleston S C
Moses Clemmons Richmond Va
Chemical Co of Canton Baltimore
Ashcpoo Phosphate i o Charleston S C
J A Bale Rome Ga
Georgia Cheml Works Augusta Ga
Georgia Chemical Work Auauste Ga
Bowker Fertilizer Co Charleston S C
Brad ey Fertilizer Co Boston Mass
Charleston Phosphate Co
Atantic Phosphate Co Charleston S C
Chemical Co of Canton Baltimore
Georgia Chemical Works AugustaGa
Allison Addison Petersburg Va
Sk Fertiizmg Co New York
P M DeLeon New York
Walton Whann Co Atlanta Ga
Pacific Guano CoCharleston
G Ober Sons Baltimore Md
Walton Whann Co Wilmington Del
St7Tessler Baltimore
Equitable Fertilizer Co Baltimore
pSPh0paiS00 Charleston Sc
EdistoPhosphate Co Charleston S C
Atlantic Phosphate Co Charleston S C
PMwrt8S Tylr Co Charleston
Etiwan Phosphate Co Charleston S C
Etiwan Phosphate Co Charleston S C
Tylor co Charleston
Read Co New York
IGeorgia Chemical Works Augusta Ga

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H
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MTABLE NO IIContinued
NAME OP FERTILIZER
Georga Acid Phosphate1675
Phosphoric Acid
Georgia State Grange Dissolved Bone 785
Georgia State Grange Acid Phosphate 825
GaChem Wks Acid Phoswith Potash 1235
Georgia Dissolved Bone1635
duardian Acid Phosphate1500
Inmans Acid Phosphate 1070
Longs Dissolved Bone1710
Longs Prepared Chemicals 1700
L B Acid Phosphate 1650
McCord Co Acid Phosphate15
Magnolia Acid Phosphate 14 60
Maryland Fer Co Acid Phosphate 1800
Martins Potash Phoshhate 1600
Martin Co Acid Phosphate 1570
MerrymansAcid Phosphate 975
NavassaAcid Phosphate1400
North Georgia Dissolved Bone137
Oriental Acid Phosphate1000
Oriole Acid Phasphate 1360
Palmetto Acid Phosphate 1050
Paragon Acid Phosphate 1400
Patapsco Acid Phosphate 1515
Pendletons Phos for Composting1136
Pendletons Phos for Composting1380
Pimlico Acid Phosphate 1560
Pioneer Acid Phosphate 1300
Pomona Acid Phosphate1515
Piedmont LUssolved Bone Phosphate 1250
Potash Acid Phosphate1340
Pure Dissolved South Carolina Bone 650
Pollards Soluble Bone1050
Pure Dissolved Bone Ash 1350
Raisins Acid Phosphate1560l2 451 6 50
250
245
250
255
100
400
430
035
035
251
121
300
280
112
248
150
2
276
435
172
306
2 M0
200
025
240
245
235
122
452
720
600
396
650
135
1140
400
965
905
785
1065
1000
847
754
796
745
1010
645
1245
325
708
785
93
650
685
795
1000
704
640
830
772
1015
726
700
71
2121384
460
845
340
1100
145
170
515
175
400
310
670
489
345
410
470
385
760
367
520
880
5F0
270
420
426
432
475
355
658
205
364
720
529
428
460
1110
1480
11
1500
1110
1075
1300
1240
1400
1157
1424
1235
1090
1420
1115
1680
1085
1075
1300
1315
1200
1000
1215
1425
1186
1110
1185
1425
1320
1091
1420
1410
1812
1110
010
1049
195
080
091
FOR WHOM INSPECTED
BY WHOM AND WHERE MANUFAC
TURED
8 2nz3i2mjJ CoBaltimore
175
1
250
360
049
27 00
39 84
28 71
27 95
32 50
I 00
37 10
28 93
35 60
03
30 25
39 82
28 47
39 5o
27 72
28 67
32 60
8K
l 32
26 68
32 20
37 08
30 68
28 48
3071
35 63
30 50
11028 57
36 10
35 23
45 30
28 35
Baldwin to Savannah GaBaldwin Co Newark New Jersey
Baldwin Co Savannah Ga Baldwin A Co Newark New Jersey
Georgia Cheml Works Augusta Ga Georgia Chemical Works Augusta Ga
050
150
110
140
152
080
190
051
00
020
050
A ugusta Ga
C Hard wick Savannah Ga
N L C Angler Atlanta Ga
H T Inman Atlanta Oa
Long Dugnale Baltimore
Long Dugdale Baltimore
Lorentz Rittler Baltimore
Georgia Cheml Works Augusta Ga
Georgia Cheml Works A ugusta Ga
Maryland Fertiizer Co Baltimore
Wm M Martin Rome Ga
Harle Jenkins Atlanta Ga
John Merryman Co Baltimore
Navassa Guano Co Wilmington Md
Georgia Cheml Works Augusta Ga
Barrett farewell Augusta Ga
Symington Bro Co BaltimoreMd
Langston Crane Co Atlmta Ga
Stono Phosphate Co Charleston
Patapsco Guano Co Baltimore Md
Pendlelon Guano Co Atlanta Ga
Pendleton Guano Co Atlanta Ga
R W L Raisin Co Baltimore
Ashley Phosphate Co Charleston
H P Richmond Savannah Ga
Piedmont Guano Co Baltimore
Lorentz aid Riitler Baltimore
Cnemical Co of Canton Baltimore
W J Pollard Augusta Ga
G Ober Son Baltimore
R W L Raisin Co Baltimore
Preston Fertilizer Co New York
Bowker Fertilizer Co New York
Ashepoo Phosphate Co Charleston
Long Dugdale Baltimore
Long Dugdale Baltimore
Lorentz Rittler Baltimore Md
Georgia Chemical Works Augusta Ga
ioorgia Chemical Works Augusta la
Maryland Fertilizer Co Baltimore Md
Upshaw Guano Co Norfolk Va
Flarle Jenkins Atlanta Ga
John Merryman Co Baltimore
Navassa Guano Co Wilmington Md
Georgia Chemical Works Augusta Ga
Ashepoo Phosphate Co Charleston S C
Symington Bro Co Baltimore Md
William Bradley Boston Mass
Stono Phosphate Co Charleston
Patapsco Guano Co Baltimore Md
Pendleton Guano Co Atlanta Ga
Pendleton Guano Co Atlanta Ga
B W L Raisin Co Baltimore
Ashley Phosphate Co Charleston
Imported
Piedmont Guano Co Baltimore
Lorentz Rittler Baltimore
Chemical Co of Baltimore Md
Ashepoo Phosphate Co Charleston S C
G Ober Son Baltimore Md
R W L Raisin Co Baltimore
O
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90
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CO
00Reeves Nicholson Co Acid Phos
Kussell Coes Acid Phoshate
Ruths Dissolved Bone
Schaefers Acid Phosphate
South Sea Acid Phosphate
SlinglufTs Pure Dissolved Bone
Stono Acid Phosphate
Sunny South Acid Phosphate
Wando Acid Phosphate
Wando Soluhle Bone Phosphate
Wests Acid Phosphate
W Q Co Superphosphate
W P Anderson Son Dis Bone
Zells Cotton Acid Phosphate
Average
1865
1550
1450
1525
1525
1260
1850
1460
1485
1375
1460
1450
10
1300
245
081
276
266
188
205
230
480
300
128
205
050
095
140
650
1089
712
991
610
1231
680
885
600
902
080
845
880
920
465
221
477
361
607
361
275
205
510
607
230
170
430
080
1115
1310
1189
1355
1217
159r
1000
1090
1110
1509
1160
1015
1310
1000
1248
130
065
12
020
180
080
350
48 Reeves McHolson Co Athens Ga
75 ft F Wheaton Savannah Ga
69 R J Kuth Baltimore Md
88 Ed Schaeffer Toccoa Ga
11 Harle Jenkins Atlanta Ga
37 Boyken Carmer 4 Co Baltimore
00 Stono Phosphate Co Charleston
03 Kamspeck 4 Green Atlanta Ga
70 Wando Phosphate Co Charleston
27 P B Hacker Charleston S C
90 West Bros Savannah Ga
53 Wilcox Gibbs Co Savannah Ga
71 Ashley PhoshphateCo Charleston
00 P Zell Son Baltimore
Atlantic Phosphate Co Charlesaon S C
Russell Coe Linden N J
K J Ruth Baltimore Md
Kdisio Phosphate Co Charleston S C
Harle Jenkins Atlanta Ga
Boykin Carmer Co Baltimore
Stono Phosphate Co Charleston S C
Lorentz Kittler Baltimore
Wando Phosphate Co Charleston
Wando Fertilizer Co Charleston S C
Bowker Ferlilizer Co New York
Wilcox Gibbs Co Savannah
ABhley Phosphate Co Charlestno S C
P Zell Son Baltimore
CO

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5T ABLE III6 Wfc ad CAnmoniated Svkoshatee ad Acid PUsates or
NAME OP FERTILIZERS
Ammoniated Vulcanite Guano
Ashley Ash Element
Ash Element
Bradley Ground Bone and Potasht
Baughs Pure Boue Meal
Baughs Double Eagle Fertilizer
Baughs EconomicaTFertililizer
Cumers Raw Bone Meal t
Dried Blood
Fine Raw Bone Noithwestem Fer Cot
Ground Raw Bone Ashley Phos Co
Grouud Dried Fish
Home Fertilizer
Kainit Chemical Co of Canton
KainitWeld A Hartshorn
Kainit Lippman Bros
Kainit Wilcox Gibbs Co
Kainit Baldwin A Co
13101394
650 440
900 1140
490
800
1500
1450
700
1326
735
726
1700
5
2378
700
452
2326
2442
il75
762
530
452
445
199
1 79
630
279
65
624
Kainit Ashlny Phosphate Co
Kainit P M DeLeoh
Kainit J R Sheldon
Kainit J P Williams Co
Kainit J H J Jones
Kainit Alex Ker Co
Kainit Tate Muller Witticherj
Kainit Armand Russell
Kainit Patapsco Guano Co
Kainit D U Hull
Lees Agricultural Lime
Organic Silicated Phosphate
Perfect Chemical for Cotton No 1
Perfect Chemical lor Cotton NoV
Powslls Prepared t hemicals
Popplein Phosphate
Pure Ground Bone Sternest
Pure Fii c Ground Meal T E t
500
4 2
ab
1 6i
600
8 60
285
3 51
2065
2810
745
83
300
2 70
455
146
226
498
15 91
486
426
13
789i
070
860
205
ojo
FOR WHOM INSPECTED
BY WHOM AND WHERE MANUFAC
TURED
13 05
25 69
09027 98
7955
1080
768
504
365
0 51
iVi
200
1240
1200
II 6u
1120
1120
1200
1220
1160
1175
11 60
1100
1160
1240
1200
1200
297
300
624
920
825
420
39 35
14
14 40
13 92
13 44
13 44
11 40
13 44
13 92
14 10
13 92
13 20
13 92
14 88
14 40
14 40
3 30
30 CO
32 69
29 29
12 45
24 12
Liebig Gibbons Baltimore
Ashley Phos Co Charleston Sc
htono Phosphate Co
N A Hardee Son Co Savannah
Baugh Sons Philadelpia
tough Sons Philadelphia
Baugh Sons Philadelphia
Wade White Marietta Ga
Ashley PhosphateCoChariestons
f w Flchel Co Marietta Ga
C ey Phosphate CoCnarleston S
Ashley Phosphate Co Charleston S
Boykm Carmer Co Baltimore
wemialiCo of unti Baltimore
Weld Hartshorn Savannah Ga
Lippman Bro Baltimore
Wilcox Gibbs Co SavannahGa
Baldwin Co Savannah Ga
Ashley Phos Co Charleston S C
P M DeLeon Savannah Ga
J R Sheldon Baltimore
t E Wlliam9 Co Savannah
vtJ Jone8 Hartwell Ga
Alex Kerr Co Baltimore
I ate Muller Witticher Baltimore
Armand Russell Angusta
Patapsco Guano Co Baltimore
D B Hull Savannah
Stafford McDonald Augusta Ga
Popplein Phosphate Co Baltimore
Southern Chemical Co Baltimore
Southern Chemical Co Baltimore
Brown Chemical Co Baltimore
Popplein Phosphale Co Baltimore
inter Lcgg Marietta Ga
McCormick Neal Atlanta
Liebig Gibbons Baltimore
Ashley Phos Co Charleston S C
Stono Phosphate Co
Bradley Fertilizer Co Boston Mass
Baugh Sons Philadelphia Pa
Baugh Sods Philadelpia
Baugh Sons Philadelphia
eTge fe caer Louisville Ky
Ashley PbBphate C Charleston
Northwestern Fertilizer Co Chicago
Ash ey Phosphate Co Charleston
Ashley Phosphate Co Charleston
Boyken Carmer Co Baltimore
Imported
Imported
Imported
Imported
Imported
Imported
Imported
Imported
Imported
Imported
Imported
Imported
Imported s
Imported
Imported
Lee Richmond Va
Popplein Phosphate Jo Baltimore
Southern Chemical Co Baltimore
southern Chemical Co Baltimore
Brown Chemical Co Baltimore
Popplein Phosphate Co Baltimore
sternes Fertilizer Co New Orleans To
Thomson A Edward Chicago TMSLa
to
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50
W
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w
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m
o
o s o 2050 03 53 S gen lois Ed s o 646 3
Baywood Fertilizer 440 118 Baywood Fertilizer Co Sun Hill Ga
a 0 C5 ftO QQ S a o u 1830 c a g 1267
61 18 Southern Chemical Co Baltimore Southern Chemical Co Baltimore
These goods are nonacidulated and are claimed to he made by a peculiar process they cannot therefore be classed among acid phosphates or ammoniated
superphosphates hence no commercial value is assigned them The analysis only is given u j i j
tRawbone or bone meal contains no reverted acid proper as it has not been acidulaied The whole of the phosphoric acid is therefore reported as insan
pie though practically it is much more available as plant food than phosphoric acid from other sources A good tinelyground bone meal is worth about MO00
per ton
JThiB contains Soluble Silica 1572 per cent which is claimed to be valuabl as plant food

Z

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50
14
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
102
EE MARKS
The foregoing analyses were made by Professor H C White Analytical
Chemist of the Department whose general report appears on page 18
During the season of 188182 there were 1242664 tons of commercial fertil
izers inspected and analyzed for the Georgia market all of which being admit
ted to sale The following table shows the amount inspected by each inspector
O T Rogers Inspector at Savannah 4005230 tons
Samuel Hawkins Inspector at Augurta 2276920
J SLawton Inspector at Atlanta 1448100
Troup Butler Inspector at Brunswick 39 67292
E L Thomas Inspector at Macon 3 17141
O W Rosette Inspector at Columbus 5 27981
Total125426 04
The following table shows the number of distinct inspections made by each
inspector for the season the average number of tons in each inspection the
whole number of inspections made and the average of each
Numder of Inspections Average Anit of each Inspection
351 102 141 290 53 52 114 tons 223 tons 102 tons 137 tons 60 tons 101 tons



989 127 tons

COMPARATIVE TRADE IN FERTILIZERS
The following table shows the number of tons inspected for each of the last
seven seasons
There were inspected during the season of 18756 55316 tons
There were inspected duriug the season of 18767 75824 tons
There were inspected during the season of 18778 93478 tons
There were inspected during the season of 18789 85049 tons
There were iospected during the season of 187980119583 tons
There were inspected during the season of 1S801152404 tons
There were inspected during the season of 18812125427 tons103
ANALYSES OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS
15
AMMONIATED AND NONAMMONIATED FERTILIZERS OR ACID
PHOSPHATES
Of the whole amount of fertilizers placed upon the market during the past
season 101633 tons were Ammoniated Superphosphates and 20602 tons were
Acid Phosphates or Dissolved Bones It is well to remark that those brands which
contain not less than eight per cent of available phosphoric acid and two per
cent of ammonia are classed as Ammoniated Superphosphates and those con
taining less than two per cent of ammonia and not less than ten per cent of
available phosphoric acid are classed as Acid Phosphates or Dissolved Bones
This classification is made without regard to the name of the brand as will be
seen by reference to the tables Those fertilizing materials which do not claim
to be either of the foregoing are classed as Chemicals and Compounds other than
Ammoniated Superphosphatss and Dissolved Bones Of this class there were 3192
tons inspected and analyzed and are exhibited in Table III
The number of tons of Acid Phosphates or Dissolved Bones inspected ia
Georgia during the past seven seasons are as follows
For the season of 187566499 tons
For tho season of 1876712842 tons
For the season of 1877815332 tons
For the season of 1878910291 tons
For he season of 18798013906 tons
For the season of 1880122036 tons
For the season of 1S81220602 tons
Of the whole quantity inspected the percentage of Acid Phosphates for each
season is is as follows
For 187561166 percent
For 187671282 per cent
For 187781962 per cent
For 187891222 per cent
For 1879801163 per cent
For 188011511 per cent
For 188121642 per cent
The following averages for the past eight seasons will be found interesting
viz
GENERAL AVERAGES OF ALL FERTILIZERS
Available
Phosphoric
Acid
Ammonia
Potash
For the season of 18745
For the season of 18756
For the season of 18767
For the season of 18778
For the season of 18789
For the season of 187980
For the season of 18801
For the season of 18812
923
1094
108T
1143
1195
1024
1096
1088
255
253
252
a 79
270
258
253
248
517
249
275
223
166
133
141
14716 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 104
These are the general averages of all fertilizers including Acid Phosphates for
he seasons named It is proper to remark that the averages of Ammonia and
Potash are of those brands only which are shown by analysis to contain these
elements and not of the whole number of brands analyzed
AVERAGES OF AMMONIATED FERTILIZERS
ATailable Phosphoric Acid Ammonia Potash
For the Season of 18745 For the Season of 1S756 873 1036 10 51 1083 1152 953 1030 1020 284 298 273 279 270 259 253 248 531 279 243 225 164 135 145 158
For the Season of 18767 For the Season of 18778
For the Season of 18789
For the Season of 187980
For the Season of 18801
For the Season of 18812
AVERAGES OF NONAMMONIATED FERTILIZERS
Available Pkosphoric Acid Potash
For the Season of 18745 1105 1199 1168 1310 13 20 1244 12 60 1248 385 464 454 216 163 128 130 105
For the Season of 18756
For the Season of 18767
For the Season of 18778
For the Season of 187879
For the Season of 187980
For the Season of 18801
Foi the Season of 18812

The number of brands inspected analyzed and placed upon the market for
each season since the organization of the Department is as follows
For the Season of 18745
For the Season of 18756
110 brands
101 brands
For the Season of 18767125 brand8
For the Season of 18778 127 brands
For the Season of 18789ZZZl62 brands
For the Season of 187980m brands
For the Season of 18801 m braDJg
For the Season of 18812270 brands
These are exclusive of chemicals and other preparations for making or com
posting manures at home105
r
ANALYSES OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS
17
The number of brands of Ammoniated and Nonammoniated Fertilizers for
each season is as follows
Ammoniated NonAmmoniated
86 68 85 90 119 135 163 187 33
40
37
43
47
66
83
RECEIPTS AND EXPENDITURES INCIDENT TO THE INSPECTION OP FERTILIZERS
SEASON OF 18812
Fees on 125 42664 tons inspected during the season 6271381
Paid for 1440819 Tags at 2 per thousand 288164
Express charges on Tags and Samples and other incidental expenses 43450
Net amount of fees paid into Treasury 5939717
62713 31 86271331
Total amount paid into Treasury
Inspectors salaries to September 1st 1882 614585
Chemists salary to September 1st 1882 300000
Leaving a net balance in the Treasury of 5025132
593971
The net balance in the Treasury for the season of 18778 was
For the season of 18789
For the Beason of 187980
For the season of 18801
For the season of 18812
Decrease compared with 18801
5939717 593971
3590677
3126767
4943836
6406023
5025132
1380891
Previous to the season of 18778 the fees arising from the inspection of fertil
izers were perquisites of the inppect ors18
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
106
RFPORT OF CHEMIST
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
Office of State Chemist Athens Ga June 9 1882
Hon J T Henderson Commissioner of Agriculture Athnta Ga
Dear Sir I have the honor to present a brief report of the work of this lab
oratory for the past year
The number of original samples of commercial fertilizers analyzed and reported
upon for the reason of 18812 is to date 362 divided as follows viz
Acid Phosphates 4
Acid Phosphates with Potash 62
Amtnoniated Pnosphates oi
Ammoniated Phosphates wilh Potash 207
Chemicals
362
The number of revisions made at your direction is 23 The total number of
actual determinations made in the course of the analyses of fertilizers is 2360
It will be observed that the number of samples analyizjd is 52 more than 20
per cent in excess of the number examined the last season
The methods pursued in the analyses were the same as heretofore employed in
this laboratory
The extensive use ot Nitrates as a source of Ammonia rendered necessary the
employment in a great many cases of the absolute method of determination of Ni
trogen
The great advance in cost of many of the crude materials used it the manufac
ture of fertilizers rendered it proper to modify the figures employed in estimating
commercial valuations The figure for Phosphoric Acid was not changed Pot
ash was reduced from 8 cents to 6 cents per pound and Ammonia was increased
from 18 cents to 25 cents per pound These figures are now uniformly employed
in all the Southern States in which official inspections are made uniformity
having been secured by conference with the State Chemists It is probable that
these same figures will be employed during the next season
During the month of August last I attended at your request the annual meet
ing of the Association of Agricultural Chemists held in Cincinnati At that
meeting a strong effort was made to recommend the discontinuance of the Wash
ington method in the determination of reverted phosphoric acid and to sub
stitute therefor the oxalate method This proposition was resisted by the offi
cial chemists present on the general grounds that the proposed method was inae
curate and in some instances gpve results unjustly high and a compromise was
effected by whch the matter was referred to a committee with instructions to in
vestlgate and report I was made a member of that committee and accord ingly107
ANALYSES OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS
19
during September and October a large number of determinations were made in
this laboratory bearing upon the question at issue The committee has not yet
had opportunity to make its final report but my impression now is that no
change from the Washington method will be recommended I may state my
belief that the use of this method in this laboratory has for the past year as for
the preceding given general satisfaction It is to be regretted that there is still
lack of uniformity in the results upon reverted acid obtained by different chem
ists but I think it very probable that arrangements will be made by which uni
formity among official chemists at lfast may be ultimately secured
The results of analyses show that the fertilizers sold in the State during the
past season have been of high grade and not below the quality of those offered in
previous seasons I had received information that led me to examine very care
fully for shoddy leather scrap arid other inferior material but so far as I was
able to discover no such substances were used in appreciable quantites in the
manufacture of the goods sent into this State It may be well in this place to
state that should such material be detected the fact will be reported to you for
such action as you may see proper to take
The fertilizer work of the season has been unusually heavy and has entailed
upon this laboratory very severe labor and great expense Every exertion has
been made however to furnish the results in good season and in satisfactory form
It is to be hoped however that means may be devised whereby the inspections
may be thoroughly made the analyses promtly reported and at the same time no
undue exactions made of this office For my views in this connection I beg to
refer to the report which i had the honor to make to you under date of May 26
1881
EXTRACT FROM REPORT OF 1881
There are certafti chemical analyses such as our native products fruits etc
which are imperatively required for the guidance in certain matters of our agri
culturists and horticulturists For nominally similar analyses we are now de
pendent upon European sources but these are necessarily misguiding
The discussion of such questions and the making of such analyses seems to me
to be the proper work for the chemist of your Department If the fertilizer anal
ysis could beas I believe it can becompleted within six months the remainder
of the year ould be devoted to sucli work From among the graduates in analy
tical chemistry of the University the necessary assistants could be obtained to aid
in the work with benefit to the State and with great advantage in the way of ex
perience to themselves At present the appropriation to the State Chemist
3000 is barely sufficient to pay for the fertilizer work if this should increas it
cannot be expected to do even that If a sufficient sum could be secured forthe
purpose that I have indicated without the slightest increase in the salary
proper of the Slate Chemist I think the wisdom of its appropriation could in a
short time be demonstrated Without such appropriation it will still give me gen
uine pleasure to contribute so far as I may be able to the conduct of such work
with your cooperation and approval
You will permit me to express the personal desire that the scientific work of
the laboratory of your department may not be confined to the simple routine of
ihe analyses of commercial fertilizers I have shown that perhaps six months of20
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
108
the year might be devoted to other matters The appointments of this laboratory
are suitable to the prosecution of many interesting researches The services of
your chemist are secured for the entire year The complete and admirable organ
ization of your department in the matter of highly competent clerical force and
a great number of intelligent correspondents in all sections of the State permits
you to become acquainted with the needs of our farmers and gives excellent op
portunities for the dissemination of such results of research as may be obtained
With all these advantages and opportunities it would be a matter of great regret
that for need of the small fund necessary to carry on such work the intelligent
and progressive farmers of our State should be denied the benefit of needed scientific
work which to be thoroughly useful must be carried on here at home where all
our special conditions may be taken into accunt I am well aware from my
own correspondence of the extent of the necessity and the desire for such work
I beg leave to record here my sincere appreciation of your frequently expressed
personal approval of such researches and desire to cooperate in them to the full
extent of the means at the command of your department I earnestly hope that
you may find it possible to secure the application of suitable aid in this direc
tion without prejudice to the many other valuable interests entrusted to your
charge
In addilion to the analyses of fertilizers the following work has been performed
Nine 9 proximate analyses of grains
Four 4 qualtitative examinations of mineral waters
One 1 complete analysis of a mineral water
Three 3 analyses of minerals
Two 2 analyses of mucks
A report on Cotton Butter Oil
A report upon a field experiment relating to the Nitrogen supply for cotton
Some work has been done in continuance of my investigations upon the cotton
plant and its products A report of my results in this connection will be made
to you so soon as the accumulated matter renders it proper
I beg again to refer to my report for 1881 and to reiterate the views therein
expressed in relation to the general scientific work of this laboratory
Messrs Louis H Jones and James A Wotton have continued in the employ
ment of this office as assistants and have rendered very efficient and accurate
service
In conclusion I beg to return to you siris I have ever had occasion to do
sincere thanks for many kindnesses and courtesies and to expess my hearty ap
preciation of yur uniform generosity in assisting me in the conduct of my offi
cial work
I have the honor to be very respectfully
H C White State ChemistCircular No 29
New Series
CROP REPORT
FOR THE MONTH OF JUNE 1882
RETURNED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE JULY 1 1883
Department op Agriculture t
Atlanta Ga July 10th 1883
GENERAL COMMENTS
CORN
The corn crop of the State was never more promising than at present
Much of the crop in the southern part of the State is practically made and very
fine There has Wen les complaint of injury by insects this season than usual and
less destruction of the crops on bottom lands by overflow The condition of the
crop of the whole Slate is reported at 114 compared with an average of five years
or fourteen per cent above an average crop The present indications point to a
large crop if propitious seasons continue It will be remembered that the area
devoted to corn was reported in the April circular twelve per cent greater than
that of last year while the cotton area is twelve per cent less thus giviug more
time for the cultivation of the corn crop which rquires much less work per acre
than cotton
The condition of the crop in north Georgia compared to an average condition
at this season is 106 in middle Georgia 114 in southwest Georgia 118 in
east Georgia 121 and in southeast Georgia 115 Nothing produces I more com
fortable and independent feeling on the farm than a wellfilled crib No matter
how well the barn may be filled with hay oats and fodder the Southern farmer
never feels supremely happy without a crib so well stored with corn as to preclude
the possibility of scarcity for either man or beast A full crib makes fat stock
contented labor and a profitable farm
OATS
The most abundant crop of oats ever harvested in the Slate has been gathered
this season Nat only was the area devoted to this crop unusually large25 per
cent greater than that of last yearbut the yield has been unprecedented and
the quality very superiorDEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
110
So abundant is the crop thit the price in some parts of the State has fallen
from sixty cents to thirtyfive cents per bushel since the crop has been gathered
Compared to an average crop the yield in the whole State is 125 or twenty five
per cent above an average crop
In noith Georgia the yield compared to an average crop is 115 in middle
Gtorgia 129 in southwest Georgia 124 in east Georgia 131 and in southeast
Georgia 117
The yield compared to that of 1879 which was the crop given in the census of
1880 is in the whole State 129 in north middle and southwest Georgia 128
in east Georgia 110 and in southeast Georgia 116
According to the Census of 1880 the Crop of 1879 in Georgia was 5548743
bushels of oats
As the crop of this season is twentynine per cent greater than that of the
census year the yield is 7157778
The reported yield per acre is in north Georgia 21 bushels in middle Georgia
23 in southwest Georgia 16 in ea3l Georgia 19 and in southeast Georgia 16
The average yield in the whole State is twenty bushels per acre
While many varieties other than the rustproof have made good crops this
season the evidences of the superiority of rust proof varieties are again both
numerous and convincing Farmers who have not the rustproof varieties should
at once secure a sufficient quantity for the fall sowing
The B irt oats distributed by the department last spring have given very
general satisfaction on account of their great eailiness
The reader is referred to the notes from correspondents for the opinion of those
who have experimented with them They are about three weeks earlier than the
ordinary rustproof varieties
Ttie Burt oat is rustproof and extra early but ia inferior in quality to the
other rustproof varieties
AVHEAT
The yield of wheat in the two sectionsnorth and middle Georgiain which
it is principally grown has been very fine each eleven per cent above an average
crop In southwest Geoigia the yield is reported at 84 in east Georgia at 95
and in southeast Georgia at 100 But as very little wheat is sown in either of
these sections the returns from north and middle Georgia more correctly indicate
the crcp of the State than the average for the whole State which is reduced by
the poor yield of the thrte nonwheat producing sections to 104 Taking the re
turns from north and middle Georgia as representing the crop of the State and
the crop of this year compared to that of 1879 reported in the census of 1880 is
113 or 3586340 bushels
The average yield per acre is in the State 9 bushels in north Georgia it is 10
bushels in middle Georgia 95 bushels in southwest Georgia 6 and in east
Georgia 78 No wheat is reported in southeast Georgia
COTTON
Is reported below an average in every stction of the State This is due to the
effects of cool weather which has prevailed to an unusual degree this spring
Compared to an average it is in north Georgia 84 in middle Georgia 92Ill
CROP REPORT1882
in southwest Georgia 94 in east Georgia 91 in southeast Georgia 98 and in
the whole Siate 91
The injury has been greatest in north Georgia where the stand has baen ma
terially reduced by the low temperature In some counties a portion of the crop
was killed by frost on the 6th and 7th of June
Tae recent warm weather and abundant rains have rapidly developed the plant
which still has ample time to recover in a large degree from the effects of the
unfavorable spring
SUGAR CAKE
This crop is reported in fine condition in those sections in which it is princi
pally grown The condition of the crop in the State compared to an average
is in the State 104 in middle Georgia 103 in southwest Georgia 106 in east
Georgia 104 and in southeast Georgia 108
EICR
In southeast Georgia the section in which the bulk ot the rice crop is grown
its condition compared to an average is 106 The other sections reduce the
average for the Slate to 99 In north Georgia it is 100 in middle Gorgia 95
in southwest Georgia 97 in east Georgia 96
OTHER CROPS
Compared to an average the condition of sorghum July 1st was in the State
99 millet 103 ground peas 100 chufas 102 melons 93 and sweet potatoes
109
HAY
The yield of hay compared to an average crop is 103 the average yield per
acre is 1J tons
The remarkable yield of 9800 pounds of cured clover hay per acre at the first
cutting and a fraction less than two tons at the second cutting is reported from
DeKalb county The clover seed were sown last September
STOCK LAW
The following counties hae adopted the Stock Law requiring the owners of
stock to keep them on their own lands or more correctly stating it the law re
quiring stock to be fenced instead of crops
Under the old law which is still operative in the larger part of the State land
owners are required to fence their crops against the invasion of stock of all kinds
Under the law adopted by these counties the owners of stock are required to keep
them off of other peoples crops by fencing the stock in or otherwise keeping
them under control
The counties which have adopted the stock law are Campbell Clayton Coweta
Henry Meriwether Monroe Morgan Pike Putnam Rockdale Spalding and
Troup One district each in Elbert and Screven have adopted it
For the information of the people who are likely to have the question presented
to them at no distant day the laws in force in this State relating to fences are
hre printedDEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
112
Much confusion has arisen from the awkward form in which the question is
presented to the voter viz Fence or No Fence many inferring that if they
vote no fence they will be prohibited from building fences at all The real
question is fencing stock or fencing crops and should have beon presented
to the voters in some such form It is not expected that the stock law will be
adopted in the wiregrass counties of the State where the larger area is in paeture
In that section of the State and in some of the Counties of north Georgia the
proposed law would be as great a hardship as the old law requiring crops to be
fenced is in farming and planting sections In the latter the adoption of the
stock law is only a question of time It is a necessity which must sooner or
later be felt and fully realized in a large majority of the counties of the State
In those counties in which it has been in operation long enough to be tested its
most violent opponents have generally acknowledged its great advantages
The question has been wisely left by the General Assembly to the choice of the
people of the counties and militia districts The interests and industries of different
sections of the State are too varied to admit of a general law applicable to all
sections
J T HENDERSON
Commissioner oj Agriculture113
CROP REPORT1882
TABLE No 1
Showing the condition of crops in Georgia etc July sU 1882
NORTH GEORGIA
Oats Wheat Condition compared to an average of Bay
COUNTIES a o3 O OJ 03 O a o oj o M 2 S O 3 S 3j ft a o O 3 o 03 0 a 3 3 a Oj 2 0 OJ u 03 a u St E 13 p 2 5 1 o aj Ji O 13 s C o3 a a o u 5 3 CJ o3 U 0 P OJ be a M O O 0 0 O a 5 7 OJ CJ 3 a j3 S 0 CO 0J 03 OJ a a 0 O 3 43 0 c 0 53 3 O O U 02 1 O P s O 0 5 r3 oj a
lib 111 125 120 117 125 120 100 110 117 100 15 12 25 17 23 110 10 125 102 115 1011 100 120 100 112 115 91 122 110 110 135 132 125 95 HO 90 no 100 111 105 no 112 101 100 150 110 TlO 105 85 223 10 is 115 160 105 80 118 10 9 9 6 12 10 10 12 11 10 10 14 8 14 12 12 8 10 Id 111 105 100 105 105 100 105 95 100 117 103 100 112 105 120 105 130 125 loo 110 103 105 102 ioo 78 77 105 82 84 75 9 85 90 70 78 95 90 95 71 85 90 85 85 85 75 80 J 75 100 loo 87 100 100 100 87 80 103 95 100 in 90 96 100 95 100 95 i00 95 90 100 100 100 100 84 100 100 100 87 110 105 80 100 lOO 100 98 75 95 100 120 105 95 90 110 100 75 80
85 70 113 91 90 112 35 95 ioo 103 95 100 100 100 100 105 110 105 115 97 no 100 100 75 95 95

Cobb

200 15
87 100 100 100 100 100 to 105 100
Floyd 120 115 130 117 1511 125 1ST 122 120 98 120 96 120 102 115 150 100 117 107 20H 110 112 MS 150 115 128 35 25 10 27 23 25 25 21 17 18 25 25 Sto 40 21 87

Oilmor Gordon 95
100 100 100

Hall
100

Milron 110 105 100 100 no 95 105 100 100 100 100 110 100 90 100 101 100 110 95 50 100 100 107 120


100
Rabun 90
White 75 100 100 110 100
WMtfleld
Average 98 98 94 100 9ll 90 99
MIDDLE GEORGIA
140 140 115 110 120 140 12 125 120 125 120 140 120 110 150 125 lib 120 12 105 130 120 17i 100 120 125 120 111 150 150 115 121 20 24 18 15 30 30 20 23 15 15 18 25 25 IS 25 25 lB 110 105 105 115 120 110 105 100 16 115 115 120 120 105 135 80 ll5 125 105 110 120 110 120 100 1K 118 112 95 100 150 85 120 15 14 8 10 11 12 10 7 8 10 8 10 8 8 12 8 9 110 135 K5 100 100 115 135 125 105 110 105 120 110 100 135 110 i 13 115 110 90 90 85 95 95 105 80 100 90 80 85 100 90 115 75 98 103
Bibb 95 IS 105 100 97 102 100 100 120 105 95 105 100 105 110 90 90 95 90 9 105 112 75 110 80 75 100 110 100 85 100 110 no 115 110 102 110 105 110 125 100 110 no no 90 95 135 100 120 115
lOO 120


Columbia 105 110 100 110 130
100 95 100 110 90 100 100 100 100 100
100
Elbert 105 110 110 120 160


Hancock 110 110 100 115 110 no
Heard 4 ib5 130 115 115 100
Lincoln 150 IK 18 130 105 13
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
TABLE No 1Continued
MIDDLE GEORGIAContinued
114
Oats Wheat Condition compared to an average of Hay
COUNTIES o a a 8 be 0J o gi O D a o t oS u d tCJ p y q 3 a S3 P o a o a a c CO S o u E hi U a 2 y be g a y o o o O p si O cj be CO g 5 a p be C o CO 41 5 a a a 5 o s o CO a s O 8 O V I s d fi bH a P g 5 cJ bC 2 S
McDuffle 140 115 no 130 120 125 140 150 120 145 140 125 135 150 129 140 140 SB 10 8 10 10 11 7 9 10 12 6 12 8 13 6 95 100 110 90 100 103 95 93
too S5 125 105 125 110 150 125 110 85 125 105 110 90 111 75 120 135 125 110 101 110 10J 100 13i 75 109 101 115 130 110 10i 95 1C0 80 100 95 120 90 110 100 120 110
105 1E0 135 HO 130 120 125 150 115 150 128 20 20 25 22 22 25 15 30 25 20 25 26 25 23 1 105 110 ISO 110 100 115 120

Oglethorpe 100 120 120 115 140 loo 97 115 13 125 114 90 102 90 95 85 85 100 90 77 90 92 100 115 120 100 10 100 100 100 101 110 100 126 100 100 115 100 100 100 100 1 0 100 100 90 105 110 100 85 9 95 100 125 100 99 100 125 120 100 160 105 100 105 130 125 112 iro 100
Pike 110 105 105 100 100 100 103 100 95
105
Talbol

100 105
Wilkes 108 1C0 108 103
SOUTHWEST GEORGIA
115 120 109 122 132 125 125 120 lib 100 m 130 157 isi 126 130 117 l26 125 124 200 120 127 133 no 110 135 l25 lOo 125 125 130 151 J 110 128 12 15 16 22 15 18 10 20 l5 10 i5 20 22 10 22 13 ie 13 16 100 10c 7 110 112 115 110 125 115 125 117 140 125 100 iin 110 125 l25 110 115 117 l25 128 118 107 94 90 87 102 93 100 97 100 90 75 85 90 90 if2 90 95 90 100 98 94 115 100 75 100 100 100 lOf 100 100 100 100 100 100 102 uo 86 100 105 100 120 100 lie 100 100 160 100 110 112 fob 108 103 100 88 100 100 100 115 120 100 ioo 100 100 ioo 75 100 ibs 110 101 90 93 90 95 110 no 110 120

Chattahoochee Clay Cojquitt 100 76 120 75 8 5 105 115 100 110 105 125 lio 100 io8 100 10 100 107 105 fib 105 106 100 100 100 100
90 90 110 90 85 5b 65 80 110 75 97 90 140 82 75 107 92 115 no 125 116 130 185 100 120 110 107 lib 110 110 no ioo 112 112 100
Early
Houston Invin Mprion Wilier 85 100 Ha 90 57 45 80 90 97 So 60 75 80 1 6 s 5 7

Mupcogee
Randolph 100 100 ib5 100 100 100 100
Schley Stewart Taylor 100 87 80 iiib 95 97 ioo 80 91
Terrell

Webster Wilcox ibo 84
84 6
115
CROP REPORT1882
TABLE No 1Continued
EAST GEORGIA
Oats Wheat Condition compared to an average of Bay
COUNTIES a O u 33 a a aj v g 73 CD 2 X o o g Q S o o 3i 73 ris p s o e a o 5 a i a 73 0 tl O O d 0 fa aJ Si a O S o 03 u oj s 0 t ea a o o a o o 6 1 a h e3 fcX X s a0 i K A3 a 0 0 a a 0 BO a 0 0 J3 0 3 3 0J 01 8 9 O tS a 03 a 73 v Is
Bullock 125 122 180 130 135 151 150 120 185 150 122 125 125 125 125 131 125 145 120 125 ISO 150 200 210 132 SO 140 105 140 25 20 17 22 20 22 20 30 IS 22 8 19 15 20 19 105 9 95 80 85 so 105 100 100 105 87 95 5 95 100 100 91 110 101 100 10 100 105 112 100 105 90 105 120 101 100 110 104 90 100 100 100 90 100 95 75 110 no 105 100 100 102 no 100 100 105 95 90 95 no 100 95 100 125 105 110 110 100 100 100 ioo 100 90 1295 100 100 104 10197 90 100 80 10 100 50 1C0 40 95 75 90 75 76 8
10 115 135 110 160 125 105 120 110 100 125 102 100 125 105 100 12 114 no

no so 100 no 100 105 110 130 125 10
105 105 ioo 95 70 100 10 no ico 110 100 120 120
5 18 120 150 110 130 115 105 150 120 120 120 12l

Montgomery Pulaski 125 100
100 75 65 95 Co 107 7 3 7j

Wilkinson 95 96 100 93 100 105 no 113
SOUTHEAST GEORGIA
120 100 101 110 115 120 150 110 100 1J0 110 150 15 20 10 12 12 12 112 100 107 105 120 120 110 911 100 88 100 90 89 105 100
90 10 100 100 ll no 100 100 120 no no 100 105 100 90 100 115 IOO 100 100 100 100 no 100 80 90 100 80 10 102 125 no
10 1 100

Echols Efflngham no

121 103 lof

12 i 117 116 30 16 100 150 115 110 98 125 10s 150 106 120 101 100 100 115 113
100 87 103
RECAPITULATION
North Georgia Middle Georgia Southwest Georgia East Georgia 115 129 124 131 117 125 1281 21 128f 23 128 16 140 19 116 16 129 20 111 111 S4 95 100 104 118 109 81 107 10 95 6 78 106 114 118 121 115 114 S4 92 94 91 98 75 103 106 104 10R 100 95 97 96 106 99 93 104 92 93 120 93 98 108 100 106 100 103 94 103 108 100 100 100 100 101 101 104 100 102 91 ss 92 83 87 93 90 112 112 114 13 109 99 105 104 113 103
Southeast Georgia
Average for State 108 9 91 101 U
8
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
116
TABLE No 2Synopsis of Weather Reports for June 1882
NORTH GEORGIA
Ellerslie
Gainesville
Mossy Creek
Mt Airy
Rabun Gap
Rome
Means
Athens
Atlanta
Carroll ton
LaGrange
Macon
Oxford
Thomson
Means
Amuricus
Cuthbert
Nashville
Thomasville
Means
Augusta
Ogeechee
Swainsboro
Means
Brunswick
Walthtnrviile
Means
Means for State
STATIONS
MIDDLE GEORGIA
SOUTHWEST GEORGIA
EAST GEORGIA
SOUTHEAST GEORGIA
Tempera Rain
ture fall
3 a S

H 5 m 0 A


a a
so 5 730 225 8
90 50 74 1 225 13
82 51 742 337 16
92 6 738 36S 9
90 3 623 190 5
96 52 720 165 6
o 50 715 251 10
67790
58 762
77 786
60 815
60 790
773
799
250
15
lOu
275
402
270
275
78 3 247
96
93
816
820
750
ra
200
3 2
410
H
80
320
820
97 99 71 71 800 810 888 205
83 4 70 61 810 777 596 845
117
CROP REPORT1882
NOTES FROM CORRESPONDENTS
NORTH GEORGIA
thfr CDNTYThe wheat crP is good I run a separator and the crop is over double
w T Pl6nty f rain t0 much fOT oon ii very small for the fi st of
farms Tfe 277 ndtT th6 28th f JU11 that trjcorn on some of the
deaTofst I thtr S T lm ffi0e 8W6d MarCh lst were e and
Clear of rust I thmk them a valuable acquisition for spring sowing Cotton has hPn
foTfoL f Sin08 JUDe 10 aDd lf th6 8eaSnS COntiD asfavoraWe ev on I shall
look foi a falr average crop Corn never was more promising only on low wet land
Sugar cane sweet potatoes and melons areJust taking a start Lai 4eat ProvedUhtt
aboeT f at a bUt the F1rida n6arly a Md they aret y
about onethird as good as fall sown that is the reason we average so low some of the
a 1 sown wUl go to forty or even fifty bushels per acre It seems tnat one of the gre tes
V ar oat stubb TS U at8 l raiaed oats oT h rd
IZT f 6V6r 8aW Variety large winter How sown last of August lust
turned with small twister thin upland cleared in 1859
smTlmuIh If T1 f rtt0n l8 8rWing very fa5tthe tdld 3 the pHnt
TacTop There a tWe ann0t aloulate than seventyfive percent
years IZ thLk grea P wn on stubble land this I have followed for
aperrthe right directicnj eow from a m a pk a
starf ulZT tW0Week the weather has been warm and vegetation has taken a new
ground Ismail mdllfT11 T f 8iZe and gd 0oIor Promis well low
fmnroved itT 1 f8 PTtln U JUet UP Cotton ia 8ma11 tat the hot sun ha
o7alp 7 r 7 l aiate aU may mak6 frm tw0 tWrde t0 threefourths
onLconnt tL Urn6d Ut WelK Sprin sowed re hardly worth cutting
ons and sweeten I h iS better 1 Mof
ons ana sweet potatoes promise well
Oatoosa OoumThe grain not threshed yet The seasons fsir The crops are be
ing cultivated thoroughly and are generally clean Cemmenced laying by Z Ever
SZTcoS 0tt0n imPrViDg bUt SmaI1 A a Ploughed
Chebokee CoWTYWe have some fine wheat and oats in our county The largest
chfifry buinel T hzd ot ia twrty bu9heieoats not h6ard A SkW
o n cfons Late 1 V T T o hey continue we will have fine
wlroatewouMbna at8 badlylred t We thought that the Russian
laor this countr M 0Ur Unty bU X tWak they are a fluo oa bt rather
s that f we wm 7 rn m h6 SPriDg W WiU try SOme 80wn this fal1 experience
ron in hrcountrf t lPrf at thS Nrth ther year tha is a
wm but conttnne f Ur farmerS DW n the 8are road t0 Prosperity if they
wiu but continue to sow oats and raise their own supplies
ter Antrl Theat a C0Bplete faiIUre iD tWe 00nty Bnrt oaf fine for win
ier au crops healthy but one month late
Dade CowtySow rust proof oats in September turn land well with two horses10
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
118
and harrow oats iu and not pasture too olose I hve 1000 bushels rust proof oats for
sale they will make more money than wheat or corn H L W Allison
Rising Fawn Ga
Dawson CountyTheBurt oats received from the Department did wellwere sowed
March 1st and harvested June 10th Yield about 40 bushels to the acre entirely free
from rust
Floyd CountyOur corn crop received a check by the cold nights early in June and af
terwards by drouth whish stunted its growth miterially up to the present time its appear
ance was discouraging Cotton whichlooked very unpromising until about the 10th of June
has since put on a vigorous growth and now looks very promising The present showery
weather will also push grass and require energetic work to keep it clean Wheat turned
out finely and of a superior quality and the oat crop is the best I ever sawall other
varieties of oats ought to be abandoned except the rust proof Side by side the rust proof
oats were splendid when the other varieties wore badly damaged by rust in gome in
states a perfect failure
Franklin CountyOur wheat crop is surprisingly shortthe rust damaging it to a
much greater extent than was predicted or expected I dont think the oat crop is any
better if as good as 1879 but the yield is much greater as there was more than an aver
age sown last summer and fall
Gwinnett CountyCorn promises well increased acreage over last year fully 10 per
cent Wheat good now threshed and well saved best crop for ten years Rust proof
oats spleudid other varieties injured with rast Cotton tea dayslate but much improved
since the cold weather but less acreage Vegetables fine general crop outlook very en
couraging
Other varieties of oats beside the iust proof varieties have in consequence of an annu
ally iocreasing teadency to rust become almost entirely worthless The writer has IS
acres sown in March of Tennessee oats that looked very fine till the heads got in the
boot the rust then struck them and entirely ruined them
Hart CountyOne lot of oats being ruat proof sowed in February40 dozmade
43 bushels Another lot sowed in October7a dozmade 80 bushels just threshed this
morning Spring oats almost worthless One man in the neighborhood Mr Wm Buf
fington from 4 bushels of wheat made 77 also threshed 200 bushels oats and kept
enough to feed his two mules This is a two mule farmer
Murray CountyCotton is some ten days late but is growing very rapidly and prom
ises an average or fair crop Wheat and oats were very good Irish potatoes are 100
per cent over an everage yield many of them weighing one pound each The season is
now fine for crops a little frost June 6th
Paulding C untyNothing remarkable to report except a mammoth peach tree grow
ing on the farm of Mr Jeff Lane five miles southeast of Dallas The writer took the
measure of the tree It meaaures 4 feet 4 inches iu cireumference at the base clear above
the ridges making up from the roots and will average that size for five feet high when it
forks It is of the October variety and is full of fruit and iu every reepecliu good
healthy condition It grew from a seedling planted about 30 ye its aro
Piokbns CountyThe wheat does not quite fill the farmers expectations since hav
ing it threshed Oats injured some more than was generally expected The fence ques
tion is not agitating our county yet but I believe it will before very long as I heir it
sounded occasionally
Polk CountyA number of our farmers are chiming 30 to 40 bushels of wheat and
50 to 80 bushels of oats per acre on picked acres These crops will relieve the people
very much and they will feed man and horse until corn cjmes in There is no no
market for them and they will be consumed at home
Walker CountyFall sowing of oats very flue and some rust proof sowed this spring
good Other varieties sowed and some rust proof sowed this spring almost a failure119
CROP REPORT1882
11
killed by rust Com backward but in good condition growing finely sinoe the warm
weather set In Some of the cotton was plowed up and the land planted in corn Cot
ton small but growing well now We are now threshing wheat have conversed with one
thresherman have fall average crops
The wheat crop is not yielding as well as was thought before commencing to thresh
Cotton has commenced to grow and if the season continues favorable with a late fall we
shall make near an average crop A good muiy farmers plowed up a portion of their
crop
Cotton is making a wonderful outcome within the past ten days and if it continues
to improve and the seasons are good there will be nearly an average crop made
Whitfield CountyThere is a poor stand of cotton and it will be two weeks yet
before auy blooms yet it has been growing well for a few wesks past With favorable
summer weather and late fall there may he a fair crop though a great many put it at a
ialf crop now
MIDDLE GEORGIA
Baldwin CountyI am 60 years old and never saw better small grain ciops good
lands make from 60 to 100 bushels of oats per are The cool wet spring set back corn
and cotton
Bibb County Cotton is small and very grassy on account of farmers saving their
grain crop and the excessive rains The corn prospect is quite flattering and this bids
fair to be the jubilee year for stock and farmers pockets No new method of cultivating
except that I have this year used a riding cultivator for plowing com and am so well
pleased that I think every man in Georgii thai has a good team of two mules should
have one With one hand and a good pair of mules from sixty io eighty acres of corn
can be planted and cultivated Let every farmer see one work and set aside the bale of
cotton that he expected to have to buy corn with for next year and get one
Butts CountyI received from you a small package of the Bart oats sowed them on
very thm land the 13th of February used cotton seed at the rate of thirty bushels per
acre harvested the oats the 5th of June ripe for seed yield of clean oats bv weight
fiftysix pounds They had no rust like them more for their earliness than any thing
else expect to sow every one of them this fall or next spring Which is the best
time
AnswerThe Burt oats stood last winter well but are not recommended as a winter
Tariety They can be sown later in the spring with success than any other variety A
severe winter would probably injure them
I sowed two small packages of Bart oats two quarts each first of December
and reaped five bushels Think they are the best early oat grown as they are
free from rust and at least two weeks earlier than the common rust proof
Campbell CountySmall package of Bart oats onshalf gallon received of you was
sowed on bottom land the 24th of February harvested June 21 Yielded three bushels
Bast proof sown on same kind of land and had the rust a little Bart oats clear of rust
and grew about ten inches higher than the rust proof I am well pleased with
the oats
As a general thing the people are remarkably well pleased with the no fence law
A few prejudiced minded have not yet given over It his had a good influence
upon the agriculture of tin county by ridding it of surplus stock and by adding to the
value of those kept Although we have not yet had time to prepare pastures only tem
porary our stock are fat and sleek Ordinary milk cows of the common country breed
are worth from forty to fifty dollars formerly worth from fifteen to twentyfive dollars
and this increased value is not as many would suppose from their scarcity but from the
fact of being in better condition They are actually worth double what they for
merly were The fact iB we have been feeding them and preparing such pasturage for12
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
120J
them as we could and nave not been depending on them browsing around in lanes and
fence corners and the little woodlands and old pine fields we had not enclosed and pick
ing their living numbers of them wearing huge neck yokes It has added to the value
of the farming Ianis in not requiring so much timber lands to bo ket and increased the
acreage by enabling farmers to cultivate small i ieces of good land that they could not
afford to fence and by adding fence rows etc It i in the opiuion of the best thinkers
of the day a grand step in the right direction a step from the honored bat timeworn
ruts of past ages to the higher plane of the present living and progressive age
Garkoll CountyIn this county corn is looking well and a large crop is anticipated
and more is planted than ever was known in this county The cotton crop is less in acre
age and is not so large as commonly though it is growing very fast now Wheat is very
good and nearly threshed Wheat grains are larger than I ever knew Mr M L Kenny
made from one acre thirtyfive bushels of wheat Mr Kenny lives in the sixth district
of this county Oats are good I hear of some oats making 100 bushels per aore
The cotton crop has come put wonderfully since last report Weed is small yet it is
healthy and growing finely Wheat and oats turned out well The Bui t oats sent out
by the Department are the earliest sown those that sowed in the fall cut as early as May
20 I believe they are the oats for this country Ihe Dallas wheat did well The spring
up to date has been the best for cultivating crops that we have had for years and crops
have been better cultivated and the prospect now for a fair yield is very encouraging
Farmers are less in debt Consequently all put on smiling faces and seem hopeful for
the future
The fence law has been voted down in this county but a new effort will be
made soon to make it law It is very much needed here There is plenty of timber
but the fences are pool and the Btock very troublesome There is a large floating
population here that have no interest in farms nor farming only to eat what the honest
farmer makes and they do not own one foot of land still they vote fence while all
the good substantial farmors who have to keep up the fences and bear all the expense
vote no fence We will continue to try until we succeed
The oold weather so late in the spring caused cotton and corn in our county to be
very small Cotton especially is lower than I ever remember seeing it yet it ie limbing
out nearer the ground and may do more than we are expecting of it Mr P H Garst
made nineteen bushels of wheat from threefourths of a bushel sowed I made twen
tyfive bushels from one and onehalf bushels Mr W H Nally just across the county
line in Douglass made 130 bushels from six bushels sowed
Cowkta CrKTY The farmer has been blessed with such abundant crops of small grain
and the seasons so favorable thus far that many think the Governor should appoint a day
for general thanksgiving Some of the thresheimen are offering large quantities of wheat
at lees than a dollar per bushel and rust proof varieties of oats at thirtyfive cents per
bushel Such a condition of things has never been seen in Coweta since the warWm
H Parks sowed between twelve and fifteen bushels of oats upon a patoh of five acres in
cotton when laying by about August 1 grazed it through the winter till the middle of
April worth as pasture he thought 2500 Considerably blown down before harvest
ing cut and threshed 300 bushels of rust proof variety For fresh land and rich patches
it is a safe crop but the reverse on thin land Mr Prks is a small farmer but has
threshed out over 400 bushels of wheat and now threshing oats will make 2000 bushels
DeKalb CoumtyThe Ohio swamp wheat you sent me last fall I sowed in drill on
good landmanured highly with cotton seed I sowed it about middle of November
The wheat came on about 10 days later than purple straw sowed at tbe same time It
took the rust very badly before it headed out Upon the whole I could not see that it
had any points of exoellsncy The Dallas wheat that I sowed did well From two bush
els I harvested forty
121
CROP REPORT1882
13
WillBart oats stand the winter How much wheat per acre should be sown in
drills and how wide should the drills be when intended to be cultivated
AnswerBurt oats were not iajured last winter but would probably be injured by a
severe winter Their great merit consists iu earliuess and heace is specially suited to
spring sowing Sow one bushel of wheat per acre in drills 15 to 18 inches apart
The following results obtained by Col Geo W Scott of DeKalb county are very re
markable and settle the question as to the capacity of Middle Georgia soil to produce
grass when properly handled
n Dkcatub Ga July 7th 1882
war birAa requested I give you memorandum of my haj crop Spring of 1881
sowed m German millet from which a good crop was cut About August 1st ploughed
TTn 1 ChiI1 PW and l6t ay Unt 86Pt6mbe 15 when Gossypium at rate
it 400 lbs to the acre was plughed iu with a twister ground was then thoroughly har
rowed September 20th ploughed again with twister aud 400 lb more of Gossypium put
on aud harrowed in Ouehalf bushel clover seed aud one bushel orchard grass seed
was then sowed and harrowed in February 1 topdressed with 400 lbs more Gossypium
cut May 12th aud 13th aud cocked up every night and spread out each d y until the 18th
when five neighbors came in and selected three cocks as the average of the lot whioh
after weighing showed product of cured hay to be 9824 lbs per acre The patch was
immediately dressed again with 400 lbs Gossypum and second cutting made on June 29th
and 30th which was weighed July 5th and made 3929 lbs of cured hay per acre Between
first and second cutting it had but two Blight showers
Elbkrt CountyFarmer are generally in the notion of planting less and cultivating
better They are also quitting the credit system as muci as possible
Sowed two acres of red oat one bottom the other upland Made on bottom acre
702 bushels ad on uplaud acre 78J bushels They were manured alone with cotton
seed 40 bushels per acre well rotted sowed October 11th and 13th The land was web
broken and the oats on bottom acre ploughed in with Urge turning plow The upland
ploughed in with small turning plow aud harrowed 1 am satisfied that oats ought to
be ploughed in very shallow a you are more apt to get a good stand
Fayet re CouNTYGaua Westbrook near Fayetteville obtained a yield of 35 bushels
of wheat per acre dont kno w the manner of preparation or sowing The yield of rust
proof oats has simply been enormous from 50 to 75 bushels on good land without ma
nuring Bains have been incessant almost for the last ten days If it should couti ue
much longer the cotton crop will be seriously damaged with grtssmuch complaint
already and the plows cant be run bottom corn failing fast taking everything into
consideration the enUook is a little discouraging as it will necessitate extra expense to
finish the crop else it will be seriously damaged
Hancock OountyTuo prospect is the best in years The small grain was good in
deed I made 48 bu hels of wheat from one struck bushel sown on one and less than a
a wti gVe rthd Bn Th 9 yOU eent me is the bt variety I have
seen Will give result at proper time We are having plenty of rain as yet
SOUTHWEST GEORGIA
AAHECrNTrW0UldUke t0haVe tWock lw question well agitatedam confi
fhe State 6SUltm the agricultural interfst of this pLt of
After June report cotton was injured by wet weather but the seasons are very
favorable at this time and the plant is doing well There is some complaint that it is
not fornnng as well as usual but farmers are constitutional grumblers Forward
cotu is made fodder pulling will begin on the 3d and will be general by the 10th There
is without doubt com enough made to supply home demand but many especly14
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
122
freedmen will haul it to market in the fall and sell at 50 cents per bushel and buy at a
dollar in the spring
Bebbizn County Crops in this county looking well Corn is looking better than it
has been for several years
Dooly CountyThe prospect of corn is fine and with seasons two weeks longer
there will be more corn made in Dooly county than in any two years since the war The
cotton while small for time of year is in good condition and growing very fast The
seasons have been aa propitious as could have been desired up to this time and labor ha s
been more plentiful and worked better than for several years which experience hag
Bhown is always the case when provisions are high
There is quite an increased interest manifested in the improved agricultural imple
ments The Exposition will result in a great benefit to the South by the introduction
of thoto improved fanning implements Thomost important steps for the farmer now
to take is to plant more grain and less cotton and beoome selfsustaining
Douohekty County The oat crop is harvested and a very fine one I have a neigh
bor who threshed 4500 bushels of oats off of 90 acres unmanured Many fields made 30
bushels The corn crop with one more good rain will be secure and will be a fine yield
Cotton is ten days later but is growing fast now and forming well More sweet potatoes
planted than I ever knew All provision crops have been better cultivated and more
planted than any year Bince the war We are now needing rain but not suffering very
much
HouoioN CountyIn this county the wheat crop was only ordinaay winter too mild
but our oat orop is about the best we have ever had It is not uncommon where the land
waa well prepared fertilized and sown in the fall for the land to yield from 10 to 80 or
90 bushels per acre The prospect is very flattering for the corn orop to double last
years crop in this county Last years crop was poor
We are having entirely too much rain for cotton The plant is generally small for the
season of the year and a good many of the farmers are getting an oversupply of grass
Millek CountyThe crops except cotton far exceed any of many pi vious years
Labor has been better and the farmers have generally cultivated their crops better
There are signs of prosperity all over the county The high price of boon and grain
the present year has taught us a lesson that will inure to our benefit The Agricultural
Department of the State is doing us good by distributing improved seed among us and
in giving us a higher conception of the agricultural interest of the State We need imr
proved farming implements in this county
Macon CountyThe corn crop is very promising We will certainly have a full sup
ply of corn if the farmers will be careful in taking care of it We had fine rain yester
day Cotton will be an average crop if nothing happens to cut it off The farmers are
all hopeful of good orops of corn cotton sugar cane potatoes an every thing that
grows on the farm I have a small plat of corn that good judges say will make from 75
to 100 bushels per acre The Jackson improved sent me from the Agricultural Depart
ment is worthy of an honorable mention it will make 100 bushels per acre Other seed
you sent doing well
Mitchell CountyMany of our best farmers are seriously considering the expediency
of taking the trees and stamps from their pine lands Some have already made a start
and others ire anxious for information as to the cheapest and most practical method of
removing them Isuggest that you submit some questions on this important matter to
your correspondents in next circular addressed to them The stumps must be removed
from our lands in Southwestern and Southern Georgia before improved machinery can
be used We have had a great quantity of rain for the past six weeks and one result is
fine corn orops assured The cotton is small and grassy but there is yet a chance for
good crops
Quitman CountyI have not seen such a prospect for a general cereal crop in fifteen123
CROP REPORT1882
15
years but owiag to unfavorable weather up to Juue 15 the cotton crop is small and stand
injured by out worms and lice There is time enough for a cotton crop if summer and
fall weather be favorable
Randolph CountyThe crop prospect in all parts of the country was never better
The oit crop fine never better Cotton cleau and growing finely Corn is in full roast
ing ear I think the farmers will be able to plump out the middle man this time Every
body cheerful and bappy
Sumtee CountyA noticeable fact Quite an acreage in the aggregate of oats consists
of rich patches small plats highly manuered and sowed in the fall Also of good and
fresh landshence the large yield in fact now a large portion of thsse rich patches are
planted to cotton some of these fresh fields also and this late planting amounts to quite
a consideration in estimating the cotton acreage and yieid Condition of cottonas to
stand and grass notwithstanding the damage from lice is better than I have seen for
years The same is true of cornThe cold spell in Jane killed much of the cotton on
gray lands The lice were very disastrous in many places they would kill the cotton and
stop suddenly leaving many vacant places which have been replanted Cotton two weeks
later than in 1831 There is considerable area of oat land planted in cotton which looks
wells and promises a fair ci op
Taylor CountyRev Jas T Adams has threshed from six acres of wheat seventy
six bushels and from one acre of oats of the Bancroft variety fiftyfour bushels The
land was red level and naturally very poor He used as a fertilizer ten busbels of cotton
seed and 100 pounds of guano per acre In most commnuities rain has been plentiful
Oats turned out well wheat not so good The prospect for corn is good cotton small
This correspondent plaute 1 some cotton four weeks ago after wheat and it now has
squares
Thomas CountyFrom my own observation and the best information I can get the
corn prospects are better than for the last two yeary but do not think the yield will be as
large as many anticipate The stalk is large and healthy but the ears appear to be smaller
than usual and a good many barren stalks but with the good oat crop there will be iully
enough for home consumption I do not think cotton is doing as well as it should the let
of July There are fewer blooms and bolls than usual for the time and I notice consider
able indications of rust I think the cool weather in the early part of the month had a
bad effect on the crop
Walton County The corn crop never more promising we are having ihe best of
season up to date Rather too much rain farmers dont have time between showers to
finish up the working of the crop
Taliafeebo CountyThe acreage in oats has been unprecedentedly large and the
yield has been large Bat the yield per acre has not been so greatly above an average
as some suppose The quantity of wheat sown was not much more than usualthe
yield I suppose averaged about twelve for onesome crops running as high as eighteen
and some falling as low as six The wheat crop of our county I consider better than
the oat cropthough of course there has been a much smaller quantity produced
Taoup CountyMuch bottom land has beon reclamed in this county the present
year which will largely increase the corn crop Good seed may be raised by digging
and drying a few Irish potatoes now then plant they will make before frost and will be
found smooth and without sprouts at planting time Sed plauted now Bhould not be
cut
Spalding CountyThere have been several reaping machines run in this county this
year with wonderful success Wheat and oats were blown down This machine will
save the grain about as well as it standing The rustproof oats I received from you
were sown the 20th of March and cut the 17th of June free from rust and very fine
Talbot CountyThe use of cotton seed has showed up the best results on oats10016 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 124
bushels per acre 15 bushels cotton seed per acre on oats will make a yield of 35 bush
els of oats per acre Oats are selling for SO cents per bushel
PurNAM County You cannot impress it too earnestly upon the people to keep some
green crop growing all daring the summer months to feed stock on the very best of
which are green corn and sorghum The various kinds of millet not worth much on
account of lack of saccharine matter I reoeived from the Department last September
a small package of Burt oats planted the same and found them very hardy and also
very earlygrowing twelve inches higher than common rustproof sowed alongside I
raised two bushels from 1 quart of seed No manure Dallas wheat very fine and very
highly spoken of by all who have planted itThe Dallas wheat sent out by you in
every case is badly mixed having 8 or i different kinds of wheat in itdid not rust as
bad as other wheatyield about same Oat crop has been fine J M Broadfield made
over 100 Bushels per acre and I have heard of several large orops that made from 50 to
70 bushels per acre Largest yield of wheat 20 bushels per acre Mr Tom Collinsworth
sold 14 barrels of Irish potatoes from X acre at 425 per barrel nett and sold 50 bar
rels from two planted Some portions of the county too much rain grass has dim
aged crops some Part of the county is beginning to want rain We need better facili
ties for handling our grain it takes so long to get through that crops suffer We want
a binder cant you help select a good one
Newton County Allow me to congratulate you on your last report as being the best
you have sent out and beg you to continue to urge the people to continue to raise home
made manure and home supplies as the only salvation for our people I have fallen
from eleven tons guano last year to eleven sacks this with my crop principally manured
with compost and am well pleased up to this date Plenty of grain and hogs to eat if
mu3t be our motto or starvation is inevitable
Mekiwethee CountyThe red rust proof oats have given a fine yield on all lands
White spring oats are a perfec failure Poor lands withoatanyfartilizers have brought 20
bushels per acre while better lauds and rich patches have made as much as 9J bushels
Every one says sow oats The Amber wheat ruined with rust perhaps from late plant
ing the heads the finest I ever saw The oats also rusted though they mide a good
crop 1 know of one boy just out of school that planted onehalf acre of oats an old
cow pen of very poor land and threshed out in clean oats 49 bushels all withoutany
extra preparation The cost of the i94 buehels of oats was onehalf days ploughing
100 for seed two hours work in reaping and I bushels for tireshing
Morgan CountySome few of our farmers have mado 60 bushels of oats per acre
and 30 bushels of wheat per acre Millet is unusually fine and there has been more sown
than last year I have one acre that is i feet highMarcus A Woods of this
county reports having raised and threshed 146 busels of wheat from 3 bushels sown
on 634 acres ordinary laud manured with about 50 bushels cotton seed to the acre cotton
seed was plowed under with twohorse plow seed harrowed in wheat is known here as the
Stallings Blue Stem
Lincoln CountyMr gunnel Mosaly of Double Branch reports 30 bushels of wheat
from one of seed sown ou less than two acres of land There are a number of crops of
rust proof oats that will average 25 bushels per acre numbers of single acres that have
yielded 75 to 100 bushelsOwing to the immense grain crops of this county the
farmers have necessarily neglected their growing crops consequently the cotton crops
are seriously in the grass and a continuation of rains will result in great damage to the
cotton
Harris CountyFall oats are the best I ever knew aome making 80 to 100 bushels
per acre
Henry CountyThe wheat crop is harvested and threshed and the yield is extraordi
narily good Henry having made wheat enough to do her for the year 1883 Bust proo f125 CROP REPORT1882 17
oats never better but ordinary variety an entire failure Corn is unusually fine while
cotton is unusually small though healthy and in good condition some grass in cotton i
by reason of excesB of June rains
EAST GEORGIA
Bullock CountyBest oat crop ever made in this county all housed in good order
no iust Corn prospect best that hasever been for twenty years Cotton weed small and
still dying bad stands and not looking very well Great many chufas planted and look
ing fine
Glascock CountyThere are some small fields and highly manured and well worked
patches of cotton that are very promising but the crop as a whole is not hardly three
fourths of an average and is considering the size bad stand and abundance of grass
Jeffebson CountyThe oats sent me I forget the kind Burt grew finely but rusted
badlyno comparison to tho rustproof sown in this section We have had the besj
season for the growth of crops since the war and if the rains hold out through July the
corn crop will be so good that Western corn will find uo buyers amongst the planters of
East Georgia and I think the same will apply to the balance of the State
Laubens CounfySome portions of this county are now suffering from drought The
crops are not injured yet but will be in a few days Fine rains in some portions today
Some of our planters have prepared their corn lands with twohorseplows and it has
in every case increased the yield from seventyfive to one hundred per cent Some have
prepared cotton lands with twohorse plows this year Cotton fine nowwill report
results at proper time
Montgomeby CountyIn regard to the stock law the time has not arrived for that
law in rhis section of Georgia Timber is abundant for fencing extensive range where
all ruminating animals are fat eight or nine months in the year on the natural pasturage
If we could have a law to protect our sheep from dogs and hogs we have one of the
finest ranges in Georgia for sheep raising but it looks like throwing away time to com
plain to the lawmakers of Georgia for protection against those wrongs They seem
determined not to grant it Yours etc G M T MoLeod
Twiggs CountyThe Dallas wheat is fino wheat little or no rust but rather late I
got sixtyfive and onefourth bushels from five acres of poor sandy land but was
well cottonseeded and one bushel of seed wheat er acre Oat crop averaged 32
buBhels on twentyfive acres
SOUTHEAST GEORGIA
Clinch CountyI think if the faimers of Southern Georgia continue to increase their
provision crops and decrease their cotton crop that they will be able to live independent
of the provision market next year Farmers should try to live at home and keep out of
debt as much as possible and to do that they must raise corn and bacon and other pro
visions at home independent of merchants and foreign markets
Coffee CountyThe chufa is fast coming into notice as a pork fattener It coes
well planted on stubble land and thus puts the land in better fix for late fall sowing
in oats
Glynn CountyThe stock interest in this county is so large and agriculture so small
I wo aid not pay to fence the stock
Piebce CountyOats were the best in years in fact never better rust proof gener
ally sown Corn very fine and a much larger area planted than last year a great deal
laid by and as good as oould be wished for Cotton looking well thoughthe stand is not
as good as desired on account of cutworms and cool nights The present outlook is
very favorable Cane is looking very fine Rice extra fine both uplnd and lowland13
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
126
Sweet potatoes are as fine as I ever saw at this season with a very large acreage planted
Melons are very poor have a rust or some kind of disease that has killed a great many
vines the principal part of the vines are through bearing and some palled up and po
tato vines set out in their stead The present outlook is for plenty next year We are
havinglmost daily showers whioh keeps vegetation at its test all the while127
CROP REPORTIf
19
ECONOMY IN FERTILIZATION
Ever since the Department of Agriculture of Georgia was organized an effort
nas been made through its published reports to impress upon the farmers tf the
State the importance of adopting some cheap means of increasing the yield of
their crops and at the same time increase the fertility of the soil The value of
pea vines as an improver of the soil has been repeatedly urged upon the attention
of the farmers while the superiority of compost over high priced commercial
manure has been shown by repeated experiments conducted under the auspices of
the Department during the last seven years Formulae and directions for com
posting home manures with superphosphate have been published in the reports of
the Department from time to time and results of experiments with the composts
made according to these formulae published annually since 1875 These results
show very conclusively the great economy in the use of the compost since at one
half the cost per acre of the commercial fertilizers as good yields have been uni
formlyjbtained
It has generally been admitted that when an experiment has been conducted for
five years with uniformly the same results the question so determined may be
regarded as settled
Experiments have been conducted under the auspices of this Department in
every part of the State under various conditions for six years In these experi
ments the compost of superphosphate with cotton seed and stable manure has
been compared every year with the be3t grades of commercial fertilizers with re
sults most favorable to the compost
In order that the facts drawn from the reports of these experiments may be
more fully appreciated extracts from them for six years are given in ondensed
form for the information of those who have not given the subject the attention its
importance demands
EXTEACTS FROM EXPEBIMENTS OF 187G
Mr Simeon Smith of DeKalb County used compost in comparison with various
commercial fertilizers on very poor sandy old field with the following results
Merrimans Ammoniated Dissolved Bjne applied at the rate of 200 pounds per
acre yielded 6S2J pounds seed cotton per acre
Merrimans Dissolved Bone compost applied at the rate of 400 pounds per acre
yielded 638 pounds seed cotton per acre The natural soil without manure made
87 pounds per acre
Mr John Tamer of Hancock County on thin gravelly sandy soil with yellow
clay subsoil obtained the following results20
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
128
aSternsNol imd Sap Phos 200 lbs per acre 614 lbs 4 cz feed cotton qer acre
aObers Dis Bone 200 lbs per acre717 8
oEcholiRaw Bone Sup Pos 200 lbs per acre 851 3
State Grange compost 200lbs per acre816 8
Barrys Clay Land Fertilr composted200lbsperacre829 8
Ragsdale Amd Sup Phos 200 lbsperacre746 8
Etivvan Guano 200 lbs per acre653 4
Without fertilizer388 4
lbs seed cotton per acre
Mr W J Colquitty of Jackson County on old sandy soil with red clay subsoil
obtained the following results
Without Fertilizer 304 lbs seed cotton per acre
aLogans Southern Fertilizing compostJ 200 lbs per acre 503
Without Fertilizer298
aStono Soluble Guano 200 lbs per acre639
Without Fertilizer306
aBradleys Ammoniated Dissolved Bones 200 lb per acre 548
Mr Geo L Cain of Jefferson County used on two different plats E Frank Cues
Amd Bone Superphos at the rate of 200 pounds per acreand the same fertilizer
composttd by the formula of the Department with the following results
ON PLAT NO 1
E Frank Coes Amd Bone Superphos 200 lbs per acre568
Without fertilizer503
E Frank Coes Amd Bone Superphosphate compost 200
lbs per acre715
Without fertilizer446
OX PLAT NO 2
oWhanns Raw Bone Superphosphate 200 lbs per acre731 lbs seed cotton per acre
Without fertilizer041
aZells Amd Bone Superphosphate 200 lbs per acre780
Without fertilizer617
E Frank Coes Bone Superphosphate 200 lbs per acre763
Without fertilizer633
aEtiwan Dissolved Bone compost 200 lbs per acre617
Without fertilizer495Jf
Logans Southern Fertil Com compost 200 lbs per acre641
WTithout fertilizer552
E Frank Coes Amd Bone Superphosphate compost 200
lbs per acre755
Without fertilizer650
These rtsults show that when a ton of commercial fertilizer is diluted with
three times its weight of cotton seed and stable manure and then the compost
and commercial fertilizer each applied at the rate of 200 pounds per acre ths
difference in the yield of cotton resulting from the use of the two is very small
notwithstanding the fact that the application of the commercial fertilizer costs
three times as much as the compost
Dr P Stotesbury of Clinch Ccunfy on sardy pine land obtained the following
results
Grange Mixture Dis Bone Phos 200 lbs per acre450 lbs seed cotton per acre
Without fertilizer300 u
National Soluble Bone Pratt ctmpcst 2C0 lbs per acre450
Without fertilizer300
Grange Mixture Dis Bone Phos compost 500 lbs per acre 600 1129
CROP REPORT1882
21
This experiment conducted on the thin pine lands of CLinch county sustains
the results obtained on entirely different soils in other parts of the State
Mr T H Kirnbrougk of Harris County obtained the following results from the
use of commercial manure and compost on two plats one gray and the other red
land
founds seed cotton per acre
Gray Land Red Land
C C Coes Superphosphate 200 lbs per acre 625 520
Without fertilizer 245 362
Obers Ammoniated Superphosphate 200 lbs per acre 568 576
Without fertilizer 250 264
Soluble Pacific Guano 200 lbs per acre 580 570
Without fertilizer 244 2G2
aDimdales Ammoniated Superphosphate 200 lbs per acre 550 660
Without fertilizer 245 265
aBarrys Com BiPhos of Lime compost 200 lbs per acre 530 576
Mr J R Bespass of Schley County compared compost with commercial fertil
izers on three plats with the following results viz
PLAT NO 1Soil Coarse and Sandy
aExcellenza Cotton Fertilizer 200 lbs per acre1070 lbs seed cotton per acre
Without fertilizer830
aNational Sol Bone Pratti compost 200 lbs per acieloot
PLAT NO 2Sandy with Clay Subsoil
tzExcellenza Cotton Fertilizer 200 lbs per acre037 lbs seed cotton per acre
Without fertilizer 960
aNational Soluble Bone compost 200 lbs per acre1190
PLAT NO 8Sandy Hammock Land Very Good Never Fertilized Before
aExcellenza Cotton Fertilizer 100 lbs per acre1433 lbs seed cotton per acre
Without fertilizer1050
National Soluole Bone compost 100 lbs per acre1540
Mr W A Stewart of Henry County obtained the following results on two plats
of soil different in character and with very different previous treatment Plat
No 1 had been in clover for five years
PLAT NO 1Clove a Land
aDicksons Compound 210 lbs per acre 910 lbs seed cotton per acre
Withou fertilizer 640
aEagle Am Bono Superphosphate 200 lbs per acre133
Without fertilizer 660
Bradleys Patent Superphos 200 lbj per acre1334
Without fertilizer
658
Diamond Amm miated Dissolved Bone 200 lbs per acre1298
Without fertilizer 620
Soluble Pacific Guano 200 lbs per acre1240
Without fertilizer ggo
Chesapeake Guano 200 lbs per acre 1328
Atlantic Acid Phosphate compost 800 lbs per acre1404
PLAT NO 2Vkry Thin Old Pine Field
Without fertilizer820 1d8 seed cotUm per
aDicksons Compound 200 los per acre480
Eagle Am Bone Superphos 200 lbs per acre498 i22
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
130
Bradleys Patent Superphos 200 lbs per acre408 lbs seed cotton per acre
Diamond Ammoniated Dissolved Bone 200 lbs per acre440
Soluble Pacific Guano 200 lbs per acre896
Chesapeake Guano 200 lbs per acre460
Atlantic Acid Phosphate compost 800 lbs per acre5C8
Without fertilizer 3jq u
Mr A E Sturgis of McDuffle County on sandy loam haviDg clay subsoil ob
tained the following results
PLAT NO l
aCarolina Fertilizer 192 lbs per acrn cost 5 per acre1487 lbs seed cotton per acre
Without fertilizer 892
Compost of cotton seed and stable manure 400 lbs per acre
cost 283 per acre1683
PLAT NO 2
aLadds Alkaline Fertilizer not composted 200 lbs per acre
cost 2 5 per acre1280 lbs seed cotton per acre
Withcut fertilizer1125
Compost of cotton seed stable manure and muck mixed in
equal parts 400 lbs per acre cost 360 per acre1675
Mr J B Jonen of Burke County on thin gray soil that had been in cultivatioD
75 years obtained the following very remarkable results
oMenymans Dissolved Bones 200 lbs per acre 822 lbs seed cotton per acre
oMerrymansDs Bone compost 400 pounds per acre1046
Without fertilizer 286
Guanaje Guano 200 pounds per acre 948
0 Guanape Guano compost 400 pounds per acre1034
Without Fertilizer 260
a Navassa Guano 200 pounds per acre 660
In order to show the effects of compost compared with commercial fertilizers
used on sweet potatoes the following experiment conducted by Mr J W C
Munro of Marion county one of the moat successful potato growers of the State
is given
BUSHKLS PER ACRE
From Slips From Vines
a Etiwan Crop Food Chemicals compost 900 pounds per acre 59
a Merrymans Ammoniated Dissolved Bone Comp 900 pounds pel acre 133
Wilcox Gibbs Manipulated Guano Comp 900 pounds per acre 72
Cotton Seed Compoeted 900 pounds per acre 178
Without Fertilizer
59
133
304
133
209
29
The composts were prepared by mixing eight measures of stable manure to one
of the fertilizers
The foregoing results were obtained in 1876 by experimenters in different parts
of the Slate on every variety of soil A majority of the experimenters manipu
lated the compost for the first time that year and did not have sufficient faith in
its ifficacy in many instances to apply it in the small quantities advised in the
directions for conducting the tests Similar extracts will be reproduced from the
reports of the results of the soil tests of fertilizers for each succeeding year down
to date for the purpose of showing the uniformly satisfactory results derived
from the use of compost131
CROP REPORT1882
23
EXTRACTS FROM THE REPORT OF THE RESULTS OF SOIL TEST
OF FERTILIZERS FOR THE YEAR 1877
MrC B Irwin of Habersham County expe rimented on gray sandy soil having
a yellow clay subsoil He applied different fertilizers and compost to plats
of corn with the following results
Sterns Ammoniated Superphosphate
Without Fertilizer
Sterns Ammoniated Superphosphatecomposted

Without Fertilizer
Sterns Pure Fine Ground Bone
Without Fertilizer
Cotton Composition Ammoniated Dissolved Bone Phosphate
Without Fertilizer
aLeydens Ammoniated Soluble Guano
Without Fertilizer
oBeaver Nicholsons Acid Phosphate Compost
Without Fertilizer
aStrongs Ammoniated Superphosphate
Without Fertilizer
Lbs of Fertilizer per acre Bushl of Corn per acre Lbs of Fodder per acre
20i 22 28 2625
1190 2635
200 2014 36775
1706 36775
200 2228 3415
1783 289
200 26 315
1783 3165
200 2411 3415
17OS 315
2C0 2411 3115
136 315
200 2074 315
1708 315
In considering the results of these experiments the fact that a ton of compost
costs only onethird as much as a ton of Ammoniated Superphosphate and yet
uniformly increases the production in an equal ratio
Mr J 0 Brewer of Heard County used Compost on four different plat with
the following results
PLAT No 1Sandy SoilCleared in 1360
Lbs of
Fertili
zer
per acre
Natural Soil
a Homestead Superphosphate
Sea Fowl Guano B D
a Blue Bone Superphosphate
Natural Soil
a Peruvian Guauo No 2 Guanape
a Abaco Guano
a National Soluble Bone Compost
Natural toil
809
200
200
200
SOU
600
Yield in Seed Cotton per Acre
First
pkg
177H
457
490
420
178
468
38
45
178
Second
pkg
Third
pkg
490
770
630
840
350
630
53
630
420
49U
457
49
490
400
520
537
457
420
Fourth
pkg
420
280
289
270
410
347
a
350
406
Total
1577H
i964
184
2020
1341
1973
1778
1894
142424
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 132
PLAT No 2Sandy AshColoredCleared Forty Tears
Lbs of Fertilizer per acre Lbs Seed Cotton per Acre
First pkg Second pkg 175 123 m Total
Natural Soil 420 770 735 810 420 718 735 840 420
a National Soluble Boue Compost 600 200 200 200 200 200 595
o Peruvian Guano No 2 Guanape
a Homestead Superphosphate l La t 843
Natural 8oil a Blue Bone Superphosphate a Abtco Guano m 158 196 210 595 876
Sea Fowl Guano B D Natural Soil 931 1059

Plat No 3SailVery good red clay soil with fine red clay subsoil
cleared in 1859has been rotated in corn wheat and cotton It was sown in
wheat in 1869 and heavily dressed with barn yard composthas not been fertilized
since until this year
1 Lbs of Fertilizer per acre Lbs Seed Cotton per Acre
First Pkg Second Pkg Third pkg Total
200 200 200 105 210 210 280 140 315 210 180 805 1155 1120 1120 770 1155 1190 735 280 262 241 238 296 210 24 350
Peruvian Guano No 2 GuanapeiMJHfflfei a Homestead Superphosphate 1190 1627 1574
Natural Soil 1638
Sea Fowl Guano B D Blue Bone Superphosphate a National Soluble Bone Compost 200 200 000 1206 1495 1645 1265
Plat No ASoilBed with fine red clay subsoilcleared in the fall of 1874
and sown late in wheat and one bushel per acre of red ripper peas sown at the
same time These came up the next spring and after the wheat was hxrvested
made a good coat of vines In 1876 it was planted in cotton fertilized with 200
pounds per acre of Patapsco Guano133
CROP REPORT1882
25
Natural Soil
a Peruvian Guano No 2 Guanape
a Homestead Superphosphate
a Blue Bone Superphosphate
Natural Soil
a Abaco Guano
Sea Fowl Guano B D
a National Soluble Bone Compost
Natural Soil
Lbs of
Fertili
zer
per acre
Lbs Seed Cotton per Acre
First
pkg
200
200
200
200
200
600
175
280
350
315
210
280
S80
315
245
Second
pkg
700
1050
1120
1120
770
1190
1120
1140
840
Third
pkg
490
490
455
460
488
455
490
495
420
Total
1365
1820
1925
1895
1418
1925
1890
1950
1560
All four of the plats were planted cultivated and manured in the same
manner
Mr C C Sheppard of Sumter County obtained the following results of an ex
periment with compost aud jjuperphos on corn on light gray soil with clay sub
soil
Lbs of fertilizer per acre 1 Bushels of Corn per acre
aGeorgia State Grange Fertilizer 200 2C0
75 11 7 1125 775 11 7
aSchaefers Ammoniaied Dissolved Bone
Natural Soil
oSea Gull Ammoniated Superphosphate 200

aLorentz Rittlers Acid Phosphate Compost Natural Soil 2 i0
1
26
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
134
Mr J R Latimer of Warren County obtained the following results on old worn
soil
aObers Ammoniated Dissolved Bone Phosphate
Natural Soii
aRhodes Ammoniated Superphosphate
Natural Soil
aSamana Guauo
Natural Soil
Soluble Pacific Guano
Natural Soil
Soluble Pacific Guano Compost
Lbs of
fertili
zer per
acre
20c
200
Lbs
Seed
Cotton
872
290
725
82T
960
349
1058
332
1036
Mr W A Stewart of Henry County on red upland with stiff red subsoil that
had been in cultivation over forty years obtained the following results from com
post contrasted with commercial fertilizers
Lbs of fertilizer per acre 1st picking 2d picking 3d picking 4th picking Yield of seed cotton per acre
aObers Soluble Ammoniated Superphos 200 25 1 35 1 15 4 S 425 10 475 15 275 45 45 35 2 225 25 375 3 35 275 25 25 25 15 225 2 455 245 420 262
aoo

Diamond Ammoniated Dissolved Bone 200 3C0 500
Stable Manure alone 481 455

Mr J F Litte of Talbot County on old mulatto land that had been in cultiva
tion many years obtained the following results
Natural Soil
aoluble Pacific Guano
Whanns Raw Bone Superphosphate
Steins Ammoniated Superphosphate
Merrymans Dissolved Bone Compost
Homestead Superphosphate
Lbs of
fertili
zer per
acre
19
19
lofc
1st
picking
Sept25
2d i 3d
picking picking
Nov i Dec
625
9
10
105
95
105
115
13
1125
9
925
re
l
l
125
75
5
Yield of
Seed
Cotton
per acre
910
1118
1248
1196
1001
92135
CROP REPORT1882
27
Mr J T Lindley of Cobb County on dark mulatto soil with clay subsoil in
cultivation 40 year obtained the following results
Lbs of fertilizer per acre 1st picking 2d picking 3d picking 4th picking Yield of Seed Cotton per acre
200 200 1 75 25 1 4 3 2 3 8 4 35 4 3 4 2 2
1645

200

Mr Thomas Dickson of Macon County on gray sandy soil with clay subsoil in
cultivation SO or 40 years obtained the following results
Lbs of fertilizer per acre 1st picking Ang 20 2d picking Sept 3 Sd picking Sejt20 4th picking Oct 10 Yield of Seed Cotton per acre
200 85 61 785 85 875 875 61 350 299 3675 341 402 524 5
307 5
200 200 200 485 70 3 785 875 35 577

511

Mr F P Thornton of Elbert County on clayey upland that had been in culti
vation thirty five years found the compost equal in productive power to the
best commercial fertilizers as the following table shows
Lbs of Fertilizer per acre First picking Sept 11 Second picking Sept 21 Third picking Oct 9 lYield iD Fourth Seed picking Cotton Nov 6 per acre
200 200 800 300 16 14 14 If 6 14 15 15 14 10 12 13 13 12 5 12 14 12 14 16 15 980 945
a Logans Fertilzrag Compoundcomposted 9625 98875
7525
28
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
136
Mr Thomas H Stattworth of Henry County on dark mulatto soil with clay sub
soil cleared in 1860 increased the production 560 pounds seed cotton by the use
of 203 pounds of compost per acre Mr Stallworth is a very careful painstaking
farmer of large practical experience
PLAT No 1
Lbs of Fertilizer per acre 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 First picking Sept 14 Second picking Oct 20 Third picking Nov 17 Yield in Seed Cotton per acre
a Mount Vernon Guano 3 15 3 2 15 125 8 15 3 2 8 15 3 8 45 7 4 65 876 75 4 8 5 8 4 7 5 10 9 12 8 11 8 11 85 11 7 12 9 115 7 1470 1650 1540 980 1400 910 1505
Without Fertilizer
tz Whanns Raw Bone Superphosphate
Without Fertilizer a Stouo Soluble Guano Without Fertilizer
a Schoefers Ammoniated Superphosphate
Without Fertilizer
a Soluble Pacific Acid Phosphatecomposted 1540
Without Fertilizer
Merrymans Dissolved Bones
Without Fertilizer Brighton Raw Bone Superphosphate Without Fertilizer 1015 1505 980
137
CROP REPORT1882
29
The following experiment by the same gentleman is instructive as showing
the effects of different quantities of commercial fertilizers applied per acre The
soil on which it was conducted is light sandy loam with dark red clay Bub
soil Had been cleared fifteen years
Showing Effect of Different Quantities per Acre OF Fertilizer Lbs of Fertilizer per acre Yield in Seed Cotton per acre
1 r 2C0 1187
150 100 1095 1000

200 1200
150 100 1179
990
f 200 1187
150 100
1 I 980
805
200 1204
J 150 100 1108
I 1000
200 1250
150 1135
1 I r 100 200 1040 1207
150 100 1100
1 i 1C45
200 1180
150 1092
100 960
795

30
DEPARTMENT CF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
L138
Mr B N Seago of Richmond County contrasted the effects of composts with
those of commercial fertilizers on sugar cane with the following results
Patapsco Guano Cos Soluble Phosphate
Without Fertilizer
Barrys Chemical Fertilizer
Without Fertilizer
a E Frank Coes Ammonia tedDissolved Boue
Without Fertilizer
Georgia Fertilizer
Without Fertilizer
a Barrys Compound BiPhosphate
Without Fertilizer
a Georgia State Grange Acid Phosphatecomposted
Without Fertilizer
Empire Guano
Without Fertilizer
Lbs of
Fertili
zer
per acre
200
800
200
Gals of
Syrup
per acre
200
200
200
90
60
90
67
60
57
93
60
93
60
96
57
75
57139 CROP REPORT1882
RESULTS OF EXPERIMENTS CONDUCTED IN 1878
31
Mr B N Seago of Richmond County the results of whose experiment with
compost on sugar cane in 1877 has just been given obtained the following results
in 1878
NAME OF FERTILIZER
lbs oz
Sdpkg
Date
Nov 9
lbs oz
Yield in
seed cot
ton per
acre
lbs
200
Port Royal Lime
Without Fertilizer
Lees Lime
Without Fertilizer
Lees Lime and Cotton SeedJ400 lbs
of each
Without FertilizerI
23
54
212
104
ftMathis Chemical Compound
Without Fertilizer
Bahama Soluble Guano
Without Fertilizer
Zelis AmmoniaLd Superhhosphate
Without Fertilizer
aSunny Side Ammoniated Superphos
Without Fertilizer
allerrymans Amd Dissolved Bone
Without Fertilizer
Barrys Chemical Fertilizer
Without Fertilizer
Barrys BiPhosphate Compost
Without Fertilizer
oPreston Sons Acid Phos Compost
Without Fertilizer
oPendletons Phosphate for CompostingCompost
Without Fertilizer
aLorentz Rittlers Acid PhosphateCompost
Without Fertilizer
200 88
200
200
200
200
200
200
24
0
28
11
2
118
3
912
28
9
34
10
24
12
3
12
4
128
43
C8
412
58
412
5
54
44
68
44
58
34
5
58
58
68
6
6
54
6
5
7
58
74
512
12
18
112
18
18
18
8
24
4
24
8
28
8
18
1
2
1
212
12
28
12
8
18
34
24
485
510
810
510
1035
555
840
585
885
675
915
600
915
570
975
600
990
720
1125
600
1125
660
1230
765
1320
73532
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
140
Mr T D ErmnofJaokon County on light gray upland with clay subsoil that
had been in cultivaiion over 30 yearn obtained the following results
NAME F FERTILIZER Lbs of fertilizer per acre 1st picking Lbs 2d picking 1 Lbs Yield in Seed Cotton per acre Lbs
aCotton Compd Amd Dis Bone Phos 200 681 3T6 869 816 910 539 779 1034 510 91 164 94 94 92 141 141 141 145 775
Without Fertilizer
National Soluble Bone Compost 200 200 2C0
cjAtkins Cos Pioneer Acid Phos Compost
aCotton Food
Without Fertilizer 1032
aZells Amd Bone Superphos 200 200
aBarrys Biphosphate Compost
Without Fertiliser
6S5
Mr Wm Hix oChattooga County used composts and commercial fertilizers in
contrast on two platsone mulatto soil with clay subsoil and the other clay soil
with the following results
NAME OF FERTILIZER
aObers S C Dissolved Bone Phosphate compost
Eureka Amd Bone Superphosphate compost
Bales Chemical Fertilizer compost
aEntaw Fertilizer
Bales Guano
Sterns Amd Dissolved Bone
Without Fertilizer
Lbs of
fertili
zer per
acre
300
200
200
200
soo
200
Tot I yield
Seed Cotton
per acre on
plat No 1
Lbs
1000
1010
1140
1070
93
1041
880
Total Yield
Seed Cotton
per acre on
plat No 2
Lbs
1320
1120
1200
1170
1130
1020
750141
CROP REPORT1882
33
Mr John II Whiteett of Dooly County on gray sandy soil with Bandy clay sub
soilwiregrass pine land that had been in cultivation 17 years and very poor
obtained as good results from compost as from commercial fertilizers as the fol
lowing statement of results show
NAME OP FERTILIZER
Georgia State Grange Dissolved Bone
Without Fertilizer
aEagle Acid Phosphate
Without Fertilizer
aEutew Acid Phosphate Compost
Without Fertilizer
aGrange Mixture Dissolved Bone Phos
Without Fertilizer
aSunnySide Ammoniated Superphosphate
Without Fertilizer
aSamana Guano
Without Fertilizer
aGeorgia State Grange Dissolved Bone compost
Without Fertilizer
oEagle Acid Phosphate compost
Without Fertilizer
jEutaw Acid Phosphate compost
Without Fertilizer
Lbs of
fertili
zer per
acre
200
200
200
200
300
Yield in
Seed
Cotton
per acre
Lbs
m
175
612
157
455
157
490
175
402
210
595
175
542
297
560
175
487
14034
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
142
Mr J M Cox of Greene County experimented with commercial fertilizers and
composts in 1878 on sandy upland with the following results
NAME OF FERTILIZER Lbs o fertilizer per acre 1st picking 2d picking 3d picking Yield in Seed Cotton per Acre
lbs oz 168 78 115 98 14 9 178 8 17 11 lbs oz 11 7 10 6 108 7 12 10 12 8 lbs oz 212 2 4 3 112 212 2 24 28 28 112 Lbs
Charleston Sol Phoa compost 200 200
Without Fertilizer aBarrys Granger Fertilizer 596K
Without Fertilizer
aBone Flour compost 200 603
Without Fertilizer 95SJ
aCal vert Guano compost 200 630
Without Fertilizer 1111J4
aCotton Food compost Without Fertilizer 200 717 109234
726J
Mr TJwmasIl Stallworth of Eenry County on dark loam soil with fine dark
clay subsoil contrasted compost and commercial fertilizers with the fbllowina
results
NAME OF FERTILIZER
Merrymans Dissolved Bone
Without Fertilizer
aClarkes Dissolved Bone
Wjthout Fertilizer
Peruvian Guano guaranteed B
Without Fertilizer
aWhanns R B Superphosphate
Without Fertilizer
aLorentz 4 Rittlers Acid Phosphate compost
Without Fertilizer
Lbs of
fertili
zer Ap
plied
per acre
200
200
200
200
20
1st
picking
Sept30
Lbs
2d
picking
Nov 11
Lbs
Yield in
Seed
Cotton
per acre
Lbs
1715
980
1575
910
1750
1015
1680
980
1645
945143
CROP REPORT1882
EXPERIMENTS FOE 187
35
Mr B N ago of Richmond County on sandy soil with clay subaoil con
trasted commercial fertilizers with compost with the following result
NAME OF FERTILIZER
Lbs of
Fertili
zer
Applied
per acre
Pounds op Seed Cotton
Different Pickings
1st
Sept 17
lbs oz
2d
Oct 7
3d
Oct 80
lbs oz
Per
acre
aMarylaud Fertilizing Cos Dissolved Bones
Without Fertilizer
aRussel Coes Ammoniated Bone Phosphate
Without Fertilizer
aReeves Nicholsons Cottyn Grower
Without Fertilizer
Barrys BiPhoephaie of Lime composted
Without Fertilizer
Zells Cotton Acid Phosphate composted
Without Fertilizer
aGa State Grange Dissolved Bone composted
Without Fertilize
aPeruvian Guano Guaranteed B
200
200
200
20
200
8684
5514
SOO10
12
91812
4728
7012
45912
69510
4462
8982
4463
945
Mr A W Rhodes of Richmond County on light gray soil with clay subsoil that
had been in cultivation fifteen years obtained the following results
Lbs of Fertilizer Applied Pounds or Seed otton
Different Pickings
NAME OF FERTILIZER 1st 2d 3d 4th Per acre
Sept 4 Sept 17 Oct 15 Nov 5
lbs oz lbs oz lbs oz lbs oz
aObers Sol Acid Phosphate Composted Without Fertilizer 2C0 200 200 5 6 0 6 4 6 0 6 8 9 8 0 3 3 7 0 2 0 6 6 5 6 5 0 6 0 6 0 7 0 2 6 2 0 3 0 2 0 4 0 752 376
717J4
ma
743Ji
36
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
144
Mr Jos L Mai of Qlascock County on light sandy soil with vellow clay Bubsoil
that had been in cultivation three years obtained the following results
NAME OF FERTILIZER
aCrescent Bone Fertilizer
Without Fertilizer
Americus Acid Phosphate Composted
Without Fertilizer
aDixie Ammoiiiated Fixed Guano
Without Fertilizer
Arlington Guano
Without Fertilizer
Sardys Soluble Pacific Guano
Without Fertilizer
Phosphate Peruvian Guano
Lbs of
Fertili
zer
Applied
per acre
Without Fertilizer
Compost cottonseed lot and stable ma
nure
Without Fertilizer
100
200
100
100
100
200
Popnds of Cotton Seed
Jjifferenl Pickings
1st
Aug 21
pounds
60
87
30
2d
Sept 5
pounds
31
157
59
203
60
207
62
51
62
47
61
42
60
51
62
3d
Oct 3d
pounds
722
600
580
599
800
600
411
598
819
590
327
600
413
600
4th
Nov
pounds
203
215
300
213
109
212
813
211
619
212
031
215
580
211
6th
Dec 1
poudns
Per
acre
104
143
157
1202
874
1020
872
1299
874
1409
871
1259
872
1186
875
1104
873
1846 W A SPee f mmy C0Unty D gray 80U With red clay eubsoi1 cWd in
NAME OF FERTILIZER
aBaldwin Cos Dissolved Bone Compost
Jlerrymans Ammonlated Dissolved Bone
Without Fertilizer
Baldwin Cos Ammted Dis Bone Compost
Without Fertilizer
Lbs of
Fertili
zer ap
plied
per acre
700
200
Pounds of Seed Cotton
Different PicUuga
lbs oz
4 6
4 0
0 2
3 0
0 2
2d
lbs oz
4 0
2 S
5 14
6 0
3d
4th
lbs oz
4 6
1 5
0 12
2 12
1 0
lbs oz
0 4
1 0
1 0
1 10
Per
acre
1050
632
514
875
514145
CROP REPORT1882
37
Mr J H Carswell of Burke county on sandy soil with clay subsoil in cultiva
tion 30 years obtained the following results
Lhs o Fertilizer applied per acre Lbs of eed Cotton
Different Pickings
NAME OF FERTILIZER fit 2d Per
Sept 13 Nov 12 Acre
lbs oz lbs oz
200 200 200 200 6 4 3 11 4 7 3 5 4 8 4 9 3 10 0 11 7 7K 8 6 8 8 9 14 7 Ilk 5 11 780
669
769
709
864
737
561
Mr John Turner of Hancock county on gray soil with yellow subsoil that had
been in cultivation sixty years obtained the following results
NAME OP FERTILIZER
Lbs of
Fertili
zer ap
plied
per acre
aReaves Nicholeous Matchless Cotton Grower
Solnble Pacific Guano Compost
aMerrymans Acid Phosphate
aDobbs Chemicals composted
aReaves Nicholsons Cotion Grower composted
Pendletons Ammoniated BiPhosphate Compost
Without Fertilizer
300
2C0
200
200
200
200
Pounds Seed Cotton
Different Pick
ings
1st
lbs oz
6 8
5 12
5 12
6 0
6 8
7 8
3 4
2d
lbs oz
1 8
1 8
1 12
1 8
2 0
1 8
0 8
Per
Acre
1120
1015
1060
1050
1199
1260
595
Mr Turner says Guano pays every year if used in compost heaps It has
beep the result of my experience and observation that composting pays a much
larger per cent than guano used in a pure state You see the result the present
year It has been so for six consecutive years and will be so for all time to
come
Mr Turner has been using compost for twelve years with uniformly satisfac
tory results He is a very careful observer and experimenter38
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
D46
Mr E B Heard of Elbert county on fresh dark land obtained the following re
sults s
NAME OF FERTILIZER
aGiaut Guano
Without Fertilizer
oEutaw Fertilizer
Without Fertilizer
Excellenza Cotton Fertilizer
Without Fertilizer
Stable Manure 200 and Patapsco Acid Phosphate 100 pound
Without Fertilizer
PoundROf
Feitilizer
Applied
Per Acre
200
200
200
Pounds of Sed Cotton
Different Pickiugs
1st
Oct 1st
lbs
07
569
2S0
700
2S9
700
250
580
290
2d
Nov 5th
lbs
01
540
390
500
311
530
315
420
850
Per
Acre
1100
580
1200
600
1230
595
1050
648
Mr Heard says I think that all the standard guanos have paid from 50 to
250 per cent on the investment where the crops have been properly cultivated
I am confident that the compost is the most profitable fertilizer for the farmers of
Georgia as the effect upon the soil is more permanent than that caused by com
mercial fertilizers
EXPERIMENTS CONDUCTED IN 1880
Mr W D II Johnson of Bibb county on sandy loam soil that had been in cul
tivation forty years obtained the following results
NAME OF FERTILIZER
Patapsco Ammoniated Soluble Phosphate
Soluble Pacific Guano
Acid Phosphate Compost
Without Fertilizer
Pounds of
Fertzerpe Seo Cotton
acre per acre
200
200
200
740
77S
824
27147
CROP REPORT1882
39
Mr J H Oarsuietl of Burke County on sandy gravelly soil that had been in
cultivation forty years obtained the following resuls
NAME OP FERTILIZER
Alta Ammoniated Guano
Alta Ammoniated Guano
Without fertilizer
100 lbs Barrys Acid Phosphate 100 lbs stable manure and cotton seed
Same with 200 lbs manure and seed
Without fertilizer
Lbs
Fertili
zer
per acre
200
100
200
800
Lbs
Seed
Cotton
per acre
735
402
542K
708
502M
Mr Cars well says I applied compost of Barrys Acid Phosphate cotton
seed and stable manure to my whole watermelon patch After the patches of all
my neighbors who left out the phosphate had completely failed I still had
plenty of large melons both ripe and green Drouth seemed to ruin theirs while
it did not injure mine
Mr E S Wellons of Houston CountyOn sandy soil with red clay subsoil in
cultivation over 40 years obtained the following results
NAME OP FERTILIZER
3oseypium Phospho
Without fertilizer
Whanns Raw Bone Superphosphate
Without fertilizer
Obers Dissolved Bone Compost
Without fertilizer
Patapsco Acid Phosphate Compost
Without fertilizer
Lbs
Fertili
zer
per acre
200
200
400
400
Lta
Seed
Cotton
per acre
805
507
630
429
787
376
752
429
Mr W A Turner of Coweta CountyOn gravelly soil with clay subsoil that
has been in cultivation six years obtained the following results
NAME OF FERTILIZER Lbs Fertilizer per acre Lbs Seed Cotton per acre
200 1640 857K 997f 691X 1439 542
200

400

40
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
148
Mr M DM of Lincoln County on sandy loam soil that has been in cultiva
tion sixty years obtained the following results

NAME OF FERTILIZER Lbs Fertilizer per acre 2C0 Seed Cotton per acre
Sea Fowl Guano 1295 577 1172 752
Without Fertilizer
Mastodon Ammoniated Superphosphate 200
Without Fertilizer
400
Without Fertiliser 1085 64
Mr Dill says I believe the commercial fertilizer applied economically will
pay but my experience is that a compost of stable manure and cotton seed with
a good acid phosphate composted by the formula of the Department of Agricul
ture of this State is the cheapest and best fertilizer that can be used
EXTRACTS FROM SOIL TESTSEXPERIMENTS OF 1881
Mr J T Black of Gordon County on what is called red bench or table land
a little inclined to be sandy with clay subsoil obtained the following results
Lbs of Fertili First Second Third Yield in
NAME OF FERTILIZER plied pr acre picking Aug 28 picking Sept 14 1 picking Oct 7 Seed Cotton per acre
lbs lbs lbs lbs lbs
a Bales Guano 200 624 216 504 192 444 168 415 324 410 325 475 850 55 80 45 90 220 180
Natural Soil 1094
a Banghs Haw Bone Superphosphate 200 620
Natural Soil
a Eagle Acid Phosphatecompost Natural Soil 200 607 1139 698
Mr Qeo L Cain of Jefferson County on light sandy land that had been in culti
vation fourteen years with the following results
NAME OF FERTILIZER
Planters Favorite
No Fertilizer
Planters Favorite composted
Lbs of
Fertlli
zer
applied
per acre
Yield in
Seed
Cotton
per acre
300
200
lbs
350
245
455149
CROP REPORT1882
41
Mr J B Murray of Macon County on sandy soil with light gray subsoil
that had been in cultivation two years obtained the following results
NAME OF FERTILIZER Lbs uf Fertilizer applied per acre First picking Aug 26 Feeond picking Sept IS Third picking Oct 25 Yield in Seed Cotton per acre
lbs oz lbs oz lbs oz lbs
2C0 2 4 3 4 3 3 4 5 3 3 5 3 5 4 4 3 4 4 630
560
20n 2 630
560
200 2 630 560
a Georgia Chemical Works Acid Phosphatecompost 200 2 700 490
200 2 630
Mr S P Odom of Dooley County on sandy soil with red clay subsoil that
has been in cultivation five years obtained the following resultB
NAME OF FERTILIZER Lbs of Fertilizer applied per acre First picking Second picking Yield in Seed Cotton per acre
lbs oz lbs oz lbs
a National Ammouiated Dissolved Bones 300 21 11 20 10 21 8 24 10 14 7 12 8 IS 7 H 6 1225

a Wilcox Gibbs Cos Manipulated Gnano 300 1120
Unmatnrcd
500

300 1330 500
TJnmanured
The foregoing extracts have been given for the purpose of demonstrating by the
results of practical experiments conducted by farmers on every variety of soil
under the most varied conditions as regards cultivation seasons etc that true
economy point3 to composts as the cheapest and most reliable means of manuring
crops
While pea vines and lime furnish the cheapest and most effective means of re
storing ferility to worn soil or of maintaining it in those not yet exhausted the
compost of superphosphate with stable manure and cotton seed furnishes beyond42 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 10
question the most economical manure the Southern farmer or planter can appljt
to his crop from year to year
Besides supplying plant food in the best and most available forms the compost
exerts a mechanical influence upon the soil not produced by the plain commercial
fertilizers Either the compost or the pea vines will supply all the ammonia needed
in our soils the comp03ts for special manuring of crops and the pea vines will
furnish ammonia and humus to the whole soil It must not however be under
stood that ammonia is the onbj important element of plant food supplied by these
cheap sources of fertility On the contrary they supply all of the elements of
plant food Some of these however exist in such small percentages that very
large quantities of the substances must be applied to supply these elements in
sufficient quantities for the production of maximum crops The principal defi
ciency is in the percentage of phosphoric acid contained in pea vines and stable
manure This is supplied by the addition of superphosphate in the compost at the
time of putting it up The pea vines may be manured with superphosphates
and thus at the same time supply this esential element of fertility to the soil and
increase the growth of vines to be returned to the Boll
A comparison of the analyses of the Southern field pea with that of clover
which has been used as a soilimprover so long shows very slight difference so far
as either their feeding or manurial value is concerned It is not necessary to
speak of the value of stable minure and cotton seed as manure Their value is
known to all who fill Southern soil Enough extracts from experiments with
compost used under varied circumstances of soil seasons and culture and spread
over a period of six years
FORMULAE FOE COMPOSTS
If the stable manure and cotton seed have been protected from waste by expos
ure to rain and sun the following formula Is recommended
Stable Manure 650pounds
Green Cotton Seed 650 H
Superphosphate 70g 1
Making a ton of20 pound
If the compost is intended for use on soils particularly deficient in potash the
proportion of cotton seed may be reduced 50 each and 100 pounds of Kainit used
instead The formula would then be
Stable Manure e
600pounds
Cotton Seed green fi0A u
Superphosphate q
Kainvii7r wo
Making a ton of20 pounds
These ingredients may be varied in proportions to adapt the resulting compost
to different soils or crops but either of the above will be found to give satisfactory
results on every class of soils and on all of our cultivated crops
Directions for ComportingThe ingredients may be mixed either by building up
the heap by alternate layers of the ingredients or they may be thoroughly mixed
and then thrown into a heap In either case water should be freely used on the
coarse materials while composting151
CROP REPORT1882
4a
The following direction which have been given in former publications of this
Department have been generally followed by those who have used the compost
with most satisfactory results Mist farmers prefer the plan of mixing the in
gredients well before placing them in the heap for fermentation Under this plan
the mingling of the ingredients is more thorough during the process of fermen
tation and hence its effects are probably more thorough though both plans have
given good results
Directions for CompostingSpread under shelter a layer of stable manure four
inches thick on this sprinkle a portion of the phosphate next spread a layer of
cotton seed three inches thick wet these thoroughly with water and then apply
more of the phosphate next spread another layer of stable manure ihree inches
thick and continue to repeat these layers in the above order and in proportion to
the quantity of each used to the ton until the material is consumed Cover the
whole mass wkh stable manure or scrapings from the lot one or two inches thick
Allow the heap to stand in this condition until a thorough fermentation takes
place which will require from three to six weeks according to circumstances de
pendent upon proper degree of moisture and the strength of materials used
When the cotton seed are thoroughly killed with a sharp hoe or mattock cut
down vertically through the layers pulverize and shovel into a heap where the
fermentation will be renewed and the compost be still further improved Liet it
lie two weeks alter cutting down it will then be ready for use
The following plan of mixture gives equally satisfactory results Mix the
cotton seed and the stable manure in proper proportion moisten them with water
apply the proper proportion of phosphate and mix thoroughly shoveling into a
mass as prepared
There is some advantage in this plan from the fact that the ingredients are
thoroughly commingled during fermentation
For CottonApply in the opening furrow 200 pounds and with the planting
seed 75 or 100 pounds making in all 275 or 300 pounds per acre If it is desired
to apply a larger quantity open furrows the desired distance and over tnem sow
broadcast 400 pounds per acre bed the land and then apply 100 pounds per acre
with the seed
For CornApply in the hill by the side of the seed one gill to the till An
additional application around the stalk before the first plowing will largely in
crease the yield of grainu
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
152
FENCE AND STOCK LAWS OF GEORGIA
The following act and amendments will furnish important information to those
who are required to vote on the adoption of the stock law
An act relating to fences and stock and for the protection of crops
1 Section I The Legislature of the State of Georgia do enact as follows
That in each and every county of this State which shall adopt the provisions of
this act in the manner hereinafter provided chapter eighth partfirst title fif
teenth of Irwins Revised Code of Georgia embracing sections 1456 1457 1458
1459 1460 and 1461 be and the same is hereby repealed and the boundary lines
of each lot tract or parcel of land in said county shall be and the same are Lere
by declared a lawful fence
2 Sec H That no horse mule cow or hog or any other animal or animals used
or fit either for food or labor shall be permitted to run at large beyond the limits
of the lands of its owner or manager
3 Sec III That if any of the animals enumerated in the foregoing section
shall commit any trespass or damage or shall be found going at large on the
premises of any other person than the owner of such animals or stock whether
enclosed or unenclosed and whether such animals wandered from the premises of
the owner in the county in which the trespass was committed or from another
county it shall be lawful for the owner of such premises to impound uch ani
mals and retain them until the owner thereof shall make full satisfaction or
reparation of the damage committed by such animals including all costs and ex
penses unless disposed of according to the provisions of this act hereinafter pro
vided
4 Sec IV That in case any of the said animals shall be impounded under
the provisions of this act it shall be the duty of the party so impounding them
to give them all necessary feed care and attention for which he shall have
reasonable compensation as hereinafter provided and it shall also be his duty to
give the owner if known notice of the fact of such impounding in twentyfour
hours and if not Snown or ascertained within three days from the taking up and
impounding such animals they shall be disposed of as provided by law in cases
of estrays except that in case any such animal or animals shall be sold under the
provisions of the estray laws or this act the proceeds of such sales after the
payment of legal costs including advertising etc shall be applied first to the
payment of damages sustained by the aggrieved party including reasonable com
pensation for the feed care and attention to be ascertained as hereinafter pro
vided
5 Sec V That if any person shall under the pretext of the provisions of this
law unnecessarily or out of mere vexation take up and impound any such ani
mal or animals shall fail to give the notice required by this act or to etray them
m case the owner is not known or ascertained within the time prescribed by thisL158
CROP REPORT1882
45
act or shall fail to give the proper c ire or attention as herein provided or in any
manner shall injure or maltreat any such animal or animals such person so offend
ing shall be deemed guilty of misdemeanor and on indictment and conviction befor
any court having jurisdiction of such offences shall be punished by fine or im
prisonment in the common jail in the discretion of the presiding j idge who shall
try said cause the fine not to exceed one hundred dollars and the imprisonment
not to exceed one month and in addition shall pay the owner of such animal or
animals double the amount of damages actually sustained by a violation of the
provisions of this act
6 Sec VI That in case of disagreement between the takerup or party
claimed to be damaged and the owner of such animal or animals as to the amount
of damages sustained on account of the alleged trespass of such animal or animals
or for expenses for care feed and attention as required by this act the aggrieved
party may make complaint to the Justice of the Peace of the district and if no
justice in such district then to the most convenient J tut ice in any other district
setting forth the amount claimed whereupon such Justice shall issue a summons
as in other suits returnable within five days from the date thereof requiring the
owner or claimant of such stock to appear at a time and place therein named and
which shall be served as other summons at least three days before the time of
hearing when such Justice shall proceed to hear evidence and give judgment
against such owner or claimant for such damages as shall appear reasonable and
just including the expenses of care and feeding such stock and all legal costs
winch shall be enforced by execution levy and sale as other jid2mntsof such
Justice provided nevertheless that a special lien upon the trespassing animal or
animals for the payment of such judgment shall attach from the time of the com
mitting of such trespass superior to all other liens or previous claims except
public dues and superior also to all exemptions under the homestead and ex
emption laws and provided also that if said judgment for damages shall exceed
the sum of fifty dollars the defendant may enter an appeal as in other cases in
justices courts and provided further that in case of any litigation as contem
plated by this act it shall be lawful for the owner of such animals to redeem or
replevy the same by giving to the complaining party a bond with good and suf
ficient security conditioned to pay all damages and cost which may be finally
recovered against him in such suit
7 Sec VII And be it further enacted by the General Assembly of the State
of Georgia That the foregoing provisions of this act shall become operative in
any county of this State upon the following terms and conditions Whenever so
many as fifty freeholders in any county of this State shall petition the ordinary
of any county for the benefit of the provisions of this act said ordinary shall at
once make known throughout said county by advertisement in the public ga
zette if there is one published in said county and by notices at all election pre
cincts and public places therein that such petition has been filed in his office
such notice to be published twenty days If a counterpetition of freeholders is
filed amounting to fifty persons then the ordinary shall proceed no further If
such petition of freeholders is not met by such counterpetition or if met by such
counterpetition is supported by a petition of so many as twenty five additional
freeholders then the ordinary aforesaid shall at once proceed to have an election
held in such county on the first Monday in July following in which the question46
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
154
shall be submitted to the lawful voters of said county of fence or no fence said
election to be held at the places and under the same rules and regulations as are
provided for members of the General Assembly and after thirty days notice at
the most public places in said county The returns of said election shall be
made to the Odinary of said county and after examining the same and deciding
upon all questions which may arise out of said election he shall proclaim the re
sult as aforesaid If the lawful majority in said election is for no fence then
the provisions of this act shall take effect in such County within fix months there
after provided said election shail not be held oftener than one time in every two
y ears
Approved August 26 1872
Election for Fence or No FenceAn act to amend section one thousand four
hundred and fiftyfive of the Code of Georgia of 1873 which provides for submit
ting to the lawful voters of any county in this State upon petition of fifty free
holders of such county the question of fence or no fence by authorizing
elections to be held under said section at such time as the Ordinary shall appoint
and by striking out the proviso to said section and for other purposes
Section I The General Assembly of the State of Georgia do enact That from and
after the passage of this act section 1455 of the Code of Georgia be and the
same is hereby amended by striking from the sixteenth line of said section the
words on the first Monday in July following and inserting in lieu thereof the
words at such time as said Ordinary shall appoint
Sec II Be it farther enacted Ttiat said section 1455 be further amended by
striking out the proviso contained in the two last lines thereof as follows Pro
vided said elections shall not be held oftener than one time in every two years
so that said section when amended will read as follows The foregoing provisions
of sections 1449 1450 1451 1452 1453 and 1454 Bhall become operative in any
county of this State upon the following terms and conditions Whenever so
many as fifty freeholders in any county of this State shall petition the Ordinary
of any county for the benefit of the provisions of said section said Ordinary shall
at once make known throughout said county by advertisement in the public ga
zette if there is one published in said county and by notices at all election pre
cincts and public places therein that such petition has been filed in his office
such notices to be published twenty days If a counterpetition of freeholders is
filed amounting to fifty persons then the Ordinary shall proceed no further If
such petition of freeholders is not met by such counterpetition or if met by such
counterpetition is supported by a petition of so many as twentyfive additional
freeholders then the Ordinary aforesaid shall at once proceed to have an
election held in such county at such time as said Ordinary shall appoint in
which the question shall be submitted to the lawful voters of said county of
fence or no fence said election to be held at the court ground in each militia
district and under the same rules and regulations as provides for members of the
General Assembly and after thirty days notice at the most public places in said
county
Provided That no person shall be allowed to vote at said election except in the
militia district in which he resides The returns of said election Bhall be made
to the Ordinary of said county and after examining the same and deciding upon
all questions which may arise out of said election he shall proclaim the result155
CROP REPORT1882
47
by notice as aforesaid If the lawful majority in said election is for no fence
then the provisions of said six sections shall take effect in such county within six
months thereafter
Sec III Be it further enacted That all laws and parts of laws in conflict with
the provisions of this act be and are hereby repealed
Approved August 26th 1881
Fence Law for Militia DistrictsAn act to extend the provisions of sections
1449 1450 1451 1452 1453 and 1454 of the Revised Code of Georgia which re
late to the fence and stock laws of this Slate by making the same applicable to
militia districts and to provide for the erection of fences around district lines
W Section I Be it enacted by the General Assemby of the State of Georgia and it is
hereby enaled by the authority of the same That the provisions of sections 1449
1450 1451 1452 1453 and 1454 of the Revised Code of Georgia shall become op
erative in any militia district of this State upon the following terms and condi
tions Whenever so many as fifteen freeholders or majority of freeholders in
any militia district of this State shall petition the Ordinary of any county in
which said district is located for the benefit of the provisions of said foregoing
sections said Ordinary shall glve notice of said petition by advertising the same
in the public gazette if there be one published in said county and by notices at
all election precincts and public places in said district which said notices shall be
published for twenty day and said Ordinary shall at once proceed to have an
election held in said militia district at as early a day as practicable to be desig
nated by him after said notices have been given in which the question shall be
submitted to the lawful voters in said district in the following form towit For
fence or stock law said election to be held at the placts and under the same
rules and regulations as are provided for members of the General Assembly and
after fifteen days notice at the most public places in said district The returns of
said election shall be made to the Ordinary of said county who after examining
the same and deciding upon all questions which may arise out of eaid election
shall proclaim the result by notice as aforesaid If the lawful majority in said
election is for stock law then the provisions of said six sections shall take effect
in such militia districts within six months thereafter
Provided That said election shall not be held oftener than one time in every
year
Sec II Be it further enacted That whenever any militia district shall adopt the
provisions of the stock law it shall be the duty of the Ordinary or such other
tribunal as may have jurisdiction over county matters as soon as practicable
after said adoption to have good and substantial fences erected around the line of
said district in order to prevent the incursions of stock from other counties or
districts and for this purpose he is empowered to enter upon the land of
any person of said district or county and have fences constructed across any
public or private road Provided That proper gates are established in such
public or private roads
Sec III Be it further enacted That said Ordinary or such tribunal as may have
jurisdiction of county matters shall be empowered to levy and collect tax upon
the property of said district sufficient to defray the expenses of erecting and main
taining said fences said tax to be collected at the same time and in the same
manner as other State and county taxes are collected Provided That whenever48
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
156
any person should prefer to pay the tax required of him by this section in labor
or material he may upon application to said Ordinary or tribunal as aforesaid
pay the same by furnislrng rails and erecting under the supervision of county
authority such proportion of said fence as shall be equal in value to the amount
of taxes due by him said labor and material to be valued by Baid county officer
at the customary prices tor such in each county
Sec IV Be it further enacted That the laws now of force with regard to legal
fences as fotsnd in sections 1443 1444 1445 1446 1447 and 1448 shall apply to
all fences erected in pursuance of the foregoing section and all persong disturb
ing or injuring the same shall be punished as now proscribed by law
Sec V Be vt further enacted That it shall be the duty of any person or persons
driving stock of any kind through the public road of any district in which the
stock law is of force so to herd and drive the same that they shall not be al
lowed to enter upon or work injury to the land or crops of the citizens thereof
and for violation of this section shall be dealt with as other trespassers
Sec VI Me it further enacted That it shall he the duty of the Ordinary or
such tribunal as aforesaid in an county where any district of the same has
adopted the provisions of this act to have erected substantial and convenient gates
in fences at the crossings of public highways and neighborhood roads and when
ever any person residing in said district shall desire a crossing on his own lands
he shall be permitted to erect and keep up such gates at his own expense and any
person who shall wilfully and unlawfully leave open any of the saidgates or do
any wilful damage to the same or to the fences erected forthe purposes afore
Eaid shall be fined in a sum not exceeding twenty dollars or imprisonment no
longer than twenty days That any gate erected across a public road under the
provisions of this act shall be so constructed that the same can be opened and
shut without dismounting from any horse or vehicle that may be desired to pass
through the same
Sec VII Be it further enacted That each owner or proprietor of lands in any
militia district adopting the provision of this act who shall rent his lands or es
tablish a system of tenantry thereon shall furnish pasturage for at least one cow
and calf for the family of each tenant Provided That said tenant shall do his
proportionate part of fencing
Sue VIII Be it further emeted That nothing herein contained shall prevent
any district which has adopted this law from voting at any county election on
stock law
Sec IX Be it further enacted That all laws and parts of laws in conflict with
this act be and the same are hereby repealed
Approved September 29 h 1881Special Circular No 26
New Series j
KEPORT OF GROWING CROPS ETC FOR THE MONTH
OF JULY 1882
RETURNABLE AUGUST 1st 1882
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
Atlanta Ga July 15th 1882
Dear Sir Please answer the following questions on the 1st day
Of August or a few days before if necessary and mail promptly so
that your report may reach this office by the Third Of August
Answer every question that will admit of it in numbers indicating per
cent
An AVERAGE CROP or AVERAGE CONDITION or anything
with which comparison is made is always taken as IOO Thus it
the corn crop at any time is 10 per cent better than last year or
IO per cent better than an average it should be reported as HO in
each case and if10 per cent below these standards it should be
90 Never report 10 per cent better or 10 per cent worse but
llO or 90 as the case may be So avoid vague comparisons such
as some better hardly so good above an average etc
In making up your answers let them apply to the whole county in which
you reside or as far in every direction as your knowledge may extend not
simply to your own farm
If a crop about which questions are asked is not grown in your county
use the character X If you have not sufficient data to make an approxi
mate estimate leave the space blank Very respectfully
J T HENDERSON
Commissioner of Agriculture
I For what county do you report fcounty
II Your name f
III Your potofflee f9
QUESTIONS FOE CROP EEFORT
CONDITION AND PEOSPECT AUGUST 1ST COMPARED TO AN AVERAGE OF
1 Cotton
percent
2 Corn
percent
3 Rice
per cent
i Sugarcane
pei cent
8 Sorghum
per cent
6 Field Peas
per cent
7 Chufas
per cent
8 Sweet Potatoes
percent
9 If any what casualty has affected Cotton
percent
10 To what extent has it Injured the prospect
per cent
11 How are German Carp succeeding in your county
12 How many ponds have in them young Carp spawned this year
13 Report the names and postoffice address of the owners of such ponds
14 Have seasons during July been favorable or unfavorable
per cent
18 Date of last good rain
date
16 Date of making this report
date
REMARKS
Under this head report any facts of general interest to the farmers or any valuable or tortmrHSpecial Circular No 27 1
New Series j
FOEM OF CONSTITUTION AND BYLAWS FOR
NEIGHBORHOOD AGRICULTURAL CLUBS
STATE OP GEORGIA
Department of Agriculture
Atlanta Ga August 1 1882
Experience demonstrates the great utility of AgriculturalClubs when
they are properly constituted and the members thereof faithful in attend
ing the meetings and prompt in discharging the duties imposed by the
bylaws In forming a club the primary object is the improvement of its
individual members in the science and practice of farmingby inter
change of ideas and experienceby friendly inspections and criticisms
by carefully conducted experimentsby the gathering together and dis
seminating agricultural intelligence etc Social reunion and enjoyment
may be incidental and the pleasure thus afforded becomes a strong bond
of union and perpetuity In the aggregation of the efforts and results of
many local clubs we may expect to realize a general improvement of the
farming interestin the intelligent application of laborin the increase
of home and farm comforts and happinessgradual relief from pecuniary
embarrassmentindependence and substantial prosperity The argu
ments in favor of the policy of thus uniting our efforts are well known
and understood The only reply is that the club will not last longwill soon
die out This will depend upon the spirit that animates the members
the sincerity of their purposes and their devotion to duty
The Commissioner earnestly advises the formation of such clubs in
every district of the State and invites active and earnest cooperation
with this Department and with the State Agricultural Society
This circular is issued in compliance with repeated requests with a view
to encourage these organizations and the form of Constitution and By
laws appended is designed to serve as a guide or model to be altered or
amended according to circumstances
It is a copy of that of the Agricultural Club of Hancock County
kindly furnished by Col H A Clinch Secretary Sparta Ga He write
in regard to it I take pleasure in adding that under their operation
as from time to time amended the club has continued to prosper fail
ing to hold its regular meeting only two or three times since its organi
zation August 1869 and then on account of extreme inclemency of
the weatherDEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
160
CONSTITUTION
Article I This Club shall be known as the Agricultural Club of
County
Art II Its object shall be the mutual improvement of its members in all mat
ters pertaining to Agriculture and kindred subjects
Art III The officers shall consist of a President VicePresident and a Secretary
and Treasurer They shall be chosen annually by ballot and without nomination
the person receiving the highest vote to be declared elected at the September
meeting of the Club and shall hold their offices until the meeting next after the
election of their successors
Art IV This Club shall be composed only of such members as shall have their
names subscribed to the Constitution and Bylaws
Art V This Constitution and Bylaws may be amended or altered only at a
regular meeting only by a twothirds vote of all the members present and voting
due notice of the amendment having been given at the preceding regular meeting
BYLAWS
Article 1 This Club shall hold its regular meetings punctually at 10 p m on
the third Saturday in each month alternately at the residence of its members
Art 2 It shall be the duty of the President to preside at all meetings of the Club
and maintain order the VicePresident assuming the dutiesof the President in the
absence of the latter
It shall be the duty of the Secretary to preserve in a book to be kept for the
purpose an accurate and careful record of all the proceedings of the Club to con
duct the correspondence of the same and to act as Treasurer
Art 3 No member shall be absent from a regular meeting without a valid ex
cuseits sufficiency to be determined by a vote of the Club and three consecutive
absences from regular meetings by any member without such excuse shall be con
sidered per se equivalent to a resignation
Art 4 Any member who shall be absent from a regular meeting without a
valid excuse shall be fined in the sum of one dollar and any member failing
without sufficient excuse to perform the duties of any committee upon which he
may be appointed shall be fined in the sum of two dollars All fines and assess
ments to be collected by the Treasurer
Art 5 At each regular meeting the President shall appoint an inspecting com
mittee to consist of three members whose duty it shall be to inspect the plantation
at which the Club next meets and at the second meeting after its appointment to
report in writing to the Club in reference to its cultivation the condition of im
provements stock etc The inspection may be made at any time determined upon
by the chairman of the committee between the day of the appointment of the
committee and 9 a m on the day that the Club meets at the plantation to be in
spected
The report of said inspecting committee shall be the subject of general discussion
at the meeting when presented
Art 6 Upon the occurring of any vacancy in its membership the Club shall
proceed under the head of new business to elect a member to fill said vacancy
The election shall be by ballot and a unanimous vote of the members present and
voting shall be necessary to an election Upon the election of a new member the
Secretary shall notify him of the same in writing and at the next meeting report
his acceptance or declination to said election
Art 7 Each member shall be required to conduct carefully on his premises
some agricultural experiment of general interest and report to the Club in writing
the nature and result of the experiment at the maturity of the crop on which it
was made In furtherance of the above a committee of three shall annually be
appointed by the chair at the January meeting to define these experiments and
assign them to the respective members161 j
AGRICULTURAL CLCBS
Art 8 To avoid discursive and oftentimes hasty discussion a committee of
three shall be annually appointed by the chair at the January meeting to select a
subject for special discussion at each meeting and assign some member to open the
same
Art 9 All reports of committees shall be submitted in writing and it shall be
the duty of the Secretary to preserve these reports or such of them as miv be val
uable for purposes of reference in neat files devoted to the purpose
Art 10 The order of business shall be as follows
1 Calling the Roll
2 Reading Minutes
3 Excuses for absence
4 Receiving members
5 Receiving reports
6 Unfinished business
7 New business
8 Adjournment
The following resolutions were adopted by this Club in August 1876
in order to stimulate friendly competition and are here given as sugges
tive
1 That the members of this Club agree to conduct annually in addition to any
other experiments two premium acres the kind of crops to be planted on said acres
to be determined by the Club at its August meetiug
2 There shall be given to the member raising the greatest number of bushels of
corn two bushels from each other member of oats four bushels of wheat two
bushels of ground peas two bushels of potatoes six bushels
3 That for a noncompliance with the above the member so failing shall pay
double the quantities named above
4 That each member be required to conduct the experiment carefully and to
the best of his ability that a full and accurate report in writing be furnished at
the gathering of the crop of the manner of preparing the ground manuring sow
ing quantity of seed distance between the rows and in drill and of the yield
The foregoing form of Constitution and Bylaws is adapted to neighbor
hood Clubs the formation of which this circular is intended especially to
encourage as subsidiary to County Societies and finally to the State Ag
ricultural Society Clubs which may be organized hereafter or are al
ready in existence are requested to send names and postoffice address of
President and Secretary to this Department and also to the Secretary
State Agricultural Society Macon Ga This Department will send to
each Club packages of its circulars and other publications and such
seeds as may be on hand for distribntion and cooperate in every practi
cable way for the advancement of our common interests
Very respectfully
J T Henderson CommissionerCircular No jo
New Series
I
CROP REPORT
FOR THE MONTH OF JULY 1882
RETURNED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE AUG 1 1882
Department op Agriculture l
Atlanta Ga Aug 8th 1882
GENERAL COMMENTS
COTTON
While the season has been remarkably favorable for all other crops it has
been very unpropitious for cotton The cool weather in early spring im
paired the stand and retarded the growth of the plant rendering it in different
sections from one to two weeks late The recent excessive and continued rains
have induced a succulent growth of weed and a tendency of root growth to the
surface two conditions which will cause serious injury if any considerable
drouth succeeds the wet spell Compared to an average the crop of the State is
reported at 93 in North Georgia it is 87 in Middle Georgia 94 in Southwest
Georgia 94 in East Georgia 93 and in Southeast Georgia 101 The prospect
is now to the casual observer very nattering owing to the rapid growth of
weed but this may prove a disaster before the crop matures The weather has
been very favorable to the propagation of the catapillar which is reported in sev
eral counties in this State in Alabama Texas Louisiana and Mississippi Expe
rienced planters will understand the rapidity with which these destroyers propa
gate when they make their appearance at this season especially when the plant
is in so tender and succulent condition as it is at present all over the Cotton
States The prudent planter will therefore prepare to avail himself of every
practicable means of destroying the pests as soon as they appear in force The
crop is now at a most critical stage much will depend upon the weather
during the next few weeks The indications now point to a short crop all over
the South If this be the case the price may compensate for the shortness of
the crop At present it is impossible to forecast what the crop will beDEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
164
CORN
The corn crop of the State and indeed of the whole South is extra
ordinarily fine This following the fine small grain crops harvested this season
causes a buoyancy among farmers beyond that of any year within the last de
cade The crop is now generally made and on uplands is as good where prop
erly cultivated as the lands are capable of making Bottom lands except where
well drained have suffered from excess of rain The crop in the whole State
is 20 per cent above an average In North Georgia it is 116 in Middle Geor
gia 122 in Southwest Georgia 118 in East Georgia 125 and in Southeast
Georgia 118
RICE
This crop compared to an average is in the State 102 and the same in
Southeast Georgia where the crop is principally grown The upland crop in the
other sections is reported as follow In North Georgia 100 in Middle Georgia
93 in Southwest Georgia 103 and in East Georgia 103
SUGAR CANE
The area of this crop is annually advancing further North and satisfac
tory crops have been grown in Middle Georgia where the condition of its
successful growth have been supplied as regards soil manures and cultiva
tion The condition of the crop in the State compared to an average is re
ported at 107 Two counties in North Georgia report cane at 105 in Middle
Georgia it is 107 in Southwest Georgia 106 in East Georgia 108 and in
Southeast Georgia 104 The crop in the southern part of the State is reported
as unusually promising
SORGHUM
Less attention is given this crop than formerly The condition com
pared to an average is for the State 102 in North Georgia 102 in Middle
Georgia 104 in Southwest Georgia 103 in East Georgia 100 and in South
east Georgia 100
FIELD PEAS
This important crop is receiving unusual attention this year The
area is large and the prospect good in every section of the State Compared
with an average the crop of the State is reported at 108 in North Georgia 108
in Middle Georgia 110 in Southwest Georgia 106 in East Georgia 105 and in
Southeast Georgia 108 It is gratifying to report a large area of the stubble
land from which the small grain crop was harvested planted in peas This is a
step in the right direction as the supply of vegetable matter which the vines
will return to the soil will not only enable the planters to dispense with the
purchase of ammonia for the crops which will occupy these fields next year
but the vines will supply mineral plant food in available forms materially im
prove the mechanical condition of the soil and increase its capacity for absorb
ing and retaining moisture
1165
CROP REPORT1882
CHUFAS
Are not cultivated to any considerable extent except by those who
still continue to grow their pork Those who have sandy soils will find the
chufa a very valuable crop for hogs The condition of the crop in the State
compared to an average is 102 in North Georgia 102 in Middle Georgia 104
an Southwest Georgia 105 in East Georgia 122 and in Southeast Georgia 103
SWEET POTATOES
This valuable crop it is gratifying to say has received the alter
tioa its importance demands The area planted in them is larger than
usual and the crop remarkably promising It is suggested that those
who have evaporators experiment with sweet potatoes sliced and evaporated
just as apples peaches etc are Mrs J W Bryan Dillon Ga exhibited
some last year that were of superior quality This method of saving them solves
the difficulty so often formidable of the potatoes rotting in the bank during
fal and winter They are reported in the whole State compared to an average
q Th Gergia 109 inMidde Georgia 113 in Southwest Georgia
aid in East Georgia 113 and in Southeast Georgia 120
THE GENERAL OUTLOOK
In the State was never more flattering at this season than now for all crops
except cotton It is yet too early to foresee what its yield will be Never have
the farmers of the State been in better spirits or more hopeful of the future
They are enjoying a foretaste of the fruits of a policy which has been persistently
J recommended by this Departmentthat of a selfsustaining system of hus
bandry
GERMAN CARP
This valuable food fish the distribution of which was commenced from this
Department in 1879 have so far given great satisfaction in every part of the
State A large number of ponds are reported as well supplied with young fish
spawned during the present year The distribution will be coutinued this fall
so far as the supply at the command of the Department will justify
POISONING COTTON WORMS
In the supplemental crop report of last year Circular No 28 Capt War
ners recipe for preparing poison for the destruction of the cotton caterpillar
was given Experiments with poison prepared by this recipe show that not
less than 50 gallons of water should be added instead of 40 gallons to pre
vent it from destroying the plants The recipe should rea 1 as follows Prussic
25 ozs glue 5 ozs bycarb soda 3 ozs and water 3 gallons boil for half
an hour and add enough water to make 150 gallons
J T Henderson Commissioner4 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 166 TABLE No i Showing Condition of Crops in Georgia August ist 1882 NORTH GEORGIA
Compared to an averagt 0
COUNTIES a 0 0 O 0 U 5 G a a W 3 If S 3 0 n a V V j 3 u o 0 V 0 i 0
82 92 100 82 92 99 60 75 124 122 no 105 120 122 116 05 100 IOO 102 112 no 100 105 90 105 in m no 107 IOO 105 108 125 no 100 95 IOO 108 IOO 111 s 104 too no 107 97 106




Cobb



90 77 80 no 105 117 IOO 106



95 90 95 100 90 92 90 161 m 112 125 no 125 125 IOO IOO IOO ICO 135 117 IOO 5 no 125 130 109 100 120 no 112 100


Hall

Hart IOO
75

100 120 120 125 115 120 IOO IOO 120 no 5 no no 5 120 IOO IOO US US us ISO 5

100 75 90 80
100 no
Polk
105 90 133 105 107 80 100 105 100 60 109 100 102 105 IOC 99 105 109

Walker 93
White
Whitfield 7

87 116 100 105 102 108
MIDDL E GEORGIA
no 80 92 95 90 92 105 85 95 90 85 90 no 125 25 no 105 125 I2C ISO 125 5 3 no 105 120 125 I4O I50 no no 125 122 120 IOO IOO 95 105 112 110 IOO 125 105 no 9 95 no 120 120 11 lows 110 IOO 120 no 10 US ioj 100 100 13 no 9 IIS S 100

100 IOO IOO 101 no 85 IOO no 105 95 100 100


IOO no

DeKalb
120

95 no 90 80 90 no 105 90 112 IOO no 90 no no no no 100 100 105 5 102 130 IOO 5 150 102 120 no no ISO 5 100 5 95

Heard
Lincoln McDufTie
9o 95 no
no

167 CROP REPORT1882
TABLE NO iContinued
Showing the Condition and Prospect August ist
MIDDLE GEORGIAContinued
Compared to an Average of
Morgan
Newton
Oconee
Oglethorpe
Pike
Putnam
Rockdale
Spalding
Talbot
Taliaferro
Troup
Upson
Walton
Warren
Wilkes
COUNTIES
Average 94
75
90
75
105
90
77
100
95
95
117
85
95
150
5
125
J20
no
142
IOO
125
112
135
120
122
IOO
102
100
IOO
125
IOO
125
IOO
IOO
105
IOO
IOO
112
IOO
90
95
102
110
5
i5
no
125
130
IOO
IOO
105
25
no
no
100
no
150
105
125
no
150
105
105
108
no
no
SOUTHWEST GEORGIA
Ir
Baker
Berrien
Brooks
Calhoun
Chattahoochee
Clay
Colqmtt
Crawford
Decatur
Dooly
Dougherty
Early
Houston
rwin
Lee
Lowndes
Macon
Marion
Miller
Mitchell
Muscogee
Quitman
Randolph
Schley
Stewart
Sumter
Taylor
Terrell
Thomas
Webster
Wilcox
Worth
Average
IOO
IOO
94
90
90
97
100
IOO
IOO
IOO
97
IOO
93
95
90
90
97
no
90
95
75
90
107
i4o
120
125
105
no
120
no
125
120
5
no
127
5
100
IOO
120
120
112
5
120
105
no
100
107
IOO
Ho
IOO
IOO
IOO
IOO
105
IOO
105
no
no
IOO
95
110
IOO
125
no
100
i5
no
no
100
125
no
IOO
IOO
IOO
105
95
125
IOO
IOO
75
5
IOO
105
IOO
IOO
105
IOO
no
105
no
no
85
130
105
no
no
5
no
102
90
100
IOO
IOO
IOO
no
no
90
150
112
IOO
70
no
105
5
no
105
5
no
no
125
no
i5
140
no
95
no
no
no
no
150
105DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
TABLE No iContinued
Showing Condition and Prospect August ist
168
EAST GEORGIA
COUNTIES
Bullock
Burke
Dodge
Emanuel
Glascock
Jefferson
Johnson
Laurens
Montgomery
Pulaski
Richmond
Screven
Tatnail
Telfair
Twiggs
Washington
Wilkinson
Average
185
103
95
100
75
101
95
100
100
85
95
90
90
85
I03
87
Comparsd to an average 0
122
5
122
180
210
121
140
120
122
125
no
140
150
125
5
127
105
105
100
100
105
120
135
95
105
no
100
no
100
no
i5
102
120
no
no
no
120
100
100
100
joo
100
100
100
100
loo
100
112
102
105
120
75
no
100
no
no
116
103
no
90
no
5
105
5
303
100
166
no
100
45
100
100
5
108
105
120
100
120
no
100
5
120
120
125
xoo
130
130
SOUTH EAST GEORGIA
100 120 100 100 150 100

100 100 105 no 105
120
Chnhm 102 97
Clinch 107 107 103 105 IOI 97 100 96 Z02 IOI
Coffee 104


150 125 120 no no 100 100 100
no
122




102 118 102 104 100 108 103 120
RECAPITULATION
87 94 94 93 IOI 116 122 118 5 Il8 IOO 98 IO3 IO3 Z02 I05 IO7 I06 I08 I04 I02 IO4 IO3 IOO IOO 168 no 106 105 108 102 104 105 122 103 109


120
93 I20 102 IO7 102 108 102 T12
IC169
CROP REPORT1882
TABLE No 2Synopsis of Weather Reports for fuly 1882
NORTH GEORGIA
MIDDLE GEORGIA
SOUTHWEST GEORGIA
EAST GEORGIA
SOUTHEAST GEORGIA
Temperature Rainfall
STATIONS E 9 S s a s i ui V J3 a Q 0
84 89 83 88 89 90 58 68 60 48 60 710 746 753 737 707 770 625 400 454 7J3 5Jo 435
H
i
Mt Airy
Rabun Gap 3
9

87 59 73 7 523
3

9 95 95 60 54 67 761 766 808 612 470 35 12
6

Oxford 9 98 95 63 70 776 800 800 680

11
63 787 564

94 66 798 915 17
92 70 790 3 95


93 68 794 6 55 11
90 65 795 35



90 65 795 35o 9
Brunswick
Walthourville
Means
Means for State

S10
809
785
832
295
563DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
170
NOTES FROM CORRESPONDENTS
NORTH GEORGIA
Banks CountySeasons as good as could be desired Corn crops never better
Cotton small Fruiting well Stand bad Farmers are commencing sowing
oats The outlook is favorable generally
I never saw crops improve as rapidly as they have since last report Cotton
with a late fall may make say 90 per cent but unless it is unusually late it
cannot go over 75 per cent Corn particularly upland is the best I ever saw
The stalk is very low but well eared Melons are finefully 120 per cent
Condition of the cotton crop has improved greatly during July looking
healthier Corn is the best I ever saw it Farmers are sowing oats The last
of July and the first of August is the best time to sow to keep from freezing
out
Crops are growing faster and looking better than we thought they could
possibly do The outlook is encouraging We are now looking forward to
sowing our turnips also fall oats Some are sowing now as they lay by their
cotton
Bartow County Cotton has been growing rapidly in July Fruiting two
weeks later than usual Too much rain lately for cotton but good weather
throughout August Favorable weather for picking No worms and late frost
would insure a good crop Good corn crop already insured peas and potatoes
also I have fears of rust in cotton this coming fall
Catoom CountyThere was an experiment by plowing cotton last year regu
larly until first picking commenced by a farmer in this county who says it
commenced to open sooner with better yield was easier picked and was clear
of trash grass seed etc Too much rain for cotton Wheat threshing done
Corn good and in good condition
We failed in getting a good stand of cotton but what is left looks fine
We never had better prospects for corn potatoes sorghum and everything else
up to date
Chattooga CountyThe prospect for a good corn crop is better than has been
for fifteen years Cotton is thin on the land but I believe will make near a
full crop Everything looks booming If the seasons continue everything will
be full even to the old horses mules cows and hogs There are no hungry
peopleall full
The seasons or rains have been so regular and bountiful that I fear some
damage from overfruiting as some stalks of corn have from two to four shootg
and from one to three silks I never saw a better prospect for a bountiful crop
of corn than we have this year Some think and reasonably too that whole
fields will yield 75 bushels per acre
Cobb CountyCorn better than it has been since the war Some farmers will171
CROP REPORT1882
make from 20 to 50 bushels per acre Cotton two weeks later than last year
owing to cool weather in the spring Too much rain for cotton We need
sunshine Farmers will be in better condition this year than any year since the
war German carp put in ponds in December measuring 2J to 4 inches long now
measure 10 to 14 inches long
With a late fall we will have a big cotton crop yet In using composts
farmers should calculate the cost of labor in making and applying It is vastly
greater than guano In fact it will amount to as much as the cost or nearly
so as the materials used
Damson CountyIn this county rains have been partialsome portions plen
ty of rain throughout the summer other portions being very dry Rains are
now general and the prospect for a good corn crop is very fine
Corn sorghum and sweet potatoes were never more promising Cotton is
growing but bad stand and full three weeks later than usual Farmers have
become convinced about fall seeding of rustproof oats Some are now sowing
Floyd County Owing to the quantity of rain cotton is running too much
to weed and there is some sign of beach rust on sandy gravelly soils I notice
where it is manured with lot manure it is better fruited than where manured
with commercial fertilizers Corn looks splendidly The increased area planted
and the high seasons had insures a splendid crop Never were the farmers more
favored and blessed than this year Their labors have been liberally rewarded
Forsyth CountyBy careful experiments I am convinced that raw materi
als such as cotton seed and stable manure are much more valuable for the
present crop when composted with acids that it is best not to pasture fall
sown oats later than the first of March that purplestraw wheat is best adapted
to this part of the State that Burt oats matures earlier than any other and are
so far rustproofdo not yield as good crop as the red rustproof Quite a
number of fishponds being prepared most of which will be stocked with Ger
man carp For permanent prosperity among the agricultural portion of our
population the prospect is better than at any time since 1860
Gordon CountyThe seasons during the month have been good Cotton is
defective in stand caused by cold in May and about a week later than usual
Some small experiments are being made with upland rice It looks well but
late The small experiments with stock beets are encouraging
Cotton is improving wonderfully of late ten to fifteen days late smaller
than usual but full of fruit July crop half if favorable seasons and August
crop full it will reach full average Rains in time for corn and a full crop
may be expected Outlook now for full crop encouraging for corn cotton and
other crops
Owinnett CountyHaving rain every day more or less Cotton fruiting well
Twelve and onehalf per cent less in area and ten per cent less in condition
while corn is 25 per cent over average in area and 25 per cent in condition
Hear of some that will make 75 bushels per acre If seasons last an over
whelming crop of corn will be made
Will not the Department furnish a cheap and reliable method of putting up
green corn snap beans etc for winter use Such information with proper
details would be invaluable to the farmers
The most reliable process is by drying the vegetables in the evaporators used10
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
172
for evaporating fruit All of the fruits and vegetables may be evaporated in
this way and preserved without difficulty for use in winter All that is needed
is to replace the water and the fruits or vegetables are as good as fresh
Haralson CountyCotton is better on red than on gray land and on rolling
land than level Old farmers say that if the seasons continue that there will
be as much corn made in this county as was made the last two years on account
of the condition and increased acreage
Hart CountyThe seasons have been all that could be desired and corn as
good as the land can make Cotton is late and may be injured by excessive
wet Prospects generally are better than for ten years
Murray CountySome cotton has too much weed and is fruiting too late
unless frost shall come late Corn is very fine upon high land Low land has
been too wet Upon the whole crops are better than for the last fifteen years
Pickens CountyIt cannot be said that Pickens has suffered so far on ac
count of drought Upland corn very good about made Bottom good except
low wet bottom it is somewhat injured by so much rain as we have had rain
in abundance since the 15th of July The prospect for cotton is far better than
last report It is growing rapidly and fruiting heavily but is some two weeks
later than usual Melons generally are doing well but a little later than com
mon
Polk CountyCom crop unusually good Cotton was checked up by cold
dry weather in early spring but is growing very fast now The stand is too
bad for it to possibly make a good crop A good fall is the only hope Farm
ers are very hopeful taking it altogether
Walker County Too much rain for cotton not fruiting well plenty of
weed Corn overshooting Plenty of rain to date
Rustproof oats are in great demand The very few sown succeeded when
others were destroyed by rust
The Burt oats and garden seeds you sent me did well The Dallas wheat
did better tLan any other variety It increased my crop twentyfive per cent
The corn prospect is better than for twenty years
MIDDLE GEORGIA
Bibb CountyCorn already made Crop best in ten years if not since 1865
Cotton quite sorry and no possible conditions will make anything like an aver
age crop Hogs are being pushed rapidly Farmers trying to make as much
meat as possible rom what few hogs they have Sowing turnips has com
menced
Butts CountyThe army worm has made its appearance in this portion of thfr
county and is doing considerable damage to the grasses
Campbell CountyThe seasons have been fine Stock in better condition than
in several years past The stock law a great benefit to the people Many now
in favor of it who once opposed it
The cotton weed as large as common but not well fruited on account of
fast growth and too much rain this month Too much grass all of two weeks
later than usual blooming If the fall is late and August favorable there may be
an average crop173
CROP REPORT1882
11
Corn on low bottom lands badly drowned out though the upland is enough
over an average to make up the deficit Cotton on sandy bottom sorry on ac
count of cool spring and wet summer On red land good
Carroll County Better outlook for the farmer than any year since the war
Cotton is looking badly Large enough but filling badly and taking the rust
Has a sickly spotted appearance A large crop of wheat and oats will be sown
this fall
Since my last report the seasons have been good Too much rain for last
two weeks Corn was never better and as we have a larger acreage than for
years I think our county will make a large surplus Cotton is heavy loaded
with fruit and promises an abundant crop
Clarke CountyCotton was for a time small for the season It is now grow
ing and fruiting well although rains are excessive in some sections The pres
ent condition is equal to an average Corn I have put down at 125 yet I believe
it is 50 per cent above any crop we have raised for a number of years
The seasons in this county as fine as could be desired Everything growing
finely and farmers in good spirits
Too much rain in this immediate section Five weeks drought in and
around Athens during June and July Composted cotton ahead of guano Past
urage better than for six years past Farmers generally working their cotton
this date August 1st Fifteen barrels corn are expected by some on bottoms
Coweta CountyThe carp sent me last year have hatched and the small fry
seem to be doing finely There is some complaint in the county of black rust
on cotton but cannot tell the extent of damage
DeKalb County July seasons have been good Cotton late and backward up
to June 20th since then growing rapidly fruiting well Corn was never more
promising than present crop all report upland as good as it can make bottom
lands fine Our county will make a full supply this year Pasturage in an out
the best that has been for a number of years Hog crop very light
Elbert CountyWith the increased acreage in corn this year and good sea
sons the prospect for a heavy harvest is better than I have seen since the war
Fayette CountyIn some localities late bottom corn has been entirely des
troyed by the worms two different species one that eats all the folder from the
stalk another that eat the top or bud entirely up attacking it from the smallest
size up to that in bunch to tassel Several complain of firing of bottom leaves
of cotton dont know whether it is rust or not No damage as yet
Greene CountyThe real condition of cotton is not so goo 1 as it appears
to the causal observer Picking will be fully twenty days later than last year
Jones CountyThe last rains are rather too much for cotton and on the
sandy lands will be considerably injured without hot sunshine during the next
two weeks The corn crop is the finest I ever saw in old Jones Do urge the
farmers to save all the hay and other forage for cattle in winter we lose im
mensely in that respect every year
Lincoln County The whether has been too cool for cotton until the 20th of
July since when the plant has developed rapidly and now looks vigorousand
healthy though small for the season yet but there has been no rust or shedding
of consequence up to this date On the whole the outlook is favorable Alt12
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
174
food crops are over an average and notwithstanding the cool weather sugar
cane is likely to be a success in this county and will be increased in acreage
next year
Meriwether CountyOur farmers are now taking rest and rejoicing over their
good average crops Should they not be very busy in trying to make prepara
tions for another year and save some of these guano bills that will soon take in
so much of the profits of the cotton crop
Putnam County Planters are successful which indicates good crops The
county will raise more corn this year than the two past years combined besides
50 per cent more syrup potatoes and other small crops Crops of all kinds are
better than they have been for years
Farmers should increase their acreage in sweet potatoes fully 100 per cent
they being so easy to grow and of such great benefit to man and beast
Spnlding County There never was such com crops made in this county a
there are the present season Our old lands that we have been gathering from
five to seven bushels per acre heretofore will make from fifteen to twenty bush
els per acre this year There will be a larger area in turnips this year than ever
before The farmers are enthusiastic in regard to the supply crops this season
Taliaferro CountyThe seasons during July have been unusually favorable
both for corn and cotton The latter at the beginning cf the month was small
owing to the cool weather in May and June but it is now little if any behind
an average at this season Upland corn is made and is fine Should the sea
sons favor late corn on bottoms there will be little need of importing corn to
this country next year if farmers will make good sowings of wheat and oats I
hope your Department will urge upon them to do this Our people are now
having a little taste of independence for the first time in many years and it is
very pleasant
Troup CountySeasons favorable crops fine An average of 120 per cent
compared to a medium crop beginning with the wheat and oat crop and ending
with the corn and cotton crop without future disaster including the supplemen
tary crops of millet peas potatoes and vegetables of the garden Fruit crop
never excelled peach trees injured by being broken down by overload of fruit
The melon crop abundant A bright future and a happy people
We are having too much rain for cotton causing very large weed though
no shedding of fruit as yet ome signs of rust on low lands
Caterpillars appeared about the 15th in large numbers along the northeast
ern oelt of the county some farms being exempt Black rust is reported on
many farms The borer has also appeared but has done but little harm thus far
Walton County Portions of the county were dry through July and have not
an average crop while the remainder is above an average on all crops except
cotton and that seems to be doing as well at this time as could be desired but
will evidently require a late fall to secure a good crop
The matured crops are better than they have been in 25 years as to corn
more planted seasons good prospects good as heart could desire where the
lands have been well cultivated as to cotton the spring was remarkable cold and
the weed is growing finely
Warren CountyThere will be more corn made in this county than for years175
CROP REPORT1882
13
But in some sections the oft repeated and heavy rains have made it impossible
to clean the cotton crops and they will be laid by in grass hence the crops in
such sections will be necessarily cut short But in other sections where there
has been less rain the cotton is as good as the land can make
People are gradually waking up te the importance of more small grain and
forage crops and also green pastures for winter grazing
The cotton crop is at least two weeks later than last yearthe weed small
had very heavy rains for the last two weeksthe ground so wet it cant be
worked
SOUTHWEST GEORGIA
Baker CountyWithin the last ten days rust has made its appearance and
spread over onethird of the cotton observed Spots of land very heavily fer
tilized with homemade composts alone show no signs of rust
It has been contended by planters that rust in cotton was caused by a want
of humus in the soil Last year it was the theory that the extreme hot dry
weather caused it This year it has rained until our barefooted children all have
the toeitch and yet our cotton has rusted badly and that too on our newest
and best lands Now Mr Commissioner what causes the rust We must
know the cause before we can apply the remedy
It is pretty generally agreed among scientific agriculturists that rust in cotton
is caused by defective nutritiona deficiency of one or more ingredients of
plant food During a very dry season the deficiency is more manifest from the
want of water to dissolve the meagre supply On the other hand when a wet
season occurs the deficient elements are too much diluted The ingredient
needed is thought to be generally potash and the results of experiments in
the use of potash manures on lands disposed to rust strongly favor this view
Commissioner
Berrien The corn crop in this county is the best I ever saw If the seasons
continue good we will be independent so far as provisions are concerned
Cotton promises good
BrooksThe rains for the months of June and July have been very exces
sive All crops have done well except cotton I notice signs of rust on almost
all old land especially where commercial fertilizers have been used
ClayCorn is as good as land in cultivation can make There will be plenty
to supply all demand for another year Cotton is making great show of weed
as it has been raining every day for a week On light lands it is throwing off its
forms while rust in small spots has appeared We are fearful of the finale
Crawford Crops generally are fine A few farms too wet and as is always
the case a few are overcropped
DoolyThe weather for the last ten days has been too wet for cotton and the
rust has made its appearance in several places but has done no damage yet but
the prospect is that it will do some if the weather continues rainy
We are having too much rain for cotton causing it to shed its fruit and
producing rust The damage will be great especially on old gray lauds
DoughertyThe seasons up to July 20th were favorable since then very
heavy rains causing cotton to shed its young bolls and forms badly and causRust is making its
14 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA Q176J
ing arapid growth and rotting the bolls drowning out the bottoms and favor
ing caterpillars which have appeared in cotton fields in considerable numbers
Corncrop the best for years Potato and pea crops very promising Com
plaint ofrust in light soils but well fruited with grown bolls Sugarcane very
fine
BarlyWe had a deluge of rain in the last ten days of July amounting to
7 516inches for the month No material damage is thought to be done to crops
except where water is standing on cotton or potatoes and may continue to stand
Rust has appeared and may do considerable damage
HoustonQuestions 9th and 10th The seasons have been variable Some por
tions of the county suffering for rain while other portions suffering with too
much in both cases I report damage at 15 per cent
On all light lands the weed is small and especially so when tco much rain has
fallen On red and stiff lands weed large enough but not well fruited
There will have to be great improvement if cotton makes an average crop
with us
Farmers will come nearer having a boom this year than at any time within
ten years The only drawback is they are behind from last years operations
All crops above an average except cotton which did not grow off so well in
early summer but is now doing better and promises to make a fair yield
LowndesCotton is dropping its fruit more than usual
appearance
MaeonAug 2nd Very rainy today We are fearful the cotton crop wil1
be injured by too much rain 1 hear of some rust in cotton on this side east
Flint river I am now visiting in section of Montezuma aud find excellent
crops The people have great cause to rejoice at the fine crop prospects and
should be thankful to our great benefactor the Lord of the harvest
MarionTo show the necessity for a doglaw I will give the exploits of two
dogs One of them a hound killed thirteen goats for his owner aud seven
sheep for me in February last The owner a boy when required to kill him
refused to do so but sold him to a freedman for twenty bushels of cotton seed
He was carried twenty miles and being fat and sleek was bought by another
freedman and brought back on my own place All my sheep had been sent off
to pasture two miles away and the freedman agreeing to pay all damages out
of his wages I let him stay
We had about ninety turkeys hatched in the spring They began disappearing
when turned out of the coops and we discovered a neighbors dog killing them
which reduced them to thirtyfive About ten days ago they began disappearing
again and in four days twenty four halfgrown turkeys were lost in this way
Randolph We have had to much rain for cotton We will not complain
for all other crops are the best in ten years We have commenced pulling fod
der and it is now threatening rain
Early cotton was injured by lice and cold nights but it has recovered and is
doing well late cotton looks belter than the old If the worms do not attack it a
large crop will be made Corn better than since the war I have planted four
acres up land rice it is very good I think will make thirty or forty bushels to177
CROP REPORT1882
15
the acre am endeavoring to introduce its culture think it will be more profitable
than cotton
Taylor County Good rains have fallen in some part of the county almost
every day this month Cotton was injured by the cold weather in May and June
and is now having too much rain Corn is fine Peas potatoes and cane ditto
Terrell County Rust is spreading on gray and sandy land and will shorten
cotton crop to some extent
Thomas CountyThe prospect for cotton has been very materially changed
for the worst within the last ten days Some fodder has been pulled I think
the yield of corn will be better than stated in the June report Have never been so
many sweet potatoes planted and doing well
Worth CountyWe have had and are having too much rain We have the
cotton caterpillar also rustsome red and some black Cottcn crop of this
section will not be over 60 per cent of an average crop An exjess of rain has
helped to propagate the caterpillar Colored farm labor is scarce and hard to
get and several in places have quit their crops and gone to railroads and turpen
tine distilleries where they command as high as 2600 per month or four
weeks
EAST GEORGIA
Emanuel CountyThe oat crop can be increased in point of yield at least 20
percent by drilling seed in rows and running a sweep one time between the
rows in latter part of March It is also a good saving in seed
Jefferson CountySix or seven years ago I commenced applying to a piece of
worn land30 acres100 to acid phosphate 100 to cotton seed and from 100 to
500 to scrapings from open lot and woodyard composted to the acre When I
began the land would not produce more than 350 pounds seed cotton per acre
For the past several years it has made 750 pounds and this year will yield from
1000 to 1200 pounds per acre I alternated with corn and one year sowed it
down in oats On the balance of my plantation I used persistently 100 pounds
superphosphate per acre and usually made about 400 to 500 pounds seed cotton
This year 1 have applied compost as above on all my crops of cotton at 3 per
cent less cost and my crop400 acresis 25 per cent better at this writing than
any I have ever made If planters will litter their stalls open lots and cow lots
and pig stys now and fill again the 1st of November and try acid phosphate
composted one year they will never pay 4000 again for a ton of superphos
phate Composting only two weeks before using and exposed to drenching
ramsprovided the compost heap is covered several inches with scrapings fr m
the lot or rich earthhas done as well as composting put up six to eight weeks
under shelter and I prefer the short time
Too early yet to estimate the damage from rust It has made its ap
pearance two weeks earlier than usual There is a fair crop of bolls already
on the cotton and I hope the damage will be slight The seasons have
been all that could be desired during July
Laurens CountyThe seasons through July have been fine except a few
localities Rust has commenced to make its appearance generally Cater
pillars reported to be on one plantation Cotton is looking fine now but is
fifteen or twenty days later than usual in boiling and if rust and worms
become general would greatly injure the crop16
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
17gj
s Cotton on the red lands of the county is above an average but the
spring being so backward and so much rain since that on sandy lands it is
rather poor
Talnall countyShort cotton is shedding freely caused either by frequent
and heavy rains or a few intensely hot days
The cotton seed sent out by the Department are thus far a success
The general crop prospect is the best in twenty years The people talk of
their good crops good schools etc but ignore politicsa good sign
SOUTHEAST GEORGIA
ClinchFarmers should begin to look after their hogs and get them
around home and feed them on green corn as it is better to start them than
old corn Hogs should be taken up by the 15th of August and fed well ten
or fifteen days before they are put in fields to fatten If the weather is very
warm and dry they should not be confined to the field but allowed to have
free access to plenty of cool water in a cool shady branch during the day
and carried to the field at night Hogs should not be allowed to drink from
a trough or hole while fattening
July seasons with a few local exceptions have been good More peasr
potatoes and chufas have been planted this year than before Many farmers
are sowing peas to turn under for manurial purposes Can the Department
furnish us any information as to management of summer planting of Irish
potatoes Hog cholera prevalent Also chickens are affected with warts
on eyes
Fall Crop of Irish PotatoesIn reply to the above inquiry either
plant the potatoes in the usual way after seasoning them in a cool dry
place for two weeks and mulch heavily or bed the small ones last of July
or early in August where they can be conveniently watered
When the sprouts appear above ground take up potato and sprout and
transplant If two sprouts appear on one potato cut between then and
plant This has bten successfully practiced here for several years
CoffeeThe best way and time to sow oats in Southeast Georgia Sow
stock peas all you can until the middle of August where you expect to
sow oats Sow a part of your oat crop in September Sow some in Octo
ber and the remainder the first of Jauuary
The Jackson corn sent from the Department is a success It is ten days
earlier than my white gourd seed corn and will turn out fifty bushels to
the acre
GlynnThe area in sweet potatoes has been largely increasedprobably
four times what was planted last year The cow pea has been planted ex
tensively for manure for oats This crop is being doubled in area every
year
LibertyA tin box secured to each plow filled with gum from pine tree
and lard or tallow equal parts applied to mould board and land side with
brush or even a piece of cloth as the team is taken from the plow saves
time and annoyance when starting it again During a single night the plow
rusts aud needs cleaninggreased it will keep brightSpecial Circular No 2i
New Series
REPORT OF GROWING CROPS ETC FOR THE MONTH
OF AUGUST 1882
RETURNABLE SEPTEMBER 1st 1882
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
Atlanta Ga August 12th 1882
Dkah Sik Please answer the following questions on the I St day of
September ir a few days before if necessary and mail promptly so
that your report may reach this office by the Third of September
Answer every question that will admit of it in numbers indicating per
cent
An AVERAGE CROP or AVERAGE CONDITION or anything
with which comparison is made is always taken as IOO Thus it
the corn crop at any time is 10 per cent better than last year or
lO per cent wetter than an average it should he reported as 110 in
each case and il10 per cent below these standards it should be
00 Never report 10 per cent better or 10 per cent worse but
110 or 00 as the case may be So avoid vague comparisons such
as some better hardly so good above an average etc
In making up your answers let them apply to the whole county in which
you reside or as far in every drectioa as your knowledge may extend not
simply to your own farm
If a crop about which questions are asked is not grown in your county
use the character X If you have not sufficient data to make an approxi
mate estimate leave the space blank Very respectfully
J T HENDERSON
Commissioner of Agriculture
I For what county do you report county
II Your name
III Tour postoffice 1 Cotton
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA I80
CONDITION AND PROSPECT COMPARED TO AN AVERAGE OF
percent
2 Com
3 Sugarcane
4 Field Peas
6 Sweet Potatoes
8 Sorghum
7 Chufas
8 Rice yield of compared to an average
9 Turnips acreage compared to last year
10 Stand compared to average
11 What casualty has affected cotton since 1st August i
per cent
pei cent
per cent
percent
per cent
percent
per cent
per cent
per cent
per cent
12 Extent nf injury from this or other causes i
per cent
STATISTICS OP FRUIT AND VEGETABLE CULTURE FOR MARKET
In response to a resolution adopted by the Georgia State Horticultural Society at its recent con
Tention held at Macon requesting the Commissioner of Agriculture to collect statistics of the
shipment cf fruit and vegetables the following questions are asked the correspondents of the
Department
Tou are respectfully requested to give them your careful consideration If you have not the
necessary miormation please seek the assistance of market gardeners fruit growers and trans
portation agents in answering these questions
13 What vegetables are grown for market in your county
14 How many bushels of all kinds have been shipped from your county this
year
16 To what markets have the shipments been principally made181 QUESTIONS FOR AUGUST CROP REPORT
16 How many acres are devoted to market gardening in yonr county 1
17 Has it proved profitable f
18 What are the prii cipal obstacles to maiket gardening in yonr county
19 What fr uits are grown for market in yonr county
0 Which kind has proved most profitable
21 How many bushels of fruit of all kinds have been shipped from your county this year f
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
81
32
83

How many of pears
How many of peaches P
How many pounds of grapes
How many quarts of strawberries
How many acies are planted in peaches and plums in your county f
How many in apples and pears
How many in grapes
How many in strawberries
How many watermelons have been shipped from your county this year
How many acres are planted in watermelons in your county
How many in cantaloupes f
What are the principal obstacles to fruit culture for market in your county 1DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA I2
34 Are the rates of transportation of fruits and vegetables from your county to Northern and East
ern markets satisfactory M
35 What rates have been paid on vegetables and fruits to the principal markets this season ML
36 Wnat per cent of the shipments of fruit and vegetables have reached their destination in a
d maged condition
37 Is this due mainly to imperfect packing or to careless handling by ihe transportation com
panies
38 What in your opinion would be the increase in acreage devoted to market gardens orchards
and vineyards in 18S3 if the rates were reduced to onehalf those charged this season

39 Give the names and post office addr esses of the principal market gardeners and f i nit growers in
your county

REMARKS
Under this head report any facts of general interest to the farmers or any val liable or instructive
experiments or suggestions for the benefit of farmers Snch remarks should be pointed conciw
and plainly written

I
I
ICircular No ji
New Series f
CROP REPORT
FOR THE MONTH OF AUGUST 1882
Beturned to the Department of Agriculture September 1st 188
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
Atlanta Ga September ioth 1882
GENERAL COMMENTS
COTTON
August has been emphatically a wet month and consequently very unfavor
able to the healthy growth and fruitage of the cotton plan whiehTeHght Tn a
comparably dry climate and a full share of sunshine The moist weaL
which has prevaled throughout the month of August over the entire State
with the exception of a single county fStewart where drouth is reported as
nduced an unusual growth of weed without corresponding fruitage has acih
tated the propagation of thebollworm and has caused nfst on aH Hght sa dy
os resultmg m an injury to the crop of 7 per cent Rust is rep n d on
sandy sods m a large number of counties of Middle Georgia in some in North
Sof r acs4enerally prevailing in other sections of tL state to thl s
Indeed so general is the prevalence of rust in the southern half of the State
that the approach of the caterpillar in force is neither expected nor dreaded
The growth of weed is so great in Middle and North Georgia that the de
strucuon of the leaves by the caterpillar would likely prove Lvantag 0us in
admitting the sun to the bolls and thus hastening maturity
The condition of the cotton crop of the State September 1st compared to an
average condition at the same date was 98 in North Georgia 84 m M ddle
X ot mThTvest orgia91 in East Georgia8r d s
Georgla 92 The low condtion in North Georgia and East Georgia compared2
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
184
With that of Middle and Southwest Georgiathe two sections which produce
the bulk of the crop of the Statereduces the general average below the truth
Making due allowance for the greater area and production of these two sec
tions the average for the State would be not less than 90
The crop is reported in many counties fronr three to four weeks late and
hence it is still largely dependent upon the weather and the date of the first
killing frost
CORN
The corn crop is unusually fine in every section of the State indeed where
it has been properly cultivated it is as good as the land is capable of producing
In North Georgia it is compared to pn average crop 116 in Middle Georgia
122 in Southwest Georgia 118 in East Georgia 125 and in Southeast Geor
gia 112 In the whole State 120 This is thirtysix per cent higher than
last year The weather has been exceedingly unfavorable for saving fodder in
consequence of the continued rains throughout the month of August Farmers
should select seed for the next crop fronr the stalk in the field Much depends
upon proper selection of seed
SUGAR CANE
This crop is being gradually introduced further north Many farmers ir
Middle Georgia are now cultivating it on creek bottom lands with very satisfac
tory results ft is reported in two counties of North Georgia where it is 100 com
pared to an average crop
In Middle and Southwest Georgia it is 109 in East Georgia I Pi in South
east Georgia 107 and in the whole State 109
FIELD PEAS
An unusually large area has been planted in this valuable crop both for the
purpose of harvesting the seed and for improving the soil
The evidence of better appreciation of this crop by the farmers of the State
as manifested by their practice thS year is very gratifying to ail who realize the
importance of improving our soils We have no plant which is so valuable for
this purpose as tine corn field pea Farmers are earnestly advised to harvest a
Sufficient quantity of seed peas not only for use during winter at home to give
variety to the food of their stock but an abundant supply of seed for next
years planting Any surplus which may be on hand in the spring will find
ready sale at remunerative prices
It is very difficult to cure the vines for hay if cut before a portion of the peas
have ripened Even then very careful management is necessary to prevent the
loss of the leaves in curing To avoid this the vines should be exposed as
Tittle as possible to the sun They may be thrown up in very small cocks so
small in diameter as to admit of free circulation of air through them and as early
as they will admit of it they should be spread in thin layers in an airy barn If
the barn is not available rail pens may be built in the field and the vines placed
upon rails or poles laid across at intervals of two feet commencing one footLI 85
CROP REPORT18S2
from the ground The whole should be covered with straw stalks or plank to
shed the water from the vines
Compared to an average the crop is reported in North Georgia 104 in Midde
Georgia 112 in Southwest Georgia 108 in East Georgia in in Southeast
Georgia 99 and in the whole State 108
SWEET POTATOES
The growth of both vines and tubers is unusually fine The area planted is
large and the crop very promising If moist weather continues the potato will
continue to grow and cause risk of rotting A portion of the vines may now
be cut and fed to milch cows and pigs with advantage to the potatoes as well as
to the stock
If the potato does not mature before frost those who have evaporators are
advised to dry a portion of the crop and pack them away securely in a dry
room m boxes or stout paper bags for use next spring or for sale if not needed
at home
After washing thoroughly they may be sliced and dried in the same way that
apples and peaches are Nearly every variety of vegetables may also be evap
orated and stored for winter use more cheaply and with less risk of spoiling
than when canned Okra and tomatoes may be thus preserved for use during
the winter in that delicious and peculiarly Southern dish gumbo
Sweet potatoes are reported in North Georgia 109 compared to an average
in Middle Georgia 114 in Southwest Georgia 110 in East Georgia 117 in
Southeast Georgia 112 and in the whole State 113
This is a very certain crop easily produced and ordinarily easily kept in the
Southern States It is exceedingly valuable as food for both man and stock It
is more easily produced than turnips in our climate and far more nutritious
SORGHUM
Though less popular than formerly in this State still receives considerable at
tention and proves a profitable crop The use of the Early Amber variety en
ables the cotton planter to manufacture his syrup before cotton picking demands
his undivided attention
It is reported 104 in North Georgia in Middle Georgia ic6 in Southwest
Georgia tor in East Georgia 102 in Southeast Georgia 103 and in the
whole State 104
CHUFAS
This crop is confined principally to Southwest and East Georgia though cul
tivated to a limited extent in Middle and Southeast Georgia Eight counties in
Middle Georgia report the crop at 103 three counties in Southeast Georgia
report 105 In Southwest Georgia it is 106 in East Georgia m and in the
whole State 108 Only one county in North Georgia reports them cultivated4 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 186
RICE
Is reported in Middle Georgia 98 in Southwest Georgia 104 in East Georgia
107 in Southeast Georgia 101 and in the whole State 102 Owing to the
drouth last year less upland rice than usual has been planted this season
TURNIPS
The acreage in this crop has not been increased by the favorable seasons as
much as was expected In North Georgia compared to that of last year the
acreage is 100 in Middle Georgia it is 102 in Southwest Georgia 100 in
East Georgia 104 in Southeast Georgia 101 and in the whole State 101
Thestcuid compared to an average is In North Middle and Southeast Geor
Gia 102 in Southwest Georgia and East Georgia 97 In the whole State it is
100 or an average stand
The army worm has appeared again in many localities in large numbers and
has seriously injured pastures and in some instances eaten the blades from the
corn Fortunately their duration of life in the larva state which is the destructive
stage is short so that the intervals between the successive crops or genera
tions enables the grass to put forth and renew the pastures The moist
summer has been quite favorable to the propagation of insects injurious to veg
etation
Rust has very seriously injured cotton on sandy soils One correspondent
from Brooks county says The cotton crop has been cut off from 20 to 25
per cent by rust and boll worm Another from the same county says There
have been some experiments with kainit as a preventive of rust in cotton which
have proved successful The kainit was applied at the rate of 200 pounds
per acre
If the theory now generally received that rust in coton results from a defi
ciency of plant food in the soil to sustain the plant and its fruit is correct and
it is further true that sandy soils are generally deficient in potash the applica
tion of kainit supplied the deficient element and maintained the plant in a
healthy condition Many planters in South Carolina claim that kainit prevents
rust in cotton It is not cjstly furnishes potash in a desirable form besides
supplying magnesia and common salt and no doubt will prove a beneficial ap
plication to the pine lands of Southern Georgia
The tabulated statements are omitted in this report on account of the space
occupied by the proceedings of the State Horticultural Society
The attention of the farmers of the State is specially invited to these pro
ceedings as embracing the results of the experience of the best informed prac
tical fruitrowers of the State
Those whodesire to purchase fruit trees or vines will find the catalogue of
fruits an invaluable guideD873 CROP REPORT18S2 5
FRUIT PRODUCTION AND SHIPMENTS
Only a few counties responded definitely to the questions relating to the pro
duction and shipment of fruit and vegetables on account of the difficulty in
securing accurate information Indeed the reports are so meagre that their
consolidation would do great injustice to the industry Some of the counties
principally engaged in the production of both fruit anl vegetables for market
have made no reports at all The reports from a few counties are given here
that some idea may be formed of what is being done in a few localities in which
interest has been awakened
Dade county reports 2000 bushels of peaches sold 2000 pounds grapes and
5000 quarts strawberries besides smaller quantities of other products
The following rates were paid on fruit shipped by express from Rising Fawn
in Dade county
To Cincinnati O
t T 225 per too pounds
To New York fo 0
To Chattanooga Tenn75
To Savannah Ga 2
To Atlanta Ga ii co
Owing to the high charges on green fruit large quantities have been evapo
rated
Complaint is made of heavy losses by the stoppage of daily mail facilities to
Lookout Mountain
Fulton county finds sale for the bulk of her products in Atlanta The follow
ing shipments to other markets are reported viz Pear 200 bushels peaches
1500 bushels grapes 2000 pounds and strawberries 1 500 quarts
Spaiding county reports shipments of 38917 bushels of fruit 5237 of which
were evaporated pears 160 bushels peaches 36737 bushels 10000 pounds
grapes and 6000 watermelons
The average rates paid on shipments were 275 per 100 pounds
Richmond county reports shipments of 90000 watermelons
Thomas county reports shipment of 1200 bushels LeConte pears 1 500
worth of strawberries principally by one party and 60 car loads of water
melons Rates to the Northeast reported satisfactory from this county100
per 100 pounds average
Chatham county reports 600 bushels pears and 20000 watermelons
Lowndes county has shipped 350000 watermelons
Wilkinson county shipped 1850 bushels peaches and 3 000 watermelons
It is regretted that full reports could not be received on this important sub
ject
Very Respectfully j T HENDERSON
Commissioner of AgricultureDEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
188
TABLE No 2Synopsis of Weather Reports for August 1882
NORTH GEORGIA
Ellerslie
Gainesville
Mossy Creek
Mt Airy
Rabun Gap
Rome
Weans
STATIONS
Temjteratwe
Rainfall
720
74 2
740
710
770
73 6
MIDDLE GEORGIA
86 87 9 9S 68 66 64 70 760 742 76 0 806 6 87 4 65 670 540 14 16

IS


Oxford 90 95 7 68 770 792 410 485 6
12
91 67 772 533 12
SOUTH WESTGEORGIA
92 66 804 790 4
93 73 810 5 15


Means 92 69 80 7 6 52 3
EAST GEORGIA
Augusta
Ogeechee
Swainsboro
Means
SOUTHEAST GEORGIA

64 785 760
64 785 7 60 8
96 90 72 71 810 83 7 490 437 10

94 71 82 0 426

Qt 66 784 6T6

PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
SEVENTH ANNUAL MEETING
OF THE
lit
4
m4
mwi jptat ottMnml tkty
HELD IN MACON GA
Tuesday and Wednesday August ist and 2nd 1882
Chaptered July 14th 1876
Organized August 16th 1876
REORGANIZED UNDER NEW CHARTER AUGUST 1ST 1883APPLICATION FOR CHARTER
State of Georgia
Fulton County
To the Superior Court of said county
The petition of P J Berckmans T L Kinsey Wm H Howell H H
Cary John A Cobb David C Barrow Jas A Mason James Sneed W P
Robinson A J Yates W W Woodruff J W Wheatley J P H Brown W
B Jones W W Thompson D H Elliott J C Harman Moses Cole J C
Bucher Samuel Hape H H Sanford John M Stubbs L DeGive and John
D Cunningham respecfully shows that petitioners desire to be incorporated
under the name and style of The Georgia State Horticultural Society The
object and business of said Society shall be to promote and encourage the
science of Horticulture in all its branches and to hold annual or semiannual
fairs or exhibitions at such places within the State of Georgia as may be de
termined upon Petitioners further pray that in lieu of capital stock and stock
holders they their associates and successors be allowed to elect from time to
time Fuitable persons as members of said Society and to receive donations of
real and personal property and to assess and collect as dues not more than
three dollars per annum from each member for the maintenance and support
ef said Society and to do any other thing which in their Judgment tends to
foster and encourage said science and to promote the practical application
thereof The principal office for the transaction of the business of said corpor
ation is to be located at Atlanta in said county with such branch offices at the
cities of Macon Augusta and Savannah in said State as may be considered
necessary Petitioners pray that said corporation may have continuous succes
sion for the term of twenty years with the privilege of renewal at the expira
tion of said period
John M Stubbs
John D Cunningham
L DeGive
Petitioners Attorneys
In
fultn superi
Fall Term
or Court
1881 I Petition for Order of Incorporation
It appearing to the Court that the above and foregoing petition has been
recorded and published as required by law it is now upon the hearing of the
same considered ordered and adjudged by the Court that the said P J Berck
mans T L Kinsey Wm H Howell H H Cary John A Cobb David C
Barrow James A Mason James Sneed W P Robinson A J Yates W W
Woodruff J W Wheatley J P H Brown W B Jones W W Thompson
D H Elliott J C Harman Moses Cole J C Bucher Samuel Hape H H
Sanford John M Stubbs L DeGive John D Cunningham their associates and10
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
192
successors be and they are hereby declared a body corporate under the name
and style of The Georgia State Horticultural Society with power in and by
said corporate name to contract and to be contracted with to sue and to be
sued to plead and be impleaded in any court of law or equity and by and
through the members of said Society to elect such members and officers and
to make such bylaws rules and regulations as it may see proper not in con
flict with the Constitution of the United States or the Constitution of the State
of Georgia nor the laws passed thereunder for the assessment and collection
of dues not to exceed three dollars per annum from each member and for car
rying out the purposes of said organization That said Society have power by
and in its corporate name to receive possess and enjoy all property both real
and personal that may be bestowed on it by gift grant purchase or otherwise
for the uses in the foregoing petition mentioned and the same to dispose of for
the advancement of the objects of said Society in any manner it may see proper
and to exercise such other rights and franchises consistent with the objects in
view as are incident to coporations created by the laws of the State of Georgia
This charter to remain of force twenty years with the privilege of renewal at
the expiration of said period This 12th day of October 1881
Geo Hillyer Judge etc
State of Georgia
Fulton County
a I C H
Strong Clerk Superior Court in and for said
County
Do hereby certify that the above and foregoing is a true and correct copy
rf the application for incorporation of The Georgia State Horticultural So
ciety also order granting the same as appears of record in minute book
P pages 631 691 and 2 of Fulton County Records f
Given under my hand and seal of office this 8th day of November 1881
C H Strong Clerk Superior CourtP J BERCKMANS A M
1st
2d
3
4A
Sth
6th
7tk
8th
gth
Congressional District
OFFICERS
PRESIDENT
VICEPRESIDENTS
Dr WB Jones
John Stark
Samuel H Rumph
Dr H H Cary
Dr Samuel Hape
Col E C Grier
Col Geo H Waring
Dr J P H Brown
Gen Wm M Browne
State at largeHon Thos Hardeman jr
SECRETARY AND TREASUREK
Augusta
Herndon
Thomas ville
Marshallville
LaGrange
Atlanta
Griswoldville
Kingston
Augusta
Athens
Macon
T L KIN3EYSavannah
STANDING COMMITTEES
ON fruits
W P Robinson Atlanta
L A Berckmans Augusta
H H Sanford Thomasville
Dr J P H Btown Augusta
A J Williams Yateille
ON SYNONYMS
Dr Samuel Hape Atlanta
J S Newman Atlanta
David Milne Macon
ON PACKING AND SHIPPING FRUIT
Samuel H Rumph Marshallville
ON WINE AND WINK MAKING
John Stark Thomasville
ON METEOROLOGY
J S Newman Atlanta
ON ENTOMOLOGY
Prof J E Willet Macon
ON ORNAMENTAL AND USEFUL
TREES AND FORESTRY
Rev Edwin G Weed Augusta
ON ORNAMENTAL GARDENING
Gen Wm M Browne Athens
ON VEGETABLES
Dr W B Jones Herndon
ON TRANSPORTATION OF FRUIT AND
VEGETABLES
W W Woodruff Griffin
Judge John D Cunningham Atlanta
D H Elliott Jacksonville Fla
H J Peter Macon
J A Mason IrwintonLIST OF MEMBERS OF THE GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL
SOCIETY FOR 1882
Anthony E R Macon Ga
B
Berckmans P J Augusta Ga
Berckmans L A Augusta Ga
Brown J P H Augusta Ga
Browne Gen W M Athens Ga
Battle Rev A J Macon Ga
Bryan Mrs J W Dillon Ga
Blalock A J Barnesville Ga
Boyer M H Sandersville Ga
C
Cary Dr H H LaGrange Ga
Cobb John A Americus Ga
D
Dunlap Dr A S Dayton Ohio
E
Elliott D H Jacksonville Fla
F
Flemming W P Charleston S C
G
Grier E C Griswoldville Ga
Gibson T R Augusta Ga
Gunn U M Macon Ga
H
Hardeman T Jr Macon Ga
Hardeman J L Macon Ga
Henderson T H Macon Gat
Holt A T Bolingbroke Ga
Starowoski A Hawkinsville Ga
Stark John Thomasville Ga
StubbF John M Dublin Ga
T
Thompson W W Smithville Ga
V
Varnadoe L L Thomasville Ga
Varnadoe L A Thomasville Ga
HartridgeA L Savannah Ga
Hopkins M H Louisville Ga
Hape Dr Samuel Atlanta Ga
Harman J C Tennille Ga
J
Jones Dr W B Hsrndon Ga
Jones H P Herndon Ga
Jones H H Macon Ga
Johnson Mark W Atlanta Ga
Jenkins S T Atlanta Ga
K
Keller John Griffin Ga
Kinsey TL Savannah Ga
M
Milne David Macon Ga
Mason J A Irwinton Ga
Mott J H Griffin Ga
N
Newman J S Atlanta Ga
Nisbett R A Macon Ga
P
Parsons W H Sandersville Ga
eter H J Macon Ga
R
lobinson W P Atlanta Ga
oberts H C Griffin Ga
lumph S H Mirshallville Ga
S
anford H H Thomasville Ga
W
Veed Rev E G Augusta Ga
Varing Geo H Kingston Ga
Vheatly J W Americus Ga
Voodruff W W Griffin Ga
vVilliams A J Yatesville Ga
sVillet Prof J E Macoa Ga
Y
Yates A J Barnesville Ga
Crayton Hon B F Anderson S C
Furnass exGov R V Brownsville
Nebraska
Gray Prof Asa Cambridge Mass
Green Mrs C C Clayton Ala
HONORARY MEMBERS
Meehan Thos Philadelphia Pa
Quinn P T Newark N J
Sims Col R M Columbia S C
Thurber Prof Geo New York
Wilder Hon M P Boston MassPROCEEDINGS
FIRST DAYMORNING SESSION
Macon Georgia August ist i88
THE GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY assembled at
10 o clock in the Horticultural Meeting Hall and was called to order by the
Present Mr P J Berckmans of Richmond county The exercises were
opened with prayer by the Rev S S Sweat of Macon
The Mayor of Macon the Hon Felix Corput welcomed the Society not only
to the city but to the homes and firesides of his hospitable people In speak
ing for the Central City he eloquently recognized the endeavors of the Society
n developing the horticultural inteest of the State pledged the support and co
operation of citizens and invited the Society to make its permanent home and
headquarters in Macon
President Berckmans briefly replied with thanks to the address of welcome
and introduced Dr Wm B Jones of Burke
Doctor Jones alluded in pleasant terms to Macon as a geographical and pro
gressive center and complimented its people upon their encouragement of the
Society He thought it important that this good example should be imitated
important for the State and country to encourage agriculture The latest per
centage of people are the working classes and they are too much ignored in
the presence ot wealth and the vast schemes of financial monopolists Europe
and especa ly France has acknowledged the fact that education and encourage
ment of the workers must accompany cultivation of the soil and todav exhihits
the good results of such a policy Napoleon saw this necessity when he said
that France needed educated mothers The new France is being educated and
it is now such a power that in another war France will not stop at Sedan
Practical education he said must accompany the tillage of the soil and it is a
just comphment to the young men that they are depended on for the progress
and buldmg up of their country Dr Jones closed his eloquent addrefs by
renewing thanks to the Mayor and city of Macon
President Berckmans announced the Society ready for business and without
any formal address or special programme at the opening of the session stated
that the first business should be a thorough reorganization of the Society under
the newchaiter obtained by the committee appointed at the last meetine for
that purpose and also a subsequent election of officers and the adoption of a
new Constitution and Bylaws with enlarged power and scope
After some discussion a to the new organization and charter Dr I p H
Brown of Augusta moved the appointment of a committee to draft a suitable
Constitution and Bylaws The motion was adopted and the Chait appointed14
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
196
Messrs J P H Brown H H Cary W B Jones and R A Nisbet On motion
of Dr Hape the President Mr Berckmans was added to the committee The
Society then on motion of Gen Browne took a recess of thirty minutes to allow
the committee time to prepare a report
The committee after the recess reported the following Constitution and By
laws which were unanimously adopted by the Society
CONSTITUTION
Article f The name oi this Association shall be the Georgia State Horti
cultural Society
Art II Its objects shall be the advancement of the sciences of Pomology
Floriculture Arboriculture and Kitchen Vegetable growing
Art III Its members shall consist of Annual and Honorary members who
shall be elected by ballot at the annual or semtannual sessions of the Society
The annual fee shall be 2oo
Art IV The meetings shall be held at such time and place as may be des
ignated by the Society and special meetings may be convened at any time on
the call of the President
Art V Its officers shall consist of a President one VicePresident from
each Congressional District of the State a Secretary and a Treasurer The
President Secretary and Treasurer to be elected by ballot at the regular annual
meeting and to serve until their successors are elected and inaugurated The
VicePresidents all to be elected by ballot at this meetingthose representing
districts having odd numbers to serve one year and those representing the dis
tricts having even numbers to serve two yearsonehalf to be elected each
year thereafter to serve two years
Art VI This Constitution may be amended at any annual meeting by a
twothirds vote of the members present
BYLAWS
1 The President shall preside at all meetings of the Society call meetings of
the Executive Committee and under its direction have a general superintendence
of the affairs of the Society and direction of the expenditures of money He
shall appoint all committees unless otherwise ordered
2 In case of death or inability of the President his official duties shall de
volve upon such one of the VicePresidents as may be elected by ballot
j The VicePresidents shall by correspondence and personal intercourse
with the Fruit Growers and Horticulturists of the various counties of their res
pective districts endeavor to organize local Societies They shall appoint four
members of their Congressional District and with their aid prepare and forward
to the Secretary before or at every annual meeting of the Society such reports
as have immediate connection with the condition of fruits progress in their
cuture new seedling fruits or any other topic relating to Horticultural progress197
CROP REPORT1882
15
in their respective districts These reports to be condensed by the Secretary
for publication
4 The Secretary shall attend to all the correspondence of the Society and
with the aid of a reporter keep a record of the transactions of the meetings and
prepare these for publication subject to the approval of the President He shall
file and preserve all papers and books belonging to the Society
5 The Treasurer shall receive and keep an accurate account of all moneys
belonging to the Society disburse the same on the written order of the Presi
dent which he shall retain and file as vouchers He shall make an annual re
port to the Society 0f the receipts and disbursements which with the vouchers
shall be referred to a special auditing committee appointed at the annual meet
ing Before entering upon his duties he shall give bond to the Society in the
sum of one thousand dollars for the faithful performance of his duties such
bond to be approved by the Executive Committee
6 The Executive Committee shall consist of the President VicePresidents
Secretary and Treasurer They shall subject to the direction of the Society
manage all its affairs
7 The following Standing Committees shall be appointed by the President
immediately after his election or so soon thereafter as practicable
A Standing Fruit Committee consisting of five members It shall be the
duty of this committee to report annually on native and foreign fruits to ex
amine and before the close of the session report on all new seedling fruits that
may be exhibited and to make an ad interim report on those that were exhib
ited in an unripe condition at the meeting of the Society but had subsequently
attained a state of maturity and on such other seedings as may have been sub
mitted to their inspection during the Societys vacation
8 A Standing Committee on Synonyms consisting of three members shall
be appointed annually It shall be their duty to report annually to the Society
at its regular meeting 3
9 Standing Committees to consist of one member each shall be appointed
annually upon the following subjects viz
Meteorology in its relation to Horticulture
Entomology and Ornithology in their relations to Horticulture
Ornamental and useful trees and plants
Ornamental gardening
Kitchen vegetables
Wine making
Packing and shipping fruits and vegetables
io A standing Committee on TransDortation to consist of five members
it Special Committees shall be appointed by the President immediately after
the organization of the annual meeting On peaches on exhibition during the
session on apples pears and miscellaneous fruits on grapes and wines on
vegetables It shall be the duty of these committees to make a full and careful
report upon each and every individual collection on exhibition Noting their
condition and special merits if any also any particular method of cultivation
by which improvements are made evident16
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
198
12 No medal diploma or money shall be awarded by this Society as a testi
monial of excellence for any fruit plant flower or vegetable offered for exhibi
tion The verdict of the Special Committee shall be the highest commendation
of the Society
13 Vacancies occurring in committees shall be filled by the Chairman of each
and in case of his death or inability to serve his place shall be supplied by the
President of the Society
14 No person shall be a member or be allowed to participate in the delibera
tions of the Society who shall not have paid his fee in full before or at the be
ginning of the session of the Society
15 Honorary members shall consist of persons of distinguished merit in hor
ticulture or natural science and nonresidents of Georgia They shall be en
titled to all the privileges of the Society without the payment of annual fees
except upon questions of finance
16 These ByLaws may be altered by a twothirds vote of the members
present
The President stated thit the Society was now acting under its new charter
and requested members and all who desired to connect themselves with the Society
to enroll their names with the Secretary and pay their dues to the Treasurer
After the enrollment which occupied some time the election of officers was
made the first order of business for the afternoon session and the Society then
at noon adjourned until 3 oclock
AFTERNOON SESSION
President P J Berck
At 3 oclock the Society met persuant to adjournment
mans in the chair
ELECTION OF OFFICERS
The Society immediately proceeded with the election of officers
Mr P J Berckmans of Augusta was reelected President by a unanimous
vote and he expressed his thanks most appropriately for the great compliment
and pledged his most earnest and faithful efforts for the promotion of the best
interests of the Society
Mr R A Nisbet nnoved that in electing VicePresidents the delegates from
each Congressional District suggest a name for the approval of the Society
This motion prevailed and after a caucus of districts delegates the following
were nominated and elected VicePresidents by unanimous vote
From the First District Dr W B Jones Herndon
From the Second District John Stark Thomasville
From the Third District Samuel H Rumph Marshallville
From the Fourth District Dr H H Cary LaGrange
From the Fifth District Dr Samuel Hape Atlanta
From the Sixth District Col E C Grier Griswoldville
From the Seventh District Col George H Waring Kingston
From the Eighth District Dr J P H Brown Augusta
From the Ninth District Gen Wm M Browne Athens
From the State at large Hon Thomas Hardeman Jr Macon
mam199
CROP REPORT1882
17
Senary tnd TreasuTe51101111613 UnanimUSy eteed t0 fi the offi of
adpJHCary PreS6nted thefollowigsolution which was unanimously
Resolved That the citizens of Macon and vicinity and particularly the ladies be
nvned to attend the meetingsof this Convention And further TltZoubU
examine the collection of fruits in Browns new store hue andha
the city papers be requested to publish these resolutions
demsrothSeeysfTVKd tha HSt f h0nrary membe with of resi
dents of the State be retained Adopted
FRUIT COMMITTEES
The President appointed the following special committees to make reports on
the exhibits of fruits etc before the Society P
tn jZ H W W ThmPSOn R A Nisbet
John L Semar I Newman Gen Wm M Browne
Grapes and WinesVvoi J E Willet A Starowski D H Elliott
VegetatlesH P Jones Dr J P H Brown J A Mason
The reports from the Congressional districts were next read which are an
pended to the proceedings e aP
refIrhrepHTrSUreMn T PreS6nted his annu report which was
edaaudItIgcoraitteecsistingof Mr J L Hardeman S S
iV Committee on Entimology
drT116 MerCerUniversitywas next introduced by the Presi
dent and read to the Society a valuable and interesting report which on
motion of Gen Browne was received with the thanks of the Society and ordered
published in the proceedings as follows 7 ordered
Report of the Committee on Entomology
To the Georgia State Horticultural Society
Gentlemen I the discussion of Nuts in the catalogue at our last meet
ing several members of th Society concurred in the faft that many oHS
Pecan trees die down to the ground every year and put up again thTnext tear
and that from this mterrupted growth many trees have not borne fruit ifwls
suggested that the injury was caused by a worm
I was not prepared at that time to give the true solution of the matter In
rep y to my request of members to observe and endeavor to get me scmens
of the insect I am happy to say that Mr A J Yates of UpsoTc and
Mr T L Kinsey of Savannah were very successful in procuring the be ties
and in sending them to me with specimens of the twigs in which they hS S
deposited their eggs I return my thanks to these gentlemen for theTr kind18
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
200
Subsequently Prof E A Steed of Mercer University caught a beetle on a
hickory tree whose twigs were girdled and contained many eggs He brought
me the beetle and samples of the twigs
Many twigs of a persimmon tree on the campus of Mercer University were
found lying on the ground having fallen from being girdled and containing
many eggs
Mr Yates found them on English walnuts and Pecans Mr Kinsey on Pears
Prof Steed on the Hickory and I gathered the girdled twigs of Persimmon
These are the only trees which they are known to infest
The beetle from the English Walnut I forwarded to Prof C V Riley Ento
mologist of the Department of Agriculture at Washington D C He pro
nounced it the Girdler or Oncideres cingulatus
It was first described by Say the veteran American Entomologist in 1825
but its curious habits were first observed and published by Prof Haldeman of
Pennsylvania in 1837 It has been studied since by Messrs Walsh and Riley
The Girdler or Hickory Twig Girdler as Prof Packard calls it in his late
Bulletin No 7 is a thickbodied longhorned dark gray beetle sixtenths of an
inch long with its wingcovers sprinkled with tawny yellow dots It belongs to
the family Cerambycidae of beetles which family includes most of the true
woodborers It is nearly allied to the appletree borer Saperda bivittata
Prof Haldeman says the beetles are found in Pennsylvania during the two
last weeks in August and the first week in September Mr Yates forwarded
me four beetles October 17th 1881 and Mr Kinsey two November 7th and
four November 14th 1881 Their times of appearance are doubtless governed
by the time of the first frosts at various places Mr Yates found at least one
pair together and Mr Kinsey says I have always found them working in pairs
never singly Ther jointed antennae are quite as long as the body of the beetle
and are usually curved over above forward The face is very long and nearly
vertical They are slow motioned and their grave color long sober faces and
inquiring antenna give them a very comical look
They are usually engaged in depositing their eggs when seen in pairs on the
trees To effect this the female makes perforations in the bark of the smal1
twigs generally just below the buds or side twigs The editors of the American
Entomologist have counted in a persimmon branch not more than two feet
Jong as many as eight eggs while they have found seven eggs all crowded to
gether in a small hickory branch only three inches long After depositing an
egg in each perforation the female proceeds to gnaw a groove around the twig
below the lowest egg through the bark and wood sometimes almost to the pith
This kills the limb above the groove and if sufficiently severed the limb may
fall to the ground with the first high wind Some limbs hang longer on the
trees Prof Haldeman mentions one that did not fall until nearly a year after
the girdling
In a short time the eggs hatch and the little grubs begin to mine into the bark
and wood I found them thus engaged in the twigs sent me in the early win
ter They eat away the sapwood and burrow up and down under the bark
sometimes in small twigs consuming all but the bark The larvae are white201
CROP RFPORT1882
19
footless with strong black mandbles or jaws By means of their welldeveloped
rings or segments they are enabled to move quite rapidly in their holes The
larvaen my twigs of walnut pear persimmon and hickory have all disappeared
probably have died from the twigs becoming very dry in the house Two or
hree dozen found in the last week in persimmon and hickory twigs taken from
the ground under the trees are nearly threefourths of an inch long flattened
and enlarged back of the head Following the habits of the family the larvae
finally construct a sort of cocoon of chips at the end of their burrows and be
come pups with their heads next a place where they have gnawed away the
wood out to the bark From these pupae issue the mature beetles
The object of the girdling seems to be twofold First to kill the wood that
the larvae may have dead wood as food they may not be fitted to live on living
wood Secondly to cause the limbs to fall to the earth where the wood may
De kept damp and may commence to decay
Such are the habits of this very singular insect By clipping every fall the
young twigs destroying the terminal buds and shortening in the limbs they are
calculated to seriously injure the trees Aside from this we cannot fail to ad
mre their wonderful instincts In man we should call this provision for the
young a fair degree of reason of forethought of design The insect has not
reason But when the parent lays her eggs in green wood which her young
itT f n fw I TdS t0 ki the Hmb by girdHnS if and Sirdles s that
t shall fall that the wood may keep damp and begin to moulder and when the
larva gets ready to pupate it gnaws a hole through the wood that the outcoming
beetle may escape easily and all this without memory or reason coming to the
aid we are compelled to refer all this to a heavengiven instinct
RemcdiesAs the larvae lie within the twigs for nearly a year they may be
easily destroyed by gathering and burning the fallen twigs at any convenient
time before the first ploughing of the orchard Another precaution is suggested
by a remark of Mr Kinsey that trees on the outside rows of the orchard are
so far tne only ones attacked and that this beetle must work on other kinds of
I5 V 1 W0d adJinin As the Persimmon and hickory are favorite trees
of the Grdler t may he well to cut down all trees of this kind near the orchard
Phyllexeral have not been able to study the fihylUxera at all since our
last meeting If any grapegrowers have met them on the leaves or roots of
their vines the Society will doubtless be glad to have their experience
Noxious Inseclsli the members of the Society desire to have any particu
ar insect pests investigated I will thank them to call my attention to them that
1 may say something of them in my next report
Entomological BooksTLvwj horticulturist should study the insects which
infest his plants and trees just as he studies the latter To encourage this
study I have recommended in every report one book as the best for beginners
viz Flints Harris Insects Injurious to Vegetation To those who have
this I recommend Packards Guide to the Study of Insects To all I recom
mend Bulletin No 7 of the U S Entomological Commission Department of
the InteriorInsects Injurious to Forest and Shade Trees by A S Packard
This is a pamphlet of 275 pages with 100 illustrations and is all that its ti20
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
202
claims Any one may procure it from the Department of the Interior through
any Representative in Congress Harris Insects costs 400 and Packards
Guide 500 The three will constitute a nice little entomological library
J E WlLLET
Committee
Professor Willet exhibited before the Society the specimens of insects and the
effect on vines and twigs of their injurious work He was questioned by Dr
Hape and Mr Newman in reference to a beetle which attacks the nuts them
selves and not the branch Professor Willet stated that the curculio was a very
large family and while it might have been one of this species as for instance
the snout beetle still it was hardly possible to say which without examination
He expressed his willingness to act with the gentlemen and with the Society in
investigating the ravages of the insect
Dr Samuel Hape presented an interesting paper which provoked favorable
discussion
THE EFFECTS OF THE EVENING SUN ON FRUIT TREES
The very marked effect on vegetation of a hot dry evening is doubtless apparent
to every close observer of the growth of plants or treee As soon as night
sets in and the dews descend the wilted plant resumes again its wonted fresh
ness and vigor
To apply this rule to trees and watch results will convince all that the even
ing sun has a very marked effect on all those trees that are not protected by
lowgrowing limbs or have not artificial protection either by being boxed or
wrapped with some material that will protect the trunk from the fierce rays of
the afternoon sun
The attention of the writer has long been directed to this subject by noticing
trees decayed on the side exposed to the evening sun Notably is this the case
with cherry trees Trees that had attained a diameter of three or four inches
would have dead bark and decayed wood on the southwestern exposure while
the north and east side would be alive and sound Of course this struggle for
life at a sacrifice of onethird or onehalf of the living structure being diseased
and cut off could not long be maintained Either death from a gradual decline
or the sudden crash of a severe wind breaking off the tree would soon finish
up the work commenced by a slower death
Again it will be noticed that pear or apple trees with high limbs the trunk
instead of being sound and regularly formed will be flat and irregular on the
exposed side This certainly indicates a great disturbance in the circulation of
the sap and in the deposition of healthy woody structure Another fact plain
to every observer is found in the increased growth and vigor of many plants
and vines growing on the northeastern side of a fence or wall by which the
melting rays of the evening sun are kept off With raspberries this is particu
larly truein fact it is the only method by which they can be grown with certain
success in this climate The same rule will hold good with equal or even203
CROP REPORT1882
21
greater force with currants or gooseberries Allow these plants or berries the
benefit of the cool night air and the refreshing dews that we have in our cli
mate protect them from the evening sun and you can grow them successfully
In treating this subject no effort is or will be made to give it a scientific turn
or effect The object is simply to call attention to facts which if generally
known will benefit the cultivation of fruits
It may be asked if the Great Giver of light and life did not intend the evening
sun to benefit the growing tree or vine To this I reply we must use intelli
gence in taking advantage of all the Creators gifts and while the evening as
well as morning sun illumines this beautiful sphere yet there are plants trees
and vines that will thrive best when protected from the effects of the dry even
ing sun
The reason that the evening sun heats up the sap more than the morning sun
is that the cool air of night assisted by dew cools off the entire trunk and it
requires hours which consume the entire morning to overcome this influence
before the bark or trunk of the tree is thoroughly heated up Small trees that
have been shaded in nursery rows of such species as cherry peach or plum
both by smooth bright and compact bark will make no growth if trained high
the first year unless protected Frequently you will observe the sap oozing out
around the trunk of cherry or plum trees in the form of gum the effects of
hot sun The remedy is protection either boxing the entire tree or a half box
so as to shield the exposed side With cherry trees boxing is a necessity in
many instances in fact with the lights before me boxing all the cherry and
plum trees would be attended with a certainty of producing strong vigorous and
wellgrown trees where now we have a difficult work to make them grow at
all Pear treesin fact all fruit trees that have not shading branches to protect
themwould be greatly benefitted by boxing or other protection
I do not advance these views for the purpose of riding a hobby that has been
carefully nurtured and kindly treated by me but from an honest conviction that
great harm results from allowing the unobstructed rays of the evening sun to
pour upon the trunks of our unprotected trees Freely admitting that much
can be accomplished by careful training and pruning yet there is science in that
which the ordinary cultivator would have to learn by great care and patience
Any one can box his trees and insure them from harm by being overheated by
the postmeridian sun Trees do not always start off to grow rapidly and
afford themselves the protection necessary to be proof against this great heat
The habit of the finer variety of the cherry is to grow tall and put out limbs
high from the ground Trees grown by the side of a house protected as above
have with my observation always grown vigorously I know of no single in
stance of a tree that has been protected failing to grow off in a healthy manner
If any one has a doubt as to the different effects of the morning or evening
sun let him plant a row of raspberries or currants on the southwestern side of
a wall or fence and watch results
The object of this paper is to state facts and not speculate in theories If
practical thought has been awakened and a fact that has escaped the notice of22
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
204
fruit growers can be turned to advantage and profit I shall feel happy in con
tributing to such a worthy object
VicePresident Browne being in the chair Mr Berckmans spoke upon the im
portance of the subject treated by Dr Hape and explained the physiological
effect of ttie afternoon or as it is called the 3 oclock sun and its damage to
plants The suns rays are at that time fiercest and reflection even from a
fence Mr Berckmans found often dangerous He instanced the effect upon
raspberries planted on the sunny side of a fence Dr Hape thought that pro
tection of some kind from this afternoon sun necessary and that boxing or
wrapping were good methods Mr Berckmans favored low training and spoke
of its good effect in shading the body of trees and plants from the great heat
On motion the Society adjourned till 8 oclock for an evening session
EVENING SESSION
The Society met at 8 oclock P M for the discussion of the Catalogue and
was called to order by the President
Dr Hape offered a suggestion which was adopted that wellknown and ap
proved varieties of fruit be omitted and new varieties only be discussed He
proposed that peaches be first discussed which course was adopted
PEACHES
AlexanderDr Hape of Atlanta thought that no peach was earlier than
the Alexander Others claim it but the facts would not bear them out The
experiment had been tried around Atlanta with other varieties and with re
ported success but a full test proved the Alexander the earliest and best Some
freestones are as early but not better Dr Hape had fruited the Waterloo
but was unfortunate in its location and it had rotted
Mr Newman of Atlanta said some fine Waterloo peaches had been exhib
ited in Atlanta but they were exceptional
Mr Berckmans of Augusta had fruited the Waterloo for two years and when
placed on the table with the Alexander he defied any one to detect any differ
ence in the varieties
Mr Yates of Yatesville Pike county offered tbe same testimony He
thought that nature intended that all early peaches should be freestones
Mr Berckmans said that after all the main point was the money value of the
peach for early marketing In New York all that class of peaches are consid
ered as the Alexander
Mr Williams of Waynmanville Pike county thought the Alexander less liable
to rot than the Waterloo
Mr Berckmans said that the distinction between the Waterloo and Alexander
had failed to make itself apparent to prominent fruit growers of New Jersey
Dr Hape thought it the duty of nurserymen to speak out and tell the truth
about the distinctions or want of distinctions it mattered not whose new va
rieties were hurt The people should not be fooled with socalled new varie
ties which were in fact not new and for which fancy prices were asked205
CROP REPORT1882
23
AmeliaDr Hape did well with the Amelia and received high prices It
was rather soft
Mr Rumph said the Amelia with him was highly colored and did well
BeatriceDr Hape always had a fair crop
The Beatrice ripened for Mr Berckmans as early as the Alexander this year
and left earlier
Messrs Rumph and Hape had the same experience
The Beatrice ripened five days earlier than the Alexander for Mr Yates this
year
Bastions OctoberMr Yates mDved to strike from the list of peaches for
Middle Georgia
Mr Berckmans said it was successful around Atlanta
Dr Hape thought it rated too high but did not favor striking it
Mr Rumph thought it a good late peach
Chinese ClingMr Newman wanted to know if the Chinese Cling was good
for anything besides growing seedlings
Mr Jenkins sold them for gio in New York when the market was glutted
Mr Berckmans considered the Chinese Cling valuable and they always
brought good prices in New York
Crawfords Early Mr Berckmans found that for shipping it was better
than any yellow peach of its season sent North
Connors White Reported in Catalogue a good June cling for amateur
culture
Dr Hape moved to strike it off the list
Messrs Berckmans and Rumph considered it a fair early clingstone
Early TilloltsonMr Rumph considered this one of the best early shipping
peaches
Fleitas St JohnMr Harman of Washington county said this was an
early peach with good sale in New York It ripened the middle of June and he
considered it the best shipper he had
HalesMr Berckmans thought that more money was made out of this va
riety last year than perhaps any other but that nothing had been made from
them this year
Mr Rumph also reported failure this year but in other seasons profitable
Dr Hape always had some of the Hales
HoneyMr Berckmans considered the Honey peach good for Florida
Mr Jenkins reported a good crop in South Georgia and about the only one
of all the peaches that ripened this year
LouiseDr Hape always had a crop It was not as good as Beatrice or
Rivers but considered certain His only objection was that it was not a showy
peach
Mountain RoseMr Harman considered this one of the best fine size and
sells well It was not as good this year as usual on account of a deficiency in
color
Old Mixen EreeDr Hape reported as doing well He shipped large
quantities to Baltimore at good prices
RiversDr Hape said they did well and he always had a crop24
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
206
Mr Berckmans reported them as doing well always but too soft for shipping
Mr Harman pronounced the peach as doing well but did not sell well on ac
count of lack of color
Messrs Rumph and Woodruff shipped them all right but agreed that a want
of color was their objection
Stump the WorldMr Harman liked it but the color with him was lighter
than usual
Mr Rumph liked it very much
ThurberMr Berckmans said this peach ripened early in July It was not
good this year the flavor being indifferent The crop was enormous
Dr Hape said he had the Thurber but it ripened so early this year that he
doubted its genuineness
Mr Rumph said his Thurbers ripened the last of June and first of July
The Sanders Downing and Hapes Early stricken last year as not differing
from the Alexander were found to show the same experience this year
Mr Newman suggested that Briggs May was a good peach and different
from the Alexander
Mr Berckmans said there was no difference except that it comes after and
goes before the Alexander and has serrated leaves and is therefore more pre
disposed to decay than varieties with glands
Reeves FavoriteMr Harman considered a good variety
Mr Berckmans also pronounced it a good eaily yellow peach
ElbertaDr Hape moved that Mr S H Rumphs new seedling Elberta
be added to the list with double stars for the middle region Adopted
President RobinsonMr Newman said a fine peachtree Chinese seedling
called the President Robinson had been exhibited in Atlanta and he moved its
trial Dr Hape thought it a good peach but now out of season or he would
have exhibited it Mr Rumph said he had 500 trees It was small but pretty
and he confessed that he was disappointed in it
Mr Berckmans alluded to seedlings from Chinese Clings the Spottswood and
Albert Sidney as good varieties that bore well and were splendid peaches but
he sadd that where so many are ripening at the same season it was difficult to
distinguish between the merits of kindred varieties
Dr Hape said that tile discussion of distinctions between these seedlings Chi
nese Clings and Early varieties was very important if the varieties are good
they should be recommended and if no better than present varieties they should
be abandoned The eyes of the State are upon the Society and its members
are all on their honor in discussing these important questions
Mr Newman thought the President Robinson better than the Thurber Mr
Jenkins held that Mr Rumphs condemnation should not shut it out altogether
It might do well elsewhere
The President Robinson was added to the list for trial
Peen ToMr Berckmans called attention to the flat Chinese peach PeenTo
which is grown with success in Florida He said that when Florida was mak
ing such tremendous strides that her peaches are selling the middle of April in
Philadelphia for 9 per dozenGeorgia must look to her laurels207
CROP REPORT1882
25
Mr C H Elliott of Jacksonville Fla confirmed the statement with reference
to the PeenTo and said it was much sought after in Florida by fruitgrowers
who wished to test peaches as well as oranges and especially a peach which
promised so wonderfully well Mr Berckmans gave a brief history of the
Peen To peach when asked about this new wonder and said that the seedling
was originated by himself at his nurseries near Augusta and sent to Florida
knowing that its climate was suited for such a very early peach It had proven
a great success there and he thought perhaps there might be profit in it for
growers in the lower part of the State It is unsuited to localities outside the
orange zone owing to its early blooming
Troths EarlyMr Harman asked if the Society knew anything of this peach
It was early and a good shipper in Washington county Mr Berckmans said
it resembled the Tillotson but was not as good and hence had been discarded
long since being superseded by the latter
Old Orange ClingMr Woodruff stated that he had brought with him two
cling stones from a tree fifty years old and coming true from seed He did not
know them but brought them for examination The peach was celebrated in
his section near Griffin It was not very good but juicy yellow and hand
some It proved to be the Old Orange Cling
New ClingMr Harman said he had a specimen of Chinese cling for ex
amination and trial but he would not move its addition to the list till fully
tested
The list of peaches being concluded the Society adjourned till 10 oclock the
second day
SECOND DAY
MORNING SESSION
The Society was called to order at 10 oclock by the President Mr P J
Berckmans and the exercises were opened with prayer by Rev Dr Battle Pres
ident of Mercer University
The enrollment of new members and the names of old members just arrived
was first ordered and the Secretary noted many additions to his list
The minutes of the first days proceedings were referred to the Committee
on Publication
ORNAMENTAL GARDENING
The President next introduced Gen Wm M Browne Professor of Agricul
ture and Natural History in the State University who delivered an address on
the subject of ornamental gardening The thanks of the Society were returned
to Gen Browne
gen brownes address
When I received your invitation to address you upon the subject of Orna
mental Gardening I felt gratified to find that this Society recognized its im
portance and was about to give practical aid in the much needed work of im26
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
208
proving and beautifying our homes My only regret arose from your not hav
ing selected some one abler and more capable than I am to introduce the subject
It is a work that ought to interest us all It is one in which every citizen
should take part It is a debt we owe to civilization to ourselves and those who
are to come after us
The great majority of the people of Georgia are agriculturists We make
our bread by the sweat of our face Agriculture is no pastime The time is
gone by when we can abandon our farms to overseers and negroes the former
havmgno interest beyond their wages and the latter none beyond their support
We have found whether we practice it or not that our authority intelligence
and personal supervision are necessaryabsolutely necessary to good and profit
able farming Yes gentlemen we must live upon our farms and this being so
why is it that our dwellingsthe homes of our wives and children are generally
the worst the ugliest the most dilapidated houses on the farms unadorned by a
single shrub or tree or flower around which the hogs and the cows and the
mules wander at will in which refinement has no abode and to which taste is an
utter stranger I know there are some gratifying exceptions where the owner
believes that agriculture has charms beyond its gains which compensate for the
sweat and toil which it entails and that it has pleasures beyond the joy of pos
session which ennoble and elevate the calling in its association with science intel
ligence and taste But while the ginhouse is by far the best house on the
place while not a flower is seen but the cotton bloom while the only represen
tatives of the vegetable kingdom around the dwelling are weeds stunted pines
and blackjacks and the only enclosure is a rail fence that most hideous of all
hideous things it is no wonder that the young men and women of our State
prefer any trade profession or calling to that of a farmer where they find nothing
to attract and much to repel
I am no advocate of ostentation or extravagance I do not wish to see the
palatial mansions with their vulgar gimcrack ornamentations which we see
elsewhere but I do want to see elegance neatness and refinement enthroned as
the presiding genii of the houses the yards and the gardens of our farmer
where the love of the beautiful is cultivated and illustrated not only as it may
afford pleasure to the eye but as a moral sentimentthe friend and ally of vir
tue and the enemy of every vicious inclination and propensity I will say no
more as to what our homes are but 1 propose to say a few words as to what I
think they ought to be There is a magic and a poetry in the word Home
when we feel that it is the home of hospitality intelligence religion and cul
ture when it is associated in our experience and memory with all that is lovelv
and attractive with the beauty and fragrance of flowers the enchantment of
music the enduring influence of love all blended into bliss and presenting im
ages of purity and affection which gladden the heart of the young and make
brighter and happier the declining years of the aged making both young and
old feel in their heart of hearts that there is no place like home the blest re
treat where love and friendship peace and joy have met and in their union
have established that happiness which flows from contentment
In laying out a garden such as the locality and other conditions will permit it is209
CROP REPORT1882
27
well to state at the outset that all fixed rules can only be general in their appli
cation It is manifestly impossible to establish principles which will apply to
every case and hence in landscape gardening we must depend chiefly on our
eye both in creating and judging the effect of artificial scenery Every plot de
signed for a garden is to a great extent a law unto itself The outline surface
and extent of the plot the portion of the house the design of the owner are
different in almost every instance and consequently demand different treat
ment The art of landscape gardening consists in the skillful use and blending
of these objects and purposes There are however a few fixed principles
which though they cannot be properly carried out absolutely in all cases may
yet be modified or combined to produce the best effects The first thing
to be attained in laying out a garden is simplicity The transitions in the main
outlines arrangements and decorations should be easythe lines graceful the
decorations elegant The hand of Art should touch it so lightly as to leave
little or no trace of its presence all the partslawn walk shrub tree and
flower should appear to belong to each other and to occupy naturally the
places where they occur But the design while essentially simple must avoid
boldness or severity By the artful disposition of plants whether singly or in
groups freshness of aspect and variety of vista from different points of view
are secured which give life and enduring charm to the landscape The next
thing to be attained is unity congruity of the various parts of the garden
pood taste demands that perfect harmony should exist between all the parts in
their relation to each other and to the buildings which they surround The
part immediately next the house should be more formal than the rest and the
transitions from this to the more distant portions and from these again to the
fields and country beyond should be gradual and glide one into the other as if
art had nothing to do with it Curved walks along the front of the dwelling
large figures vases and other socalled ornaments of an architectural character
having no affinity whatever with the size or nature of the building curved
lines bisecting straight lines illassorted plants in illselected situations are in
congruities which mar the appearance of many gardens upon which much time
money and labor have been expended and which the skillful landscape gardens
must assiduously avoid Contrast is often very effective but it is to be em
employed only in matters of detail such as the colors of flowers and foliage
height shape and habits of plants
It must never be allowed to break the harmony which is essential to success
in ornamental gardening Symmetrythat is a true adjustment of the parts
is also desirable I do not mean by this that the same kind of objects should
occur in exactly corresponding positions on the opposite sides of a garden but
I mean that the general effect on the mind of the observer should produce no
inequality of height or breadth in one side as compared with another
It is further desirable to make the ornamental grounds appear as extensive as
possible Simplicity of plan and the preservation of that harmony to which I
have just referred tend directly to produce an appearance of extent within really
narrow limits A good open lawn is essential to the production of this effect
One broad stretch of grass should extend from the house to the outer limits of28
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
210J
the place unbroken by walks or other interruptions The plants and clumps
may be scattered on either side of this opening and if the space will allow
smaller stretches of grass at various intervals on different sides of the house
will be very effective in producing the appearance of extent If the plants
which flank the open lawn are chiefly everereens with branches down to the
ground not trimmed up as is sometimes seen so that no soil is visible the
space is thus much enlarged in appearance
Again to give apparent breadth to the landscape all walks should be as far as
may be possible hid from view from the house This can be done by plants of
various heights whether single or in clumps Tall straight conspicuous
boundary fences should be carefully hidden or disguised in an ornamental gar
den This can be done by planting so as to allow them to appear only occasion
ally A closely clipped hedge is much preferable to a plank or picket fence
but both are formal hard and unsightly
Another important principle in ornamental gardening is variety Sameness
in a landscape fatigues the eye as monotony of noise pierces the ear In na
ture no shrub or tree or flower develops itself in growth of stem arrangement
of foliage occurrence of bloom precisely as another does Nature indicates
endless variety and that art is the highest which consults and follows these in
dications most skilfully In gardens variety is partly obtained by winding
walks the curves of which should be varied as much as possible in their length
and expansion and above all not exposed to each other at any point Groups
of plants principally evergreens at or near the hollows of the curves will best
effect this object
Variety is further obtained by planting single plants and groups of various
sizes and shapes carefully avoiding formality in their disposition and at the
same time too violent dissimilarity in their outline These groups or single
plants should be sufficient to prevent bareness and shut out the walks at inter
vals but they should not be so numerous as to overload the lawn or confine
the view We should avoid the old and tasteless plan of placing dwarf plants
at the front of a border those of taller growth behind them and the tallest in
the centre or back of the bed This arrangement is essentially artificial
Nothing like it is found in nature We should strive to secure roundness of
outline without regularity bringing the tallest plants near the front at prom
inent places mixing them through the groups surrounding them with those of
the next size and filling up the intervals with the dwarf and mediumsized plants
The main point to be kept in mind in the location of single plants or clumps
is that they shall form furnish and give extent to the various vistas None
should be so placed as to interrupt a vista or contract the view
The principal point of view in every place is the house The best views of
the grounds and surrounding landscape should be had from its windows It is
a good plan in laying out a garden to form a series of lines radiating from two
or three windows of the house at irregular intervals and extending to the outer
boundary planting the trees or shrubs whether singly or in groups within the
triangular spaces thus made always taking care that those nearest the house
do not obscure the view and that they be not planted in lines211
CROP REPORT1882
29
Variety is also well attained by a proper mixture of different sorts of plants
I mean as to their habit and character height and color Diversity of height
and color is quite as effective as variety of shape Some trees and shrubs have
leaves of a pale green some of a silver grey some are variegated some of a
dark green These should be dispersed where they produce the most striking
effects and display their different colors by contrast And the same plan
should be followed as to flowers so that each species will lend added beauty to
the other and all together constitute a gay and diversified map
Another source of variety is water whenever it is present The transparency
the coolness the glassy ripple of water in any form produce endless variety and
add largely to the beauty of a landscape
Undulation of ground is another element of variety but it must exist natu
rally Artificial undulations in a garden when all the surrounding country is
tame and flat is incorrect and inappropriate because out of harmony with the
surroundings The mounds or banks frequently seen in gardens are utterly des
titute of beauty In fact they are eyesores having no possible relation to the
general surface and resembling a compost or manure heap
The time and the space that these remarks already occupy admonish me that
I must close these general remarks and omit even casual mention of many of
the objects that merit notice in laying out an ornamental garden
A few words as to the flower garden proper and I will close this necessarily im
perfect and unsatisfactory address upo l every division of which volumes
could be written A flower garden or flower beds upon a lawn or in a front
yard should be in close view of the windows of the sitting rooms The beds
should be symmetrical of simple shape never too large separated from each
other by broad strips of grass which set off the colors of the flowers to the
greatest advantage giving continuity unity and breadth to the whole Where
the beds are separated by grass masses of flowers of one color are very striking
and effective In a small garden laid down with grass the fewer walks the
better Regular figures for the beds such as ovals circles parallelograms or
squares seem to be preferred as capable of being more easily and pleasingly
filled up
It should be always borne in mind that the first object of a flower garden is
to display flowers The figure of the flower bed however is a subordinate
consideration The beds should not be scattered broadcast over the lawn with
out any connection or relation between them Hearts crowns stars animals
letters or similar devices are entirely out of place and though eminently arti
ficial have a very low place in the domain of art
In regard to the disposal of flowers if by that term we mean all the herba
cious kinds I would advise that the common way of planting them in borders
surrounding the shrubs on the lawns be abandoned as tending to diminish the
apparent size of the lawn as presenting a very desolate appearance in winter
and adding materially to the trouble and expense of keeping the grounds in
order I would advise the dismissal of all common herbaceous plants from the
front of groups on the lawn and in their stead to make small beds of oval or
circular shape and fill them with masses of flowers of one sort or with a mix30
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
212
ture of different kinds according to the size and situation of the beds In some
places single specimens of some choice and showy kinds or two or three plants
together to look like one produce a fine effect Beds containing massed scar
let geraniums or the brightest and most showy coleus bordered with blue lo
belia or sweet alyssum Here and there a group of abutilons and further off
from the house beds of cannas caladiums lantanas salvias and achyranthus
produce a gay and showy effect upon a lawn at a cost within the reach of most
of us and considering the enjoyment and beauty afforded the most remunera
tive outlay that can be made upon a farm
Our old State rich in all that constitutes physical greatness distinguished for
the industry and intellectual advancement of her sons demands that we as
suage our mania for cotton and devote a portion of our energy and means to
the improvement and adornment of our homes A productive farm ought to
be ornamented by a comely house and garden The house where we live where
our wives and children reside ought to be precious in our estimation We ought
to beautify and adorn it thus multiplying our own enjoyments and diffusTng
over our land those evidences of civilization and culture which mark the face of
other countries less favored by nature than our own
Reports of Special Committees
PEACHES
Your Committee have carefully examined the peaches on exhibition and find
as follows E C Grier two plates of very fine peaches not named J A
Mason one plate consisting of Chinese cling and six seedlings of the same
Some of these seedlings are quite showy and we think worthy of further trial
Samuel H Rumph ebhibits 62 plates and 56 varieties He has some seedlings
which we desire to especially mention 1st A seedling from the Lemon cling
2d A seedling from the Yellow July cling both quite promising and are rec
ommended for further trial
Messrs Williams Yates exhibit 15 plates and 14 varieties They have a
seedling the Yellow English which they have been fruiting for four years
and recommend highly for drying purposes
J C Harman of Washington county exhibits 18 plates and 18 varieties
Among the collection are some finelooking seedlings We especially note a
freestone peach a seedling from the Chinese cling which is very promising
A T Holt exhibits 54 plates and 20 varieties This display shows a large
number of new seedlings which have been but recently fruited but no pedigree
given
We have to say that the display as a whole is exceedingly creditable in view
of the fact that the season has passed for many of the best peaches grown in
the State Signed
H H Cary Chairman
W W Thompsonli 213
CROP REPORT1882
31
GRAPES AND WINES
The Committee appointed to examine the Grapes and Wines on exhibition
beg leave to submit the following report
Mr E R Anthony of Macon exhibits forty varieties of grapes Of these
he has fruited for the first time the Triumph and the Herman the latter a seed
ling from the Norton and makes a sherry wine Mr Anthony exhibits also
eight samples of wine made from Nortons Virginia Cynthiana Concord and
Flowers
Mr W P Robinson of Atlanta exhibits twentythree varieties of grapes
Mr D Milne of Macon exhibits twentyone varieties of grapes Of these
he has fruited the following for the first time Brighton Croton Mrs McLuse
and Noah
Mr P J Berckmans of Augusta exhibits eighteen varieties of grapes Of
these he exhibits for the first time Humboldt Uhland Eva Mary Wylie Wor
den Pocklington and Noah Special attention is called to the Mary Wylie
one of Dr Wj lies hybrids
Messrs Williams and Yates Yatesville Upson county exhibit sixteen va
rieties of grapes of which they have fruited for the first time Elvira
Mr W K Nelson of Augusta exhibits fifteen varieties of grapes
The Hapeville Nursery Hapeville exhibits eleven varieties of grapes among
them very fine specimens of the Irving The newly fruited with them are the
Pocklington and Bacchus
Dr J P H Brown of Augusta exhibits ten varieties of grapes He has
fruited for the first time the Berckmans one of Dr Wylies hybrids
Washington county exhibits eight varieties of grapes
Dr W B Jones and Son of Burke county exhibit three varieties of grapes
Mr W W Woodruff Griffin exhibits two varieties of grapes
The exhibition of grapes is very fine showing probably a greater number of
varieties than has ever been placed on exhibition by our Society Mr E R
Anthony as usual heads the list with forty varieties The number of exhib
itors is not so large as last year The season for ripening of grapes is said to
be about one week earlier than usual this year and hence there are no grapes
on exhibition from points south of Macon
It is an interestingfact that where other fruits have failed in certain sections
this year the grape has yielded a fair crop in every portion of the State The
aggregate of the crop grown has been larger than at any previous period The
climate and soil of the State seem admirably adapted to this delicious fruit and
novariety of it seems to have been injured by special insect enemies
J E WlLLET
D H Elliott
A Starowski
VEGETABLES
We beg leave to report that Mrs J W Bryan Lookout Mountain exhibits
pole beans corn osage oranges Morus alba African wheat red clover and
white mustard32
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
214
Master Howard Bryan Lookout Mountain a youth eight years exhibits
onion seed large sage and one very tall stalk corn
Miss Ella Bryan Lookout Mountain sunflower Egyptian wheat
Miss Virginia Bryan Lookout Mountain exhibits Irish potatoes Mexican
corn and martynias
Miss Mary Walden Lookout Mountain two varieties onionsRed Weathers
field and Silver Skin
Mr V Moore Lookout mountain exhibits one hop vine
Mr J D McArthur Bibb county exhibits four stalks Blounts Prolific corn
with six to nine ears to stalk
Mr Abner Holt Monroe county exhibits very fine Acme tomatoes
Mrs Thomas Hardeman Macon Ga exhibits very fine specimens of carrots
beets parsnips rose potatoes cabbage egg plant okra tomatoes pepper Lima
beans and Golden Dent corn
Mr Samuel H Rumph Marshalville exhibits dessicated figs pears apples
peaches Irish potatoes tomatoes and figs
Mr F L Hardeman Bibb county exhibits three very large egg plants
C W Hancock Sumter Republican Americus Ga exhibits a sugar beet
weighing 12 pounds 6 12 inches in diameter 19 inches round and 20 inches
long blood turnip beet weighing 15 pounds 10 inch diameter 32 inch round
planted 12th February 1882 and grown by John Larramore Lee county Ga
We beg to make special mention of the exhibits made by Master Howard
Bryan and Misses Bryan and their example as well worthy the imitation of our
youth H P Jones
Chairman Com tee
J P H Brown
J A Mason
PLACE OF NEXT MEETING
Barnesville Macon Thomasville Lookout Mountain and Tallulah Falls were
placed in nomination and the first ballot resulted in the selection of Barnes
ville as the place for the meeting in 1883the time to be decided by the Presi
dent
VISITING DELEGATES TO THE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY
Col E C Grier suggested the selection of three delegates to the meetings of
the State Agricultural Society for the ensuing year
Dr Hape moved to select by ballot in order that the President be relieved of
the delicacy of appointment Adopted
Mr Newman raised the question as to the status of the Horticultural Society
with regard to the Agricultural Society and the consequent relations the dele
gates selected would have in the meeting of the Agricultural Society He had
always considered the two societies coordinate organizations and delegates so
appointed as simply members by courtesy He had always so acted when a
delegate
Mr Grier considered delegates appointed from the Horticultural Society as215
crop repokt1882
33
regular delegates and as Secretary of the Agricultural Society has so enrolled
The President sustained Mr Newmans point that the two a c
were coordinate and said that the Horticuturists had n v 7jTJlon aT
cepting subordinate relations as to membership The Horticu tura SociT
was now also under a new charter and it was well to decSe h t V
fore the delegates were selected the qUeStn be
Dr Battle and Mr Kinsey agreed with the President and Mr w
the following resolutions proposed by Mr Newman were adopted eWmai1
solvedThat the Georgia State Horticultural Society annually elect bv
ballot three vsung delegates to the Georgia State Agricultural Sor2
Rested That the State AgricuturafSociety bTf
gates to the annual meetings of this Society q Sed dele
A ballot was next taken and Messrs J E Willet L L Varnadoe and S H
THE CATALOGUE RESUMED
At this point the catalogue was again taken up for discussion and the Presi
dent called VicePresident Grier to the Chair
APPLES
Summer PearmanUr Berckmans moved to strike from th
list on account of slow growth Adopted the
Dr Hape said it had nothing to recommend it but its size
Mr Newman said it was a favorite in the mountains
HamesDr Cary moved to strike from the list
Dr Hape was not ready to strike as he wanted to try it
Mr ITl r Wkh Dn Hape and Said h imPTOVed age
finf apples fraa tW S which produced
inSSality0 Laan Said the Hs rotted for him and were worthless
tZDrr Han8 E SW AdP
bearer adgodforPcidrnUnCed f d regular
2lJUlMrd W Wkh Mn Berckmans Dr Cary and in the southwest
ZaMr Berckmans pronounced this a good and showy Septemberap
pie The tree is compact and firstrate grower cpiemDer ap
Mr Yates said it was ripe now with him in Pike county and was very small
MammaUr Yates said it did nothing for him y
Sr made a beaUtifU appIe in SraveI Ioam d a fine tree
7W AfipkUx Yates had grown it for seven years and i was oneofZ
best summer apples for his locality in Yatesville Pike county
In answer to a question Mr Berckmans said this apple varied in shaoe and
ts name was suggested by a similarity only in flavor asit is not pear shaped34
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
216
Kansas QueenMr Berckmans said this apple promised well but was not
yet extensively grown As a market apple for the middle of July and August
it was very attractive It was also a good grower and he proposed a star for
the middle region The star was given
ShockleyDr Cary inquired if any one had an experience similar to his
own with the Shockley apple During the freeze two winters ago his tree
were so injured that the bark separated and in the summer came off Instead
of dying the trees that season matured an indifferent crop of frut This
spring they blossomed and this summer they died
Messrs Holt Jones and Williams had the same experience
Mr Williams explained at length the same effect upon his trees and showed
that the severe freeze was the cause of the injury
Mr Yates said that the same freeze injured nearly all his trees He had
saved some of his by boxing or filling in with dirt or by wrapping
Simmons RedMr Berckmans moved that a star for the middle region be
given this apple introduced by Mr S H Rumph Granted
Hileys EurekaMr Rumph spoke of this seedling originated in the
woods which he had found a good winter apple
Mr Berckmans proposed that it be added to the list as promising well and
it was so ordered
Fall PippinMr Newman moved to add the Fall Pippin to the list with
two stars for the mountain and one star for the middle region Adopted
Mr Berckmans said he had fifty trees in an old orchard and in August he
always had to use the fruit for cider as the fruit fell the middle of August
PEARS
Beurre BoscDr Hape pronounced the crop prolific and uniform
BuffumMr Berckmans thought a double star too high for the middle re
gion as the pear was too small One star was stricken
Clapfs FavoriteRots badly with Dr Hape
Doyenne dAlenconStricken from the list
Doyenne WhiteAlso stricken
Flemish BeautyDr Hape said it did not do at all with him as it rotted at
the core
Mr Kinsey said he had not lost any and it does well on the coast
Henkell Mr Berckmans considered very good for its season
LawrenceShedding its leaves this year with Messrs Grier of Griswold
ville Newman of Atlanta and Kinsey of Savannah and held its leaves longer
than any other with Mr Berckmans of Augusta
Louise Bonne de JerseyMr Woodruff of Griffin moved to strike out the
words in the catalogue worthless in Middle Georgia and give a star
Messrs Berckmans Hape and Newman pronounced the pear bad with them
It was good with Mr Kinsey A compromise was effected by amending the cat
alogue striking the words proposed and inserting the words variable as to
quality
MargueriteMr Berchmans said this was larger and better than the Doyill
1217
CROP REPORT1882
35

lijSl
enne dEte and his motion to give two stars for the middle and mountain re
gions was adopted
A little Sugar WMf Holt asked Mr Berckmans about a little sugar
pear on large trees at Bolingbroke which was very sweet but unknown Mr
B replied that it might be the Dearborn Seedling originated in Massachusetts
years ago and now obsolete Many seedlings of similar character are found
all over this country
PLUMS
Wild GooseBr Hape noticed that these trees died out Dr Cary had
same experience Mr Berckmans said he lost about 5 per cent of his trees
this year Dr Cary said this plum bloomed so early he lost his crop three out
of five times He did not have a plum this year
i JJr ardean asked if the Wid Goose could be propagated by cut
ings Mr Varnadoe replied that it could Mr Berckmans instanced a simi
lar case in the Harper which is often propagated in this way
HattieStricken from list
The Society then adjourned till 3 oclock
SECOND DAYAFTERNOON SESSION
Pursuant to adjournment the Society met at 3 oclock
in the chair
VicePresident Grier

THE CATALOGUE CONTINUED
The discussion of the Catalogue was resumed as follows
GRAPES
Black JutyVx Hape considered this grape small and not very certain but
a good wine grape
Clinton Hape said it was a most excellent wine grape ami was sur
prised at the resemblance of its wine to Rhine wine
Colonel Grier said that when fully ripe the Clinton made a good claret
Dr Hapes motion to give two stars for the middle region was adopted
LWrMr NeWman aSkd Why n0t give a double star in the nioun
Mr Woodruff so moved and the double star was ordered
j AddledDr HaPe mVed t0 mark gd inSt6ad f fair in catalge
Dr Brown of Augusta said the Diana was not so good in his section It
I sned its leaves and did not ripen on sandy soil
EumelanWas stricken from the list
1 Mr Newman of Atlanta had experimented with paper bags and
I found no difficulty in ripening with bags Some would ripen and others harden
and so remain till frost if not bagged
Dr J P H Brown of Augusta had the same experience in the grape not
ripening and had failed with the paper bags this season36
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
218
Mr Newman suggested that Dr Brown did not punch the bags in which
case they would hojd water and rot the grapes
Mr Woodruff of Griffin did not consider bag ripening feasible and stated
that heavy trimming was better with him in ripening
Long Dr Hape said it was a little larger than Nortons Virginia
Mr Newman did not see its use when there were so many better His mo
tion to strike was adopted
MaxatawnyVx Hape moved to strike out in the catalogue the words
best white variety and substitute good white variety Adopted
Salem Mr Yates of Pike had not succeeded well with it It had rotted
with Mr Woodruff in Griffin and Dr Hape also had the same experience
Dr Brown of Augusta agreed in these criticisms and said that after a year
or two the grape became small and affected with a black spot or defect
A motion to strike was adopted but Mr Berckmans arose and said that per
haps the wrong grape was under consideration as some spurious vines had
orieinally been sent out Both he and Dr Brown he knew had for some
years the wrong vine and Mr Anthony of Macon had the only correct variety
The true Salem was another and a better grape than described or criticised and
he desired to further test the matter The striking of the Salem from the list
was then reconsidered and Dr Hape withdrew his motion to strike
ScuMernon Mr Newman moved to strike one star from the mountain
region He dtd not know of any successful cultivation of this grape in the
mountains
Colonel Grier thought that anybody who tampered wth the stars was or
dangerous ground The motion was lost
SenasquaDr Hape had long abandoned it The bunches do not ripen
thoroughly and the grape is not good for wine or anything
Dr Brown got his grapes from the propagator and regarded them as worthless
The Senasqua was stricken
Black Eagle grape rotted with Dr Hape of Atlanta and Mr Yates
in Yatesville this year
ElviraVx Hape had fruited the Elvira and it was bearing well but he
understood that it cracked
Mr Yates said that it did crack and the Elvira was stricken
TriumphDr Hape said that Mr Berckmans had some very fine specimens
on exhibition and he favored the Triumphs remaining with list as promising
well
The Triumph is very promising with Mr Berckmans
Lady WashiugtonVx Hape said this grape was prosperous with him
Mr Berckmans did not have much faith in it
New GrapesDr Hape moved to place on the list of grapes promising well
the Duchess the Prentiss and Pocklington Adopted
Dr J P H Brown moved to place on the list as promising well the Berck
mans and the Mary Wylie They were added
NiagaraDr Hape had fruited it It was said that the Niagara would
grow wherever the Concord grewCls J219
CROP REPORT1882
37
H
Mr Woodruff said that authoritiesagreed that the Niagara was losing favor
BrightonMr Berckmans said that from the evidence of its success in sev
era parts of Georgia the Brighton deserved one star for the middle region and
he moved its addition to the accepted varieties The Society so ordered
WordenMr Berckmans said that this was a seedling of the Concord but
earlier and better Many growers repot it superior and such was his own ex
perience His motion to give a star in the middle region was adopted
Moore s EarlyMr Berckmans said that it was three weeks ahead of me
Concord and hence there was money in it The grape is good but lacks flavor
it sets well ripens early is gone before the Concord and is a good shipping
grape Moores Early was placed on the list as promising well as an early
shipper
NoahMessrs Berckmans and Hape recommended the Noah as a substi
tute for the Elvira and it was so accepted
STRAWBERRIES
Chas DowningMr Berckmans of Augusta reported this variety adapted
to nearly all soils
Dr Brown of Augusta reported a good crop but uncertain generally It
does not color like the Wilson and for this reason is objectionable
Dr Hape of Atlanta considered it too good to throw away but not much in
flavor
The words variable as to soil were added to the word good in Catalogue
Monarch of I he WestDr Brown moved to strike
Mr Berckmans opposed this motion as it was the earliest sent to market
There was a good deal of money in it like Moores Early grape It is a week
ahead of the Wilson
Dr Brown found that it rotted at the bottom before it ripened at the top
Dr Hape had the same experience and did not cultivate it
SharpiessDr Hape of Atlanta considered it a leading berry had a good
crop this year
Mr Kinsey of Savannah said it was not worth cultivating on the coast
Mr Berckmans alluded pleasantly to this variety as the Shapeless evidently
a good name for the large berries which seem to meet popular demand He
said they shipped well and told how they were in such demand in Augusta
that even what were shipped up from Charleston brought 25 cents while the
Wilson was difficult to sell at 10 cents
CrescentDr Hape cultivates successfully and has them of good size
Mr Kinsey recommended as one of the best croppers on the coast
Col Grier of Griswoldville gave the same recommendation for his section
BtdwellDr Hape pronounced this variety good with him He preferred
it to the Sharpiess
Mr Berckmans found it colored well and evenly
The Bidwell was placed in the Catalogue as promising well
Crystal CityDr Hape recommended for amateur culture but not for
market A very early variety
GlendaleVery large and promising variety with Mr Berckmans38
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICUL1UREGEORGIA
220J
STRAWBERRIES FOR MARKET CULTIVATION
Dr Hape and Mr Berckmans at the request of the Society suggested for
addition to the Catalogue as a note for reference or as a list of strawberries for
market cultivation the Wilsons Albany and the Sharpless as the best varie
ties and in some regions the Crescent Seedling and the Monarch
RASPBERRIES
DoolittleAs no distinction was found between this variety and the Black
Cap the latter was stricken from the Catalogue
Mammoth ClusterMr Berckmans saw little difference from the Black
Cap but Doctors Hape and Brown said it bore in larger clusters
CuthbertRecommended by Mr Berckmans and on motion of Mr
Rumph it was placed on the list with two stars for the middle region
BLACKBERRIES
Early WilsonDr J P H Brown of Augusta addressed the Society on
blackberries He found them more successful and remunerative than straw
berries The Early Wilson is a splendid variety and he never sold them for
less than 10 cents when strawberries were selling at 8 cents He had sold them
as high as 25 centsthey held well in boxes no juice escaping and sold readi
ly against competition from the native blackberry He had been growing the
Wilson for three years was well pleased with it and moved to double star the
Wilson in the middle region and strike out objectionable remarks in Cata
logue in reference to the cultivated berry not competing with the native This
course was adopted by the Society and in answer to further questions Dr
Brown said that he mulched his berries that they cost less to cultivate and
made double the product of strawberries
Kitlatinny Col E C Grier of Griswoldville planted the Kittatinny and
raised the largest blackberries he ever saw and he believed there was more
fruit in growing this berry than any in the ground He was enthusiastic in its
praise and endorsement and on the Colonels motion the Kittatinny was
granted two stars
MULBERRIES
HicksMr Bercksman said the mulberry was now being planted to feed
hogs and it is reported that for three months in the year hogs can be kept on
mulberries and without corn The Hicks was a fine berry and pronounced
one of the best fruit producing for hogs
Dr Brown said he grew the mulberry near Augusta and fed his poultry the
birds and the negroes of the neighborhood and would not be without these
trees
Dr Cary of LaGrange has raised a marvellous crop continuing from May
until August and pronounced the berries the best kind of food for hogs and
carp
Mr H P Jones of Burke confirmed the reports of the mulberry as a good
food for hogs
221
CROP REPORT1882
39
An addition to this effect was ordered in the Catalogue
Black PersianMr Berckmans moved to strike from the list which was
adopted
StubbsMr Berkmans pronounced this variety best flavor but not so pro
ductive as the Hicks
RussianNot sufficiently tried
FIGS
Brown SmyrnaMr Berksmans asked the difference between this variety
and the Brown Turkey and Mr Holt replied that the Brown Smyrna was
larger and more juicy
QUINCES
ChampionMr Berckmans stated that a rumor was in circulation that the
Champion was similiar to the old Angers
ChineseMr Berckmans being questioned by Mr Sanford replied that the
Chinese Quince was not in demand in Augusta and he doubted if there was
any demand in New York The large specimens were sometimes attractive
but that was all
Mr Rumph of Marshallville found a good sale for the Chinese Quince
End of Catalogue

REPORT ON PEARS APPLES AND MISCELLANEOUS FRUITS
The discussion of the Catalogue being concluded the President resumed the
chair and Mr J S Newman Chairman presented the following report from
the Special Committee on Pears Apples and miscellaneous fruits which was
adopted as follows
Mr President Your committee beg to report that they have made as
thorough an examination of that portion of the exhibit assigned them as their
time and opportunity would permit They wish to bear testimony in general terms
to the excellent quality of the specimens of a number of the standard varieties
For convenience of classification we report under the three heads of Pears Ap
ples and miscellanious fruits separately
PEARS EXHIBITED
Col E C Grier of Griswoldville exhibits seven plates of pears correctly la
beled We desire to especially invite the attention of the Society to the superior
size and quality of his Seckles and Howells
Mr E R Anthony of Macon has eight plates His Beurre Superfin are
large and apparently more bronzed than is usual with that variety There seems
be some confusion as to the characteristics of this variety as will be seen from
a subsequent portion of this report
Mr S H Rumph of Marshallville exhibits two plates
Mr P J Berckmans of Augusta exhibits fortyfour plates His specimens
of Howell are worthy of special mention He exhibits two plates of Beurre Su
perfin one grown in Richmond county and one in Floyd county Those grown40
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
222
in Floyd are smooth while those from Richmond are russet resembling in ap
pearance those grown by Mr Anthony The committee thought these speci
mens differed in flavor and texture as well as in color It may be possible that
different pears are being cultivated under this name or the difference may be
due to soil and climate
The following varieties have not before appeared upon our tables viz
St Vincent de PaulWot quite ripe large showy and of good quality
DicermanNow ripe rich and buttery
PresidentNow too green to test its quality
BruneiSize small ripe quality very good supposed seedling of Seckle
EdmondsSize medium now ripe rich and juicy
British QueenSize small to medium color bright bronze quality good
Messrs Williams and Yates exhibit nine plates of pears
Mr David Milne of Macon six plates
Mr H H Sanford eleven plates including some very handsome specimens
of Leconte
Mr W W Woodruff of Griffin nine plates Bartletts and Duchess very fine
Mr S T Jenkins exhibits fine Lecontes grown in Randolph county
Messrs Sanford and Thomson Thomasville six plates of fine Lecontes
Mrs J W Bryan of Dillon Walker county four plates among them a small
seedling resembling the Seckle in appearance and the Bartlett in flavor
Mr L L Varnadoe Thomasville exhibits six plates of Leconte including
some extra fine specimens This pear on account of the vigorous growth of
the trees and the handsome appearance and excellent shipping qualities of the
fruit is annually gaining in popularity
Mr W P Robinson Atlanta exhibits sixteen plates
Dr Samuel Hape Atlanta nine plates including some very superior Bartletts
and fine Duchess Howells and Seckles
Mr J F Lumsden of Bibb one plate
The Washington county exhibit by J C Harmon contains three plates
Mrs Thos Hardeman of Macon one plate
APPLES
Washington county J C Harmon exhibits seventeen plates of apples
Mr A T Holt of Bolingbroke eight plates
Dr Samuel Hape Atlanta two plates
Mr W P Robinson sixteen plates
J F Lumsden three plates
Mr H M C Boozer Hogansville six plates very fine but Julians labeled
Buncombe and one of Siberian Crab
Mrs J W Bryan Dillon Georgia exhibits 14 plates embracing some very
fine specimens one of which your Committee was unable to name
Mr W K Nelson Augusta 2 plates
Williams and Yates 19 plates apples and one of Siberian crab
Mr S H Rumph Marshallville exhibits 44 plates of which we will specially
mention Rhodes Orange Elgin Pipin Red June Simmons Red Carters Blue1223
CROP REPORT1882
41
Carolina Watson Yellow Horse Kittagaskee and Equinetelee as very fine
specimens Simmons Red is superior in size and quality and is worthy of a
place on our Catalogue
Hileys Eureka a new chance seedling now very green promises well
Mr P J Berckmans Augusta exhibits very fine specimens of Washington
strawberry apple
Mr David Milne has 6 plates and Mr E C Grier one plate
Under the head of Miscellaneous Fruits we desire to invite the attention
of the Society especially to the collection of evaporated fruits and vegetables
exhibited by Mr S H Rumph of Marshallville including figs apples pears
peaches tomatoes and Irish potatoes Members of the Society are urged to
embark more extensively in the evaporation of fruits for the purpose specially
of utilizing profitably the specimens which are not marketable and as a possible
solution to the transportation question They are also recommended to experi
ment with the evaporation of vegetables for market Judging from the success
Mr Rumph has attained he has carried both beyond the experimental stage
Mr Rumph exhibites Celestial figs fresh sweet and sour pomegranates and
Chinese quinces
Mr P J Berckmars exhibits the Newman plum and Japanese persimmon
Mrs J W Bryan of Walker county blackberries whortleberries and goose
berries
W B Jones Co Herndon Georgia exhibit very fine specimens of rattle
snake and scaleybark watermelons the latter pulled two weeks ago
Mr Fred Little Richmond county very large specimens of rattlesnake and
scaleybark melons
Mr W R Phillips of Bibb 4 fine Amason melons Washington county
Newman plums pomegranates etc
Respectfully submitted
J S Newman
J L Hardeman J Committee
WM M Browne
The Treasurer s Report
The Auditing Committee Messrs J L Hardeman and W B Jones sub
mitted the Treasurers report as correct as follows
T L KINSEY TREASURER IN ACCOUNT WITH THE GEORGIA
STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY
DR
To balance from 1880 o 12 08
To annual dues for 1881 1600
To annual dues for 1881 80 00
To net sales fruit 1881 03
CR
By paid reporting proceedings 1881
By paid printing proceedings 1881 8 00
By paid printing application for charter is 0042 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE GEORGIA 224
By paid wrappers and stamps 2 96
By paid note paper and envelopes 4 00
By balance 10 12
147 08 147 o8
To balance 10 12
E 0 E
Savannah Ga Jnly 31st 1881
T L KINSEY Treasurer
COMPLIMENTS OF THE COMMISSIONER OF AGRICULTURE
The Secretary read a communication from the State Commissioner of Agri
culture the Hon J T Henderson offering most generously to publish the pro
ceedings of the State Horticultural Society for free distribution On motion of
Dr Hape the communication was referred to the Committee on Publication
with power to act and on motion of Colonel E C Grier the thanks of the So
ciety were returned to the honorable Commissioner Mr Henderson
THANKS
Dr H H Cary of LaGrange offered the following resolutions which were
adopted
Resolved That the thanks of this Society are tendered to the railroads for
their courtesies in giving free or reduced rates to and from this Convention and
to the Southern Express Company for its courtesy in transporting fruit for exhi
bition free of charge
And be it further resolved That our thanks are tendered to Mr H J Peters
for his thoughtful care in looking after the wants and comforts of the Convention
to the city of Macon for cordial and refined hospitality during our stay to the
press for courtesies in reporting our proceedings and to Mr Brown of the Na
tional Hotel for the free use of his hall for our fruit display
Report of the Standing Committee on Fruits
The Standing Committee on New Fruits reported and the following was
adopted
Your Committee has examined the new fruit on exhibition and find as foU
lows
GrapesTriumph very good handsome white Brighton very good and
promising well red Berckmans very good and promising well red Pockling
ton inferior to some other white varieties Black Defiance good and promis
ing Wyoming Red not sufficiently matured Early Champion quality infe
rior but a good grower Herman not sufficiently matured Noah not quite
matured promises well as a white wine grape Racine promising well a late
ripening variety Moores Early promising as a very early kind needs further
trial Burkhart resembles the Hartford perhaps a little sweeter Prentiss
promising well white Duchess a good white grape and promising well
ApplesSimmons Red large size colors well quality good matures frorrh
une to October Hileys Eureka not ripe promising as a late keeper225
CROP REPORT1882
43
PearsDickerman small quality verygood Deux Soeurs two sisterslarge
sweet slightly astringent Edmunds medium buttery best British Queen
medium russetty buttery very good St Vincent de Paul large handsome
not quite ripe Brunet small melting very good
The following not being sufficiently ripe or in an immature condition their
merits could not be determined upon viz
Dr Koch Lieutenant Poitevin Louise de Printemps Abbe de Beaumont
Passe colmar de Esperen Doyenne Jamain Comte de Paris Mount Vernon
Laherard President Keiffers
PeachesElberta large yellow very showy well colored quality best free
stone highly commended
Signed H H Sanford 1
H H Carv I
A T Holt Committee
D Milne J
RINGING GRAPE VINES
Dr Hape introduced the following resolutions
Resolved That in the opinion of this Society the process called ringing
grape vines in order to induce an unnatural growth of fruit is calculated to de
ceive the public and is hereby condemned as not legitimate grape culture
Resolved further That any gjapes so treated will not be passed upon or ex
amined by committees appointed by the Society
Dr Hape and Mr Berckmans then explained this unnatural process of ring
ing and showed how the public is deceived by this action of enlarging grapes
by girding or cutting the vine below the bunch so as to prevent a reflux of the
sap and in order to induce large size in the grapes to the injury of the vine
The resolution was unanimously adopted
SHIPPING AND TRANSPORTATION
Colonel E C Crier from the Committee reported no changes
PACKING FRUIT FOR SHIPMENT
Attention being called to this subject Dr Hape wanted to know how it paid
and whether peaches carried as well without as packed with excelsior or with
moss
Mr Woodruff of Griffin said that he packed his early peaches with large
quantities of excelsior and upon complaint from the North of heating the fruit
too much he found better results without it Mr Cunningham he said had a
similar experience He thought best to use a small quantity if any of excel
sior
Mr Jenkins of Atlanta read a paper advocating shipping in onethird bushel
boxes and no packing whatever
Mr S H Rumph of Marshallville always shipped his fruit wrapped in tissue
paper and never lost a crate He always obtained the top of themarket for
his fruit The extra trouble in wrapping is not very great and he intended44
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
226
shipping in no other way He cut his paper to suit the fruit and a hand
packed eight crates per hour
Air Elliott of Florida asked whether green or dry moss was used in packing
fruit He said that tissue paper was now used in Florida for oranges and other
fruit because it was found that the moisture from the moss decayed the fruit
Mr Jenkins shipped without paper or anything
Mr Woodruff said that Cincinnati wanted fruit packed with excelsior and
New York wanted no extra packing
Mr Yates of Yatesville Pike county upon inquiry was told by three out of
four merchants to wrap in thick paper but now shipped without any packing
Mr Berckmans of Augusta said that Mr Rumph and himself perhaps had
received better prices than any shippers in the State and 4200 for the first
bushel of peaches and an average of 800 for the season he considered very
good He said his boxes held a peck and were packed by first sealing the top
on the inner side of which is placed a thin layer of excelsior The boxes are
reversed and filled from the bottom the peaches being placed with the apex
down The bottom is then firmly closed a thin layer of excelsior and no paper
being used in packing He has made a few shipments with good results in
tissue paper but after trial and the appearance of specks on the fruit had been
advised not to pack in paper He always took good and wellmeant advice
from commission merchants for both were interested and he found that the
merchants always did the best they could with fruit An established name of
a wellknown or reliable shipper would induce the sale of fruit by the brand
and in establishing ones self and keeping up a reputation good packing paid
Bad packing in peaches he considered like bad packing in cotton
Mr Rumph suggested that the specks alluded to by Mr Berckmans in tissue
paper packing might have been caused by dampness prior to shipping
Mr Berckmans said that might have been so but he thought best perhaps to
pack without wrapping and with a little excelsior instead of moss which is
unsightly He said also that wellknown and careful shippers received from
40 to 50 per cent over the highest market quotations in the Northern markets
Mr Rumph found a thin barbed wire nail with a light flat head 912 to the
pound the best for making crates
Mr J C Harmon of Washington county shipped in onelayer crates twelve
crates to the bushel bound together with white oak strips and never lost a
crate
DISPOSITION OF FRUIT ON EXHIBITION
Mr Sandford of Thomasville suggested that some disposition be made of
the exhibits of fruit
Mr Williams of Pike moved that fruit donated to the Society by exhibitors
be disposed of by a committee of local members for the benefit of the Society
This motion prevailed and Messrs H J Peters J L Hardeman and J M
Gunn were named as the Committee The President admonished the Commit
tee to rimember with compliments those from whom the Society had received
courtesies
The Society then adjourned till 8 oclock227
CROP REPORT1882
45
Wednesday Evening
Convention met at 830 ocloek General Wm M Browne presiding
Report of Committee on Market Varieties o Peaches was received andi
adopted
Committee on Transportation made a verbal report of their efforts to procure
abundant and cheap means of transportation They find the Express Company
unable to carry at satisfactory rates the heavy shipments that are made during
the height of the season for shipment to Western markets Refrigerator car
had been used with good result Judge Cunningham had shipped two carloads
and had netted more from them than five carloads would have netted as ordi
narily shipped Mr Elliott was satisfied that if any guarantee could be given
as to the quantity of freight to be shipped that Western companies would fur
nish all the transportation needed at low rates Refrigerator boxes had been
used for shipment of fruit from Florida These were of three bushels capacity
and were carried at 15 cents per cubic foot making cost of shipment to New
York and return of box 210 With one hundred pounds of ice a temperature
of 45 to 60 deg was maintained for nine days Fruit carried in refrigerators
came out looking well but it was thought decayed more rapidly after taking
out than if shipped the usual way Mr Rumph had on exhibition peaches thab
had been in the ice house one week After two days exposure they were still
sound
A committee of five consisting of J D Cunningham as chairman D H
Elliot J S Newman W W Woodruff and S H Rumph was appointed to
take the subject in hand and were instructedto request the Department of Ag
riculture to furnish them with the necessary statistics as to fruit shipped this
year the result of their investigation to be reported to the Agricultural De
partment as soon as possible
Adjourned sine die
T L KINSEY Secretary46
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
228
CATALOGUE OF FRUITS
PLAN OF CATALOGUE
To enable the Society to publish a full and reliable catalogue of fruits which
are successfully cultivated in Georgia and in view of the vast differences which
the climatic influence of the several sections of our State has upon the same
fruit cultivated on the mountains or near the sea coast it has been deemed ad
visable to divide the State into three distinct sections
i The Upper or Mountain Region embracing that section of Georgia be
tween the 34th and 35th degrees of latitude N
2 The Middle Region between 32d and 34th degrees and including the
southwestern portion of the 32d degree
3 The Lower or Coast Region comprising the counties of Chatham Bryan
Liberty Mclntosh Clynn and Camden
The explanations of the columns will be found under each class of Fruits
The varieties named in the several lists are of recognized good quality in
ferior or rejected varieties being omitted
Synonyms are given in a few instances only where it was deemed necessary
these are placed under the adopted name in italics
One o indicates that the varieties succeed well in the regian named at the
head of the column Two oos indicate the varieties most highly recom
mended No o indicates no report or that the variety is not sufficiently
tested A Dash indicates that the variety is unsuited
APPLES
Explanation of Columns
Column 1stName of varieties
Column 2dSeason of maturity
Column 3dThe particular use for which it is best adapted
Columns 4 5 and 6The regions for which the varieties are recommended
Column 7Remarks
Explanation of Abbreviations
Column 2dSeasonsS summer A autumn W winter E early L
late E S early summer L W late winter etc
Column 3d UseK designates varieties recommended only for kitchen or
cooking purposes D for drying C for those specially intended for
cider M those most valued for market varieties not marked may be
considered as table or desert sorts229
CROP REPORT1882
APPLES
47
Astrachan Red
Ben Davis
Neiv York Pippin
Buncombe
MeigsRedWinter Pearjnain
Red Fall Pippin
Buff
Black Warrior
Carters Bue
Lady Fitzpairick
Carolina Greening
GreenCrankSouthernGr een
ing Green Cheese
Cannon Pearmain
Carolina Watson
Cullasaga
Chattahoochee
Disharc n
Early Harvest
Elgin Pippin
Equinetelee
Batchelor Buckingham etc
Etovvah
Coopers Red
Fall Pippin
Family
Farrars Summer
Robinsons Superb
Ferdinand
Grimes Golden Pippin
Gravenstein
Hames
Homony
Summer Queen of Kentucky
Sops of Wine
Horse
Hocketts Sweet
Horn
Julian
Jewetts Best
Kansas Queen
Kittageskee
Kentucky Red Streak
Bradfords Best
Laurens Greening
Lake
Lever
Lanier
May Pippin
Mamma
Mangum
Maverecks Sweet
Moultries
Indian Winter
Neverfails
Rawles Janet
Nickajack
Sunrnerour Berry Wonder
etc
Nantahalee
Yellow June
Oconee Greening
Palmer or Pear Apple
Romanite
Red June
Carolina Red June
Rhodes Orange
E S
LW
LW
S
LW
W
A
E S
A
A
W
s
LW
LW
S
s
s
LA
A
L A
S
LW
A
E S
A
W
w
LW
A
E
LW
H S
K S
Profitable early market not prolific
Second quality excellent keeper
Excellent In some soils liable to blight of bloom
buds
Very large coarse suitable for mountain region
Excellent fine keeping prolific
Large sugary very fine splendid grower
Excellent
Second quality fine keeper
Very large prolific profitable market
Requires strong clay soil
Excellent and fine keeper
Good quality fine grower
00 Universal favorite
Large and very good
lVery good needs strong soil subject to borer
oooo Very good fine keeper
Large and very good
Excellent and profitable summer apple prolific
Very good lasts from July to October
Large good quality
Very good in mountain region
Good in Middle and Western portion of the State
Matures with Jed June very good
Excellent prolific
months
Superior for cookng and drying prolific lasts two
Prolific and good keeper
Good keeper open grower
Productive excellent for cider showy fruit
Very large very good stout grower
Very showy
Very prolific small very good
Fine grower
Good fall fruit prolific
Good showy fruit tree stout grower
Second quality late keeper
Showy fall apple good quality
Very early reliable in middle or western region
Very good fine tree
Excellent prolific subject to moth
Very good good keeper unreliable
Good and late keeper
Excellent in some sections of middle region unreli
able apt to drop before attaining full size
Veiy good apt to rot at core in some soils
Excellent
Medium very good prolific
Unsurpassed in quality prolific in mountain region
Early prolific very good bears very young profit
able for market
Excellent summer fruit48
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 230
APPLESContinued
NAME
Simmonss Red
Shockley
Sauta
Summer Cheese
Summer Queen
Stevenson Winter
Striped June
Early Red Margaret 0 thi
South
Sweet Bough
Sweet Harvest
Taunton
Webbs Winter
White Winter Pearmain
Yates
Yopps Favorite
Wine Sap
Hiieys Eureka
U3
S
LW
LW
S
S
LW
s
w
w
w
LW
S
IW
LW
REMARKS
Matures fruit from June to October
Reliable in every section profitable
Very good late keeper even on coast
Large prolific excellent for cooking and drying
Prolific and good market apple
Unsurpassed in quality bearing and keeping
0000 Excellent fine grower and prolific
Very good early sweet
Large showy good quality fine for market open
Good grower
Good
Small very good prolific and bears young desira
Very good ble variety
Quality very good
Promising well late keeper
LEADING VARIETIES OF APPLES FOR MARKET ORCHARDS
SummerAstrachan Red June Early Harvest Family Striped June Horse Julian Homonv
AutumnBuncombe Carters Blue Equinetelee Taunton
WinterBen Davis Chattahoochee Greening Etowah Hocketts Sweet Mangum Nickaiack
Romamte Shockley Stevensons Winter Yates Sauta Black Warrior g mckaJac1
PEACHES
Explanation of CoLUMNSst Name of variety 2d Class freestone or clingstone 3d Color
of flesh 4th Season 5th Use Remaining columns denote the regions etc
AbbreviationsClass F freestone C clingstone Flesh W white Y yellow R red Sea
7 E rly V very early M medium L late V L very late Very early ripen from end
of May to June soth early from June 20th to July Sth medium from July 5th to August toth late
from August icth to October 1st very late from October tst to November 10th Use F for familv
use only M the most valuable for market D most desirable for drying Varieties not marked may
be considered as good for home use 3
AlexandersynAmsden
Amelia
Stromans Carolina
Austin
Beatrice
Bustians October
Baldwins Late
tChinese Cling
R E Lee
Canary
Columbia
Indian Pace etc
Crawfords Early
Crawfords Late
Connors White
Darby
Demmings September
Duff Yellow
Early Tillotson
Eatons Golden
Elberta
V E
E
V L
VE
V L
V L
E
E
E
M
E
M
V E
V I
1
E
V E
L
M
M
M
M
M
F
Jll
M
REMARKS
Quality very good bright color very profitable
Very large very good
Excellent October cling
00 Excellent below medium size fine color requires rich
An excellent very late cling soil and thinning
Good late freestone
Excellent and large subject to rot
Earlier than its parent the Chines cling
Very delicate skin very thin
Excellent for all purposes
Very good and standard market variety
Variable rots in some seasons
A good June cling for amateur culture
An excellent October cling
Similar to Lemon Cling but ripens a month later
ery Urge early second quality
Very desirable
Superior cling for preserving
Very large and handsome 231
CROP REPORT1882
PEACHESContinued
49
NAME
Fmitland Seedling
Flewellen
Fleitas St John
May Beauty
Foster
Grosse Mignonne
Gayloid
Great Eastern
Goodes October
General Taylor
Hales
Honey
Chinese Honey
Heath White
White English
Indian Blood Clingstone
LaGrange
Late Rareripe
Late Admirable
Lemon Cling
Pineapple
Louise Rivers
Mountain Rose
Muscogee
Newington Cling
Osceola
Old Mixon Freessone
Old Mixon Clingstone
Picquets Late
President Church
fRivers
Rivers Early York
Stump the World
Susquehanna
Snow
Scotts October
Tinleys October Cling
Thurber
Tuskena
white cling
President Robinson
W
R
Y
y
w
w
w
R
R
W
W
W
R
W
W
w
Y
w
w
w
w
Y
w
w
Y
w
w
w
Y
w
Y
W
w
Y
W
I
E
V E
V E
M
M
M
V I
V r
V E
V
M
L
M
M
M
VE
M
M
M
L
M
L
L I
VE
M
M
M
V I
V L
M
V E
M
REMARKS
OO O
cooo
CO oo
CO OO
OOQO
oo oo
oo oo
o oo
oojoo
OO CO
Good for its season
Good early cling of Indian type
Very good early excellent market variety
Earlier than Early Crawford
Good but too tender for market
Very good
Very large variable in quality
Very good late Indian cling
Very good early cling
Variable apt to rot in some localities
o Very sweet blooms very early
Excellent for preserving and market
Very juicy and good
Large pure white good
Excellent very large
Very good too tender for market
Superior cling
Very good ripens one week after Beatrice
Superior to Early York
Whitefieshed Columbia good
Good freestone of Indian type
Excellent market variety
Excellent market variety
Best freestone of of its season
Very good September freestone
Of best quality large size too tender for market
Superior market variety
Very large superior to late Crawford
Good pure white preserving
Good late cling
Good late cling
Very large best quality
oiLemon Cling June
Good July cling
ISeedling of Chinese Cling Worthy of further trial
CHINESE CLING
SSSSSSS introduced less liable to decay than the
ity to the Mountain Rose which r pens at same sefsovF5 a are a inferior in 1ual
ver Magdala Dr Hogg Prince of Wal3 Early Alfred Early Albert Early Sil
LEADING MARKET VARIETIES IN OKDER OF MATURITY
Ptygl oTrMp JFhn T Hera Taylor
World Columbia Lemon Cling Mcogee Indian RlrS lr FJZ Sus1uenna Stump the
White Heath Cling Eatons JoldenTgwwins AustTn DarbV ftffi CqU PrCSident ChUrCh
LEADING VARETES FOR SHPPING TO NORTHERN AND WESTERN MARKETS
AlexanClerTilloso Crawfords Early Crawfoods Late Elberta Stump the World Susquehanna
FOR FAMILY USE
ba Old Mixon Cling PicquOUiuZhwF 1nrb 4mD ClingColum
Eatons Golden BustiansOctober AustinsLate Tinleys October Denmm September Cling50
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE GEORGIA
232
Large Sweet
Acid
Dwarf
NECTARINES
Explanations and Abbreviations same asPeaches
NAME en U F F C F F F C F F 0 c F o J2 o U Y R R R R R Y R R W R YR W 6 o a V WJ M M E E E M M M M E M M M 6 c o 2 B O o U REMARKS
Boston Downton Reports from every section state this to be unreliable owing to attacks ol curculio
the

Golden Cling
Hardwicke Hunts Tawny New White
Red Roman Victoria
APRICOTS
Explanations and abbreviations same as peaches
Breda F F F F F F I F F F F F Y Y R YR R Y Y Y Y YR YR Y E E M E M L M M M M M L o o


Trees are liable to be killed by spring frost Only desirable for city gardens or where protected by surrounding buildings

Moorpark Orange Half o
o o

Royal
Turkey
POMEGRANATES
oo iThe climate of mountain region is too cold
oo to grow this plant
Suitable for pot culture
NUTS
Pecan
Madeira or English Walnut
Cobnuts and Filbert
o Very prolific and desirable
o Succeed well in Middle Georgia
PEARS
Explanation or Columnsist name of variety 2dseason 3d use stock upon which the vari
ety succeeds best remainder the region in which the varieties are recommended
AbbreviationsSeason and 6Same as those for Apples StockQt quinces S pear stock
Where not marked the varieties thrive equaily upon quince or pear
NAME
Bartlett
Belle Luciative
Buerre Bosc
Buerre Clairgeau
Buerre dAnjou
Buerre Diel
a
0 a
bl a
iJ r
c
V
o M a
rt V 0 rj 0 U no
V 0 M en S s oo oo
S
s S on oo n
A s o o
A s o oo oo
S M D oo on o
s o o
REMARKS
i Good everywhere but very subject to blight
d Good for family use
Variable as to soil
Very fine apt to lose its foliage
Very good
Good233
CROP REPORT1882
PEARSContinued
51
Buerre Easter
Buerre Giffard
Buerre Langelier
Buerre Superfin
Buffum
Clapps Favorite
Doyenne dEte
Doyenne Boussock
Duchesse dAngouleme
Flemish Beauty
Henkell
Howell
Lawrence
Louise Bonne de Jersey
Onondaga
Orbands Summer
ott
Passe Colmar
St Michael Archangel
Seckel
Stevens Gennessee
Winter Nelis
Leconte
Chinese Pear
Petite Marguerite
W
E S
A
S
S
s
F S
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
E S
s
LA
s I
S IM
S
w
s
REMARKS
S oo o A late keeper
DOo oo o Very early poor grower
Very fine in mountain rrion
Excellent brtt rots at the core
Very good and fine color matures rapidly standard only
Good very early but small
S o o Slow bearer
Q oo oo oo Most profitable of all
S o o oo Good but liable to rot at core
Very good
Very good
Large and fine fine grower best on standard
oiVariable as to quality
Small but excellent and productive
Fine grower good fruit
Slow bearer fruit best quality
Best keeper ket
Valued in South Georgia Very good for table and mar
oooo Seedling of Doyonne dEte and better
BEST VARIETIES FOR MARKET IN ORDER OF MATURITY
Z khMl A S HWel1 Duch dA
BeutvTARuereny05neTdEte CkPS Farte Bartlett Belle Lucrative LeCote Flemish
Beaut Buerre Clairgeau Lawrence Buerre Easter and Winter Nelis nemisn
PLUMS
NAME
Bradshaw
Coes Golden Drop
Columbia
Damson
Blue Damson
Duanes Purple
Green Gage
Imperial Gage
Lombard
M otrul
Morocco
Monroe
Orleans
Smiths
Red Gage
Wild Goose
Newmans
Decaradeucs
HAKPRRs
Washington
Yellow Gage
Brill
R
Y
P
B
P
G
G
P
B
G
P
R
R
R
YR
R
Y
Y
R I
REMARKS
The curculio prevents this fruit from being raised
to any extent Where special oare is taken to
destroy the insect the varienties marked o are
recommended The new varieties of the Chick
asaw type are comparatively free from curculio
and very prolific bearers
Varieties in small capitals belong to Chickasaw
type52
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
234
ExEPLANATJON OF COLUMNS
columns for region etc
NATIVE GRAPES
ist name 2d class 3d color 4th season 5th use remaining
AbbreviationsClassL Labrusca or belonging to the fox grape type CE CEstivalis or be
NAME
Black July or Deveraux
Brighton
Clinton
Concord
Delaware
Diana
Goethe
Rogers No i
Hartford Prolific
Flowers
Ives
Lindley
Rogers No 9
Lenoir
LongJTyw Cunningham
Maxatawney
Merrimack
Rogers No 19
Nortons Virginia
Perkins
Salem
Scuppernong
Senasqua
Thomas
Warren
Herbemont
Wilder
Rogers No 4
Worden
Berckmans
Black Eagle
Duchess
Lady Washington
Moores early
Mary Wylie
Noah
Prentiss
Pocklington
Triumph
B
K
B
B
P R
P R
GW
B
I
B
R
B
P R
W
B
B
R
R
W
B
P R
P B
TW
T
W
IM
TW
TM
T
E M
L W
E WM
M T
c
0
V 0


G
l V

a

5

M
T
M W
M T
M T
REMARKS
Excellent shy bearer while young
Very good quality a good bearer
Good wine grape
Among our very best varieties
Best table variety reliable but slow grower
Good
Good late
Good early variety good for wine
Late variety of muscadine
Early and prolific no rot
Good
Rots in middle region excellent for wine
Good but not producive
Good best white variety shy bearer
o One of the best of Rogers hybrids
o Good red wine grape
o Good bearer no rot second quality
Good
Most certain bearer best wine grape
Excellent for table
Early variety of muscadine excellent
Apt to rot excellent quality
Good aud gaining in favor
Earlier than Concord
Promising well vigorous good bearer
Promising well large
Promising well
Promising well
Promising well as an early shipper
Promising well
Promising well for white wine betcer than Elvira
Promising well
Promising well as a large market variety
Promising well an excellent white variety
Best Varieties for MarketConcord Ives Delaware Hartford Wilder Diana Perkins
Best for Wine Jacques Lenoir Clinton Concord Ives Nortons Virginia White
Pelaware Diana Warnm Scuppernong Thomas WH rnzte235
CROP REPORT1882
STRAWBERRIES
53
coFumLs7oArTregonstcUMNSISt S6X 3i riin th use 5th ason remaining
aATZrrFfeyp firssi s iruiKfcreign A
NAME
Charles Downing
Triumphe de Gand
Wilsons albany
Nunans
Monarch of the West
Sharpless
Crescent Seediing
BidwellJfj
E
L
EL
VE
E
p
o
it 0 c
bi C
c

a a 0 c i
3 s
o o o
o
REMARKS
Good variable as to soils
Very fine where it does not burn
Best very report favorable
Worthless in middle region valuable for
coast
immediate
Size We quality good other varieties
Pistillatedmust be cultivated in alternate rows with
Promising well
RASPBERRIES
NAME
Doolittles
Davidsons Thornless
Imperial Red
Mammoth Cluster
Cuthbert
a
o c
s 0 a
a ho o

c a 3



o o
0 o
oo oo o
o o
oo
REMARKS
Varieties of the Black Cap and Purple Cane type yield good crops
Foreign varieties are worthless and are ommitted from this list
BLACKBERRIES
Lawton or new Rochelle
Kittatinny
Wilsons Early
MULBERRIES
Downings
Hicks
Stubbs
ooBest flavored acid moderate bearer
0orJargtverryigoVody PrlifiC recommMdd Poultry and hogs
ALMONDS
Princesse
Sultane
Hardshell
o B1faSvnSlfrefiabIe kilied sPrinK frosfs Reports
i favorable from middle and mountain region54
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
236
FIGS
Explanation ok Columnsisr name 2d si4e 3d color 4th season remaining columns for
regions etc
Abbreviations SizeS small L large M medium CeiorVf white or yellow G green
B brown or reddish P purpie or blue V violet Season E early M middle season E L
early and late
Angelique
Early Lemon
Brunswjck
Madonna
Co nsta nti 7iople
Black Genoa
Black Bchia
Celestial
Brown Turkey
Brown Smyrna
Green Ischia
White Ischia
Green Italian
Lemon
Violet Round
Nerii
Marseilles
6 S B


c 0
VV E
P EL H
V M
p M u
V K 3
1 E L D
P M V
ML
X M
w M
IV L
v M
Small good early
Very large and desirable
Good
Small prolific and desirablecelestial
Best of all for middle region
Very good and prolific
Very good
Good
Good
Rather dry but prolific
CHERRIES
Explanations and abbreviations same as Figs except color
early black Y yellow Y R Yellow red
R red A amber D R dark red
Belle Delhoisy
Belle and Alanifique
Black Heart Werder
Black Tartarian
Black Eagle
Carnation
oes Transparent
Early Richmond
May Duke
English Morello
Napoleon
Rockport
Reine Hortense
Governor Wood
Baumans May
Yellow Spanish
IR
R
Ilk
lR
DR
R
A Y
R
R
R
R
AR
R
R
R
Y
REMARKS
Very early
Cherries are uncertain in middle region except
in a few localities where good crops are
sometimes produced the Morello class being
most desirable Trees should all be grown on
Wahaleb stock
QUINCES
NAME e a 2 5 2
0 0 0 0 0 0
Orange or Apple 0
0

REMARKS
Fine quality
Succeeds best in Southwest Georgia good for preserving
Most generally cultivated
Large and fine
Quinces need strong clay soil They are unproductive in gray landSpecial Circular No 29
New Series
REPORT OF CONDITION AND YIELD OF CROPS ETC
FOR THE MONTH OF SEPTEMBER 1882
RETURNABLE OCTOBER 1st 1882
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
Atlanta Ga September 12th 1882
Dear Sm Please answer the following questions on the I St dav of
October or a few days before if necessary ad mail 5
that your report may reach this office by the Third of OnlnLT
Answer every question that will admit I It2g
An AVERAGE CROP or AVERAGE OVhiiun
e Uan a arSe it should be reported as IIO in
you leside or as far in every direction as your knowledge may extend not
simply to your own farm CUS may extend noi
LTtarrr 5Cb kl t grown JO
J T HENDERSON
Commissioner of Agriculture
I For what county do you report f
county
II Tour name f
III Tour postofflce 2
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
238
From present indications what will be the
1 Total yield of cotton compared to a good average crop Per cent
2 Total yield of corn compared to average percent
percent
S Sugar cane r
4 Rice
percent
per cent
5 Sweet potatoes
6 SorghumPer cent
7 Field peaspercent
8 Chufaspercent
9 Turnipspercent
SWEET POTATOES
An effort is being made to secure rates of transportation which will justify the shipment of
of our surplus crop of sweet potatoes to the Northern markets Information in regard to the
probable surplus wil 1 facilitate this effort Please answer therefore the following questions
10 After supplying the home demand how many bushels of sweet potatoes can be sold for ship
ment in your county this year bushels
11 What varieties are principally grown in your county
13 Which gives best results
18 Give the names and postoffice address of some of the largest sweet potato growers in your
county New Series
JNEW bERIES
Circular No 32 j
RULES AND REGULATIONS
AND
Special Instructions to Inspectors
FOR THE
INSPECTION OF FERTILIZERS
IN GEORGIA
Prescribed by J T HENDERSON Commissioner of Agrxculture
FOR THE SEASON OF 18823
ATLANTA GEORGIA
1882New Series
Circular No 32 j
Rules and RegulationsSeason of 18823
Department of Agriculture
Atlanta September 15 1882
The Commissioner of Agriculture continues of force the Rules and Regulations
of the season of 18812 and they are prescribed and published for the season of
18823 as follows
I Every package of fertilizer or chemical for manufacturing the same or
for composting intended for sale or distribution within the State of Georgia
shall have the manufacturers guaranteed analysis placed upon or securely at
tached to each package by the manufacturer If the fertilizer is in bags it
shall be distinctly branded stamped or printed upon each sack If in barrels
it may be either branded stamped or printed upon the head of each barrel or
distinctly printed upon good paper and securely pasted upon the head of each
barrel or upon a shipping or other tag and securely attached to the head of
each barrel In every case it must be distinct This manufacturers guaran
teed analysis shall show the following determinations viz
Moisture at 212percent
Insoluble Phosphoric Acidper ceQt
Available Phosphoric Acidper cen
Ammonia actual and potentialper cent
Potash K Opercent
If Nitrogen in the form of Nitrate is claimed the fact must be stated in the
Request for Inspection
II To facilitate the transaction of business any manufacturer dealer agent
or other person who procures the inspection of a fertilizer after it is in
spected and has the inspectors tag attached in compliance with law may
proceed to make sales thereof before the official analysis is completed provided
he gives a written obligation to cancel all sales in case the fertilizer is con
demned by the Commissioner of Agriculture This obligation is embraced in
the Request for Inspection which must also set forth the guaranteed
analysis according to the form therein prescribed and addressed to the proper
Inspector
III Inspectors shall not furnish any tag or device to be attached to any fer
tilizer or permit it to be offered for sale or distribution unless the manufac
turers guaranteed analysis is plainly placed upon each parcel or package
before offering the same for sale or distribution claiming in the case of any
Ammoniated Superphosphate that it contains at least 8 per cent of available
Phosphoric Acid and 2 per cent of Ammonia and of any Acid Phosphate or
Dissolved Bone that it contains at least 10 per cent of available Phosphoric
Acid neither shall any such tag or device be furnished or applied to any fer
tilizer that is in a damaged or unmerchantable condition4 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 240
IV Inspectors after collecting inspection fees and taking samples shall
have applied under their personal supervision when practicable Inspectors
tags one to each package of fertilizer before the same is offered for sale or dis
tribution Inspectors tags will have printed upon each the words and figures
Inspected18823Georgia also a fac simile of the signature of the In
spector Whenever it is found to be impracticable for Inspectors to personally
supervise the application of tags they may be delivered to the order of the
person procuring the inspection In such cases Inspectors must avail them
selves of all practicable means to satisfy themselves that the tags so delivered
have been properly applied to goods that have been regularly inspected during
the season indicated
V The Inspectors tag when attached or applied in compliance with law is
a recognition that the fertilizer to which it is attached has the consent of the
Commissioner of Agriculture to go to sale under the conditions prescribed in
Rules I and II above recited
VI All fertilizers manufactured in this State for sale or distribution within
the State must have been subjected to all the requirements of the law and
regulations and the Inspectors fee must be paid before it can be removed from
the mill or factor
VII For the purpose of making inspections and executing the laws and reg
ulations in relation to the inspection of fertilizers the following persons have
been appointed Inspectors with offices at the places annexed to their names
viz
O T RogersSavannah
Samuel Hawkins Augusta
W P HardenBrunswick
J S LawtonAtlanta
E LThomasMacon
W H nowellColumbus
Whenever it is necessary to facilitate transportation the Inspectors at Macon
Brunswick and Columbus will cooperate with the Inspectors at Savannah
Augusta and Atlanta Inspections can be made at other points in Georgia than
those named above when necessary but if in such cases the fertilizer shall
have come into the State at any port or station where there is an Inspector the
necessary expenses of the Inspector in going to make such inspection must be
paid by the party procuring the same
VIII If necessary to facilitate transportation inspections may be made out
side of the State or in bulk by permission of the Commissioner of Agriculture
to whom applications must be made by the party procuring it In all such
cases the expenses of the Inspector incurred in making the inspection must be
paid by the party procuring it
IX In all cases in making inspections samples must be taken by the In
spector in person He must provide such samples as will penetrate to the
centre of the package and samples must be taken from a sufficient number to
fairly represent the wholenot less than onetenth of the package in lots of
ten tons or over and not less than onefifth of the packages in lots of less than
ten tons241
INSPECTION OF FERTILIZERS18823
X Inspectors at tbe time of first inspecting a fertilizer for the season must
request of the person procuring the same three packages of each distinct
brand to be selected by the Inspectors to be used under the directions of the
Commissioners of Agriculture in making a thorough soiltest These three
packages must be taken at once by the Inspector and carefully stored till called
for by the Commissioner
XI Manufacturers of and dealers in fertilizers outside the State before
making each shipment of fertilizers into Georgia for sale or distribution are
required to notify the Commissioner of Agriculture directly and also the In
spector at the port or place where the same is to enter the State in writing of
such shipment giving the name of the vessel or railroad on which shippedthe
name of each distinct brand and the number of tons of each the numberand
kinds of packages and their weight the name and place of the consignee
and accompany this information by a copy of the guaranteed analysis Let
this notice be timely to both the Commissioner and the Inspector It will
facilitate business and result in advantage to those who give such timely no
tice
XII As far as possible all fertilizers must be inspected at the port of entry
or place where they come into the State Inspectors are required to be vigilant
and see that none escapes Dealers in the interior of the State to whom fer
tilizers coming into the State at points where there are no Inspectors are con
signed must give timely notice to the Commissioner of Agriculture and to the
Inspector nearest the point where they enter the State and must be prepared to
furnish the Inspector with the necessary guaranty and give all required obliga
tions and to pay to him the inspection fee by the time the fertilizer arrives
All persons in Georgia who expect to deal in fertilizers or have fertilizers
shipped to them during the coming season for sale or distribution will please
take due notice and make all necessary arrangements to meet the requirements
of law promptly when the fertilizer reaches the State and thus save delay and
embarrassment The law must be enforced and parties interested will greatly
oblige by taking such timely steps as will insure its easy execution without an
noyance to themselves or others
XIII An Act To protect more effectually the planters of Georgia from im
position in the sale of fertilizers etc approved February 26th 1874 provides
in section I That from and after the passage of this Act it shall not be lawful
to sell or offer for sale any fertilizer manufactured in this State or to bring
into the State for sale and distribution any fertilizer manufactured beyond the
limits of the State unless before offering for sale or the sale or distribution of
the same there shall be an inspection and an analysis made of it etc Sec
tion III of the same Act provides for the punishment according to section 4310
of the Code of 1873 of any person selling fertilizers without inspection
An Act to render more efficient and economical the Inspection and Analysis
of Fertilizers etc Approved February 26th 1877 provides that Any manu
facturer dealer or other person offering any fertilizer or chemical for manufac
turing the same for sale or distribution in this State without having a brand
tag or such other device as the Commissioner of Agriculture may require show
ing the analysis thereof shall be guilty of a misdemeanor and on conviction
of the same shall be punished as prescribed in section 4310 of the Revised Code
of 1873DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
242
Section VI of the above cited Act approved February 28th 1874 requires
the Inspectors to prosecute violators of these laws
The law will be rigidly enforced and the Inspectors held to a strict perform
ance of their duties
XIV The season for inspecting fertilizers will be from September 1st to the
31st of August following
XV The method of analysis recommended by the recent Convention of Agri
cultural Chemists held at Washington D C on the 28th of July 1880 will
continue to be employed by the Chemist of the Department in the analysis of
all commercial fertilizers Copies of the proceedings of said Convention will
be sent to applicants
SPECIAL INSTRUCTIONS TO INSPECTORS OF FERTIL
IZERS
It is of the utmost importance to the planters and people of Georgiato your
self and the Department of Agriculturethat your duties be well and faithfully
performed You are placed as a sentinel to see that the interest of the farmers
of Georgia are well guarded in their purchase of commercial fertilizers that
they are protected from imposition in every purchase that they make and that
the laws denning your duties and the regulations of the Department are rigidly
executed in every case You are in your official acts to render full justice to
all parties The strict execution of the law and full protection from imposition
to all farmers will not work injustice to any manufacturer or dealer
In the discharge of your duty in addition to the foregoing Rules and Regu
lations you are to be governed by the following special instructions giving
some details which could not well be set forth elsewhere viz
1 Fertilizers purchased outside of the State by a consumer or farmer in
Georgia for his own use and not for sale or distribution shall be permitted to
pass without inspection if the purchaser desires it provided it is sent directly
to said purchaser addressed or consigned to him personally and not directed
to or passing through the hands of a commission merchant or third party You
must as far as practicable report all such shipments to the Commissioner of
Agriculture giving the names of brands the names and places of consignees
and the number of tons and enter the same in your official record
2 You must not inspect any fertilizer till the person or firm desiring inspec
tion has
a Paid you in cash the inspection fee of 50 cents per ton for every ton to be
inspected
b Placed the exact name in full of the fertilizer to be inspected upon each
package and placed the guaranteed analysis on each package
c Signed a Request for Inspection on the blanks furnished for that pur
pose embracing an obligation to cancel and make null all sales which may be
made of said fertilizer before the official analysis thereof is made if after being
analyzed the Commissioner of Agriculture shall in pursuance of law prohibit
its sale The request must also contain the guaranteed analysis corres
ponding to that placed upon the package243
INSPECTION OF FERTILIZERS18823
Soiltest packages of every distinct brand of fertilizers are to be requested only
once during the season viz at the time of making the first inspection of any
brand
You must not inspect any fertilizer if the minimum percentage of any of the
valuable ingredients named in the guaranteed analysis is less than that required
by law viz 8 per cent of available phosphoric acid and 2 per cent of ammo
nia in ammoniated superphosphates or 10 per cent of available phosphoric
acid in acid phosphates or dissolved bones
3 Immediately after taking samples of any brand of fertilizer in the man
ner described in Rule IX of the Rules and Regulations they must be thoroughly
mixed but not triturated or ground in a mortar or otherwise When samples
are forwarded to the Department for analysis they must be in the same mechan
ical condition in which they are offered for sale to the planters m the State After
the samples are thus thoroughly mixed you will from the mixture fill two
glass bottles common quinine bottles securely seal them with wax stamp your
private seal upon the wax and then carefully and correctly label themone
With a label showing the inspection number name of the fertilizer inspected
the place at for whom inspected and the date of inspection and the other
with a label showing the number of inspection You must then deliver both
in person to the Commissioner or carefully box and ship them to him by ex
press
4 You are required to keep in a book a full and accurate record or minute
of every official act performed by you and of everything connected with the
movement of or trade in fertilizers that may be important giving name dates
and facts in full as indicated in the blank forms furnished you
5 You are required to make a full and complete report on the first day of
each month of the work done during the previous month on blanks furnished
you for that purpose
Report promptly to the Commissioner any violations of law
The book of records or minutes is the property of the Department and must
be neatly and correctly kept It must be riled in the Department with your final
report made at the end of the fertilizer season
Xou will be required to make arrangements for storing and shipping soiltest
samples under the instructions from the Commissioner of Agriculture
When you make the first inspection for the season of any brand of fertilizer
outside ol the State you must then and there request the soiitest samples to be
put up and shipped to your address freight prepaid by the manufacturer or
dealer and the same to be stored by you as before directed
Blanks will be furnished you for making all your records entries and reports
and stationery for official correspondence
Inspectors tags and sample bottles will be supplied to you on your requisition
freight prepaid and you must retain the cost of the same and all charges from
fees received and pay the amount to this office at the end of each month
The Act of February ath 1877 requires you to pay over to the Comptroller
General on the first day of each month ail moneys received for inspection fees
during the preceding month This must be done in whatever manner the
Comptroller may prescribe and you must satisfy the Commissioner that this duty
has been performed before a salary certificate will be issued to you8
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
244
You are specially required to guard against any misappropriation of Inspec
tors tags or for any violation or evasion of the law or of any attempts to do
so and make full reports to the Department of Agriculture
You will be required to render a strict account of all tags issued to you and
held liable to the treasury for the amount of fees represented by any tags not
satisfactorily accounted for
Any information you may need will be given at any time Instructions will
be given promptly in any case in which you may desire them or about which
you are in doubt
Inspectors will be held to a strict performance of all duties required of them
by the law and the rules regulations and instructions denning their duties No
neglect or irregularities in the discharge of their duties will be tolerated
J T HENDERSON
Commissioner of AgricultureCircular Nc jj
New Series
CROP REPORT
FOR THE MONTH OF SEPTEMBER 1882
Seturned to the Department of Agriculture October 1st 18S2
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
Atlanta Ga October 5th 1882
GENERAL COMMENTS
COTTON
L5K rCiC0t ckotton in the state was pM 98 im
port was mailed DOt n0ioed UDtiI after e re
The retoonin the estimate since last month is attributed to ft effects of
Where there was much cotton open at the time of the storm the damage was
cons le bl bm t0 many cropg t was beneflcal amag
he s BoTofirand bjbending tbe staiks r 2iss
the bolls Th 6 aVe had the effect of facilitating the opening of
the bolls There was at one time great uneasiness felt about the lateness of He
crop but the effect of the storm together with the influence of th drjweltLtr
whCh has prevailed for the last three weeks have materially relieved apnrehe
sonson ths subject Cotton whieh was in a green and growing conditfon three
leeksagosnowopeningrapidly TboonmerJeperJJZTcrovllDEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
246
CORN
There is a reduction in the reports of corn in every section except in South
west and Southeast Georgia where the corn was more generally matured before
the storm than in the other sections Besides a smaller per centage of the
crop is planted on bottom lands in those two sections than in the others where
the reduction is mainly due to the influence of the storm The estimated yield
compared to an average crop for the whole State is 117 a reduction of three per
cent since the August report mainly due to the effects of the storm In North
Georgia it is 115 in Middle Georgia 117 in Southwest Georgia 119 in East
Georgia 115 and in Southeast Georgia 116
There has been some complaint of corn rotting especially where the ears up
on stalks that were blown down by the storm rest upon the ground but there is
complaint of rot and an unusual quantity of fungus in the general crop
SUGAR CANE
Two counties in North Georgia report this crop at 100 Twentyone counties
in Middle Georgia report it at 102 In Southwest Georgia East Georgia and
Southeast Georgia this crop is reported at 109 In the whole State the estimate
is 107though as nearly the whole crop is produced in the three sections of
Southern Georgia 109 more correctly represents the crop of the State
RICE
Two counties in North Georgia report rice at 112 seven counties in Middle
Georgia report it at 99 sixteen in Southwest Georgia report an average condi
tion and prospect of 99 East Georgia reports 104 while Southeast Georgia
where the bulk of the crop is produced reports it 99 The average for the
State is 101
SWEET POTATOES
This crop promises an immense yield and the dry weather which has pre
vailed for the last three weeks has been very favorable for maturing the fine
crops already made It will facilitate the ripening of the potatoes which is so
necessary to insure keeping through the winter They should not be dug until
ripe This may be determined by breaking or cutting a few specimens and al
lowing the exposed surface to dry in the air If the root is mature the juice
which exudes from the cut suface will crystalize and form a white coating over
the wound which serves as an artificial skin to exclude the air and thus pre
vents decomposition If the cut surface turns black the potato is not in a suit
able condition as to maturity to insure good keeping qualities
This crop is so easily grown in large quantities per acre and of superior qual
ity in Georgia that if reasonable rates of transportation can be procured the
surplus crop will become no insignificantsource of revenue to the farmers of
the State In order to facilitate arrangements for reduced rates inquiry was
made of the crop correspondents of this Department as to the surplus available
for market purposes in their respective counties with the following results 24 CROP REPOliT1882 3
SURPLUS OP SWEET POTATOES PROM PRESENT CROP FOR
MARKET
TU K Gn Mgia 37250 bushels
In fiddle Georgia 112350 bushels
In Southwest Georgia 99M0 bushes
In East Georgia 46500 bushels
In Southeast Georgia 40000 bushe8

Total surplus 335500 bushels
This does not cover the whole surplus as only 101 of the 137 counties repor
questTon corresPondents in of these counties failed to answer the 10th
Hitherto the freights have been prohibitory and hence very few farmers plant
he sweet potato as a market crop but simply enough to supply the demand on
the farm for use on the table with a small surplus for stock Taking these facts
into consideration therefore the surplus reported is not insignificant
If assurance of reasonable rates of freight to Northern and Western cities
can be guaranteed the next crop will show a surplus of at least 1000000 bushels
The crop is reported at 107 in North Georgia 113 in Middle Georgia 110 in
Southwest Georgia 111 in East Georgia 114 in Southeast Georgia and in the
who e State 111 Those who contemplate shipping to the northern markets
should procure seed of the Jersey Sweet which commands a better price in
tie Northern and Western cities than auy other variety
SORGHUM
Is reported at 100 in North Georga 103 in Middle Georgia 97 in Southwest
Georga 108 in East Georgia and 10 in Southeast Georgia The area in this
crop has been considerably increased iu North Georgia It should be grown
farenough South to meet the area of profitable cultivation of the sugar cane
With modern improvements in evaporators a very fine article of syrup is made
from the sorghum entirely free from the objectionable sreentaste formerly pres
ent in this syrup J
FIELD PEAS
A liberal area was devoted to this important crop this yer and a very fine
yield has been made The crop is reported at 105 in North Georgia 104 in Mid
dle Georgia 93 in Southwest Georgia 94 in East Georgia 108 in Southeast
Georgia and m the whole State 100 The vines cut and cured when most of
the peas are ripe make a most excellent and nutritious food for stock
CHUFAS
This crop is receiving less attention than formerly and in the southern part
of the State less than its value as food for hogs and poultry justifies None are
reported m North Georgia Iu Middle Georgia they are reported at 102 in
Southwest Georgia 100 in East Georgia 103 in Southeast Georgia 95 and in
the whole State 101 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
TURNIPS
248
The seasons have been unusually favorable for securing a stand of this crop
and a liberal but not a large crop has been sown The worm which was so de
structive several years ago is again preying upon the roots this fall ir I s
many fields almost entirely destroying the crop The Swede or rutabag jss
affected by them than the rough leafed varieties The crop is reported i 91 in
North Georgia 101 in Middle Georgia 84 in Southwest Georgia 106 in East
Georgia 95 in Southeast Georgia and in the whole State 95
GENERAL OUTLOOK
The general outlook for agriculture in Georgia is very flattering abundant
provision crops of every kind have been harvested in every section of the States
and a good crop of cotton is being gathered Merchants report their bills more
promptly paid than for a number of years and the farmers are more cheerful
than they have been for at least the last seven years
There is one fact which I am very desirous of impressing upon the minds of
the farmers That they cannot afford to part with the cotton seed grown upon
their farms at any price unless their equivalent in manurial value is returned to
the soil in some form This may be done in several ways the most simple of
which is by an exchange of the seed for an equivalent in value of the cotton
seed meal say 1000 pounds of the meal delivered at his depot It may be re
turned by an application of ammoniated superphosphate
The farmer cannot afford to sell his cotton seed at less than twenty cents per
bushel since he cannot with the money received at a lower price replace an
amount of plant food equivalent to that removed in the cotton seed Unless this
is annually done the deterioration of the soil is certain The following analy
sis shows the per centage of valuable ingredients in cotton seed meal
COTTON SEED MEAL
VALUATION
Ammonia is valued at22 cents per pound
Phos acid is valued at12 per pound
Potash is valued at6 cents per pound
According to the method of calculating the commercial
value of commercial fertilizers a ton of cotton seed meal is
worth 4862 but it contains an excess of ammonia which
would make an application of the meal alone wasteful
By mixing the meal however with a high grade super
phosphate nonammoniated a very superior fertilizer is
obtained About the proper proportion swould be one of cot
ton seed meal to two of the superphosphate
The ammonia in the cotton seed meal is potential and becomes actual only as
the particles of the meal decompose and hence is better than that derived
from animal sources which is more promptly rendered active by the rapid de
composition of the animal matter
Ammonia has been valued during the last fertilizer season at 25 cents per
pound
a


S A
3 fe a
S3 3 s S
o o 1
H
614 265 880 245
t249
CROP REPORT1882
The average analyses of six chemists show that whole cotton seed contain
ammonia 250 per cent phos acid 175 per cent and potash 115 per cent
According to the valuations applied to the constituents of the meal the com
mercial value of the ton of seed is 1536 There are 66 bushels in a ton of the
seed hence 1536 per ton will be at the rate of 23 cents per bushel If the
producer and the mill men can agree upon prices it is plainly to the advantage
of both and of the whole country that the oil be not wasted as it is when the
whole seed are used as manure Respectfully
J T IIENDEKSON Com of Agriculture
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
250
NOTES FROM CORRESPONDENTS
NORTH GEORGIA
Banks County Very little cotton open yet Tha hillside farms havp gath
ered a few bales but the best cotton is still unopened and if we have an early
frost there will scarcely be 60 per cent of a crop made
The storm and overflow killed the peas and damaged the corn on bottom
lands
Chattooga County Cotton doing finely but three weeks late With a late
fall and good weather Ch ittooga will make an average crop The weather has
been fine for the last three weeks
Cherokee County The falling off in corn and cotton is the result of the
storm which passed over the county the 2nd week of September
Floyd County The cotton crop will turn out much shorter than was sup
posed a month ago The bolls are larger than the crop of 1881 but are not
more numerous than last year
Franklin CountyThe reason why potatoes are not cultivated more exten
sively is the want of transportation The falling off of the crops in this report
from former reports is on account of the N E storm on the 11th September
Walker County We will make a full average crop of cotton if we do not
have a killing frost before the 20th of October
MIDDLE GEORGIA
Taliaferro County No potatoes are grown for marketrates have been too
high We have much land better adapted to sweet potatoes than to cotton
Many of us would rather grow potatoes at 40 cents than plant cotton
Walton County Our corn was slightly injured by the heavy continued blow
of August 20th Cotton has done well under the circumstances The result
will depend much upon the date of the first frost Other crops made The
country is more hopeful than at any time since the war
Warren County If we could find ready sale for our potatoes Warren
county would ship 10000 bushels annually without materially interfering with
other crops I hope your effort at securing transportation may be successful
The rice crop would be an important one if we had a huller Why has not
some genius invented a huller on the coffee mill order worth one to five dollars
so that every farmer could have one There are thousands of acres of waste
land here that could be reclaimed sufficiently for rice one acre of which would
bountifully supply an average family
Habersham CountyCora badly injured by the storm on the 9th and 10th
of September251
CROP REPORT1882
SOUTHWEST GEORGIA
Dooly CWjCotton badly damaged by the storm of the 9th and 10th of
tie o mUCh Tn AUgUStn t0p P H been too wet p
tatoescausing too much vine
Hn OoutayYry few farmers have given much attention to raisin
hem TZ w 7 faCt that there is D0
them If there was a market they would be largely and profitably grown
Macon County fc a fine potato country If we were sure of a mftrW
a great many and of fine quality would be made for slrn preference to a
cotton What we need is cheap transportation
tuti sc7ntte storm damaged cotton aHd I
rt f The storm injured the cotton and pea crop very materi
ally It to admitted on all hands that not more than 60 per cent of a op of
SS nTruiL gath6red i
cenTtrpSrXTrS1110 f d
SOUTHEAST GEORGIA
QmntyA correspondent from Appling writes I would like to
suggest to the farmers of Southeast Georgia to sow largely of oats and to ow
from the 15h of October to the 20th of November They win do well sowed
durmg this time in this climate and I would like to suggest that faTmersTow
down rye for winter pasturage forstock sheep colts and pigs as woud prov
a great advantage to all who will try it Look closely after the stick sheep In
lambtng time January and February P
REMARKA11 of this is excellent advice which it will be well for every far
vTuonVsrrvarying the time f s s IDEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 252
TABLE No I
Showing Condition of Crops in Georgia etc October ist 1882
NORTH GEORGIA
Total Yield Compared to an Average Crop of
COUNTIES a 0 0 O a 0 O c 0 0 V u 5 V 0 0 V V 0 C3 E 1 U in Q c u 3
83 100 75 75 87 88 80 75 8S 2 65 100 100 85 90 90 no 87 105 85 90 113 100 no 5 117 122 125 105 112 140 100 120 118 122 113 110 125 117 130 107 125 90 100 100 IOO 105 IOO 107 no 115 112 iio 5 125 100 3 100 IOO IOO 115 107 102 IIO 95 91 IOO 97 IOO 103 60
Fannin 75
iooj 125 1071 95 1621 107 XIO 90 106J 100 I ID IO5 II5 150 HO 65 IIO IOO os 110 100
95
ICO IOO 82 100
90 95
125 90 IOO
IOO
70
IOO 83 IOO no 97 05 90 tic 95 105 91 ic 5 10 10110 85
106
Hall 80 90
Jackson Madison Milton 97 IOO 93
95

Polk IOO

Union
83 122 115 97 3 90

8 IOC IOC 8 1 JC 87

87 3 IO 11 IO tool 10 91
MIDDLE GEORGIA
75 75 130 130 75 75 I 5 1 125 IOO IOO 80 So IIO IIO 80 80
110 125 IIO IOO 125 90 117 125 4
93 80 90 9 7 75 90 75 95 108 122 125 125 120 too no no 116 102 103 00 IOO IIO IOO too IIO 116 IOO IOO 120 100 117 105 97 IOO I03
96 ICO

90
IIO no
75
IOO
IOO


80 82 88 85 90 97 120 117 126 112 I2C I20 IOO 112 33 102 IIO 5 III III 80 80 105 87 125 105 no 117 IOO IOO
no 116 IOO IOO IIO IOO IOO no
100 92 TOO IO4
94 Il8 105 117 IOO IOO
253
CROP REPORT1882
TABLE No IContinued
9i
Showing Condition of Crops in Georgia etc October ist 1882
MIDDLE GEORGIAContinued
Total Yield Compared to an Average Crop OF
COUNTIES a 0 0 O c 0 0 V a 3 u S w 3 IS2 6 2 11 V 0 O Ph V i 3 O V V P 3 3 3 u Q 5 3 H
McDuffie 95 93 95 96 107 122 188 no 116 IOO I05 IO4 IOO 95 125 5 IOO 3 I5 I02 IOO IO5 120 122 i5 90 m IOC 125
102
85 98

Newton
95 90 92 90 75 117 in 125 100 122 IOO 125 no IOO 37 in 117 no 87 IOO 102 109 no 102 107 IOO 107 no 10S IOO 83 IOO
105
Pike
150


Talbot 90 92 79 5 3 107 85 105 95 IOO
95j 102 96 105
92 90
Walton 90 79 120 114 IOO ZI2 IOO 5 in 120 125 us 87 IOO 102
Warren
Wilkes

87 117 I02 99 3 3 IO4 102 IOI
SOUTHWEST GEORGIA
Baker 90 85 90 75 75 5 X20 S 150 no 105 105 125 125 IOO IOO IOO 105 IOO 150 IOO no 90 no 85 IOO
75100
no

no 150 no 5 no no IOO 90 iao 120 no IOO IOO 5o IOO 110 IOO IOO IOO
25

90
8S no 9 95 80 90 90 IOO ICO 115 IOC
Early TOO 87 X50 125 l5 150 5 105 120 IOO IOO no 5 no 140 IOO IOO 105 IOO
75


85 75 80 75 108 37 no X20 no 107 no no IOO 87 108 IOO no IOO IOO 80 IOO IOO 75 IOO IOO 95 87 80
Marion
Miller
Mitchell
Muscogee
80 78 82 80 IOO 90 92 5 105 X20 JO5 no 120 no 105 100 120 105 95 IOO 107 80 85 IOO no 95 125 105 120 IOO no 115 IOO IOO no 80 5 80 no 50 120 105 92 no 80 6o

no 125 82

75
75
Webster 82 15 105 no IOO 65 85

98 125 125 IOO 65 85 125 65
Average 88 119 109 9 no 97 93 IOO 84
10
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE GEORGIA
TABLE No IContinued
254
Showing Condition of Crops in Georgia etc October 1st 1882
EAST GEORGIA
TIES Total Yield Compared to an Average Crop or
cou 0 o U c c U c id u M j u 0 u 3 O 3 Q 3
Bullock 75 80 82 So 60 95 90 80 90 90 go 85 S5 100 100 rac 128 100 no 130 120 lid 112 123 5 125 100 TIO IOO Il8 IOO 108 112 no 105 no 5 n3 IOO IOO IOO 122 IOO 105 IOO 104 IOO no no 122 IOO IOC 105 120 125 112 i5 112 125 in no 120 IOO 108 IOO ITO IOO I25 IOO 10S 75 IOO no IOO 75 75 IOO 90 105 105 i5 85 94 IOO no IOO 105 IOO IOO no IOO IOO no IOO 103
Burke 75
90
IOO
no

IOO
Liawrens Montgomery 95
Richmond
95
IOO
Washington Wilkinson IOO 92
95
SOUTHEAST GEORGIA
Bryan 90 IOO 70 120 no no 105 35 120 105 IOO 100 112 133 IOO no III no 120 90 90 105
no 90 99 107 95 95 88 no 100 107 150 5 IOO IOO IOO IOO IOO IOO TOO no 97 105 IOO IOO 105 103
60
Clinch 90 IOO IOO IOO IOO
Eftlnham 9 90 120 120
Glvnn IOO
Liberty JI5 IOO 115 IOO
Mdmosh Pierce roo
Wayne

go 116 109 99 114 IOO 108 99 95
RECA1 ITULATION
5 17 119 115 IT IOO 102 109 109 109 112 99 99 104 99 IO7 113 no in 114 IOO IO3 97 10S IOO 105 104 93 94 108 102 IOO 103 99 91
Southwest Georgia IOI
Southeast Georgia s5 90 84 I06
95
Average for State s 117 107 TOT ITI 102 IOO TOI 9S
255
CROP REPORT1882

11
TABLE No 2Synopsis of Weather Reports for September 1882
NORTH GEORGIA
Americu
Cuthbert
Nashville
Thomasville
Means
Augusta
Ogeechee
Swainsboro
Means
Brunswick
Walthourville
Means
Means for State
EAST GEORGIA
SOUTHEAST GEORGIA
Temperature Rainfall
STATIONS 8 s 3 6 a a 2 c IB 0 0 S5
83 85 79 5 54 61 690 71 3 721 270 415 766

12
Mt Airy 14
Rabun Gap 84 88 48 53 665 720 750 312

5
83 53 702 502 8
MIDDLE GEORGIA
Athens 87 91 86 93 63 50 54 57 740 741 710 753 3 60 402 365 362
4
3
i
Oxford
91 60 765 625 7
89 57 742 423 6

SOUTHWEST GEORGIA
92 90 90 57 66 68 773 823 810 895 1000 3 So 5
3
ille 3

91 64 804 7 53 4
758
625HREPORT
OF THE
Commissioner of Agriculture
OF THE
STATE OIF GEOBGIA
EMBRACING THE YEARS
1881 and 1882
J T HENDERSON Commissioner
ATLANTA QA
SAS P HARRISON CO PRINTERS AND PUBLISHERS
1882ANNUAL REPORT
Department of Agricdltcre
Atlanta October 15 1882
To His Excellency Alfred H Oolquitt Governor
Dear SirIn compliance with the requirements of the Act es
tablishing this Department and of an Act entitled an Act to change
the fiscal year and to provide when official reports shall be made
etc approved September 28th 1881 I have the honor to submit
the following report of the work of this Department for the period
ending October 1st 1882 covering two years of my last term
In explanation of the fact that no report was submitted for the
year 1881 I beg to say that the time and attention of myself and
subordinates was so thoroughly occupied with the extra duties un
dertaken in connection with the International Cotton Exposition
superadded to the current routine duties of the office proper and
with the unusual influx of visitors attracted from all quartens by the
Imposition that it was found impracticable to prepare a report ai
the usual time Even after the close of the great Exhibition the
pressing character of the usual office workin the midst of the fer
tilizer seasonthat could not be laid aside or postponed made it
altogether inexpedient to attempt a formal comprehensive official
report I therefore deemed it proper to defer the usual Annual
Import with the view to embrace the operations of the two yeam
in one ReportDEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
260
REPORT
ORGANIZATION OF DEPARTMENT
Since my last Report no changes have been effected in the clerical
force of my office proper and none in the Laboratory and Inspection
division except those which that Report anticipated As there in
timated Dr N A Pratt resigned the position of Chemist of the
Department on the 12th day of November 1880 and the vacancy
was filled on the same day by the installation of Prof H C White
of the University of Georgia and on the 15th of October 1880
Mr Samuel Hawkins was appointed to succeed Dr W P Harden
resigned as Inspector of Fertilizers at Augusta
On the let day of October inst the following changes took ef
fect Wm H Howell Clerk of the Department was made Inspector
of Fertilizers at Columbus vice Geo W Rosette W P Harden
Inspector at Brunswick vice Troup Butler and the latter appointed
Clerk of the Department The organization of the Department at
present is therefore as follows
J T Henderson
Troup Butler
R J Redding
J S Newman
W B Henderson
IT C White
O T Rogers
J S Lawton
Samuel Hawkins
W H Howell
W P Harden
E L Thomas
Dr H H Cary
Commissioner
Commissioners Clerk
Assistant Commissioner
Editing Clerk
Mailing Clerk
Chemist of Department
Inspector of Fertilizers at Augusta
Inspector of Fertilizers at Atlanta
Inspector of Fertilizers at Augusta
Inspector of Fertilizers at Columbus
Inspector of Fertilizers at Brunswick
Inspector of Fertilizers at Macon
Superintendent of Fisheries261 commissioners report18182 5
DEPARTMENT HALL
Your Excellency was pleased to assign for the use of this Depart
ment the suite of rooms in the Capitol building heretofore occupied
by the Atlanta Postoffice and the General Assembly in Decem
ber 1880 appropriated the sum of five hundred dollars to fit up
the same for its new uses With your approval this sum was eco
nomically expended for the purpose indicated and my office and
appurtenances were removed to the new quarters about the first of
January 1881 It is sufficient to say that the change has been in
every respect salutary and beneficial both on the score of conven
ience and health of officials and general adaptation The present
hall is well ventilated and lighted commodious for present pur
poses and convenient of access to the citizens and strangers that
daily visit the Department for the purpose of procuring or impart
ing information or inspecting the samples of domestic and foreign
agricultural and manufactured products farm implements and ma
chinery and representative specimens of the mineral resources of
the State
INSPECTION AND ANALYSIS OF FERTILIZERS
Prior to the inauguration of the present system of Inspection and
Analysis of Fertilizerswhich went into operation September 1st
1877the work of inspecting and analyzing the fertilizers brought
into the State for sale was comparatively inefficient and unsatisfac
tory although under the nominal control of the Commissioner of
Agriculture during the years 18745 18756 and 18767 The
statistics of the trade in fertilizers previous to the establishment of
the Department are not attainable But since its organization Sep
tember 1 1874 the work of inspection and analysis and the com
pilation of statistics of the trade has been a subject of careful and
systematic attention and I am enabled thereby to present the inter
esting tables which will shortly follow
The appointment of Professor H C White to the position of
Chemist of the Department has resulted in very material benefit to
the work of inspection and analysis of fertilizers Being an ac
complished analytical chemist and as Professor of Chemistry in theDEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
262
StateUniversity having the advantage of the very complete and
extensive laboratory of that institution and the assistance of past
graduates in carrying on analytical work he has brought to the dis
charge of the duties of his office such abilities and facilities as the
Department has never before so fully enjoyed He has thereby
heen enabled to execute the work of analyzing fertilizers with a
promptnessand dispatch that was never before attainable There
has been little or no delay in reporting upon samples sent to him I
in the regular course of inspection and I have been able to publish
the analyses promptly so that dealers and farmers could realize the
benefits to which they were entJtled from such publications
The following tabular statements compiled from Circulars 18 and
28 present a comprehensive view of the work of inspecting and
analyzing fertilizers for the past two seasons
STATISTICS OF FERTILIZERS
The following table shows the number of tons of all kinds in
spected by each of the inspectors during the seasons of 18801 and
18812 respectively
Season of
18801
O T Rogers Inspector at Savannah
W P Harden Inspector at Augusta
Samuel Hawkin Inspector at Augusta
J S Lawton Inspector at Atlanta
Troup Butler Inspector at Brunswick
E L Thomas Inspector at Macon
G W Rosette Inspector at Columbus
Tons
Season of
18812
Tons
3972700
1030000
2843620
2016203
3162980
1218630
1002270
Tons
4005230
2276920
1448100
3967292
317141
527981
15246403 12542664
The following table shows the number of distinct inspections
made by each inspector for each season the average number of tons
in each inspection the whole number of inspections made and the
average of each263 commissioners report188182
NUMBER OF INSPECTIONS
7
Season of 18801 Season of 18812
No of Inspections Average amt of each No of Inspections Average amt of each
O T Rogers 281 12 109 176 243 78 75 1414 tons 8583 tons 2608 tons 1145 tons 1302 tons 1562 tons 1336 tons 351
W P Harden 114 tons

Samuel Hawkins 102 141 290 53 52
T Butler E L Thomas 223 tons 102 tons 137 tons
G W Rosette 60 tons
101 tons
Total 974 1565 tons 989 127 tons
48648 tons
55316 tons
75824 tons
93478 tons
85049 tons
COMPARATIVE TRADE IN FERTILIZERS
The following table shows the number of tons inspected for each
ot the last eight seasons
There were inspected during the season of 18745
There were inspected during the season of 18756
There were inspected during the season of 18767
There were inspected during the season of 18778
There were inspected during the season of 18789
There were inspected during the season of 187980119583
There were inspected during the season of 18801152404 ton3
There were inspected during the season of 18812125427 ton3
AMMONIATED AND NONAMMONIATED FERTILIZERS OR ACID PHOSPHATES
The number of tons of Acid Phophates or Dissolved Bones
spected in Georgia during the past eight seasons is as follows
For the season of 18745
For the season of 18756
For the season of 18767
For the season of 18778
For the season of 18789
in
Not classified
6499 tons
12842 tons
15332 tons
10291 tons8 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 264
For theseaeon of 18798013906 ton
For the season of 1880122036 tons
For the season of 1881220602 tons
Of the whole quantity inspected the percentage of Acid Phos
phates for each season was as follows
For 187561166 per cent
For 187671282 per cent
For 187781962 per cent
For 187891222 per cent
For 1879801163 per cent
For 188011511 percent
For 188121642 per cent
The following averages for the past eight seasons will be found
interesting viz
GENERAL AVERAGE OF ALL FERTILIZERS
For the season of 18745
For the season of 18756
For the season of 18767
For the season of 18778
For the season of 18789
For the season of 187980
For the season of 18801
For the season of 18812
Available
Phosphoric
Acid
923
1094
1087
1143
1195
1024
1096
1088
Ammonia
255
253
252
279
270
258
253
248
Potash
517
249
275
223
166
133
141
14T
These are the general averages of all fertilizers including Acid
Phosphates for the seasons named It is proper to remark that the
averages of Ammonia and Potash are of those brands only which
are shown by analysis to contain these elements and not of the
whole number of brands analyzed265
commissioners REPORT188182
9
AVERAGES OF AMMONIATED FERTILIZERS
Available Phosphoric Acid Ammonia Potash
For the season of 18745 873 1036 1051 1083 1152 953 1030 1020 284 298273 279 270 259 253 248 531 279 243 225 164 135 145 158
For the season of 18756
For the season of 18767
For the season of 18778
For the season of 18789
For the season of 187980
For the season of 18801
For the season of 18812

AVERAGES OF NONAMMONIATED FERTILIZERS
For the season of 18745
For the season of 18756
For the season of 18767
For the season of 18778
For the season of 18789
For the season of 187980
For the season of 18801
For the season of 18812
Available
Phosphoric
Acid
1105
1199
1168
1310
1320
1244
1260
1248
Potash
385
464
454
216
163
128
130
105
The number of brands inspected analyzed and placed upon the
market for each season since the organization of the Department
is as follows
For the season of 18745110 brands
For the season of 18756101 brands
For the season of 18767125 brands
Eor the season of 18778127 brands
For the season of 18789162 brands
For the season of 187980182 brands
For the season of 18801226 brands
For the season of 18812270 brands10
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
266
These are exclusive of chemicals and other preparations for
making or composting manures at home
NUMBER OF BRANDS OF EACH KIND
The number of brands of ammoniated and nonammoniated fer
tilizers for each season is as follows
Ammoniated NonAmmoniated
86 68 85 90 119 135 163 187
33
40
For the season of 18778 37
For the season of 18789 43
For the season of 187980 47
For the season of 18801 66
For the season of 18812 83

RECEIPTS AND EXPENDITURES INCIDENT TO THE INSPECTION OF FERTILI
ZERS SEASON OF 18801
Fees on 15246403 tons inspected during the season
Fees credited to parties holding old tags 246 00
Paid for 1644567 tags 2 per thousand 3289 15
Express charged on tags samples and other incidtl expenses 436 65
Net amount of fees paid into Treasury 72260 23
7623203
76232 03 76232 03
Total amount paid into Treasury 72260 23
Inspectors salaries to September 1 1881 5200 00
Chemists salary to September 1 1881 3000 00
Leaving a net balance in the Treasury of 64060 23
The net balance in Treasury for the season of 187981 was
Increase or season of 188081
72260 23 75260 23
49438 36
14621 87267
COMMISSIONERS REPORT188182
11
RECEIPTS AND EXPENDITURES INCIDENT TO THE INSPECTION OF FERTILI
ZERS SEASON OF 18812
Fees on 12542664 tons inspected during the season 62 m n
Paid for 1440819 tegs at 2 per thousand 2881 64
Express charges on tags samplesand other incidtlexpenses 434 50
Net amount of fees paid into Treasury 59 397 17
713 31 62713 31
Total amount paidinto Treasury
Inspectors salaries to September 1st 1882
Chemists salary to September 1st 1882
Leaving a net balance in the Treasury of
6145 85
3000 00
50251 32
159397 17
The net balance in the Treasury for the season of 1877
For the season of 18789
For the season of 187980
For the season of 18801
For the season of 18812
Decrease compared with 18801
Previous to the season of 18778 the fees a
spection of fertilizers were perquisites of the Inspectors
COMPARATIVE RECEIPTS AND EXPENDITURES FOR FIVE SEASONS
59397 17 59397 17
was 35530 70
31267 67
49438 36
64060 23
50251 32
13808 91
SEASONS
18778
18789
187980
18801

3
of
H
93478 00
85049 19
119583 06
152464 03
125426 64
Total for
five seasons I 576000 92
u o
46739 00
42524 60
59791 53
759s6 03
62713 31
Expenses Deduct
ed from Fees
o
H
pooo 92 288000 47
1608 30
2052 771
2582 00
3289 15 436 65
2881 64
434 50
Salaries 0 Chemist
and 0 Inspectors
drawn rom the
Treasury
4513 70
40471 83
57209 53
72260 23
59397 17
12659 86 g 871 15lg274460t6
Reduced by 124600 amount credited to parties holding old tags
3 000 00
3000 00
2900 o
3 000 00
3000 00
S 14900 00
6600 00
6204 16
4871 17
5200 00
614s 85
8
u
u
35i53 70
31267 67
49438 36
64060 23
50251 32
29021 183230548 2812 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 268
STATE CHEMISTS REPORTS
In this connection it is eminently proper that the annual reports
of the State Chemist for the two years under review be incorpo
rated not only became it is customary to include in the Report of
the head of a Department those of subordinate officers but on ac
count of the intrinsic interest of the matters reported and the sug
gestions made
Laboratory of the State Chemist i
Department of Agriculture University of Georgia V
Athens Ga May 26 1881
Hon J T Henderson Commissioner of Agriculture Atlanta Ga
Dear SirIn accordance with your request I have the honor to
present a brief report of the work of this Laboratory during the
past season
At tho July 1880 meeting the honorable Board of Trustees of
the University authorized me to accept the position of Chemist to
your Department should you see proper to tender the same and
with great liberality provided that the chemical laboratories of the
University with such appointments and apparatus as were suitable
might be used in the conduct of the work in such manner as should
best serve the interests of the State and of the University Con
sonant with your own idea in the premises it was thought that the
chemical work of your Department might be made to have an inci
dental educational value by the employment in certain portions
thereof of advanced students of the University and by the oppor
tunities afforded all the students in analytical chemistry of observ
ing at least the methods pursued in the performance of the various
commercial analyses required I am glad to be able to report after
the experience of the past season my belief that the performance
of the analytical work of your Department in these laboratories
has been attended with great benefit to the students of the Univer
sity I need hardly say that the accuracy of the work has in no
wise suffered since only experienced persons always under my own
supervision wore employed in even the lesser details of the work
Additional apparatus and chemicals were prepared in advance
and on the reception of my commission November 12th 1880 the
active work of the season immediately began Mr Louis H Jones
a graduate and Mr James A Walton an advanced student of the
University were appointed by me regular assistants for the season
As usual up to this date the main work of the year has been the
analysis of commercial fertilizers as specifically provided for by
law269 commissioners report1881S2 13
The number of original samples received and reported up to date
is 300 viz
Ammoniated Superphosphates 210
Acid Phosphates 68
Chemicals 22
At the beginning of the season revisions were not infrequently
asked for The number of revisions madesome in part and some
entireis 25 The number of actual determinations made in the
course of this regular work is 2052 The method pursued in these
analyses was that provisionally adopted by the Convention of Agri
cultural Chemists which met in Washington D C in July 1880
pursuant to an invitation issued by yourself It gives me great
pleasure to state my belief that the uniformity in method among
chemists thereby secured has been productive of the very best re
sults in practice a very general sentiment of satisfaction and con
fidence among interested parties has been engendered which is
made evident in our case by the relatively small number of revis
ions asked for as compared for example with those of last season
and the very rare casesonly one or two I believein which the
results of this laboratory were objected to by reason of discordant
results exhibited by other chemists And this too although the
results obtained by the present method are not as a rule sensibly
higher than those given upon the same articles in previous years
uhe question of the scientific accuracy and value of the method
adopted is entirely a technical one not proper for discussion here
Experience has shown however that it will with care give uniform
results at least upon such substances as are usually presented for
analysis
An examination of the tabulated results of analysis makes appa
rent the fact that the fertilizers offered for sale in this State during
the past season were as a rule of high grade This is undoubtedly
to be attributed to the high minimum standard imposed by law to
gether with the very rigid system of inspection and examination
conducted by your Department A comparison with the results
exhibited in other States where official inspection is required leads
me to the opinion that in no State in the Union are the fertilizers
sold of as generally high grade as in Georgia and in no State is the
purchaser so well protected from the offer of fraudulent articles
It does not appear moreover that articles of the same class
even though of a higher grade command higher prices here
than elsewhere As an evidence of the credit which our sys
tem of inspection enjoys abroad I may state that I have become
professionally acquainted with numerous instances in other Southern
States of contracts made with manufacturers based upon a guaran
tee that the goods should stand the test of the Georgia standard
So far as the chemical work is concerned the execution of the law14
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
270
has during the past season been attended with but little difficulty
It has involved a large amount of careful labor and the exercise of
strictest system and regularity but these happily I hare been able
to command I gee no reason why these should not in the future
be commanded so long as the work is entrusted to this laboratory
and even should the number of analyses required heretofore largely
exceedas seems probablethe number now made they may I be
lieve be performed with accuracy and dispatch by simple increase
in the number of trained assistants
I have giren careful consideration to the present law regarding
the analyses of fertilizers and in the light of my experience I am
of the opinion that it is perhaps as good as could be framed It is
doubtless in a few minor points defective but the large discre
tion wisely granted the Commissioner of Agriculture is no
doubt competent to correct all lesser details Its execution cer
tainly calls for an immense amount of work but I do not see that
perfect protection to the purchaser can be guaranteed without such
amount That it is perfectly feasible to perform it satisfactorily I
am confident The only bar to its performance would be an inade
quate fund appropriated for its execution You are yourself well
informed on this point and I have no doubt the proper authorities
are prepared on occasion to make all suitable and liberal arrange
ments in this particular It will give me pleasure in this connec
tion to lay bofere you at any time a detailed statement of the ex
penses of the work daring the past season With such regulations
regarding inspection etc a you may see proper to establish and
with the aid of a sufficient corp of assistants it will be entirely pos
Bible to place in your hands the analyses of the great bulk of ferti
lizers on sale in the State by the 1st of March a date su fficiently
eaiM t0 rendertaeanalyse8 f genuine utility to purchasers
My observation shows that the inspections as a rule have been
well and carefully made and the samples placed in my hands have
fairly represented the bulk of goods from which they were drawn
It is probable that for the next season it will be proper to make
some slight modifications in the commercial values assigned to the
different ingredients of fertilizers It is too early as yet however
to obtain reliable data upon which to base such recommendation
In addition to the aualyses of fertilizers the following work has
to date been performed
Three 3 analyses of marls
An analyses of the seed of the okra Hibiscus esculentus with
report upon the proposed substitution of this seed for coffee
A report upon the comparative agricultural value of German
potash salts
A report upon the fertilizer best adapted to rice culture
It is hoped within the next three or four months before the open271
commissioners REPORT188182
15
roe of the next fertilizer season that other work may be performed
which will be of practical service to our agriculturists and which
may serve as a useful contribution to agricultural science
Ihere are many questions of a purely scientific nature the dis
cussion and settlement of which would be of great value to our
farmers some of them indeed are of prime importance
ihere are certain chemical analyses such as our native products
iruits etc which are imperatively required for the guidance in
certain matters of our agriculturists and horticulturists For nom
inally similar analyse we are now dependent upon European sources
but these are necessarily misguiding
The discussion of such questions and the making of such analy
ses seem to me to be proper work for the chemist of your depart
ment If the fertilizer analysis could beas I believe they can be
completed within six months the remainder of the year could be
devoepd to such work From among the graduates in analytical
chemistry of the University the necessary assistants could be ob
tained to aid in the work with benefit to the State and with ereat
advantage in the way of experience to themselves At present
the appropriation to the State Chemist 3000 is barely sufficient
to pay for the fertilizer work if this should increase it cannot be
expected to do even that If a sufficient sum could be secured for
the purpose that I have indicated without the slightest increase in
the salary proper of the State Chemist I think the wisdom of its
appropriation could in a short timebe demonstrated Without such
appropriation it will still give me genuine pleasure to contribute
so tar as 1 may be able to the conduct of such work with vour co
operation and approval
You will permit me to express the personal desire that the scien
ce work of the laboratory of your Department may not be con
fined to the simple routireof the analyses of commercial fertilizers
i nave shown that perhaps six months of the year might be devoted
to other matters The appointments of this laboratory are suitable
to the prosecution of many interesting researches The services of
your Chemist are secured for the entire year The complete and
tamirable organization of your Department in the matter of highly
iompetent clerical force and a great number of intelligent corres
pondents in all sections of the State permits you to become acquain
ted with the needs of our farmers and gives excellent opportunities
tor he dissemination of such results of research as may be obtained
with all these advantages and opportunities it would be a matter of
i great regret that for need of the small fund necessary to carry on
i Jl intelligent and progressive farmers of our State
hould be denied the benefit of needed scientific work which to be
thoroughly useful must be carried on here at home where all our
special conditions may be taken into account I am well aware6
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
272
from my own correspondence of the extent of the necessity and
the desire for 6uch work
I beg leave to record here my sincere appreciation of your fre
quently expressed personal approval of such researches and desire
to cooperate in them to the full extent of the means at the com
mand of your department I earnestly hope that you may find it
possible to secure the application of suitable aid in this direction
without prejudice to the many other valuable interests entrusted to
your charge
Although field experiment is not strictly in the line of my official
duties I have been prompted by your liberality and the generous
assistance of a colleague to essay on a small scale a special experi
ment of this character
Nitrogen or Ammonia is the most costly ingredient of commer
cial fertilizers it can be purchased and applied in several distinct
formsas Nitrates of Soda or Potash Sulphate of Ammonia
Dried Blood Cotton Seed Meal etc The question as to which of
these forms is the most economical and best suited for agricultural
purposes is certainly a very important one involving as it does the
whole question about which very little is at present known of the
form in which pjants prefer to take their necessary nitrogen Dur
ing two or three years past a series of experiments has been con
ducted at several agricultural stations in the North to test the ques
tion so far as corn potatoes and a few other crops are concerned
The results have been reported to and aggregated by Prof W O
Atwater of Middletown Conn to whom I am indebted for many
valuable suggestions in this connection These experiments are
being repeated the present season So far as I have been able to
ascertain not one single experiment of this nature has ever been
made upon cotton More therefore for the purpose of inaugura
ting experimentation of this kind and of calling attention to its
importance than with the hope that a single experiment could fur
nish complete and infallible information I have instituted a test on
a small scale for this season My colleague Gen Win M Browne
Professor of Agriculture of the University has generously coope
rated with me and granted the use of about an acre and a quarter
of land of the experimental farm with labor etc necessary for
cultivation Upon this cotton has been planted under some twenty
six 26 different conditions as to the nitrogen supply With great
liberality you furnished me with the fertilizing materials The ex
periment is now well under way a good stand of plants being al
ready obtained At the conclusion of the experiment I shall report
to you the full details of materials used results obtained etc In
this place it is only necessary to mention the general character of the
experiment In order to obtain thoroughly reliable information
such as would suffice to guide the farmer beyond the chance of a273
commissioners report188182
17
mistake this experiment or similar ones should be repeated for
several seasons and be made under various conditions of soil etc
And should the question for the nitrogen supply be settled those of
phosphoric acid potash and other manurial substances still remain
in regard to which although there is not so great diversity in mate
rial there is nearly as great lack of reliable information And after
all these shall have been settled for cotton they still remain open
for rice cane and other of our products
The fact is we are lamentably ignorant of some of the essential
first principles which should govern the fertilization of land for our
principal crops I do not see how we are ever to become less so
without experimentation such as I have indicated scientifically con
ducted I have no doubt that your great experience and intimate
knowledge in such matters will readily suggest to you plans by
which such experimentation might be secured
It might be extremely gratifying and inspire hope for the very
best results if such could be conducted under the direction of your
Department I beg leave to say that in the event of such system
atic scientific work being undertaken it will give me pleasure to
furnish such working plans directions analyses of soils and mate
rials etc as may be needed in the institution or course of the ex
periments
Permit me in conclusion to express to yon my sincere gratitude
for your uniform kindness and distinguished courtesy during the
course of my official connection with your Department and my
hearty appreciation of your efforts to lighten so far as was possible
the labors of an arduous position
I desire also to record my grateful appreciation of the faithful
services of my assistants in return for whose valuable aid cheerfully
rendered I have been able to make only at best inadequate com
pensation
I have the honor to be very respectfully yours
H C WHITE
State Chemist
report of chemist for season of 8812
Department of Agriculture
Office of State Chemist Athens Ga June 9 1882
Hon J T Henderson Commissioner of Agriculture Atlanta Ga
Dear SirI have the honor to present a brief report of the work
of this laboratory for the past year
The number of original samples of commercial fertilizers analyzed
and reported upon for the season of 18812 is to date 362 divided
as follows viz
218
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
274
Acid Phosphates 34
Acid Phosphates with Potash 62
Ammoniated Phosphates 31
Ammoniated Phosphates with Potash 207
Chemicals 28
362
The number of revisions made at your direction is 23 The
total number of actual determinations made in the course of the
analysis of fertilizers is 2360
It will be observed that the number of samples analyzed is 52
more than 20 per cent in excess of the number examined the last
season
The methods pursued in the analysis were the same as heretofore
employed in this laboratory
The extensive use of nitrates as a source of Ammonia rendered
necessary the employment in a great many cases of the absolute
method of determination of Nitrogen
The great advance in cost of many of the crude materials used in
the manufacture of fertilizers rendered it proper to modify the
figures employed in estimating commercial valuations The figure
for Phosphoric Acid was not changed Potash was reduced from 8
cents to 6 cents per pound and Ammonia was increased from 18
cents to 25 cents per pound These figures are now uniformly em
ployed in all the Southern States in which official inspections are
made uniformity having been secured by conference with the State
Chemists It is probable that these same figures will be employed
during the next season
During the month of August last I attended at your request the
annual meeting of the Association of Agricultural Chemists held
in Cincinnati At that meeting a strong effort was made to recom
mend the discontinuance of the Washington method in thede
termination of reverted phosphoric acid and to substitute therefor
the oxalate method This proposition was resisted by the official
chemists present on the general grounds that the proposed method
was inaccurate and in some instances gave results unjustly high
and a compromise was effected by which the matter was referred
to a committee with instructions to investigate and report I was
made a member of that committee and accordingly during Sep
tember and October a large number of determinations were made
in this laboratory bearing upon the question at issue The com
mittee has not yet had opportunity to make its final report but my
impression now is that no change from the Washington method
will be recommended I may state my belief that the use of this
method in this laboratory ha6 for the past year as for the preceding
given general satisfaction It is to be regretted that there is still
lack of uniformity in the results upon reverted acid obtained byP75
COMMISSIONERS REPORT188182
19
different chemists but I think it very probable that arrangements
will be made by which uniformity among official chemists at least
may be ultimately secured
The results of analyses show that the fertilizers sold in the State
during the past season have been of high grade and not below the
quality of those offered in previous seasons I had received inform
ation that led me to examine very carefully for shoddy leather scrap
and other inferior material but so far as I was able to discover no
such substances were used in appreciable quantities in the manu
facture of the goods sent into this State It may be well in this
place to state that should such material be detected the fact will
be reported to you for such action as yon may deem proper to take
The fertilizer work of the season has been unusually heavy and
has eutailed upon this laboratory very severe labor and great ex
pense Every exertion has been made however to furnish the re
sults in good season and in satisfactory form It is to be hoped
however that means may be devised whereby the inspections may
be thoroughly made the analyses promptly reported and at the
sametime no undue exa3tions made of this office For my views
in this connection I beg to refer to the report which I had the honor
o make to you under date of May 26 1881
EXTRACT FKOM REPORT OF 18801
There are certain chemical analyses such as our native products
fruits etc which are imperatively required for the guidance in
certain matters of our agriculturists and horticulturists For nom
inally similar analyses we are now dependent upon European
sources but these are necessarily misguiding
The discussion of such questions and the making of such analy
ses seem to me to be the proper work for the chemists of your De
partment If the fertilizing analysis could beas I believe it can
becompleted within six months the remainder of the year could
be devoted to such work From among the graduates in analyti
cal chemistry of the University the necessary assistants could be
obtained to aid in the work with benefit to the State and with
great advantage in the way of experience to themselves At
present the appropriation to the State Chemist 3000 is barely
sufficient to pay for the fertilizer work if this should increase it
cannot be expected to do even that If a sufficient sum could be
secured for the purpose I have indicated without the slightest in
crease in the salary proper of the State Chemist I think the wis
dom of its appropriation could in a short time be demonstrated
Without such appropriation it will still give me genuine pleasure to
contribute so far as I may be able to the conduct of such work
with your cooperation and approval
You will permit me to express the personal desire that the seien20
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
276
tific work of the laboratory of your Department may not be con
fined to the simple routine of the analyses of commercial fertilizers
I have shown that perhaps six months of the year might be de
voted to other matters The appointments of this laboratory are
suitable to the prosecution of many interesting researches The
services of your chemist are secured for the entire year The
complete and admirable organization of your Department in the
matter of highly competent clerical force and a great number of in
telligent correspondents in ail sections of the State permits you to
become acquainted with the needs of our farmers and give excel
lent opportunities for the dissemination of such results of research
as may be obtained With all these advantages and opportunities
it would be a matter of great regret that for need of the small
fund necessary to carry on such work the intelligent and progress
ive farmers of our State should be denied the benefit of needed
scientific work which to be thoroughly useful must be carried on
here at home where all our special conditions may be taken into
account I am well aware from my own correspondence of the
extent of the necessity and the desire for such work
I beg leave to record here my sincere appreciation of your fre
quently expressed personal approval of such researches and desire
to cooperate in them to the full extent of the means at the com
mand of your Department I earnestly hope that you may find it
possible to secure the application of suitable aid in this direction
without prejudice to the many other valuable interests entrusted
to your charge
In addition to the analyses of fertilizers the following work has
been performed
Nine 9 proximate analyses of grain
Four 4 qualtitative examinations of mineral waters
One 1 complete analyses of a mineral water
Three 3 analyses of minerals
Two 2 analyses of mucks
A report on Coton Butter Oil
A report upon a field experiment relating to the Nitrogen supply
for cotton
Some work has been done in continuance of my investigations
upon the cotton plant and its products A report of my results in
this connection will be made to you so soon as the accumulated
matter renders it proper
I beg again to refer to my report of 1881 and to reiterate the
views therein expressed in relation to the general scientific work
of this laboratory
Messrs Louis H Jones and James A Wotten have continued in
the employment of this office as assistants and have rendered very
efficient and accurate service277
commissioners report188182
21
In conclusion I beg to return to you siras I have ever had occa
sion to dosincere thanks for many kindnesses and courtesies and to
express my hearty appreciation of your uniform generosity in as
sisting me in the conduct of my official work
I have the honor to be very respectfully
H C White
State Chemist
ORGANIC ANALYSES
In addition to the work of analyzing samples of fertilizen in the
regular course of inspection which usually occupies the greater
part of his time from October 1st to June 1st of each fertilizer
season Prof White has made many special analyses of more or
less general interest embracing marls minerals mineral waters
fertilizing materials and food products Among these I desire es
pecially to call your attention to the following organic analyses as
submitted in a special report of the chemist
Laboratory Athens Ga
HonJ T Henderson Commissioner of Agriculture Atlanta Ga
Dear SirI have the honor to present results of the examina
tion of a sample of Ivory wheat or Egyptian wheat furnished
by you some days since
By way of comparison I include analyses of three samples of
Georgia raised wheat made a few months since upon samples ob
tained from the Department
No 1 is Bed May wheat
No 2 is Dallas wheat
No 3 is winter wheat variety unknown
No 4 is the socalled Ivory wheat
No 5 is Millo Maize
Analyses
No 1 No 2 No 3 No 4 No 5
Water 1085 260 7338 150 982 185 1137 300 7152 160 1076 175 1175 265 7121 195 1089 155 1100 193 7029 287 1171 220 1280 223 7166 285 886 160


Fat



10000 10000 10000 10000 10000
22
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
278
A partial analysis of the ash of each has been made with the fol
lowing results
No 1 No 2 No 3 No 1 No 5
4562 3012 315 2111 4608 3089 308 1997 4689 3616 310 1885 4421 2920 286 2373 4385 3008 345 2262


Other Mineral Matter
10000 10000 10000 10000 10000
Hon J T HendersonCommissioner of Agriculture AtlantaOaj
Deak SieI have the honor to report the following results
Proximate A nalyses
1 Illinois yellow corn
2 Illinois white corn
3 Georgia white field corn
4 Sweet potato yellow yam variety
1 2 3 4
1225 428 721 6385 856 155 1410 363 456 6820 821 130 1075 215 643 7060 882 125 6775 103 010 2885 127 100
Crude fibre indigestible
Eat
Starch gum sugar etc

Ash

10000 10000 10000 10000
Estimating the oil and readyformed fat as of double the value
of starch and other carbohydrates as fat formers we have the fol
lowing relative value
Fat forming constituents
Flesh forming constituents
1
8027
886
2
7732
821
8346
882
2905
127279
commsssioners report188182
Cotton Gutter Oil
23
I have also carefully examined a sample of Cotton Butter Oil
submitted by yon and find that it contains nothing whatever dele
terious to health and nothing in its composition or properties that
would unfit it for safe and wholesome use as an article of food As I
am now engaged upon an investigation of the dietetic and other
uses of Cotton Seed Oil with a view to a more extended report
hereafter I confine myself at this time to this brief statement
Yery respectfully H C White
State Chemist
My attention was some time since called to the claims of Ivory
wheat and Millo Maize to a place in our long list of profitable
food crops These are both members of the large family of Sorg
hums of the class that have been long cultivated in Central Africa
and other tropical countries for bread purposes It is not here
claimed that their introduction into this country is very recent or
that public attention has not been before called to them It has
been my purpose to investigate both in the laboratory and in the
field as well as in the kitchen their qualities I therefore not only
directed Prof White to make the foregoing analyses to show the
relative theoretical value of these grains as compared with our or
dinary standard wheat but have distributed small quantities of the
seed of the Ivory wheat and Millo Maize to careful farmers through
out the State in order to test their productiveness and their special
capacity to withstand heat and drought
The analyses speak for themselves showing that there is scarcely
more difference in the proximate analyses of Ivory wheat so
called and Dallas or Red May than appears between the analyses
of the latter two varieties of ordinary wheat The Ivory wheat
shows a larger percentage of albuminoids flesh formers slightly
less of starch and more of fats fat and heat producers than either
of the true wheats The Millo Maize has considerably less of the
albuminoids or flesh forming substances than either of the others
being about equal to the Indian corn in this respect
The flour made from the Ivory wheat when properly ground and
bolted is rather darker than ordinary family flour but posses
ses the property of kneading well and is therefore adapted to the
process of raising with yeast or by similar means Bread made
from it though not equal in any sensible respect to that from fine24
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
280
wheaten flour is by no means unpalatable and as indicated by an
alysis is probably fully equal in nutritiveness to any For making
the forms of bread for which buckwheat flour rice flour middlings
of wheat etc are usually employed viz waffles griddle cakes
muffins etc the Ivory flour seems to be well adapted I cannot speak
from actual experiment of the bread qualities of the Millo Maize
but I am of opinion that in this respect it will be found to resem
ble Indian corn meal As already stated it is claimed that both of
these plants are enormously productive rather indifferent as to soil
and culture and almost independent of the seasons after the soil
has been prepared and the crop started off Owing to the extraor
dinary seasons of this year it has not been practicable to test their
capacity to resist drought and a sufficient number of reports of ex
perimenters have not yet been received to form any decided con
clusions in reference to productiveness under ordinary circumstan
ces But 1 am of opinion that the reports will show that both are
very productivefar more so than any grain crop now grown in
this State The Millo Maize is quite late in maturing requiring
favorable culture and the full season from planting time April
until frost to mature in North Georgia but this difficulty will
probably soon yield to the acclimatizing effect of planting home
grown seed a few years This plant appears to be unusually pro
ductive of foliage will bear two or more cuttings and promises to
be very valuable for soiling and general forage purposes
WESTERN AND SOUTHERN CORN
The comparative analyses of samples of Illinois and Georgia Indian
corn fully sustains the popular notion that homegrown corn is more
nutritious and fattening than Western corn Unfortunately for
the completeness of the comparison Prof White did not have at
hand a sample of Georgia yellow corn to compare with the Illinois
yellow but even the Georgia white is shown to be superior to the
Illinois yellow as a fat producer and very slightly inferior as a flesh
producer
SWEET POTATO
The analysis of the sweet potato a yellow yam variety is also
given and is easily compared with those of the several varieties of
corn and also of the wheat in the preceding table By easy calcu
lation it will be seen that in fat producing constituents one bushel281
commissioners report188182
25
of Georgia corn is equal to 289 bushels of yam potatoes and in
flesh producing constituents to seven bushels of potatoes
This sustains the opinion that many intelligent farmers have long
held that the potato is a most valuable stock food in view of its
great productiveness and the ease with which it may be grown even
in soils of ordinary fertility Fifty bushels of potatoes may be
produced on one acre with as much certainty as eight or ten bushels
of corn and are worth for fattening purposes fully twice as much
These analyses are given as illustrative of the character of the
work that should be done in the State laboratory during intervals of
leisure from regular work and it is my purpose and desire to devote
as much attention to this work in future as may be practicable In
this desire I am very warmly sustained by Prof White as expressed
in his report for 1881
THE USE OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS
In the tabular statements given on the preceding pages I have
aimed to give such a comprehensive and detailed statement of the
work of inspection and the trade in fertilizers as to render unnec
essary any extended comments on the facts presented
It will be seen that the amount of fertilizers sold in the State
lias fluctuated considerably during the past eight years Notwith
standing the marked decrease in the amount sold in the State during
the season of 18812 as compared with the season of 18801
amounting to about 27000 tons it is not safe to conclude that the
maximum of consumption by the farmers of Georgia has been
reached There is good reason to believe that the extensive use of
commercial manures in Georgia during the past fifteen years has
heen of doubtful benefit to the farmers generally It is true there
are many farmers who have made money by the use of these con
centrated manures They have studied the wants of their soils and
crops selected and purchased their fertilizers with judgme nt
adopted and practiced a judicious system of composting rotation
and rest saving and utilizing to the uttermost all the ordinary home
manures and some tha were before utterly neglected Last but
not least they have adjusted the areas under cultivation with special
reference to supplying from their own farms all the ordinary
wants of their families and of their stock of all kinds Many of26
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
2S2
them have also limited their operations to such an aggregate area
as could be cultivated without resorting to the ruinous credit sys
tem or have made but cautious ventures into the domain of the
monster debt These farmers have prospered and to them com
mercial fertilizers have been a profitable and convenient investment
From a careful examination of the whole subject considering the
exhaustive nature of the soil culture and on the other hand the
immense beds of fertilizing material that have been stored up on
the surface and in the bowels of the earth for no conceivable pres
ent use but to restore the wasted fertility of our soils the conclu
sion is unavoidable that a resort to these fertilizing elements for the
purpose of assisting in keeping up restoring and increasing the
productiveness of our soils is but to wisely follow the unerring in
dications of nature and sound reason The history of agriculture
previous to the last fifty years abounds with evidence that a very
high and profitable culture of the soil may be and has been at
tained without the use of the commercial or concentrated manures
England Belgium France Germany and the older States of this
country had achieved a high measure of success in cultivating and
renovating the soil and increasing production before science had
pointed out the uses of the commercial forms of fertilizing ele
ments But under the guidance and direction of agricultural chem
istry and by the aid of venturesome experiment in the introduc
tion manufacture and use of these elements agriculture has re
ceived an impetus which has carried it farther in fifty years than it
had progressed in ten centuries before and is now anticipating re
sults that even thirty years ago would have been considered wild
and visionary
As I have already intimated the proper use of commercial fer
tilizers is that of an adjuvant to a wellbalanced selfsustaining sys
tem of husbandry that economizes and brings into active operation
all the resources of the farm and is based on the natural laws of
soil improvement and plant development It is exceedingly unwise
to give up the growing of grass and provender for live stock and
the careful saving of the manure from the same or to neglect the
growing of crops that are especially adapted for the improvement
of the soil and rely entirely on purchased fertilizers The war and
resulting emancipation left our people in an anomalous condition
From a condition in which they enjoyed the most manageable and283
commissioners report188182
2T
effective system of labor known to historywith a soil barely pass
ing the flower of its virgin strengthand a climate unsurpassed
for the production of the most desirable objects of commerce as
well as the comforts and necessaries of homelife they were sud
denly and with little warning brought face to face with the fact
accomplishedfree negro labor and a rapidly exhausting soil Afore
time it was easy to make a livingeven a luxurious one
and our farmers had not been compelled by necessity to study and
practice the art of farming as it had been long understood and
practiced by the older countries
Almost coincident with this change in our system of labor and
our general impoverishment commercial fertilizers were offered to
help us from our embarrassments and it is not surprising that many
of our farmers seized upon this adventitious aid without having
studied or learned the fundamental principles of agriculture or
practiced the longestablished and well approved methods of older
freelabor countries The result in many cases was what might
have been expected large and profitable yields of cottonwhen the
seasons were good the fertilizers of standard quality and cotton at
a high price but frequent impositions of fraudulent unsuitable
fertilizers poor seasons and low prices and habitual reliance upon
the West for provisions finally well nigh bankrupted the farming
classes of Georgia
I am gratified to be able to say with a degree of confidence not
heretofore felt that the farmers of Georgia are gradually adopting
a more rational system and have ceased to rely so largely upon
commercial fertilizers but are falling back upon their neglected re
sources of the barnyard the compostheap and the use of green
crops for manure The following extract from Circular 27 May
Crop Report is here reproduced in this connection
PEA VINES AS A FEKTILIZEE
As far back as we have any history of agriculture the practice
of turning under growing crops for the purpose of restoring fer
tility to the soil has been practiced and yet it is as necessary today
to urge the importance and great value of the practice upon far
mers
Columella who figured during the first century A D wrote
It the lupins vetches lentils etc are cut down green and imme
diately covered before they wither they fully uipply the place of28
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
284
barnyard manure Had he lived now he would have added com
mercial manure also
The resort to costly commercial fertilizers should be only tempo
rary to bridge over the period necessary to bring up worn lands by
less costly means
The cheapest and at the same time the surest means that can be
adopted to restore the worn lands of Georgia is in the use of pea
vines grown for the improvement of the land and not for the re
moval of the crop though the soil is materially benefitted by the
growth of the pea vines even if the crop is removed This was
plainly demonstrated this spring on the Eve plantation near Au
gusta Georgia where a crop of peavine hay was harvested last
year from a portion of a field all of which was sown in small grain
last fall The grain was in May when seen at least one hundred
per cent better where the pea vine hay had been grown and har
vested than where none had been grown The tall patches of grain
where small piles of the hay had been left to rot on the land reach
ing up a foot above that around them indicated the still greater
improvement resulting from the return of the vines to the soil and
the shade afforded by them
It is a well known fact observed by all farmers that even a cov
ering of pine plank left for any considerable length of time upon
land will improve its productive powers Much of the benefit
therefore arising from the growth of peas on land during our sum
mers may be attributed to the more covering which they afford the
soil protecting it from the rays of the summer suu and obstructing
the escape of fertilizing gases from the soil
While of course the return of the crop of vines in some form
to the soil on which they grow is better where the improvement of
the soil is the leading object yet where the present demand for
forage for use on the farm requirestheir removal and conversion
into hay the soil is materially benefitted by the shade which they
afford during their growth and by the roots and stems left on the
land
The time has come when the farmers and planters of Georg
must look more to the permanent improvement of the fertility
their soils than they hitherto have done
They have passed through the period which marks the history of
all new countries of clearing virgin forests wearing out the soil
and clearing more It is cheaper now to reclaim the worn soils than
to clear new lands On the old lands laborsaving implements and
machinery may be used in restoring and cultivating the soil and in
seeding and harvesting the crops grwn
By the use of pea vines and lime or marl the old land may actu
ally be reclaimed more cheaply than the forests can be cleared and
the stumps removed preparatory to the use of laborsavino imple
ments285
commissioners report1881S2
29
New Orleans has become a great mart which drains the Southern
Atlantic States of their entire surplus crop of peas every spring
and for what Why for the purpose of growing the vines on the
rich alluvial lands of Louisiana and Mississippi for the purpose of
restoring and perpetuating the fertility of their lands If such
lands need such treatment is it not worse than folly for the far
mers of Georgia to sell peas grown upon their poor lands to enrich
the fertile soil of the Mississippi valley
If the productiveness of the fertile soils of the Savannah river
bottoms is doubled by the growth and removal of a crop of pea
vine hay how important that the practice of growing peas for soiL
improvement on the uplands of Georgia depleted by the removal
of the crops of a century
The great agriculturist Edmond Ruffin revolutionized the agri
culture of Southeastern Virginia by the use of clover and marl to
the extent of quadrupling its production of the cereals
The hope of Georgia agriculture rests in the restoration of the
productive capacity of her worn soils by some means so cheap as to
be within the reach of the humblest landholder The teachings of
science and the experience of the cultivators of the soil for nine
teen centuries point to the use of the leguminous plants as the
surest and cheapest means of restoring worn soils to the condition
of profitable productiveness In more northern latitudes the farmer
feels assured of the restoration of his soil when a crop of clover is
secured In some of the counties of Europe lupins and lentils are
used in others vetches beans rape etc We have the field pea
with which we can commence lower down in the scale than those
who depend upon clover from the fact that peas will grow well
upon soils which have neither the character nor the quality to pro
duce clover at all If the Louisiana planter can afford to buy our
peas at two dollars per bushel on board the cars at Atlanta to ma
nure the valley of the Mississippi cannot the farmers of Georgia
afford to plant those grown on their own land to improve their thin
uplands
Warm climates are far more destructive of vegetable matter in
the soil than those in which winters are long and decomposition
suspended by longcontinued freezes In our climate not only does
the decomposition of the humus of the soil progress through almost
the entire year but the cultivation of large areas in hoed crops
greatly facilitates such destruction The necessity of restoring by
artificial means vegetable matter to our soils will therefore be
readily understood
Not only is humus more rapidly destroyed in our climate and
under our cultivation than it is in higher latitudes under the system
of husbandry there practiced but the necessity for its presence in
the soil in warm climates is much greater than in cold The pres30
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
2SC
ence of vegetable matter in our soils is of especial importance on
account of the improvement wrought by its presence in the me
chanical condition of the soil and its facility for absorbing and re
taining moisture
Peas respond very promptly to the application of manure and
convert it into another and better form for the succeeding crop
Would it not be wise therefore to apply half the manure intended
for the next cotton crop to peas grown upon the land to be planted
in cotton next season It is believed that manure applied to peas
planted now on land to be devoted to cotton next spring will in
crease the yield of cotton more than if applied directly to that crop
and at the same time is attended with no risk of injury to the cotton
in case of drouth
The large area from which small grain is being harvested in the
Stae furnishes an inviting occasion for the beginning of this most
important step in the redemption of our agriculture
All who have sufficient seed are urged to sow or plant as much
as possible of the area from which small grain has been harvested
in peas for the purpose of improving their lands
Let every farmer in Georgia determine to adopt as a part of his
rotation of crops the largest possible area in peas following small
grain for soil improvement Let him each fall carefully liarvest
and set aside as a sacred deposit enough seed peas to sow the area
devoted to small grain The general adoption and continuance of
this sytem would it is confidently believed quadruple the produc
tion of the State within the next decade
Experience teaches that it matters not whether the vines are
turned in in a green state or left to decay upon the surface of the
soil None need therefore be deterred from adopting this means
of soil improvement on account of the cost or difficulty of plowing
in the vines Even if a part or a whole of the crop be turned into
hay the benefit will still be very great though less than if the crop
is returned to the soil
The farmers of Georgia must adopt some means of cheaply and
permanently improving their soils The application of commercial
feitjlizers to the crops of the State at an annual outlay of from four
to six millions of dollars annually causes a drain upon the produc
tive interests which perpetuates itself from year to year with no
hope of relief without the adoption of some such system as is here
recommended A reasonable expenditure annually for concen
trated commercial manure is not unwise but the indiscriminate pur
chase and use of costly fertilizing materials to the neglect of home
resources has cost the farmers of Georgia millions of dollars which
could have been expended more judiciously in permanently en
hancing the value and productiveness of their realty1287
commissioners report188182
31
If the farmers of the State will produce more grain and forage
make larger compost heaps and adopt the foregoing recommend
ation as to planting peas their prosperity is assured
DISTRIBUTION OF SEEDS
Even before my first appointment to the office I now hold it had
occurred to me that the distribution of seeds might and should be
made a very valuable feature of the Department work Section IV
Paragraph 2 of the organic Act recites Said Commissioner shall
provide for the proper and careful distribution of any seeds that the
Government of these United States may desire to introduce into the
State of Georgia and shall make arrangements for the importation
of seeds that he may deem of value to the State and for the proper
careful and judicious distribution of the same also for the ex
change of seeds with foreign countries or adjoining States for seed
from this State and their distribution in a proper manner shall be
entirely under his supervision and control
Under this paragraph I felt that is was my duty to procure seeds
by purchase or otherwise from any source that gave promise of sub
stantial benefit to the farmers of Georgia My conviction was that
the most judicious course would be first to procure the best varie
ties of field seeds grown in our own or adjoining States from the
bands of the original growers distribute them to practical farmers
who would be willing to plant and cultivate with care according to
directions from this office With this view I made diligent en
quiry for seeds of the best varieties of corn cotton oats wheat
rice tobacco etc and have been careful to purchase for distribution
no seeds of doubtful merit the object being not so much to experi
ment with untried varieties as to disseminate widely those of local
approval I am confident that the result of my efforts in this field
have been exceedingly fruitful of benefit to the agriculture of the
State I haye received many letters containing strong expressions
of gratification at the adoption of this feature The seeds distributed
have very generally given satisfactionin most cases the resulting
crop from such selected seeds proving greatly superior in quantity or
quality and generally in both A spirit of improvement in farm
seeds has been engendered or stimulated by these distributions to a
degree that has resulted in perhaps as much good to the cause of
agriculture as the direct benefit realized from the reproduction of32
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
288
the seeds themselves It is a matter of State pride to be able to say
that I have found no one of our sister States so prolific of selected
and improved varieties of farm seeds as our own Of all the corn
cotton potatoes rice wheat and oat seed distributed fully nine
tenths were grown in the limits of the State It has been my chief
concern to select with care our own seeds and distribute them through
out the State thus effecting a very extensive interchange of seeds
between different sections of the State
The distribution of seeds by the United States department previ
ous to the present administration of that office had not been pro
ductive of much benefit to the farmers of this or adjoining States
Most of the seeds distributed were found to have no merit when
tested here and indeed a large proportion of them were utterly un
suited to our climate and inferior to our common stock This may
be accounted for mainly by the fact that the National distribution
was based upon the idea of experimenttesting foreign seeds with
the view to find some prodigy of productiveness Under the present
administration of the National Department I have reason to hope
that the distribution of the seeds procured from foreign countries
and from our own will be so ordered that it will prove a source of
greater satisfaction and benefit to our farmers than heretofore
I have not deemed it advisable up to the present time to distrib
ute more than very moderate quantities of garden seeds believing
that the small amount of money that could be used for the general
purpose would be productive of more satisfaction and greater practi
cal good if invested chiefly in field seeds Such garden seeds as
have been distributed however have been very gladly received and
many favorable reports of results have been received
The following is a list of the varieties and quantities of seeds
distributed during the past two years showing the number of pack
ages of each distributed The cotton seed wheat oats and rice
were generally sent in packages of two quarts each corn one quart
and garden seeds in usual size retail packages 289
commsssioners report188182
33
LIST OF SEEDS DISTRIBUTED
Fall of 1880
Quantity of each kind No of package
172 Bushels of Bill Dallas wheat 5500
Spring of 1881
100 Bushels of Mammoth Prolific cotton seed 1600
152 Herlong cotton seed 2432
100 Hunts Prolific cotton seed 1600
10 Little Red Cob corn 320
10 Ellison Prolific corn 32
3 Tuscarora corn 96
3 Normandy corn 96
42 Upland rice 675
20 Providence sweet potatoes 320
34 melon and garden seed 2176
Fall of 1881
75 Bushels of Burt oats 1200
t Spring of 1882
20 Bushels of Ellison Prolific corn 640
20 Jackson Improved corn 640
100 Jones Improved cotton seed 1600
150 McKibben Hybrid cotton seed 2400
2 Mammoth Prolific cotton seed 32
2 Cook Improved cottonseed 32
100 Jones Improved cotton seed 1600
75 pounds of garden and melon seeds 4S00
1 Bushel of Egyptian wheat 38
5 pounds of Rural Branching porghum 13
18 Minnesota Amber cane 1
10 Bushels of Upland rice 320
Total number of packages distributed23445
A very large majority of the reports received from those to
whom seeds were sent were favorable Among the varieties dis
tributed the following have been esteemed as valuable acquisitions
in most localities where tested
Dallas wheat and Burt oats Ellisons Prolific Jacksons Im
proved and Little Red cob corn Mammoth Prolific Herlong and
Hunts Prolific cotton and Providence potato sweet Other
varieties that weie distributed last spring have not yet been fully
reported
334
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
290
The Dallas wheat originated some fifteen years since in Edgefield
county South Carolina whence it was introduced into this State
by William Sims and William Dallas two prominent farmers of
Lincoln county It has long been a favorite in that and adjoining
counties and has found its way to a few localities in other parts of
the State It is now pretty generally disseminated over the State
The reports of those Who have sown it indicate beyond doubt
that it is an unusually hardy wheat and capable of resisting the at
tack of rust under any ordinary circumstances and of yielding a
fair return of good wheat where other and sometimes favorite va
rieties have been utterly ruined by this fungus
The Burt oat is equally rustproof with the celebrated Red
Rustproofnow so generally known in Georgia and adjoining
States mainly through the efforts of this Department is equally
productive and matures much earlier making it admirably adapted
for spring towing It ripens two or three weeks in advance of
other standard varieties when sown at the same time
The Ivory wheat or Egyptian wheat and Millo Maize have al
ready been alluded to and I only add that final reports on these
varieties are awaited with great interest291 commissioners report188182
PUBLICATIONS
35
Since the date of my last report the following circulars aud man
uals hare been prepared or published
No Circular
Circular No 13
Circular No 14
u a 14 J
u u 15
it a 16
t a 17
K u 18
u 19
a u 20
il it 21
H 11 22
a 11 23
a 11 23
a 11 24
K If 25
it 26
11 27
H 11 28
11 11 29
a 11 30
a 11 31
it 11 32
Subject
September Crop Reports 1880
Annual Report for 1880
Manual on Catle
Soil Test of Fertilizers 1880
Supplemental Report 1880
Fertilizer Laws of Oa
Analyses of Fertilizers 3 editions
1st Quarterly Crop Report
Analyses Statistics of Fertilizers
Season 18812
2d Quarterly Crop Report 18801
Rules and Regulations for the In
spection of Fertilizers
3d Quarterly Report 1880
Oil Inspection Law 1881
Soil Test of Fertilizers 1881
Supplemental Report 1881
Analyses ot Fertitizers
Analyses of Fertilizers
April Crop Report 1882
May
Analyses and Statistics of Fertilizers
Season 18812
June Crop Report 1882
July
Aug
Rules and regulations forlnspection
of Fertilizers Season of 18812
Pages
Copies
16 42 192 16000 5000 15000
70 5000
20 16000
4 2000
12 10000
27 18000
18 5000
27 18000
4 2000
4 4 10000 1000
48 88 5000 15000
8 5000
10 5000
42 2500
20 1500a
20 5000
48 8000
16 10000
54 10000
8 2000
24
802
205500
The above list includes only such publications as were of general
interest excluding what are called special circulars such as printed
questions sent to crop correspondents and other printed matter of
limited circulation
THE MANUAL ON CATTLE
Is one of the most important publications of the two years now
under report It is a book containing 192 pages and was panted
and published shortly after my last report was submitted to you
two years since This work was prepared with great care the ob
ject being to provide a handbook suited for the use of the masses
of the people of Georgia rather than for the professional cattle
breeder It is well illustrated with wood cuts of the different breeds36
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
292
of cattle from photographs of animals bred or owned on Georgia
soil and the characteristics of each are faithfully given without
partiality or prejudice The work has been received with favor by
those who have examined it and I am constantly in receipt of
requests for copies
There is quite an awakening of interest in the subject of im
proving our breeds of cattle It is at present confined chiefly to
several centers of improvement but the interest is gradually spread
ing and taking possession of the minds of the masses of farmers
Under the beneficent operation of the stock law the initiatory
improvement of stock of all kinds will be one of the first results
MANUAL ON POULTRY
I have now in course of preparation and nearly ready for the
press a Manual on Poultry which is designed as a companion to
the Manual of Sheep Husbandry Manual on the Hog Sci
entific Manual and Manual on Cattle and is being prepared on
the same general plan I hope to have it ready for publication by
the 15th of November
QUARTERLY AND MONTHLY CROP REPORTS
At the beginning of the growing season of 1881 I adopted as
an experiment the plan of quarterly instead of monthly crop re
ports with a view to reduce the printing expenses of the De
partment and also to give more time to the preparation of work
of a more stable and permanent character A years trial of the
plan was sufficient to convince me that the change was not accept
able to the farmers nor did it give me as frequent opportunities to
reach them as I desired 1 therefore returned to the system of
monthly reports on the 1st of April of this year By reference to
the list of publications you will see at a glance the number of pa
ges of each monthly circular and also the number of copies printed
and distributed to the farmers of Georgia and others interested
The printing account including postage is one of the heaviest
items of the expenditures of the Department as you have probably
observed in examining my quarterly reports of Receipts and Ex
penditures It is an expense however that cannot be reduced by
simply reducing the volume of the publications of the Department
without seriously detracting from the usefulness of the Depart
ii Oil
jr
i
I
to
i

Yk293
commissioners report1881S2
37
ment I am constantly receiving requests from the farmers of
Georgia and even of other and distant States to have their names
entered on my mail list so that they will receive copies of every
thing published The fertilizer reports are especially in demand
during the season when farmers are purchasing their supplies of
fertilizers and the frequent requests for them from other States
give gratifying evidence of the superior advantages enjoyed in this
respect by our citizens
FISHERIES
The following is the full text of the Act which contains all the
general legislation on the subject of Fish and Fisheries in this State
though local Acts affecting particular streams and counties abound
An Act to encourage the propagation of Fish in the waters of
the State of Georgia and for the protection of the same
Section I Be it enacted That from and after the passage of
this Act the Commissioner of Agriculture in addition to his pres
ent duties shall have specially in charge the propagation of mi
gratory fish in the waters of this State and is hereby authorized to
employ a Superintendent of Fisheries who under the directions of
the Commissioner shall have charge of the propagation of fish
under the provisions of this Act
Sec II Be it further enacted That the Commissioner of Ag
riculture shall proceed at once to secure the artificial propagation
in the various rivers of this State of the principal migratory food
fish adapted to our waters and climate
Sec III Be it further enacted That the sum of five hundred
dollars is hereby appropriated for the payment of all necessary
employees and for other necessary expenses for carrying out the
provisions of this Act which sum shall be paid out of the annual
appropriation heretofore made under an Act approved February
28th 1874 for the Department of Agriculture as a part of the
expense of said Department Provided nothing contained in this
section shall be so construed as to constitute this appropriation as
an additional appropriation to said Department but the same is
hereby declared to be a part of said appropriation and this section
is to be so construed as to direct the application of said five hun
dred dollars of said appropriation to the purpose of the bill
Sec IV Be it further enacted That from and after the passage
of this Act there shall be a closed time in all the rivers of
Georgia in which shad are caught of fortyeight hours commenc
ing at sunrise on Saturday morning of each week and ending at38
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
294

sunrise on Monday morning of the next week during which
closed time no shad or other migratory fish shall be caught by
nets wires weirs pounds or any other means whatever neither
shall such nets wires weirs pounds or other apparatus be left
set in said rivers during said closed time The meshes of nets
or other apparatus for catching said fish shall not be less than five
inches
RSec V Be it further enacted That no shad shall be taken by
any means whatever except between the first day of January and
the twentieth day of April of each year except for spawning pur
poses to carry out the provisions of this Act
Sec VI Be it further enacted That any person or persons
violating the provisions of this Act shall be guilty of misdemeanor
and on conviction of the same shall be punished as is now pro
vided in section 4310 of the Code of Georgia as last revised
Sec VII Repealing clause
Approved February 29th 1876
The Act above given contemplated a character and scope of work
altogether beyond the possibilities of the sum of only five hundred
dollars which was directed to be devoted to the purposes of the
Act My predecessor Hon Thomas P Janes in his first annual
report made after the passage of the Act says
The Legislature at its last session passed an Act directing that
500 of the annual appropriation to this Department be used to the
purpose of propagating fish in our streams Immediately after the
passage of the Act correspondence was opened with Prof Spencer
F Baird U S Commissioner of Fisheries and Mr Seth Green
Superintendent of Fisheries for the State of New York in regard
to supplying some of our rivers but it was found that the season
was too far advanced to make even a beginning so that the effort
was abandoned until this fall Correspondence was reopened last
month with a view to the artificial propagation of shad in several
of our streams but as yet no satisfactory arrangements have been
made
My wish was to establish a hatching station in Georgia and this
Mr Milner the U S Deputy Commissioner thinks would be the
proper plan but says 500 is too small an amount to begin with
He says With the aimunt you have to use I see nothing better
than to move California salmon now or shad next summer from
our stations to the rivers you wish to supply but says that 500
would only move 60000 salmon to our streams I have therefore
decided to wait until Spring when the United States Commissioner
proposes if Congress makes the necessary appropriation to hatch
shad on the Potomac and to charge only the cost of removing1295
commissioners report188182
39
them since I am convinced that the small sum at my command
can be most profitably devoted to the introduction of the largest
possible number of this fish into our streams While I think the
introduction of 60000 salmon into our mountain streams at a cost
of 500 would eventually prove a good investment for our people
I have not deemed it proper to devote the whole appropriation to
that purpose especially since there is a prospect of accomplishing
more good by the introduction of shad at the same cost Mr James
W Milner Deputy U S Commissioner of Fisheries who has had
large experience in artificial hatching expresses the opinion that
200 is the least amount with which hatching stations could be
established with a reasonable hope of success
In the annual report which I had the honor to submit to you for
the year 1880 in referring to the included report of Superintendent
Cary I took occasion to say
Your attention is respectfully invited to the foregoing report of
Dr H H Cary Superintendent of Fisheries and especially to that
portion in which he shows the necessity for a reasonableappropria
tion to carrv on this most important work At no period in the
history of the State have the people manifested so much interest in
fish culture It is a question of vast economic importance to the
people of the State and one well worthy the consideration of the
General Assembly The present annual appropriation is utterly
inadequate to accomplish results commensurate with the impor
tance of the interests involved
These extracts are given in order to show that attention has been
repeatedly called to the insufficiency of the sum not appropriated
from the Treasury but directed by the Act quoted to be expended
of the annual appropriation for the support of this Department
Notwithstanding the inadequacy of the means provided the Super
intendent under my direction has been as active and successful as
could be reasonably expected of an official working without a salary
and with such a small fund for expenses and quite a number of
shad and salmon fry have been released in our streams
CAEP
Though the Act quoted does not make express allusion to or
provision for the introduction and encouragement of the culture
of other than migratory foodfish a fairly liberal construction of
its language will also include other fish that give promise of being
of econom value to our citizens In accordance with the spirit
of the Act therefore I have directed the superintendent to give40
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
296
attention to the introduction of the German Carp a3 a pond fish
promising of important results to domestic fish culture I beg to
refer to his report herewith submitted for details of the work and
other matter in this connection
In concluding my remarks under this head it is proper to call
your attention to the fact that so far as I am informed or can as
certain the provisions of the Act which has been fully set forth
in regard to closed time a contained in sections IV and V have
been utterly disregarded not a single instance having come to my
knowledge of conformity on the part of persons engaged in shad
fishing Nor have I learned of a single case in which the penal
provisions of section VI have been enforced or attempted The
law is a dead letter so far as these prohibitions and regulations are
concerned and the anomaly is presented of an Act of the Legisla
ture requiring the inauguration of a system of artificial hatching
of shad and other migratory fish for restocking our riverswithout
an adequate appropriation for the purpose and at the same time
without adequate legislation for the protection of the fish from un
timely and excessive use of the various means used to capture them
Our people living along the coursea of our large streams away
from the coast are deprived of their natural right to the benefit of
the fish that would run up to the very headwaters of the streams
if they were not decimated before getting fifty miles from the
ocean by the artful and complete and unlawful contrivances for
capturing shad that are in use near the coast Not only this but
citizens of distant States send their fishing vessels and tackle to our
streams and ship the catch to distant markets so that our State
and people derive no benefit whatever from them It is like taking
the food out of our mouths I beg to refer you to the following
eepoet of superintendent of fisheries
Department of Agriculture
Office Superintendent Fisheries
LaGrange Ga October 10th 1882
Hon J T Henderson Commissioner of Agriculture
I herewith submit my biennial report embracing the time since
my last report dated October 16th 1880
While it is to be exceedingly regretted that the limited means at
the disposal of the Department has prevented the extension of the
work to the extent desired still it is a matter of congratulation that297
commissioners report1881S2
41
steady progress has been made in the work and that fish culture
stands higher in public opinion than ever before in this State and
as a means of cheap and abundant food supply is rapidly gaining
favor
German CarpThis new fish has more than sustained the rep
utation acquired up to my last report Up to that time only about
700 had been introduced into the waters of Georgia and most of
these having been placed in ponds with inadequate drainage but
few opportunities had been afforded to test their growth The few
examinations made however showed a growth of about four pounds
per year The fish above named were the hatchings of 1879 the
first hatchings east of the Kocky Mountains The hatchings of
the carp ponds at Washington for 1880 had enormously increased
Georgia through the Department of Agriculture received and dis
tributed over 3700 and the members of Congress received and
distributed about as many more making the entire distribution in
the State for that year over 7400 Many of these fish were very
small not more than one or two inches long and weighing a frac
tion of an ounce A shipment was received from Washington in
February 1881 six of these were sent to a gentleman in Talbot
county and were released in his millpond the last of September
one was caught and weighed and it was found that in seven months
it had taken on a growth of five pounds That this may not be an
exceptional case 1 will state that other cases of neatly equally rapid
growth have been reported to me Of the hatchings of the carp
ponds at Washington of 1881 we failed to get the supply we ex
ected hence a large number of applicants were disappointed
he Department of Agriculture received about 1700 and proba
bly the members of Congress even a larger number than this which
were distributed as in the previous years over the State and 60 far
as reports have been received they have in every particular sus
tained the high estimate placed upon them It is hoped that a very
large distribution will be made the present fall as a letter from
Col McDonald in charge of the distributions at Washington states
under date of the 5th instant I am directed by Prof Baird to
say to you that he can probably supply all applicants for carp from
Georgia
I have been very desirous of ascertaining the precise time of
hatching of the carp eggs in our latitude as numerous inquiries
have been propounded to me on that subject Dr Rudolph Iies
sel a German fish culturist and the Superintendent of the carp
ponds at Washington states in the report of the Commissioner of
Fish and Fisheries Part 4 18751876 tat they hatch in from
twelve to sixteen days I was impressed that they would hatch much42
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
298
sooner here Mr EmaDuel Heyser of Madison Ga an enthusiastic
fish culturist a careful observer and reliable gentleman has given
me the benefit of a careful experiment made during the present
year and as I regard this experiment as very important I beg
leave to detail it somewhat fully On Friday May 12th 1882 he
had three scale carp taken Irom his pond with hook and line two
females and one male weighing about three and a half pounds
each On Saturday May 13th he placed them in the bed of a
spring branch running through the bottom of an old pond that
had been dry for about four years and was overgrown with grasses
rushes and weedsexcept the little spring branch in the centre
On the following Monday the 15th lie had the breach in the dam
of the old pond closed and the water gradually spread over the
surface of the pond On Wednesday following May 17th Mr
Heyser noticed the carp were spawning in water and not over six
inches deep and the water was so clear he could readily observe every
movement of the fish On Thursday the 18th and Friday the 19th
he gathered eggs from where he had seen the carp spawning de
posited on grass weeds etc some of these eggs were placed in a
glass vase and some in a tin bucket both filled with clear water
The vase he kept in his dwelling house the bucket he placed on
the branch of a tree in open air six feet from the ground These re
mained undisturbed until Tuesday morningMay 23d when he found
that in bothin the bucket and vase the eggs were hatching O n
makingthis discovery he went immediately to the pond from which
the eggs were taken and with a basin could dip up large numbers
of tiny fish That they were scale carp he was certain as he kept
watch of themfor about a month when they had attained a length
of one and a half inches That the young fish were hatched in
from five to six days there can be no mistake as there was no water
where he gathered the eggs until less than a week before he saw
the young fish and it had just risen sufficiently deep to allow the
fish to swim around in spawning Mr Heyser having no thermom
eter had no means of ascertaining the temperature of the water
at the time but by reference to my register I find the average tem
perature of the atmosphere in the shade was on the days covering
this experiment 69 1 but as Madison is about onehalf degree
north of LaGrango the temperature might be a little lower and
this would approximately indicate the temperature of the water299
commissioners report188182
43
so that we may assume with the temperature of the water at about
69 these eggs hatched in from five to six days
The carp in this latitude usually commence spawning in April
1 observed mine this year spawning on the 27th of March
California SalmonDuring the Fall of last year an offer was
received from Prof Baird of a large quantity of eggs of the California
salmon taken from the McCloud river At first 1 declined to take
them as we had no means to establish a hatchery but the South Car
olina Commission kindly offered to hatch them gratuitously at the
hatchery atWalhalla in that State This proposition was gladly
accepted and the result was we were enabled to plant 136000 salmon
fry in the headwaters of the Savannah river This river was selected
and the whole plant made there for several reasons among which
was the belief of its best adaptability of all our streams for this
species of fish and another that all experience has proven that in
restocking barren streams large plants are the most profitable as
the depredations are about the same on a small plant as on a large
one Like the shad the salmon is an anadromous migratory fish
and passes up the rive to the spawning grounds in the Fall months
They have a fine flavor and take on a rapid growth weighing often
from 12 to 30 pounds Should the temperature of the water of
our rivers prove suitable they will be a valuable acquisition They
seem to be of easy propagation and very hardy A recent letter
from Mr Livingstone Stone in charge of the hatcheries on the Pa
cific slope shows that notwithstanding the enormous numbers that
are caught for canning and other purposes they are increasing very
rapidly It doubtless will be prudent to wait the result of this
planting in the Savannah before making other efforts in this direc
tion
ShadAs stated in my last report through the aid of the U S
Commission I was enabled to plant over 1000000 of shad fry in the
waters of this State dividing them between the Oconee Ocmulgee
and Chattahoochee rivers These fish were planted in June 1880
and should return to their spawning grounds next Spring 1883
In the season of 1881 and 1882 more or less shad fry were released
in the waters of this State by the U S Fish Commission The fish
of these plantings should return in three years respectively from
each planting
In all these streams there are obstacles to their return in the obu
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
300
6tructions presented by milldams Fishways can be constructed
over these dams without injury to the property of the mill owners
This subject should receive the careful attention of the Legislature
Our main effort should be for some time directed towards the arti
ficial propagation of the shad as in early time it was found the nat
ural inhabitant of the waters of the State And I wish to emphasize
the fact that it is only by artificial propagation that barren waters
can be restored
I will introduce here a short extract from a letter from the veteran
fish culturist Seth Green of New York
Through the methods employed by the New York Fish Commission in shad
propagation methods discovered by me in 1867 the Hudson and other rivers
have been made to produce as many shad as they were ever before known to
produce Under date of June 14 1882 I am in receipt of a letter from Mr
P A M Van Wick Newburgh N Y which says that about twelve years ago
the shad had been so nearly caught out of the Hudson river that the fishermen
abandoned it because they could not make it pay This season of 1882 owing
to the efforts of the New York Fish Commission shad were more plentiful than
were ever known before Within a distance of about six miles 30830 full
grown shad were taken Mr Van Wick has kindly given me the names and
number of fish caught by each fisherman and the list is now before me
But to secure these desirable results we must do precisely what
New York and other States have doneestablish by law a proper
closed time and have enacted the necessary protective laws
BROOK TROUT
The clear cool streams in many of the upper counties of the
State are well adapted to the propagation of the brook trout and
it is very desirable so soon as our means will permit to stock these
streams A few experiments have been made by private individ
uals in introducing the brook trout into these streams from the
opposite side of the Blue Ridge with quite encouraging results
It is important to impress upon the Legislature the necessity of
a sufficient appropriation to establish hatcheries for the migratory
and other food fishes and to establish carp ponds of sufficient ca
pacity not only to stock every pond in the State but to plant them
in all the principal streams as the carp will do remarkably well in
our sluggish rivers
An appropriation of onethird of a cent per capita of the people
of Georgia will enable us to make fish the cheapest food in the
State and will take them from the list of luxuries and place them
in the reach of all
All of whichis respectfully submitted
H H Caky
Superintendent301 commissioners reportl8182
APPENDIX
45
The following list of Fish Commissioners has been collated
with care from revised lists published by the Forest and Stream
and the American Field together with the annual appropriation
made by each State and Territory
Alabama
Charles S G Doster Plattville
D B Huntley Courtand
Arizona50000
John G Gosper Prescott
Richard Rule Tombstone
Dr J H Taggard Yuma
Arkansas
N B Pierce Osage Mills
James Horni brook Little Rock
John E Reardon Little Rock
California500000
3 R ThrockmortonSan Francisco
B B Redding San Francisco
J D Farewell
Niles
Colorado650000
W E Sistey Brook vale
Connecticut500000
Dr W M Hodson Hartford
Robert G Pike Middletown
G K Woodruff Sherman
Georgia50000
Hon J T Henderson Comr Agriculture Atlanta
Dr H H Cary Supt of Fisheries LaGrange
Illinois250000
N K Fairbank President Chicago
S P Bartlett Quincy
S P McDoel Aurora
Indiana200000
Calvin Fletcher Spencer
Iowa250000
B F Shaw Anamosa
A A Mosher Assistant of N W portion Spirit Lake46
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
302
Kansas100000
D B LongEllsworth
Kentucky500000
William Griffith PresidentLouisville
Dr S W Combs SecretaryBowling Green
P H DarbyPrinceton
John B WalkerMadisonville
Hon J O WaltonMunfordville
Hon J A SteeleVersailles
W C PriceDanville
Dr W Van AntwerpMt Sterling
Hon J M ChambersIndependence
A II GobellCatlettsburg
Maine1000000
H O StanleyDixfield
E M Stillwell Assistant Commissioner Bangor
Maryland1000000
T B Ferguson Washington D C
Thomas Hughlett Easton
Massachusetts500000
Theo Lvman Brookline
E A Brackett Winchester
Asa French Boston
Michigan1550000
Eli R Miller President Richland
A J KelloggDetroit
Dr J C ParkerGrand Rapids
Minnesota500000
Robert O Sweeney Chairman St Paul
D Cameron LaCrescent
W W Sweeney M DEedwing
Missouri300000
Hon Silas WoodsonSt Joseph
Hon H 0 Ewirg Jefferson City
Col John Reid Lexington
Nebraska
R B LivingstonePlattesmouth
H S KaleyRed Cloud
W S MayFremont
Nevada100000
H G Parker Carson City303 commissioners report188182 47
New Hampshire200000
A H Powers Plymouth
Luther HaysMilton
Dr Ed SpauldingNashua
New Jeesey400000
Dr B P Howell Woodbury
Maj E J Anderson Trenton
Theo Morford Newton
New Yobk1500000
Hon R B Roosevelt 76 Chambers St
Ed M Smith Rochester
Richard W Sherman New Hartford
E G Blackford Fulton MarketNY
Noeth Caeolina450000
Hon Montford McGeehee Comr of Agricnl Raleigh
S G Worth Superintendent of Fisheries Morganton
Ohio500000
L A Harris Cincinnati
C A Bond Toledo
H O Post Sandusky
Pennsylvania1500000
HonH J Reeder Easton
Hon B L Hewit Hollidaysburg
James Duffy Marietta
John Hummell Lelings Grove
Robert Dalzell Pittsburg
G M Miller Wilkesbarre
Rhode Island50000
Newton Dexter Providence
John Barden Rockland
A A Reid Providence
South Caeolina350000
Hon A P Butler Comr of Agriculture Columbia
C J Husk Supt of FisheriesColumbia
Tennessee
W W McDowell Memphis
G F Akers Nashville
H H Sneed Chattanooga
Texas
J H Denkins Austin48
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
304
Utah
Prof J L BarfootSalt Lake City
Vermont
Dr M GoldsmithRutland
Charles BarrettGrafton
Virginia250000
Col M McDonald Berry ville
West Virginia200000
II B Miller Wheeling
C S White Komney
N W Lowry Hinton
Wisconsin700000
Gov W E Smith ex offioio Madison
Filo Dunning Madison
C L Valentine Janesville
John F Autsdel Milwaukee
C Hutchinson Beetown
J B Jones Oskosk
Maik Douglas Melrose
Wyoming Territory
II B Kumsey Ked Buttes
Dr M C Barckwell Cheyenne
Otto Gowen Laramie
INSPECTION OF OILS
The General Assembly at the session of 1881 passed an Act
to better provide for the security of life and property from the
dangers of coal and petroleum oils which was approved Septem
ber 27th 1881 By the terms of this Act Inspectors of Fertili
zers are ex offioio Inspectors of Oils and in counties having no In
spectors of Fertilizers the Commissioner of Agriculture is author
ized to appoint Inspectors The Inspectors are authorized to ap
point such deputies or clerks as they may find requisite for the
perfect carrying out of the provisions of the Act In pursu
ance of the authority which I considered was vested in me and
for the sake of convenience and system in the execution of the
work of inspecting oils I preceded to divide the State into ifteen
ol inspection districts Six of these districts are severally assigned205
commissioners report1SS1S2
49
to the Inspectors of fertilizers and ex officio Inspectors of oils
in the remaining nine districts other Inspectors have been ap
pointed Most of the Inspectors have found it necessary to ap
point clerks or deputies within their respective districts Each
deputy is required to report directly to his principal who is held
officially responsible for every inspection Each principal Inspec
tor is required under the law to report on the first day of each
month to the Commissioner of Agriculture the number of gallons
inspected and the amount of fees received by him or his deputies
during the month next preceding and also to make a consolidated re
port for the fiscal year on the first day of October of each year show
ing the total number of gallons inspected where and when in
spected the amount of fees received on each inspection and the
total amount of fees collected daring the year next preceding
The following comprises a list of the oil inspection districts of
the State the counties composing each the names of Inspectors
and deputies and their postoffices for the nine months ending
October 1st
OIL INSPECTION DISTRICTS
Albany DistrictBaker Calhoun Clay Dougherty Early Lee
Mitchell Miller Quitman Randolph Terrel and Worth Z J
lOdom Inspector Albany
Attens DistrictClarke Elbert Greene Hart Jackson Madi
son Oconee and Oglethorpe J G Evans Inspector Athens
Atlanta DistrictButts Campbell Carroll Clayton Cherokee
Cobb Coweta DeKalb Douglas Fulton Fayette Gwinnett
Henry Jasper Morgan Milton Newton Rockdale Spalding and
Walton James S L iwton Inspector J L Lawton Deputy In
spector Atlanta
Americus District Schley Sumter and Webster W E
Davenport Inspector Americus
Augusta DistrictBurke Columbia Jefferson Lincoln McDuf
fie Kichmond Taliaferro Warren and Wilkos Samuel Hawkins
Inspector W A Ramsay Deputy Inspector Augusta
Brunswick DistrictAppling Camden Charlton Clinch Cof
fee Dodge Echols Glynn Irwin Pulaski Pierce Telfuir Ware
Wayne and Wilcox Troup Butler Inspector M J Colsou Dep
aity Inspector Brunswick50
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
206
Columbus DistrictChattahoochee Harris Marion Muscogee
Talbot and Stewart G W Rosette Inspector Geo C Sher
wood Deputy Inspector Columbus
Dalton DistrictCatoosa Dade Murray Walker and Whit
field J R McAffee Inspector Dalton
Gainesville District Banks Dawson Fannin FranklinForsyth
Gilmer Habersham Hall Lumpkin Pickens Rabun Towns
Union and White H W J Ham Inspector Gainesville
LaOrange DistrictHeard Meriwether aud Troup W W
Arnold Inspector LaGrange
Macon DistrictBibb Crawford Dooly Houston Jones
Macon Monroe Taylor Twiggs Upson and Wilkinson E L
Thomas Inspector H L Chichester Deputy Inspector Macon
Milledgeville DistrictBaldwin Hancock Putnam and Wash
ngton Miller Greive Inspector Milledgeville
Dome DistrictBartow Chattooga Floyd Gordon Haralson
Paulding and Polk W W Seay Inspector Rome
Savannah DistrictBryan Bullock Chatham Effingham
Emanuel Johnson Laurens Liberty Mclntosh Montgomery
Scriven and Tatnall O T Rogers Inspector G P Harrison
Deputy Inspector Savannah
Thomasville District Berrien Brooks Colquitt Decatur
Thomas and Lowndes No Inspector
During the nine months ending September 30th 1882 the aggre
gate amount of illuminating oils inspected in the State was as
follows
Total number of gallons inspected 1039560 gallons
Of which there were rejected as falling below
the legal standard 49097 gallons
In executing the law I have found no great difficulty during
the nine months that it had been in operation prior to the 1st day
of October I can see clearly where several amendments might be
made which would define the meaning and intent of the Legisla
ture more clearly There is now pending in the Supreme Court of
the State a case from Savannah Georgia involving the construc
tion of the present Act in connection with some sections of the
Code on the subject of illuminating oils which are held by Attor207
commissioners report188182
51
neyGeneral Anderson to be unrepealed by the recent Act but are
of full force and effect The decision of the Court in this case may
render necessary some legislation on the subject The point in
volved is whether naphtha or other lowgrade oils below firetest
120 can be used in this State for lighting the streets of cities by
persons or companies who undertake to do so by contract furnish
ing their own oil from without the State Other incidental or
closely related questions depend upon the coming ruling of the Su
preme Court and I will not undertake to discuss their merits
FLASHTEST
I am strongly inclined to the opinion that the flashtest is a better
and more reliable test of the safety of illuminating oils than the
firetest which is now required by law The chief danger to be ap
prehended in the domestic use of illuminating oil is its liability to
explode and shatter the lamps or other containing vessels and thus
inflict direct injuries to the person by the fragments as well as
scattering the burning oil over the clothing and the combustible
articles in the vicinitythus still further endangering life and prop
erty I am informed by good chemists as well as by Inspectors of
oils that a specimen of illuminating oil may stand a high firetest
above the standard 120and yet be more explosive than another
sample having a comparatively low firetesteven less than the
lawful standard I have instituted no investigation to ascertain the
truth of the matter myself but purpose doing so at an early day
I am informed that the law of many of the Northern States re
quires oils tested by the flashtest
FENCE LAWS
The organic law of this Department requires that The said Com
missioner shall give attention to the subject of fencing and shall
report at such times as he may deem proper upon said subject as
is hereinbefore set forth In pursuance of this requirement the
subject has been diseussedfrom time to time in the circulars issued
by the Department during my own administration as well as that
of my predecessor with especial reference to the policy of changing
the stock or fence laws of the State The subject has steadily52
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
20 S
grown in interest and the farmers have become better informed as
to the practical working of the no fence law in counties and
States that hare adopted it The General Assembly in 1872 passed
an Act proriding for local option by counties to be determined by
a vote of the lawful voters of any county at an election to be or
dered by the Ordinary upon the petition of fifty freeholders This
Act was approved August 26 1872 and was amended by Act of
August 26 1881 which removed the restriction that such elections
should not be held oftener than once in two years and provided
further that such elections might be held when proper petitions
shall have been filed on such day as the Ordinary might appoint
after giving twenty days notice By Act of September 29 1S81
the law was still further amended by making its provisions appli
cable to militia districts and to provide for the erection of fences
around district lines
In my circular questions to the correspondents of the Depart
ment preliminary to the July Crop Report of this year I made in
quiry to ascertain the counties that had succeeded in putting into
operation the new stock law and beg to quote from that report as
follows
THE STOCK LAW
The following counties have adopted the Stock Law requiring
the owners of stock to keep them on their own lands or more cor
rectly stating it the law requiring stock to be fenced instead of
crops
tinder the old law which is still operative in the larger part of
the State landowners are required to fence their crops against the
invasion of stock of all kinds Under the law adopted by these
counties the owners of stock are required to keep them off of other
peoples crops by fencing the stock in or otherwise keeping them
under control
The counties which have adopted the Stock Law are Campbell
Clayton Coweta Henry Meriwether Monroe Morgan Pike Put
nam Piockdale Spalding and Troup One district each in Elbert
and Screven have adopted it
For the information of the people who are likely to have the
question presented to them at no distant day the laws in force in
this State relating to fences are here printed
Much confusion has arisen from the awkward form in which
the question is presented to the voters viz Fence or No
Fence many inferring that if they vote no fence they will be209 commissioners report188182 53
prohibited from building fences at all The real question is fenc
ing stock or fencing crops and should have been presented to
the voters in some such form It is not expected that the stock law
will be adopted in the wiregrass counties of the State where the
larger area is in pasture In that section of the State and in some
of the counties of North Georgia the proposed law would be as
great a hardship as the old law requiring crops to be fenced is in
farming and planting sections In the latter the adoption of the
Stock Law is only a question of time It is a necessity which must
sooner or later be felt and fully realized in a large majority of the
counties of the State In those counties in which it has been in
operation long enough to be tested its most violent opponents have
generally acknowledged its great advantages
The question has been wisely left by the General Assembly to
the choice of the people of the counties and militia districts The
interests and industries of different sections of the State are too
varied to admit of a general law applicable to all sections
Since the July report was prepared four militia districts in New
ton several in Fulton and perhaps other counties of the Stae have
adopted the new law
From the same report I extract the following comments by cor
respondents on the operation of the law
Campbell CountyAs a general thing the people are remarkably
well pleased with the no fence law A few prejudicedminded have
not yet given over It has had a good influence upon the agriculture
of the county by ridding it of surplus stock and by adding to the
value of those kept Although we have not yet had time to prepare
pastures only temporary our stock are fat and sleek Ordinary milk
cows of the common country breed are worth from forty to fifty dol
lars formerly worth from fifteen to twentyfive dollars and this in
creased value is not as many would suppose from their scarcity but
from the fact of being in better condition They are actually worth
double what they formerly were The fact is we have been feeding
them and preparing such pasturage for them as we could and have not
been depending on them browsing around in lanes and fence coiners
and the little woodlands and old pine fields we had not enclosed and
picking their living numbers of them wearing huge neckyokes It
has added to the value of the farming lands in not requiringso much
timber landsto be kept and increased the acreage by enabling
farmers to cultivate small pieces of good land that they could not
afford to fence and by adding fence rows etc It is in the opinion
of the best thinkers of the day a grand step in the right direction
a step from the honored but timeworn ruts of past ages to the
higher plane of the present living and progressive age54 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 210
Carroll CountyThe fence law has been voted down in this
county but a new effort will be made soon to make it law It is
very much needed here There is plenty of timber but the fences are
poor and the stock very troublesome There is a large floating pop
ulation here that have no interest in farms nor farming only to eat
what the honest farmer makes and they do not own one foot of
land still they vote fence while all the good substantial farmers
who have to keep up the fences and bear all the expense vote no
fence We will continue to try until we succeed
I take occasion to reiterate my conviction that it would be unwise
and unjust to force upon large sections of the State the operation of
a stock or fence law for which they are not prepared and which is
not desirable in view of the system of husbandry prevailing in those
sections Yet I am not less satisfied that the adoption of the stock
law in the greater portion of Middle Georgia and in some counties
in other sections will prove a great stride in the direction of im
provement and progress and productive of immediate permanent
and constantly increasing benefits The law as it now standsin
its general principlesis perhaps all that could be reasonably de
sired with the exception that the votes of the landownerswho
must bear the expense and burden of keeping up fencesdo not have
that weight to which it would seem they are justly entitled Ar
gument and reason however sustained by the experience of even
nonlandowners in counties under the new law are having their due
effect and where the adoption of a new system by law is based
upon considerations of reason and selfinterestmade plain to the
voter it will be submitted to more readily and cheerfully and be
more permanent in its legal tenure
INTERNATIONAL COTTON EXPOSITION
This great enterpriseinaugurated on Georgia soil and carried to
a successful conclusion in sight of the Capitolsurprised its projec
tors and warmest advocates in the measure of the great success at
tained It is Tiot my purpose to enter into a discussion of the con
dition and circumstances of our people and section which seemed to
render it very desirable that such an exhibitionillustrating our
unlimited natural resources of soil climate and productions on the
one hand and the need of greater scientific mechanical and man
facturing skill in developing and utilizing these resources on the
othershould be held in our midst On account of the unfavor
able crop seasons that preceded the Exposition and other causes
there was a singular apathy manifested on the part of the farmers211
commissioners report188182
55
of Georgia in reference to it and an apparent want of apprecia
tion on the part of our citizens of the opportunity about to be af
forded them to illustrate our State and to favorably impress capi
talists and othervisitors This indifference was still further aggra
vated by the want of any organized effort or specially authorized
Commission on the part of the State to encourage and direct in
properly representing our great interests Under these circum
stances I felt it to be my duty to undertake to make at least a re
spectable display of the agricultural products of the State In
doing so I believe that I would not exceed the true spirit and in
tent of the Act creating this Department and that I would be re
creant indeed if I stood back with hands folded and allowed the
interest of our State and people to suffer because the letter of the
law did not provide for such an occasion With your approval
therefore I devoted a considerable portion of my own time and that
of some of the employes of this office to organizing a Georgia De
partment in the Exposition By extensive correspondence the
issue of many circulars and the perfecting of arrangements on the
grounds and in the buildings of the Exposition for the reception
and proper display of agricultural products I am gratified to be
able to say that the farmers of Georgia were incited to commenda
ble effort and that the exhibition of Georgia productsof the
farm garden orchard dairy livestock etc was highly creditable
in view of all the circumstances and no whit behind the foremost
States in quality and far excelling any in variety This effort on
my part as the representative of the farmers of Georgia would
have been altogether inadequate to a full representation of the re
sources of the State without the cooperative aid of the railroad and
Express companies of the State not only in directing and encourag
ing exhibits and attendance by low freights and fares but still more
by the remarkably exhaustive representative displays made by the
roads themselves of the mineral and other resources of the sec
tions traversed by them respectively
The original purpose of the projectors of the Exposition was
chiefly to encourage the development of manufacturesespec
ially those of cotton our great staple and during the whole course
of the enterprisefrom its beginning to its conclusionthe ener
gies and efforts of the high controlling authority and the arrange56
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
212
ments for the conduct of the Exposition were directed towards
making this the grand and essential feature of the occasion Not
withstanding this fact the agricultural feature was a gratifying
success
The time that has elapsed since the close of the Exposition has
been too short for its results to be fully measured they are large
ly in the future But I have no hesitancy in saying that a spirit
of improvement and progress iias been engendered among our
farmers as well as other citizens that will be fruitful of good in the
near future Indeed the benefits are already apparent in the in
creased disposition to use and the demand for improved farm im
plements and machinery Hundreds and thousands of farmers came
to see staid to wonder and went home resolved to profit by the les
sons learned Many of them have purchased improved reapers
mowers cultivators screw pulverizers cotton ginning machinery
The desire to perform the operations of the farm in a more syste
matic perfect and economical manner that is a rapidly growing
feeling among our intelligent farmers is largely traceableeither di
rectly or indirectlyto the Exposition and its lessons This desire
is chiefly directed towards greater economy and thoroughness in the
preparation of the soil and in harvesting and preparing the crop es
pecially cotton for market Through a correspondence instituted
with Northern manufactures of agricultural implements and ma
chinery with a view to ascertain the effects of the Exposition on
the Southern demand for their goods I learn that the volume of their
sales to Southern farmers has been greatly increased and most of
them attribute the increased demand directly to the influence of the
Exposition Not only have our agricultural interests been bene
fitted but the Exposition has been the means of encouraging the in
vestment of Northern capital in manufacturing enterprises in our
State Several of these either already in operation or nearly ready
in Georgia are traceable directly to the Exposition and others are in
contemplation
In addition to these benefits Northern and Western immigration
to this State has been greatly encouraged and promoted The three
months of opportunity to study the character and disposition of our
people as well as our advantages that was afforded to visitors from
a distance was enjoyed and improved with great satisfaction to213
commissioners report188182
57
themselves and advantage to us and will prove no inconsiderable
factor in the problem of reconciling the long estranged sections of
the country
COTTON SEED AND THEIR USES
One of the marked features of the past few years is the great in
terest that has been excited in regard to the economic value of cot
ton seed This product has long been highly esteemed as a valua
ble fertilizer though the method of using it lias been careless
and wasteful in the extreme so that probably not more than half
of its value in this respect was realized Its chief value as a ferti
lizer is due to the large per centage of nitrogen in the seed This
nitrogen very easily escapes into the atmosphere when the seed are
exposed to the weather in the old fashioned way for the purpose of
rotting and thereby preventing germination A great saving was
effected in this respect by the adoption of the system of composting
the seed with stable manure and acid phosphate the latter prevent
ing the escape of the ammonia evolved during decomposition But
it has long been known that the oil contained in the seed is of no
practical value for fertilizing purposes and so far back as the year
1834 the first move was made toward the extraction of the oil and
its introduction into the market for purposes for which it was be
lieved to be suited However it was not until the year 1855 that
the feasibility of the manufacture of cotton seed oil was demon
strated Since that period and especially during the last few years
the number of oil mills has greatly increased and the business is as
suming large proportions The following extract from my Supple
mental Report of 1881 published in January last gives some inter
esting facts in regard to the business and the importance of this
newly developed source of wealth to the farmers of Georgia
PRODUCTS OF THE OIL MULLS
The first step in preparing the seed for the nrll is the removal of
the lint left by the gin This is done by a gin constructed for the
purpose with saws closer together than in the ordinary cotton gin
An average of twentytwo pounds of short lint is taken from a ton
of the seed This product called linters brings on the market
6 to 7 cents per pound and is used in the manufacture of cotton
batting58
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
214
The next product is the hulls which are removed from the ker
nel and used as fuel for the engines which furnish the power for
the mills The hulls constituteabout half the total weight of the
seed From their combustion results two qualities of ashes averag
ing in price at the mill 1200 per ton
The mills average a yield of thirtyfive gallons of crude oil to the
ton of seed which wholesales at the mills at 35 cents per gallon
This loses in the process of refining eighteen per centso that the
yield in refined oil is 2870 gallons The refined oil sells at the mills
at 55c to 60c per gallon
A ton of the seed yields after extracting the oil 700 lbs of oil cake
or cotton seed meal which is simply the cake ground The cake or
meal at present sells at the mills at 2000 per ton The average
consumption of the mills is about 6000 tons each per annum The
mills generally operate only about six months in the year and hence
their average capacity is 12000 tons per annum The consumption
is therefore 350000 tons per annum with a capacity for twice that
amount
There are fiftyseven oil mills now in operation or being con
structed in the South and along the Mississippi river distributed as
follows 10 in Tennessee 9 each in Mississippi Louisiana and Texas
8 in Arkansas 6 in Alabama 2 in Georgia 2 in Missouri and one
each in South Carolina and Illinois
In 1880 6997796 gallons of cotton seed oil were exported from
the United States while only 38431 gallons of linseed oil were ex
ported during the same year
During the same year 453023225 pounds of oil cake were ex
ported Taking the comparative quantities of cotton seed oil and
linseed oil exported as an index of the comparative quantities of
cake exported and it will be seen that nearly the whole of this ex
ported cake was from cotton seed
Mr Ogden says cotton seed oil is the basis of nitroglycerine and
of various other explosive compounds Cotton seed oil is the best
material known for making glycerine One gallon of crude oil re
turns three and onehalf pounds of pure glycerine
It will no doubt surprise many readers to learn that in 1S7S 16
757634 pounds of cotton seed were exported in 1879 16397938
pounds and in 18S0 12142137 pounds On this subject Mr Og
den remarks It is alleged that in France methods have been dis
covered for producing a valuable bluedyestuff from cotton seed
The 57 mills now in operation or being constructed will consume
an average of 6000 tons of seed per annum running half the year
Phey have a capacity of 12000 tons each Assuming 6000 tons as
the average consumption and we find that 342000 tons are now
used by the oil mills per annum These cost at the mills ten dol
lars per ton or an aggregate of 3420000215
commissioners REPORT188182
59
They yield 35 gallons of crude oil per ton or 11970000 gallons
which sells at the mills at 35 cents per gallon The annual oil pro
duct therefore of the 57 mills will be worth 1189500
The seed are reginned at the large mills and 22 pounds of short
lint per ton called linters yielded These bring 6f to 7 cents per
pound The yield of linters from 342000 tons of seed is therefore
7542000 pounds which at 7 cents per pound is worth 526680
Each ton of seed yields 700 pounds of cake which sells at one
cent per pound at the mills 342000 tons of seed would therefore
yield 2394000 worth of cake The annual product of the fifty
seven mills running half the year will therefore be as follows
7524000 linterga 7c per lbI 520080
11970000 gallons crude oil 35c per gallon 4189500
239400000 lbs cake at lc per lb 2394000
Total7110180
Deduct cost of the seed 3420000
And we have the values added by the mills3690180
The 342000 tons of cotton seed consumed by the mills yield
171 00 tons of hulls which are burned in the engines and supply
the fuel necessary to run the machinery Each ton of hulls yields
70 lbs of ashes which are very rich in potash
As the oil is valueless as a fertilizer every gallon extracted from
the seed is so much clear gain All that is valuable as a fertilizer in
the seed is found in the cake and the ash of the hulls The 1189
500 received from the oil and 526680 received for the linters
thus come from products that are ordinarily wasted
For convenience of calculation and it is not likely to be less in the
future a crop of 6000000 bales is taken as the basis of the follow
ing estimates
Assuming that the bales average 450 pounds each their produc
tion involves the production of 2700000 tons of seed estimating
900 pounds seed to the bale or two of seed to one of lint
According to the census of 1880 14462431 acres were planted in
cotton allowing two bushels per acre for planting this area 28924
802 bushels or 432872 tons of seed are required for that purpose
Deducting this quantity from the whole amount produced and
there remain 2266128 tons of seed to be utilized as manure or
stock feed Supposing the whole of these to be used by the oil
mills and the following analysis of the products will not be devoid
of interest While it is not now practicable to so utilize them on
account of the difficulty of transporting them to the mills the day
is not far distant when nearly if not all the crop will be utilized
The 2266128 tons of seed will yield at 22 lbs per ton 49854
816 lbs of linters which at 7c per lb will bring 348983712
60 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 216
The same seed will yield thirtyfive gallons of crude oil per ton
or 79314480 gallons of oil which sells at 35e per gallon at the
mill From this therefore will be realized 27760068 which as
the seed are generally used is entirely wasted since the oil adds
nothing to the value of the seed as a fertilizer
The same seed will yield 700 lbs of cake per ton of seed or 1
586289600 lbs which at 2000 per ton will be worth 15862880
From the hulls of each ton of seed thirtylive lbs of ashes
are obtained or 79214480 lbs of ashes which are worth at the
mill an average of 1200 per ton or 475904
The account with the seed under the supposition that the whole
crop except enough to plant are utilized for the extraction of the
oil will stand about as follows
From 226612S tons of seed the mills will turn out
49854816 lbs Winters 7c 3489837
79314480 gallons crude oil 35c 27750068
793144 tons oil cake 2000 15862880
39057 tonsashes 1200 475904
Total value of product47 58S68
2266128 tons seed 1000 per ton 22661280
Increaseof value by manipulation in the oil mills24917409
It will be seen therefore that the value of the crop of cotton
seed of the Southern States is increased by the manipulation of the
oil mills 24917409 and that this increase is greater by more than
2000000 than the marketable value of the seed in their original
form It will be observed also that the value of the crude oil is
more than 3000000 greater than that of the whole seed from
which it is extracted previous to such manipulation
COST OF MILLS
The principal obstacle in the way of general utilization of the
crop of cotton seed is the cost of mill and machinery necessary to
extract the oil No doubt this will be remedied in time but at
the preient stage of the industry those who have had experience
in the matter agree that a capital of at I ast 30000 is necessary
to establish and conduct an oil mill successfully They agree that
a mill with four presses carrying sik boxes each is the smallest
that will pay The machinery required for such a mill embraces a
50 horse power engine four presses six heaters two linters with
hullers crushers mats elavators conveyors vats mills for grind
Formuch valuable information connected with the manufacture of cotton seed
oil I am indebted to Col Geo W Scott Atlanta Ja

217
COMMISSIONERS REPORT1881S2
61
ing cake etc all of which will cost about 20000 The buildings nec
essary are one two stories about 40x60 feet and a seed room 60x
100 feet These will cost according to character and locality
Another difficulty lies in the uncertainty of securing a sufficient
quantity of seed to keep the machinery running a reasonable num
ber of months in the year At present few of the mills run more
than six months As the business becomes more firmly established
and the products become more generally used there will be a less
difficulty in procuring the seed and better prices realized by the
farmer for them and greater profits made by the mill men
The refined oil is being rapidly introduced into general use for
various purposes including its substitution when highly refined
for olive oil on our tables as well as the use of a grade lower as a
substitute for lard Its entire substitution for the latter seems not
improbable for the reasons that it is more delicate involves less
risk of injury to health is cheaper and keeps sweet longer Very few
who once t y it return to the use of lard It is equally as good as
lard for any purpose for which the latter is used and for mauypur
poses far superior to it
THE COTTON SEED CBOP OF GEORGIA
Acceding to the returns of the tenth United States census
2617138 acres were planted in cotton in 1879 On this area 814
441 bales of cotton were produced Each of these bales represents
900 pounds cotton seed The production of the State was there
fore 366498 tons Allowing two bushels per acre for planting
78464 tons were required for the purpose Deducting this quan
tity from the whole number produced in the State366498 less
78464and 2SS034 tons remain for use as manure or for feeding
stock These at 15c per bushel or 1000 per ton are worth 2
880340
The oil that may be extracted for the same number of tons of
seed would sell for 3528416 the linters from the same 443
572 the oil cake or meal for the same 2016240 and the ash
from the hulls 60480
The account would stand as follows if the whole surplus crop
of seed produced in the State after reserving enough to plant
6836748 lbs linters 7c 443 752
10081190 gallons oil 35c 352416
100812 tons cake 20 2016340
5040 tons ashes 12 60480
Aggregate value of products6 048 888
Value of seed unmauipulated 1000 per ton 28S0340
Value added by manipulation of the mills3168 54862
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
218
While it would be bad policy for farmers to part with their seed
without replacing them with their equivalent in manurial value it
will be seen by the above statement that the mills can afford to take
the seed from the plantation and return the cake or meal and ash
without cost to the planter This is plainly shown by the follow
ing analysis of the above figures Under the present plan of pur
chasing the seed at 1000 per ton the mills would pay for the
surplus crop of seed of Georgia after reserving two bushels per
acre for planting 2880340 From these they get 3528416
worth of crude oil estimating it at the selling price at the mills
8443572 worth of linters 82016240 worth of cake and 860480
worth of ash from the hull
The oil and linters which would be wasted if the seed were used
whole as manure on the farm are worth at the mill 83971988 and
the cake and ash together are worth 2076720 Now supposing
the planter exchanges his seed for the cake and the ash the mill
men paying all expenses of seed and cake or meal and ash both
ways he loses nothing of value as a fertilizer and gets his meal and
ash in a form easily applied and readily assimilable by the plant
the mill men get the oil and linters to pay for their trouble and ex
pense They get 3971988 worth of oil and linters and return to
the planters 2076720 worth of meal and ash leaving 81sS5268
profit less freight on seed and cake If they buy the seed at 81000
per ton at the ginhouse and keep oil cake linters and ash they
clear 3168368 less freights on seed and running expenses This
indicates that a better price might be paid for the seed than is now
received by the planter Some of the Western mills are paying
1300 per ton for the seed and offering to exchange 1000 pounds
of meal for a ton of seed They can well afford to pay 1500 per
ton for seed and still make a very heavy profit
COTTON SEED MEAL AS 8TOCK FOOD
The true policy of the farmers of Georgia is to encourage the
manufacture of cotton seed oil by exchanging the whole seed for
cotton seed meal at such rates as may be satisfactory and use the
meal as far as practicable as food for stock Chemical analysis
proves that the meal is exceedingly rich in both fleshforming and
fatforming constituents and actual experiment sustains the con
clusions of the laboratory The one defect to be overcome is the
fact that this substance is too concentrated and must therefore be
fed in comparatively small quantities and mixed with less concen
trated food The meal alone is more nutritious than either corn219
commissioners report188182
63
meal or wheat flour and is actually worth more a3 a stock food
But it must be fed with greater caution
Cut wheat straw corn forage or any coarse and comparatively
cheap and unnutritious forage that stock can eat all can be brought
up to the requisite standard of nutritiveness by mixing with due
proportion of cotton seed meal English feeders very early dis
covered the immense feeding value of the meal and for a long time
consumed nearly the entire product of our mills They estimate
the manure resulting from a ton of meal fed to cattle at a higher
value than the meal brings in our own markets Northern cattle
feeders are now using large quantities and its use is constantly in
creasing while the spectacle is presented in the South of using this
valuable food material almost entirely and directly for fertilizing pur
poses and this too in view of the fact that the manure from cattle fed
on the meal is nearly as valuable for fertilizing purposes as the meal
itself It may be replied that we have not suitable stock in suffi
cient numbers to consume any considerable part of the annual pro
duct This reply would be pertinent if we were already feeding
our cattle hogs sheep poultry and even horses and mules all that
they could safely consume of the meal And even if this were ac
complished the reply would only be an additional argumentif
any were neededin favor of improvement in the number and
quality of our farm stock and greater attention to stock husbandry
which is almost indispensable to a profitable system of farming
EXPEKIMENT STATION
You will remember that in my report for the year 1880 I took
strong ground in favor of the establishment of an experiment farm
or station and endeavored to show how important if not absolutely
indispensable such an institution would be to the proper investiga
tion of agricultural truth and how helpful to the progress of the
calling in which threefourths of our people are engaged and on
which the prosperity of the whole depends I recur to the subject
only to reiterate and if possible to emphasize my convictions then
expressed
In the course of my endeavors to enlighten direct and encourage
the farmers of Georgia and to protect and promote their interests34
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
220
by every means in my power the necessity and desirableness of
such a means of direct investigation is constantly suggested to my
mind Very few even of tiie most intelligent farmers are pre
pared to conduct experiments in fertilization culture stockbreed
ing stockfeeding improvement of seeds trials of costly machinery
and implements and especially purely scientific investigations bear
ing upon practical agriculture in such a manner as to prove of value
to the mass of the farmers of the State A system of experiments
must be the result of careful consideration of the subjects to be in
vestigated with reference to their practical importance to agricul
ture and of a clear understanding of the application that is to be
made of the truths developed
It is almost indispensable that the director of an experiment
station should be a man of enlarged views and that he be not ham
pered or embarrassed in the investigations directed or conducted by
considerations of present cost or danger of pecuniary loss His
principal if not sole object should be to elucidate the truth re
garding the profit and loss of the experiment only to the extent
that they ae essential features of the investigation It is also
highlv important that the published results of such experiments
should be of an official character in order to carry conviction and
inspire confidence
Many other considerations might be urged to show that one or
more such stations should be established and placed under the con
trol of this Department and that such an appropriation should be
made as would be sufficient to purchase the necessary land and fully
equip the same for the purpose indicated I have little doubt that
a farm or farms suitably located would be donated to the State for
this purpose by publicspirited corporations or individuals to con
tinue for a term of years or so long as such land may be used as ex
periment stations
The State Agricultural Society of Georgia a body of intelligent
men themselves and representing directly the intelligent farmers of
the State at its recent session in Marietta by unanimous vote re
solved to memorialize the General Assembly in favor of the estab
lishment of such a station It is to be hoped that the Legislature
will give careful and favorable attention to the memorial that may
be presented by the committee appointed for that purpose221
commissioners report188182
65
41

GEOLOGICAL SUEVEY
A Geological Survey of the State was authorized by an Act of
the General Assembly approved on the same day as was the Act
establishing this Department and the amount of 10000 per an
num for five years was appropriated for the purpose of the Act
As is well known to your Excellency that survey was inaugurated
and carried on for four yearn when it was suspended for want of
fundsthe appropriation having been exhausted A large part of
the State was thoroughly explored and surveyed by Dr Littlethe
State Geologistand his corps and a mass of field notes made but
no official report of the same has ever been printed and published
we have nothing available from the work already accomplished but
a large collection of specimens of minerals marls and fossils and
maps of a few of the counties surveyed I am informed that the
field notes to which I have alluded and a partial report in manu
script have been placed in your possession
This partial survey incomplete as it is has been of great benefit
in attracting attention to the stores of mineral wealth that lie im
bedded in the soil of nearly every county in the State Much of
the1 information collected has been disseminated by newspaper pub
lication and in answer to letters of inquiry Georgia has the rep
utation of being remarkably rich in economic minerals yet it is
extremely difficult for an enquirer to gain practical information in
regard to the locality character and extent of her deposits and our
own citizens are themselves denied proper facilities for ascertaining
the true character and probable value of deposits that are conetantly
being discovered or haying been long discovered no examination
has been made of them I am constantly in receipt of letters or
personal calls at my office from gentlemen who are either interested
as owners of mineral properties or who wish to invest in such with
a view to its development To such I regret to say I can give but
meagre and generally unsatisfactory information 1 am impressed
in view of the facts just presented with the importance of reviv
ing and continuing in some form the Geological Survey of the State
and of providing for the same by an annual appropriation sufficient
to provide for at least one competent geologist as a permanent official
of the State to continue the survey prepare and put into shape for66
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
222
publication the field notes and manuscript aleady in your possession
to make special examinations and conduct such correspondence as
may arise in connection with his duties I would not allude tothe
subject at all were it not for the fact that the Act establishing this
Department originally contemplated the appointment of a Geolo
gist by the Commissioner for the purpose of assisting in preparing
a Hand Book of the State
I am also led to make these suggestions and express my convic
tion of the importance of the subject because of the many in
quiries and calls for information already alluded to which apprize
me of the interest felt in the subject by many of our citizens 1
trust that your Excellency will see proper to make such recom
mendations to the General Assembly as my lead to an investigation
of the subject and suitable legislation in the premises
CONCLUSION
In conclusion I desire to formally express my thanks to tbe cleri
cal force in my office to the State Chemist and Inspectors of fertil
izers and oils and to the Superintendent of Fisheries for the faith
ful and efficient manner in which they have discharged their duties
I am also under renewed obligations to the Crop Reporters Weath
er Observers and other correspondents of the Department for their
valuable and voluntary assistance
As heretofore I have been greatly assisted and encouraged by
the cooperation of the State Agricultural Society and State Horti
cultural Society I am also obliged to your Excellency for many
courtesies received at your hands and for the consideration you
have ever sbown me as an official of your administration All of
which is respectfully submitted J T HENDERSON
Commissioner of AgricultureGENERAL INDEX
Acid Phosphates7 8
Ammonia16
Ammoniated Fertilizers7 9
Analysis of Fertilizers5
Dallas Wheat21
Georgia Corn21
Illinois Corn21
Ivory Wheat21
Millo Maize21
Red May Wheat21
Sweet Potato21
Appendix to Report on Fisheries45
Appropriations State on Fisheries45
Atwater W 0 16
Baird Prof S F38 43
Brands Number of9
Brook Trout44
Browne Gen Wm M16
Burt Oats33 44
Butler Troup4
California Salmon43
Carp39
Cary Dr H H4 39
Chemist of Department5
Chemists Reports1217
Citrate Process18
Commercial Fertilizers25
Commissioner of Fisheries45
Comparative Trade in Fertilizers 7
Conclusion66
Corn Analysis of Western and Southern24
Cost of Mills Cotton Seed60
Cotton Exposition International3 54 56
Cotton Butter Oil 20 23
Seed and their Uses57
Oil67
Cake57
Crop of Georgia61
Meal as Stock Food6268 GENERAL INDEX 224
Dallas Wheat21
Analysis of23 33
Distribution of Seeds31
Districts Oil Inspection49
Ellisons Prolific Corn33
Experiment Station63
Exposition International Cotton3 54 56
Fence Laws51
Fertilizer Trade in7
Fire Test51
Fisheries37
Flash Test51
Geological Survey65
Georgia State Agricultural Society64
Green Seth44
Hall of Department5
HandBook of Georgia66
Harden W P4
Hatching of Carpc41
Hatching Station38
Hawkins Samuel4
Henderson J T4
Henderson W B4
Herloug Cotton33
Heyser Emanuel42
Hunts Prolific Cotton33
Howell W H4
Index67
Inspection of Oils48
and Analysis5
Inspections Number of7
Inspectors of Oils48
International Cotton Exposition3 54 56
Ivory Wheat21
Jacksons Improved Corn33
Janes Hon Thomas P38
Jones Louis H12 20
Lawton J S4
Linters57
List of Seeds distributed33
Little Dr George65
Little Red Cob Corn33
Mammoth Prolific Cotton33
Manual on Cattle35
Poultry36
Millo Maize23
Analysis of21
Milner James W38225
GENERAL INDEX
69
Monthly Crop Rep iris36
Newman J 84
Nitrogen16 18
Nitrates18
Nonatnmoniated Fertilizers7 9
Number of Brands9
Inspections7
Oils Inspection of48
Oil Inspection Districts49
Okra14
Organic Analyses21
Organization of Department4
Oxalate Process18
PeaVines as a Fertilizer 27 30
Pratt Dr N A4
Products of the Oil Mills 57
Providence Potato 33
Publications of Department 35
Quarterly and Monthly Crop Reports36
Receipts and Expenditures Fertilizers10
Red May Wheat Analysis of21
Report of Chemist for 1880112
1881217
Superintendent of Fisheries40
Rice Culture14
Rogers O T 4
Rosette Geo W4
Salary of State Chemist 15
Salmon 3943
Seeds Distribution of31
Shad43
State Agricultural Society64
Statistics of Fertilizers6
Stock Law 52
Supreme Court Oil Case in51
Survey The Geological 65
Sweet Potato24
Analysis of21
Thomas E L4
Trade in Fertilizers7
University of Georgia6
Washington Method13 18
Western vs Southern Corn24
White Prof H C4
Wotton James A12 20Special Circular No 30
New Series
Report of SoilTest of Fertilizers
FOR THE GEORGIA STATE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE FOR THE
YEAR 1882
Made by
p 0
County Ga
R H Depot
Department of Agriculture Atlanta Gam November io 1882
Dear SirPlease insert your name etc in the blank left above and report the result of your
soiltest of fertilizers made during the last season for this Department by filling the following
blanks and returning the Circular to this office as soon as the crops on which the tests have been
made are gathered All reports should be in this office by December 1st prox
Give the name in full of each brand tested and mark those received from the Department with
the letter D Report failures if any with their causes
Very respectfully
J T HENDERSON
Commissioner of AgricultureDEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
228
i State the character of the soil on which the test was made the number of years in cultivation
and the character of the original growth
229
REPORT OF SOILTESTS
2 The treatment of the crops grown on and fertilizers applied to the plat for several years pre
vious to 1882DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
230
3 The preparation of the soil and arrangement of the plat including implements
preparation the length and width of the rows etc
used in the 231
REPORT OF SOILTESTS
4 Quantity of fertilizers applied per acre and when and how applied If compost was used give
i the proportions and character of the ingredients used in making it and the method of composting6 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
5 Time and manner of planting
232 233
REPORT OF SOILTESTS
6 Date and manner of each working in detailDEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
234
7 Seasons as regards rainfall and temperature with their influence favorable or unfavorable
upon the growth of the crop

8 Tabular statement of cotton produced in which are given
tilizers and that from the natural soil
the weight and date of each picking the yield per acre resulting from the use of different fer J
Co
Ol
Pounds of Fertilizer applied per acre First Picking Second Picking Third Picking Fourth Picking
NAME OF FERTILIZER DATE DATE DATE DATE
lbs oz lbs oz lbs oz lbs oz
Yield in
Seed Cotton per
Acre

M
TJ
C
W
H
O
c
O
W
w
H
in
c
9 Tabular statement of corn and fodder or small grain and straw produced per acre
NAME OF FERTILIZER
Pounds of Fer
tilizer Applied
per acre
Kind of Grain
Bushels
per acre
Pounds of
Fodder or Straw
per acre
Date
of
Planting
Date
of
Maturity
a
w

H
5
w
2
H
O

Q
a
o
a
r
H
a
so
i
o
C
o
to
CO
OS237 REPORT OF SOILTESTS
iq Give the results of any other experiment conducted by you this year
1112
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
238
ii Give the results of your observation in regard to the use of commercial fertilizers during the
past few seasons compared with composts239
REPORT OF SOUTESTS
13
N BDo yon wish to conduct soiltests for the Department next year Special Circular No 31
New Series
QUESTIONS FOR SUPPLEMENTAL REPORT JOF CROPS
ETC IN THE STATE OF GEORGIA
FOR THE YEAR 1882
BETUENABLE TO THE DEPARTMENT OF AORICULTUEE DEC 1st 1882
Department op Agriculture
Atlanta Ga Nov 15 1882
Dear SirPlease answer the following questions and return to this office
by December 1st proximo
Let the answers apply to the whole county for which you report not simply
to your own farm and neighborhood
ISPNew correspondents are informed that the crop or standard with which
comparisons are made is always 100 so 10 per cent better or greater or more
would be indicated by 110 10 per cent less by 90 etc
Please answer promptly so that your reply may reach this office by the third
day of December or as soon thereafter as practicable If they arrive later than
5 5th of December they cannot be used in the consolidation and henceill
be valueless
Correspondents are earnestly requested to use special care in the preparation
of their answers in this report remembering that with the exception of a dozen
or more counties the crops of corn and cotton were unusually short lastyear
imates of actual yield should be made with great care afterdiligent in
quiry Very respectfully
J T HENDERSON
Commissioner of Agriculture
I For what county do you report County
II Your name
III Postoffice
IV Will you serve as reporter next year 2 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
CORN
i Yield compared to last year
2 Average yield per acre
Per cent
Bushels

3 Price per bushel December istCents
4 Per cent of home supply of corn produced in your county Per cent
OATS
5 Yield compared to last year Per cent
6 Average yield per acreBushels
7 Price per bushel December ist Cents
WHEAT
8 Yield compared to last yearer cent
9 Average yield per acre Bushels
io Price per bushel December ist
SUGAR CANE
ir Yield compared to last yearPercent
12 Average yield per acreGallons
13 Price of Syrup per gallon December ist Cents
RICE
14 Yield compared to last yearPer cent
15 Average yield per acre rough riceB ushels
16 Price per bushel December 1st
SWEET POTATOES
17 Yield compared to last ear Per cent
18 Average yield per acre Bushels
tg Price per bushel December ist Cents

i

23 QUESTIONS FOR CROP REPORT
FIELD PEAS
20 Yield compared to last year
21 Average yield per acre
22 Price per bushel December 1st
SORGHUM
23 Yield compared to last year
Bushels
24 Yield of syrup per acre
29 Tield compared to last year
30 Average yield per acre
31 Price per bushel December 1st
32 Yield compared to last year
33 Quality compared to that of last year
34 Average yield per acre in line cotton
35 Price per pound December 1st
MISCELLANEOUS
36 Yield of millet hay per acre
37 Yield of clover hay per acre
38 Yield of other hay per acre give name
39 Acreage in wheat compared to last year
Per cent
Gallons
125 Price per gallon December 1st Cents
GROUND PEAS
26 Yield compared to last yearPer ccnt
27 Average yield per acre Bushels
28 Price per bushel December 1st v
OHUFAS
Percent
Bushels

COTTON
Per cent
Per cent
Pounds
Cents
Tons
Tons
Tons
Per cent4 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 244
40 Acreage in fall oats compared to last year Per cent
41 Amount of homeraised pork produced compared to last year Per cent
42 No of stock hogs all sizes compared to last yearPer cent
43 Per cent of a full farm supply of pork produced Per cent
44 Average number of bales of cotton 450 lbs each made in your county this year for each
plow run Bales
45 Are farmers generally r a better condition than last year
46 What is the indebtedness of farmers compared to last year Per cent
47 Have farm lands advanced in price since last December
48 If so what per cent
49 Have farmers in your county purchased more or less farm supplies this year than last
50 If more what per cent Per cent
51 If less what per cent Percent
52 What has been ttie average cash price per lb for bacon in your county this year Cen t
53 Average time price payable November 1stCents
54 What has been the average cash price paid for corn per bushel in your county this year
55 Average time price payable November 1st
56 Report any other facts of interest to the farmers of Georgia especially new crops of value or new
methods of fertilizing crops etc etcCircular No 34
New Series j
SUPPLEMENTAL REPORT
Department of Agriculture
OF GEORGIA
FOB TJHDE ITIELR 1882
SHOWING THE YIELD OP THE LEADING CROPS OP THE STATE AS
COMPARED TO THAT OP 1881 THE AVERAGE YIELD PER
ACRE AND OTHER MATTERS OP INTEREST RELATING
TO THE AGRICULTURE OF GEORGIA
J T HENDERSON COMMISSIONER
ATLANTA GEORGIA
as P Habrisok Co Pbintebs
1882Circular No 34
New Series
SUPPLEMENTAL KEPORT1882
SHOWING THE YIELD OP THE LEADING CROPS OP THE STATE
COMPARED TO THAT OF 1881 THE AVERAGE YIELD PER ACRE
AND OTHER MATTERS OF INTEREST RELATING TO THE AGRI
CULTURE OF GEORGIA
RETURNED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
December 1st 1882
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
Atlanta Georgia December 22d 1883
GENERAL COMMENT
The yield of all the products of the State has been exceptionally fine except
cotton and even this has materially surpassed that of last year The supply of
provisions of all kinds except pork is more abundant than for many years
while less than usual was purchased by the farmers to aid them in making the
crop
The farmers are therefore in better condition so far as homeproduced sup
plies are concerned but owing to the low price of cotton they have not received
as much money as during some preceding seasons
CORN
Has yielded well in every section of the State and with the exception of Rabun
in every county from which reports have been received
The yield compared with that of 1831 is in North Georgia 128 in Middle
Georgia 140 in Southwest Georgia 124 in East Georgia 142 in Southeast
Georgia 119 and in the whole State 133
The average yield per acre in the State is 138 bushels An increase of 12
per cent in the area devoted to corn was reported last Spring
This did not embrace the thousands of acres planted after the small grain
was harvested so that the actual increase probably exceeded that estimateDEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
248
Until this year there was no material change in the area planted in corn since
1879 the year covered by the tenth census of the United States so taking that
as the basis of calculation there were this year 2843380 acres planted in corn
an average yield therefore of 133 bushels per acre gives as the crop of the
State this year 36963940 bushels the largest yield ever made in the State
The average yield per acre by sections is North Georgia 14 bushels Middle
Georgia 13 Southwest Georgia 114 East Georgia 10 Southeast Georgia 13
bushels The average yield in the whole State is 133
The average price per bushel December 1st was in North Georgia fOc in
Middle Georgia 70c in Southwest Georgia 66c in East Georgia 42c in
Southeast Georgia 90c in the whole State 66c per bushel
The per cent of a full farm supply of corn produced is in North Georgia
106 in Middle Georgia 64 in Southwest Georgia 100 in East Georgia 92 in
Southeast Georgia 89 and in the whole State 98
OATS
The yield of oats compared to that of last year is reported in North Georgia
123 in Middle Georgia 152 in Southwest Georgia 133 in East Georgia 141
in Southeast Georgia 117 and in the whole State 137
The oat crop of the State is becoming one of great importance and is being
more highly appreciated every year
When the Department of Agriculture was organized the oat crop of the State
was considered of very little importance and correctly regarded as a very un
certain crop In the first crop report issued in 1875 the inquiry was made as to
the results of fall and spring sowing with responses decidedly in favor of fall
seeding During the next year inquiry was made in regard to varieties sown
when responses were enthusiastic in favor of rust proof This created a de
mand for the seed of the rust proof varieties far in excess of the supply
notwithstanding the fact that the price rose to the unprecedented figure of 250
per bushel The demand for seed of these varieties has annually increased until
nearly every neighborhood in the State has been supplied and still the price of
rust proof oats continues to range from 25 to 50 per cent higher than other
varieties
The yield per acre in the State has been more than doubled the area lagely
increased from being one of our most unreliable crops it has become our most
reliable and is rapidly superseding corn as a standard food for work stock In
quiry is now being made for machinery for the preparation of oat meal and it
will not be long before Georgia will not only produce the oats necessary to feed
her stock but will also supply her people with all the oat meal they wish to
consume
Oats possess many advantages over corn as a summer food for work stock in
our climate since they possess a higher per centage of albumenoid or flesh and
muscle producing constituents and less of the fat and heat producing princi
ples than corn For a winter food for stock or where a production of fat is
desirable corn is more valuable but where work is required in warm weather
oats furnish a food far superior to corn Again corn is a humusdestroying
crop where properly cultivated while oats leave an abundant supply or may be249
SUPPLEMENTAL REPORT1882
followed the same year in which the crop is harvested by a crop of peas so
valuable as a soilimprover Again the same land which will produce ten
bushels of corn per acre will produce 20 bushels of oats with equal preparation
and manure without the cost involved in the cultivation of the corn
The investigations of the Department and the information disseminated
through its publications have contributed very materially to the increase in area
and production of oats in the State According to the United States census of
1870 there were 1904601 bushels of oats produced in Georgia According to
the census of 1880 the production of the State in 1879 was 5548743 bushels
The average yield per acre this year is 19 bushels Taking therefore the acre
age of 1879 as reported by the census as approximately that of 1882 as shown by
the reports of this Department and the yield of the State this year has been
11643482 bushels
This most remarkable increase has been mainly the result of the general sow
ing of the rust proof varieties which were when the Department was organized
only locally known and were promptly introduced to the farmers of all sections
of the State through the publications of the Department
The average yield per acre is reported this year in North Georgia 22 bushels
per acre in Middle Georgia 20 bushels in Southwest Georgia 16 bushels in
East Georgia and Southeast Georgia each 15 bushels The average yield per
acre in the whole State is 19 bushels
The average price per bushel December 1st was in North Georgia 50c in
Middle Georgia 53c in Southwest Georgia 60c in East Georgia 65c in
Southeast Georgia 78c and in the whole State 57c
WHEAT
The yield in wheat compared to that of last year is in North Georgia 115
in Middle Georgia 121 in Southwest Georgia 88 in East Georgia 107 and in
the whole State 112 None is reported in Southeast Georgia
The average yield per acre is in North Georgia and Middle Georgia 9
bushels in Southwest Georgia 56 bushels in East Georgia 6 bushels and in
the whole State 8 bushels
The average price per bushel on the farm December 1st was in North Geor
gia 110 in Middle Georgia 128 in Southwest Georgia 137 in East
Georgia 145 and in the whole State 125
SUGAR CANE
This crop is rapidly growing in favor and increasing in area in the State It
is being grown very successfully in many of the counties of Middle Georgia
and in two in North Georgia Indeed most remarkable results have been at
tained in some instances in Middle Georgia this year and increased area will be
devoted to it in this section next year
The yield compared to last year is in North Georgia 100 in Middle Georgia
122 in Southwest Georgia 124 in East Georgia 135 and in Southwest Geor
gia 119 and in the whole State 125
The average yield per acre in gallons of syrup this year is in North Georgia6
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
250
186 in Middle Georgia 173 in Southwest Georgia 243 in East Georgia and in
Southeast Georgia 293 in the whole State it is 233
The price per gallon December 1st was in North Georgia 56c in Middle
Georgia 63c in Southwest Georgia 40c in East Georgia 47c in Southeast
Georgia 40c in the whole State 51c
RICE
The experiment made in a large number of interior counties last year of
planting upland rice was so unsatisfactory on account of the long summer
drouth that very little was planted last spring
The present report therefore relates almost entirely to the lowland rice
grown in the coast counties
The yield of rice compared to that of last year is in North Georgia 111 in
Middle Georgia 110 in Southwest Georgia 117 in East Georgia 112 in South
east Georgia 108 and in the whole State 113
The yield per acre in bushels of rough rice is in North Georgia 71 in Mid
dle Georgia 32 in Southwest Georgia 23 in East Georgia 26 in Southeast
Georgia 22 and in the whole State 28
The price per bushel December 1st was in North Georgia 100 in Middle
Georgia 205 in Southwest Georgia 107 in East Georgia 121 in South
east Georgia 105 and in the whole State 121
SWEET POTATOES
An unusually large crop of this peculiarly Southern crop has been produced
this year in the State The potatoes are keeping well and are of excellent qual
ity The crop is so far in excess of the local demand and the difficulties in the
way of transporting them to distant markets are so numerous and serious that
the price is extremely low though taking into consideration the comparative
feeding value of corn and potatoes the latter are still higher than the former as
one bushel of corn has a feeding value equal to three bushels of potatoes
The yield compared with that of last year is in North Georgia 123 in Mid
dle Georgia 134 in Southwest Georgia 128 in East Georgia 140 in South
east Georgia 133 and in the whole State 131 The yield per acre
in North Georgia this year is 100 bushels in Middle Georgia 102 in South
west Georgia 165 in East Georgia 159 in Southeast Georgia 175 and the
average yield per acre in the whole State 127
Land that will yield thirteen bushels of corn per acre will produce ten times
as many bushels of sweet potatoes so that an acre of land will produce more
than three times the feeding value in potatoes that it will in corn
As a cropfor fattening hogs it has few superiors With four such crops as
the sweet potato ground peas chufas and field peas properly utilized there is
no excuse for a deficiency of pork on any farm
The average price of sweet potatoes per bushel December 1st was in North
Georgia 38c in Middle Geergia 40c in Southwest Georgia 34c in East
Georgia 38c in Southeast Georgia 32c and in the whole State 38c251
SUPPLEMENTAL EEPOET1882
FIELD PEAS
Apart from the value of this crop as a soilimprover it is profitable as usually
planted between the corn rows for the peas themselves
Whether fed to stock or sold in spring for seed to the Louisiana sugar planters
it is profitable since the cultivation costs very little and the vines and roots are
left to improve the soil
The seasons were very favorable both for planting and harvesting the crop
though it was seriously injured by the storm of the 9th and 10th of September
The yield compared with that of last year is in North Georgia and in Middle
Georgia 120 in Southwest Georgia 105 in East Georgia 121 in Southeast
Georgia 112 and for the whole State 117
The average yield per acre is in North Georgia 9 bushels in Middle Georgia
85 bushels in Southwesth Georgia 8 bushels in East Georgia 7 bushels in
Southeast Georgia 8 bushels and in the whole State 85
The price per bushel on the farm December 1st was in North Georgia 75c
in Middle Georgia 78c in Southwest Georgia 82c in Southeast Georgia 118
The average price in the State 81c per bushel
SORGHUM
The interest in this crop has been somewhat revived this year though the area
devoted to it might still be profitably increased in the northern half of the State
The sugar cane is more profitable in the belt of the State in which the climate
and elevation admit of its cultivation
Its average yield compared to that of last year is in North Georgia 102 in
Middle Georgia 111 in Southwest Georgia 92 in East Georgia 116 in South
east Georgia 200 and in the whole State 108
The average yield of syrup per acre is in North Georgia 72 gallons in Mid
dle Georgia 63 gallons in Southwest Georgia 145 gallons in East Georgia 91
gallons in Southeast Georgia 160 gallons and in the whole State 72 gallons
The average price of the syrup per gallon December 1st was in North Geor
gia 47c in Middle Georgia 49c in Southwest Georgia 31c in East Georgia
40c and in the whole State 46c
GROUND PEAS
The yield of ground peas compared to that of last year is in North Georgia
100 in Middle Georgia 105 in Southwest Georgia 109 in East Georgia 113
in Southeast Georgia 118 and in the whole State 107
The average yield per acre in North Georgia is 67 bushels in Middle Geor
gia 47 in Southwest Georgia 24 in East Georgia 37 in Southeast Georgia
26 and in the whole State 41
The average price per bushel in North Georgia is 130 in Middle Georgia
152 in Southwest Georgia 091 in East Georgia 137 in Southeast Geor
gia 183 and for the whole State 127DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
252
CHUFAS
The interest in this valuable hog crop seems to have declined except in East
and Southeast Georgia where they are still cultivated to a considerable extent
The average yield compared to last year in Middle Georgia is 106 in South
west Georgia 96 in East Georgia 104 in Southeast Georgia 131 and in the
whole State 104
North Georgia reports none
The average yield per acre in Middle Georgia is 48 bushels in Southwest
Georgia 28 bushels in East Georgia 47 bushels in Southeast1 Georgia 51
bushels and in the whole State 425 bushels j
The average price per bushel in Middle Georgia is 231 in Southwest Geor
gia 180 in East Georgia 250 in Southeast Georgia 350 and in the whole
State 229
The price is high not so much on account of the demand as by reason of the
difficulty in harvesting and curing them Unless very thoroughly dried before
putting in bulk they are very liable to mould
COTTON
The yield of cotton has varied in different localities in the same county and
even on the same farm this season Until the middle of September there was
an excess of rain for this crop which requires less moisture than any other
Cotton is less injured by excessive rainfall on clay than on sandy soils and the
contrast in the yield this year on the two classes of soil even when lying in the
same or adjacent fields was very striking Owing to this contrast in very lim
ited areas correspondents have experienced more than ordinary difficulty in es
timating the yield or comparing it with that of previous years Anticipating
the difficulty however questions looking to the same ultimate result were asked
in different forms leading the correspondents to estimates of the same thing
from different starting points Taking therefore the resultant of the different
estimates an approximately correct statement of the yield of the crop has bpen
reached They have reported the yield compared to an average crop the yield
compared to the crop of last year the average yield per acre and the average
number of bales produced to each plow used in its cultivation All of these esti
mates using the actual area and production as reported by the census of 1880
as an auxiliary basis of calculation point to a production of 941866 bales as the
crop of Georgia in 1882 The yield compared to that of last year is reported in
North Georgia 93 in Middle Georgia 101 in Southwest Georgia 104 in East
Georgia 104 and in Southeast Georgia 108 The average yield of the whole
State compared to that of last year is reported at 102 a figure which is lower
than the estimates reached from other standpoints while the estimate of an av
erage production per acre of 190 pounds lint cotton is no doubt excessive
The quality of the lint compared to that produced last year is reported in
North Georgia 106 in Middle Georgia 113 in Southwest Georgia 105 in
East Georgia 105 in Southeast Georgia 101 The average quality for the
whole State 108
The average yield in lint cotton per acre in North Georgia this year is reported
221 lbs in Middle Georgia 186 lbs in Southwest Georgia 167 lbs in Bast
Georgia 195 lbs in Southeast Georgia 176lbs and in the whole State1901bs253
SUPPLEMENTAL EEPOET1882
9
The average price per pound December 1st was in North Georgia 9c in
Middle Georgia95c in Southwest Georgia 9e in East Georgia 9c in South
east Georgia 92c The average price over the whole State at that date was 9c
per pound
MISCELLANEOUS CROPS AND QUESTIONS
The average yield of millet hay per acre in North Georgia is reported 13 tons
and in Middle Georgia 18 tons None is reported in other sections
The average yield of clover hay per acre in North Georgia is 16 tons and in
Middle Georgia 18 tons
The average yield of other kinds of hay per acre is in Middle Georgia 2
tons in Southwest Georgia 15 tons in East Georgia 25 tons in Southeast
Georgia 2 tons and in the State 23 tOLS
ACREAGE SOWN TO OATS AND WHEAT FOR NEXT CROP
There was an unusually large area sown in wheat and oats in the fall of 1881
Owing to the drouth which prevailed generally over the State from the middle
of September to the middle of November the area devoted to small grain this
fall is somewhat reduced During the period in which the fall grain is gener
ally sown the ground was too dry to admit of a thorough preparation for the
reception of the seed hence the reduction in the area sown Compared with
the area sown in the fall of 1881 the acreage seeded to wheat is in North Geor
gia 105 in Middle Georgia 93 in Southwest Georgia 83 and in East Geor
gia 99 None is reported in Southeast Georgia The area in the whole State
compared to that of last year is 96
The area in fall sown oats compared to that of last year is in North Georgia
91 in Middle Georgia 92 in Southwest Georgia 93 in East Georgia 88 in
Southeast Georgia 100 and in the whole State 93
PORK AND PIGS
The amount of homeraised pork compared to that produced last year is in
North Georgia 86 in Middle Georgia 108 in Southwest Georgia 109 in East
Georgia 100 in Southeast Georgia 99 and in the whole State 101 The num
ber of stock hogs of all sizes compared to last year is in North Georgia 85 in
in Middle Georgia 103 in Southwest Georgia 101 in East Georgia 90 in
Southeast Georgia 89 and in the State 97
In North Georgia 65 per cent of a full supply of pork has been produced
this year in Middle Georgia 48 per cent in Southwest Georgia 60 per cent
in East Georgia 53 per cent in Southeast Georgia 83 percent and in the
whole State 59 per cent
Last year the drouth prevented the production of sufficient food to fatten the
stcck of hogs on hand and the scarcity of such food temporarily reduced the
number of stock hogs This year quantities of food which might have been
profitably utilized by hogs have gone to waste The demand for pigs and stock
hogs was never known to be so active as it has been during the summer and fall
of 1882 In many counties there were no pigs for sale though extravagant
prices were offered for them10
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
BALES OF COTTON PER PLOW
254
The average number of bales of cotton produced per plow in North Georgia
is 38 in Middle Georgia49 in Southwest Georgia5 5 in East Georgia 5 The
average number produced in the whole State to each plow used in its cultivation
is 47
CONDITION OF FARMERS
The condition of farmers compared to last year is reported better by 93 per
cent of the correspondents This is due mainly to the fact that they have pro
duced this year an unusual quantity of provision crops and hence feel and
really are in better condition now and are better prepared to make a crop next
year without the necessity of paying the ruinous rates charged on time pur
chases of farm supplies
INDEBTEDNESS
The indebtedness of farmers compared to last year is reported in North Geor
gia 80 in Middle Georgia 81 in Southwest Georgia 68 in East Georgia 74
and in Southeast Georgia 65 The average in the whole State is 76 per cent of
that of last year According to this estimate the farmers of the State have re
duced their indebtedness since last year 24 per cent
A majority of the correspondents in every section report an advance in farm
lands since December 1881as follows In North Georgia 13 per cent in Mid
dle Georgia 115 per cent in Southwest Georgia 20 per cent in East Geor
gia 15 per cent and in Southeast Georgia 40 per cent The average advance
in the whole State is 14 per cent
PURCHASE OF SUPPLIES
Farmers have purchased less farm supplies than last year in every section ex
cept Southeast Georgia where correspondents say the same quantity was pur
chased each year In the whole State 70 per cent say the farmers have pur
chased less farm supplies than last year The decrease however is only five
per cent
CASH AND CREDIT PRICE OF CORN AND BACON
The average cash price paid for bacon this year in North Georgia was 14c
per pound in Middle Southwest and East Georgia each 13c per pound and in
Southeast Georgia 15c per pound The average price paid in the whole State
was 14c per pound The average credit price payable November 1st in North
Southwest and East Georgia was 17c per pound in Middle Georgia 16c per
pound in Southeast Georgia 20c per pound The average in the whole State
was 17c per pound
The farmers of North Georgia who purchased at credit prices paid 21 per
cent on the cash price at which bacon sold in that section Those in Middle
Georgia paid 23 per cent in Southwest and East Georgia 31 per cent and
those in Southeast Georgia 33 per cent so that the farmers of the State paid an255
SUPPLEMENTAL REPORT1882
11
average of 22 per cent These are lower rates than have generally been paid on
time purchases probably because the cash price was so high that the trade
would not bear the usual time rates When however it is remembered that
this credit runs for only an average of about six months the rate per annum is
44 instead of 22 per cent This too on the cash price of the goods and not on the
cost The profits of the producer in the West those of the packer in Chicago
St Louis or Cincinnati freights from those points to Georgia and the profits of
both the wholesale and retail dealers in Georgia have been added to the cost of
production of the pork and then this 44 per cent is paid by the Georgia farmer
or planter on this accumulation of costs Is it possible that a country which
produces all of the cereals besides the sweet potato chufa field pea ground
pea and abounds or may abound in Bermuda grass pastures cannot produce
bacon on better terms than this Is there a planter in Georgia who by proper
care and attention cannot produce his bacon at less than 14 cents per pound
We cannot grow pork as cheaply on corn as the Western farmer can but with
proper attention to the auxiliary crops just mentioned we can certainly produce
it as cheaply as he can lay it down at our depots in Georgia
The following tabular statement will show the average prices and percentages
paid for corn
North Georgia
Middle Georgia
Southwest Georgia
East Georgia
Southeast Georgia
Average for the State
Cash price
8 0 97
1 10
1 08
1 08
1 10
1 06
Tie price
i 1 22
1 87
1 38
1 33
1 28
1 33
Per cent paid on cah
price for six months
257
245
277
231
164
255
Per cent per an
num on cash price
514
490
554
462
828
510
Comment on these figures is not necessary they bring conviction to the mind
which is free from prejudice They are derived from the statements of those
who are familiar with the facts as they exist in the different counties The cor
respondents of the Department are composed of a number of the most intelli
gent practical farmers in each county and while it is possible that they may
sometimes err in their estimates of the yield of the crop of their counties there
is no room for error in their reports of the prices paid for corn and bacon It is
a source of regret that these figures with the lessons hey teach cannot be im
pressed upon the minds of all farmers in the State They will be distributed as
far as the means at the command of the Department will allow but fifteen or
twenty thousand go but little ways towards supplying the 80000 armers of the
State The kind offices of the press of the State are therefore solicited in pro
mulgating the important information which they convey
The facility with which oats are now grown in this State precludes the neces
sity p ii lase of a pound of stock food by any farmer in
any county in the State nor will genuine substantial and permanent success
crown the efforts of the agriculturists of Georgia until a system is adopted
which involves as its idea the production of enough supplies of every
description which can be profitably grown on the farm to supply liber the
demands of the farm This has been talked and written so often that it has be
come like a trite tale twice told but its importance justifies its repetition12
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
256J
yes demands that it be reiterated until it shall find a lodgment in the mindof
every farmer in the State
Agricultural clubs and societies and granges should lend the influence of their
organizations to the consummation of this result Now is an opportune time
for a concerted effort in this direction while the comfortable experience of
last years abundant provision crops is fresh in the minds of farmers
GERMAN CARP
SOMB PRACTICAL HINTS ON THE CONSTRUCTION OP PONDS MANAGEMENT OP THE
FISH ETC
It is said by those who are in a position to know that greater interest has
been manifested in carp culture in Georgia and better success attained than in
any other State in the Union In addition to the 9000 previously distributed in
the State nearly 18000 have recently been distributed for the purpose of stock
ing private ponds and all applicants are not yet supplied Besides this a large
number of farmers have stocked their ponds by purchase from those who were
fortunate enough to secure some of the first distribution which was made in
1879and now have their ponds stocked with the increase from the fish then secur
ed The success generally attained by those who received some of those dis
tributed in 1879 or 1880 has stimulated the interest in their culture in the State
to such an extent that the following printed first in the Supplemental Report of
1880 is reproduced for the benefit of those who propose embarking in carp cul
ture
THEIR HABITS FOOD AND MANAGEMENT CONSTRUCTION OP PONDS ETC
This valuable fish is supposed to have been introduced into Europe from Cen
tral Asia many centuries ago They have received the name of German Carp on
account of the great attention bestowed upon them in Germany where no in
considerable revenue is derived from their culture Dr Hessel says In Aus
tria which posseses the most extensive carp fisheries in Europe the culture of
the carp can be traced as far back as the year 1227 The magnitude of the
enterprise in Germany may be inferred from the fact that on a single estate 20000
acres are devoted to carp ponds the annual product of which is about 50000
pounds of marketable carp
Three varieties of carp are cultivated which are thus described by Dr Hes
sel Superintendent of the United States carp ponds at Washington D C
1 Cyprinvs carpio eommunis the scale carp with regular concentrically ar
ranged scales being in fact the original species improved
2 Cyprinm carpio specularis the mirror carp thus named on account of the
extraordinarily large scales which run along the sides of the body in three or
four rows the rest of the body being bare
3 Cyprinm carpio coriaceus sive nudusthe leather carp which has on the back
either only a few scales or none at alland possesses a thick soft skin which feels
velvety to the touch
These are all superior varieties well worthy of cultivation The mirror and
leather carp are shorter stouter and more fleshy than the scale carp and less lia
ble to be injured while being transported
This however was not true of the recent distribution in which the per centage of loss of
leather carp far exceeded that of the scale variety us uj257
SUPPLEMENTAL REPORT1882
13
HABITS GROWTH ETC
The carp is sluggish in its habits not very choice in its food and grows un
der favorable circumstances with remarkable rapidity Under ordinary circum
stances where the winters are sufficiently cold to compel them to hibernate
they attain a weight of from three to four pounds in three years Under
more favorable circumstances in warm climates where they feed nearly
or quite the whole year they will more than double this growth They are
peculiarly adapted to Southern waters on this account In cold climates they
bury themselves in the mud arranging themselves in kettles with their heads
together and their tails projecting out of the mud They feed naturally upon
insects and the leaves roots and seeds of gras and other aquatic plants and
hence ponds in which they are placed should be well supplied with such plants
They may be artificially fed upon boiled rice or grain upon dough or upon
cabbage lettuce etc chopped fine
The carp is extremely prolific a fish of 4 or 5 pounds containing from 400
000 to 500000 eggs In the latitude of Washington City they spawn when 3 years
old it is thought they will spawn one year earlier in Southern Georgia They
commence to spawn in warm climates early in April and later as latitude in
creases and temperature falls extending even to August in Northern latitudes
where they remain in winter quarters until late in the spring They do not de
posit all their eggs at once but continue to deposit a portion of them at a
time for some days and even weeks The eggs are surrounded by a gelatinous
substance which adheres to any object with which they come iz contact They
attach themselves to blades of grass to weeds brush stones etc and all which
fall to the bottom are lost Tne necessity therefore of an abundance of aqua
tic plants especially in the hatching ponds will be apparent since they serve
the double purpose of supplying food for the fish and a natural place of de
posit for the eggs
The Festuca fluitans commonly called water grass seems to be preferred by
the carp as food and its slender leaves form favorable supports for the eggs
The eggs will hatch in shallow well warmed water in from six to ten days
if the water is too deep and consequently cold a longer time may be required
The young fish begin to take food in from three to five days after they are
hatched During this interval they subsist upon the yolk contained in sacs at
tached to their bodies
GROWTH
The growth of the carp will depend upon the climate i e whether they can
feed during a longer or shorter period during the year and the abundance of the
natural food supply and will depend also upon the number kept in a given area
of water or upon the care and skill of their keeper in supplying them arti
ficially with food
Dr Hessel in speaking of the wonderful adaptation of the waters of the
Southern United States to carp culture after alluding to the abundant growth
of varieties of the water lily wild rice and other aquatic plants and to the
fact that where they attain the normal growth of from 3 to 4 pounds in three
years they have only 4 or 5 months in which to feed and grow says It is not
tobe doubted that the carp will arrive at the weight of from to 4 pounds in14
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
258
one year in those warm climates when in colder regions it requires two years
and six months 1 do not think that I am mistaken in this I am ready to stand
by this assertion which the future will surely verify This was written for
the report of the United States Commissioner for 18751876 and his prediction
has already been verified in Georgia by the experience of those who received
young fry from the United States Commissioner through this Department in
the fall of 1879
Specimens taken from a pond in Dougherty county last October weighed
seven pounds at two years of age
There seems to be no other fish so well adapted to pond culture as the carp
Indeed it is to other fish what the pig is to wild animals It is thoroughly do
mesticated bears transportation better than any other fish consumes a greater
variety of food and of kinds that are easily and cheaply provided and grows
more rapidly than any other cultivated variety of fish
CONSTRUCTION OF PONDS
Ponds for carp need not be very deep except over a small area near the outlet
in which the fish may collect for protection from extremes of either heat or
cold and for convenience of taking the fish intended for market or transferring
to other ponds when the water is drawn off for that purpose
Dr Hessel says Ponds must not be too deep as the water will be colder
and will harbor fewer insects larvse and worms which form part of the earps
food besides this fish does not grow quickly in cold water A depth of three
feet in the centre of the pond is sufficient toward the outersluice it may be
from 6 to 8 feet deep but only for an area of from 200 to 1000 square feet ac
cording to the size of the pond In the depths of this collector the fish seek
their resting place for the winter and also in the summer when the water is too
warm near the edge
The outer part of the pond should not be deeper than one foot for the distance
of 70 or 100 feet so that the water there may be warmed more thoroughly by
the sun Toward the centre of the pond and in accordance with its size a
cavity of from 20 to 50 feet in length and two feet deeper than the rest of the
ground should be dug Transverse ditches are cut leading into this cavity
which empties into the outletsluice The principal object of the deeper area
at the outletsluice and the ditches leading to it is to collect the fish into a small
area when the pond is drawn off They should be about one foot deeper than
the adjoining surface
Ponds for carp should have a loamy bottom rocky or sandy bottoms are not
suitable for them Spring water is not so good for them as that from creeks
If spring water is used it should be conducted as far as practicable through a
broad shallow ditch before entering the pond Ponds should be so constructed
as to prevent a rapid rise or fall of the water they should be kept uniformly
at the same depth with inlets and outlets well protected by wire grating to ex
clude predacious fish and to prevent a rapid inflow or outflow of the water
Water from mineral springs should not be allowed to flow into the ponds
Before commencing to construct a dam a ditch should be cut the full length
of the intended dam four feet wide and of sufficient depth to reach firm soil
free from roots or alluvial deposits This ditch should be filled with loam to259
SUPPLEMENTAL REPORT1882
15
the depth of foot and this compactly rammed down and this process con
tinued until the ditch is rilled
The dam should then be constructed of loam not clay or sand having a
width at the top equal to its height
Every pond whether intended for amateur or market culture should be so
arranged that the water may be drawn off at pleasure This may be done at a
moderate cost by the use of iron piping from 1 to 6 inches in diameter
according to the area of the pond provided below the dam with a valve which
may be opened or closed at will The end of the pipe inside the pond should
be provided with a stiainer with holes sufficiently small to prevent the escape of
small fish and yet large enough to allow a full flow of water when desired
The size of the pipe required would depend upon the area covered by the
pond and the volume of the stream which supplied it It should not be so large
as to draw off the pond very rapidly as a very rapid outflow of the water would
leave small fish in the mud A three inch pipe will ordinarily draw off a pond
covering an area of one acre in four or five days the time required depending
of course upon ihe area and depth of water in the pond
The Kettle for collecting the fish when the pond is drawn off should be con
structed around the strainer in such manner that all of the fish in the pond may
be collected in a small space when the water is drawn down
Dig out an area varying from ten to thirty feet square according to the size
of the pond and one foot deeper than the adjacent surface At the corners and
sides of this collector drive down piles to which securely nail sleepers of 4x4
stuff let into the soil at the bottom of the collector so that their surface shall be
even with the top of the soil
On these nail plank closely fitted together To the piles nail one plank one
foot wide on three sides of the collector On the side next to the dam let the
plank extend sufficiently high to pevent the possibility of the settling of the
dam from covering the strainer head of the pipe
The collector should bo built and the iron pipe put in as soon as the cross ditch
running the length of the dam is completed and before the filling for the dam is
commenced When this is done the dam can be compactly built carrying up
the whole structure at the same time instead of having an opening in the centre
to prevent damming up the water as must be done if no pipe is used
Care should be taken to pack the earth firmly and crush all clods which fall
within the body of the work Carp culture cannot be systematically and profit
ably conducted without such facilities for drawing off the ponds at will With
out them overstocking is inevitable and this has been the bane of fishculture
in ponds All other fish should be kept out of carp ponds or the spawn of the
carp will fall a prey to the small fry Frogs and their tadpoles are also destruc
tive of spawn and should if possible be exterminated There is a large water
beetle also which is destructive to the small fish All of these enemies are des
troyed when the ponds are drawn down and allowed to become dry before
being refilled
If systematic culture is intended there should be three ponds one for hatch
ing the young fish one for breeding till they are a year old and one for culture
or rearing the fish for market or for the table16
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUBEGEORGIA
260
The hatching pond need not be large should be shallow and full of vegetation
of a character suitable for receiving the deposit of eggs
Dr Hessel says The hatching pond should not be as large as the breeding
pond its depth not to exceed 1 or 1 feet The outer portion or as it is termed
the low water margin should generally be from two to five inches in depth and
from 30 to 40 feet in width Provision should be made thatfestueafluitans wa
ter grass grows there plentifully for the fishes give the preference to this plant
for the deposition of their eggs But the bottom of these hatching ponds
must be of a similar construction to that of the larger ones that is they must
be provided with the cavities or kettles collectors and collector ditches The
collectors must be cleaned from the mud every spring A depth of four or five
inches will answer for the collectors for small fish
The hatching ponds should have outlets and reserve sluices in the dam at the
lower end or on the sides to guard against overflows These ponds must be se
cured against the intrusion of pike eels bass catfish tritons watersnakes tur
tles frogs etc by means of gratings and a close plank fence let into the ground
not less than six inches
The spawners and milters are put into the hatching pond in the spring before
the spawning season arrives From three to six females to from two to four
males will produce enough young fish allowing for casualties to stock a culture
pond of an acre in area From 800 to 1000 eggs will hatch from each spawner
The breeding ponds are constructed in every particular like the hatching ponds
except that they should be deeper and larger The kettles should be from four
to five feet deep counting from the surface of the water and the margin from
five to eight inches deep They should also be well provided with grass The
breeding ponds are stocked by the removal of the fry from the hatching pond
in the latter part of March The process therefore will be as follows The fish
are hatched in the hatching pond in the early spring and summer In March of
the following year they are removed to the breeding pond where they remain
until the spring of the third yearf when they are transferred to the culture pond
after the marketable fish have been removed from the latter The culture or
carp ponds proper are constructed in the same way as the hatching and breed
ing ponds except that they are larger and deeper as before described
It is estimated that 1000 fish will stock an acre and thrive without artificial
feeding If more than this number occupy that area artificial feeding must be
resorted to
N BBefore commencing to build the dam build storm ditches strong
enough to carry the surface water from the heaviest rainfall
Earlier than this will be preferable in Georgia say November or December
tTwo years will generally answer here and the breeding pond dispensed withSTATISTICS 1882TABLE NO ICONSOLIDATION OF CROP REPORTS FOR NOVEMBER 1882
NORTH GEORGIA
Corn Oats Wheat SugarCane Rice Sweet Potatoes Cotton Miscellaneous
0 Xt B u 0 V a a J3 D O U a u C Oh 6 a I D u 0 X 0 11 0 3 11 0 a V u m a i 0 u 2 V 120 V a u a 2 73 V M cd V 19 tfi u V X V u 4J a V X VI 3 a u a V 48 cd V M Jd O O V u cd a S 0 u 5 V 0 0 a 2 73 bo cd n X V 0 V a 73 X 3 X a V u 1 27 1 00 1 06 1 10 1 05 1 00 1 25 u 0 a V u a a e 0 2 73 103 u eg a 2 73 V be cd V 163 1 u Q a 0 W 11 a a M u fa O V 5 cj 077 5 u a V 0 TJ cd a S 0 u 2 102 x to 3 0 V cd w 01 P TJ 73 V bo d u 82 u V X a 73 X 3 XI 4 a CJ I 00 a J3 0 a u c a S 0 98 IOO no 80 87 95 90 no 82 75 90 IOO 86 135 o cd O O V u cd a E 0 0 c v 116 5 7 06 I05 105 105 105 120 102 106 90 no 107 IOO a a i cd u a a w d bflO S3 0 j 208 200 233 200 187 225 200 200 175 150 250 182 200 V X V 0 V p Q V a 9 9X 9M IO 9K 9 9 9K 9 9W 9 9 2 a en a ca s 1 Eft 0 x 0 si 0 Is 0 78 70 in in 112 55 85 15 V 8a w 4 cd O O O 99 90 103 IOO 112 75 IC2 0 a a a a cd aj 0 TJ 0 a 0 a 66 00 68 IOO 101 62 60 II 0 0UC a 3 0 0 o rt 4 4M iK 1 0 a 3 0 a V It 5 c J 0 II v 0 13 16 I3K 12 Ik 15 a y a E ho u rt 2h 17 18 i64 I5M 16 18 13
COUNTIES 1 V 1 0 a V a a e 0 u V cd u a 2 73 4 be a u V cd 4 1 O O V cd a S 0 0 2 117 IOO 133 125 112 112 no 200 95 135 117 162 112 117 cd V a 2 73 t 121 I50 60 69 65 65 IOO 200 65 175 3 75 112 137 V e 4 CJ V Q X 1 V a 34 40 5 33 4 5 40 5 45 4 35 30 42 35 f s s a S2 ac 8 56 S s 105 90 95 95 1 10 1 00 1 00 cd cd a V u D M w V X v E bo V cd I 0 5
Banks 3 18 60 98 1 38
TJ
200 166 123 117 112 112 20 25 16 WA 3 n 5 45 50 55 5 60 IOO no IOO 95 122 150 I25 123 no no Z20 25 43 21 32 30 12 40 56 53 55 40 75 IOO 15 123 107 107 105 9 8 8 9 8 8 1 00 1 16
1 30
Cherokee Cobb IOO 200 65 1 30
1 5
1 os

15 127 5 5 212 125 25 19 12 17 27 16 5 50 60 5 41 55 50 90 IOO IOO 105 150 loo no 150 ros IOO 5 212 125 no 40 22 15 IO 40 21 20 60 52 50 45 40 45 55 120 117 120 no 122 no 107 8 9 8 8 10 8 12 1 25 1 30 r 25 1 00 1 00 1 25 1 22 125 90 82 IOO IOO IOO 9 75 85 117 80 102 20 55 40 82 55 70 102 6 3 3 3 4 1 5 15 12M 18 16M 17H 20 18 18 16 1 25 92 1 20 1 00 97 1 00 87 5
Forsyth 1 17
1 4
1 15
Gilmer 1 67
1 37
Habersham 120 60 I 00 1 25
I25j
IOO 106 150 141 20 23 50 50 125 3 10 9 1 25 1 30 150 136 112 40 42 150 IOO IOO io5 187 9X 95 IOO 105 75 112 5 62 5 4 15 15 i8 I 12 I OO
15 123 IO l6 50 61 1 50



125 48 no 120 13 17 30 5 62 5 45 5 5 105 122 103 100 no 125 137 M5 75 ITO 7 9 25 20 20 50 50 46 65 50 112 37 I20 IOO no 10 11 12 10 15 25 1 12 1 00 1 10 1 00 140 137 136 no 5 140 125 137 70 4 250 110 40 40 25 25 35 45 4 85 108 80 85 I3S 130 117 no 100 in ios 230 2CO I46 3OO 200 9K 9A 9H 9 95 95 95 95 70 5 105 70 105 78 53 75 111 80 IOO 65 53 50 80 45 5 5 4 5 3 7 15 15 uM 14 16 15 7 iM 16 18H 18K I OO I OO 86 1 xo 1 00 9S 1 27 1 31 1 08

I 30
1 35 1 40

0
w

w
w
H
O
l
o
s
o
g
H
cl
W
B
o
w
o
w
Q
OS
toWalker I30L
White
Whitfield os2
Average i2sli4
5 7
no
90
no

I OO
T OO
r 00
ijo
56 hi
vX
HO 225
I06l 221
Baldwin
Bibb
Butts
Campbell
Carroll
Clarke
Clayton
Columbia
Coweta
DeKalb
Douglas
Elbert
Fayette
Fulton
Greene
Hancock
Harris
Heard
Henry
Jasper
Jones
Lincoln
McDuffie
Meriwether
Monroe
Morgan
Newton
Oconee
Oglethorpe
Pike
Putnam
Rockdale
Spalding
Talbot
Taliaferro
Troup
Upson
Walton
Warren
Wilkes
Average
127
140
130
150
5
152
135
120
160
150
120
65
150
125
125
130
150
150
75
3
120
125
M5
125
125
140
140
155
140
150
120
125
120
200
127
127
140
100 120
go 250
130
35
130
5
13 I 70I 64 152 20
55
55
60
55
5
55
55
5
55
45
50
5
42
50
50
50
55
50
65
47
60
55
50
5
5
5
55
65
60
55
50
5
40
55
5C
6
70
MIDDLE GEORGIA
75 75
85 9
87 is
86 85
3
I 00
9
x 00
I 25
I 20
I 22
160
125
5
no
no
125
125
123
110
95
95
150
I25
130
130
no
105
125
125
90
in
112
150
140
85
I 75
1 50
1 25
1 25
37
1 25
05
I OO
53 121 9
5 1 10
25
25
1 40
1 40
1 25
1 50
35
1 5
35
i 22
40
25
1 00
I OO
I 20
25
25
25
1 35
1 10
1 35
1 23
1 25
1 60
1 28
135
150
125
65
35
5
175
120
no
130
iOO
150
125
150
125
too
T22
200
125
l6o
I30
I4O
l60
90
125
5
I40
ISO
160
125
30
OO
55
5
100
175
IOO
IOO
70
50
IOO
IOO
100
150
40
75
75
25
3
90
95
120
40
25
90
130
250
150
60
115
47 85
40 100
105
125
105
90
80
125
85
116
IOO
S5
95
5
3
no
112
35P 75
300 100
130 80
no
5
5
no
no
115
no
112
5
IOO
no
3
no
I37I
no
no
no
105
105
3
TIG
l5
200 95
95
210
170
95
175
150
200
200
250
200
200
170
35
160
200
200
200
200
75
250
175
25
75
225
150
150
200
15
94
9 4
95
95
95
95
8 5
92
93
93
93
9 8
95
9 4
95
95
95
95
9 5
9 3
9
94
9
130
90
95
IOO
85
150
95
200
125
30
105
I5
95
130
100
75
85
105 103
9 32 2 05I 134 0 40 J0 3 l86 95 10JJ M3 48j 4 9 i6
40
90
45
33
66
5
50
5
50
60
35
55
25
50
5
5
12M
3
4
3
4
4
12
3
16
16
4
7A
i6
7
15K
4
16
4
14
3
3 5
25
5
4
12
13
13
125
14
14
13
3 5
3
125
o
4
6A
7
6
19
15
155
18
16
15
155
165
7 5
165
5 5
165
15
15
15
65
15
16
16
7
5
15
05
00
1 45
1 25
1 45
1 45
1 25
1 40
1 30
I 30
1 20
35
40
I 12
I 12
I 12
I 07
I 20
I 05
1 25
I JO
I 40
25
1 50
loil 40
I 40
I 40
I 40
1 35
1 50
I 25
I 30
I 30
40
r 40
50
1 40
50
1 20
40
30
40
1 35
1 50
1 25
50
0
W
H
W
is
s
w
00
00
0
TABLE NO iContinued
SOUTHWEST GEORGIA
COUNTIES
Baker
Berrien
Brooks
Calhoun
Chattahoochee
Clay
Colquitt
Crawford
Decatur
Dooly
Dougherty
Early
Houston
lrwin
Lee
Lowndes
Macon
Marion
Miller
Mitchell
Muscogee
Quitman
Randolph
Schley
Stewart
Sumter
Taylor
Terrell
Thomas
9
12
1
15
9
9
160I 8
6o
8o
s
70
65
60
965
125 10
125 10
125
5
122
I 137
60
8 80
15 60
Wss
150
Oats
18J
4
14
S
9
5
5
15
IS
15
4
5
17J2
SugarCone
25 15
25 15 I 55
80
1 25
I 50
150 10
105 35
13015 A
I25I2I
50 100 5
60 TOO 8
sol 100 10
SolI
133
125 150
I 25 1501 200
11 25 iiol 200
I 50 125 275
II II2l 250
I 00
95
95
40 120
40
35 X
30
Sweet
Potatoes
1 25
1 5
JWWiS
I I JI M
I 00 I
I 35
m
40 no
35 95
O 0
U

SH
Miscellaneous
M
oV
OJ
a



0
u




3
6J2
6
1 15
1 00
1 15
100
I oc
I 00

I 50
I 5
50
5
I 40
1 50
I 40
o
a
g
H
O
4
17 t
I 10 Q
W

n
1 45 a
c

d
1 50 M
35 rt
1 40 35 O M
O
w
1 40 0
an
d I 1

7ITvtMr rlwr rrmi ItJI t A I ijL i I I
TTTTr
1t
A ve rage
13711 75 T i2
t2jiij 664 too I3jr6
zSfiH
i
4i 35 125 20
6o 88 5 r 37 124I 243 40 117
115 275 40 105
23 1071 ia8l 165 34 104 1051 167 9 109 101 60 55 13
135 85 105 6 13 15 1 05 1 35
08 1 38
EAST GEORGIA
liulloch Burke 14a In a 75 75 90 70 60 70 80 85 100 90 100 100 100 100 95 100 125 75 130 35 25 150 140 125 65 200 3 25 15 12 10 17 11 15 65 60 75 60 5 60 80 72 150 130 120 135 140 150 500 25 3 200 45 200 120 3 47 4 37 65 60 100 112 95 15 3 3 1 00 5 1 00 140 65 120 5 5 15 5 250 150 225 200 15 35 65 25 45 25 3 90 120 80 115 75 130 100 no 100 3 100 no 200 225 125 200 150 160 9 7 9 5 92 95 9 98 125 95 100 125 15 100 100 90 80 75 75 no 80 5 20 75 5 3 4 55 5 35 4 6 5 4 4 13 12 3 18 18 18 75 75 7 1 00 5 1 25 1 10 90 1 10 1 25 1 33 1 40 1 30 1 20 1 3
120 8 135 N 150 8 150 10
Emanael Jefferson Johnson Montgomery 100 100 5 7 4 5 1 35 1 25 1 50
120 150 120 100 4 8 2 00 1 00 140 125 150 300 40 35 no 100 15 5 5 1 00 140 112 125 75 40 40 no 105 102 105 175 200 93 9 90 105 55 5 5 75 5 2 4 15 9 200 1 00 1 10 35 1 42
Tatnall 75 175 130 5 150 122 142 12 16 70 60 no 125 20 5 5 130 10 2 00 175 150 300 54 5 40 75 200 200 5 200 45 no 5 5 100 250 400 9 2 98 75 5 75 100 80 5 6 6 12 IS 55 1 00 1 00 1 22 1 25
II 8 9 9 10 80 70 72 70 42 100 95 85 95 92 125 128 125 35 141 n 5 7 15 15 80 70 70 70 65 no 100 90 107 7 6 4 6 1 50 1 00 1 50 1 45 no 115 35 120 35 400 250 220 230 293 40 75 5 5 47 no 20 5 125 100 no 135 140 225 125 75 125 59 40 35 3 45 38 no 95 no 90 104 105 102 105 85 105 175 125 155 195 95 9 92 9 9 3 9 no 98 85 105 100 102 97 87 no 90 80 25 25 62 53 4 5 7 5 5 16 12 M 3 13 9 5 9 7 17 1 25 1 10 1 08 1 08 1 08 5 1 40 1 40 1 35 33
Washington Average 100 112 5 26 1 00 1 21
SOUTHEAST GEORGIA


100 no 120 130 130 10 12 12 II 15 IOO IOO 90 90 IOO SO 95 92 IOO IOO IOO IOO 130 150 15 15 20 10 18 70 85 58 80 80 no 120 5 100 150 200 250 360 225 5 5 5 42 30 90 IOO no 110 35 35 20 16 1 00 1 30 1 00 1 00 no 120 130 130 150 15 170 150 250 200 IOO 200 25 35 45 45 25 25 27 IOO no IOO 5 IOO IOO 25 20 IOO IOO 90 IOO 90 IOO 7 14 20 1 10 1 10 1 25 1 25
Coffee no no no no no 125 120 105 150 300 9 9 80 no 87 IOO 60 IOO I 162 15 20 1 10 15 1 25

120 12 60 IOO 110 5 1 00 no 250 3 no 15 1 00 125 200 210 92 96 80 125 50 112 60 92 4 13 20 1 00 1 25
125 13 90 100 130 5 75 3 475 3 130 13 1 00 170 3 18 20 15 1 40
Mclntosh

Ware

Average 119 12 O OO 89 117 15 78 119 293 40 108 22 5 133 175 32 108 112 176 92 99 89 83 26 5 20 1 10 1 28
RECAPITULATION
North GeofgiaS Middle Georgia Southwest Ga East Georgia Sputheast Ga 12b 4 51 106 123 22 50 i 9 1 10 IOI 186 56 m 7 I CO 123 IOO 38 98 lot 221 9 n sTwifn UAJ G 1 22
140 13 o 64 152 20 51 121 9 1 28 122 73 6 no 32 2 05 134 I02 40 IOI 3 1E6 95 ma 103 48 Ifi I IO
124 114 66 IOO 33 16 to 88 56 1 37 124 243 40 7 3 I 07 128 6s 34 104 l5 167 9 109 IOI 60 55 3 7 I 08 1 38
142 100 42 92 141 15 6 107 6 0 45 35 293 47 112 26 I 21 4 59 38 J04 J5 05 90 ICO CO 53 50 3 17 I c8 33
119 12 90 89 7 5 7 9 293 40 108 22 5 33 75 32 108 TI2 T76 92 99 89 83 5 TO 1 10 1 28

For the State 33 ni 66 98 37 9 57 112 8 1 25 25 333 5 3 28 21 3 I27 38 J8l J90 9 JOJ 97 59 47 4 7 1 06 1 33
Oi
Ox
d
tr
H
g
W
K
M
D
O
w
H
00
OO Btaas
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
266
TABLE No II
V Synopsis of Weather Reports for the Year 1882
STATIONS
Ellerslie
Gainesville
Mossy Creek Leo
Mt Airy
Rabun Gap
Rome
Means
Athens
Atlanta
Carrollton
LaGrange
Macon
Oxford
Thomson
Mean
NORTH GEORGIA
JANUARY
Temper
ature
S
410
456
445
438
434
170
Rain
fall
1G40
740
908
10
1145
890
44211068 2
FEliRUARY
Temper
ature
Rain
fall
440
502
181
485
5455
9 490
t475
850
6 85
935
1260111
835
710
879
MARCH
Temper
ature
72
3
520
58 4
555
544
50
33570
82 547
Rain
fall
1150
455
528
423
550
245
558
APRIL
Temper
ature
Rain
fall
600
648
622
620
601
650
3 i0
60C
90
3BS
311
390
36J
85
MIDDLE GEOIIGIA
US 27 470 764 20 66 32 511 921 14 82 40 581 322 11 SI 44 660 273
74 22 476 492 It 71 30 522 891 11 Si 33 576 363 9 1 48 614 292
06 20 464 5 10 13 74 24 507 670 7 82 83 588 420 9 a 13 666 190
78 21 532 455 9 76 30 565 9 20 8 SI 35 574 850 6 87 in 076 53
72 21 515 3 76 9 71 32 570 519 5 S3 15 625 726 4
74 21 473 350 0 78 11 321 730 7 82 35 576 373 5 SI 30 653 330
74 72 23 20 512 496 395 4 77 0 80 7i 30 532 403 9 9 89 83 36 611 583 7 7 ST 85 15 10 066 495
335 723 36 59 0 52 OOlJ352
SOUTHWEST GEORGIA
74 24 570 330 5 78 i 568 475 i 78 S3 78 82 SO 625 275 070 221 6 5 3 f 5 80 83 85 87 83 52 50 6 63 53 700 726 69 0 70 6 705 260 271 145 2 98 318 6
43 53 30 661 610 63 3 6
Nashville Thomasville 79 79 77 32 21 27 560 595 575 1 80 2 16 242 3 8 1 78 80 79 37 81 33 510 594 567 310 886 4 1 0 8 10

Means 41 64 8 293 i0
EAST GEORGIA
70 21 50 U 300 10 78 23 540 340 0 83 33 590 464 5 83 S3 85 46 50 48 650 722 686 417 093 6 4
78 73 80 29 60 3 57 1 363 351 3 5 S3 33 590 464 5
70 21 50 0 3O0 10
255 5
SOUTHEAST GEORGIA
SO 80 8 72 28 3 29 23 601 5S4 592 52 1 178 095 592 602 4 3 3 10 7S 38 6U0 584 592 54 8 010 055 083 514 1 4 2 0 85 91 93 SI 43 42 41 38 K50 652 651 605 2 01 195 5 1 5 6 88 86 37 68 51 55 690 392 8
1 Walthourville 78 78 70 30 37 31 693 691 673 296 343 381 7
2 28 7

Means for State 414 S 49 8
11 267 SUPPLEMENTAL REPORT1882
TABLE No IIContinued
Synopsis of Weather Reports for the Year i88z
NORTH GEORGIA
23
Athens
A tlanta
CarrolUon
XaGrange
Macon
Oxford
Thomson
Means
Americus
Cuthber
Nashville
Thomasville
Means
MAY JUNE JULY AUGUST
Temperature Bainfail Temperature Hamfall Temperature Rainfall Temperature Rainfall
STATIONS i a a r SO so t 80 85 so Si a s 0 3S 55 47 9 45 il 3 v 620 071 641 68 6 612 670 1544 i V 3 650 270 275 183 410 275 177 c Z 10 10 15 0 6 5 9 a a3 a 90 90 S2 92 Oil 00 11 a a 55 5 01 56 ii 00 50 c IS o 730 741 743 73S 60 3 72 0 715 02 at M 225 225 H37 60 100 165 251 6 s 13 16 9 5 6 i ii v sjs 184 60 a S3 s 710 74 6 753 737 707 770 737 0D 6 25 4 00 451 713 510 435 523 DD 6 14 13 18 13 9 11 10 I a II B 3 as S 3 S 84 6 85 64 79 66 86 66 M5 862 3 s 720 742 740 710 770 736 A u a 050 180 140 8IS 472 722 6
Ellerslie 15 17 17
Gainesville
Mossy Creek Leo Mt Airy 83 8 so 0 7 68 60 43 GO 59
Rabun Gap 10 14 14

MIDDLE GEORGIA
690 038 9 92 67
66 3 254 5 90 58
65 6 340 t 98 57
714 245 1 9S 60
706 294 5 91 60
168 270 6 92 50
170 170 5 05 60
186 312 G 01 00
762
786
815
790
773
1799
788
155
100
275
402
270
780
701
706
18 776
0 80S
435
612
4 70
805
00
680
760
68
465
678
540
7 70
792
772
410 6
42512
583112
SOUTHWEST GEORGIA
90 51 30 311 J 96 63 816 200 S 94 66 7a 8 915 17 92 06 804790
87 87 CO 53 52 700 555 210 i 2 95 02 69 67 420 750 320 410 9 9 91 92 68 70 35 790 381 395 13 6
03 71 819 515
S3 51 727 350 4 91 66 795 310 9 12 68 808 558 12 92 09 81 71652
EAST GEORGIA
87 58 685 570 7 r 0 89 785 760 8
Ogeechee
Swainsboro
Means 87 53 685 5 70 7 92 5 0 780 320 7 90 65 195 350 9 ISO 64 785 760 8
SOUTHEAST GEORGIA
9n 5 02 S6 5753233 60 744 255 00 810 81 0 777 088 203 5 96 345 181 j 61 8 93 95 94 92 731810 8 32 295 563 531 9 10 96 199 72 71 71 66 10 10
Walthourville 4 99 98 91 71 70 61 837 820 784 487 4 26 616

5917481244 6007 sis98 4 6 71 65 810 785 10 11
Means for State 10 91
24
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
268
TABLE No IIContinued
Synopsis of Weather Reports for the Year 1882
NORTH GEORGIA
a mencus
Cuthbert
Nashville
Thomasville
Means
SEPTEMBER OCTOBER NOVEMBER DECEMBER
Temperature Rainfall Temperature Bainfall Temperatute Bainfall Jemperature Rainfall
STATIONS a i H P5 3 86 79 I 01 54 61 c OS 691 713 72 1 o5 a a 0 la i 12 u Ijj 1 B D a r 42 51 g s 652 602 r 1 P 190 252 5 a 10 13 B s 79 67 3 p a i 29 33 a 0 V H 418 483 00 0 P 140 216 c 8 7 B 1 H as 60 50 60 57 B p a 10 21 s si s 411 372 DO a u a 225 444 n at 6 S
270 415 76C
Gainesville Mossy Creek Leo Mt Airy 10 10
81 88 83 48 53 63 66 5 72 0 70 a 75 3 12 502 6 5 8 78 84 7 28 12 41 60 2 670 63 1 193 285 2 30 3 4 77 19 80 28 76127 455 500 464 090 2 00 1 64 3 6 6 4 13 18 340 390 37 8 175 209 276 2 7 7
MIDDLE GEORi HA
S7 91 86 9 77 711 8 85 51 46 3S 46 illII 617 657 089 328 072 181 180 6 5 3 62 62 61 61 68 63 351 362 2f5 570 11
50 5 57 741 71 75 2 402 365 362 4 5 3 77 SI 82 77 B5 81 27 25 23 494 499 532 533 613 1 1 10 9 i7 2l r J93 377 42 2
090 2 00 4 05 255 3 4 3 4

Oxford 8S 91 89 58 61 57 727 766 741 4 50 5 431 402 560 420
1 67 4 1 6 1
423 6 81 45 66 5 20 a
SOUTHWEST GEORGIA
57778
661823
810
S5
1000
380
Sli
710 150 H
I
025 2
720
720
4 30
510 720202
575
592
520
280
311
140
2
480
531
520
375 7
566 7
3 60 Z
510
434 7
EAST GEORGIA
85 58 7411 485 s 41 4 79 28 500 355 3 55 5 B 410 410 130 430
Ogeechee Swainsboro 65 is
85 85 740 485 9 81 44 660 2 80 1 79 28 50 0 0
iOVT lit AST GEORGIA
Wallhourville Means 87 93 6777 7 65 771 661774 470 6 85 547 6 6 6 6 83 42 88 48 8545 82 45 700 705 702 675 7S5 455 620 310 1 1 8 82 81 35 35 35 10 577 559 563 52 5 248 112 1 80 250 3 4 4 73 75 74 16 25 26 25 19 520 497 508 442 565 487 526 4 17 6 7 1
Means for tate 88 60758 5 43 7
269
SUPPLEMENTAL KEPOKT1882
TABLE No IIContinued
Synopsis of Weather Reports for the Year 1882
NORTH GEORGIA
25
MEAN TEMPERATURE RAINFALL AND No RAINY DATS
Seasons Winter Spring 1 Sumr Autumn Annualf
STATIONS
0 a is a a E 6 p a 5 5 413 p s so a 0 S 874 CD d 30 0 0 0 240 101 116 112 135 so 3 T3 6 i5 29 34 38 29 16 m 0 x 5 11 180 130 143 so s 6 z 37 4s 51 so c 5 M so S3 O a so S3 O 8
Ellerslie 43 nlss n 7 1
Gainesville 48 63 4 74 fl 60 7 74 123 30 34 470 611 153 169
Mossy Creek Leo 46 3 60 6 74 K 60 2 59 6 288 345 313 49 46 33
463 331 600 607 70 3 574 573
Rabun Gap 151 24 103 12 604 SO
482 6301753 1 680 316 212 34 88 21 107 31 79 14 46 0 108
Means 100 50s729 599o91 29 2 401 132 27 149I 37 S9 21 592 12a
MIDDLE GEORGIA
Athens
Atlanta
Carrollton
LaGrange
Macon
Oxford
Thomson
Means
48
49S
47 7
539
552
193
525
645
628
637
655
632
659
08 54 6
637
777
755
769
810
657
773
97J65
027
62 2
658
629
6
619
657
782 03 9629
216
205
17
If
180
159
138
1
93
91
98
16
9
155
118
31 137
22 123
22 125
38
36
32
23
14
23
1711381 it
30ll34J 41
17
15
112
118
142
14 2
90
52
16
421
542
571
504
136
107
93
76
SOUTHWEST GEORGIA
Americus 568 639 806 68 8 681 119 lo 119 17 190 3a 132 1 559 85
713 677 110 72 17 13 132 27 95 9 38 4
Nashville 544 783 683 671 7 4 10 63
Thomasville 589 93 21
Means 56 6 693 803 702 687 9 5 i5 96 19 152 34 125 10 479 81
EAST GEORGIA
020 64t 787 633 606 108 23 145 18 143 24 112 1 507 79
538 65 4 787 633 612 104 21 129 17 143 24 112 15 49 77
SOUTHEAST GEORGIA
Brunswick
Walthourville
Means
Means for State
595 6
582696
58 6 099
531 652
80 7
819
813
782
685
67 y
680
691
68S
64
8H
159
71
22 1
94
158
149
150
119
13
11
Includes the month of December 1881
tEmbraces the civil year 1882
15534
4 851
1448 9
151626
76
73
67
8726
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
270
NOTES FEOM CORRESPONDENTS
NORTH GEORGIA
Banks county Farmers are beginning to realize their condition and are im
proving their stock hogs by procuring Berkshire mixed with Poland China etc
a very good move and not made too soon
New varieties of cotton have been introducedHerlong and Oziers silk
The latter has done well the former is very prolific but rather late for this
climate I believe with high fertilization and early planting and working it will
do well Hogs died with the socalled cholera hence the number of porkers is
smaller than usual
Caioosa countyThe strawberry is the latest and best paying crop We hope
to make a statement next year of the extent of the industry
As to fertilizing farmers are unanimously in favor of homemade compost
by using one part of the phosphate to three of rotten straw or leaves barnyard
and stable manure combined This compost thribbled the yield of corn this
year applied as for cotton
Cherokee county I tried some corn this year with guano applied at second
plowing and had good results The stalk was small but the ear very large If
applied before first plowing I think it will pay a large per cent profit I used
about onehalf table spoonf ull to the stalk dropped by it and covered by the
plow in siding the corn
1loyd countyFarmers from what I can learn are sowing more wheat this
fall tian last as seed is more easily procured Also oats and more hogs will be
raised in the next twelve months than for several years past as all are trying to
get stock food being plentiful
Forsyth countyFormula known as Bradleys used extensivelybut owing to
the cold backward spring did not give as satisfactory results as last year 400
pounds per acre Cost 40 cents per acre I think to double the quantity it
would be a good and cheap fertilizer More wheat and corn land fertilized than
ever before and with very good results Experiments with the Burt oats con
vince me that they are the most valuable for spring sowing The cross between
Jersey and scrub stock of cattle I think is a great improvement for milkers
The outlook for a general improvement in all branches of agriculture better than
ever before While the crops of cereals are good the falling off in the cotton
crop and the low prices paid for it have left the farmers badly in debt I think
with the increase of homeraised provisions on hand that farmers will b better
off next fall
Franklin countyThere is generally a disposition among farmers to raise
their own fertilizers by composting etc Some farmers are drilling their wheat
Most of them drill with the hand some break their land well lay off the rows
15 inches apart then sow the wheat an fertilizers broadcast and drag a brush
crosswise which drags wheat and fertilizers and all into the furrow271
SUPPLEMENTAL KEPOET1882
27
Eabersham countyDeep plowing in the fall seems to be the favorite mode
of improving lands here It is no new discovery but lime peas and red clover
is all we need to make our red hills equal to the lands in any country or section
and will certainly give us corn at 10 cents per bushel wheat 25 cents oats
at 5 cents and potatoes at 15 cents I have proved it year after year
Small farm well tilled is what we want More fruit trees planted than ever be
fore in one season Roads outhouses and stock improved
Milton countThe people have raised cotton and but little corn until their
stock of hogs has run down They buy meat at such high prices while cotton
is low that it takes a good deal of cottoi to pay the provision bill The people
of this section have plenty of bread country merchants are pressing money
scarce cotton lower than people expectedthey have run in debt toomuch to
country stores
Murray countyA great decreasein amount of commercial fertilizers pur
chased and a corresponding increase in homemade manures usedwith ood re
sults Cold weather in April and May caused bad stands of cottonwet
weather prevented it being well worked Under all circumstances yield and
quality excellent We have no farmers who raise cotton exclusively The fall
has been most favorable for crop gathering First frost October 25th First
k ling frost November 15th Two light falls of snow in November Wet and
cold since November 20th December 1st clear and cold About 20 per cent of
cotton yet in the field The Dallas wheat has proven very successful also the
surt oats and the farmers are taking steps for improvement rapidly and alive
to composting and alternate crops
Piekens countyThe cotton seed sent me by Department Jones Improved
and Jowers Improved have not done very welltwo weeks late The McKib
bin w some earlier but not so early as my own I think my Hybrid would be
earlier in Middle and Lower Georgia by two weeks than theirs
Polk county Last year we had more hogs but less corn to feed to them now
we have the corn but few hogs to feed it to Up to this time we have not sowed
as much wheat as to same time last year For some cause not apparent hogs
of all sorts were never so scarce The demand for them is universal All the
early part of the year merchants were nervous and not inclined to trust farmers
KesultFarmers are better offsmall debts and good crops Merchants now
complain of large stocks of goods on hand and farmers not inclined to buy
1 he Lord be praised
Towns countyThe very wet weather all through last summer cut our corn
crop off to a great extent We have gained but little more than last year The
stock hogs have about onehalf died this fall with cholera farmers will not make
a half crop of bacon
Walker countyI know no method in this county that will compare with
sowing clover and turning the clover under in September and October 10 or 12
inches deep A crop on such land never fails
Owing to the short corn crop and the small supply of pork made last year
farmers have bought some bacon and some corn but as a rule Walker county
produces a considerable surplus of corn wheat and meat As to buying sup
plies on time there is not enough of that done to establish any rule I am glad
4o say that the farmers are comparatively out of debt and I think people gen28
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
272
erally are in a better condition than they have been at any time since I can re
member If we can have good and wholesome laws economically administered
with a judicious tariff etc we will have no reason to complain
The indebtedness of farmeis would be less had it not been for the high prices
of provisions
Peas grown on land are the best and by far the cheapest means of fertilizing
they pay all expenses and the fertilizer is clear gain
MIDDLE GEORGIA
Baldwin countyWe find Kainit or German Potash Salt a preventive of rust
in cotton and acts well alone with 75 pounds per acre and we think indispen
sable in the compost heap
Bibb countyEvery energy is bent to raise supplies for man and beast cotton
is looked upon only to supply money for the most pressing necessities This
state of affairs has been brought about by compulsion and everything points to
the fact that the lesson will not soon be forgotten
Butts countyThe most valuable crop raised in this county this year is Red
Sugarcane I made on my own farm an average of six hundred gallons per
acre It meets with ready sale at 70 cents per gallon
Our farmers report a compost made of stable manure cotton seed and one
third acid the best manure for our general crops
Carroll countyFarmers have sown about the same amount of wheat as last
year but manuring it more Cotton has turned out some better than was ex
pected owing to the late frost Corn is better than for several yearsenough
made to supply this county Farmers are gathering a large amount of manures
for next crop and the indications are that they will use homemade manures
instead of guanos
All manner of fertilizers used this year But compost of stable manure
cotton seed and kainit is considered the best
Farmers are in a much better condition now than for years with a bountiful
supply of corn and the heavy mast has fattened the hogs and made hogs out of
shoats and farmers are determined to raise more meat at home high price of
meat will prove a blessing in the long run
Cowela countyThe seasons have been very unfavorable for putting in the
small grain crops consequently but little so far has been sown a large area
will be be sown in rustproof oats the coming spring
DeKalb countyCompost grows in favor I think the farmers are in a better
condition than they have been since the war They have plenty of corn in the
county but owing to the cholera in the hogs they are scarce but every farmer
is trying to raise hogs and I think in one more year old DeKalb will be all right
Elbert countyCotton has been very late maturing and a full crop made
consequently but little wheat has been sown up to this time
I am convinced more than ever that the productive powers of our lands are not
appreciated and that by proper fertilization and quick cultivation they can in
many instances be made to produce from two to three crops a year
I think I have one of the finest varieties of cotton raised in the South known
as the Ozier Silk long staple I have raised this year 1000 pounds of lint on
one acre It brought in our home market one cent more per pound than other273
SUPPLEMENTAL EEPOET1882
29
cotton of the same grade If desired by the Department I will send one sack
of the above named seed for distribution
Fayette countyThe report of the yield of cane syrup seems quite large
but some farmers report as high as 300 and 350 gallons per acre It is not raised
very extensively as yet as it has been introduced but one or two years This is
the first year farmers have made any syrup from the cane It will be planted ex
tensively in future
Harris CountyMai Flynn Harget told me he made 609 gallons of sugar
cane syrup on one and a half acres of land W A Parr made 700 gallonson
two acres and nearly half his stand was washed up by an overflow in the creek
W S Blanton will make 700 or 800 gallons Others in proportion
Jones countyI have used cotton seed in a green state upon small grain by
distributing broadcast on top of ground about the time the grain is up good
and the effect has been about as good as plowing them in with the grain Most
of the seeds sent through the office for testing excepting the Bill Dallas wheat
have been no belter than our ordinary seeds saved on our farms
Lincoln countyThe above report gives a less acreage of wheat and oats
sown at this time than last year owing to the back ward ness of farmers in gathering
in their cotton crops A full average crop will yet be sown provided the sea
sons are favorable for so doing Sugar cane has been planted this year by sev
eral farmers as an experiment who speak favorably of its growth and maturity
Will be planted more extensively another year The acreage in wheat and oats
will be as great or greater than last year Farmers are seeding whenever the
weather permits
Meriwether counfyWe find farmers that used less guano and saved all the
manure that could be made at home have done much better and made some
money This I think needs the special attention of farmers and to know where
to turn their work to profit
Newton county I desire to ask that you impress upon the fanners the im
portance of using compost in lieu of so much commercial fertilizers I used
last year 12 tons guano and this year only one and a half and have the best crop
I have had in 10 years Shall use compost exclusively next year
RemarksThe Department has lost no opportunity to impress upon the farm
ers of the State the sound policy economy and profit of using compost of cot
ton seed stable manure acid phosphate and kainit since the spring of 1875
when the first fertilizer circular was issued Formulas and directions for com
posting have been repeatedly published in the reports of the Department and
in Circular No 29 the crop report for the month of June 1882 under the head
of Economy in Fertilizationextracts were given from the reports of soil
tests of fertilizers showing that composts prepared and applied according to the
directions of the Department had uniformly paid a better per cent of profit on the
investment than commercial fertilizers for seven years It is therefore gratifying
to see the indorsement of practical farmers of the oftrepeated advice of the De
partment The results of the experiments of Mr Furman of Baldwin county are
of great value to the farmers of the State since they show what may be accom
plished by concentrating effort and compost on a small area It is hoped that
his experiments will prove a valuable auxiliary to the efforts of the Department
to induce economy in fertilization30
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
274
OgUthorpe county I received a few cotton seed from your Department Four
hundred average bolls weighed seven pounds and 574 pounds of seed cotton
made216 pounds of beautiful lint
Pike countyThe best crop raised in this county is ribbon cane
Putnam countyHave tried putting up sorghum for winter feed by inter
laying it with straw or dry hay Find it keeps well Ensilage in my opinion
will not surpass itwill not equal it It is today bright and sweet Stock
more fond of it than any kind of dry provender It is a great success Stock
fed on this and some good dry hay fatten rapidly without grain Think it will
keep well all winter Will put it up largely next year
Very little small grain has been planted on account of dry weather and
good weather for gathering crops Under our present stock law the improve
ment in stock is very perceptible We are having better cattle and hogs as
they cost no more to keep and are worth more Our lands are increasing in
value on account of it
Rochdale countyOur farmers will use less guano and more acid phosphates
for composting with cotton seed and stable manure and other homemade ma
nures The demand for acids will be 50 per cent more than last year and gu
ano lessdecidedly
The package of Burt oats sown December 21st made one and a half bushels
ten days earlier than common rustproof free of rust grows six inches taller
Taibot county Using compost intensifying and broadcast manuring is grow
ingin favor with many A great tendency to small farms well cultivated
I have tried cotton seed for several years mixed with stable manure or other
scrapings It will beat any other fertilizer that I have ever tried Just open a
furrow put in seed and other manure and bed on it I have never failed on the
very poorest lands to make 800 pounds lint per acre Nothing will equal it for
sweet potatoes J W Jones made 1000 bushels per acre with the above pre
paration
Taliaferro countyThirty or forty bushels of rice can be grown with little
labor on new land free of grass seeds A mixture of 100 pounds kainit to 200
pounds dissolved bone has proved satisfactory on sandy land both for corn and
cotton
Since November 1st the weather for all kinds of farm work has been unfa
vorable Much cotton remains unpicked few oats are sown and no wheat
Our cotton crop is good but owing to low prices farmers will realize as little
money for it as they did last year They are better off simply because they have
spent less
Troup countyCotton has turned out badly was injured much by the Sep
tember storm Late bottom corn was nearly ruined In this county cotton has
not done well all through the year
There are more home fertilizers made than formerly and less commercial fer
tilizers bought A general desire for improved varieties of corn and cotton
Walton countyMany of the best farmers have succeeded well with compost
this year at about onethird the cost of commercial fertilizers and far superior
Think 25 per cent of next years crop will be fertilized with homemade compost
As to fertilizers there are so many brands I cant keep up I notice in every
direction an increased disposition on the part of farmers generally to buy bet275
SUPPLEMENTAL REPORT1882
31
ter and finer farm implements such as fine turning plows more stubble attd
turned over more pains taken in putting in small grain more attention paid to
steck I run no risk to say there is a steady march to general thriftour future
certainly is brighter
Warren countyThe farmers are backward in sowing small grain owin to
the late snows and rains only about half of the anticipated crop is yet sowed
but with good weather we will be able to put in a large crop yet Cotton croo
ninetenths gathered
SOUTHWEST GEORGIA
Baker countyFarmers are better off than last year in the way of pro
visions worse off in the way of debt Cotton has been lower in price
worse m quality and the high price of bacon makes thedifference
The lumber and turpentine interests have and will absorb so much of
our best labor that the acreage in all crops will necessarily be reduced next
year
Brooks countyThe farmers have not had to buv any corn this year
Vegetables watermelons and fruit especially LeConte pears on a
boom near railroads Lands in vicinity of railroad advanced from 25 to 50
per cent in value Lands remote from railroad have received no apprecia
ble stimulus in price
Clay eountyNothmg beats the compost system but when ammoniat
ed guano is used it should be applied to the corn as it is much quicker than
any other manure Then use the cotton seed in compost for cotton
Colquitt cowrctyEgyptian cotton is the most prolific variety that has been
introduced into this country J A Alderman Hempstead Colquitt county
Georgia has a limited quantity of seed on sale 10 bushels of green cotton
seed 100 pounds phosphate and 100 pounds kainit to the acrecomposted in
the ground give best results in way of fertilizers Farmers would do well
to drill a small quantity of oats When they commence to head take a
sharp knife and cut out all heads with black seeds This will keep the seed
pure
Crawford coMnMany of the farmers are continuing the onehalf
share system which spoils many hands and keeps the farmer down Our
best river lands are farmed in that way and there is no doubt but that they
have injured the county Idle negroes to work till Maycrops oneh If
cultivatedstock abused etc etc many evils follow
The sugar cane crop has proven to be the best payingcrop in my
Ztyon0nfr aCreS in btt0m land wel1 cultted will make from
300 to 500 gallons
Houston countVTheie is not enough corn in the county to feed it
more than 10 months There is not enough homemade hogs cows goats
sheep etc to feed the people four months Cotton is about all picked
Farmers are behind in sowing grain but claim that they will put in as
much as last season but I fear they will not
Farmers generally are trying to improve their lands and are planting
less acreage per mule There is not much improvement in the freedmen
who rent lands Many sell them cotton seed which isa bad policy unlses32
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
276
they get cotton seed meal to use as a fertilizer There will be less guano
bought on time the next season tor dealers will not sell freely on time
Lee countyThe swamp wheat sent me last fall was a failure as it did
not make a head The Jowers cotton a successthe best I ever raised
would make a bale r acre
Marion countyi have been experimenting for the last four years on
long staple upland cotton I now have a cotton nearer rusproof than any
othernearer stormproof and that yields as much as the best improved
varieties that have been propagated in our State within that time and that
I have sold in the Americus market from li to 2 cents per pound above or
dinary upland cotton of same grade
There is generally an indication to sow less grain on account of a large
crop this year and an intention to plant largely of cotton which will be
against us Labor advancing and less reliable
Jiandolph county The farmers generally have made an abundant sup
ply of corn and those who had corn to feed to hogs will make nearly
enough meat to supply them There will not be as much meat bought next
year as thisno corn If cotton had remained at 10 cents the farmers
would have been independent of the merchants next year But as it is
many will still be in debt The most of us in favor of compost instead of
manipulated guano There will be a large acreage planted next year in
cotton as provisions are abundant Less corn will be planted
Slimier countyYou will notice my report is much above last year as
you know last year we made nearly a failure and heavy debts were carried
over Much of the debt have been paid but much remains to be paid
All seem to feel once more the importance of raising their supplies at
home
Terrell countyCompost in every instance has given more satisfaction
to the farmers and I think will be generally applied instead of the high
priced manipulated fertilizers
Worth countyOur farmers have used more acid phosphate kainitand
more compost and less first grade ammoniated guano and the results
are satisfactory and farmers have more homeraised fertilizers and are tak
ing more care of same and composting more than in the past
EAST GEORGIA
Burke county I can make no estimate of the acreage of oats or any
other winter crop as all the fall has been occupied with the cotton crop
mainly and very little attention paid to putting in crops of any kindand will
not be before the beginning of next year The freedman is above work sa
long as any cotton money is in sight and that is the staple labor of this
county
It has been an exceptionably good year even with disasters of storm
in September All crops when well cultivated have done better than at first
anticipated Those who try to live at home with home food have
succeeded
Olascock countyThe prospect for farmers is good and promising for277
SUPPLEMENTAL KEPORT1882
33
the future on account of having bountiful home supply of provisions Oats
were good wheat common corn field peas ground peas and sweet potatoes
all very good Hogs scarce but what there are are being well fatlened
Jefferson countyCorn cotton and oats are the staple crops of our
county and the best field pea the cow pea The goose or speckled pea will
do for early planting but it is tender easy to spoil acd rot then there are other
varieties that do well sometimes but the regular old cow pea is the pea to be
depended upon Time of planting June and July Matures and ripens in
September and October Sorghum cane will soon play out The regular
ribbon sugar cane can be raised as easily any year if planted in bottoms
near heads of branches where there is plenty of moisture and makes better
syrup can generally get 40 or 50 gallons from onefourth of an acre so it is
bound to supersede sorghum Then there is the ehufa and ground pea
they are planted only in side patches and not as regular part of the farm
The negroes about Louisville plant the ground pea and have thern parched
on the streets at all times during the winter for sale at 10 cents per quart Very
little rice is raised in our county Some of our farmers have purchased rice
flour in Savannah to fatten hog It makes for thema savory dish so to
speak and puffs them out but not much lard you will find The yam po
tato and the Spanish a smaller vaiiety succeed well They are not raised
for market only home consumption They could be raised for market if it
was not for the difficulty of handlmg Only those who live near a railroad
station could ship them with profit They are excellent for family use and
feeding stock especially hogs Irtense farming is the rage now Some of
our farmers near the Central Railroad are making this year 18 and 22 bales
of cotton per plow In the northern part of the county we have quit using
high priced ammoniated fertilizers we use only acid phosphates composted
with cotton seed and lot manure and while we dont report as high crops
we get them with much less expense and permanently improve our lands
Potash and phosphoric acid are what our soil sandy loam need
Farmers have come to realize the importance of the oat crop A smaller
acreage has been sown this fall because they had a heavy crop to gather but
now that the cotton is out they will continue to sow through the winter
and spring till the area will be equal to last year Some farmers are now
buying peas to sow after oats next summer to improve the land Some are
making arrangements to clear their land of stumps preparatory to using
improved machinery Several reapers clod crushers and sulky plows have
been introduced in the county this year
You will note that I report a very great per cent better yield in crops
this year over last Last year all crops with us failed and notwithstanding
the increased per cent of the cotton crop farmers are in no batter condition
you will observe from this report which is to be accounted for in the great
quantity of provisions bought at time prices and having fallen behind last
season cant pay out
Farmers are giving much more attention to home raised fertilizers also
to raising their own supplies Much more interest shown in the purchase
of new implements of husbandry
334
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
278
There is a spirit to make cheap manures by the use of kainit phosphates
cotton seed stable manure etc It is possible that farmers will be too care
less about providing this fall for another year I advise a plentiful supply
of the same by all my friends
Laurens countyMy experience is that Acid Phosphates pay best as
fertilizers and can be used alone where there is much vegetable matter
Cow peas are the best and quickest renovators of our lands High manuring
on fewer acres should be the fixed policy of the farmer It pays well to
break land with two horse plows and quite a number are in use with us
Screven countyThe most economical way of manuring our crops is by
compost made of cotton seed 700 pounds stable manure 700 pounds acid
phosphate 400 pounds and 200 pounds of kainit cotton seed to be green and
well wetted when put in compost and allowed to remain six weeks Apply
as any other fertilizer
Telair countyThere is a heavy pine forest in this section which is at
tracting considerable attention as many are engaging in the lumber and tur
pentine business which is an injury to the farming interest hence in mak
ing a report my estimate is made in regard to supplies for their interest as
they import the most of their supplies
SOUTHEAST GEORGIA
Clinch countyUpon our leachy sandy soils commercial manures used
alone are unprofitable Have been composting some years A significant
item apparent this fallfarmers are paying for their ginning in money and
hauling their cotton seed back home
Effingham countyThis county is not a cotton growing county The
farmers generally are small farmers running only one and two plows and
make most of their own provisions
Liberty countyOur farmers are not in the habit of buying on time ex
cept fertilizers and many pay cash for them279
SUPPLEMENTAL EEPOET1882
35
REMARKABLE RESULTS FROM USE OF COMPOST BY MR C D
ROBERSON OF WARRENTON WARREN COUNTY GA
Warrenton Ga January 6th 1883
Hon J T Henderson Commissioner of Agriculture
Dear SirI beg leave to make to you the following statement of results
of intensive farming Soil part gravelly gray with yellow clay subsoil
and a part of it stiff mulatto land with stiff red clay subsoil A part of the
land has been in cultivation for fortytwo years and the other portion sup
posed to have been in cultivation for more than a century I commenced
cultivating the land four years ago Sowed a portion of it down in peas
with 500 pounds compost per acre and turned under the pea crop in the
fall and sowed oats on apart of it and in 1880 I planted 14 acres of the land
in cotton with abiut 1500 pounds of compost per acreand made a bale of cot
ton per acre weighing 529i pounds each I planted in 188150 acres with one
ton of compost per acre and made a bale per acre averaging about 450
pounds and in 1882 I planted 41 acres in cotton and made a bale to the acre
averaging 455 pounds with one half ton compost per acre
I broke the land broadcasted a part of it and the other part being in cot
ton I did not break broadcast but opened between the old cotton rows with
a large opening plow distributed onehalf ton compost per acre in the
furrowand ran through bottom of the furrow a deep scooter furrow ridged
with small scooter furrow and bedded with turning plowand run in bottom
of furrow with scooter deep Broke out middles with scooter Chopped
out to one stalk 1G to 18 inches Gave two good hoeiDgs and chopped out
bunches of grass the third hoeing First plowing done with sweeps second
with small scooter deep third and fourth plowing with sweeps very shal
low I had 41 acres planted in cotton and it made me 41 bales of cotton
weighing each 455 pounds The compost I used was as follows
Cotton seed 750 bs
Stable manure 750 DS
Acid phosphate 500 lbs
r l 2000 lbs
Costing 1000 per ton Profits per acre not less than 2300
I sow my land down every second or third year and manure well with
compost and I allow no stock to run on my land When I first commenced
working the land it would make with ordinary cultivation and 100 pounds
of guano per acre a bale to five acres The land lies about one mile east of
Warrenton in what is known as the granite belt Some call it the
chinquapin land I find about onehalf ton compost pays me better than a
ton per acre on cotton but am satisfied the ton per acre is best to improve
the land provided a part of it is broadcasted
If you feel disposed to print this you are at liberty to do so
Very respectfully
C D Roberson
P SMy land yields as well in oats as it does in cotton36
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
280
REPORTS OP EXPERIMENTS WITH MILLO MAIZE OR RURAL
BRANCHING SORGHUM AND EGYPTIAN WHEAT SEED DIS
TRIBUTED BY THE DEPARTMENT LAST SPRING AND WITH
DHOURRA CORN
Caktersville Ga November 24th 1832
Hon J T Henderson Commissioner Agriculture etc
Dear SirOn the 10th of April I sowed the Egyptian wheat you sent me
in drills two feet apart in rich alluvial soil covering with a garden rake
and when three to four inches high I thinned out to a sorghum stand and
when a little higher gave it one plowing and let it alone I did not fertilize
with anything It grew off rapidly and matured about 1st of October
when I topped it and threshed out a portion by stripping over a barrel by
hand and afterwards rubbing and winnowing I sowed onetenth of an acre
and the yield was about three bushels We took careful pains with a quart
and got all the red caps out and ground it fine twice over in a hand mill
and made it into bread and battercakes and found it quite palatable some
thing like a mixture of corn meal and buckwheat flour We are however
not prepared to use it as a substitute for either corn meal or wheaten flour
The portion I did not thresh we fed away to the fowls and found it excellent
food for them I send you some of it by express I planted the maize in
similar way on the 20th of April and it grew finely and made a heavier
stalk and mucii higher some of it being 12 feet but it never matured and
was quite green when the first heavy frost came I cut it down and fed
away to the cattle
Perhaps if I had planted sooner and fertilized with guano it might have
ripened The soil was cold and moist and the excess of summer rain kept
it back Yours truly Chas H Smith
CoviNGTON Ga November 27th 1S82
Hon Jno T Henderson Commissioner of Agriculture Atlanta Ga
My Dear SirYour favor of 20th has been received The Millo maize
and Egyptian wheat which you sent last spring was planted on the 6th day
of April on gray land The rows were run off three and onehalf feet apart
and about 150 pounds of Bakers standard guano applied per acre with two
furrow3 thrown upon it then with a very small plow the list was opened
and seed thinly drilled and covered with a light harrow made for that pur
pose The wheat came up in a very few days and grew off rapidly The
maize was a long time coming up and seemed to grow off very slowly in
deed They were both cultivated in the same manner in which my cotton
was Owing to the severe storm we had in September I am unable to form
any idea as to what the probable yield would have been I saved all of the
seed of the wheat that I could The Millo maize caused I think by the
roots being so lacerated and torn up by the storm failed to mature before281
SUPPLEMENTAL REPORT1882
37
frost I am satisfied that both the maize and wheat could be cut two or
three times and would yield an immense amount of forage I fed a little of
both to my horses cows and hogs They all seem to relish it very much
Yours truly Juo F Henderson
Midway Near Milledgeville Ga November 2Vth 1882
Hon Jno T Henderson Commissioner of Agriculture Atlanta Ga
Dear SirIn response to your letter of the 24th asking for the particu
lars of my experiment with the Egyptian or Ivory wheat I submit the fol
lowing statement On a portion of a plat fram which a crop of onions had
just been harvested I sowed on the 12th of May in rows 105 yards in
length opening rows three feet apart Compost of stable manure and
ground bone to the value of 700 per acre was applied to the furrows These
rows were bedded on with a 4inch diamond scooter The seed were sown
in shallow furrows made with a small garden hoe and as thick as three or
four seed to the inch The seed were then raked over and rolled In four
days the young plants were well up Ten days after it was run round with
a cultivating harrow running very close to the plants After the following
rain the grass that had sprung up in the row was hoed out and a part of the
row chopped out leaving twothirds of the row unchopped In this part
the plants were very thick and the product of seed was greater per lineal
yard than where chopped out When the wheat had attained a height of
2i feet it was thoroughly plowed with a scooter In the following two
weeks it received two harrowings Rains were very seasonable much
more so than an average On the 12th of September just four months from
the date of sowing the wheat was harvested a man cutting off the heads
with about six inches of stalk attached The grain was quite dry from tip
to base The heads were stored away for somedays in barrels Just before
threshing the wheat heads were spread out on cloths in the sun to dry hav
ing absorbed some moisture as the weather was rather wet at the time
The wheat was easily frailed out and the product found to be 110 pounds to
the 105 yards or at the rate of 84 bushels per acre The stalks threw out
shoots from the axils and produced a second crop of small heads which
were not saved however If these had been saved it would have advanced
the product to the rate of nearly 100 bushels per acre The stalks were cut
down and fed to cattle just before frost they eating very readily the blades
and tenderest parts of the stalks
The soil was a sandy loam After threshing I measured out five pecks
and sent it to the only flouring mill convenient but the miller refused to
grind the same fearing that the grain would injure his bolting cloth This
fear I am satisfied was groundless still I have thus been prevented from
testing and havirjg tested its bread making qualities I hope to make this
test shortly however
This is the third test of this wheat and my convictions are only stronger
as to its merits and its probable extended culture in the future It is a very
easy crop to make though the harvesting may be considered by many as
too tedious I do not regard it as unreasonably tedious though each head38
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
2
must be cut off by hand The stalks grow too high and are too large to per
mit of being cut and handled as small grain Considering its productiveness
one can well afford to harvest it in this primitive manner In the two pre
vious trials the results were 70 and 60 bushelsin neither instance on soils of
the highest fertility I am satisfied that it is possible to grow 150 bushels on
some soils with intensive culture All who have seen this wheat growing
are much phased with it and make request for some of the seed
If any of the sorghums are to be advanced to the position of a bread grain
in this country it will certainly be this Egyptian or Ivory wheat so called
It is far more desirable than the Dhourra corn
I believe this embraces all the obseivations that I have been able to make
in reference to this plant I ship you today per Central railroad 75 pounds
of the seed Respectfully yours
Samuel A Cook
EXPERIMENT WITH DHOURRA CORN
Marietta Ga December 6tb 1882
Col J T Henderson Commissioner of Agriculture Atlanta Ga
Dear SirIn compliance with your request I herewith submit my ex
perience with the grain known as Dhourra or Egyptian maize
I procured the seed of Mark W Johnson Co and planted April 27th
last putting about twenty seed to a hill eighteen inches apart in the row
and the rows two feet apart I was instructed to thin out to four plants to
the hill But many of the seed did not germinate and my stand fell to not
more than one and a half plants to a hill Yet at that small stand I harves
ted at the rate of sixty bushels to the acre I fertilized the same as for In
dian corn The plants were tardy in coming up and I could only chop out
the weeds on the 26th of May plowed the 29th of same month and again
on June 22d
On the loth of August my man reported the seed as ripe and shedding
I found the seed on the head fully matured as to size but soft easily mashed
in fact in the milk and at the lightest touch the heads would freely shed
their seed Indeed by shaking sharply one of the head half of its seed
were scattered I was puzzled I had been told that the crop would mature
in three and a half months and should then be gathered still the seed was
not cured and I determined to let it stand in the field till at least the neck of
the stalk began to dry After this I watched it closely The seed began to
tighten on the head almost at once In ten days very few seed would drop
out on tapping On the 14th of September the curved necks of the stalk
were turning a rust brown and many were dry enough to break off I com
menced cutting only those which were dry and harvested all from this
patch by October 10th The problem since has been how to best remove the
seed from their heads to which they cling so firmly and what has given me
still more trouble how to separate the hulls from the seed About one half
the seed will thresh out readily by ordinary mean the balance requires
rough treatment both as to head and hull to clean the seed Most that I
have cleaned has been done by a primitive though slow and tedious process283 SUPPLEMENTAL EEPOET1882 39
namely putting the seed into a round sieve and twisting a smaller sieve
over them so not only tearing off the hulls but sifting out dust and after
wards fanning out the hulls
As the plant is well known I need not describe it It makes very little
fodder but shoots start at ihe joints after harvesting and stock eat it greed
ily The stalk is of no use as a feed whole seed may be fed to hogs and
fowls and they are all fond of it I prefer however for cows and horses
to crack or grind the seed as it is very hard and much of it would pass
whole into the stomach remaining undigested My horse3 and cows are
very partial to it as a steady diet although I now feed it as an alternate
with corn both served coarse ground lam using the Hess mill for
grinding When meal is made well bolted and from clean seed you will
find it a palatable dish for jour own table in the form of pancakes It re
sembles buckwheat in taste The weevil infests this grain although my
loss has been slight from that cause and my seed appear to be sound
lam informed that the peculiarity before referred toshedding at three
and a half months from dale of planting has hitherto led to harvesting the
crop at that time and much trouble has been experienced from molding
and heating in bulk I had none of either my seed having been thor
oughly cured before gathering and am satisfied that the above error is the
cause of faulty seed and the probable reason why this grain has not been
more generally cultivated
As to time of planting I shall plant one field next spring as early as frost
will permit and another after cutting oats The former will mature in four
and a half months and the latter may stand in the field as long as you
please I have just harvested my late patch The yield to later planting
does not however equal the early crop I expect without doubt to secure
one hundred bushels to an acre with moderate fertilizing and with less
cultivation than is requirjd for Indian corn
Very respectfully yours G W Benson
The following analysis of this grain by Prof H C White State Chemist
from a sample furnished by Mr Benson is instructive
Analysis of a sample of Dhourra corn for the Department of Agriculture
Water 1312
Crude fibre 261
Fat 224
Starch gum sugar etc 7118
Albumenoids 920
Ash 165
1000
Partial Analysis of Ash
Phosphoric acid 3962
Potash 2715
Lime 350
Other mineral matter 2973
1000040
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
284
For convenience of comparison the following analyses previously publish
ed are appended They also were made for this Department by Prof
White whose report is appended
I have the honor to present results of the examination of a sample of
Ivory wheat or Egyptian wheat furnished by you some days since
By way of comparison I include analyses of three samples of Georgia
raised wheat made a few months since upon samples obtained from ther
Department
No 1 is Red May wheat
No 2 is Dallas wheat
No 3 is winter wheat variety unknown
No 4 is the socalled Ivory wheat
No 5 is Millo Maize
Analyses
Water
Crude Fibre
Starch Gum Sugar etc
Fat
Albumenoids
Ash
No 1
1085
2C0
7338
150
9 82
185
100 00
1 No 2 No 3 No 4
1187 1175 u to
300 265 193
7152 7121 7029
160 195 287
1070 10 S9 1171
175 155 3 20
10000 10000 mo 00 i
No 5
1280
223
7166
285
SS6
160
100C0
A partial analysis of the ash of each has been made with the following
results
Phosphoric Acid
Potash
Lime
Other Mineral Matter
No 1 No 2 No 3 No 4 No 5
45 62 4608 46 89 4421 4385
3012 30 89 3616 2920 3008
315 308 310 280 345
2111 1997 18S5 2373 2202
10000 10000 100CO 10000 10000
285
SUPPLEMENTAL EEPORT1882
Proximate Analyses
41
1 Illinois yellow corn
2 Illinois white corn
3 Georgia white field corn
4 Sweet potato yellow yam variety
1 2 3 4
1225 428 721 6385 856 55 1410 363 456 6820 821 130 1075 215 643 7060 882 125 6775
103
010
2885
127
100
10000 10000 10000 10000
Estimating the oil and readyformed fat as of double the value of siarch
and other carbo hydrates as fat formers we have the following relative
value
1 2 3 4
8027 886 7732 821 8346 882 2905 127

Panthersvtlle Ga December 4th 1882
Col John T Henderson Commissioner of Agriculture Atlanta Ga
Dear SirYours of November 27th at hand desiring my experience
with Egyptian wheat and Millo maize I planted Egyptian wheat about
the 20th of April in three feet rows on mulatto loam clay subsoil in cotton
last year did not use any manure The ground was prepared and cultivated
the same as for cotton It was thinned to about six stalks to the yard It
matured a fine head from the main stalk and later threw out shoots from
the joints which matured a small head I consider the yield large Yet I
have not gathered mine I consider the grain equal to corn in nutrition
I have been acquainted with and have raised this grain in small quantities
for more than ten years and consider it superb for chickens I have ground
it into flour but am of the opinion that it cannot take the place of any of
our breadproducing grains The plant is very hardy and thrifty yet I
think it will feel the effect of dry weather as soon as Indian corn but has
the great advantage of recovering from the effects of drouth when the show
ers come The slow process by which it is gathered is objectionable and
its not ripening its entire crop at once is also objectionable It can42
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
28
threshed and fanned on the old fashioned frail thresh and fan for wheat
The fodder I consider inferior
The Millo maize I planted about the 1st of May Its growth and habit
about the same as Egyptian wheat except that it is later and has but one
head to the stalk About the 10th ol October I observed that mine had not
all come to head and I was certain it would not mature before frost I there
fore cut it and fed it as forage Had I planted earJier manured highly and
given more distance this would not have Been the case yet I feel confident
that it is too slow in maturing for this latitude as a general crop The fod
der is inferior to corn fodder
I think these crops especially Egyptian wheatcouldwith great economy
and profit be raised and gathered as a poultry feed also as a feed for hogs
to fatten on without being gathered
Yours respectfully T J Flake287
SUPPLEMENTAL REPORT1882
43
BROOM CORNMODE OF PREPARING THE GROUND PLANTING
CULTIVATING AND HARVESTING
In the cultivation of broom corn the ground should be thoroughly broken
with a twohorse turning plow in the fall season so as to secure ell the ben
efits of the winter frosts and left in that state until the month of April
when it should be again plowed and thoroughly pulverized As soon as
danger of frost is over the land can be laid off in rows two or two and a half
feet apart according to the land with a scooter plow thus giving the land
another working and making it in good condition for receiving the seed
which can be sown with a common seed drill at the rate of about three
pints to the acre
Now as to the cultivation which is necessary the more work it receives
the faster it will grow and consequently the sooner it will be off the ground
and ready for market When the plants reach the height of four or five
inches it should have a good plowing and immediately after the hoes should
be put in to chop it out leaving some two or three inches for a hill un
disturbed In two or three weeks it should again receive a good close
plowing and final hoeing when the hills left at the first hoeing should be
cleaned out to one or two stalks at the most choosing the most vigorous of
course which would leave the stalks about every eight inches At the last
plowinf which should be two or three weeks later according to the judg
ment of the farmer it should then be plowed the dirt being thrown well up
to the plant A threehoed cultivator has been found very serviceable by
the writer in taking care of the crop
The next thing to be considered is the mode of saving or harvesting the
crop and any carelessness or mismanagement at this point is very liable to
take away all the profit of the foregoing cultivation The first point with
the manufacturer is color It matters not how good a growth the crop may
be if it is red from too long standing in the field or dark from mould or wet
its value is damaged It should be saved while green and cured with a view
of preserving it in that color Just as soon as the milk in the seed thickens
and becomes doughy or starchy cut i leaving six inches of the stalk with
the brush It should be gatheied the same day as cut and threshed as the
weight of the seed will soon cause it to heat and stain the brush if allowed to
lie in piles any length of time It should then be placed on racks or scaffolds
notover four inches thick in the layerswith a space of six or eight inches be
tween layers in an open shed or shelter care being taken to keep it dry
It should be shaken up in the layers once or twice in two or three days ac
cording to the weather so as to insure a free passage of air In two weeks
of fair weather it is ready to be baled up and sent to market
Land that will make a bale of cotton to two acres will produce ten or
twelve hundred pounds of broom corn and more or less according to the
quality of the land The price varies from three cents per pound to six and
seven and also as to quality of brush the market at this writing ranges from
fifty to one hundred and fifty dollars per ton A S Lenfestey
Of Falvey Lenfestey Brojm Manufacturers Atlanta Ga44
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
288
EXPERIMENTS WITH ENSILAGE
All honor to the ladies Two of the three first silos constructed in Georgia by
private parties were built by lady farmers Miss P T Howard of Bartow county
and Miss E L Howard of Walker county daughters of Col Charles Wallace
Howard who did so much for Georgia agriculture while in life and whose mem
ory is held in such reverence by the farmers of Georgia
Report of Miss F T Howard Cement Bartow county made in response to a
request of this Department My silo is 10 feet deep 12 feet wide and 18 feet
long dug iQt0 compact clay soil and entirely below the surface The sides are
planked and the bottom has planks laid upon it
The corn forage second cutting sorghum potato vines and millo maize after
bemg cut and weighted filled only 3 feet in depth in the silo
On the top and sides several inches moulded from exposure to the air The
planks not being seasoned shrank and left large cracks
There has been no difference in either the quality or quantity of milk
nor the taste or color of the butter resulting from the use of ensilage in feed
ing milch cows
When the forage was safely deposited in the silo there was an end of all
trouble with it until required for feeding One never quite gets done curing
corn forage by drying so the mere fact of curing the forage with one opera
tion seems such an important advantage over drying it that we now think we
see in the not very distant future our longed for goal of an hundred cowsper
haps a creamery
The cows are fed 21 pounds of ensilage at a feed morning and evening and
hay at 12 oclock They have besides Inei usual feed of bran shorts and co n
meal They will leave nice well cured lucern or crabgrass hay for the ensilage
Our experience has been so entirely that of others that it hardly seemed worth
while to tell it only silos are not yet common in Georgia and perhaps the fact
that women have made them a success will prove to small farmers that they are
neither difficult to make nor expensive
If the story of our experiment will be of any use to you in preparing your
paper on Ensilage I shall be very glad and hope it will not come too late
Report op tub Experiment of Miss E L Howard Ellerslie Walker
County Georgia
Hon J T Henderson Commissioner of Agriculture
Enclosed find a statement of the cost of my little silo I will be pleased to
have you use it or not as to you seems best I am perfectly satisfied with the
result for my peculiar surroundings as a tiller of the soil
I did not include in the estimate the cost of the fertilizer used on onehalf
acre as the ground was so poor cow peas would not grow over nine inches
hlgh on it and I manured it very heavily1000 worth on the half acre This
would be considered extravagance but in my case it was a necessity It was
the only ground available and I was determined to fill the pit289 SUPPLEMENTAL REPORT1882 45
I have now a fine crop of rye on the same ground without additional fertilizer
But for your determination to represent Georgia at the Exposition I would not
iiave had the courage to make the experiment Very truly
Miss E L Howard
Report of Cost of Building Silo etc9x6x6 feet three feet above ground and three
feet belowsoil very loose and sandy
To wages of one man one half day digging pit 0 371
To 300 feet of lumber 3 00
To hauling lumber 75
To framing of wood 1 25
To framing of logs and ramming dirt 1 12J
To Hand Cutter Dexter No 2 cut one inch 18 00
Cutting hauling and filling in corn forage from one half acre
5 tons 5 621
Ploughing drilling and working onehalf acre 1 50
Total cost of ensilage 7 87
Permanent investment in silo and cvtter25 25
Ensilage is worth 1000 per ton where timothy hay is worth 2000
Five tons ensilage at 10 0050 00
Aggregate cost of pit filled with ensilage and cutter32 371
The crop produced on the half acre therefore paid the cost of production
and storage and for the permanent investment and left a balance of 1762
The forage was not weighed but calculated from the size of the silo
The wooden frame without a bottom was dropped into the threefoot pit and
the earth tightly packed around it The bottom of the pit was firmly packed
with wooden mauls and no flooring used The log framing was eighteen inches
larger than the wooden frame and surrounded that part of it above ground
The space between the two was filled with dry earth which was firmly packed
down Six thousand pounds of stone were used as weight
The whole work wood work included was done by ordinary farm hands
The silo was filled August 24th When opened December 27th two inches of
ensilage on top and three inches at one corner were blackenedthe rest per
fect All stock eat it freely but do best on one feed of dry roughness per day
They should have a little salt daily Where the ensilage is an inch long the
stock do not eat all of the stalk
With a fee 1 of 60 pounds per day five tons or 10000 pounds of ensilage
would keep a cow five and a half or six months Half an acre in ensilage and
the other half in forage to be cut and fed green would keep her twelve months
This is cheaper than keeping up pasture fences or building large hay sheds and
saves waste of roughness by trampling of cattle or careless feeding
MR A J ORMES SILO
By request Mr A J Orme makes the following report of his experiment with
ensilage on his farm three miles from the centre of the city of Atlanta
He says My silo is built in the side of a hill Its dimensions are width
16 feet depth 14 feet and length 30 feet its capacity 200 tons It is built of
rock quarried on the farm as follows The depth of the pit dug into the
ground ranges from 4 feet at the lower side to W at its greatest depth at the46
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
290J
surface of the hill A twelveinch wall is built against the solid clay
faces of the pit extending to the top of the earth where it is extended over the
clay twelve inches more making all of the wall above ground twentyfour
inches thick
The walls are laid in rich lime mortar and cement about equal parts of
each The floor is underlaid in the dim with loose rock for the purpose of
drainagethe four sides all draining to one corner where an escape pipe is pro
vided This is to prevent the possibility of water rising in the silo
This is entirely beneath the floor which is made of a bed of rock say three
or four inches thick beat up and cemented forming a solid and smooth sur
face The entrance to the silo is at the front or lower end the base of the door
being about four feet from the bottom of the pit and on a level with the top of
the ground
In the rear the top of the stone wall is two and ahalf feet above the surface
of the ground
At this point the cutter is placed so that the forage is thrown at once from
the machine into the silo
The silo was not finished until some time in October and consequently was
too late to receive the most of the green crops intended for storage in it
About forty tons were cut and stored in the silo but much of it was too dry
to make good ensilage The stock however relish it as it is
Being in a hurry to complete my silo and get the crop that was green most
ly pea vines in my wall was left rough This caused the ensilage to mould
near the walls where in consequence of the irregularity of the surface the air
insinuated itself
This I will remedy next spring by making the wall smooth with cement so
as to exclude the air when the silo is refilled
After packing in the ensilage as best I could I cut plank sixteen feet to fit as
tightly as possible putting in a good layer of clar about the joints to exclude
the air On these planks I put the cement barrels filled with rockclay etc as
close as they would stand to weight down the ensilage
About sixty days after the silo was filled I opened it and found the ensilage
in a good state of preservationmuch more satisfactory than I had reason to ex
pect
My silo cost without the covering about 400 They can be built more
cheaply and above ground with wood brick or other material
Proper weighting and exclusion of air are the two main points My ensil
age was reduced by a large cutter to onehalf to threequarter inch lengths I
am much pleased and encouraged by my success so far but will be enabled to
speak much more intelligently and to give an experience that will be much more
valuable after next summer after I have opened my silo which I expect to fill
with good green foddercorn etc
The butter and milk produced from cows fed on ensilage have shown no ob
jectionable effects of such feed
It is hoped that many farmers of the State will be encouraged by the experi
ence of these pioneers to follow their example during the present yearCircular No jj
New Series
RESULTS OF SOIL TESTS
OF
Commercial Fertilizers
FOR
THE YEAR 1882
Conducted under the Direction of the Commissioner of Agriculture
of the State of Georgia
J T HENDERSON Commissioner of Agriculture
ATLANTA GEORGIA
1882
Mi ftfcVa 4ft S7tWs WtlVYtVtVDepartment of Agriculture
Atlanta Ga December 27th 1882
DIRECTIONS FOR CONDUCTING SOIL TESTS OF
FERTILIZERS FOR 1882
The following circular was furnished each experimenter as a guide in
conducting the soil tests of samples of commercial fertilizers assigned
them
Dear SirYou will please comply as far as practicable with the fol
lowing directions in conducting the soil test of fertilizers sent you from
this Department Without the utmost care and accuracy in all observa
tions and in every detail of the work from the preparation of the soil to
the gathering of the crops experiments are valueless
Agricultural experiments are nothing more nor less than questions asked
of Nature If a question is not accurately and clearly asked the inter
pretation of the answer will be difficult if not impossible
Experimenters are therefore urged to give their personal supervision to
every detail connected with the soil tests of commercialfertilizers received
from the Department in order that they may possess when the crop is
gathered all data necessary to give a full and accurate report not only of
results but of every essential circumstance connected with the experi
ment
JklP Reports are expected whether the experiment results in success or
failure
1 Select a plat of land as nearly uniform in character and fertility as
possible
2 If the test is to be made with corn cotton or any crop planted in
rows apply each fertilizer to four consecutive rows 35 or 70 yards long
leaving four rows unfertilized between those fertilized with different brands
thus A four rows without fertilizer four rows B four rows without fer
tilizer four C four etc through the plat When the crop matures
gather the too middle rows of each fourf fertilized and unfertilized and
weigh and record the same accurately If it is cotton weigh and record
carefully each separate picking and the date of each If the test is made
with small grain or any crop sown broadcast lay off plats 35 or 70 yards
longand 6 feet wide with a vacant space one or two feet wide between the
plats and apply the fertilizer to each alternate plat and when the crop
is gathered record separately the product of the fertilized and unfertil
ized plats In all small grain tests give the weight of the grain and of
the straw after the grain is threshed outDEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
294
3 In these experiments use each fertilizer or compost at the rate of 20O
or 100 pounds per acre regardless of cost on cotton or corn 200 pounds
broadcast on small grain
4 In conducting these tests be careful to have the quality of the soil
the preparation planting stand and cultivaion identical on each four rows
the only difference being in the kind or quality of fertilizer used Without
this the test will not be reliable
5 If compost is used state the formula adopted in composting giving the
quantity and character of each ingredient and the method employed in com
posting
6 If convenient purchase on the market some of the same brands as
those submitted f ir test and report the result as directed in No 2 above
7 Use on the same plat any other brand which you may have
8 Use a portion of the samples submitted for test in contrast with any
others you may have on any other crop on your own farm or garden and
report result
9 When Acid Phosphate or Dissolved Bjnenot ammoniatedis test
ed compost it by formute for composting given in the circulars of this
Department
10 Conduct any other test in any manner you may prefer and report
results and facts as above requested
11 Make a careful and accurate record of every thing as it is done or
as it takes place Let your record also contain the following viz
a The character of the soil and subsoil in which the test is made
whether sandy clayey marley or calcareous and whether upland or bot
tom how long in cultivation and the character of the original growth
b Its previous treatment b th as tocrops cultivated and fertilizers used
for several previous years and if practicable select a plat which was not
fertilized in 1881
c The time and manner of preparation time and manner of planting
mode of cultivation seasons both as to temperature and rainfall and any
other fact of interest connected with the test of fertilizers
12 When the crop is gathered make a full report to the Department
embracing everything laid down in the foregoing or that is connected with
the experiment Blanks on which to make out this report from the
record made by you during the year will be sent to you in November
next
These experiments to be valuable should be conducted with great care
and the results accurately reported by the first day of December next or
as soon thereafter as the results can be ascertained295
SOIL TESTS OF FERTILIZERS1882
RESULTS OF SOIL TEST EXPERIMENTS FOR 1882
NoteIn the following pages those brands of fertilizers marked a
were furnished by the Department of Agriculture from samples taken by
the Inspectors when they inspected the brands so marked All not so
marked were furnished by the experimenters themselves
Experiment of Mr R W Everett Fish P O Polk County Ga
SoilMulatto gravelly and rolling with northeastern exposure been
in cultivation about 43 years original growth oak and hickory
Previous treatmentThe plat was sowed in clover in February 1878
and crops were cut from it in 18787980 and 81 when broomsedge be
gan to take it It had been alternated in wheat and cotton for several
years previous to seeding with clover No manure was applied to the
wheat The cotton was fertilized with different brands of commercial
fertilizers
PreparationFebruary 22d and 23d turned the clover sod with two
horse Watt plow April 7th crossbroke with scooters and leveled with
twohorse double V harrow April 13th laid off rows 3 feet apart using
a flat shovel 8 inches wide and 16 inches long making a furrow as deep
as possible Length of rows 35 yards each alternate set of 4 rows
each fertilized
Compost was made as follows March 13th 750 pounds each of sta
ble manure and cotton seed and 250 pounds each of crown phosphate
and ash element were put in alternate layers and then thoroughly mixed
This remained in heap till April 13th It was applied at the rate of 200
pounds per acre in the bottom of the furrows and listed on with ocehorse
Watt plow April 13th
PlantedApril 25th opening bed with small plow sowing seed by
hand and covering with light onehorse harrow leaving the land nearly
level
CultivationMay 4th sided with harrow 16th sided with small turn
ing scooter and chopped to a stand 30 tb hoed June 2d sided with
harrow 27tb hoed following hoes with doublefoot Furguson plow two
furrows
SeasonsApril 27th rain 28th and 29th much rain and very cold
May 1st light frost killing some cotton May 10th and 11th heavy rain
14th rainvery cold Ther 50 degrees F 16th frost Ther 44 de
grees Fcotton much injured but not killed so as to materially affect
the stand 17th frost Ther 44 degrees F 27th rain 28th heavy
rain injuring both crop and land 30th rain June 24th 25th and 27th
nice showers July 1st and 2d rain and first cotton bloom Cotton
generally much hurt by rustDEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
Results
290
NAME OF FERTILIZER
CompostCotton Seed Stable Manure
and aGrown Phosphate
Nothing
CompostCotton Seed Stable Manure
Crown Phos and aAsh Element
Nothing
a Ash Element
Nothing
aGeorgia State Grange Fertilizer
Lbs of
Ferizer
applied
per
acre
200
200
200
200
1st
picking
Sept
22
2d
picking
October
4
lbs oz
4 0
0 10
4 0
3 0
3 0
3 0
lbs oz
0
3d
picking
October
16
4th
picking
lbs oz
0
October
31
lbs oz
7 0
6 0
6 8
4 8
7 0
7 0
7 0
5th
picking
Novber
lbs oz
4 0
In reply to the folllowing request Give the results of your observation
in regard to the use of commercial fertilizers during the past few seasons
compared with composts Mr Everett says
For several years I have tried with great care to conduct experiments
but the result has been anything but satisfactory from the fact that dif
ferently situated rows in the same plat and similarly fertilized and worked
give quite different results When differently fertilized I cannot tell
whether the difference in yield be attributable to the soil or the fertilizer
To sum up the whole matter my soil tests have been of but little practi
cal value to myself and none to anyone else for the reasons above given
Composts ahcays pay me best the year applied and infinitely best the
second year as shown on small grain
But with all the care ajad time that I can devote to the matter I can
not accumulate material sufficient to make compost for onetenth of my
farm I always make barnyard manures go as far as possible and then
supplement with commercial The only fertilizer applied to small grain
is what is left in the soil by the preceding hoed crop under which circum
stances compost gives the heaviest yield
Experiment of Mr Robert Burton Ellaville Schley County
Soil Sandy with red clay subsoil original growth postoak hickory
and shortleaf pine has been cleared over 50 years
Previous treatmentThe land has been in constant cultivation for forty
years principally in cotton and occasionally in corn Last year it was
cultivated in sweet potatoes manured with cane backings
PreparationThe land was broken close and deep with a sixinch turn
plow March 23d laid off rows 70 yards long and 3 feet wide running
twice to the row dropping in each row by hand 2 pounds 12 ounces of
fertilizer except in the three rows in the centre of the plat Ridged on
the manure with sixinch turn plow April 18th split the middles with
sixinch shovel Fertilizers applied at the rate of 200 pounds per acre297
SOIL TESTS OF FERTILIZERS1882
The compost was made by formula No 1 of the Department of Agricul
ture
Planted with Dow Law planter April 21st covering with a drag two
rows at a time
CultivationMay 18th chopped out stand good19th plowed with
scooter and 8inch scrape June 6th hoed and reduced to a stand 15th
plowed with shovel and scrape July 13th hoed third time 17th plowed
with shovel and scooter 20th split middles vith short 9inch shovel
Seasons Rained April 22d and 27th May 11th 13th 22d and 31st
June 10th 17th and 27th July 1st 2d and 3d with heavy wind 21st
22d 24th and 25 th showery August 2d heavy rain 4th showery We
had cool northeast winds which produced lice nn cotton and proved inju
rious to all vegetation yet the seasons were in the aggregate favorable
Results
NAME OF FERTILIZER Lbsof Ferizev applied per acre 1st picking 21 picking 3d picking 4th picking Yield in Seed Cotto per acre
Sept 6 lbs oz 7 0 8 0 9 8 2 4 10 8 11 8 11 12 Sept 25 October 14
20 203 3 10 lbs oz 11 0 10 8 8 0 7 8 9 0 10 0 9 0 lbs oz 5 0 3 0 2 0 4 8 2 0 1 8 2 0 ibs oz 1 8 1 0 0 8 1 12 0 0 2 0 1 8 857K 823 700 560 665 809 787
aOiiental Acid Compost
Gossypium Pliospho

Baldwin Co Ammoniated Dissolved Bone 200 203 200
Cumberland Dissolved Bone

Compost pays better than any fertilizer Yet the trouble of having
them properly prepared prevents many from using them the other pre
pared being easier and looks more like business to most planters
Experiment op Mr George L Cain Louisville Jefferson Couuty
Soil Light sandy has been in cultivation about fifteen years origi
nal growth oak and pine would be considered pine land
Previous treatmentThe land has been planted in cotton for three
years previous to this and fertilized each year principally with compost
of acid phosphate and stable manure
PreparationThe old cotton rows were barred off with turning plows
the ridge split out with a small shovel and the fertilizers applied in the
opening furrow The fertilizers were ridged on with same plow and the
bed finished with turning plow rows seventy yards long and three feet
wide
Fertilizers were applied at the rate of 200 pounds per acre on the 1st
of April
Compost was made of Stono acid phosphate stable manure and cotton8
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
298
seed equal quantities of each first mixing stable manure and cotton seed
and applying acid phosphate in layers after several weeks
Planted April 10th with cotton planter
Cultivation was done in the usual manner with sweeps and hoes
Seasons generally good except during four weeks from 23rd of June to
20th of July when the cotton suffered some from drouth
Results
NAME OF FERTILIZER Lbs of Fertilizers applied per acre 1st Picking 2d Picking 3d Picking Yield in Seed Cotton per acre
Stono Acid Phosphate mixed with stable manure and 200 lbs oz 4 0 2 0 4 0 2 0 3 0 2 0 lbs oz 13 U 9 0 13 0 S 0 9 0 8 0 lbs oz 1 0 8 1 0 8 1 0 8 lbs 030 402
200 030 367
2 0 4ok 3G7

Mr Cain says
I am very decided in my opinion in regard to composting and this
opinion is derived from actual experiments made side by side with com
post and ammoniated guano and I have invariably made as much and
often more from compost I am of the opinion that a ton of compost
properly made is worth just as much as a fertilizer as any ammoniated
guano and it need not cost more than one third as much
Experiment of Mr R E Brobston Madison Morgan County Ga
SoilDark loam with red clay subsoil exposure level In 1876 was
covered with a growth of blackberry briars and broomsedge It had been
cultivated many years previous to the war and then turned out The
original growth was oak hickory and pine It has been cultivated dur
ing the last six years
Previous treatmentThe land was planted in cotton in 18767778
and 79 in corn in 1880 and again in cotton in 1881 It was fertilized
in 1876 with E Frank Coes guano and in 1881 with Sea Island guano
PreparationThe plat was broken February 15 th with a twohorse
turnplow On May 1st it was laid off with scooter in rows 140 yards
long and 3 feet wide Bedded with a turnshovel and broke out the mid
dles with a teninch shovel Plat arranged as directed
Fertilizers were applied at the rate of 200 pounds per acre in the drill on
May 1st The beds were opened with a 2 inch scooter and the guano
strewn in the drill through a guano horn
The compost used was made according to the formula issued by the De
partment for composting cotton seed stable manure and dissolved b ne299
SOIL TESTS OF FERTILIZERS1882
Planted May 1st putting the seed in with the guano and using an Al
len planter without the opening scooter
CultivationMay 25th chopped to a stand and then barred off with a
turn shovel
June 15th ran two furrows to the row with a small shovel and
scrape
June 19th hoed July 3rd ran twice to row with scooter and scrape
11th chopped out bunches of grass 20th laid by running one furrow
to the row with scooter and scrape
Seasons were favorable for cotton that was fertilized
Results
NAME OF FERTILIZE
Compost
aCumberlani SuperPhosphate
aAIta Ammoniated Guano
Without fertilizer
Lbs of
Frttli
zers
applied
per acre
i
200
200
200
1st Picking 2d Picking 3d Picking Oct 30 4 th Picking Dec 1 lbs oz 13 C
Sept20 Oct 9
lbs oz 5 0 lbs oz 11 0 lbs of 14 l
4 0 9 0 11 0 10
3 0 10 0 12 0 11 0
2 0 4 0 7 0 7 i
Yield in
Seed
Cotton
per acre
lbs
752
595
350
The two middle rows of each four were weighed and the result is stated above
Experiment of Mr J M Dill Clay Hill Lincoln County Ga
SoilGray sandy with clay subsoil has been in cultivation sixty years
original growth oak hickory and shortleafed pine
Previous treatmentThe land was in cotton in 1881 fertilized with com
post of acid phosphate stable manure and cotton seed made by the for
mula of the Department 200 pounds per acre It was in oats in 1880
without manure
PreparationKan a shovel plow under the old cotton stalks and in
this furrow the fertilizers were distributed and covered by two turnplow
furrows March 15th The rows were seventy yards long and three feet
wide running East and West
Fertilizers were applied as stated in furrows at the rate of 200 pounds
per acre The compost was made after the formula of the Department
Planted April 18th by opening beds after being finished by plowing out
the middles with turn plow with small scooter sowed the seed by hand
in the furrow and covered them with a board
CultivationMay 18th barred off with turn plow chopped to a stand
May 20th cotton having been seriously injured by a frost May 16th which
impaired the stand May 25th plowed with sweep running twice to the
row June 23d hoed and plowed twice to the row with sweep and same
repeated July 10th completed the cultivation
Seasons as regards rainfall temperature etc with the exception of the
frost on May 16th were all that could be desired up to August 1st when10
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
300
there was too much rain causing the forms to shed The frost on the 16th
of May destroyed the uniformity of the stand and thus impaired the value
of the experiment
Results
NAME OF FERTILIZER
aState Grange Acid Phosphate composted
Nothing
Soluble Sea Island
Nothing
Pomona Guano
Nothing
tf Stone wall Guano
Nothing
Pomona and compost mixed
Llis ofi
Fertili 1st
zers iPickinj
applied
per acre Sept 3 I
4 0
210
200
400
lbs oz
6 0
3 0
6 0
2 8
6 8
4 0
10 0
3 0
7 0
2d
Picking
Nov 2
10 0
14 0
Yeldin
s e3
Cotton
per acre
lbs
550
490
561
867
7174
605
910
605
735
Mr Dill says lam decidedly in favor of compost over commercial
fertilizers although the result of this years test does not indicate its supe
riority which I attribute to want of uniformity in the stand
Experiment of Mr J C Middlebrooks Barnesville Pike County
SoilWhat is known as mulatto land Has been in cultivation about
fifty years Original growth chestnut oak and pine
Previous treatmentThe plat has been cultivated in wheat and oats
for the last three yearsprevious to that in corn
PreparationThe land was bedded in January with small plows and
afterwards was bedded upon the guano Hows seventy yards long and
three feet wide
Fertilizers were applied at the rate of 200 pounds per acre April 12th
at the time of rebedding Compost was made according to the formula
of the Department of Agriculture
Planted April 12th seed strewn by hand
CultivationApril 29th plowed with small scooter and scrape and
chopped to stand May 15 th
May 17thplowed with sweep 21st hoed 22nd plowed with scrape
and July 3d repeated this and laid by
Seasons favorable except too cold in the spring and storm in Sep
tember 301
SOIL TESTS OF FERTILIZERS1882
11
Results
NAME OF FEBTILIZER Lbs of Fertilizers applied per acre 1st Picking 2d 3d 4th Picking Picking Picking Yield in Seed Cotton per acre
Sept 5 Scpt20 Oct 10 Oct 24
Baldwins Ammoniated Dissolved Bone RDCoes Soluble Bone 200 200 200 lbs oz 2 1 2 1 1 12 0 4 lbs oz 8 8 0 8 8 8 4 0 lb oz 4 0 5 0 5 8 5 8 lbs oz 1 4 1 12 2 8 6 0 lbs oz 553 7 538 7
Savannah Guano Our Own SuperPhos No fertilizer 713 12 551 4

In reply to the following request Give the results of any other experi
ments conducted by you this year Mr Middlebrooks says
Made experiment on sweet potatoes After the first plowing I covered
the ground with straw between the rows All have decided they have
made three crop3 Commenced udng in August The large ones have
been taken three timis Every tim they go over we get one as large as a
mans leg I cannot give you the fiial result as I have not dug tham but
expect to get a full crop when I do dig them No guano ued
Experiment of Mr John T Wixgfield Washington Wilkes County
With Corn
SoilLight inclined to mulatto with red clay subsoil has been
cleared probably eighty years The stumps haaall disappeared fifty years
ago Has been turned out and grown up in pines was recleared since
the war Original growth on adjacent landoakhickorydogwood etc
Previous treatmentThe land has been in small grain for several years
manured with cotton seed each year
PreparationKows opened with two mules seventy yards long and four
feet wide first with long scooter followed by a short shovel E jws fin
ished by four turnplow furrows
FertilizersApplied at the rate of 49 pounds per acre when the corn
was planted
Planted Golden Dent corn March 20th in hills three and a half feet
apart in the furrow opened with scooter and moldboard pulled by two
mules and covered with forked plow
Seasons generally favorable but rather dry in spring for corn
Results
NAME OF FERTILIZER
Without fertilizer
Orient Complete Manure
Baughs Raw Bone SuperPhosphate
Ammoniated Bone SuperPhosphate
Without fertilizer
Lbs of
Fertili
zers
applied
per acr1
uvy2
140
myz
Bushels
of Corn
per acre
4 135
9 110
9 1570
12 67
912
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
302
This I regard a total failurenot only the plat but the whole field es
pecially where Dent corn was planted Neither the preparation nor the
cultivation was satisfactory and the seasons were rather late for an early
variety of corn planted where this was Those who have planted it be
fore say seasons must be early and continuous till the corn is made to be
successful Most of the Dent corn was imperfect and much of it rotten
In reply to the following question Give the results of your obser
vation in regard to the use of commercial fertilizers during the past few
seasons compared with compost Mr Wingfield says
With suitable machinery within reach of small farmers I would take
compost every time The great want to caue composts to supplant straight
commercial fertilizers is machinery to properly pulverize and distribute
lot manures and composts regularly and economically This is one great
reason so little attention comparatively is given to making and saving lot
manures
Experiment of Mr John T Wingfield Washington Wilkes
County on Cotton
SoilVery light inclined to be wet some gravel yellowish subsoil
Has been cleared about 80 years Original growth oak and hickory
Previous treatmentThe land was cultivated in oats in 1881 lightly
manured with cotton seed and followed by peas and turnips
Preparation The land was broken with a twohorse turn plow and har
rowed when rather wet The rows were 70 yards long and 3 feet wide
Fertilizers were applied at the rate of 175 pounds per acre put in with
the seed when planted
Planted April 18th in scooter furrow with the fertilizer
Results
name of fertilizer
Without fertilizer
Acid Phosphate
aBaughs Raw Bone Superphosphate
0rient Complete Manure
Ammoniated Bone Superphosphate
Lbs of Fertilizers applied peracre 1st picking 2d picking 3d picking Total two rows
lbs oz 6 13 8 lbs oz 19 4 33 8 lbs oz 2 8 2 8 lbs oz 27 12 39 8
176
175 16 8 22 4 1 12 40 8
175 7 16 5 8 28 8
175 10 28 7 45
Yield in
Setd
Cotton
per acre
lbs
971
1382
1417
997
1575303 SOIL TE6T8 OF FERTILIZERS18S2 13
Experiment of Mr E S Wellons Perry Houston County
SoThin gray somewhat sandy with clay subsoil about twelve inches
below the surface Has been in cultivation about 40 years Original
growth principally long leaf pine
Previous treatmentThe land was planted in cotton in 1880 lightly
manured with guano It was in oats in 1881 with about 10 bushels cot
ton seed broadcasted per acre After the oats were taken off ti e plat was
pastured
PreparationThe land was broken in February with Dixie plow broad
cast April 22d laid off the rows 3 feet wide 35 yards long using for this
purpose a large shovel
Fertilizers were applied April 22d at the rate of 200 pounds per acre
except compost which was applied at the rate of 400 pounds per acre
The compost was made according to the formula of the Department of
Agriculture All of the fertilizers were strewn along the shovel furrow as
evenly as practicable and covered with two furrows of Boy Dixie plow
with small wing attached The beds were completed just before planting
by running one furrow in the middles with large shovel plow
Planted April 26th with Dow Law cotton planter on top of rather
low bds May 4th the cotton was up to a moderately good stand
Cultivation May 19th chopped to a stand and 23d sided with sweep
Afterwards hoed and swept as occasion required
Seasons during the year were rather unfavorable to the full develop
ment of cotton having been excessively wet
The storm September 9tb seriously injured the plat which was then
taking on fruit very rapidly
Results
NAME OF FERTILIZER
aWando Fertilizer
Not manured
Russell Coes Ammoniaied Superphosphate
Chemical Co of Canton
Not manured
aQa Chemical Works Acid Phosphate
Cherokee Acid Phosphate Compost
Not manured
aGa Clumical Works Acid Pirns Compnt
Lbs of
Fertili
zer
applied
per acre
200
200
200
200
400
1st
picking
lbs oz
1
2d
picking
lbs cz
4
1 12
4
4
1 12
3 8
3 12
2 4
3 4
fld
picking
4th
picking
lbs oz
1 S
1 8
1 4
1 8
1 8
1 12
2
1 12
2 8
Yield in
Seed
Cotton
per acre
lbs
805
437
682
700
43734
682
647
455
717
Mr Wellons says Taking the cost and permanent improvement of
soil into consideration I shall hereafter use only composts They always
give most satisfactory results to me1 DEPARTMENT OFAGRICJLTUEEGEORGIA 301
Experiment of Mr R W Ramsey Thompson McDuffie County
Soil sandy has been in cultivation 13 years original growth black
jack
Previous treatmentIt has been cultivated in cotton for the last three
years without any fertilizer
PreparationThe land was wellbroken with turn plows rows 3 feet
wide and 35 yards long bedded with turn plow
Fertilizers were applied May 12th at the rate of 100 pounds per acre
Wests Acid Phosphate was composted with cotton seed and stable manure
according to formula jSTo 1 of the Department of Agriculture
Planted May 12th by hand in scooter furrows
Cultivation and seasonsMay 20th and 3lst good rains June 3d
chopped out 12th light rain 13th scraped 18th light rain 23d hoed
28th scraped July 7th and 14th scraped 19th light rain 25th good
ram 31st light rain August 10 th scraped 11th and 26th light rain
September 4th good rain Season too wet for cotton
Results
NAME OF FERTILIZER Lbs of Fertilizer applied per acre 1st picking Oct 12 2d picking Oct 81 3d picking Nov 24 lbs oz 7 3 8 4 2 0 G Yield in Seed Cotton per acre
Bone and Peruvian 100 100 lbs oz S 5 7 5 11 7 lbs oz 9 4 9 e 9 4 1440
No fertilizer
oWilcox Qibbs Cos Manipulated Guano 1200 7S0 1500 1020
oWests Acid Phosphate 1 100


Mr Ramsey says I believe that compost will pay much better results
than simple fertilizers
Experiment of Mr J W HollingsworthConyers Rockdale County
Soil loamy and light with red clay subsoil Original growth oak and
hickory and buckeye has been in cultivation some eight or nine years
Previous treatmentIt has been alternated in corn and wheatcorn is
1880 and wheat in 1881product eight bushels per acre No fertilizers
were applied to the plat till the present year 1882
PreparationThe land was broken closely middle of February with
4inch scooters The plat has a northern exposure which is unfavorable
for an early start in spring Rows seventy yards long and three feet wide
Fertilizers were applied at the rate of 200 pounds per acre In order to
make the test more interesting four brands were purchased for compari
son with those sent by the Department305
SOIL TESTS OF FERTILIZERS1882
15
Planted April 18 th with Garlington planter the Herlong variety of seed
good stand secured
CultivationMay 10th used side harrow 12th chopped out leaving
one to two stalks twelve inches apait May 19th plowed with double
stock scooters attached June 8th hoed 19th plowed with shovel July
8th plowed with sweep and hoed July 24th ran one furrow to the row
with scooter and scrape
The Season has been unpropitious for cotton the spring being very cool
with too much rain I think my cotton was cut off onethird by black
rust and the September storm
Results
NAME OF FERTILIZER
Lbs of
Fertili
zer
applied
per acre
1st
picking
Sept 22
2d
picking
Oct 7
3d
picking
Oct 28
4 th
picking
Dec 4
Yield iu
Seed
Co ton
per acre
all F Grant Co Amnioniated Dis Baie
rtDeLeons Dissolved Bone Phosphate
Pine Island Guano
Not fertilized
Blue Bone
Orient Complete Manure
rtWilcox Gibbs Co Superphosphate
Gossypinm 1hospho
200
200
200
2f0
200
200
200
lbs oz
3
2
2
4
3 4
4 S
4 8
lbs oz
9
8
9
1 8
9 8
10
10
9 8
lbs oz
12 8
lbs
1162
9J7
1040
385
1060
927
915
9S0
Experiment of Me S A Freeman Talbotton Talbot County
Soil light gray with yellow clay subsoil was cleared fifty years ago was
turned c ut soon after the war and continuously pastured until recleared
four or five years since The original growth was pine oak and hickory
Previous treatmentThe land has been alternated in different crops
since it was recleared was in wheat for two years 18801 manured with
about twelve bushels of cotton seed per acre in drills No other manure
was ever used on the plat before 1881
PreparationThe land was bedded out in Fsbruary on hard surface
with scooter and mold board using shovels for opening the middles These
beds were reversed April 17th running large shovel plows in the middles
The fertilizers were applied in these furrows and the beds again reversed
with turn plow Rows three feet wide and seventy yards long
Fertilizers were applied at the rate of 200 pounds per acre distributed
by hand April 17
Planted April 22d in furrows opened on the beds with a short scooter
seed sown by hand and covered with a double plow land in good condi
tion at the time
CultivationMay 19th sided with scooter and scraper and chopped to
a stand June 6th plowed 10th hoed Subsequent cultivation done
with shovel and scrape as needed16
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
306
Seasons were very unfavorable especially in the spring on account of
much rain cold winds and cool nights A ril 22d heavy beating rains
heavy rain May 8th and 11th 11th to 17th cold 28th to 31st heavy
rains June 1st heavy rain cotton infested with lice which injured the
stand 8th 18th 21st and 22d much rain July 1st rain 2d and 3d
showery then to the 20th very hot and dry from 20th July to August
7th rainy and more or less rain until the September storm
Results
NAME OF FERTILIZER
aBone and Peruvian Guano
No guano
aPlow Brand Raw Bone Superphosphate
No guano
aWilcox Gibbs Co Manipulated guano
No guano
Sea fowl guano
No guano
Georgia State Grange Fertilizer
No guano
Lbs of
Fertili
zer
applied
per acre
200
3 0
1st
picking
Sept 6
lbs oz
6 8
2d
picking
Sept 25
lbs oz
7 8
1 8
1
7
1
9
H
7
1
3d
picking
Nov 8
Yield in
Seed
Cotton
per acre
lbs oz
4
lbs
630
175
595
175
560
210
665
140
525
210
Mr Freeman says Some of my neighbors tell me where they have
used compost by the side of guano that the compost invariably gives the
best results seems to be more lasting and will stand drought much better
I used compost this year on corn with most satisfactory results
Experiment of Mr John Turner Culverton Hancock County
SoilGray with yellow clay subsoil Has been in cultivation at least
fifty years Original growth oak and hickory
Previous treatmentThe land has been cultivated in cotton and ma
nured with 200 pounds compost per acre
PreparationThe ground was subsoiled by running a scooter in the
bottom of the turnplow furrow in breaking and then bedded in the usual
manner Plat arranged as directed by the Department rows thirtyfive
yards long and three and onehalf feet wide
Fertilizers were applied at the rate of 200 pounds per acre in the furrow
before bedding The compost is madi by mixing one ton of plnsphate or
guano with f ur tons of stable manure and cotton seed I mix small quan
tities thoroughly with forks and hoes and then throw it into large heaps
to ferment I like this plan better than putting it in layers
Planted April 25th with cotton planter 307 SOIL TESTS OF FERTILIZERS18S2 17 CultivationMay 15th chopped with No 2 hoe leaving it about fifteen inches in the drill 20th sided with 22inch sweep This was repeated June 10th and hoed 15th and 25th and 20th July sided with sweep August 1st laid by with one sweep furrow run lightly in the middles i Seasons were favorable in May as to rainfall and temperature In June and July there was not a season of rainfall and the temperature was greatly against the plant In the latter part of August there was an excess of rain which caused a large second growth none of which matured but was a decided disadvantage to the July crop Results
NAME OE FERTILIZER Lba of Fertilizers applied per acre 1st picking SeptlO 2d picking Dec 15 Yield iu Seed Cotton per acre
Loreutz Rittler SuperPhosphate 200 200 200 200 200 lbs 3 5 6 6 6 1 lbs 8 7 9 8 5 lbs S23 70O 875 816 816 318
x1
1 1 1 tei 1 Mr Turner says I have no reason to change my opinion concerning composting I believe it pays a much larger per cent than commercial fertilizers Owing to the fact that my section of the county has had poor seasons this year the crops are poorer than any other portion of the county and of course manuring has not paid as much with us as with others Experiment of Mr J E Smith Hatcher Station Quitman County Soil red loam has been in cultivation seven years Original growth oak and hickory Previous treatmentThe land has been in cotton then oats then potatoes then cotton then corn and then cotton again It was fertilized one year when in cotton with 200 pounds compost of cottcn seed and phosphate per acre This year I used 200 pounds Wilcox Gibbs fertilizer per acre with the addition of ten bushels of cotton seed The seed were first spread in the furrow and the guano sprinkled on them PreparationOpened furrows with 4inch scooter In this ten bushels per acre of cotton seed were applied and on them 200 pounds Wilcox Gibbs Co Superphosphate Listed with the same scooter and finished the beds with 6inch turnplow This was done April 20th liows four feet wide and 110 yards long CultivationMay 25th barred off with turnplow 29th chopped out June 5th broke out the middles with small solid sweep 17th sided with 18 inch wing sweep and hoed clean July 2d plowed out middles with 2
18
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
308
winded sweep 29th ploweu out entirely with winged sweep and laid by
Reasons unfavorable for cotton on account of excessive rain and heat
which seemed to scald and rust he leaves The storm September 9 th
injured it at least 33 per cent
Results
NAME OF FERTILIZER
aWilcox Gibbs Co Superphosphate
and Cotton seed i
Baldwins Atnnioniated Dissolved Bone
and Cotton sef d
Etiwan Dissolved Bone
and Cotton seed
Lbs of
Fertili
zers
applied
per acre
200
S0O
200
30j
250
300
Yield in
Seed
Cotton
per acre
lbs
81G
900
762
Mr Smith says I find that in proportion to the cost of the fertilizers
the acid phosphates pay eighteen per cent more profit than the ammo
riiated superphosphates
Experiment of Mr Eugene B Heard Elberton Elbert County
Soil dark mixed with a little sand Subsoil red clay Has been in
cultivation about twenty years Has a southern exposure Original
growth red oak hickory post oak and whits oak The soil of the plat is
very poor and was purposely selected in order to give a more thorough
test of the different brands of fertilizers
Previous treatmentIt was in cotton in 1880 and fertilized with com
post was sown in oats in the fall of 1880 without fertilizer
PreparationThe plat was broken in spring with Dixie plow Last of
April opened furrows thirtyfive yards long and three feet wide with large
shovel two furrows in one and broke out middles with common shovel
Fertilizers were applied at the rate of 200 pouids per acre in the shovel
furrows Composts were made according to the formulae of the Depart
ment of Agriculture
Planted last of April in small furrow and covered with small double
foot plow
CultivationMay 14th hoed and thinned to a stand May 30th
plowed with shovel and mold board two furrows to the row June 22d
hoed and plowed with sweep two furrows to the row July 12th hoed
15 th plowed with sweep three furrows to the row August 17th plowed
with sweep to sow oats two furrows to the row
Seasons were everything that could be desired from the time the cotton
was planted until it was gathered No frost until November309
SOIL TESTS OF FERTILIZERS1882
19

Results
NAME OF FERTILIZER Lbs of Fertilizer applied per acre 1st Picking Oct 6 2d Picking Nov 16 Yield m Seed Cotton per acre
Lorentz Rittler Guano 200 Ibs oz 332 8 245 280 175 280 175 245 192 8 315 175 210 157 8 ibs oz 245 200 215 190 20J 150 200 16 180 150 215 150 lbs 7
llerrymans Dissolved Bone 200 525 365 430 325 415 352 495 326

Kainit compost 200

a Atlantic Acid compost 200

aLister Bros Crescent Bone 2C0

200
No guano 307
Mr Heard says lam fully convinced that composts are much more
profitable than commercial manures So thoroughly am I convinced of
the fact that I never use any of the commercial fertilizers alone except for
the purpose of experiment
Experiment of Mr W A Speer McDonough Henry County
Soil light gray upland with good red clay subsoil Original growth
oak hickory and pine The land has been cleared about thirty years
Previous treatmentThe plat has been cultivated in cotton two years
and fertilized with two hundred pounds of commercial manure per acre
applied in the drill
PreparationThe land was broken in March with half shovels About
the 2oth of April rows were opened seventy yards long and three feet
wide with shovels and subsoil plow run four inches deep in the bottom
of shovel plow furrows
Fertilizers were applied at the rate of 200 pounds per acre and bedded
on with a short half shovel 25ih of April Compost was applied at the
rate of 300 to 500 pounds per acre The compost was made as follows
100 pounds of Wests Acid Phosphate 10 pounds refuse salt from bulk
meat 280 pounds cotton seed and 110 pounds stable manure The cotton
seed were thoroughly wet and the entire heap covered with dry earth
after the compost heap was completed
Planted April 26th and 27th in small scooter farrow with cotton planter
at the rate of one and onehalf bushels per acre
CultivationMay loth the common sixtoothed iron harrow was run
over the cotton followed in three or four days with doable stock with20
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
310
square pointed scooter Chopped out between the 25th and 28th of May
leaving two stalks to the hill twelve inches apart June 14th plowed
again with square pointed scooter two furrows to the row The third
plowing was done with sweep June 28th and 29th July 16th laid it by
with sweep three furrows to the row
SeasonsThere was a cold spell about the 1st of May which prevented
the cotton from coming up well resulting in a poor stand The rainfall
from May 1st to July 23d was admirably suited to the growing plants
though June 17th the cotton was somewhat injured by a hail storm
The temperature from May 1st to August 31st was cool and considera
bly below that of 1880 ard 1881 After July 23d there was excess of rain
for forty days that caused cotton to shed and run too much to weed and
generally unfavorable to maturing cotton
Results
NAME OF FERTILIZER
Baldwin Dissolved Bone
Banghs Raw Bone
aWests Acid Compost
No guano
aGem Guano
Merryrnans Dissolved Boae
rtGate City Superphosphate
a Wests Acid Phosphate Compost
Empire Guano
No guano
Bradleys Patent Superphosphate
Lbs of
Fertili
applied
per acre
200
200
500
200
200
200
300
200
200
1st
Picking
Oct
2d
Picking
Oct 29
lbs oz
10
lbs oz
6 10
8 10
6 4
10
3d
Picking
Nov 20
lbs oz
7 6
6 8
6 6
4
9
6 4
4th
Picking
Dec 1
Tleld in
Seed
Cotton
per acre
lbs oz
1 S0
1610
1960
11E0
1960
2012
1890
1810
1540
840
1610
An experiment was made by Mr Speer with corn on good ordinary
bottom land with the following
Results
NAME OF FERTILIZER
Baldwins Dissolved Bone
Baughs Raw Bone
Gate City Guano
VMUiout fertilizers
Wests Acid composted
uQem Guano
Lbs of
Fertili
zers
applied
per acre
Bushels
of Coin
per
acre
125
150
300
500
2C0
32
28
35
20
45311
SOIL TESTS OF FERTILIZERS1882
21
Mr Speer says My observation in regard to the use of commercial
guanos composted with composts is not favorable to commercial guanos
Why Because when compost is properly made that is by using phos
phates salt cotton seed and stable manure one has a fertilizer with all
the properties necessary to the growth of cotton or corn without the fiery
nature of commercial guanos and with onehalf the cost Individually
I used less commercial guano and more compost in 1882 than ever be
fore and with more profitable results The use of composts begets econ
omy in purchasing commercial guanos which is an item worthy of con
sideration
Experiment of Mr B F OKelley Planter Madison County
Soil red clay has been cleared forty or fifty years Was cultivated
for twentyfive years then turned out twelve years and was again brought
into cultivation in 1875 Original growth pine oak chestnut dogwood
hickory and sweet gum
Previous treatmentSince 1875 the land has been in corn three years
in wheat two years and cotton two years Was in wheat in 1881
No extra treatment has been given the land at any time When in
cotton 1880 200 pounds fertilizer were applied per acre ard eight
bushels cotton seed per acre applied to wheat in 1881 A plat of poor land
of uniform fertility was selected for the test
PreparationThe land was broken tolerably deep with common turn
ing plows At planting time rows 70 yards long and 3 feet wide were
laid off with scooter plow following in the same furrow with shovel plow
Fertilizers were applied at the rate of 200 pounds per acre April 25th
No regular formula was employed in preparing the compost
Planted April 26th with Dow Law planter
CultivationMay 20th sided with sweeps and hoed to stand June 1st
sided with shovel following with two sweep furrows to the row in middles
July 3d hoed again July 20th hoed and plowed with sweeps
Seasons in early spring very unfavorable to the growth of cotton the
nights were cool with some frost Bains fell as follows June 1st good
rain 11th and 17th light rains 18th good rain July 2d 12th 15th
18th and August 2d good rains After August 2d there was no more
rain until the second week in Septemberfive weeks of drouth which in
j ured the crop22
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
Results
312
nase op fertilizer
No manure
aOrient Complete Manure
aChapells Champion Guano
No manure
aReeves Nicholsons Matchless Cotton Grower
Georgia State Grange
Etiwan Dissolved Bone composted
Lbs of
Fertili
zers
applied
per acre
2C0
200
200
200
200
1st
Picking
lbs oz
1
9 8
10
1 4
11 8
12
7
2d
Picking
lbs oz
7
9 8
10
8
11 8
11 3
9 8
3d
Picking
lbs oz
4
S
4
4
5
5
5
Yield in
Heed
Cotton
per acre
lbs
360
720
720
510
840
795
645
Experiment ofMrW B McDaniel Glen Julia Fla Decatur Co Ga
Soil stiff gray and pebbly land with red clay subsoil has been in cul
tivation twenty years Original growth pine oak and dogwood
Previous treatmentIt has been alternated in corn arid cotton with very
little fertilizers The corn crop of 1881 was fertilized with cotton seed
and Cumberland Superphosphafc
PreparationThe land was bedded with onehorse Watt plow in Feb
ruary and rebedded in April with same plow running twice in same fur
row rows seventy yards long and three and onehalf feet wide running
north and south
Fertilizers were applied by hand April 20th at the rate of 200 pounds
per acre Compost was made in several ways and applied in different
quantities per acre One was made as follows Etiwan Dissolved Bone
100 pounds twenty bushels cotton seed and twenty bushels stable manure
Another as follows Etiwan Ammoniated Dissolved Bone 100 pounds
twenty bushels cotton seed and twenty busheh stable manure
Planted April 20th in furrows opened with email scooter seed sown by
hand and covered with board
CultivationMay 20th ran a threetooth harrow around the cotton
26th chopped to one and two stalks to the hill June 4th and 23d sidtd
with sweep July 1st heed 15th plowed again with sweep August 1st
plowed with 24inch sweep very shallow
Seasons very good for planting and growing the crop but rains were
excessive from the 10th of July to 10th of August This retarded fruiting313
SOIL TESTS OF FERTILIZERS1882
Results on Cotton
23
NAME OF FERTILIZER
aBaldwIn8 Ammoniated Soluble Bone
aAHa Ammoniated Guano
dE Frank Coes Ammoniated Superph sphate
Etiwan Ammoniated Dissolved Bone
Cumberland Bone Superphosphate
Etiwan Dissolved Bone cotton seed and stable manure
Etiwan A md Dis Bone cotton seed and stable manure
Lbs of Fertilizers applied per acre 1st Ficking Sept 16 2d Picking Oct 16 3d Pickinc Nov 15
200 ibs oz 9 8 lbs oz 6 lbs oz 1 4
300 S 8 5 6 2
200 7 8 5 8 1 8
200 9 1 4
200 8 8 1 2
400 9 8 6 1 4
400 8 8 5 6 2
Yield in
Seed
Cotton
per acre
lbs
502
47S
4C5
307 a
288
503
476
Results on Corn
NAME OF FERTILIZER
Cumberland Bone cuperphosphate 200 pounds
And cotton seed 150 pounds
Etiwan Dissolved Bone 200 pounds
And cotton seed 150 pounds
Lbs of
Ferili
zer
applied
per acre
350
350
Busbels
of Corn
per acre
Lbs of
Fodder
per acre
35
30
500
400
Date of
plantg
March
Date of
matu
rity
Aug 15
Mr McDaniel gays The profits on commercial fertilizers have been
limited this year Composts have paid fully as well and have left the soil
in a much better condition
Experiment of Mr M E Russell Carrollton Carroll County
Soil stiff clay cleared in 18G8 Original growth red and post oak
Previous treatmentThe land has been cultivated in cotton two years
and small grain one year for the last ten years When planted in cotton
from 125 to 150 pc unds commercial fertilizers were applied per acre each
year No fertilizer applied to the small grain
PreparationThe land was broken February loth with onehorse
turner April 1st furrows were opened with ten inch straight shovel
thirty five yards long and three feet wide The fertilizers were distributed
in these furrows and bedded on with turn plow
Fertilizers were applied at the rate of 200 pounds per acre April 1st in
shovel furrow
Planted by hand April 18tb in furrow made by small scooter with
block following and covered with double plow
CultivationMay 12th ran irontoothed harrow over the cotton and
chopped out May 16th sided with scooter 26th sided with scooter and
scrape June 3d and hoed 12th plowed again with scooter and 16inch
scrape June 19th and hoed 24th plowed with scooter and 18inch gcrape24
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
314
July 6tb running twice to the row July 14tb ran one furrow to the row
with 18 inch scrape
Seasons good till August when there was too much raia causing the
cotton to run too much to weed
Results
NAME OP FERTILIZER Lbs of Fertilizer applied per acre 1st Picking 2d Picking 8d Picking Yield in rieed Cotton per acre
Obers Guauo lbs oz 200 lb oz 7 9 1 8 10 4 1 8 11 2 1 6 11 1 1 8 lbs oz 12 1 7 4 9 7 9 8 6 4 6 8 7 2 lbs oz 1 4 2 1 1 8 1 4 2 2 2 2 4 1 0 lbs 1406 705
No fertilizer
Pendletons Ammoniated Superphosphate 200 1405 682
No fertilizer
aBaldwin Cos Ammoniated Solube Bone 200 1660 673
No fertilizer
aCumbcrland Superphosphate 1386 695


I fertilized four rows and left four rows with nothing each time then picked the two middle
rows of each set of four
Experiment of Mr C P Sewell Etowah Floyd County
Soil dark sandy bottom supposed to have been in cultivation thirty
or thirtyfive years Original growth oak pine hickory and poplar
Previous treatmentThe plat was cultivated in corn in 1880 and in
cotton in 1881 fertilized with 100 pounds commercial fertilizer per acre
PreparationThe land was turned with onehorse plows last of March
April 10Lb opened furrows seventy yards long and three feet apart with
straight shovel Fertilizers were applied in these furrows which were
listed with onehorse turn plows and the middles finished with shovel and
large scrape
Fertilizers were applied at the rate of 200 pounds of the commercial
fertilizers and 400 pounds compost per acre One compost was made of
equal parts of stable manure and cotton seed and another of Gossypium
Phospho cotton seed and stable manure prepared according to formula
No 1 of the Department
Planted April 21st with Dow Law planter first opening the furrow with
a small scooter
Cultivation May 2d harrowed over the rows 13th sided with harrow
25th hoed and reduced to a stand hills tea or twelve inches apart one to
two stalks to the hill May 31st harrowed again June 14th sided with
scooter and small scrape June 29th sided with scooter and scrape and
followed with hoes July 6th ran one furrow to the row with scooter and
large scrape 19th ran two furrows to the row with scrape August loth
ran one furrow to the row with large scrape315
SOIL TESTS OF FERTILIZERS1882
25
Seasons were unfavorable for cotton iu the spring There were light
frosts 13th 14th and 15th of May that injured the stand It continued
cool until June 8th There was an abundance of rain from planting time
until September 31st First killing frost November 14th
Results
NAME OF FERTILIZER Lbs of Fertilizer applied per acre 1st Picking 2d Picking 3d Picking 4th Picking Yield in Seed Cotton per acre
400 400 2C0 200 200 lbs oz 1 2 8 1 4 5 8 4 4 2 lbs oz 6 12 11 4 7 8 12 12 10 12 7 12 lbs oz 14 14 23 12 17 8 18 16 15 lbs oz 7 8 12 6 8 12 9 8 7 8 lbs 525
a Compost Gossypium Phospho cotton eeed 883
Compost of equal parts of cotton seed and sta 630
797
683
640

Mr Sewell says Compost of Acid Phosphate stable manure and cot
ton seed I think superior to commercial fertilizers according to the cost to
the farmer
Experiment of Mr W D H Johnson Holton Bibb County
Soil sandy loam with red clay subsoil soil eight or ten inches deep
has been in cultivation about fortytwo years Original growth red oak
hickory and poplar
Previous treatmentIn 1880 the land was planted in wheat with 25
bushels of cotton seed per acre was uncultivated in 1881 and a crop of
grass and weeds turned under
PreparationThe land was broken with a long scooter rows seventy
yards long and three feet wide ran east and west
Fertilizers were applied at the rate of 200 pounds per acre in shovel
furrow April 3d Compost was made according to formula No 1 of the
Department of Agriculture
CultivationMay 13th plowed out the rows with winged sweeps 20th
chopped to a stand two stalks to the hill
Subsequent cultivation done with sweeps and hoes iu the usual way
SeasonsThere was enough rainfall during the growth of the crop to
make two crops causing too low a temperature for the full development
of the plat26
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
Results
316
NAME OF FERTILIZER
aMastodon Guano
aGeorgia Bone Cotton Acid Phosphate composted
Kainit Acid Phosphate andNiire composted
The Wando Acid Phosphate ordered shipped to my address never arrived
Lbs of
Fertili
zer
applied
per acre
200
200
200
Yield in
Seed
Cotton
per acre
lbs
904
867
1017
Experiment of Mr J M Cox Woodville Greene County
Soil light sandy bottom has been in cultivation about 28 years
Original growth sweet gum hickory and oak
Previous treatmentThe plat has been alternated in wheat and cotton
since 1879
PreparationThe land was turned over in January with a onehorse
turnshovel In April rows were laid off with a long scooter rows seventy
yards long and three feet wide Listed on fertilizers in these furrows with
scooter and last of April broke out the middles with onehorse turnshovel
Fertilizers were applied at the rate of 200 pounds per acre mixed five
brands of commercial fertilizers and then combined this mixture with
fine stable manure at the rate of one of the former to three of the latter
Used also some lot manure in the place of the fine stable manure
Planted May 2d in small furrows opened on the beds with coulter and
covered with doubletooth harrow
Plat arranged and crop gathered and weighed as directed by the De
partment
Cultivation was done in the usual way with sweeps and hoes
Seasons generally go d but too wet for bottom land
Results
NAME OF FERTILIZER
oEnreka Ammoniated Superphosphate
oReeves Nicholson Cos Matchless Guano
aSchaffers Steimed Animal Bone v
Without fertilizer
Stable manure
Compost stable manure
Compost of lot manure
Lbs of
Fertili
zers
applied
per acre
lbs oz
200
200
200
200
200
200
1st
Picking
Sepl27
lbs oz
12
12
10
7
12
12
11
2d
Picking
Oct 27
lbs oz
36
35
38
40
46
47
45
3d
Picking
Dec 6
lbs oz
12
10
12
18
13
13
14
Yield in
Seed
Cotton
per acre
lbs
2100
2095
21C0
2275
2485
2620
2450317 SOIL TESTS OF FERTILIZERS1882 27
Experiment of Mr S P Odom Drayton Dooly County Ga
Soil sandy with clay subsoil has been in cultivation ten years Orig
inal growth longleaf pine mixed with postoak
Previous treatmentThe plat was cleared in 1872 and was cultivated
in corn and field peas has been cultivated in cotton without fertilizer
every year since
PreparationThe land was thoroughly broken with eight inch half
shovel March 8th April 1st opened furrows three feet wide and seventy
yards long with sixinch shovel In these furrows the fertilizers were ap
plied and bedded on
Fertilizers were applied at the rate of 280 to 350 pounds per acre as
shown in tabular statement Compost was made by formula No 1 of the
Department and applied at the rate of 600 pounds per acre
Planted April 3d in furrows opened with a V block seed sown by
hand and covered with a board A perfect stand was secured in ten days
CultivationApril 26th sided with scooter and chopped out May 13th
plowed with 16inch sweep acd hoed this was repeated June 3d and 20th
and July 8th
SeasonsRained April 8th 19th 20th and 30th May 10th 11th 23d
and 28th June 6th 7th 12th 14th 18th 22d and 29th July 1st 3d
12th 17th 18th 19th and 25th August 1st 5th 10th 17th 19th 27th
and 30th September 4th 12th 15th 20th 21st and 30tb and from that
date on good seasons
Results
NAME OF FERTILIZER
oAtlantic Acid Phosphate compost
Without fertilizer
Walton Whann Plow Brand
Without fertilizer
aRassel Coe Ammoniated Bone
Without fertilizer
Chemical Co of Canton Colgate Manure
Without fertilizer
aLorentz and Rittlera Guano Ammoniated
Without ft rtilizer
J H Baker CoN Y
Lhs of
Fertili
zer
applied
per acre
350
350
1st
Picking
Aug 20
2d
Picking
Sept15
lbs oz
6
3d
Picking
Oct 19
lbs oz
17
lbs oz
11
4th
Picking
Nov 16
Yield in
Seed
Cotton
per acre
lbs
1505
665
1085
560
1015
SCO
980
525
1085
560
1085
In reply to the following request Give the results of your observation
in regard to the use of commercial fertilizers during the past few seasons28
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
318
compared with composts Mr Odom says My experience in the ue of
fertilizers this year confirms me in the opinion before advanced that a
compost made of stable manure green cotton seed and superphosphate
or kainit is decidedly the best paying fertilizer that can be used on cotton
or corn On old gray lands thirtyfive or forty pounds of potash might be
added to the ton It retains its strength much longer than the highest
grades of commercial fertilizers and is not so liable to rust cotton or fire
corn as other fertilizers The compost when put up in bulk should stand
at least six weeks before using In the free use of compost it requires
more time and labor in preparing and distributing it than commercial fer
tilizers But we must learn to cultivate less land and compost higher each
year increasing the fertility of our lands annually until we can produce
as much as we now do on onethird of the land we now cultivate
Experiment of Dr W C Paschal Dawson Terrell County
Soil sandy with yellow clay subsoil Original growth pine Very old
land
Previous treatmentThe land has been cultivated in cotton for several
years consecutively with an application of from 75 to 100 pounds of fer
tilizers each year
PreparationThe land was broken with turn plows last of February
Kows three and onehalf feet wide and seventy yards long
Fertilizers were applied 24th of March at the rate of 200 pounds per
acre in furrows opened with fourinch diamondpointed scooter followed
by sixinch turn plow in the same furrow The beds were formed with
five furrows of sixinch straight shovel to the row
Planted March 31st with cotton planter which opened distributed the
seed and covered them at the same operation
CultivationSided first with turn plow bar to the cotton following with
subsoil plow so run as to fill up the furrows made by the turn plow The
cotton was then chopped to one and two stalks to the hill Subsequent
cultivation done with plows and hoes in the usual wayhoed once and
plowed four times more
Seasons Plenty of rain all the year The cool nights in May made the
cotton very lousy and injured the stand some Cotton very small until
1st of June after that good seasons and hot nights made it grow very
rapidly Storm 12th September beat out the cotton very badly and made
the test very unsatisfactory as the cotton was open very thick at the time319
SOIL TESTS OF FERTILIZERS1882
29
Results
NAME OF FERTILIZER
Without fertilizer
Wilcox Gibbs Co
Without fertilizer
Orient Complete Manurei
Without fertilizer
oSchaffers Steamed Animal Bone
Without fertilizer
Cotton seed meal and acid phosphate oil extracted
Without fertilizer
Cotton seed meal and acid phosphate oil not extracted
Without fertilizer
aReeves Nicholson Co8 Cotton Grower
Without fertilizer
aBaughs Eaw Bone Superphosphate
Lbs of
Fertili
zer
applied
per acre
1st
Picking
Aug 25
2d
Pickieg
Sept27
200
lbs
240
660
360
680
360
480
360
600
270
600
360
700
SCO
780
Yield in
Seed
Cotton
per acre
lbs
lbs
540 780
510 1170
300 660
390 1020
420 780
390 S70
300 660
330 930
420 690
30r 900
30 660
390 1090
750 1250
630 1430
The second picking was made after the storm some of the cotton having sprouted and come up
After the storm on the 13th September the cotton was so blown out and beat about that I decided
at one time to abandon the test I regard the tet as very unsatisfactory

Experiment of Mr J T Dennis Eatonton Putnam County
Soil dark red cleared more than fifty years ago and has been in culti
vation nearly all of that time Original growth oak and hickory
Previous treatmentIt was in cotton in 1880 fertilized with cotton seed
stable manure and acid phosphate and a good crop gathered A poor
crop of oats gathered from it in 1881 In the fall of 1881 it was turned
with a twohorse plow
Preparation In April furrows were opened with double shovel plow
thirtyfive yards long and three feet wide In these furrows the ferlilizers
were distributed the lists made with scooters and the beds finished with
turn plow
Fertilizers were applied at the rate of 200 pounds per acre when used
alone and 400 pounds when compost was used Compost was made ac
cording to the formula of the Department
Planted April 15th using Dow Law planter
CultivationAs soon as the cotton was well up it was barred off with
turn plow and chopped to a stand about a week behind the plow It was
then plowed every two or three weeks with sweeps until laid by Was
hoed twice after chopping
Seasons were very favorable a regards both rainfall and temperature30
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
Results
32d
NAME OP FERTILIZER
Patapsco Acid and green cotton seed
Without fertilizer
Patapsco Acid compost
Without fertilizer
StoDO Acid compost
Without fertilizer
aWando Fertilizer
Without fertilizer
ieorgia Patapsco Guano
Without fertilizer
Pure ground bones
Without fertilizer
aStono Acid Phosphate
Without fertilizers
Georgia Chemical Works Acid with K O
Without fertilizer
Lbs of
Fertili
zers
applied
per acre
400
400
200
200
200
200
1st
Picking
Sept 25
lbs oz
7 8
2 8
8 8
1 8
7 S
1 8
4 8
1
6 8
1 8
4 8
2 8
2d
Picking
Oct 16
lbs oz
5
3d
Picking
Nov 8
lbs oz
4
5
4
4 8
4 4
5
5
5 8
5 8
4 8
4 8
4 S
4 8
3 8
5
3
Yield in
Seed
Cotton
per acre
lbs
1155
630
1190
665
1295
810
1470
805
1485
665
1085
630
1225
630
1015
630
Mr Dennis says Compost of
put in the ground with acid early
ammoniated fertilizers
green cotton seed and stable manure
in the season will pay much better than
Experiment of Mr W A Turner Newnan Coweta County
Soil light gray thirty years in cultivation Original growth post oak
and red oak
Previous treatmentCommercial fertilizers were applied to the land in
1880 and oats sown on it in 1881
PreparationThe land was first broken with turn plows furrows opened
fertilizers applied and the land bedded with turn plows Rows seventy
yards long and three feet wide
Fertilizers were applied at the rate of 200 pounds per acre last week in
March Compost was applied at the rate of 400 pounds per acre It was
made as follows 800 pounds each of stable manure and cotton seed and
400 pounds acid phosphate
Planted first week in April in small scooter furrows opened in the beds
Covered with a double foot plow
CultivationTea days after planting ran over with Vihaped hanov
with center tooth out Excessive rains packed the land so last week in321
SOIL TESTS OF FERTILIZERS
31
April used the same harrow again with center tooth in to break the crust
and sided with small scooter First week in May sided with double
foot plow small scooter in front and larger one in rear Plowed with
same stock two weeks later with shovel on the rear foot Gave it two
plowings in June twelve days apart with short shovels and scrapes
Used the same plow twice in July
SeasonsA good deal of rain fell in April and Mayvery cool caused
cotton to droop and die out very badly very unfavorable for growth of
crop stand bad Cotton grew very little until June and the backset in
spring was felt by the crop and retarded its increase in size After the
warm suns of June it grew off well but the entire crop was late in open
ing some of it not opening until in December
Results
NAME OF FERTILIZER
aGossypium Pho pho
Fendletons Ammoniated Superphosphate
oEureka Ammoniated Bone
Compost
Acid Phosphate
Lbs of Fertilizers applied per acre 1st picking Sept20 2d picking Oct 10 3d picking Nov 2 4th picking Dec 20
200 lbs oz 2 lbs oz 8 lbs oz 6 12 lbs oz 1 4
200 2 6 12 4 4 1
200 2 6 4 1
400 1 10 8 6 9 2
200 12 0 4 4
Yield in
Seed
Cotton
per acre
lbs
1260
910
1470
770
A little still to pick for which I have waited but forward this as there will be very little change
Experiment of Mr J H Hays Hogansville Troup County
Soil gray with clay subsoil has been in cultivation about twelve years
Original growth oak and hickory with some chestnut
Previous treatmentThe plat has been planted in sweet potatoes for the
last four years without manure the vines all removed and the land devoid
of vegetable matter
Preparation The land was broken deeply last of March with small
scooters April 5th opened deep furrows with large shovel Id these
the fertilizers were applied and covered with two furrows
Fertilizers were applied at the rate of 200 pounds per acre April 5th
in shovel furrows Compost was made according to the formula of the
Department
Planted April 21st in small scooter furrow pressed open with follower
block Covered with a board with iron teeth attached
CultivationMay 8th sided with scooter and Johnsons combination
plow May 10th hoed to a stand May 26th sided again with scooter
and scrape and ran one furrow in the middles with same plow Jane 8th
sided with scooter and large scrape June 10h hoed second time 21th
split middles with scooter and scrape July 13th then furrows with scooter
and scrape32
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
322
SeasonsApril 8th and 12th good rain loth 19th 20th light rain
22d heavy rain 28th good rain May 1st cool thermometer 36 deg F
Light frost 15th May 22d 28th and 30th good rains June 9th light
rain 19th good rain 22d 23d 27th and 28th light rains 30th heavy
rains July 2d 3d 4th 11th and 21st light rains 25th and 29th good
rains There was too much rain during the entire summer with too little
sunshine in consequence of which cotton made large weed and but little
fruit
Results
NAME OF FERTILIZER
Blue Bone Phosphate
Without fertilizer
aOriole Oakey Woods Fertilizer
Without fertilizer
aSchaffers Steamed Bone cotton seed and eta
ble manure compost
Without fertilizer
Sterns Ammoniated Bone
Pomona Guano
Bakers Standard Guano
Lbs of
Firtili
zers
applied
per acre
200
200
20
200
200
1st
Picking
SeptlG
lbs oz
12
1 0
4
1 a
1 7
2
2d 3d
Pickingj Picking
Oct 2 Oct 26
lbs oz
2 7
1 7
2 9
1 6
3 4
7
1
3
12
lbs oz
1 12
4th
Pickinj
Nov 24
lbs oz
4
3
3
4
Yield in
Seed
Cotton
per acre
lbs
726
490
701
481
1093
4S1
647
700
833
Mr Hays says My experience and observation during the past few
years prove conclusively to my mind that compost properly made is bet
ter than guano especially on land devoid of humus as most of our cotton
lands are
Experiment of Mr C M Witcher Point Peter Oglethorpe County
Soil gray sandy It was originally cleared about sixty years ago was
subsequently turned out Was recleared about twelve years ago and has
been in continuous cultivation since Original growth oak cum and
hickory
Previous treatmentThe plat has been cultivated in cotton for several
years and manured with commercial manures except last year when
barnyard manures were applied
PreparationApril 5th put fertilizers in the middles of the old cotton
rows listed with ripper and bedded out with turn plows Kows four feet
wide and thirtyfive yards long
Fertilizers applied at the rate of 200 pounds per acre in furrow made by
running twice with large ripper listed with same plow Compost made
according to formula of the Department and applied at the rate of 400
pounds per acre323
SOIL TESTS OF FERTILIZERS18S2
33
Planted April 25th in small furrow opened with coulter and covered
with harrow
CultivationMay 9th sided with Johnson plow May 12th chopped
out June 2d sided with solid sweep June 15th hoed and plowed mid
dles June 27th plowed with solid sweep July 5th plowed middles and
laid by
SeasonsApril 22d cool rain 29th good rain May 11th 22d and
26th good rains May 29th light rain May 31st good rain June 1st
and 11th light rains June 29th good rain 20th and 27th hard
rains July 4th and 8th good rains 18th light rains 22d hard rain
25th and 30th good rains August 1st good rain 3d light rain 11th
and 14th hard rains 17th and 26th light rains 28 th hard rain Sep
tember 9th good rain 10th heavy storm of wind and rain October 18th
good rain 19 th light rain With the exception of cool spring and many
heavy rains the season was more favorble for cotton than for many years
Results
NAME OF FERTILIZER
aEutaw Acid Phosphate compost
Without fertilizer
Franklins Ammoniated Bones
Without fertilizer
Mastodon Guano
Without fertilizer
aStono Soluble Uuano
Lbg of
Fertili
zer
applied
per acre
400
300
1st
plckin
Sept 16
lbs oz
5 12
3 12
2d
picking
Sept22
lbs oz
5 8
1 4
5 4
1 12
5 4
2
5 12
3d picking Sept29 4 th picking Oct 12
lbs oz 4 12 lbs oz 5 8
1 4 3 12
3 8 3 8
2 7
4 S 8 4
2 8 6 4
S 12 10 12
Yield in
Seed
Cotton
per acre
lbs
1128
328
1023
561
1260
564
1206
Mr Witcher says Compost will average with ammoniated manures
any year and if the season is dry will surpass them
Experiment of Prof Jas T Newton Cutiibert Randolph County
Soil very sandy no clay subsoil for several feet Has been in cultiva
tion fifteen years Original growth pine and scrub oak This land
through this section is very productive when first cleared The above soil
produced nearly a bale of cotton per acre for the first three years
Previous treatmentI never cultivated this land before this year Very
little if any fertilizer was ever applied to it before this year
PreparationThe land was bedded early and at planting time rebedded
on the fertilizers applied in the water furrow In this sandy soil we use
only shovels and sweeps have tried long plows and find them of no per
ceptible benefit Width of rows in the plat three feet
Fertilizers were applied at rates per acre ranging from 100 to 1000 lbs
per acre Compost was made of 300 pounds each of cotton seed and sta
ble manure and 100 pounds of acid phosphate
Plarfled April 20th in small scooter furrows and covered with a board
CultivationSited and chopped out May 25th plowed out and hoed
334
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
824
June I8ch and plowed with sweep July 1st
SeasonsTemperature too low and too much rain for cotton on
land
Results
sandy
NAME OF FERTILIZER
aOrlole Piney Woods Fertilizer
aOriole Piney Woods Fertilizer
oChapells Blue Bone
aChapelPs Blue Bone
aOriole Dissolve Bone
aOriole Piney Woods Fertilizer
aOriole Piney Woods Fertilizer
aOriole Piney Woods Fertilizer broadcast
aOriole Dissolved Bone broadcast
aOriole Piney W oods Fertilizer in rows
aOriole Piney Woods Fertilizer in row
aOriole Piney Woods Fertilizer ii row
aChapells Blue Bone in row
aChapells Blue Boie broadcast
Without fertilizer
aChapells Blue Bone Fertilizer in row
aGeorgin State Grange Dissolved Bone
101 lbs acid and 200 lbs State Grange Fertilizer
Compost cotton seed 300 lbs stable manure 300 lbs
acid 100 pounds
Lbsof
Fertilir
zer
applied
per acre
100
200
200
300
200
300
400
400
400
600
600
700
700
1000
1000
200
300
700
1st
Picking
lbs oz
280
315
315
350
192 8
402 8
315
385
227 8
385
4i5
455
472
472 8
105
630
350
280
350
2d
Picking
lbs oz
332 8
280
350
280
350
280
332 8
280
210
210
210
280
192 8
245
350
332 8
280
350
367 8
3d
Picking
lbs oz
70 8
70
35
70
35 1
35
35
17 8
70
35
17
17 8
17 8
17 8
70
17 8
70
35
70
Yield in
Seed
Cotton
per acre
lbs
683
663
7SO
700
5774
T17Ji
6S2K
682
5C7K
630
682
752
682
734
525
980
700
665
784
Prof Newton says On red lands I am not certain which would be
best commercial fertilizers or compost but so far as our sandy land is
concerned I am sure the compost of cotton seed acid and stable manure
is best by far I had this fully tested this year with my croppers some
using commercial fertilizers and some using compost The compost was
much the best and the difference between them was greater than you
would imagine I have tried them both on red lands but the difference
was not near so great if indeed there was any at all taking into account
their cost the extra amount of trouble with the compost etc
Experiment of Mr J B Murray Garden Valley Macon County Ga
Soil light sandy loam has baen in cultivation thirty years Original
growth pine and oak
Previous treatmentThe land was planted in corn in 1879 with ten
bushels cotton seed per acre It was sown in oats in 1880 without any
fertilizer In 1881 the land was not planted325
SOIL TESTS OF FERTILIZERS1SS2
3S

PreparationThe land was bedded out in February and reversed 15th
of April with turn plow Plat arranged as directed by the Department
Length of rows seventy yards width three feet
Fertilizers were applied at the rate of 200 pounds per acre in the fur
rows before reversing the beds April loth The compost was made by
formula No 1 of the Department Stable manure and cotton seed each
650 pound and superphosphate 700 pounds making a ton
Planted May 1st with Dow Law cotton planter
Cultivation May 15th barred off with turn plow and hoed to a stand
20th plowed second time 25th May with a small sweep hoed second
time June 10th plowed third time June 20th with large sweep and laid
by with hoe July 1st and one furrow with sweep July 10th
Seasons fine to 10th of September when the storm injured the plat about
fifty per cent
Results on Cotton
NAME OF FERTILIZER Lbs of Fertilizer appied per acre Yield lu Seed Cotton per acre
fflWando Acid Phosphate 200 lbs 500 350 500 345 525 350
Without fertilizer
aStono Acid Phosphate 200

oQeorgia Chemical Works Acid Phosphate 200
Without fertiliz r

Results on Com
NAME OF FERTILIZER
Wando Acid Phosphate compost
aStono Acid Phosphate
aGeorgia Chemical Works Acid Phosphate
Wilcox Gibbs Cos Phosphate with cotton seed 55 bushels
Lbs of
Fertili
zer
applied
per acre
200
200
200
450
Bushels
f Corn
per acre
21
31
21
Date of
Planting
March 18
March 18
March 18
April 1
Dateof
Matu
rity
Sept 1
Sept 1
Sept 1
Sept30
Mr Murray says I made one experiment with one acre of corn which
I give on tabular page I kept no weight of fodder This experiment
was made with W G Cos phosphates I subsoiled the land and
planted with double rows From centre to centre of middle furrow was
seven feet Bedded out and applied fiftyfive bushels green cotton seed
with 480 pounds phosphate and 200 pounds stable manure and gathered
from the one acre 66 bushels corn with 1200 pounds good fodder The
same acre made the year before fifteen bushels corn manured with twenty
bushels cotton seed I am fully satisfied the compost is better and
cheaper than most of the commercial fertilizersmore economy in their
use and better results in crops and improvement of land36
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEOEGIA
326
Experiment of Mr G J Thompson Scarboro Screven County
Soil black sandy loam been in cultivation four years Original
growth pine and oak
PreparationThe land was bedded with a turn plow The rows were
four feet wide and thirtyfive yards long
Fertilizers were applied at the rate of 200 pounds per acre in a deep fur
row and bedded on
Planted April 15th with a Dow Law planter
Cultivation done in the usual way with plows and hoes using shovels
scrapes and sweeps
SeasonsToo cool and wet in Spring Jane favorable two weeks
drouth commenced July 10th this was followed by excessive rains which
caused the cotton to scald and shed
Results
NAME OF FERTILIZER
Chappells Champion
Oriole Piney Woods Fertilizer
Oriole Acid Phosphate
Without fertilizer
Lbs of
Fertili
zer
applied
per acre
SCO
200
200
Yield in
Seed
Cotton
per acre
lbs
1050
1010
940
630
For convenience I reserved my test rows until the last picking October 15th
Mr Thompson says Farmers thought last year that compost manures
were cheaper but since the ingredients for composting are so higb it is
now doubted whether they are cheaper than complete fertilizers If
chemicals were cheaper there would be no question The only financial
advantage is in case of drouth or other unfavorable occurrences there is
not so much invested This is quite an item however and causes many
to use compost With everything to favor results the complete fertilizers
usually pay better
Experiment of Mr W P Perry Keyton Calhoun County
Soil gray sandy with clay subsoil eighteen inches below the surface
has been in cultivation ten years Original growth pine with undergrowth
of young red oak dogwood and blackjack
Previous treatmentThe land was cultivated in cotton in 18S0 and 1881
PreparationThe land was well broken in January with turn plow
In April furrows were opened with eightinch shovel three and onehalf
feet wide and seventy yards long fertilizers applied and the land bedded
with turn plows
Fertilizers were applied at the rate of 100 and 200 pounds per acre
Planted April 10th in small scooter furrow and covered with board
CultivationMay 5th barred off with turn plows chopped May 10th
then scraped every fifteen days till July 15th and then laid by with 24inch
sweep827
SOIL TESTS OF FERTILIZERS1S82
37
Seasons fine and temperature favorable until July 20th after which
there was too much rain causing cotton t shed
Result
NAME OF FERTILIZER
aR D Coes Original
Cumberland Superphosphate
Russell Coes Superphosphate
Without fertilizer
Lbs of
Fertili
zer
applied
per acre
200
200
100
1st
picking
Sept10
lbs oz
250
230
200
50
2d
picking
Oct 1
lbs oz
300
250
275
150
3d
picking
Nov 5
4 th
pickin
Nov 2o
lbs oz
350
325
300
200
lbs oz
100
150
175
50
Yield in
Seed
Cotton
per acre
lbs
1000
955
950
450
Mr Perry says I have been using compost for the last four years and
find it much better than using guano straight as it will not burn the plant
in hot dry weather and if I could have the labor I never would use any
other kind of manure save that of compest and would recommend all
farmers to use compost throughout the State

Experiment of Mr T N Delaney Woodstock Cherokee County
SoilPlat selected on account of Us homogeneous character it being
an old field turned out during the late war and brought into cultivation
four years ago Since that time it has been plank d in corn and oats
alternately without manure Gray gravely soil with sand and clay about
equal Original growth chestnut white oak and hickory
PreparationBroke deep with scooter Opened the rows with straight
shovel Applied fertilizer and bedded with small onehorse turner Where
900 pounds of compost was used 400 was put in the opening furrow the
remainder in the two first furrows cast in covering The rows were run
on a water level three and onehalf feet apart and thirtyfive yards long
Fertilizers applk d as stated in table of results Compost made according
to the formula of the Department
Planted April 21st in furrow made by small scooter and follower bkek
Seed sown by hand and covered with forked plov After the seed had
sprouted and were ready to come up an irontooth harrow was run over
the row After the cotton was well up the harrow was again used and
cotton thinned to a stand following immediately with a onehorse cultiva
tor consisting of three small plows which thoroughly stirred the surface
only The same cultivation was repeated every twelve or fifteen days
never allowing the surface to crust or bake until the first of July
Seasons cool in spring causing cotton to be a month later than the year
before The remaining portion of the growing season favorable except
too much rain in July causing overgrowth of weed at the expense of fruit38
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
328
Results
NAME OF FERTILIZER Lbs of Fertilizer applied per acre 1st picking Sept30 2d picking Nov 10 3d picking Dec 2 Yield in Seed Cotton per acre
200 200 200 850 900 lbs oz 3 12 8 14 3 12 4 2 4 8 1 6 lbs oz 6 6 6 10 15 4 6 lbs oz 12 4 6 10 6 4 14 lbs 630
607
652
Sternes Ammon ated Dissolved Bone compost 705 1560 492
Mr Delaney says I will only reiterate what I have said in former
reports that the secret of success in agriculture is manuring on economic
principles and that by proper care and management of a compost heap
the farmer will lessen his expense account for manure sixty or seventy
per cent compared with that for commercial fertilizers By referring to
my tabular statement you will notice that there is little danger in using
too much manure properly composted and properly applied
Experiment of Mr G H Perdue Barnesville Upson County
SoilDeep red with stiff subsoil situated on a high plateau Origin
ally finely timbered with oak and hickory It has been cleared 40 years
and regularly cultivated or seeded every year since
Previous treatmentThe plat was cultivated in corn in 1880 well ma
nured with compost and in wheat in 1881 with 20 or 30 bushels green
cotton seed per acre
PreparationThe land was broken with onehorse turn plows in Janu
ary Commenced bedding on guano April 3d running twice in each fur
row in opening and also two furrows to each furrow made in bedding
Rows 70 yards long and 4 feet wide
Commenced April 3d bedding on guano first applying 200 pounds per
acie second 100 pouLds per acre etc as shown in tabulated statement
Planted May first and replanted June 1st Plaatt d in small scooter
furrow dropping 2 or 3 seed every 15 inches covering with the foot
CultivationAs soon as a stand of cotton was up sided with sweep
and followed with hoes then plowed every twenty days increasing the
size of the plows as the plant increased in size The 3d and 4th plow
ings given with shovel and scrapethe scrape on the heelpin behind the
stock
Seasons favorable after the plants were uptoo cool for the seed to ger
minate promptly Rains generally moderate and sufficiently frequent ex
cept an interval in July commencing June 20th and continuing till July
25th The growth was regular and whilst the drouth checked the growth
it increastd the fruitage and was not sufficiently severe to cause shedding
On the whole the seasons were favorable until the September storm
At the time of the storm the cotton was the most perfect I ever saw The
stalks seeaeJ to hive retihiel every fo rm829
SOIL TESTS OF FERTILIZERS1S82
39
The picking has not yet been completed Some 300 pounds more yet
to open The first blossom was seen July 11th
Results
NAME OF FERTILIZER
Dissolved Bone Phosphate
Dissolved Bone Phosphate
Without fertilizer
Buffalo Bone
Gossypium Phospho
aAmmoniated Star Bone Phosphate
Gossypium Phospho
Without fertilizer
Broadcast
Lbs of
FerMzer
applied
per
acre
1st
picking
Sept
Ti
200
ioo
100
100
200
2C0
2d
picking
October
4
lbs oz
a 12
3 12
3 0
picking
October
4th
picking
libs oz
5 8
8 0
7 0
8 8
8 0
4 8
6 0
lbs oz
0
Novber
3d
6th
picking
Novber
18
lbs oz
12
12
12
u
lbs oz
2 12
2 8
2
0
0
0
0
0
4
Yield in
Seed
Cotton
per
Acre
1711
1607
803
1017
1770
2011
1912
1017
1076
N BThe stand on some rows better than others I am satisfied the yield was lessened 50
pounds seed cotton by storm
On another plat prepared and cultivated as the first but a lighter soil
than the first Mr Perdue planted April 26th Kows 108 yards long and
three and onehalf to four feet wide
Fesults
NAME OF FERTILIZER
Wiihout fertilizer
aChapells Champion Guano
tzOriole Acid Phosphate
Lbs o
Fertili
zers
applied
per acre
1st
Picking
Sept 6
lbs oz
11 bolls
1 14
5d
Picking
Sept23
lbs oz
2
8 12
7 8
Yield in
Seed
Cotton
per acre
lbs
787
1232
1021
About one hundred pounds per acre yet to open
Mr Perdue says The universal verdict in our section is that com
post pays
Mr Perdue made other interesting experiments the records of which
are not sufficiently full for publication
Experiment of Mr Wii Sammons Wards Station Randolph County
Soil sandy with clay subsoil
Previous treatmentThe plat was in an old field recleared and planted
for the first time this year
PreparationThe land was broken with shovels and bedded April 6th
The beds were opened April 19th and applied two and onequarter pounds
fertilizers and four pounds cotton seed per row to rows seventy yards long
CultivationMay 6th barred off the cotton May 11th sided with40
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
33d
sweep and chopped May 21st plowed and hoed plowed again with
sweeps June 11th and July 5th
Seasons good
Sesiilts
NAME OF FERTILIZER
Chesapeake G nano
Whanns Raw Bone Superphosphate
Arnnioniated Alkaline Phosphate
Oriole Oaky Woods Fertilizer
aLister Bros1 Standard Bone Fertilizers
aSnnny South Guano
Merrymans Ammoniated Dissolved Bone
Without fertilizer
Lbsof
Ferizer
applied
per
acre
157
I57X
167K
157J4
157
157K
157K
1st
picking
Seit
21
lbs oz
11
11
11 8
12 8
11
10
11
2d
picking
Sept
25
lbs oz
5
5 8
6
5
5
5
3d
picking
Nov
lbs oz
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
2
4th
picking
lbs oz
2
2
2
2
2
1 8
2
2
Yield in
Seed
Cotton
per
acre
lbs
1510
1575
1615
1645
1540
1435
1610
420
The laud fertilized had nine bushels cotton seed per acre in addition to fertilizers
Experiment of Mr Thos J Knox Alpixe Chattooga County
Previous treatmentThe plat has been cultivated in cotton for eleven
years and well manured and well cultivated each year
PreparationThe land was turned in March with a twohorse plow to
which was attached a heavy chain by the aid of which the old cotton
stalks were completely covered The rows were laid off three and one
half feet wide with a long scooter followed in the same furrow with a
shovel which opened a deep furrow
Fertilizers were all composted as follows Two hundred pounds com
mercial fertilizer to thirty bushels cotton seed and thirty bushels stable
manure prepared according to the directions for composting published by
the Department
Planted April 12th with Dow Law cotton planter which opened the fur
row and scattered the seed which were covered with a wooden toothed
harrow leaving the beds very smooth
CultivationMay 6tb ran over the rows with a V harrow without the
front tooth May 10th chopped with No 1 Scovil hoe afterwards plowed
four times once with double shovel and three times with sweeps The
cotton was plowed once in two weeks and hoed once every three weeks
SeasonsAfter May there was too much rain for cotton
Results
NAME OF FERTILIZER
aOrient Complete Manure compost
aimmoniate dBone Superphosphate compost
aOriole Oaky Woods Fertilizer compost
Lbs of
Fertili
zers
applied
per acre
200
S00
200
1st
Picking
lbs oz
75
400
350
2d
Picking
lbs oz
350
450
450
3d
Picking
lb
50
350
300
4th
Picking
Yield in
teed
Cotton
per acre
lbs oz lbs
200 1123
150
lf5
1350
1275
331
SOIL TESTS OF FERTILIZERS1S82
41
Experiment of Mr W Y Elder Watkinsville Oconee County
Soil dark gray with fine clay eubsoil has been in cultivation seventy
five or eighty years Original growth oak and hickory
Previous treatmentla 1S79 the plat was cultivated in cotton with
100 pounds fertilizer per acre in com in 1880 and yielded seven bushels
per acre Was not cultivated in 1881
PreparationThe land was turned last of February six inches deep
with onehorse Watt plow
Fertilizers were applied April 18 th at the rates per acre shown in tabu
lar statement and the land bedded same day Rows seventy yards long
and four feet wide
Planted April 26th by hand and covered with harrow
CultivationBefore the cotton came up a harrow was run over to break
the crust First plowing was done with turn plow bar to the cotton hoed
and brought to a stand May 22d one stalk to the hill Plowed out with
scooter and scrape May 31st Subsequent cultivation done as needed with
scooter and scrape
Seasons good except the unusually low temperature until middle or
June
Results
NAME OF FERTILIZIR
aGeorgia State Grange Dissolved Bone
Without fertilizer
aOriole Acid Phosphate compost
aGrange Dissolved Bone
aOriole Acid Phosphate compost
Lbs of
Fertili
zers
applied
per acre
200
1st
Picking
lbs oz
5
200
400
2d
Picking
lbs oz
6
Sd
Picking
lbs oz
4
B
5
3
5
4th
Picking
lbs oz
2
1
3
1
2
Yield in
Seed
Cotton
per acre
lbs
6S0
360
840
SCO
640
Experiment of Mr W W Wilson Buford Gwinnett County
Soil ordinary thin land that has been cleared forty years Original
growth oak and hickory
Previous treatmentThe plat lay uncultivated for fifteen years and
seemed to be too poor to grow pines
PreparationThe land was plowed in winter with common scooters
In early spring it was turned vith steel plow three or four inches deep
and again with common twisters laid off rows three feet run twice with
turning shovel and bedded with bulltongue plows Rows seventy yards
Fertilizers weie applied at the rate of 200 pounds per acre in the drill
28th April Used no compost
Planted cotton 25th April but owing to a heavy rain that fell that
night failed to get a stand Replanted and still failed and about 1st of
June planted cow peas
CultivationWorked peas once with Averys Walking Cultivator did
not hoe42
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
332
Seasons favorable till September 8lh when the storm nearly ruined
the crop blowing large numbers of young peas off of the vines and strip
ping them entirely of leaves The wonder seems to be that I made any
peas at all
Results
NAME OP FERTILIZER
aU D Coes Acid Phosphate
Russell Cues Ammoniated Bone Superphosphate
aGeorgia State Grange Fertilizer
Lbs of
Fertili
zer
applied
per acre
200
200
200
Bushels
of Cow
Peas
per acre
Dae of
Plant
33 June 1
26 June 1
30 jjune 1
Date of
Matu
rity
Sept 23
Sept23
Sept2S
Experiment of Mrs J W Bryan Dillon Walker County
Soil sandy loam six years in cultivation Original growth oak chest
nut and hickory
Previous treatmentAs soon as cleared the land was planted in fruit
trees and cultivated first year in Irish potatoes between the rows of trees
Since then the land has not been planted except one year in peas which
were sown broadcast and left to decay on the ground The fruit trees
have been regularly plowed every year
PreparationThe land was plowed crossplowed and harrowed The
peas were sown broadcast between the rows of trees Plats six feet wide
and thirty five yards long
Fertilizers were applied at the rate of 200 pounds per acre No compost
used
Planted June 23d
izers together
SeasonsKainfall plentiful in July and very favorable September
very dry and unfavorable
Results
Harrowed in peas one bushel per acre and fertil
name of fertilizer
flOriole Dissolved Bone
aAmmoniated Bone Superphosphate
Star Brand
aDeLeons Complete Fertilizer
Without fertilizer
Lbs of
Fertili
zer
applied
per acre
200
200
200
200
Lbs of
Pea vine
Hay
per acre
3150
4305
5250
3832
Date of
Plant
ing
June 30
June 3ii
June 30
June 30
Date of
Matu
rity
I
2100 JuneS0
Oct 11
Oct 11
Oct 11
Oct 11
Oct 11
Mrs riryan says Neither corn nor any of the small grains succeed so
well here on Lookout Mountain as fruit I find therefore that it is best to
turn proceeds of the apple and peach tree into corn etc bought in the
valleys From the early apples off a half acre of rocky thin soil I bought
one hundred bushels threshed oats333
SOIL TESTS OF FERTILIZERS1882
43
Experiment of Mr A W Rhodes Hephzibah Richmond County
Soil new ground never in cultivation before Original growth oak and
Tiickory
PreparationThe ground was broken deep and close in February with
diamond pointed scooter April 7tb laid off with same scooter fourfoot
rows thirtyfive yards long
Planted April 19th when furrows were opened with bulltongue seed
carefully rolled in oak ashes and dropped by hand and then covered with
board
CultivationMay 6th chopped to a staid 9th sided with shovel
throwing dirt to the cotton 16th hotd out clean 27th plowed out with
large sweep June 7th hoed 20th plowed with sweep July 1st hoed
11th laid by with sweep
SeasonsMay 26th 27th 29th and 31st good rains but unfavorable
owing to excessive fall of rain June 1st 4th 9th 13th 17th 23d and
24th light favorable showers 25th very hard injuricus rain 29th light
shower Then good seasons until July 22d when an injuriously heavy
rain fell July 30th hard rain accompanied with wind which ifjured the
crop considerably September 9th and 10th storm which did much
damage
Results
NAME OF FERTILIZER Lbs of Fertilizer applied per acre 1st Picking Sept 16 2d Picking Sept30 3d Picking Oct 21 Yield in Seed Cotton per acre
200 lbs oz 5 8 3 2 4 11 3 1 lb oz 3 2 2 9 1 13 2 7 lbs oz 1 12 14 10 lbs oz 505
341
Georgia Chemical Works Acid Phosphate 200 388 321

Experiment of Mr R E Brobston Madison Morgan County
Soil black loam branch bottom has been in cultivation many years
lay out some years was recleared in 1876 of second growth of poplar
willow and maple has been in cultivation the past six years
Previous treatmentThe plat was cultivated five years in corn and peas
in the usual way
PreparationThe land was broken February loth with onehorse turn
plow March 18th harrowed with twohorse harrow March 21st laid off
with small shovel in rows four feet wide and seventy yards long Plat
arranged as directed
Ftrtilizers applied at the rate of 200 pounds per acre
Planted Maich 21st in deep shovel furrows in the hills three feet apart
and covered with a double foot plow with the small scooters on the stock
CultivationApril 4th harrowed over to break crust formed by a very
heavy rain at the same time killing a heavy coat of grass 20th sidedii
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
334
with small scooter run close to the corn and very deep May 10th sided
with eninch shovel breaking out middles with doublefooted stock having
right and left turning plows on going once to the row Peas were dropped in
alternate spaces between the hills and covered by the shovel used in
siding Hoed once April 20th June 8th laid by with one double shovel
farrow to the row
SeasonsMarch 27th and 28th a heavy rain fell This was followed
by a drouth of three weeks causing the surface to bake very hard After
wards too much rain for bottom laud
Results
NAME OP FERTILIZER Libs of Fertilizer applied per acre Bushels Lbs of of Corn Fodder per acre per acre Date of Planting Date of Maturity
aAlta Ammoniated Guano 200 200 172 162 11 561 560 510 March 21 March 21 March 21
raCumberland Superphosphate Without fertilizer August 8 August 15
Experiment of Mr E T Shepherd Columbus Muscogee County
Soil gray sandy loam river flat has been continuously in cultivation
more than fifty years
Previous treatmentThe plat was planted in watermelons in 1881 was
turned over in October 1881 with threehorse Hughes sulky plow turn
ing under a good coat of grass and weeds In March bedded with a Watt
plow
April 10th rebedded and knocked off with heavy board two rows at a
time and planted with a planter 17th
Seasons too wet causingvery rapid growth of stalk without correspond
ing fruitage April 17th planted with Parkmans selected seed ISth
good rain at night 22d heavy rain 25th seed coming up May 4th
plowed around with Watt plow and hoed 11th good rain 18th plowed
around with sweep June 2d hoed out swept and hoed every two weeks
until 15fh of August
Results
NAME OF FERTILIZER Lbs of Fertilizers applied per acre Yield in Seed Cotton per acre
aGeorgia State Grange Fertilizer 200 200 16T 50 bus lbs 1126
aHomestcd Superphosphate 860
aOur Own Superphosphate 890
Without fertilizer Fifty bushels Compost equal quantities of feed and manure 706 618

335
SOIL TESTS OF FERTILIZERS1882
45
So it appears that the seed and manure compost 50 bushels per acre
was a disadvantage to the crop as it made eightyeight pounds less than
that not manured Georgia State Fertilizer made 420 pounds over no
manure and 508 pounds more than that manured with same quan
tity of compost per acre with no guano Homestead Superphosphate
made 154 pounds more than no manure and 242 pounds more than
compost with no guano Our Own made 184 pounds more than no ma
nure and 272 more than compost with no guano The land prepa
ration and cultivation were the same in all respects and I cannot account
for the results
Experiment of Mr A S Franklin Starrsville Newton County
Soil light sandy with red clay subsoil Cleared fortyfive years ago
Original growth chestnut pine and oak It was exhausted by continu
ous cropping and turned out and grew up in old field pines These were
cleared off two years ago The land was originally very poor and never
fertilized until the last two years still very poor
Previous treatmentIt was badly cultivated in cotton in 1880 and 1881
manured with 100 pounds commercial fertilizer per acre
PreparationAbout 1st March the land was broken with small turner
and about 1st of April rows were opened for fertilizers seventy yards long
and three feet wide
Fertilizers were applied at the rate of 210 pounds per acre
Planted April 12th in small scooter furrow and covered with board
CultivationHarrowed 1st of May reduced to a stand 10th 20th
sided with long scooter and scrape June 15th sided with shovel and
18 inch scrape and hoed July 5th plowed with shovel and scrape
SeasonsCool nights in May caused young plants to die and injured
the stand Rains abundant throughout the growing season
Results
NAME OF FERTILIZER
aLister Bros Pure Ground Bono
aSunny South Guano
Merrymans Ammoniated Dissolved Bone
Without Fertilizer
Patapsco Guano
Lbs of
Fertili
zers
applied
per acre
1st
Picking
Sept20
210
210
210
lbs oz
16
IS
2d
Picking
Oct 20
lbs oz
17
19
18
11
19
3d
Picking
Nov 15
Yield in
Seed
Cotton
per acre
lbs oz
2
lbs
611
700
700
681
Mr Franklin says lam satisfied that compost is a cheaper fertilizer
than guano and expect to use it largely in 188346
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
336J
COMPARATIVE YIELD OF VARIETIES OF COTTON 1882
Experiment of Mr B C Smith Cold Water Elbert County
Four rows of same length adjacent planted May 30th stand perfect
June 6th Cultivation consisted of clearing out crabgrass twice Very
few bolls open at time of autumnal equinox
Results
VARIETY OP COTTON
No 1Jones Improved
No 2 lowers Improved
No 3Herlong
N o 4Common
1st
Picking
Nov 11
lbs
Final
Picking
lbs
6
1M
Total
Yield
lbs
6
Yield
per
Acre
lbs
1640
1120
1120
Remarks No 1 had only the advantage of cultivated space on the out
side while No 4 had the disadvantage of boing the outside row adjacent
to uncultivated stubble land and being an earlier variety was mainly
gathered in the first picking all perfectly dry while the final gathering
was all in a wet stage The seed for No 4 were taken from a cowfeed
pile Nos 1 2 and 3 from the Agricultural Ddpxrtment
Experiments of Mr J L Thornton Cold Water Elbert County
UPLAND RICE
Soil originally gray on pipeclay foundation Now mixed with washings
from red clay hill side
Manured in drill as for cotton with stable manure The land is pro
ductive for all field crops
Rows three feet apart east and west from head of a drain ditch to an
elevation of four feet on hillside
Planted April 13th and cultivated as cotton
Heading commenced August 26th
Harvested November 2d
Stand bad on ends of rows nearest ditch where the land was originally
in swamp but yielded very good appr ximating forty bushels per acre
Stand good on hillside ends of rows with few heads and no grain Mould
on blades damaged the crop prob ibly onefifth
Seed obtained through the Department in 1381 Crop from same lot337
SOIL TESTS OF FERTILIZERS
47
of seed sown that year on upland failed to head Crop from same lot of
seed this year on high land headed partially but yielded very few grains
Husks adhere very closely to grain which is smaller than ordinary
rice and bears a redish color
Conclusion Under my observation upland rice is about as unreas
onable a name as upland swamp
COTTON
McKibbins Hybrid and Hunts Prolific Soil manure and cultivation
same No difference observed both are good varieties
TOMATO
Paragon planted April 22d commenced ripening July 17th Fruit
abundant large smooth fleshy choice in flavor and superior in all re
spects
BEANS
Mountain Cluster planted April 10th ready for use July 4th very
prolific and medium in quality
CABBAGE
BuncombeSeed sown March 11th transplanted April 10th nice
firm heads of fair size July 8th commenced rotting August 1st A few
which failed to head in summer took on a second growth and headed late
in the fall
GEASS
Munroe Planted as directed Failed to germinate
CORN
Ellisons Prolific Planted April 12th in moist land and replanted
to third time all being destroyed by bud worms
WATERMELONS
Eattlesnake Scraped off gray soil to red clay at spaces of ten feet
each way then applied onequarter bushel of well prepared stable manure
and dug up the clay with a mattock mixing it with the manure re
placed the soil to complete the hill and planted April 17th Com
menced to ripen July 16th An excellent variety
TUENIPS
Purpletop Eutabaga Sown August 1st after Irish potatoes broad
cast Georgia Turnip and Seven Top sown in drills on same plat
at same time Nothing unusual observable in the results The turnip
crop was injured generally by the drouth following the great stjrm in
September48
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
338
OTHER REPORTS
i fI rederick Marshallville Ga received for experiment Ash
tey Acid Phosphate with K 0 Eagle Ammoniated Bjne Phosphate and
Eutaw Fertilizer light and complied with all the requirements until
the September storm scattered the cotton to such an extent as to render
an accurate report impracticable
Mr J T Black Resaca Ga received Sunny South Guano Russell
Coe s Ammoniated Bone Superphosphate and Lister Bros Standard Bone
fertilizer for experiment and applied them as directed but failed to secure
a stand of cotton and hence could not report
vTT W0e8tl A0idPho8Phate and Gem Guano were assigned to
Dr P Stotesbury Stockton Ga but he failed to secure labor and hence
could not conduct the experiment
rfloenTState f Add Ph0SPhate Homestead Superphosphate and
Gate City Superphosphate were assigned to Mr A E Tarver Bartow Ga
who applied them as directed but simply reports that From observation
there could be no difference seen vaon
Fertilizers for soil test were sent by the Department to the following
gentlemen from whom no report has been received g
a TaIT Jv BfewerAntiochGa samples of Georgia State Grange
Acid Phosphate Gate City Superphosphate and Stonewall BonePhos
phate were sent us
To Prof Wm M Browne Athens Ga Patapsco Ammoniated Soluble
Piiosphate ando Acid Phosphate Our Own Superphosphate Home
stead Superphosphate and agricultural chemicals for composting
To Mr Sam A Crook Milledgeville Oriole Oakey Woods Fertilizer
Ammoniated Star Bone Phosphate and Georgia State Grange Dissolved
To Dr Samuel Hape Hapeville Ga Wilcox Gibbs Cos Maninula
BleXPnWhaterandEaWB0Ile Baughtw
ChSSS 3fl SaVaDnab Wd8 FertiU
nlvlM T JroPerry CutQbert Ga H F Grant Cos Ammoniated Dis
Guano Ga Wilcox Gibbs Co Manipulated
To Dr Jas P Phillips Clarkesville Ca Oriole Dissolved Bone and
Ammoniated Star Bone Phosphate
a uJaptain F Wimberly Bullards Ga Stonewall Bone Phosnhate
Ash Element and Crown Acid Phosphate Phosphate
NiStedGuU Wd Madi8D Ga PmCma Add PhosPha and BalesQA
S
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