PUBLICATIONS OP THE GEORGIA STATE mfcf FOR THE YEAR 1882 Volume VIII J T HENDERSON Commissionef Atlanta Georgia1883 IAS P HARBISON CO Printers Atlas IA UEORCJIAUBRApy A BAR 6 45Circular No 25 New Series j SEASON OF 188182 ANALYSES AND COMMERCIAL VALUES Commercial Fertilizers CHEMICALS INSPECTED ANALYZED AND ADMITTED TO SALE IN GEORGIA TO THE 15TH OF FEBRUARY 1882 JNDER THB SUPERVISION OF THE COMMISSIONER OF AGRICULTURE OF THE STATE OF GEORGIA ATLANTA GEORGIA 1882 JB P HARRISON CO PUKISHERt A PRINTER ATLAMTA QASUGGESTIONS TO FARMERS s are advised not to buy any fertilizer or chemical for compounding or the same unless it has both the manufacturers guaranteed analysis and the Inspectors tag upon or attached to it and all farmers are requested to inform the Commissioner of Agriculture of any case where a fertilizer is sold or offered for saje without having both the guaranteed analysis and the Inspectors tag attached Any farmer who desires to do so can save a fair sample or any inspected brand of fertilizer which he purchases and have it analyzed at the Department Laboratory if the following conditions are complied with 1 The sample should be taken before any of the fertilizers is distributeda small quantity from each package of the same brand or if a large quantity is purchased from a sufficient number of packages to fairly represent the whole lot 2 Then very thoroughly mix but not grind or triturate these small quanti ties taken from different packages and from the mixture fill a common quinine bottle closely cork and seal it with wax 3 Attach a label to the bottle showing the correct name of the brand the name of the manufacturer the guaranteed analysis as taken from the packages and the name of the dealer from whom the fertilizer was purchased Also at tach to the bottle one of the Inspectors tags found applied to the fertilizer 4 Let the above be done in the presence of witness and the sample be placed in the hands of disinterested party for safe keeping until wanted Then after the crop is rttade if the farmer has reason to believe the fertilizer was not such as it was represented to be let the sample be sent to this Depart ment either by the hand of some reliable disinterested party or by express prepaid and it will be analyzed without charge The above precautions are considered necessary for the protection of the dealer on the one hand and to give to the whole transaction that character of fairness without which the analysis when made would be of little value to the farmer The Commissioner is not required by law to have samples analyzed for farm ers and he trusts that he will not be expected to depart from the above rules in any case where compliance with them on the part of the person seeking an analysis had been practicable RELATIVE COMMERCIAL VALUE3 Particular attention is called to the fact that in the calculations of Relative Commercial Values for the present season the Commissioner has given a higher valuation to ammonia and a lower valuation to potash than heretofore not be cause of any change in the estimate of their respective agriculuralvalues but by reason of the greater cost to the manufacturer of ammoniating material on the one hand and the diminished cost of potash on the other The valuation given to phosphoric acid is unchanged Ammonia was rated last season at 18 cents per pound and potash at 8 cents per pound The present valuations areammonia 26 cents and potash 6 cents This change will account for the higher relative commercial value of many i the brands containing ammoniaDEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Atlanta Ga February 20 1881 EXPLANATIONS OF THE TABLES OF ANALYSES The table on the following pages show the analyses of Commercial Fertil n izers for the season of 188182 whieh have been inspected analyzed and I admitted to sale in Georgia up to February 15th In arranging the Table the chemical determinations to which no value is attached are first given viz Moisture and Insoluble Phosphoric Acid Next are given the valuable determinations viz Soluble and Reverted Phosphoric Acid Ammonia and Potash vJ The Soluble and Rjverted Phosphoric Acid are entered in separate cel umns but being of equal value the same money value is given to them hence the sum of these two is placed in one column making the Total Available Phosphoric Acid Note Insol uble Phosphoric Acid is not available as a plantfoodespecially if derived from phosphate rock but if derived from animal bone is valuable if immediate results are not desired The determinations in the analysis are given in Percentages After the chemical determinations are the Relative Commercial Valuesor approximate estimate of the real worth of the valuable ingredients found by analysis in a ton of ech fertilizer NotbThese Relative Commercial Values are a means nf comparing the rcl value of fertil izers one with another It is more convenient to compare the aggregate value of all valuable lngred ents in dollars and cents than otherwise they represent approximately the true value of the several fertilizers at Savannah Commercial values are followed by the names and places of dealers and man ufacturers These are given as reported to the Department by the Inspectors The following prices per pound of the valuable ingredients or elements of plantfood found in the fertilizers by analysis have been adopted as a practical approximation to their true value at Savannah viz Available Phosphoric Acid12i cents per pound Ammonia25 cents per pound Potash 6 cents per pound The commercial values are calculated as follows The Available Phosphoric Acid Ammonia and Potash being the valuable ingredients for which the farmer pays his moneythey only are considered in ascertaining the com mercial value The numbers in the respective columns of these ingredients in dicate ike number of pounds of each in one hundred pounds of the fertilizer To ascertain the value of the Available Phosphoric Acid in a fertlizer multi ply the number in that column by 12 the value in cents of one pound for the value of that element in 100 pounds which product multiplied by 20 twenty times one hundred makes 2000 pounds or one ton will give the value of the available Phosphoric Acid in one ton Multiply the number of pounds of Ammonia by 25 the value in cents of one pound This product multiplied by 20 will give the value of the Ammonia in a ton Multiply the Potash by 6 the value in cents of a pound and the product by 20 which will give the value of Potash in a ton Then add these values together and you will have the relative commercia value of a ton of the fertilizer J T HENDERSON Commissioner of Agriculture 117713TABLES of Analyses Relative Commercial Values etc of Commercial Fertilizers Chemicals etc inspected analyzed and admitted to sale in Georgia to February 15 1882 wv TABLE IAmmoniated Supekphosphates ot Lues NAME OF FERTILIZERS Phosphoric Acid M FOR WHOM INSPECTED BY WHOM AND WHERE MANU FACTURED g O Q 2 a O H o W o A J West Co Ammoniated Phosphate Alta AmmoniaUid Guano Albatross Guano A L Maxwells Choice Amed His Bone Ammoniated Bone SupeiphosS L K Co Ammoniated Dissolved Bone Fletcher Ammoniated Alkaline Phosphate Aurora Fertilizer Avalon Ammoniated Dissolved Bone Bahama Guano Bakers Standard Guano Baldwin A Co Ammoniated Dissolved Bone Bone and Peruvian Guano Bowker Cotton Fertilizer Brighton Guano Bralley Patent Superphosphate Brtidley Ammoniated Dissolved Bone Carolina Fertilizer Cairo Guano Colgate Manure Cotton Food Fertilizer Cotion ompouud Anid Diss Bone Chappell Champion Ammoniated Superphos Chesapeake Guano Crown Guano Cumberland Superphosphate of Lime C T M Ammoniated Bone DeLeons Complete cotton Fertilizer Dixie Guano U00 1 1150 11 1225 1450 180i IIIf III 9 110 auo 15 a I3V0 I3C0 110 1165 1225 1300 I13U 975 12 00 1310 13C0 12 30 1141 15501 13 5d 1125 U00 205 490 220 630 100 83 450 665 67 682 6 00 974 6 600 2 0 670 201 37r 125 09 075 21 lHS 16i 160 08 195 390 4S0 265 350 519 22l 835 050 204 000 672 810 5 89U 8 35 G05 680 865 840 775 673 0 8 50 745 6 00 lOf 683 710 1010 6701 6801 370 200 319 770 126 215 225 370 3 015 7S9 281 155 3 69 3 05 270 260 885 4 2 3211 4ill 190 110 6 9 34311026 1 15 8 25 175 1175 386 1056 880 1060 1035 965 10 1370 llno 861 825 1040 1060 82 13 19 1171 990 9 1045 1105 U00 1110 1075 1005 10 00 9 81 800 08 295 200 815 245 241 260 20 2118 299 225 263 306 315 267 2 98 260 265 30 295 200 3 40 230 240 275 316 241 285 205 205 186 42 21 A J West Co AtTUa Ga 0 85 35 14 Lorenlz Riltler Atlnta ha 195 43 76 Viid v Hartshorn Savannah Ga 2 to 49 12 tiemiciti Co or i snton Baltimore 103 40 94 Seal Lawon Kessler Co Bait 140 36 31 A A Fletcher Co Marietti Ga 180 3 78 Chesareake Guano Co Baltimore 187 12 54 Seal Lawson Kessler Co Bait 136 43 08 Moses Clcmmons Richmond Va 21s 31 45 Walton Whann Co Atlanta Ga 475 51 7i Chemical Co of Canton Baltimore 18 46 84 Baldwin s Co savannah Ga 205 42 96 T L Switt Co Atlanta Ga 155 30 56 Weld Hartshorn Savannah 135 42 64 R W L Haisin Co Baltimore 1 55 42 48Langston it Crane Atlanta Ga 1 35 42 25 W J Pollard Augusta Ga 2 40 45 88 Barrett Carsweli Augusta Ga 138 43 28 R W L Haisin Co Baltimore 1 95 37 3b Chemical Co of Canton Baltimore 19o 44 28 Maryland Fertilizer Co Baltimore 14C 36 56 Ptapsco Guano Co Baltimore Md 140 8s 68 P S 1 happen Son Baltimore 075 3 4 6n Chesape ake Guano 18 13 67 ibbott Bro Atlanta Ga 17 31 72Chas Ellis Savannah Ga 110 41 97 Seal Lawson Kesler Co Baltime 185 42 77 P M DeLeon Savannah Ga 136 42 98lR W L Raisin Co Baltimore RW L Raisir Co Baltimore Lorentx Rittler Baltimore Md Bowker Fertilizer Company New York Chemical Company ol Canton Baltimore Seal Lawson Kessler Co Baltimore Northwestern Fertilizer Co Chcago hesapeake Guano Co Baltimore Seal Lawson Kessler Co Baltimore Moses Ciemmons Richmond Va Walton Whann A Co Wilmington Del Chemical Co of Canton Baltimore Baldwin Co Newark N J Upshavv Guano Co Norfolk Va Bowker Fertilizer Company New York R W L Raisin Co Baltimore Bradley Fertilizer Co Boston Mass Bradley Fertilizer Co Boston Mass Bradley Fertilizer Co Boston Mass R W L Raisin Co Baltimore Chemical Co of Canton Baltimore Maryland Fertilizer Co Baltimore Patapseo Guano Co Baltimere P S Chappell Son Baltimore Chesapeake Guano Co Baltimore Md Bowker Fertilizer Company New York Cumberland Bone Co Portland Me Seal Lawson Kesler Co Baltimore P M DeLeon Savannah Ri W L Raisin Co BaltimoreDobbs Ammoniated Cotton Fertilizer Eagle Ammoniated Bone Superphosphate Empire Guano Euiaw Fertilizer light Euiaw Fertilizer blick Enrek i Amd Superphosphate of Lime 1qnitable Amd Soluble Phosphate of Lime EscellenziCotton Fertilizer Excelsior Gnano E Frank 0s Ammoniated Bone Super Phos Farmers Friend Fertilizer Gate City Guano Gem in mo Georgia State Grange Fertilizer Georgia Hone Cotton Phosphate Gimt Guano Georgia Ferti izir ioss v pinmPhospho Gnaidiun Gnaao Hope Guano Homestead Ammoniated Bone Black iloniestea 1 Guano Hynian Danccys Premium Rone Phosphate J S Wood A Bro Ammoniated Dis Bone Jno C Ragsdale Guano Jno N Swift Amniouiated Boue and Potash TnoR Scot Co s Fertilizer Keys one Gumo King Guano King Col ton Guano Kelso Gnano J It Guano Ammoniated Lion Gnano Lister Bios Standard Bone Fertilizer Longs Prepared Chemicals Lister Bros Crccmt Bone Fertilizer Lockwoods Cotton Guano MasCadOD Guano Mat his Chemicals ilarhisChemicals Vapes Nitrogenized Superphosphate Jterrynmns Ammoniated Dissolved Bone Nassau Gnano dient Comp ete Manure Our Own Guano P B Weavers O K Phosphate Paiansco Ammoniated Solub e Phosphate Pine Island Ammoniated Phosphate 1095 205 680 375 1055 295 tao 205 6 5 2 70 920 261 1113 200 680 390 1070 2 98 117 340 65 380 10 30 231 850 215 765 370 1135 3ou 100 l 100 875 4 25 1300 271 1525 2 40 751 34 1090 220 1235 085 856 334 i 9 2 4 13 00 06 845 255 llll 2 61 13 0 i 185 9H 18U 1090 2 00 14 81 2 co 185 972 1157 255 1110 075 5117 696 120 11Oi 210 6 67 365 103 297 150i 085 8S5 291 1176 309 1125 180 475 G9U 1161 127 llSu 200 675 3 95 1070 297 14 00 28 80 OSi 885 24 1035 105 420 G5 1035 35 11IB lo 640 367 10 05 248 112 2H5 674 891 1005 29 11 75 130 900 02 920 30 i1 1385 2115 625 210 835 20U 170 J 175 75 2 2 7 975 200 11 211 2 05 680 3 75 1055 29 H05 210 0 75 375 1050 297 1775 32 i 185 78 90 304 1675 125 415 640 10 55 215 1115 205 677 381 0 55 298 11 25 195 675 405 080 2 95 125 1110 0 50 11 70 1220 219 1375 435 42 l 518 982 215 1275 5n5 6 57 291 948 2 On 1110 203 672 3 00 1032 296 1536 Oso 886 285 117 306 1710 035 1000 400 14Gu 1 37 8in 261 115 idi 20 25 108 785 127 912 830 12 00 135 185 995 1180 305 1125 425 725 360 1085 243 990 130 686 734 1319 2 60 1675 185 7HI 16 7 805 201 1350 06 975 115 1120 267 1140 225 633 3 38 1021 315 17 25 300 690 266 95 290 13 4H 10 715 335 1050 20 Hlii 206 675 879 1051 2 98 1070 39 5M 431 1011 2 67 1850 3 00 180 740 920 300 140 120 14U 275 llO 59 1 3 19i 2i l8s 07H 20 80S C Dnobs Athens Ga 49Banit arswell Augusta Ga 78 It W L Kaisiu Co Biillimo c iS C Dobbs Athens IBradley Fertilizer Co Boston Mas9 R WL Haisin Co Baltimore Kobe son Taylor Co harlsn S C Robertson ay or Co t hurleston S C Rob rton Taylor Co harlsn SCRobertson Taylor Co hurleston S C Joseph Junes Atlanta Ga lAUantic Va Fer Co Orient L I late Mailer Wtltichon Baltimore 9u lony A Dugdale Baltimoie 6 Savai nali uano Co Savannah 25 D G Parse Snvitnnah Ga i9Kcad Co New York 18 Savannah Guano o savannah Ga 2 Seal Lawson Kessler A Co Baltimc 180 89 133 43 In oaldwin c t o Savann li 7a 77htonol hosphatc Co Ciiarlesion 76 H WL Raisin o Bait more 97C C Ilaidwick savannah la 79 fieo Wsscottv Co A llama ia 43 N L C Angier Atlania Ga 13JR W L Basin Co Baltimore lnngsion Crane Co At inla Ga 50iChesepeake Guano Co Baltimore 14 137 280 110 138 136 I7U 125 075 10 187 t 175 188 155 095 22 12 02 31 48IT S atner Buford da 42 10 fOI S Woodvfc Bro Savannah 74 li W L Hasin Co Baltimore 5iQtiinnipaic Fertilizing LoNewLon don onn 47jRcad i o New York 13 E W L Uisin t Co Baltimore 38R W L Kaism Co B iltimore 29 hesepoake Guano Co Bultimore 30 Raisin Co Baltimoie Tale Mull r A Wiltichen Baltimoie Long A lingdac Baltimore Savannah Gnano i o Savannah E Frank Coe New York Bead Co New Voik Savannah Gnano Co savannah Ca Seal Lawson Kesslor On Baltimore 195 141 2 6 137 20 24040 8 Lorentz Kittler Atlanta Ga It W L Riisiu Co Baltimore Ha dwin fc Co Sav nnah 7a Long A Dugdale Baltimore nldwin A Co Savannah Ga InnS Kilo At anta Ga Georgia hem Works Augusta Ga hemical Co of union Baltimore Chemical Co of Canton Baltimore i T Singleton Eutouton Ino Meiryman o Baltimore Webster Davis Atlanta a IoseiliI ones Atlanta Ga avaimuh GnannCo Saannah Ga I S Wed Bro Savannah Ga Patapsco Gnano Co Baltimore Billiiw n i Co Newark N J Stono Phosphate Co Charleston B W L Hasin A Co Baltimore Preston Fertilizer Co N w York Geo W Scott Co Atlania Ga Bvwker Fertilizer Co New York B w c Haisin r0 Baltimore Michigan Works Detroit Mich Cliesepeake Gnano Co Baltimore Ilyniiin Daucey Norfolk Va 1J S Wi od v Bro Baltimore R W L Raisin A Co Baltimore Qtiinnipac Fertg Co New London Conn Head io New Yoik It W L Raisin Co Baltimore It W L hasin A Co Bultimore hesepeake Gunno Co Buimore Raisin i o Baltimore LoientzA Rjtbr Hal imorc B W L Raisin Co Baltimore Baldwin V Co Newark N J Long d Dogdale Bultimore Baldwin Co Newark N J Lockwood MeClintock New York Georgia Chemical WorKB Aiigusm Ga Chemical Co of Canton Baltimore Chemical C of t ant n Kallimore Mapes Formula New York Jno Merr man Co Ba timnrc Bowker Fernzir Co New YorK Atlantic Va Ferti Co Orient L L Savannah Gnano Co Savannah J S Wood Bro Savannh Ga Patapsco Gnano Co Bait move 5 o o o a Q t 5 P e hi W QuinnipaicFer Co New LonnConnQamnipaic Fer Co New London ConnTABLE IConcluded NAME OF FERTILIZERS Phosphoric Acid 0 3 d Q a 03 o n J2 3 V 0 3 o 3 X s o S o X o 4 o 5 BY WnOM AND WHERE SOLDOE I OK WHOUINSPEtTtD BY WHOM AND WTTERE MANU FACTURED PlantersFavorite Gnano Plow Brand Raw Bone Superphosphate Pokamoke Guano Pomona Guano Potom ic l uano Pirn ico Guano Pure Dissolved Ammoniated Bone Pure Dissolved Ammoniated Bone Pure Devolved Ammoneitecl Bone Pure Dissolved Ammoniated Bone Ramspcck A Green Fertilizer Resurgim Guano Royal u pel phosphate Koanoke Glano Untils Cotton Juano R D Coes Original Amd conble Bone fcea Gull Aml Dissolved Bone Sea Fowl Guano ScaCJiff Amd Superphosphate Sea Cliff Arad Superphosphate Seal Lawson Jfc Kessier Amd Diss Bone Soluble Pacific Guano Soluble Amed Superphosphate of Lime Soluble Sea Island Guano South Am rican Guano Stan lard Bone Supeiphosphate Standard Fi rtizer Sternes Amd Bone Superphosphate Star Brand Complete Manure rtrling Guano Stonewal I Bone Phosphate titono Soluble Guano Long A Dngdale Baltimore Walton W liana Co At finta Ga Fn eman 1 yd AJaysun Hiyden Nosfoik Va P M U Lon Saiannah jq R W L Kaiin t Co Baliimore IK W L Raisin Co Ualtimi re Chemical Co of Cant n Baltimore Ininical o of i anton Baliimore Chemical i o or Canton Baltimore Chemical Co of Canton Baltimore hamspeck Green Atlama Ga Chemical Co of canton Baltimore II M Comer Co Savannah Ga K W L Ruisin A Co Baltimore K W L Raism Co Baliimore lorentzA hittler Baltimore Md atapseo Guano Co Baninn re N A llarnee on A Co Savannah N A Iladee on Co favannah N A Hardee on oSavannah eat Lawson A Kessier Baltimore Adairi Bro Ailania Ga I j Win H YoungColunibiis Ga V Woods Co ravannah Ga n Ober a Sons Baltilnoru Ii W L Raisin Co Baltimore B W L Raisin Co Baliimore H A kins Co Gainesville Ga Goldsmith Bros Atlanta Ga H T Inman Atlanta Ga iAllison Addison iiMiwond Va N L c Anier Atlanta Ga West Bros savannah Ga Slono Phosphate Co CharlestonSC Long Dngdnle Baltimore Walton u hann i o Wilmington Del Freeman Loyd Mason Drydcn Nor folk Va P M DeLeon Savannah Ga Ii W L Raisn Co Baltimore It W L Kaisill Co Bait inure i beinical Co of Canio t altimore tieniicnl o of Canton Baltimnre t hemical Co of Canton Baltimore i hemical Co t anton Baltimore Read fc i o New Yo k ben ical Co of anton Baltimore Bradley Fert Co Boston Mass K W L Raisin Co Ba tlinoro R w L Kaisln o Baltimore Lorcinz Rittbr Baltimo e Iatai sco Gnano Co Bait more Bradley Fert o Boston Bowker Fertilizer Co New York Bowker Fertilizer i o New Y rk Seal Lawson Kessier A Co Bait Pacific Gnano Co Woods Hole Mass G Ober Sens Baltimore R W L liaisin Co Baltimore R W L Raisin Co Baltimore Chemiial Co of Canton Baltimore Standard 1err Co Inixbury Mass Sternes Feit Co New Orleans I a Allison Aitdison Richmm d Va Manhattan Chemical o New York Bowker Fertilizer Co New Yoik IStono Phosphate Co Cnarleson B W H O a to O O 15 ANALYSES OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS 3 a a rt m c s ja Ojjn K a fc o w O eo 5 j 2 S o 2 sa B a e o Cull C5 a a is so si3is i s a M SrS g3 ci S S oT2 O C rcc cc SO CO iri 2 it if 0 C rp X V iti 1 tc cn 0 6 c yj c s ie 0 t cc 0 CM M if ifi 3 O L3 n r h w wJ r cno a a Sn 3 S St 0 A a o p a 57 a Q ao o so 33 3 Sf l O O 2 o 5 TABLE IIAcid PJwsphates and Dissolved Bones NAME OF FERTILIZER Acid Phosphate lor i otton Ashley Acid Phosphate with Potash Ashley Ac d Phosphate without Potash At antic Acid Phosphate Avaloo Dissolved Bone Bakers Prepared Chemicals B Q Swanson Acid Phosphate Bowker Acid I hosphate Bradley Acid Phosphate IhciokoeDis Bone Chemical o of Canton Acid Phosphate Crown Acid phosphate DeLcons Dissolved Bone Phosphate Diamond Soluble Bone Dissolved Hone Plios of Lime Dissolved Bone Phosphate South Carolina Dissolved Bone or Acid Phosphate Eagie Acid Phosphate Kdisio Acid Phosphate English Huegenin Acid Phos Etiwan Dis Bone Eutaw Acid Phosphate Georgia Acid Phosphate Georgia Slate Grange Dissolved Bono Georgia State Grange Acid Phosphate Georgia Chern Whs Acid Phos with Potash Georgia Dissolved Bone Guardian Acid Phosphate Longs Dissolved Bone L gs Prepared t hemicals Martin Co Acid Phosphate Merrymans Acid Phosphate Oriental Acid Phosphate Palmetto Acid Phosphate Paragon Acid Phosphate Pimlico Acid Phos BY WHOM INSPECTED BY WHOM AND WHERE MAN UFACTURED imported Horn Ireland 16 Ashley Phosphate Co i harlcston S C 9 Ashley Phospliate Co Charleston S t2tlamic Phosphate Co Charleston 4ii Moses Cleiumons Richmond Va 00ChemicalCo f Canton Baltimore 88 H Inman Atlanta Ua 87 Veld Uaitshoin Savannah Ga 52 N A Hardees Sun o SavanGa Atlantic hosphate Co I harleston hemicai Co of i anton Baltimore F Grant A Co Savannah Ga P i Heeon New Voiv Walton Whann A Co Atlanta Ga J G Friih harlesion S c Q Ober a Sons i altimorc 1 alton Whann Co Atlanta Ga 5u Barren I a swell Augusta Ga v B Chis 1m Charleston s 0 Atl niic iin ephate Co harleston Etiwan Phospha e Charleston Kobeitson Tayl r 4 Co harleston K W L Raisin Co Hallimore Baldwin i o Savannnli Ga BaldMil Co Savannah Ga 8 Georgia Chcml Uoks a ngusta Ga i C Uarduick Savannah Ga N L Angler Atlanta ua Long Dugdalo Baltimore LiigS Dngdale Baltimore naue Jenkins Ailanta Ga liii M rrymanu A Co Baltimore Barrett Carswell Angnsia Ga langston CraiiD Atlanta Ga Stono Phos i o Charleston R W L Raisin Co Baltimore ealiasouiisslei Co rjalllniore shcy Phosphat i Co Charleston S C Ashley Ill sphate CoCharleston S C Allaiuic i hos Co Charleston S C Moses Olcmmons Richmond Va Chemical o of i anton Baltimore Aslupoo Phos Co Charleston s C Bowker Fort Co Charleston s C Bradley Ke tilizer Co Boston Mass Aiiai c Phos Co Charleston S C Chemical Co of i anton altinn re Bowker Fertilizing Co New York P M D Leon New York Walton Whann Co i iimingtonDel Pacific Guano Co Charleston G Ober ons Baltimore Md WaltonWhann CoVilmingtonDel Ashepoo Ihos Co chrlesion SC Idist Phos i o Charleston S C Atlantic Phos Co Charleston S 0 Etiwan PhoiliaieCoChailestoiisC Robertson Taylor A Charleston R VV L haism Co Baltimore Baldwin Co Newark N J Baldwin o Newark N J Ueorgia Chemical Works Augusta Ga Brestn Ker Co New York Bowker Fertilizer Co New York Long A Dngdale B Itimorc Lmg A Dngdaie Baltimore Harle Jenknis Atlanta Ga Juo Merrymanu A Co Baltimore Ashepoo Phos Co Charleston S C Williarn i radley Boston Mass stono Phosphate Co Charleston R W L Raisin Co Baltimore O M to rt i3 M a H o i o s o q H q 17 ANALYSES OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS So 2 03 3 J3 a 0 3 M a o O rT O o a o iz t o jj a e3 CD n 05 I as j M C E o o illl as w J tfi si 3 i3 o a aS i5 ISSN hi c JO 8 fit iII 3BH 8 si Jits J g Poi O in C c O o o w x ill O to t C CridN 130 CMS Si KS iC C C 3 t c r s do 3b is so i oc c co crJ s w so n in w ccmWds m Is i 5 S o oc3ico ft as ii Eisai 6 3 i n OJ J 5 SaSH sfS STS J c c3 3 c c 5 C 0 f S E S TABLE III Chemicals and Compounds other than Ammoniated Superphosphates and Acid Phosphates or Dissolved Bones NAME OF FERTILIZER Ammoniate Vulcanite Guano Ashley Ash Element Ash Element Bradley Ground Bone and Potasht Curriers Raw Kone Meali Fine Kaw Bone Northwestern Fer Cot Home Fertilizer Kainit Chemical Co of Canton Kainit Weld Hartshrn Kainit Lippman Bros Kainit Wilcox Gibbs Co Kainit Baldwin A Co Kainit Ashiny Phosphate Co Kainit P M DeLeon Organic Silicated Phosphate Popplcin Phosphate Pure Ground Bone Sternest Pure Fi e Ground Meal T 4 Rt Phosphoric Acid 1310 650 900 490 700 725 1500 1100 60 860 1394 440 1140 1315 2326 2442 285 350 2065 2310 745 335 768 530 3 00 1080 763 270 498 181 7SO 418 200 1240 1200 1160 1120 112 20 1120 300 420 3 05 FOR WHOM INSPECTED Licbig Gibbons Baltimore Ashley Fhos Co Charleston S C Stono Phosphate Co N A Hardee on CoSavannah Wade White Marietta Ga A A Fletcher Co Marietta Ga Boykin Carmer Co Baltimore t hemical Co of Canton Baltimore Weld Hartshorn Savannah Ga Lippman Bro Baltimore Wilcox Gibbs Co SavannahGa Baldwin Co Savannah Ga Ashley Phos Co Charleston S C P M Deleon Savannah Ga Popplein Phosphate Co Baltimore Popplein Phosphate Co Baltimore Winter k Legg Marietta Ga McCormick Neal Atlanta BY WHOM AND WHERE MANUFAC TURED Liebig Gibbons Baltimore Ashley Ihos Co Charleston S C stuno Phosphate Co Bradley Fertilizer Co Boston Mass tieorge E Currier Louisville Ky Northwestern Fertilizer Co Chicago Hoykcn Carmer Co Baltimore Imported Imported Imported Imported Imported Imported Imported Popplein Phosphate Co Baltimore Popplein Phosphate Co Baltimore ternes Fertilizer Co New Orleans La Thomson Edward Chicago Ill These goods are nonacidulated and are claimed to he made by a pecnliar process they cannot therefore be classed among acid phosphates or ammoniated superphosphates lunte no commercial value is assigned them The analysis only is given tRawbone or bone meal contains no reverted acid proper as it has not been acidulated The whole of the phosphoric acid is therefore reported as Insolu ble though practically it is much more available as plant food than phosphoric acid from other sources A good finelyground bone meal is worth about 84000 nor tOIl tibia contains Soluble Silica 1572 per cent which is claimed to be valuabl as plant food a w t w K w a H O o 2 8 a f H a M O w 0Special Circular No 2j New Series REPORT OF THE AVERAGE CONDITION OF CROPS IN GEORGIA MAY ist 1882 RETURNABLE MAY Ist 1882 Department of Agriculture Atlanta Ga April 10 1882 Dear Sir Please answer the following questions on the first day of May or as early as possi ble alter that date and mail promptly Answer every question that will admit of it in nnmbers indicating per cent AN AVERAGE CROP or AVERAGE CONIMTION or anything with which comparison is made is always taken as IOO Thus it the corn crop at any time is 10 per cent hetter than last year or 10 per cent better than an average it should be reported as 110 in eacli case and if 10 per cent below tiiesc standards it should be 90 Never report 10 per cent better or 10 per cent worse but 110 or 90 as the case may be So avoid vague comparisons such as some better hardly so good above an average etc In making up your answers let them apply to Che whole county in which you reside or as far in every direction as yoV knowledge may extend not simply to your own farm If a crop about which questions are askeU is not grown in your county use the character X If you have not sufficient data to make an approximate estimate leave the space blank T Correspondents will please file a copy of the last Supplemental Report for reference and comp risnn in making out their reports of areas and yield The census returns give a fixed and def inite basis of comparison which toey can use to advantage Conespondents will please also give their nearest express office in order that seeds maybe shippeJ direct to them in future The Commissioner rakes this occasion to return his thanks to the crop correspondents for the valuable aid which they have rendered the Department in its efforts to advance the interests of the farmers and planters of Georgia He f els that they are entitled to his especial consideration and to a participation in all advantages to be derived from the work of the Department Hence the request for the express office Very respectfully J T HENDERSON Commissioner of Agriculture I For what county do yon report county II Your name III Your postoffice IV Your nearest express office2 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 20 CORN Acreage compared to last yearper cent Preparation of soil compared to last year Date of planting compared to last year State how many days earlier or later Stand compared to a good stand per cent 5 What casualties have affected the cropsuch as storms insects etc and to what extent injured hy each OATS 6 Acreage compared to last year per cent 7 What per cent of the crop was sown last fall 8 What per cent of the crop is sown with rustproof varieties 9 Condition and prospect of fall sown compared to an average 10 Condition and prospect of spring sown compared to an average 11 Condition and prospect of whole crop compared to an average WHEAT 12 Acreage compared to last yearpercent 13 What casualties have affected the wheat and to what extent injured by them 14 Condition and prospects compared to an averageper cent COTTON 15 Acreage compared to last year per cent 16 Average time of planting compared to last year Earlierjay8 Laterdlys 17 Amount of commercial fertilizers used on cotton in your county compared to last year21 QUESTIONS FOR SUPPLEMENTAL CROP REPORT 3 18 What per cent of the total area in cotton in your county is manured with either commercial fertilizers home manures or compostsPr cent 19 What per cent of these was home manure or compost 20 What per cent of the crop is up 21 Where up what is the stand compared to a good stand 22 Condition of plants compared to an average 23 Compared to the wh le area in grain cropscorn oats and wheat 100 representing such areawhat is the area in cotton in your county SUGAR CANE 24 Area compared to last yearPer cent 25 Stand compared to an average RICE 26 Area in low land rice compared to last year percent 27 Area in upland rice compared to last year SORGHUM 28 Area compared to last year CLOVER AND GRASSES 29 Area in clover and cultivated grasses compared to last yearper cent 30 Condition and prospects compared to an average FRUIT 31 What per cent of a full crop of peaches has escaped frostper cent 32 What per cent of a full crop of apples have set 33 What per cent of a fall crop of pears have set 1 34 What is the grape prospect compared to an average 35 How many acres are planted in orchards in yonr county 36 How many in vineyards 4 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 22J STOCK 37 Condition of sheep compared to an average percent 88 Drop of lambs to number of ewes kept 39 Condition of work stock compared to an average at this season 40 Stock of hogs all ages compared to last year 41 What diseases if any have affected stock this spring Describe the diseases and state the remedies used with results LABOR SUPPLIES ETC 42 Supply of labor compared to last year per cent 43 Wages paid compared to last year If higher what per cent If lower what per cent 44 What percent of the farm labor is hired for wages 45 What per cent of the farm labor is hired on shares 46 What per cent of the ftrtn labor works as renters 47 What wages with board are paid full hands 48 What is the cash price per bushel at which corn sells in your cnunty May 1st cents 49 What is the credit price paid per bushel at the same date 1 50 Quantity purchased compared to last yearper ceut 51 Quantity of hay being purchased compared to last year 23 QUESTIONS FOB SUPPLEMENTAL OROP KEPORT 52 Tons of commercial fertilizers purchased in your county compared to last year Per cent 53 Price paid compared to last year 54 Average cotton option price in lint cotton for amm mated superphosphate pods 55 Average cotton option price in lint cotton paid for nouammoniated superphos FISH 56 How have the carp introduced into ponds in your county succeeded 57 What size have those introduced in 1879 attained 58 What size have those introduced in 1880 attained 59 Report any facts of interest derived from your observation or experience relating to any of the productive industries of the State DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 24Special Circular No 24 New Series REPORT OF GROWING CROPS ETC FOR THE MONTH OF MAY 1882 RETURNABLE JUNE 1st 1882 Department of Agriculture Atlanta Ga April 20 1882 Dear SirPlease answer the following questions on the first day of June and mail promptly so that your report may reach this office by the 5th day of June if possible Answer every question that will admit of it in numbers indicating per cent In making up your answers let them apply to the whole county in which you reside or as far in each direction as your knowledge may extend not simply to your own farm In all cases where the crop is not grown in your county use the character X If you have not sufficient data to mate an approximate estimate leave the space blank Very respectfully J T HENDERSON Commissioner oj Agriculture N Bli your mail facilities are such that matter mailed on the 1st of the month will not reach this office by the 5th please make out your report so long before the end of the month as will be necessary to have it reach this office by the 5th I For what county do you report 1county II Your name III Your postoffice2 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 20 CORN 1 Condition compared to this time last year percent OATS 2 Yield where harvested compared to average per cent 3 Prospective yield where not harvested compared to average fpercent 4 To what extent injured by rust per cent WHEAT 5 Yield whf re harvested compared to averagepercent 6 Prospective yield where not harvested compared to average percent 7 To what extent injured by rust per cent 8 What variety has given best results in your county COTTON 9 Stand 1st June compared to averagepercent 10 Condition compared to average per cent SORGHUM 11 Co dition compared to averageper cent SUGAR CANE 12 Stand compared to a good standper cent 13 Condition compared to an averagepercent POTATOES 14 Prospective yield of Irish potatoes compared to average percent 15 Area in sweet potatoes compared to last yearper cent 16 Condition compared to averageper cent MISCELLANEOUS Condition compared to average of 17 Ricepercentl QUESTIONS FOE SUPPLEMENTAL CROP REPORT 3 18 Millet percent 19 Ground peaspercent 20 Chufas percent 21 Melons per cent ORCHARDS 22 Peach prospect compared to average per cent 23 Apple prospect compared to average fper cent 94 Pear prospect compared to average per cent Grape prospect compare to average percent STOCK 26 Clip of wool compared to last year fper cent Hn What per centof sheep killed by dogs in last twelve months What per cent died bydisease 1 9 What per cent of hogs have died with cholera this year SEASONS SO Report any facts of special interest in regard to new methods of culture successful experi ments with new crops or remarkable results NoteWishing to revise the mail lists of the Department correspondents who are willing to continue their reports will please indicate such willingness by answering these questions Any one who desires to discontinue reporting will please suggest a suitable person to take his place Please suggest the names and postoffice address of a few farmers in your county who would like to receive the publications of the Department CIRCULAR No 26 j New Series CROP REPORT For the Month of April 1882 SHOWING AREAS PLANTED CONDITION OF GROWING CRO PS AND OTHER MATTERS RELATING TO AGRICULTURE IN GEORGIA Commissioner ATLANTA GEORGIA Jas P Harrison Co Printers Binders and ElectrotypersCircular No 26 New Series CROP REPORT FOR THE MONTH OF APRIL 1882 RETURNED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE MAY 1 1832 Department of Agriculture Atlanta Ga May 15th 1882 CORN Correspondents report an increase of 125 par cent in the area planted in corn over that of 1881 The experience of a short crop last year with the consequent scarcity and high price of corn has exerted a wholesome influence in the adj ustment of areas devoted to the different crops The areas in the different sections of the State compared to those of 1881 are north Georgia 1137 middle Georgia 114 southwest Georgia 1137 east Georgia 103 and southeast Georgia 110 In every section except north Gorgia the preparation for corn is reported above an average This is gratifying as much dnls upon the preptration of the soil Indeed a thorough preparation and pulverization of the soil followed by favorable seasons almost insures a good crop The preparation compared to that of last year is reportel in north Georgia 95 in middle Georgia 1035 in southwest Georgia 1015 la east Georgia lo7 and in southeast Georgia 113 The stand in the whole State is reported at 93 In north Georgia 100 in mid dle Georgia 985 in southwest Georgia 934 in east Georgia 97 in southeast Georgia 103 Ttie stand his been somewhat impaired by bud worms and cut worms in all section but not mjre than usual With this exception no serious injury has affected the crop While the oat crop is growing justly more popular every year and is no doubt a superior food product to corn for our long warm summers it cannot supersede the corn which has no superior as food for stock in winter Besides farmers cannot afford to depend upon a single provender crop Liberal areas should be planted in both crops so that if one fails the other may be relied upon to supply the deficiency Both rarely fail the same seasonDEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA OATS 26l Probably a larger area has baen sown to oats than ever before in the history of Georgia Not only so but the prospect for a heavy yield surpasses that of any previous year The area in the whole State compared to that of last year is reported at 125 in north Georgia 111 in middle Georgia 137 in southwest Georgia 123 in east Georgia 128 in southeast Georgia 117 Of these 53 per cent were sown in the fall in north Georgia 64 5 per cent in middle Georgia 64 per cent in southwest Georgia 83 per cent in east Georgia and 73 per cent in southeast Georgia mak ing 65 per cent of the crop of the State fall sown In north Georgia 645 per cent of the crop was sown with rustproof varieties 85 per cent in middle Georgia 97 per cent in southwest Georgia 88 per cent in east Georgia and 90 per cent in southeast Georgia In the whole State 84 per cent It is not a little remarkable in view of the experience of the last five years that a larger proportion of the crop was not planted in the rustproef varieties It was thought that the experience of 1880 and 1881 would have convinced every one of the superiority of the rustproof over all other varieties in our climate The condition of fall sown oats is reported in north Georgia compared to an average at 110 in middle Georgia at 1186 in southwest Georgia at 111 in east Georgia and southeast Georgia at 108 in the whole State at 1155 The condi tion of spring sown in north Georgia is 1046 in middle Georgia 103 in south west Georgia 99 in east Georgia 105 and in southeast Georgia 97 in the whole State 1027 The condition of the whole crop fall and spring sown is reported at 110 in north Georgia 124 in middle Georgia 109 in southwest Georgia 118 in east Georgia and 105 in southeast Georgia in the whole State 1135 It is a matter of importance that the purest rustproof be allowed to ripen thoroughly and saved as free as possible from admixture of other varieties of oats other grains and grasses and weed seeds Traveling separators often become the means of mixing varieties unless special care is taken to thoroughly clean the machines before commencing to thresh each crop Those who are scarce of forage will do well to harvest a portion of the crop in the milk and cure it for hay If well cured at this stage it makes a very superior hay which seems to be preferred by stock of all kinds toother varieties of hay There is great waste in feeding sheaf oits unless they are finely cut before feed ing If cured as above suggested there is no waste at all WHEAT A large area was seeded to wheat last fall and the crop was generally promis ing May 1stbut rust is repotted on the blade in most of the counties Reporters generally remark that at that date they could not estimate the injury likely to re sult from that cause while many express the opinion that very little injury will result There seems to be a mistaken impression prevailing among many farmers that rnst on the blade does rot seriously injure the yield or quality of the grain This is a giave error especially if it appears on the blades before the wheat approaches maturity Only a few counties report rust on the stem conspicuous among these are Tallot and Troup counties27 SUPPLEMENTAL CROP REPORT1882 The area in wheat compared to that of last year in north Georgia is 114 in mid dle Georgia 122 in southwest Georgia 86 in east Georgia 83 and in the whole State 110 none is reported in southeast Georgia It will be observed that the largest increase in area is in the two principal wheat growing sections north and middle Georgia Injury by fly is reported in a number of counties and in some by the army worm In some counties considerable areas have been stripped of blades by this worm and portions of the grain eaten from the heads The ravages of this worm have been local being confined to a few counties on the western border of the State The condition and prospect of the crop compared to an average is reported in north Georgia at 108 in middle Georgia at 105 5 in southwest Georgia at 86 and in east Georgia at 83 in the whole State it is 100 This does not correctly represent the condition of the crop May 1st when the reports were made as undue weight is given to southwest and east Georgia where very limited areas are de voted to this grain Since the reports were made however the rust has increas ed so that the estimate is now probably a correct representation of the prospect of the crop of the State Dealers in farm implements and machinery report the sales of more reapers this year than for five years preceding This is partly attributable to the influ ence of the Cotton Exposition where farmers became acquainted with these ma chines and partly to a rapidly growing intelligence among the farmers of the State but mainly to the fact than an unusually large area is devoted to small grain oats and wheat which promise an extraordinarily large yield COTTON There is a material reduction in the area devoted to cotton in every section of the State In north Georgia the area compared to that of last year is reported at 895 in middle Georgia at 845 in southwest Georgia at 91 in east Georgia at 89 and south Georgia at 90 The acreage for the whole State is only 88 It will be seen therefore that the increase in area devoted to corn corresponds within one half of one per cent to the decrease in that devoted to cotton This is grati fying even under the peculiar circumstances which induced the change of policy and it is sincerely hoped that the results of this seasons operations will so firmly impress upon the minds of the farmers of the State the wisdom of the changed re lation between the area in grain and cotton shown in this report as to establish permanently a policy which must result in greatly increased prosperity to every branch of industry in the State Georgia is essentially an agricultural State and her prosperity depends upon the successful prosecution of her agricultural inter ests Nothing has been more clearly demonstrated to thinking minds than the folly of the policy of producing cotton to the exclusion of a sufficiency of home supplies Abundant and cheap provisions insure cheaper more honest and re liable labor upon which in its last analysis success in agriculture depends The only means by which the people of Georgia can insure cheapsupplies of all kinds is to produce them more largely at home Let every farmer who reads this con trast his fetlings of contentment and independence when he has his smokehouse barn and hay loft all well filled with those of anxiety arising from his feeling of dependence upon others for supplies necessary to sustain both man and beast6 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 28 and he will involuntarily resolve to use the means necessary to secure content ment and independence in future The farmer who depends upon others for sup plies who mmt furnish his table from the grocery merchant deprives himself of the principal charm cf country life and cannot complain if his sonsshould make their headquarters rearer their source of supplies by moving from the farm to the city or town It is sincerely hoped that with the experience of this year the tide ado ted 3Ed a rrmaDerit lati0ml selfsrporting policy generally The reduction in the quantity of commercial fertilizers applied to cotton is greater in all the sections except southwest Georgia than that in area Compar ed to last year the quantity applied to cotton in north Georgia is 705 in middle Georgia 72 in southwest Georgia SO in east Georgia 80 and in southeast Georgia SI In the whole State the average decrease is 222 per cent A larger propor tion of the crop has been planted without manure of any kind than usual Only 805 per cent of the crop has been fertilized Of the fertilizers used 32 6 per cent were home manure or compost in the whole State In north Georgia 40 7 cr nearly half the area has been manured with other than commercial fertilized In middle GeOigia 27 per cent in southwest Georgia 31 per cent in east Georgia 27 and in southeast Georgia 55 While farmers are seeking avenms of escape from unnecessary expenditures in their farm management they will do well to carefully examine into the subject of saving and accumulating home manures and composting them with superphos phate It seems strange that any intelligent farmer in Georgia who has investi gated tins subject should fail to avail himself of it as the cheapest means of man urmg his crors The experience of thousands of farmers who have used compost for the last fen years has been uniformly satisfactory the compost producing as much cotton or corn as the commercial manures at onefourth the cost per acre Those who would avoid the necessity of spending their money for highpriced con mercial manures should commerce now to collect the materiel for next win teis compost heap It is useless for them to pay for the privilege of using patent f ormulas which as a general thing are valueless and sometimes the ingredients recommended are actually deleterious to the home manuns to which thev are added May 1st C05 of the crop was up in the State 42 per cent in north Georgia 49 per cent in middle Georgia 83 percent in southwest Georgia 65 per cent in east Georgia and 71 per cent in southeast Georgia 1U Hand where the cotton is up compared to a good stand is 949 in north Georgia 945 in middle Georgia 98 in southwest Georgia and east Georgia and 99 in southeast Georgia and 96 in the whole State The recent cold weather has been very unfavorable and farmers are reported plowing up cotton and planting corn in some localities The condition of the plants May 1st compared to an average was in north Georia 111 in middle Georgia 915 in southwest Georgia 99 in east Georgia 98 andin southeast Georgia 99 In the whole State it was 101 Compared to the whole area in grain cropscorn oats and wheat 100 repre senting such area the area in cotton in north Georgia is 32 in middle Georgia 596 in southwest Georgia 67 in east Georgia 59 and in southeast Georgia 33E29 SUPPLEMENTAL CROP REPORT1882 7 In the whole State 54 or 4 per cent more than half as much area devoted to cotton as to the grain crops SUGAR CANE The area in sugar cane compared to that of last year is in middle Georgia 108 in southwest Georgia 106 in east Georgia 104 and in southeast Georgia 114 In the whole State it is 106 The cultivation of this crop is gradually increasing in middle Georgia where correspondents report it very profitable much more so than sorghum The stand of cane compared to an average is in the State 103 in middle Georgia 98 in southwest Georgia 102 in east Georgia 105 in southeast Geor gia 106 RICE The area in lowland rice compared to last year is reported at 95 in the State This crop is cultivated in low spots to some extent in all sections of the State and while not strictly speaking lowland rice is so reported One county in north Georgia reports it at 100 two in middle Georgia report 100 in southwest Georgia it is reported at 93 in east Georgia 99 and in southeast Georgia the lowland rice region proper 92 Up land rice is succ ssfully cultivated as far north a i White county The area compared to last year is in north Georgia 100 in middle Georgia 93 in south west Georgia 91 east Georgia 103 and in southeast Georgia 90 in the whole State the area is 968 SORGHUM The area in sorghum compared to that of last year is reported in north Georgia 98 in middle Georgia 1136 in southwest Georgia 90 in east Georgia 96 and in southeast Georgia none reported In the State it is 1038 CLOVER AND GRASSES The area in these compared to last year in north Georgia is 985 in middle Georgia 113 in southwest Georgia 109 and in east Georgia 100 none is reported n southeast Georgia in the State the area is 106 Grass and clover were to a con siderable extent killed by the drouth of last summer Hence the reduction in area in some sections The increase in middle Georgia is due mainly to the adoption of the stock law in a number of the counties in that section There has been more inquiry on the subject during the last nine months than in three years previous to the adoption of the stock law The condition and prospect compared to an average is in north Georgia 103 in mid die Georgia 105 in southwest Georgia 117 and in east Georgia 102 The condi tion in the whole State is 1046 FRUIT Peaches are reported at 72 per cent of a full crop in north Georgia 78 7 in middle Georgia 54 in southwest Georgia 696 in east Georgia and 86 in southeast deorgip in the whole State 708 Apples are reported at 66 per cent of a full crop in north Georgia 61 in middle3 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 30 Georgia 47 in southwest Georgia 51 in east Georgia and 66 in southeast Geor gia in the State 5S9 Pears in north Georgia 59 in middle Georgia 756 in southwest Georgia 78 in east Georgia 497 and in southeast Georgia 77 in the State 665 Grapes in north Georgia 96 in middle Georgia 93 in southwest Georgia 148 in east Georgia 98 and in southeast Georgia 1C5 in the State 109 Many of the peach trees in southern Georgia have put out neither leaves nor blossoms this year They are supposed to have been killed by a freeze which succeeded a warm spell last winter Some growers are having the trees destroyed The general outlook for a crop of fruit in the State is good this year with the exception just mentioned The apple bloom was partial but those that bloomed have set well STOCK Oi all kinds have passed the winter in good condition considering the short crop of grain produced last year That of sheep May 1st is reported at 103 compared to an average at that sea son They are reported at 99 in north Georgia 104 in middle Georgia 101 in southwest Georgia 108 in east Georgia and 107 in southeast Georgia The number of lambs dropped compared to the number of ewes kept is report ed in north Georgia 91 in middle Georgia 88 in southwest Georgia 85 east Georgia 786 and in southeast Georgia 96 Average in the whole State 86 Work slock are represented as in good condition in every section except middle Georgia where they are reported as only 628 In north Georgia they are re ported at 948 in southwest Georgia at 96 east Georgia at 92 and in southeast Georgia at 100 In the whole State 86 The stock of hogs compared to last year in north Georgia is reported at 855 in middle Georgia 93 southwest Georgia 106 in east Georgia 957 and in south east Georgia 93 In the whole State 943 There is complaint of cholera in many counties A number of our correspondents have found good results from the use of turpentine LABOR The supply of labor vaiies but little from last year though complaint is made of the withdrawal of labor from the farm by the offer of higher wages than farm ers can priy by the railroad contractors and lumber and turpentine men In north Georgia it is 92 compared to last year 96 in middle Georgia 95 in south west Georgia 97 in east Georgia and 87 in southeast Georgia In the State 945 This does not mean that there is less labor in the State than last year but that less is available for farm work Indeed with a reduction of 12 per cent in the area in cotton less labor is required Owing to the demand for labor on the railroads and in the lumber and turpen tine business wages have advanced in portions of the State near these enter prises A larger per cent of laborers work for wages this year than usual In north Georgia 20 per cent of farm labor is hired for wages in middle Georgia 23 in southwest Georgia 38 in east Georgia 33 and in southeast Georgia 45 In north and middle Georgia 40 per cent work for a share of the crop in southwest Geor31 SUPPLEMENTAL CROP REPORT1832 9 gia and east Georgia 33 and in southeast Georgia 20 In the whole State 388 per cent work on shares In north Georgia 40 per cent of laborers rent land in middle Georgia 327 in southwest Georgia 20 in east Georgia 28 and in southeast Georgia 35 In the whole State 325 per cent WAGES OF FARM LABORERS The average wages paid farm laborers in Georgia this year is 942 per month with board In north Georgia the average is 1025 in middle Georgia 911 in southwest Georgia 903 in east Georgia 900 and in southeast Georgia 1100 PRICE OF CORN The average cash price per bushel at which corn sold in the State May 1st is reported 113 in north Georgia 107 in middle Georgia 113 in southwest Georgia 114 in east Georgia 115 and in southeast Georgia 117 The average credit price per bushel at which it sold at the same date is 1 38 in north Georgia 132 in middle Georgia 138 in southwest Georgia 142 in cast Georgia 1 40 and in southeast Georgia 136 The per cent paid in the State on the cash price by those who buy on credit is less than in any previous yea This year it is 22 percent while last year it was 54 per cent The cash price this year however is one cent per bushel higher than the credit price last year so that while less per cent is paid on the cash price that price being t24 cents higher than last year and even higher than the credit price of last year the tax on those who buy is much greater than last year Sixteen per cent less corn has been bought this year than last up to May 1st The quantity purchased in north Georgia compared to last year is 92 in middle Georgia 957 in southwest Georgia 62 in east Georgia 79 in southeast Georgia 96 in the State 84 The fact that less corn has been bought is attributable to two causes 1 More hay and other forage was saved in Georgia last fall thin ever before in the history of her agriculture Having long forage in abundance less corn has been required to keep stock in good order 2 A more determined spirit of economy has prevailed among the farmers this year than before Preparation for this was commenced last fall by saving all available long forage and by planting barley rye and oats for soiling or pasturing the stock Forty too per cent less hay has been bought this spring than last The quantity purchased in the different sections of the State compared to last year is as follows In north Georgia 72 in middle Georgia 577 in southwest Georgia 38 in east Georgia 57 and in southeast Georgia 90 in the whole State 58 COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS The number of tons of commercial fertilizers purchased compared to last year in the whole State is 767 In no rth Georgia 67 in middle Georgia 745 in southwest Georgia 85 in east Georgia 82 and in southeast Georgia 76 Taking into consideration the fact that eight per ctnt more compost has been10 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 32 used this year than last and that the urea in cotton is reduced 12 per cent this reduction in quantity of commercial fertilizers purchased is quite natural AH of these facts are gratifying as they indicate a determination on the part of fame to reduce expenses and at the same time pursue a more rational sys tem of agriculture J The average price of commercial fertilizers this year compared to last is in the State 95 percent In norlh Georgia 946 in middle Georgia 925 in souhwest Georgia 97 in east Georgia 93 and in southeast Georgia 95 The average cotton option price at which ammoniated superphosphates sold SflfcT IS e0tt0n That f nonammocia superphosphates is33 SUPPLEMENTAL CROP REPORT1882 11 NOTES FROM CORRESPONDENTS NORTH GEORGIA Banli County Some complaint of mat on the blades of wheat The pros pect for the grain crop never was better The cool weather unfavorable to cotton The general outlook for the farmers at this time is quite encouraging Wheat very promising If we can have a dry May the crop will be fine if it escapes storms The oat crop is as promising as I ever saw in my life We have very few idlers everybody is at work A good many hands are working on the N E Extension which makes labor scarce The wheat crop is atpresent promising but there is rust reported in places in this county The farmers have a fear that the wheat crop will yet be cut short by rust though as the month of May is at hand we can soon tell what will be the result We need no more rain for wheat The outlook for grass killers and clod knockers for the present is prom ising Carp have just been introduced during the past year Those I have seen are about 3 inches long There is a considerable f xcitement on the subject of carp raising This day 1st May was nearly cold enough for frost Two weeks have been very cool Wheat and oats never looked more promising Cotton that is up looks badly Corn is at par Upon the whole if no disaster befalls our har vest our condition will not be as gloomy as anticipated One good feature in our county is that as a general thing our farmers are not selling their corn as high as the merchants Barlow County Immense quantities of iron ore and manganese are shipped from this county Two bloomeries in Allatoona district Caoosa County Outlook better than last year farmers not burdened with debts in better spirits waking up and making greater effort to obtain a knowl edge of what to plant how to plant and how to obtain the best results A dispo sition prevails to pi ant more cotton than last year but will make their own sup plies Cotton is the surplus or money crop A growing industry is springing up in Walker county in strawberries All along as far as fifteen miles south of Chat tanooga Tennesseee acres have been set in two years givihg astonishing good re sult Shipping to Cincinnati now May 2d at 60 cents per gallon wholesale Clarke County Every man and his neighbor is looking around for labor saving implements It is only a question of money and two or three years to rout out the old ripper plow and the substitution of sulky and other cultivators Oats have a firm foothold with us and will be the principal stock food in the fu ture Barley patches all over this section Many commenced sowing the grasses including Eurmuda The country people see daylight ahead Twelve and a half cents for a good cotton crop puts them out of debt and no new ones will be made Chaltooga Covntyk crops planted this spring are looking smallowing to cool12 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 34 nights but the farmers are working with a vim If no disaster to small grain farmers will be all right Datcson County I sowed oats in the month of August last year and they are the finest I have ever hadthe best in my section I am of the opinion August is the month to sow in north Georgia Try it farmers on your cotton fields In picking cotton you will press the soil firmly about the roots After picking is done graze them with light stock I am satisfied the area in orchards is increasing from the fact that nursery men are doing a good business in the county selling trees We have a considerable surplus of corn and forage is plenty Flour and bacon is scarce Dade CountyCholera has killed nearly all of the hogs Lime and coal oil are the best remedy I have tried Floyd County Our people have diversified their crops this year more than for the last ten years but not as much as they should have done Necessity more than choice caused them to diversify Cotton is still their choice crop and could credit and food supplies have been procured easily the cotton crop planted would have been as large or larger than ever We are now having an excess of rain that will cause much grass The corn crop has been plowed over but the ground left in a compact condition from the rains which will require another plowing as soon as it can bs given Western corn being used is a very inferior article greatly damaged mouldy and rotten In fact it is hardly fit for hogs I would not give one bushel of Georgia raised corn for five btiFhels of Western corn Mr T X Pinson and Col C W Sproull report their carp as doing well growing to weigh 5 to 7 pounds in eighteen months Forsyih County Some improved breeds of horses and cattle have bsen intro duced Prominent among the cattleare the Jerseys which are giving good satis faction and are stimulating all our farmers to make improvement in this important industry There is also an increased desire to improve seeds of differ ent crops which I think was brought about by distributions from the Depaitment of Agriculture Franklin County I received some carp in 1830 My pond is at head of branch half a mile from rier Moccasons destroyed the carp I have built at a place out of reach of them now and would be glad to receive carp to stock it I have used alum and buttermilk for cholera in chickens with great success and am of opinion that it will benefit hogs I will try to get a chance to test it when it breaks out again in my community and will report results Gilmer CountyThe prospects are hopeful for the farmers of this county Plenty of corn and provisions of all kinds Spring two weeks earlier than an average year Wheat is headingno sign of rust If no disaster happens in two weeks a good crop may be relied on Gordon County The first fact I will notice derived from observation is that those who raise corn grain clover and stock are in a more prosperous condition than the cotton planter Hence I conclude that cotton is not the crop for this sec tion Rice has not been cultivated heretofore but I am introducing it in a small way in this neighborhood by distributing seed of upland rice to my neighbors Wherever a forage or provision crop in this section has been made a specialty ia has succeeded Root crops should receive more attention Bee culture is receiv jng some attention More than half the households have bees though most of them35 SUPPLEMENTAL CROP REPORT1882 13 use the old style hive The bee product makes up a large percentage of the sweetening of this section Goobers or pindars are raised on a small scale mostly for home consumption I think there is being more interest manifested in stock raising particularly horses and mules I know of no one who has any carp there are a few fieh ponds in the county Getting tan bark is one of the industries that engages many laborers at this time Oak timber is plentiful on the mountain and heretofore considered almost valuelessnow yields a good profit in birk at 350 per cord Blind staggers in horsesall fatal Cholera in hogs Gwinnett CountyThe wheaterop is fine nearly all in full head some little rust I have one acre of cotton planted March 29th which is up and chopped out to a stand Lots of the plants are putting out thefifth leaf The cold weather has not affected it like it did the young cotton I will say farmers are work ing better than I ever saw them and are in betterircumstances than since the war The farmer that have succeeded best since the war are those that have hired hands and superintended their own farms There is plenty of corn in this section for sale If the oat crop does not sustain any disaster the price will soon fall Some farmers are becoming apprehensive and have reduced to 90 cents cash There is one farm near me where there is one thousand bushels for sale Any observing man who values a farm cannot fail to regret seeing the de struction or removal of soil from the planted fields caused by the recent heavy rains while many men in their idle hoars might have prevented it by hillside ditching Not with a single furrow but by running with a twohorse plow two furrows about eight inches apart one furrow thrown up hill and the other down throwing out the center with a shovel giving a descent of 2J inches in 12 feet making a ditch that if full wonld float a small canoe About fences I see that many men lay the worm of their rail fences down hill which makes the fence look like it aimed to slide down and pile itself at the bottom of the hill And they frequently lay a half decayed rail or perishable pole on the ground where it soon rote Why not put a rock under every corner if they can be had and this Baves the worm from decay and thus makes the fence ten rails high with nine rails To show the down hill fence worm in contrast with the up hill worm take a board two feet long raise one end four inches higher than the other then take a handfull of ten penny nails and lay one worm up the board and another down and let the people see that the up hill worm is much the most like stair steps Frnit culture especially peaches and apples have been very much improved both as to quality of fruit and the acreage Also 3 to grape culture there has been a very decided improvement owing to the fact that we have learned how to prune and what kind of soil and fertilizing is best adapted to several varieties j that but a few years ago were thought to be worthless M re attention is now given to vegetable gardens and the variety and quality of the vegetables are decidedly superior to any time during our past history More attention is now given to bee culture than at any time since the war Tne Italian variety has been introduced to a small extent and are proving highly satisfactory I am confident that the short corn crop of last vear as a result of the long drouth has and is benefitting this county more than anything that could have transpired About ten times as much hay consisting of crab and swamp grass and an increased area in wheat oats and corn and a diminution of cotton are some of the results While the14 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 36 foregoing report is specially for the west side of Gwinnett it will probably apply to the entire county and the adjolnin counties Habersham CountyFarmers should diversify not only in crops but in everything that is possible for us to grow or raise and then can we be truly inde pendent Please urge upon the farmers of our dear old State the importance of turning under green crops on worn land I know from my personal experience the value of n I increased the yield of an old field from four bushels of wheat to the acre to nine bushels to th9 acre by turning under a heavy crop of pea vines at a cost of 260 per acre counting the plowing in of peas and cost of pas and turning under the vines A crop ofrye sown in October and turned under in boot first of May and half bush peas to acre harrowed in on the same ground and turned under in September ill double if not threbble the yield of any crop put upon it If every farmer in Georgia will take five or ten acres next October and commence it and in the fall of 1833 sow the same to wheat the wheat harvest of 1884 I am satisfied would be unprecedented in the history of the State Every man has a hobby and this 1 guess is mine and I knowing its value wish from the bottom of my heart every farmer in the State would try it Haralson County1 Can say that the people are determined to plant corn and raise their supplies at home but are going to mike the change gradually Miton County We are using B adleys compost in this county In my set tlement there is nothing else used H tve discarded guano altogether Farmers that used it last year say they could not tell the difference between the compost and the best guano I will give you the form 1a Oue thousand pounds stable manure 1000 lbs rich dirt or swamp muck 5 bushels leached ashes 8 lbs of sulphate of ammonia 8 lbs sulphuric acidl lb powdered alum well mixed 400 to 500 lbs to the acre This compost cost but little over 100 per ton besides the la bor two hands can mix and put up six tons per day If 1000 lbs per acre is used it will be much cheaper than gutno Sme of my neighbors have used 1000 lbs per acre on oats and they look well There is nothing in this formula to recommend it The stable manure rich earth ashes and sulphate of ammonia of course possess virtue The stable manure if properly saved is indeed valuable and rich earth if used at the rate of many tons per acre will produce appreciable results but in the quantities recommended can serve only as an absorbent of other valu able ingredient which in this case are used in very small quantities For instance 8 lbs of sulphate of ammonia will furnish if pure only 206 lbs of ammonia or a fraction less than 1000 per cent This will do no harm The percentage of phos phoric acid derived from the stable manure and a3hes will be hardly appreciable less than one per cent The soluble potash is leached from the ashes before used to prevent it is supposed the loss of ammonia while a microscopic homeopathic dose is given in one lb of powdered alum If our correspondent will substitute 1 000 lbs of cotton seed or half the weight of cotton seed meal for the rich earth omitthe sulphate of ammonia sulphuric acid and alum replace the ashes with 300 lb of kuilt and add 500 or 600 lbs of high grade acid or superphosphate he will have a better compost which will indeed be equal in agricultural value to the best com mercal manures and one which may be used at the same rate per acre at which commercial fertilizers are usually applied The feat of making something out of nothing has not yet been accomplished and our correspondent is advised not to undertake it The oat crop is the largest and best I have ever seen in this37 SUPPLEMENTAL CROP REPORT1882 15 county and if it is seasonable and rains in May will be the largest crop ever gathered in Georgia None but the red rustproof owed in mv settlement in fact there is no other seed as the rust killed out all other varieties two years ago I am well pleased with my carp fish There is no other in this settle ment but my own I bought two hundred last October from Mr Wright of Griffin Uot them m pond to themselves with no other fish Hope my carp will spawn this spring I drew down one of my ponds last September and transferred the carp into a pond with no other fish but the carp of 1879 and 1880 They have grown wonderfully The sulphuric acid is a dangerous substance in the hands of farmere and farm laborers This will be abundantly supplied if needed at all in the superphos pnate nearly half of which is sulphate of lime If there is any charge at all for the privilege of using this remarkable formula it is very dear The small quintities of chemicals added will costut little and attect the stable manure earth and ashes but littleso little indeed that their omission would not be discovered While farmers should to the very utmost economise in the use of fertilizers by saving every available home manure they should at the same time avail themselves of every avenue of information to protect themselves from imposi tion r Murray County There is in places some rust in the wheat and the worms cave injured and entirely destroyed some sown upon pea land especially where the vines were not turned under with a large plow So far the stand of corn and cotton is good Paulding County am glad to state to the Department of Agriculture that the farmers of my county are determined to raise more cornless cotton Less fertilizers are used I have been farming on a small scale for fifteen years I have bought one thousand pounds of fertilizers I have bought no corn or meat 1run a twomule farm make my corn and meafat home and from 10 to 15 bales of cotton which is clear profit The International Cotton Exposition at At lanta has aroused considerable enthusiasm in regard to improved implements eeds and systems of agriculture such as will no doubt result in an improved condition of the agricultural class Polk County Four good reasons for hope Firat nure economy second more energy third less highpriced manure fourth more grain and less cotton willrfr IT P3Were never promising If they escape rust they will relieve the food pressure very much The spring is very early and has been wet the consequence is that lands have been planted without thorough prepara tlon Tnere le much labor as usual but it is very exactingdemanding cash as the work is done Farmers were very much depressed the first part of the year but are much more hopeful now Our merchants are doing all in their power to supply food for man and horse and in that way to help the farmers With all they could do the bread and meat has been a serious question but it will soon be bridged over Walker Countyzlker county is a good section for all the grasses and clovers making one to two tons of hay per acre and producing from ten to fifty bushels of corn per acre and now in consequence of the unwise policy of planting too16 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 38 much cotton ninetenths of the corn cribs are empty and the owners purchasing corn and hay Whitfield CountyI have never seen small grain looking better Farmers are a little behind in corn planting btft most of the cotton has been put in MIDDLE GEORGIA Baldwin County I have seen several varieties of wheat and all have the rust except the Bill Dallas I have not seen any rust in oats Everybody has been convinced that it is better to pay a little more for rust proof oats Butts County The drouth of last year and the partial failure of the grain crop has stimulated our farmers to plant more grain potatoes peas etc as the result of which we have the most enormou3 crop of oats that was ever raised in this county Many acres will yield 75 to 100 bus per acre It seems that the sugar cane will soon be raised extensively Tbe demand for the seed this spring was very much greater than the supply Campbell CountyThe plan to make more home supplies seems to gain ground with the farmers in this county The no fence law went in force the first of Jan uary last in this county Those that opposed it begin to see its benefits and ceise their clamor against it That is the best thing for the farmers interest that has been done in the last decade There are a few farmers in this county experi menting on a small scale with sugar cane Farmers are slowly but surely learning to diversify their crops and raise at least their breadstuffs and forage and a large portion of their meat at home They have learned from their own sad experi ence by the aid of your department the press and last but not least the Grange that it will not do to raise cotton to buy provisions for themselves or food for their stock Carroll County Wheat never looked better Outs promise a large yield Cotton planted early dying too cool Corn but little planted on bottom land too wet There is some distress for want of breadstuffs which is stimulating the farmers to raise more corn Credit prices are ruinous to the farmer It would be a good thing if they have to suffer some it would probably learn them a les son I have been farming here on the same place 35 years where I was born 53 years ago and have never been compelled to buy a bushel of corn for my fam ily but always sell more or less corn wheat and oats and my prospect now is an abundant crop of grain But I cannot persuade my neighbors to plant on the cotton surplus plan but they go on the contrary and plant on the corn surplus plan Poor mules horses hogs and the cry is hard times all the time I have five or six new tenants who came on my place last winter without a bite to feed themselves or families and they are good workers but weut on the all cotton plan and it will always be the case here 1 fear Many thanks for Beed If the farmers will all turn tneir corn land in the fall of the year and then cross plow it by listing it up in the spring and then plant corn in water furrows they will not surfer from drouths so often and this is my experience with corn Last summer my corn was perfectly green to the bottom blade while corn just across the fence burnt up I sowetf cow peas broadcast the last time I plowed my corn and never fail to make a good crop I like the specklebunch pea better than any for sowing broadcast Tie grain crop in our county was never more promising The wheat has the blade rust or red mold more or less but I dont think it will39 SUPPLEMENTAL CROP REPORT1882 17 materially hurt it Fall oats are good stood the winter well and both wheat and oat crops are eight or ten days earlier than last year John Bonner has a twoacre patch of wheat that he claims will make 100 bushels The corn crop is also very promising with an excellent stand Dr Wm Gaulding has just told me he had 30 acres half leg high The Cotton plant is looking badly and dying out and the past two cool nights itis feared will materially damage it as we had some frost this morning Coweta County Perhaps the most interesting fact is the almost general deter mination of the farmers to make their farms selfsupporting devoting larger area to grain and fruit also more attention to stockraising The improved breeds of cows hogs and sheep are finding their way into almost every part of the county Many have not only made terms of peace with the old and hated enemyBermu da grassbut are actually cultivating or getting on the most friendly relation with it BeKaXb County My observation and experience brings me to know that one o the most important industries of this section would be the cultivation of the grasses I hear of a few fields of wheat with rust very few Prospect fine In the southern part of the county fruit was damaged by a heavy hale storm on the 28th Farmers are very busy stimulated by fine rains and flattering prospects The blight has made its appearance which not only threatens to destroy the crop but also the trees It is my observation that in a well selected variety of grapes that there is a greater return and a surer crop than from all the other fruits com bined Only in favored localities I do not believe that peach trees to any extent should be allowed to encumber the ground I think the same thing with refer ence to pears The sand pear or LeConte pear is worthless here on account of its blooming before frost is over I dont believe we would get one crop in ten from it in this climate In defense of what I here state I will say that I am no novice in fruit culture I have studied the subject to some extent for the last ten years and have closely observed results and give it as my opinion that the grape crop is the coming fruit crop of this section I do not esteem the scuppernong varieties very highly If we as farmers would purchase less commercial fertilizers and devote more time in saving and composting our home manure from our lots sta bles and stalls and diversify our crops plant less manure well cultivate thor oughly we could live much better live easy and prosper as a people Elhert Cownty have been informed by one of our leading merchants that the farmers of this county have bought at least onethird less supplies this year than last The prospect for wheat and oats is very flattering at present Fayetle County Orchards and vineyards are receiving more attention than for merly There is a tendency to more diversified farming of raising cereals for home consumption The introduction of rust proof oats has been of great advan tage to our county We need greatly a rust proof wheat A greater interest is heeded in making homemade manures Greene County Some persons are beginning tolappreciate the advantages of raising their supplies This disposition is growing rapidly I know of two fields sown part in Dallas wheat and part in Fultz The Dallas is not hurt with rust The Fultz is badly rusted There will be a demand next year for young carp At the commencement of the year the outlook in the county was gloomy in18 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREREPORT 401 deed for the farmers Corn and meat scarce and high and no money to buy with It seemed that the people could not get along and make a farm but they have bought but little on time and seem to be and are getting along wi th their crops better than they have since the war They are working better aud the outlook is better than it has been for years Such fine grain crops both wheat and oats we have not seen in ten years There are very few farmers using any guano this year in this part of Greene but have much larger quantities of compost and used it on both corn and cotton The people have made out on so little that I cannot tell but they are working their crops well and the outlook is more cheering than it has been for some time Jones County1 Unless the farmers or landowners can be induced tophnt more oats rye and barley and make those who rent their lands do the same our farms and farm stock and the farmer with them is sure to break and ruin awaits us in the near future We cannot stand this purchasing Western corn at 120 to 140 per bushel more than one more season The labor here is sufficient if those who use it and own the land would turn their attention to it and use their own judgment in having their lands cultivated with some reasonable discretion and managementthey and their negro labor would both be benefited But in stead thereof too many of our farmers and landowners make the negro political laborers instead of field hands and consequently we are tending I fear to some calamitous end After twelve years experience in farming I am convinced that it will not pay to raise corn on ordinary upland and the experience of my neighbors bears me out in my premises I think the oat crop will Supersede all other crops in our section for stock feed Land that will produce ten bushels of corn will make twentyfive bushels of rust proof oats with onethird the expense Wheat always is an uncertain crop in most sections and I think should receive more attention Cotton I findis the most expensive and least remunerative of any crop we growand most of the farmers if free of debt would plant more largely of grain and less cotton I think the decrease in the use of commercial ferti lizer will lessen the crop to a great extent Lincoln County There has evidently been a revolution in this countyand from the sent ment as expressed by the farmers themselves at the present time I do not think they intend to take any step backward in the future as to making the farm selfsustaining This is evidenced by the fact that there is a larger area of small grain planted than was ever known in the county and this is being followed by a heavy corn crop There is being more attention paid to rearing stock of all kinds All this will certainly tell in the future We are determined to make the cotton as near a surplus crop as is possible The day the South does this her independence prosperity is assured in my opinion McDuffie County There seems to have been a small grain manianever so much interest taken in it as now and the prospect for a fine oat crop is wonderful Many of our farmers are so crippled by the all cotton and credit system that much that would be done cannot be done on that account I believe a better state ofthings is in the near future for us Our best farmers have adopted oats for horses entirely and loose 50 per cent less than those fed on corn Cows and sheep have come out of winter quarters in a better condition than any winter for the past ten years Our farmers are growing more independent since they adopted oats as their horse food The best oat crop ever raised in the county and ten days41 SUPPLEMENTAL CROP REPORT1882 19 earlier than last year Wheat a failure on gray lands but looking well on red lands Morgan County There seems to be some progress in our county as efforts are being made to get money out of some things besides cotton One man sold two thousand dollars worth of hay and will ship several hundred worth of honey The wool crop is bringing in more money than it did several years ago Common sheep have clipped this year about three lbs average I have a flock of merinos that clipped six and ahalf several ews clipped from seven to nine lbs bucks from nine to sixteen lbs The merino buck crossed on our common sheep makes a good sheep that will clip from five to five and ahalf lbs wool and is also a fine mutton sheep Decidedly an increase of interest in the raising of oats and hay Tne stock law requiring owners of stock to take charge of same passed by a majority of 222 in the county goes into effect August 28th 1882 Newton County Our people are seemingly satisfied at last that oats can and must take the place of corn in a large measure They have sown many of them double and are encouraged with the prospect of a good yield I wish to say that unless the system of farming is entirely revolutionized at once our people are ruined for this main reason The lands are exhausted and fertilizers used on such lands cannot pav Our people have not the forest to fall back on as did our antibellum planters We are shut up to improve by rotation rest deep plowing growing pea vines grass clover and such like crops as fertilizers or abandon our lands and Go West On our exhausted lands with shallow plowing no man can nsk fertilizers and the expense of cultivation for a few days drought on such land thus fertilized with amoniated manures will certainly blast the crop either cotton corn wheat oats or potatoes Now cannot your Department get up such an array of facts as will convince the unconvinced and not leave them there but point them to the system or methods by which they can continue to pay debts continue to live and in the end redeem their lands themselves and the country It is sometimes very easy to realize the fact that we are lost but the way out of the swamp is the trouble and by whose light shall our people be led through this wilderness to a land of plenty if not bv yours I have seen the wheat and oat crops from Covington to Sheffield and to the lower part of the county to Lees Bridge and never have seen in the last fortyone yeawso much sowed or better propect of a full crop up to this date May 12th Oglethorpe County The only farmers I know in this county th t are making clear money are those that raise their own supplies Merchants who own farms and furnish their hands from the store are of course making money provided they do not sell too much to others on time I received a small sack of Dallas wheat from the Department in 1880 which I sowed saved and sowed again last fall It is doing well but is at least two weeks later than my Purple Straw sown at the same time I think that wheat is earlier heading this year than I have ever known it Varieties of wheat that I have heretofore cut about the 10th of June will I think this year be cut by the middle of May Pike County Ribbon cane is the most profitable article raised in this county20 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 42 We have a fence law now and need a dog law We have more hounds in Pike county than sheep I want to see the things taxed to prohibition Putnam CountyI think the production of oats and hay in large quantities greatly needed Sorgum also can be raised with great benefit to the farmers Be sides making syrup it is very useful as feed for stock The seed alone is as good for feeding as the same amount of corn If farmers will pay more attention to getting their rich bottom lands in good order they will find it much better than cultivating so much poor upland and depending on commercial manures I find the best manner of preparing bottoms is to break thoroughly with a twohorse plow and harrow well early in the season then just before planting break and harrow again lay ofl with shovel and cover with one furrow drop corn one grain if a place every ten or twelve inches and never thin out until it is knee high Putnam county has purchased less corn than last year 90000 lbs less meat and 600 tons less guanoa saving of about 40000 The wheat and oat crop will be ready to harvest in thirty days and will save the county as much more The present crop will be made 100000 cheaper than last year Our people are selling more butter eggn chickens and grass than ever before The stock law is working finely and everybody seems satisfied with it The acreage in cultivation will be increased this year as we can cultivate without fences Putnam has made several poor crops but it has taught her people a lesson of economy they will not forget soon and with a good crop will be in a better fix than at any time since the war Troup CountyThe universal rainfall during the last four months has ren dered nearly worthless much of the plowing that has been done leaving the land in a clammy tough condition and difficult to work There is considerable labor in the county that work by the job having rented houses hence much of their time idle As a rule the labor system of this county is neither satisfactory or profita ble Should the time ever come dien proper dignity shall be accorded labor when it shall not be considered disgraeeful for all able bodied persons to engage in some productive industry then may we expect better times Upson County My observation teaches me that in this part of the State there should be a change from cotton and corn to oats first for stock wheat for bread ground into Graham flour peas potatoes ground peas with some kind of winter pasture tor hogs to make our meat together with a bunch of sheep on every farm Sow small grain early graze down with the sheep in winter The sheep will de stroy the Hessian fly by nipping them ofl Land that will make ten bushels in corn with cultivation will make six to eight in wheat without cultivationall without manure Plant a little cotton Make it make one bale to the acre Such a course will renovate our lands fill our barns and graineries smoke houses give us winter clothing and we can pay our debts with the money the cotton brings Of course we should get our cribs full of the old standbycorn I see no reason why many farmers could not raise mule colts as cheap as they can raise a cow Verily Georgia can raise all her people require and still improve her soil a legacy better than old worn out fields for the next generations and down with the idea I will get the cream of my land and my children can do as I have done No wonder many young men become discouraged with such destruction and waste of land left them My observation and experience is that when a farmer raises his own cereals at home and raises cotton only as a surplus he is on the high road to prosperity while those that raise all cotton with their corn cribs and their meat43 SUPPLEMENTAL CROP REPORT1882 21 houses in the Northwest are always behind I also find by observation that there is too little attention paid to the cow pea for it is certainly the clover of the South It is a great renovator of the soil when either plowed in green or left to decay on top of the ground Peavine hay cannot be excelled as a stock feed when properly saved They eat it greedily When fed to cows it gives a peculiar rich yellow color to their milk and butter It also gives to their hair a sleek lively appearance It is a good antidote for disease better than most of stock powders They cannot be recommended too highly as a manure Every old field in Georgia ought to have a crop of them plowed in on them when planted to turn under as a fertilizer Sow about two bushels per acre broadcast When planted for hay plant in drills two and a half to three feet apart two feet apart in the row drop ping eight to twelve in a bunch so they can be easily cut with the hoe or grass blade or pulled up as preferred Walton County In our county the cotton crop will continue to grow less each year till enough of everything else is raised to supply all the wants of the people and stpck at home The farming community is beginning to see the necessity of making the farm self sustaining The long list of successful farmers in the State published through your Department has had a marked influence on them Farm ers clubs are being organized and revived and the subject discussed in all its features A great change and for the better is visible in the future Since the Exposition in your city labor saving machines etc are receiving much atten tion In fact everything pertaining to the farmers interest and prosperity is be ing eagerly sought after A radical change is soon to take place May God grant it From my own observation and the beet information I can gather I come to the conclusion that our prospects are rapidly brightening We certainly are tending to the desired prosperity In the first place our grain crops of all kinds are increased not only in acreage but the best land is selected for corn and grain crops I am an old citizen here and to my great gratification I see a large number of rich lots around gin houses and good fields now planted in corn Many of them to my own knowledge have never grown a stalk of corn be fore this is an omen for good One other matter though small in its character I must mention because good must certainly come of it I notice among our peo ple both white and colored an increased disposition to abandon dog raising and keeping and replace them by one or two nice fat pigs Now to my mind this is no small beginning Hired and farming labor are doing very well The tight times for bread leads them to more energy I hope the day is close by whin we will all abandon the Western rain and meat market and raise the same at home We have the best country on earth if we would only use the same properly SOUTHWEST GEORGIA Baker CountyAt least 10 percent of our labor has gone into the turpentine business but our farmers have put in full crops expecting the leturn of most of this labor in time to chop cotton as the boxing closes 1st of April From some cause the grafted and budded peach trees have neither bloomed or put on foliage but are as bare as they were in January Seedling peaches have put on half crop Oar corn is farther advanced than I ever saw for the Ut of May Choice spots22 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 44 early patches are from four to six feet high some tabling and wiil receive last plowing by 10th inst Brook County The spring to date has been extraordinarv I have only lost two days from rain since January The stands of all crops are a8 near perfect as possible especially corn Corn is unusually fine for the season Cotton planted Irom ten to fifteen days earlier and no disaster to date Fine season at this ime ground in fine condition for all crops Plemy of corn raised here and some is being shpped off The very best of long forage is selling here at 80 cents per hundred pounds A great deal of forage corn is grown here making the best of teed and is a paying crop at 1000 per ton We have had a protracted drought injuring oats and rye badly Good rains for the last two weeks and much improvement in that crop The Burt oats sent out by you are now ready for cutting and are of a good quality No rust They I thik are the very best we have tried as yet Peaches are many of them not in bloom Last year I saw well matured and ripe peaches of the Alexander variety 24th of May and the same trees are now only begmnmg to bloom Many of the native trees have peaches as large as plums but not many on the trees Apples late Crawford County The fruit crop is more seriously injured than was thought two or three weeks ago Peaches as large as the end of your thumb continue to fall off until at this time only about onethird of the crop is left They bloomed well but are now showing the effects of the severe winter and spring Apples not much better You made me say in your last report that I considered the Dal las wheat as not adapted to the latitude above and below Macon I said or I in tended to say that I did not regard it as suitable for the latitude below Macon I know farmers in my county that have on hand wheat two years old Some years with all the preparation and all the varieties we make failures but these men have demonstrated that there is no necessity of buying a pound of flour for family use While lam writing one of the farmers of my county has just sent in a sample of oats five feet high taken from a forty acre field It is estimated that this field will yield eighty bushels per acre Manured with acid phosphate and cotton seed and planted in the fall Some of his neighbors with adjoining field are paying 150 per bushel for damaged corn on time Becalur County I find this county is improving in every branch of industry The mode of farming is very much improved compared to previous years Sheep and cattle as well as other stock did better the past winter than for many years There is not a loafer in this city and but precious few in the county Every body is at work both men and women I know three farmers that gave some time and money to rawing home manures for several years It has paid them well Their crops at this time are 200 per cent better than those that buy freely of commercial fertilizers Booty County We see quite an increased interest manifested in small grain over last year As an evidence of it John Byrom has six hundred acres in oats and U M Gunn has four hundred acres an increase of 50 per cent over their last years crop And many others are pursuing the same policy Dougherty County Good compost of manure green cotton seed and acid phosphate will pay 25 per cent on entire cost When my manure gives out I stop45 SUPPLEMENTAL CROP REPORT1882 23 planting Manure on oats will increase the crop more than it will any other food crops Marion County Intensive framing as exhibited by the small grain patches scattered over our State will convince any close observer that if adopted nniver sally it would solve the problem of how to make our farms self sustaining and our labor remunerative Besides it would enable us to control the poor labor we have so that they would serve us and not we them as we are now doin Dallas wheat on clay land has not rusted but on sandy land has Cotton is sickly puny and less promising than I ever saw it Corn and oats look well also wheat on well fertilized clay soil but on sandy land is a failure Miller County Tne crops in this county are the best ever known here and are fully two weeks in advance Oats are in full head and unusually fine The farmers are hard at work and greatly elated at the fine prospects We are profit ing by the timely suggestions from the Agricultural Department of the Slate and are beginning lo realize the benefits of the Department Randolph County For blind staggers Remedy raise the tail and cut to the bone about six inches from the root BottsTake one pint of melted lard and drencu the animal It not relieved repeat the dose Sure cure Season up to this time fine Farmers hopelul Wheat and oats nearly ready to cut that is early sown The crop is earlier by ten to twenty days than ever known Schley CountyCarp introduced in 1879 weigh eight lbs Those of 1880 weigh 4 lbs each Worth County Labor has become scarce and the best farm laborers are not to be had at any reasonable price They have gone to saw mills and turpentine distileries where they can command about 2000 per month hence a falling off of area in cotton It eems to be pretty general all over South Georgia Crops looking well Fall oats made EAST GEORGIA Burke County A greater effort is being made at the production of food with an increased desire for improved implements of husbandry Labor being diverted from a dependent cotton culture is finding occupation in lumber and turpentine manufactories and building railroads Some manufactories of machinery is con stantly started and money seeking investment in other pursuits than real estate in the county and tilling the soil Fruits and vegetables are being more exten sively cultivated for home use and shipment Gnod stock is being sought after and the talk of the rural population is a desire to diversify and grow a variety of products for greater independence at home How far this state of mind will con tinue to influence healthy agriculture remains to be seen in the future fluctua tions in price and demand There is every indication and promise of a productive year if only the sea sons to come prove propitious An early spring early planting good prepara tion of the land good stands and growing seasons form altogether the mot grati fying prospect I have seen for many years Every crop is promising except rye which as far as my observation goes is a failure This is attributable I am satis fied to the want of good or acclimated seed Last fall we had to depend on94 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 46 Ztp irv t i8 than below 150 per bushel Th P been fteDer over 2 SOUTHEAST GEORGIA drills three feet apart ThT H h T flW1Dg ir Whel8 Per acre thelo of land cash p1id when wo d e Cl T Chipping paid for in cash Msl tonV u 3 Pad eVelV week to Sosper C Sl J1 fr can earn from 918 to 26 per mothTh f Wage fieW had fioM lK P month Ths county does not suffer much vet for fall L V Ware7eh0 W and crops generally are wold by wh JBnffighama am fully convinced th Jj are growing m favor with the planters ceUnTof fr TT 1S gran CrP fr the Geoia at can ex eel that of oats compared to the expense of raising they being a certain crop47 SUPPLEMENTAL CROP REPORT1882 25 if sown in September or October I can raise three bushels of oats cheaper than one of corn This county has generally been considered unsuited to growing oats success fully but the Bust Proof having produced four successive good crops here appears to demonstrate the adaptability of soil and climate to the Eust Proof Oats Montgomery CountyThe timber business in this section is a curse as cotton is in some other sections of the State Diversified farming is all the kind that will pay in this section of the State All who raise their own supplies at In m ar prosperous and no others Sheep raising would be a nice and profitable business if a few obstacles could be removed most prominent among them thieves and dogs There is some attention now given to fruit growing in this county which has been very satisfactory where proper attention has been paid It is hard to tell what fruit will do this year About 25 per cent of the peach trees are well set with healthy looking fruit well grown for the season Some are now in full bloom while others have but few scattering blooms and no leaves at this date April 24th Apples are now just blooming and there is no telling what will be the result I have answered for my county only so far as my knowledge extends The peach crop is almost a failure A great many of the two and three year old tree8 are commencing to bud and some are dead cant account for it Apple trees are very backward The chances altogether are very poor indeed The farmers in our county seem to be alive to their interest letting politicians take care of them selves and working at home and the result will be in the fall with good seasonsi a bountiful crop of breadstufls I think the day is not far distant when we will be independent of the West for food forinan and beast May God speed the day when there will not be seen one grain of Western corn nor one pound of Western meat on a Georgia farm but our cribs and smokehouses filled with our own rais ing then we will be a prosperous people Telair County I cant make any report in regard to the fruit The trees are later putting forth than I have ever known Some are just now beginning to bloom and I think the crop will be light and late I cant account for it as we have had an unusually favorable spring Washington County I notice that the Atlanta Exposition seems to have awakened an interest in farmers and is causing a great many of them to introduce labor saving implements and improved machinery This section p becoming more interested in grain crops and are planting with a view of not having to buy any corn hay or oats another year Wilkinson County My Dallas wheat is exempt from rust to date and shows no signs of it while my old red is rusted to the top and will paint a dog red to run through it after a rain or when the dew is on it I think the Dallas a valua ble acquisition in our locality in the wheat line Less bacon and corn bought in this county this year than any year for ten Farmers are hard at work Crop work well advanced Two destructive cyclones have passed through the upper portion of my county doing considerable damage to crops timber and fences Some lives were lost All who were near enough have extended help to those Who sufferedTABLE No 1 NORTH GEORGIA Corn Oats Wheat Cotton Sugar Rice CO 3J O t3 P B o gR i 10 105 90 95 100 140 118 100 100 80 100 no 60 80 100 100 104 90 105 80 110 130 Fruit Stock Labor and supplies COUNTIES CO o 0 a o o e i S X 113 120 98 108 120 100 105 105 130 100 115 115 110 110 o o be S3 s d O S3 a a o od nS 55 98 105 115 106 fob 90 100 95 95 100 100 90 a ss O d 03 a a o o O Sfi g o 112 125 90 125 ll5 110 100 120 120 110 115 125 110 CO a o P o o o z Ph 50 50 70 65 25 85 85 90 25 50 15 40 g 50 00 3 u O a t o o3 n2 s 4 o o o 0 a a 7 62 30 25 90 55 40 95 50 60 80 72 50 50 75 O S3 Ji o is a S3 a O 0 I c o go O 108 120 107 112 100 116 110 100 110 100 130 125 100 be a as fl P ai o o tC a 11 S O S ja a s3 2 o a g 56 O O a 109 118 95 112 110 95 105 110 100 108 105 120 125 m O d O c si a a o o o be s3 go 115 122 90 125 120 110 105 100 110 105 115 110 105 a S3 o a o 8 a o o d 6 o to 03 3 1 o d O 108 112 85 112 110 90 95 100 80 110 110 120 120 110 00 S3 O d O 33 O a o o o o g 5 J 90 82 115 85 90 105 105 90 95 75 110 85 90 100 o th p2 a3 o CO J o a sa rt 3 w fl o P 72 50 90 62 60 100 6S 60 50 90 60 50 86 03 a a o u o o o o o u S 0 P 97 60 95 83 98 70 92 70 90 80 80 100 80 o 3 3 S3 a a o t sg O y ss a 33 35 80 62 30 40 25 30 60 50 70 30 36 25 a o o 2 o S 2 a o 3 a c 8t 95 100 90 85 100 100 100 100 80 100 100 100 95 65 d S s a a o v a aa SS SS sS C 42 70 20 27 60 5 12 46 30 10 27 40 25 B E P a o y 100 c O b a s O D G 100 B o o 9 II S8 2 a 1 ioo a o o 2 S3 li CD as gi r y 100 o o a 3 h a XI S O a 85 85 60 85 95 95 20 50 20 10 100 50 85 100 70 40 75 30 80 112 80 o o a p a o a a on SB 50 75 65 90 50 90 60 25 12 ion 50 90 50 75 60 bo 100 96 8 a o o a o n J f S3 S B O S3 32 o t o d i3 3 S o a O 97 100 103 110 90 100 110 95 100 100 110 90 102 90 100 ioo ioo 100 110 1 o d a 3 O CO 2 o O a o Ss S 95 95 90 60 110 86 70 100 81 85 1P0 so iin 100 125 100 go s t TO O 3 Si 9 O S3 w a S 8 o 97 95 80 95 98 100 ion 70 105 90 110 95 110 95 iio 100 100 85 85 100 95 85 2 S3 a a o o 0Q s O s3 f g go 03 08 100 65 90 98 60 105 o S3 a a o o h O 03 to V C s 95 B o o t o 3 o3 a o gs S3 O 1 05 s o S S3 s o u a o 0 i as 1 35 1 10 1 35 iw 1 26 1 20 a o o a O S3 s O 3 i Su a0 ted w o S3 a a 85 85 80 40 ft 1 50 1 00 X3 0 1 sI A c CO b a S3 O 75 95 55 90 25 120 d 0 b JD S3 O m re S r St 3 O O 0 H 75 33 15 68 100 110 0 0 c S3 a a 0 d fa 5 S3 ao 0 ts 2 S3 Ph 102 ioo 90 100 110 90 100 110 100 105 100 100 120 92 90 ChattoogaCherokee Cobb 100 75 80 90 1 10 1 10 1 05 95 90 95 80 100 Dawsou Forsyth Franklin 85 90 95 100 85 90 45 iio 100 70 u6 80 80 87 90 90 100 90 100 95 105 80 ioo 100 100 ioo 80 100 80 85 1 18 1 00 1 20 80 95 1 OS 1 02 i20 1 20 1 0 ion 1 00 1 00 1 25 ll5 I 45 1 15 1 40 1 00 1 86 1 45 1 87 1 50 1 ro 40 SO 1 25 1 50 1 47 1 05 80 1 10 1 10 1 40 40 95 80 1 00 80 90 75 1 00 iio 105 70 125 80 110 15 60 50 60 85 ioo 50 110 60 60 50 75 65 70 76 96 100 91 95 90 90 98 Gwinnett Habersham Haralson 100 lit 100 100 125 115 120 135 100 115 no 115 200 105 100 135 100 117 120 120 150 112 105 140 100 135 115 85 75 75 90 85 75 73 85 85 85 65 90 60 62 72 100 100 95 100 100 80 57 85 15 15 60 100 75 100 35 85 25 85 50 65 85 50 60 75 72 100 150 115 120 no 120 ioo 108 100 76 105 no 110 120 135 120 100 110 ioo 99 Madison 135 160 120 120 50 75 33 60 85 70 90 35 110 110 110 no 50 25 22 45 75 100 105 90 100 90 100 ibo Paulding Polk 30 27 40 a w H g W Z H O 11 n 2 n G G W W M O Q 00Union Walker White Wliitfield Average 100 no 1137 105 95 951108 100I 111 60 Tii 645 101 95 75 95 75 95 60 98 35 100 100 110 15 05 85 40 100 110 1046 110 114 108895 705 86407 111 32 100 100 100 100 87 lb 98 85 100 80 991 91 85 948 60 80 85 5 1 0 1 07 1 25 1 32 100 Too 946 MIDDLE GEORGIA Bibb 125 110 110 118 110 110 130 112 115 125 110 120 no 120 i 05 115 100 115 115 110 110 110 110 its 115 103 135 108 Tib 125 110 115 ion 90 95 103 90 103 95 103 95 95 100 100 105 100 95 100 100 90 90 80 90 95 105 100 106 95 100 95 95 90 100 110 965 140 130 116 130 200 105 175 135 120 140 135 125 150 150 160 120 isa 175 145 120 130 130 120 135 125 150 130 135 136 165 140 115 137 80 90 50 40 25 75 27 75 45 85 65 45 50 90 75 25 40 85 80 85 85 80 75 85 80 65 90 45 90 SO 55 70 85 64 5 100 100 95 50 80 80 65 95 85 65 81 83 50 90 75 85 90 120 85 95 95 95 110 80 85 75 100 95 95 85 85 65 95 85 120 150 no 100 120 110 115 125 118 125 160 105 125 110 125 Tib 110 110 135 135 110 90 118 115 125 120 120 140 125 125 120 115 115 1186 10U 75 no 90 105 100 102 120 105 no 110 105 110 10 108 flu 100 95 105 102 100 80 110 110 120 75 130 105 105 100 105 100 103 no 110 110 95 115 250 107 120 115 120 150 105 116 llil 133 120 110 110 145 130 105 85 115 115 125 130 115 135 122 T26 115 180 115 124 100 85 150 105 105 100 107 105 115 120 125 130 120 12 150 110 110 115 110 100 120 130 110 115 120 180 130 90 126 160 110 90 122 100 110 150 110 125 100 105 80 126 125 125 100 12l HI 110 95 125 95 120 80 65 95 116 120 120 95 85 120 65 Too 95 110 85 105 5 100 70 90 90 90 90 92 77 85 85 85 82 90 80 100 Too 87 95 90 80 90 85 90 80 85 85 9i 77 95 85 85 85 85 845 100 00 85 80 90 90 75 65 80 65 70 25 55 75 40 85 77 85 76 65 65 60 75 70 80 50 70 85 76 70 70 100 72 75 40 95 90 90 100 97 70 85 90 75 70 50 65 95 60 90 65 85 75 75 80 75 95 75 85 65 60 75 60 60 95 85 79 in 30 20 20 20 35 17 15 30 25 25 15 25 45 30 10 22 25 60 30 32 50 20 50 25 28 25 27 20 25 30 27 100 85 80 85 85 90 95 85 95 100 80 95 100 95 100 72 100 85 loO 82 100 100 95 90 95 85 80 90 40 50 90 60 50 SO 92 55 35 40 65 60 60 40 To 65 75 35 45 20 100 115 111 95 100 115 95 115 90 100 150 115 85 200 110 101 90 90 75 90 25 85 85 98 70 50 100 75 65 25 100 87 Too 77 85 100 75 65 97 100 35 60 50 45 45 70 50 35 25 90 87 50 80 65 100 110 100 101 105 10 100 105 105 90 110 100 95 110 100 100 120 105 100 75 95 90 85 97 80 85 85 100 90 90 100 65 90 100 85 95 75 85 80 85 85 95 90 85 75 88 lot 110 90 95 100 100 95 85 91 90 80 98 90 60 95 95 100 85 85 oo 70 110 100 95 no 103 100 98 100 75 100 85 75 80 75 85 85 90 106 100 85 100 95 77 85 120 98 100 100 75 10 95 93 100 102 100 91 85 105 100 60 95 100 95 90 105 85 100 125 IK 125 110 115 115 110 133 105 115 115 115 110 125 125 ii5 118 120 110 112 125 115 110 120 120 112 115 120 120 US 118 115 125 113 150 130 150 130 145 150 135 130 145 145 145 145 145 135 T35 150 140 135 132 160 145 145 150 117 140 150 143 140 187 147 145 150 138 HO 12 115 01 8 5 95 105 90 120 90 10 Tin 175 no 120 WO 120 85 To 75 85 90 85 80 100 70 75 as 103 70 75 957 75 100 50 60 30 80 70 75 65 65 85 75 60 75 80 80 60 90 75 70 70 65 70 100 Butts Campbell 85 115 100 90 100 75 90 100 95 90 Too Columbia Too Too 100 DeKalo DofYgls Elbert Fayette Fuitoli Hancock Harris Lincoln 120 105 100 90 120 90 60 50 25 50 75 105 75 50 55 50 110 60 80 10 40 75 80 30 60 577 55 75 46 90 70 95 100 95 85 95 McDuffle 105 100 Meriwether 60 75 70 75 65 70 75 85 65 50 70 75 745 Monroe 85 90 55 37 40 85 80 45 90 140 Too 100 150 175 Too 8 110 100 1136 100 85 65 25 20 100 95 75 100 60 30 45 10 45 80 80 50 60 110 101 115 110 100 110 102 110 100 Too 102 100 125 104 90 85 Morgan Newton 95 90 101 100 100 100 100 95 95 95 100 100 106 95 ion 98 100 95 105 100 96 Oglethorpe 80 100 80 100 Pike 100 125 100 100 100 100 Rockdale 90 100 90 100 85 108 100 125 93 Talbot Taliaferro 100 100 90 90 85 915 55 70 40 65 75 596 110 T65 135 95 Too 100 60 loo 787 85 65 55 75 61 80 95 95 110 628 98 90 110 86 93 95 95 Warren AVilkes 100 108 100 98 95 85 Average 114 925 G t s r 2 W z H r w M o H 00 00 to 3TABLE No 1Continued SOUTHWEST GEORGIA COUNTIES Baker Berrien Brookp Calhoun ChattahooV Clay Colquitt Crawford Decatnr Dooly Dougherty Early Houston Irwin Lee Lowndes Macon Mnrion Miller Mitchell Muscogec Quitmat Randolph Schley Stewart Sumter Taylor Terrell Thomas Corn 120 10 117 US 105 120 110 110 in 105 108 110 110 Oats 97 110 100 107 o 5 o 77 95 11 116 llll 126 120 115 12 12 5o 105 116 110 116 3 o O V o 105 102 13 2 c 8 o 102 104 90 Wheat 5 i 80 3 v 0 00 95 117 75 105 90 100 75 Cotton 90 as Z A is 2 5 8 I 82 92 96 95 95 951 100 85 75 100 100 110 90 100 100 75 98 64 100 91 50 110 125 no 100 75 125 115 62 1051 100 70 105 80 80 66 to 36 411 40 17 87 1 37 30 100 25 105 25 100 100 100 91 75 100 110 100 100 no 109 95 100 Cane a a as Rice C S e Is II 120 110 100 112 90 100 100 100 5 100 Fruit Stock 125 26 Labor and I 07 1 31 1 25 1 25 0 8S 1 10 1 20 OS 1 12 1 17 1 05 1 1 25 1 18 1 15 I mi 1 20 1 15 I 1 iw ii5 20 40 1 29 16 1 21 1 50 1 32 1 1 42 1 32 1 in 1 51 1 50 fl o 1 1 c 5 1 60 1 28 1 51 1 so 1 30 I 35 I 45 1 50 1 0 1 00 I 42 80 80 if o 64 100 100 100 66 95 100 100 101 100 100 100 93 90 10 82 96 100 95 75 100 80 100 100 77 00 c M W Z o o a c H a w pi a H O Q en o mimmmKmvmtt i Worth 101 112 100 105 984 115 H7 123 20 17 61 901 90 971 120 112 111 110 96 99 115 105 109 80 110 103 40 80 90 85 91 100 117 90 90 90 83 22 100 100 99 70 60 105 105 105 105 102 100 93 112 91 90 15 75 54 80 6b 100 112 100 80 85 100 i 90 95 100 961 100 100 95 1 OB 1 14 1 60 125 100 85 Or Average 1127 76 31 67 106 47 101 1 42 B2 38 85 97 1 Ir EAST GEORGIA Bulloch Burke JUodge Emsnuel fllascock Jefferson Johnson Laurens Mtgomery Pulaski Richmond Screven Tatnall Telfair Twiggs Washington Wilkinson 110 112 125 110 92 ioo no no no 107 115 110 105 105 105 100 II Average 108 97 123 83 116 112 100 120 92 160 110 105 115 186 117 12 13 105 112 110 105 115 117 150 no 95 118 81 100 106 120 77 106 90 110 117 120 ISO 120 92 150 110 90 121 123 120 10S 128 102 116 106 107 105 96 100 101 ioo 105 so 27 US 5 104 105 100 100 76 100 96 1196 51 108 786 101 120 125 ion 100 125 105 95 106 100 130 100 120 106 100 100 ioo ioo 75 110 100 87 90 100 1 35 1 15 1 60 1 26 1 52 1 35 1 75 1 50 1 40 1 50 1 80 1 25 1 40 1 30 1 40 1 50 1 51 92 957 97 1 15l 40 79 57 82 9 3 50 96 90 80 90 00 100 100 100 82 95 100 100 1110 95 95 100 SOUTHEAST GEORGIA Appling 110 110 110 110 100 125 110 99 105 105 no 100 100 103 110 102 115 120 150 110 117 85 88 77 25 90 75 73 90 83 68 100 100 100 90 150 87 105 110 100 100 108 ioo 81 101 10 100 100 97 125 88 105 112 100 100 105 95 83 95 76 90 10 125 125 100 100 75 87 75 100 100 86 90 9C 75 75 10 66 125 102 110 100 120 90 107 90 90 100 150 60 96 100 100 100 1 25 1 50 125 100 33 ion 95 90 90 95 100 100 75 90 80 56 34 60 83 70 25 6b 22 1H4 105 125 125 100 114 107 107 100 100 101 106 88 92 100 80 92 95 75 100 80 90 10 100 100 100 100 105 107 80 75 100 93 Clinch Fchols Effingham 92 85 75 100 70 87 1 10 1 10 1 2 1 15 1 2b 1 80 1 40 1 25 106 100 100 83 80 100 100 100 75 76 ioo 80 80 90 80 100 50 55 90 71 50 32 Mclntosh Ware Wayne 81 88 117 136 96 90 76 95 RECAPITULATION North Ga Middle Ga S W Ga East Ga 1137 114 1127 108 110 1125 100 965 984 87 103 98 1111 53 137 645 123 64 128 83 117 73 1251 65 64 5 85 91 88 90 84 11011046 1186 103 111 99 108 105 108 97 1155ll027 110 124 109 118 105 1185 114 122 103 82 110 108 1055 86 83 100 895 845 91 89 90 88 705 72 90 80 81 778 86 79 76 8 88 805 407 27 31 27 55 111 91 5 99 98 99 32 596 67 69 32 100 108 106 104 114 100 98 101 105 106 100 100 93 99 92 100 93 91 103 90 98 1136 911 96 72 787 54 696 86 66 61 47 51 66 99 104 101 108 107 103 91 88 85 786 96 86 948 628 96 92 100 86 855 98 106 957 93 943 92 96 95 97 87 945 107 118 114 115 117 113 182 138 142 140 136 138 92 967 62 79 96 84 72 577 38 57 90 58 67 745 85 82 76 767 94 925 97 93 95 For State 326 101 54 106 103 95 968 1038 708 589 95 00 c I d r1 W S I r a o OO OO t330 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 52 TABLE No 2 Synopsis of Weather Reports from January 1st to April 30ih 1882 NORTH GEORGIA STATIONS Canton BUerslie Gainesville Mosey Creek Leo Mt Airy Rabun Gap Rome JANUARY Tempera lure Means M 64 66 6S 15 19 6 22 65116 410 416 445 438 434 470 442 Rain fall 1640 7 4u 908 IB 8ft 1145 890 1402 FEBRUARY Tempera ture Rain fall MARCH raRain tun fall APRIL 26 80 22 28 7115 71139 207l26 440 502 181 485 453 490 8 50 685 935 1260 885 710 9 82 33 47 5 879il079l32 25 0 5S 4 555 644 509 570 1150 455 528 423 550 245 547 558 Tempera ture Rain fall 600 64 622 1520 601 650 620 600 220 358 3 11 S90 362 MIDDLE GEORGIA 385 Athens Atlanta CarrolltonjX LaGrange Macou Oxford Thomson Means SOUTHWEST GEORGIA Americue Albany Outhbert Kashvilie Thomasyille Means 24570 32560 24595 77 271576 330 180 21 242 5J7831j568 4751 6 8 7837640 310 4 80 81 694 373 sf7983Ue faTieIe 8044 78140 8348 78153 8236 6861 6251 6f Ml OS 538 640 070 3 85 6531 224 8 87 648 2981 5 85 700 72 j 690 706 EAST GEORGIA 260 271 445 2 Augusta Ogeechee Bwainsboro Meansbfisi 500 500 800 540 603 571 340 OS 3 51 35 590 83 33590 464 85 6501 417 722 093 6861 255 Brunswick Walthonrviile Means Means for State SOUTHEAST GEORGIA 80 SO so 72 28 80 29 28 KOO 584 59 2 521 178 0 95 592 4178 3 78 3 78 10176 s 36 87 a 60 0 584 592 648 010I 1 055 4 OSSl 2 514 6 851456501 261 91 42 652 195 93 44 651 22S 848SJ605414 588I58 58651 6 8765 6J8449 690 693 392 295 8 7 7 8 602 67s 331 53 SUPPLEMENTAL REPORT1882 31 REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON LABORSAVING IMPLE MENTS Augusta Ga May 6th 1882 Hon J T Henderson Commissioner of Agriculture Atlanta Ga Your Committee appointed in response to the resolution adopted by the Con vention of the Georgia State Agricultural Society held in this city in February last respectfully beg leave to report The Committee was organized May 1st and proceeded to examine such imple ments and machinery as were available This was continued for three days dur ing which a number of superior laborsaving machines and implements including pulverizers seed sowers harvesters mosvers binders cultivators engines etc were examined Such as could be practically tested were operated in the field in the presence of the Committee So far as practicable therefore the Committee discharged the duties for which it was organized but the number brought under our observation was so small compared to the multitude on the market that it has been deemed improper to at tempt to individualize those which seemed to possess superior merit Undei the circumstances we could not do more than assure the farmers of Geor gia of the great advantages to be derived from the use of laborsaving implements and machinery and urge them to adopt those suited to their soil crops and means after a most careful investigation of the merits of the different individuals in the classes needed Some members of the Committee have in use on their farms a va riety of the most modern of such machines including plows pulverizers planters seed sowers harvesters mowers and engines which have given entire satisfaction and have become as indispensable in their farming operations as the scooter plow and the scythe were to our fathers All who own lands on which improved implements can be successfully used are urged to purchase them after a thorough inquiry into the merits of the various candidates for their patronage We further supgest that as far as practicable the Secretary of the State Agri cultural Society endeavor to secure at each session of the Convention a practical test of such improved implements and machinery as may be available in order that the delegates to the Conventions may observe for themselves the merits of the differdnt machines and report the results of their observations to their clubs when they return to their homes We suggest that he invite manufacturers and dealers to cooperate with the Society in this effort to afford its members an op portunity of Beeing the various implements in practical operation during the ses sions of the Cunventions Such exhibitions will enure to the mutual advantage of both farmers and dealers and prove far more satisfactory than any report which an examining committee could make We desire to thank you sir for the compliment implied in our appointment32 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 54 by you for the discharge of a duty of such importance to the farmers of Georgia and regret that our labor has not resulted in more pointed and practical con elusions We desire also to thank the local dealers in implements and machinery for the valuable assistance rendered the Committee by cheerfully exhibiting their goods both at their plaees of business and practically in the field J B Campbell Chairman Fred Little George W Dhl F E Eve W B Capers J 8 Newman55 SUPPLEMENTAL CROP REPORT1881 33 REPORTS BY THE CHEMIST University op Georgia Athens Ga March 14th 1882 Hon J T Henderson Commissioner of Agriculture Atlanta Oa Dear SirIn my general report of last season made to you May 26th 1881 and embodied in circular No 18 of the Department the following occurred Although field experiment is not strictly in the line of my official duties I have been prompted by your liberality and the generous assistance of a colleague to essay on a small scale a special experiment of this character Nitrogen or Ammonia is the most costly ingredient of commercial fertilizers It can be purchased and applied in several distinct formsas Nitrates of Soda or Potash Sulphate of Ammonia Dried Blood Cotton Seed Meal etc The ques tion as to which of these forms is the most economical and best suited for agricul tural purposes is certainly a very important one involving as it does the whole question about which very little is at present known of the form in which plants prefer to take their necessary nitrogen During two or three years past a series of experiments have been conducted at several agricultural stations in the North to test the question so far as corn potatoes and a few other crops are concerned The results have been reported to and aggreeated by Prof W O Atwater of Mid dletown Conn to whom I aro indebted for many valuable suggestions in this connection These experiments are being repeated the present season So far as I have been able to ascertain not one single experiment of this nature has ever been made upon cotton More therefore for the purpose of inaugurating exper imentation of this kind and of calling attention to its importance than with the hope that a single experiment could furnish complete and infallable information I have instituted a test on a small scale for this season My colleague Gen Wm M Browne Professor of Agriculture ofjthe University has generously cooperated with me and granted the Use of about an acre and a quarter of land of the exper imental farm with labor etc necessary for cultivation Upon this cotton has been planted under some twentysix 26 different conditions as to the nitrogen supply With great liberality you furnished me with the fertilizing materials The experiment is now well under way a good stand of plants being already ob tained At the conclusion of the experiment I shall report to you the full details of materials used results obtained etc I have now the honor to present the detailed results of the experiment re ferred to OBJECT OF THE EXPERIMENT The object for which this experiment was instituted was to determine or at least to throw some light upon the following problems 1 Does cotton acquire the nitrogen necessary for its healthful growth and per fect fruiting in whole or in part from the atmosphere or in whole or in part from the soil 34 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 56 2 If the necessary nitrogen is obtained in whole or in part from the soil in which of the following forms does cotton prefer that its nitrogen should be sup plied viz Nitrates ammonia salts organic nitrogen of animal origin or organic nitrogen of vegetable origin these being the only nitrogen compounds available commercially 3 To what extent if at all is it necessary or prudent to apply nitrogenous manures in the culture of cotton 4 Does the use of nitrogenous manures in cotton culture pay considered from a monetary standpoint It cannot be denied that these questions are very momentous considering the immense importance of the cotton crop to ibia State and the large amount of money annually expended generally andbecause of our ignorance in the mat ternecessarily without discrimination for the nitrogenous fertilizers employed in its culture Without entertaining for a moment the idea that one single experiment no matter bow carefully conducted could solve these problems it was thought that intelligent work in this direction could not be too speedily begun even if the be ginning was necessarily upon a small scale Hence the modest experiment CONDITIONS OP THE EXPERIMENT The following conditions were necessarily attendant upon the proper conduct of the experiment 1 The use of a piece of land suitably located homogeneous poor and of which the composition and previous history were known 2 The application of such fertilizers only whose compositions were actually known 3 The knowledge of the kinds and quantities of materials necessary to produce an ordinary aerage crop of cotton ACTUAL CONDITIONS OBSERVED 1 The experiment was conducted on a piece of land at the University farm kindy furnished for the purpose by my colleague Prof Win M Browne who also attended in person to the cultivation gathering and final estimate of the crop I quote his description as furnished me The plat selected for the experiment had been cleared in the winter of 1880 of a stunted growth of oak blackjack and pine and had not been cultivated for over 25 years The soil which was uniform and homogeneous was upland and level consisting of a clayey loam with but little vegetable matter was of a red color dry rather heavy and well drained The soil was 4 inches in depth and the the subsoil was a stiff clay An analysis of the soil of this section of the experimental farm had previously been made by myself without giving the details of the analysis I may state that but small traces of vegetable matter were present and that the soil was emphat ically poor 2 The fertilizers used were furnished mainly by the Commissioner of Agricul ture and were as follows Acid phosphate containing by actual analysis 104 per cent available phos57 SUPPLEMENTAL CROP REPORT1881 85 phoric acid muriate of potash containing 48 per cent potash nitrate of soda containing 16 per cent nitrogen sulphate of ammonia containing 208 per cent nitrogen dried blood containing 111 per cent nitrogen and cotton seed meal containing 6 35 per cent nitrogen 3 Of the materials necessary to produce a crop of cotton the three which are alone generally considered necessary to apply as fertilizers are prosphonc acid which is lways accompanied with a sufficient quantity of lime potash and ni trogen The analysis of the cotton plant shows that to produce a crop of 300 pounds lint cotton per acre there would be required in all 26 pounds of phos phoric acid 48 pounds of potash and 50 pounds nitrogen Calling this amount of each of these substitutes a full rationof each this full rationof phosphoric acid would be furnished by 250 pounds of the acid phosphate mentioned above the full ration of potash by 100 pounds of the muriate of potash and the full ration of nitrogen by 312J pounds of nitrate sf soda 240 pounds sulphate of ammonia 450 pounds dried blood or 787J pounds cotton seed meal DETAILS OF THE EXPERIMENT 1 Regarding culture I quote from Gen Browne The seed used were of the Rameses variety planted with a Dow Law cotton planter at the rate of one bush el per acre in last week of April 29th and covered with a board Hoed three times and plowed and swept three times Kept perfectly clean and soil well stirred The various fertilizers were applied by a distributor guaged with perfect accuracy in the centre furrow of each cotton bed lightly intermingled with the soil and covered with a shallow list The cold dry weather at planting time and the intense heat with protracted drought in July and August were very unfavora ble for the crop The stand of cotton was very imperfect from the first cause and the yield was largely diminished by the second 2 The piece of ground ly acre devoted to the experiment waBlaid off in 26 plats each containing fa acres Each plat containing 4 rows each row 124 feet long and the rows 3J feet apart The plats were numbered from 1 to 26 3 Plats numbered 1 5 16 21 and 26 were unmanured No 2 manured with a full ration of nitrogen alone in the form of nitrate of soda No 3 with a full ra tion of phosphoric acid alone No 4 with potash alone No 6 was manured with full ration each of nitrogen as nitrate and prosphoric acid No 7 with nitrogen and potash and No 8 with phosphoric acid and potash The first 8 plats there fore were designed to test the action of full rations of phosphoric acid potash and nitrogen as nitrate alone and combined in pairs 4 In order to determine the action and estimate the relative values of the dif ferent nitrogen compounds it was necessary to apply with each of them the full rations of phosphoric acid and potash so that the crop should suffer no detriment from the lack if these foods and in order that any differences in yield might be influenced by the nitrogen supply alone A mixture of acid phosphate and muriate of potash was therefore used upon the other plats with different kinds and proportions of nitrogenous fertilizers as follows To plats 9 10 and 11 nitrate of soda in proportions of J f and full ration of nitrogen To plats 13 14 and 15 sulphate of ammonia in proportions of J f and full ration of nitrogen36 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 58 troTgenPalS bd of h and full ratio of ni of nitfSn23 and 25 C0Un 86ed mea1 PrPrt of i i and foil ration The following table exhibits in condensed form the foreg oing statements 1 a FERTILIZERS 1 j 1 Nitrate of Soda u tf 0 a 0 C Oh 5 E 0 ft 0 V 3 3 s 3 0 i i 2 13 6 5 a n ft a u a 0 0 O is a a c 0 S O u a a u i No manure r 13K 12i IO 4 IO 3K H 4 250 Nn manure 100 7 12 IO 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 22K 16K 14 18 16 22 26K 14 17 15 20 25 23 35 20 26 32 14 24K 35 45K 3S2K 8 IO IO IO IO IO IO IO IO IO IO IO IO IO IO IO IO 412K 9 4 16 35 IO 454 16 ii 558H 12 662 J 1 3 15 6 25 9 35 35o M 43 11 510 16 590 i7 t8 6 12 18 35o 19 500 20 650 21 300 21 31 35 6m 875 26 37 59 SUPPLEMENTAL CROP REPORT1881 RESULTS OF THE EXPERIMENT 37 The following table shows the results obtained c c o picking Aug 30 2d picking Sept 14 3 picking Oct 4th picking Oct Yield per acre 0 picking 0 Aug 2d 1 3d picking picking Sept Oct 1 u 4th picking Oct Yield acre per 4 6 3 14 4 12 lbs oz lbs oz lbs oz lbs oz lbs oz lbs oz lbs oz lbs oz lbs oz lbs oz i 0 e 0 1 2 12 1 tA 180 7A 14 9 12 7 1 5 9 1 is 607 13 a 0 1 1 1 3 12 3 1 220 K 15 n 8 9 4 5 11 2 1 712 3 4 14 8 7 3 12 3 2 500 13 16 0 13 2 7 4 8 2 10 256 6 4 0 11 2 14 2 2K 2 9 203 4K 17 3 3 4 81 3 2 1 6 304 11 5 1 i4 3 12 2 4 1 11 240 10 89 12 10 8 11 a 4 8 898 2 9 4 9 8 3 4 1 14 596 T4 9 7 ro 8 14 7 11 5 9 745 5 2 1 4 1 2 5 2 1 262 8 07 1 11 1 i 9 2 4 782 d 8 5 9 ro 3 5 2 6 590 10 2 12 7 3 9 3 32 6 289 1 9 4 7 8 8 i 5 2 10 681 14 2 22 8 4 14 5 13 2 4 285 15 10 8 13 8 2A 3 2 2 8 580 7A 2 312 IO 12 13 6 13 4 8 929 11 11 8 1 7 ri 3 1 2 6 530 7A 2 4 n 13 2 4 6 14 3 9 887 8 jj 3 2 7 4 9 1 3 13 584 6 2 5 12 2 6 5 6 I2j 4 4 985 15 3 9 2 6 8 5 io 2 13I 602 sK 2 5 1 7 2 14 4 2I 1 12 260 11 CONCLUSIONS DEDUCED FROM THE RESULTS The results of this experiment illustrate in a most striking manner the ex reme dtffieuty of obtaining trustworthy results in agricultural experiments and the utter futility of attempting to draw reliable conclusions from a single experi ment no matter how carefully conducted This experiment was conducted with he utmost care and no tune trouble or expense was spared The land was selec ted with special uniformity in character and was believed to be homogeneous toL Z r aCr f0f WtJ 8imiIar trip varied with no manure from 180 to m pounds and with acid phosphate and muriate of potash from 385 to 590 pounds In strictness therefore the only proper conclusion that can be drawn from these results is that the experiment should be several times repeated upon the same land and under the same conditions until the comparative action of fertilizers apphed can be determined with certainty This with the generous cooperation o Prof Browne I propose shall be done No better argument for the necessity of a scientific experimental station in Georgia permanent in lo cation and endowment could be presented than the results of this first experiment I may be permitted however to indicate even at the mk of error a few anna rent conclusions bearing upon the objects of the experiment which may be rough ly deduced from these results These must be considered however merely as in dications not as positive conclusions 1 By supplying the plants with mineral food alone it is possible to obtain a good average crop of cotton without the application of nitrogenous manures in 38 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 60 the soil Even when nitrogenous manures were employed the ration produced in all cases better general results than the full ration Therefore cotton ia able to obtain the greater part if not the whole of its neces sary nitrogen from the atmosphere without depending upon the soil 2 It is possible to increase the yield by the use of nitrogenous manures applied to the soil The order of preference displayed by the plant for the materials used is as follows 1st Albumenoid nitrogen from vegetable sources as cotton seed meal 2d Albumenoid nitrogen from animal sources as dried blood 3d Sulphate of am monia 4th Nitrate of soda 3 The excessive application of nitrogenous manure even when accompanied with ample quantities of mineral plantfood does not increase the yield but on the contrary appears to diminish it As a rule the nitrogenous matter applied in excess of J ration either diminished or added but a trifle to the yield Of course we have no means of knowing what proportion of even this J ration was of value in increasing the yield over mineral matter abone or to what extent it might be advantageously diminished but certainly it represents the maximum quantity that the crop would stand or use This J ration would be represented by about 4 per cent ammonia in a commercial fertilizer applied at the rate of 500 pounds per acre 4 The following table exhibits the cost per acre of the manures applied to each plat and the value of the crop estimating seed cotton at4 cents pr pound as also the loss or gain over n manure and over mineral manure alone These figures speak for themselves and need no comment61 SUPPLEMENTAL CROP REPORT1881 39 No OF PLAT Cost per acre Yield per acre Compared ivitk no manure Unmanured plats i 5 16 21 26 average Mineral manures 8 12 17 22 average 2 Nitrate of soda alone 3 Acid phosphate alone 4 Muriate of potash alone 6 Nitrate of soda and acid phosphate 7 Nitrate of soda and Muriate of potash 14 iS 18 19 20 23 24 25 Nitrate of soda A ration Nitrate of soda ration Nitrate of soda full ration Sulphate of ammonia J ration Sulphate of ammonia ratio Sulphate of ammonia full ration Dried blood ration Dried blood ration Dried blood full ration Cotton seed meal ration Cotton seed meal ration Cotton seed meal full ration 6 1 12 50 3 1 3 00 15 62 15 5o 9 34 17 66 8 80 20 03 8 13 23 TO 50 4 21 1 08 13 34 Compared with mineral manures i e effect due to nitrogenous ma nure alone Gain 10 29 J4 45 t8 62 13 76 21 40 22 92 10 25 T4 37 18 50 8 75 37 14 00 27 28 23 22 22 22 24 32 35 92 14 13 38 81 2 90 31 32 1 28 37 19 35 5 39 44 Loss 2 77 7 94 1 21 8 62 5 86 16 90 12 59I 13 80 The above calculations are based upon the following prices for the manure used Acid phosphate 2500 per ton nitrate of soda 4c per lb muriate of potash 3c per lb sulphate of ammonia 7c per lb dried blood 55 per ton cotton seed meal 20 per ton Incidentally the following points may be noted in connection with the results obtained 1 Acid phosphates are clearly excellent fertilizers for cotton even if used alone 2 Muriate of potash appears to have been an uufortun ite choice a a source of potash in every instance its use was attended not only with Iobs but with posi tive detriment to the crop It is very probable that sulphate of potash or kainit would have given much better results 3 Nitrate of soda and sulphate of ammonia appear to be generally valueless as fertilizers for cotton By way of answer to possible criticism that in but two instances in this ex40 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 62 periment was the crop manured for 300 lb lint actually obtained it may be explained that of course only a portion of the fertilizers used was taken up by the crop the remaining portion is still in the soil probably available for next season s crop Finally permit me to say that the results of thi experiment do not justify this lengthy report as I am well aware I present it in this form however as an illustration of what I consider the proper manner of conducting an experiment and formulating results Its perusal may cause others to become interested in the question involved and lead them te experiment with a view to their solution in which case I am convinced much good will be accomplished Very respectfully yours H C White State Chemist Hon J T Henderson Commissioner of Agriculture Atlanta Ga Dear Silt I I have carefully examined a sample of Cotton Butter Oil submitted by you and find that it contains nothing whatever deleterious to health and nothing in its composition or properties that would unfit it for safe and whoksome use as an article of food As I am now engagsd upon an investigation of the diet etic and other uses of Cotton Seed Oil with a view to a more extended report hereafter I confine myself at this time to this brief statement II I have have examined a simple of soil submitted through you by Messrs B B Screven and Ino B Mallard of Walthourviire with a view to determine whether the character of the soil is such as would justify the draining of a pond of 1000 acres from which the sample was taken The sample yielded on first exposure 7325 per cent moisture On airdrying for twenlyfour hours the following results were obtained Moisture 9 on Volatile organic matter 44 jj Mineral matter 12 OS 10000 The mineral matter consisted mainly of fine clay with a small proportion of sand On examination fair traces of phosphoric acid and potash were obtained The soil is in reality a highly carbonaceous muck or vegetable compound It is decidedly acid in reaction My opinion is that if the pond were thoroughly drained and the reclaimed soil treated liberally with slaked lime well distributed and turned in a very fertile soil would be obtained If good pulverulent or crushed marl is to be had it would be preferable to lime The extent to which the fertilityrwould be permanent de pends much upon the character of the subsoil As this is I take it in part at east clayey I have no doubt indefinite fertility might be readily maintained The land should be thoroughly drained and well cultivated at first ILT The specimen of mineral submitted through you by Mr W C Sheffield Cedar Spring Early county proves on examination to be an aggregated mass of quartz grains and carbonate of lime containing a few spicuies and small masses of phosphate of lime63 SUPPLEMENTAL CROP REPORT1881 41 It is in fact an indurated silicious mari containing phosphatic concretions in very small proportion The proportion of phosphate of lime is a small fraction of 1 per cent No potash is present The mineral is in itself of no special value Very respectfully H C White State Chemist Hon J T Henderson Commissioner of Agriculture Atlanta Ga Dear SirI have the honor to present results of the examination of a sample of Ivory wheat or Egyptian wheat furnished by you some days since By way of comparison I include analyses of three samples of Georgia raised wheat made a few months since upon samples obtained from the Department No 1 is Eed May wheat No 2 is Dallas wheat No 3 is winter wheat variety unknown No 4 is the socalled Ivorv wheat ANALYSES No 1 No 2 No 3 No 4 1085 260 7338 150 982 185 1137 300 7152 160 1076 175 1175 265 7121 195 1089 155 1100 193 7029 287 1171 220 Ash 10000 10000 10000 10000 A partial analysis of the ash of each has been made with following results No 1 No 2 No 3 No 4 4562 30 12 315 2111 4608 3089 808 1997 4089 3616 310 1885 44 21 2920 2 86 2373 10000 10000 10000 10000 Very repec fully H C White Stale Chemist University of Georgia Athens Ga April 3 1882 Analysis of a sample of Millo Maize for the Department of Agriculture Water 1280 Crude fibre 223 Fat 285 Starch gum sugar elc 7166 Albnmenoids 886 Ash 160 10000 ANALYSIS OE ASU Phosphoric acid 4385 Potash 300842 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 64 Lime Other mineral matter 345 2262 Hon J T Henderson Commissioner of Agriculture Atlanta Oa Deab SibI have the honor to report the following results PBOXIMATE ANALYSES 1 Illinois yellow corn 2 Illinois while corn 3 Georgia white field corn 4 Sweet potato yellow yam variety 10000 H C White State Chemist Water Crude fibre indigestible Fat Starch gum sugar etc Aibumenoids Ash 1 1225 428 721 6385 866 155 10000 1410 368 450 0830 821 130 10000 s 10 75 215 043 7000 882 125 10000 4 0775 103 010 2885 127 100 ionoo Estimating oil and redyformed fat as of double the value of starchlndllw carbohydrates as fat formers we have the following relative values Fat forming constituents Flcslifonniny constituents S027 880 7733 82J 8340 882 29 05 127 Very respectfully H C White Stale Chemist reportrbedaayed6 remVa f whei DTutm r work is being done thisCircular No 27 New Series CROP REPORT FOR THE MONTH OF MAY 188 RETURNED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE JUNE 118S2 Department of Agriculture 1 Atlanta Ga June 12th 1882 CORN The condition of the growing corn June 1st compared to the same date last year is reported in the whole State 109 or nine per cent better In north Georgia it is 101 in middle Georgia 109 in southwest Georgia and East Georgia each 116 and in Southeast Georgia 107 OAT8 The yield of oats so far as they were harvested Tune 1st is reported at 121 compared to an average crop and the prospective yield of those not har vested at 115 The yield of those harvested is in north Georgia 114 in middle Georgia 125 in southwest Georgia 121 in east Georgia l23 and in southeast Georgia 109 The prospective yield of those not harvested June 1st is in north Georgia 114 in middle Georgia 121 in southwest Georgia 112 in east Georgia 112 and in southeast Georgia 103 The ciop is indeed a very fine one probably the best ever grown in the State not withstanding the fact that they are reported injured by rust nine per cent in the State In north Georgia 4 per cent in midddle Georgia 15 in south west Georgia 5 in east Georgia 9 and in southeast Georgia 7 The weather has been extremely favorable for harvesting the small grain crop WHEAT The yield of wheat where harvested is reported at 1215 in the State as compared to an average crop In north Georgia it is 125 in middle Geor gia 113 in southwest Georgia 79 and in east Georgia 89 None is report ed in southeast Georgia The prospective yield where not harvested compared to an average crop is in the State 106 in north Georgia 117 in middle Georgia 109 in south west Georgia 82 in east Georgia 86 and in southeast Georgia 100 ItDEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 66J will be observed that the highest average is reported in those sections in which the bulk of the crop is grown viz north and niiddleGeorgia The crop has been injured by rust flftet n per cent in the state As 84 per cent of the crop was sown in rustproof varieties the injury from rust on the remaining 16 per cen of the crop must have been very serious to have amounted to 15 per cent of the whoie crop The injury in the sections is as follows In north Georgia 6 per cent in middle Georgia 13 in southwest Georgia 23 in east Georgia 23 and in southeast Georgia 5 The varieties recommended by correspondents as giving most satisfactory results are the Bill Dallas purple straw an 1 red May COTTOX The stand of cotton June 1st as compared to an average is in the State 916 In north Georgia it is 78 in middle Georgia it is 90 in south west Georgia 101 in east Georgia 96 and in southeast Georgia 99 The stand in the upper portion of the State has been impaired by the cold nights which occurred during May and the weather now is still very un favorable The thermometer registered this morning June 6th 52 degrees Far The condtiou of the plants compared to an average June 1st was 91 in the whole State In north Georgia 76 in middle Georgia 92 in southwest Georgia 102 in east Georgia 90 and in southeast Giorgia 99 The cold weather lias not only impaired the stand but has retarded the growth of the plant A great deal of replanting has been douo in north and middle Georgia Unless the mining places are wide replantin is rarely profitable since the replanted stalks are so shaded bv the original plants as to prevent them from fruiting profitably The United States Government has investigated the habits of the COTTON CATERPILLAR and machines have been invented which quite effectually destroy them by sprinkling poisonous liquid upon the leave of the plants The correspondents of this department estimated last year that six per cent of the cotton crop of this State was destroyed by the caterpillar In southwest Georgia the injury was reported at 9 per cent and in east and southeast Georgia 10 per cent According to this estimate the cotton crop of Georgia was injured in 1881 to the amount of 1823950 Tue greater part of this loss might have ben prevented if the means now at the command of the planters had been then available and utilized There are two machines which are in the reach of every planter one of which should be on every plantation before the season for the rava ges of the caterpillar to commence arrives Professor C V Rilev En tomo legist for the United States Department of Agriculturehas invent ed a machine which he claims distributes the poisonous liquid so as to effectually destroy the caterpillars67 CROP REPORT1881 Captain Jackson Warner of Austin Texas now in Atlanta has in vented a cheap and simple machine to be used from the back of a horse or mule which has been successfully used hi Texas in destroying the worms on cotton Specimens of these machines may be seen in this of fice The following wood cut which has baen kindly furnished by Cap tain Warner will better illustrate the use of Warners Cotton Worm De stroyer than any description could be written or printed With this machine twentyfive acres can be treated in one day by one man and horse SORGHUM The condition of Sorghum in the State compared to an average is 107 In North Georgia 100 in middle Georgia 101 in southwest Georgia 95 in east Georgia 94 in southeast Georgia 100 SUGAR CANE The stand of sugar cane compared to a good stand is 99 in the State 97 in middle Georgia 100 in southwest Georgia 101 in east Georgia and 102 in southeast GeorgiaDEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA T68 The ndiou compared to an average June 1st is 102 in the State 98 in udtteasGegoiia04 T fl ta G ad POTATOES This spring has been exceptionally favorable to the production of Irish and planting of sweet potatoes oimsn The prospective yield of Irish potatoes is for the State compared to an SorT IP I hl 7rrth Gergia 106 l0 mlddle Borgia117 in southwest Georgia K 9 m east Georga 104 and in southeast Georgia 105 The crop i a good one all over the State A much larger area should be devoted to tirix 7th r where they mature siiffleientiate to2St5 bemg kept through the winter By planting late varieties in the fertile bproduTed S f QOrth Gergia a aDd Profltable 2S TrS Tt RiCbardSOn of Whitfleld eounty sent to this office this spring Irish Potato of supenor quality and size as crisp firm and free from sproats as tbev were the day they were dug A portion of these were hZ up a sack where they remained until the last week in May when the were still m fine condition and free from sprots except at the bud ends There is no reason why the valleys of north Georgia should not produce ZT Plat0eS t0 SUpply the whole State duiig the winter months No Northern potatoes brought to this market surpass those grown by Mr Kichaidson on common npand new ground in Whitfleld county without manure of any kind North Georgia should suppy the cities and town f the Slate dunng winter with Irish potatoes cabbages and apples lhe area m sweet potatoes compared to that of last year is in the State 110 in north Geo 105 mide Georga J Georg ill n east Georgia 113 and in southeast Georgia 105 The coition compared to anaveraSein the State is 1053 in north Georgia 98 Jhl PCUlarl7 a SUthern CrP alld st importance asa food crop for man but lti value as food for stock is not less important Three bushels of Twee potatoes possess food value equal to that of one bushel of corn in other Zl three bushels cf sweet potatoes consumed by an animal will pr duce as much flesh and fat as one bushel of the best corn but an acre of land that will produce way that dried fruit is now handled MISCELLANEOUS Hice ii new gnwi in all ecicne cf the State though the principal crc is still grown in a few counties a jcinire the Atlantic Ti lccipai crp is still ftito ihs k0v7uroxh d jo l JL2ssjraaissr69 CROP REPORT1881 to an average in the State is 97 in north Gaorgia where the upland rice is sown to some extent it is 103 in middle Georgia 60 in southwest Georgia 101 in east Georgia 90 and in southeast Georgia the principal rice growing region 99 Millet is reported in the State at 99 or one per cent below last years crop in conditon June 1st Ground peas are reported two per cent below last year in condition or 98 The price for which this crop has sold for several years past200 per bushel makes it a very profitable crop Tne cost of cultivation is less than that of cot ton and that of gathering and preparing for market not greater Pif y bushels is regarded as an average yield per acre in the nuts while the tops make a forage of which stock are fond Those necessarily left in the ground affjrd superior food for hogs A larger area might be profitably devoted to this crop It is prof itable in Virginia North Carolina and Tennessee why not in Georgia Chufas afford very superior food for hogs but with the increasing indisposition to raise hogs the area in this crop has been reduced some however still grow it with most satisfactory resluts Their condition compared to an averaein the State is 98 Meonsre attracting more attention each year as the facilities for shipping them to Northern and Western cities improve and the demand for them in our own growing cities increases The season thus far has been very unfavorable to the growth of the vines The temperature has been too low for their rapid de velopment while it has been favorable to the insect enemies which prey upon the vines The cucumber beetle has been specially destructive to the young vines in some sections The condition of the vines compared to an average is 100 in the State in north Georgia 92 in middle Georgia 102 in southwest Georgia 103 in ea3t Georgia 90 and in southeast Georgia 101 FRUIT A mistake prevails as to the extent of the fruit crop of the State this year The crop of peaches is above an average only in middle Georgia apples and pears are below an average in every section while grape3 are above an average in only two sections viz middle and east Georgia There is only 85 per cent of an average peach crop in the whole Sate In north Georgia it is 97 in middle Georgia 112 in southwest Georgia 43 in east Georgia 70 and in southeast Georgia 66 Apples are only two thirds of an average crop or 66 in the State In north Georgia the principal applegrowing region there is 76 per cent or an aveage crop in middle Georgia 79 in southwest Georgia 48 in east Georgia 46 and in southeast Georgia 52 Pears are 735 in the State 78 in north Georgia and middle Georgia 70 in in southwest Georgia 61 in east Georgia and60 in southeast Georgia Grapes the most reliable fruit grown in the State are reported at 996 in the whole State 99 in north Georgia 101 in middle Georgia 96 in southwest Geor gia 102 in east Georgia and 98 in southeast Georgia The grape deserves to be cultivated much more extensively in Georgia then it is at present A failure of the grape crop is unheardof in the State Frost occasionally nips the buds on a few early pruned vines but the crop is never destroyed The vines thrive and6 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE GEORGIA 70 bear abnndntl in every section of the State and the fruit properlv manipulated produces wme of superior quality STOCK til 1 W00 If nePOred great6r tha that 0f last y in 7 action of the State In north Georgia 101 in middle Georgia 104 southwest and eas Georga 103 and in southeast Georgia 110 in the State 104 SHEEP KILLED BY DOGS alZrTl 7rt96Per nt ofl of the sheep of the State killed by dogs within the twelve months ending June 1st Tne ravages of the dogs distributed by sections of the State was as follow In no th Georgia 9 per cat were killed in middle Georgia 8 per cent in south west Georgia 7 per cent in east Georgia 10 and in southeast Georgia 24 per InorthP7eD f f dSeaeS aDd ld age dUring the Mme i0 Allows 1 4Itn T middk Grgia 4 Per Cent i in west Geor ga 4 in east Georga 7 and in southeast Georgia 20 Hog have more than usual been afflicted with cholera this year Nine per cent have died of cholera in the State as follows In north Georgia 5 per en n SSSiSTinsomhwe3t Q30rgia13 3E THE AGRICULTURAL OUTLOOK Is generally favorable and farmers write more cheerfully than usual While the the cotton crop is backward and unpromising there is yet ample time with fa vorable seasons for it to lecover and make a good yield Tne smallgrain crop is unusually fine the corn is promising farmers are pur sh ndrthan u3ai and the The determination on the part of the farmer of the State to adhere to the poli y adopted this year of producing more food for man and beast at home Jem to be firmly fixed This is the one thing needed to insure abundant and perma nent prosperity to the people of the State Perma A heavy responsibility rests upon the farmero of Georgia Tney have learned wisdom by experience and will prove equal to all demands upon them ENSILAGE The second silo built and filled under the auspices of the International Cotton Expoition was opened May 29th and the ensilage which was started early Vn Oc ear Ues e Tl of preservation except a smaportion near he surface The success of the experiment is beyond question and no one need longer hesHate to preserve food for stock in this manner The si o opened last fall and ensilage from it fed during the Exposition was substantially built with brick walls extending to the surface of the gtund Z coated with cement on the inside ana That just opened had no brick wall The sides were simply cut down smoothly71 CROP REPORT1881 in the clay and covered with a thin coat of cemant In the first the bottom wag covered with cement in the second the ensilage was stored on the clay bottom Stock are now bdng fed on the ensilage with very satisfactory results In this silo corn forage sorghum field peas and sweatpotato vines were Btored and all have been well preserved While the ensilage has been equally well preserved in this rude silo as in that constructed with greater care and expense it is not deemed economy to build them on this cheap plan as the walls will eventually crumble and become so irreg ular that the ensilage cannot be stored securely in the silo Heart pine lining for the sides would probably answer for many years and be cheaper than brick and cement Mr Garrett of North Carolina has abandoned the silo dug into the ground and constructed his above ground on account of greater convenience in fee ding the ensilage PEA VINES AS A FERTILIZFR As far fack as we have any history of agriculture the practice of turning under growing crops for the purpose of restoring fertility to the soil has baen pract iced and yet it is as necessary today to urge the importance and great value of the practice upon farmers Oolumella who figured during the 1st century A D wrote It the lupins vetches lentils etc are cut down green and immediately covered before they wither they fully supply the place of barnyard manure Had he lived now he would have added commercial manure also The resort to costly commercial fertilizers should be only temporary to bridge over the period necessary to bring up worn lands by less costly means The cheapest and at the same time the surest means that can be adopted to res tore the worn lands of Geargin is in the use of pea vines grown for the improve ment of the land and not for the removal of the crop though the soil is materially benefitted by the growth of the pea vine3 even if the crop is removed This was plainly demonstrated this spring on the Eve plantation near Augusta Georgia where a crop of peavine hay was harvested last year from a portion of a field all of which was sown in small grain last full The grain was in May whe n seen at least one hundred per cent better where the peavine hay hid been grown and harvested than where none had been grown The tall patches of grain where small piles of the hay had been left to rot on the land reaching up a foot above that around them indicated the still geater improvement resulting from the re turn of the vines to the soil and the shade afforded by them It is a well known fact observed by all farmers that even a covering of pine plank left for any considerable length of time upon land will improve its produc tive powers Much of the benefit therefore arises from the growth of peas on land during our summers may be attributed to the mere covering which they af ford the soil protectng it from the rays of the summer sun and obstructing the ascape of fertilizing gasses from the soil While of course the return of the crop of vines in some form to the soil on which they grow is better where the improvement of the soil is the leading object yet where the present demand for forage for use on the farm requires their re moval and con version into hay the soil is materially benefitted by the shad8 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 72 which they afford during their growth and by the roots and stems left on the land The time has come when the farmers and planters of Georgia must look more to the permanent improvement of the fertility of their soils than they hitherto nave done They have passed through the reriod which marks the history of all new coun tries of clearing virgin forests wearing out the soil and clearing more It is cheaper now to reclaim the worn soils than to clear new lands On the old landa laborsaying implements and machinery may be used in restoring and cultivating the soil and in seeding and harvesting the crops grown By the use of peavines and lime or marl the old land may actually be reclaimed more cheaply than the forests can be cleared and the stumps removed preparatory to the us of laborsaving implements New Orleans has become a great mart which drains the Southern Atlantic states ol ther entire surplus crop of peas every spring and for what Why for the purpose of growing the vines on the rich alluvial lands of Louisianaand JJUssissppi for the purpose of restoring and perpetuating the fertility ot their lands If such lands need such treatment is it not worse than folly for the farm Tu rla t0 Se PeaS grWD Upon their Por lands t0 enC the fertile soil or the Mississippi valley If the productiveness of the fertile soils of the Savannah river bottoms is doubled by the growth and removal of a crop of peavine hay how important a Prachce of growing peas for soil improvement on the uplands of Georgia depleted by the removal of the crops of a century 1 The great agriculturist Edmond Ruffin revolutionised the agriculture of Southeastern Vrgtnia by the use of clover and marl to the extent of quadrupling its production of the cereals r s The hope of Georgia agriculture rests in the restoration of the productive capacity of her worn soils by some means so cheap as to be within the reach of the humblest landowner The teachings of science and the experience of the cultivators of the soil for nineteen centuries point to the use of the leguminous pants as the surest and cheapest means of restoring worn soils to the condition of profitable productiveness In more northern latitudes the farmer feels assured of the restoration of his soil when a crop of clover is secured In some of the countries of Europe lupin and lentils are used in others vetches beans rape etc We have the held pea with which we can commence lower down in the scale than those who depend upon clover from the fact that peas will grow well upon soilwhich have neither the character nor the quality to produce clover at all If the Lodisim planter can afford to buy our peas at two dollars per bushel on board he cars at Atlanta to manure the valley of the Mississippi cannot the farmers of Gearga afford to plant those grown on their own land to improve their thin uplands Warm climates are far more destructive of vegetable matter in the soil than those m winch the winters are long and decomposition suspended by long continued freezes In our climate not only does the decomposition of the humus of the soil progress through almost the entire year but the cultivation of large areas m hoed crops greatly facilitates such destrucion The necessity of73 CROP REPORT1881 restoring by artificial means vegetable matter to our soils will therefore be readily understood Not only is humus more rapidly destroyed in our climate and under our culti vation than it is in higher latitudes under the system of husbandry there practiced but the necessity for its presence in the soil in warm climates is much greater than in cold The presence of vegetable matter in our soils is of especial importance on account of the improvement wrought by its presence in the mechanical condition of the soil and its facility for absorbing and retaining moisture Peas respond very promptly to the application of manure and convert it into another and better form for the succeeding crop Would it not be wise there fore to apply half the manure intended for the next cotton crop to peas grown upon the land to be planted in cotton next season It is believed that manure applied to peas planted now on land to be devoted to cotton next spring will in crease the yield of cotton more than if applied directly to that crop and at the same time is attended with no risk of injury to the cotton in case of drouth The large area from which small grain is being harvested in the State furnishes an inviting occasion for the beginning of this most important step in the redemp tion of our agriculture All who have sufficient seed are urged to sow or plant as much as possible of the area from which small grain has been harvested in peas for the purpose of improving their lands Let every farmer in Georgia determine to adopt as a part of his rotation of crops the largeBt possible area in peas following small grain for soil improvement Let h im each fall carefully harvest and set aside as a sacred deposit enough Beed peas to sow the area de voted to small grain The general adoption and continu ance of this system would it is Confidently believed quadruple the production of the State within the next decade Experience teaches that it matters not whether the vines are turned in in a green state or left to decay upon the surface of the soil None need therefore be deterred from adopting this means of soil improvement on account of the cost or difficulty of plowing in the vines Byen if a part or a whole of the crop be turned into hay the benefit will still be very great though less than if the crop is returned to the soil The farmers of Georgia must adopt some means of cheaply and permanently i mproving their toils The application of commercial fertilizers to the crops of the State at an annual outlay of from four to six millions of dollars annually causes a drain upon the productive interests which perpetuates itself from year to year with no hope of relief without the adoption of some such system as is here recommended A reasonable expenditure annually for concentrated com mucial manures is not unwise but the indiscriminate purchase and use of costly fertilizing materials to the neglect of home resources has cost the farmer of Georgia millions of dollars which could have been expended more judiciously in permanently enhancing the value and productiveness of their realty If the farmers of the State will produce more grain and forage make larger com post h eaps and adopt the foregoing recommendation as to planting peas their prosperity is assured 10 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 74 NOTES FROM CORRESPONDENTS NORTH GEORGIA Banks County The spring has been too cold for cotton Frost the 16th of May Cotton very small and backward with a bid stand Fully two weeks later tlwn last year at this time Corn killed by budworm on low stiff bottom land small for the time of year Best crop of oats I ever have seen Wheat tolerably fair not much harvested yet next week will be general harvest Since my report last month cotton owing to the rain and cool weather ha fallen off to such an extent that I do not believe a half crop can be made I have kept a diary since 1840 and have never known the prospect to be as poor as now The Stand is very poor and that seems to be dying the roots lateral as well as tap rot at the junction with the stem and the stem is double the sizs it us ually is Corn is small but is doing tolerably well The wire worm has been and is yet quite destructive to the young plants Oats look well and there is a much larger area planted than I ever saw in this section They hive ho t taken the rust but seem to be somewhat intested with an insect similar to the cabbage or rose louse Wheat has improved very much and will be much better than usual Little or none is yet harvested Bartow CountyIncreased acreage and quality of wheat in this county will make the total yield this year more than double that of last year While the cool weather has benefitted the wheat and the numerous rains the oats cotton has suffered vastly by both Stands would have been good but forthe dying out of the plant Some have planted over others have replanted with hoes I have replanted some of mine twice Catoosa CountyThe Dallas wheat is fine Only a small area in it The Moore red smooth head is the very best in this section It is thought cotton will be a sad failure Bade CountyCorn is unusually small but in excellent condition Oati better than known for some years past Almost every farmer sowed the rmtproof va riety All the other varieties sown is ruined with the rust Fortunately there is not more than ten per cent of the latter sown and will be none next year Cotton damaged to a considerable extent by the old snap and frost Some plow ing up and planting in corn Melons very few have a stand Irish potatoes never better Gardens very fine Gwinnett CountyThe crop prospect from the present outlook is highly encouraging The wheat crop now being harvested in many places is the best since 1863 The fine quality of the grain and the increased acreage sown in this county will greatly lessen our demand for flour from the West for the next year at least The rustproof oats especially the fall sowing and upon bottom land is superb Other varieties of the spring sowing are in gome cases threatened with75 CROP REPORT1882 11 mat Corn with favorable seasons and the increased acreage planted gives hope of an abundant yield Cotton notwithstanding the late cold snap is doing well Poor stands in some instances is the complaint But the old savin of the fathers When you think you have only half a stand you have too much Is true accrding to my observation Garden vegetables are early and were never finer We would congratulate the farmers and the people upon the hopeful pros pect of a splendid crop year The cold nights have so chilled the cotton that it is believed there will be little over half a stand It is not more than half as large as it usually is at this season Corn indicates a fine yield In traveling from Decatur to Suwanee across the country I saw but few fields of cottonmostly corn and oats Corn generally looked well Habersham CountyOur farmers are abreast of the times and you will find almost every improved implement in use I do not mean by all but by many There has been a good catch of clover this spring and the area gradually in creasing The nofence law would soon give ua fine graiing and fine cattle therefore fine manure pits and fat fields Hart CountyDallas wheat is less subject to rust though not rust proof A variety of purple straw perhaps it is Tappahannock is preferable except bad rust years This year it is the best by 15 to 20 per cent We have no new methods but more experience with old ones Our people are learning to devote more manures to winter and spring crops on account of drynees of the summer when manures rather injure than benefit We note a very general disposition among our farmers to make a living for man and beast on their farms and if they dont change their minds they will certainly do it The current year debt against this crop for our county is 10000000 less than it was last year and adding to this the prospective production of nearly adequate supplies of meat and bread for another year 1883 it does not seem that we will again be so embarrassed as we have been for several years Since last report the cotton crop prospects are very unfavorable Bad stands now and unhealthy slow growth Fine rains and otherwise tolerably flattering Spring oats now beginning to head are threatened with rust Murray County The season has been unusually backward planting late cotton ten days late corn about the same some not yet planted some cotton had to be planted over and some has been replanted with corn Frost as late as 16th and 17th of May It is now June 1 quite cold Upon the whole the crop prospect is flattering Wheat is extra so also is oats Pickens County23d of May frost which injured cotton and melons Fruit good crop on high land very sorry on low land May has been interspersed with frost which has kept the crops rather backward Wheat rust only on blades No complaint of rust on oats so far winter or fall sown oats fine Walker County The increased yield of oats is due mainly to the fact that farmers have sown more than usual of red rustproof Whitfield CountyThe late frosts have damaged field peas and cotton Good many are plowing up and replanting the crop12 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE GEORGIA L76 MIDDLE GEORGIA Bibb ComityCultivators both riding and walking are used to some extent Several making their corn crop with them and are highly pleased Reapers are also used for the first time to any extent in this county and they also seem to give satisfaction Carroli CountySeveral farmers have the sulky plow Not time yet to report their value If the Department could find out what would prevent the bud worm it would be of great service to the planter they are worse this year than ever be fore Attribute it to the mild weather They have invaded the uplands as well as the low There is no doubt that they raise in the old weeds cut out early go in the ground and are ready to invade the corn as soon as up The extreme cold weather has been favorable to them Cotton could not stand so much cold weather and has died out until the stand is very deficient No oats doing any thing except the red rust proof and they are sorry on account of the dry weather except those sown in the fallthey are remarkably fine There will be more wheat harvested in this county than I have ever known and I have lived here 52 years I began to cut on the 23d about ten days earlier than usual Seasons have been good and the present outlook is good but owing to the cool Weather the cotton is very small and has been looking badly but the last few days of warm weather have brought it out wonderfully It is small but was looking healthy Wheat on good ground is extra good Some here reached 40 bushels to the We had a dry May enabling the farmers to kill out the grass and put their crops in fine condition The Burt oats you sent me are very fine I sowed them near common old field oats they were in full head two months to the day from sowing and now they are almost ripe They have no rust The other oats I sowed more thin are ruined with rust The red rust proof oats are very fine in our county while the common oats will not make the seed it took to raise them My oats sowed in August are now ripe Columbia CountyWe have been having too much rain and cool waather for cotton in May and the plant is very backward considering the time planting was begun 7th of April Cotton has also died out on light lands in some places Farmers ar well up in working their corn and cotton crops as labor has been much more efficient During the past week harvesting began but we have had very heavy wind and rain storms the past week and oats are somewhat injured especialy in exopsed positions and if the weather keeps bad it look as if there will be great trouble and loss in handling grain Coweta CountyUpland corn is very fine but there is a general complaint of poor stands on the bottom lands Cut worms the cause seem to have been ex ceedingly disastrous this season Crops are generally in a fine condition and this is t he busy week for harvesting DeKalb CountyThe average of the oat crop has been very much reduced from the fact that many farmers bought other than rust proof seed in the spring and the result will be almost a total failure while the rust proof varieties are as good as the land will produce77 CROP REPORT1882 13 Fulton CountyI find the Burt oats sent out by the Department to bean ex cellent early variety free from rust and valuable for its earliness Harris County The oat crop of this county is the best ever known no rust and the largest crop sown McDuflk Coiinty The stand of cotton is the poorest I ever saw My crop of Dallas wheat yielded me 21 bushels per acre The oat crop was never betterin fact the county will double last years crop The Burt oat sent out by the Department is a good oat for spring sowing grows faster and taller than the or dinary rustproof oat spreads very little For fallsowing is not so good as the common rustproof oat Monroe County Oats not of the rustproof variety nearly ruined with rust or mold Grasshoppers abound in great numbers in certain localities have done but little damage as yet Newton CountyWheat land plowed down with twohorse plow plowing in cotton seed and then sowing wheat on surfac harrowing in with twohorse plow has given one third more yield than by the ordinary plan Oglethorpe County I had about eleven acres of ordinary land sowed in rust proof oats without any manure that made enough to fe d my two mules twelve months without any corn I also sowed six buehels of purple straw wheat on old land manured with cotton seed about 30 bushels to the acre that I think will thresh out 130 bushels Putnam County Fifteen or twenty new reapers have been sold in our county this season and we are harvesting the Vest crop of oats the county has ever made Improved implements are generally being used and a better system of farming being adopted The stock law is working like a charm I have not seen a man that is opposed to it Rockdale County I am the Reporter for Oak Grove Ciub chosen by the Club Seasons good Decrease in wool owing to stock lav sheep slaughtered Wheat and oats have not been better in fifty years than now in this county and more wheat than ever was Hog crop less than has been since the war Cholera killed them last fall and corn too high to buy to feed much SOUTHWEST GEORGIA Baker County Corn crop 20 days earlier than last year and very promising now in silk and tassel that is all planted in February and will be generally laid by this week Seasons good Cotton crop 20 days earlier than last year first bloom May 20th generally first bloom June oth Crop in good condition Gar den vegetables are exceptionably fine and early Melon crop very fine In short the outlook in Baker is bright The good oat crop will enable farmers to go through without buying more corn except for bread Colquitt CountyThe seasons up to date have been favorable We have never seen a better prospect for an abundant harvest at this date Many farmers made oats enough to feed their work stock another year without an ear of corn Beeatur CountyThe peach trees have been a phenomenon They did not ba ginto bloom until after the regular tim and then the blooms dried up and fell14 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 78 from the trees Toe trees however did not leaf until the last of April and now vigorous healthy trees have no fruit on them We will be almost without peaches the present year No one has them If you can suggest the cause for this condition and a remedy if any there be you will confer a favor My opin ion is that it is due to several causes1st the exceedingly hot and dry summer1 of last year though the trees grew well and did not suffer much apparently 2d The raild winter and the unusually dry winter and spring with us The reasons are mere suppositions with me not knowing how to explain or account for it Some efforts were being put forth with ns to raise peaches for market but the experience of this year the first year for the trees to fruit has been discouraging Booty County There have been introduced in this county several cultivators which are proving very satisfactory and there is considerable interest being taken by farmers generally in them and there will be a great miny stumps and trees ta ken up this fall and winter to make preperation for their use on a more ex tensive scale the ensuing year There is no question about the cultivators being a success where the land is clear of stumps and trees I bought a cultivator this spring and it paid for itself in ten days in bedding up cotton land I bedded on an average six acres per day and the work was done better than it could be done with a turning plow in nve It beds a row at a through I have not tried it as yet in cultivation will report results in next report Dougherty CountyThe corn crop isvery promising with an increase of 25 per cent has been well cultivated and floe seasons at this dtte The oat crop tie best for years and 33 per cent more planted Will be more peas planted than any year in ten All food crops have been increased 25 per cent and much bet ter cultivation The prospects are fine Sjme fields of oats have yielded 40 bushels per acre Houston County Oats are turning out wonderfully Fall and winter sowed oats fertilized and ground well prepared are tunrning out 30 40 and 50 bushels per acre and small patches ef from 2 to 5 acres are turning out from 60 to 9o bushels per acre Marion County I am as much pleased with two years trial of Dallas wheat in my section on my own farm that I can safely say that although other varie ties have been considerably injuredwith my next door neighbormine is the best crop I have made in 25 years Mitchell County We have had but little rain up to a week ago just enough to prevent serious damage to our crop For the last week and especially last night and this morningJune 1stthe rains have been copious Corn is very promising indeed since the recent rains Tne area planted in cern is much larger than last year Quilman County Oar seasons have been very faverable except too cool for cotton Stands are good but infested with lice yet there is time enough for a crop The prospect for a corn crop is unusually good forward plantings in silk Gardens are generally very good Altogether the present agricultural outlook is very bright Randolph County We have very fine crops where the land was prepared79 REPORT1882 15 well and cultivated shallow We have four traveling threshes and four reap ers running in the county Seasons up to this time splendid EAST GEORGIA BuPock County The cold weather about three weeks ago caused the cotton te die out very greatly hence about twothirds of a stand And at this time the cut worm is playing havoc with the young plants cutting it down like young collard plants Oat crop the best I have ever known in the county Corn good Burke County1 Seasons in our county are more propicious than 1881 and there is an encouraging condition of most crops where carefully put in and prop erly cultivated Some interest in better and improved implements of cultiva tion and more attention given to food products Wilkinson County Fine season Wheat not more than half cropdamaged by rust and mold Oits fall seeded never better spring seeded almost a failure from rust Corn never better Cotton clean good stand and recovering from ef fects of cold nights in May Labor good Crops of all kind well cultivated SOUTHEAST GEORGIA Pierce County The crop prospect in all sections of the country was never better especially in this county The oat crop was by far the finest ever raised and a good dea of the corn crop is in full silk and tassel and 1 Id by in good condi tion Good stands of cotton in good condition arid looking well TABLE No lSAowmg the condition of crops in Georgia etc June 1st 1882 NORTH GEORGIA COUNTIES Batiks Barlow Catoosa Chattooga Cherokee Cobb Bade Dawson Fannin Floyd Forsyth Franklin Gilmer Gordon Gwinnett Haberyham Hall Haralson Hart Jackson Lurapkin Madison Milton Murray Panldlng Pickens Polk Rabnn TownsI orn 110 100 1U2 100 luO ibii 90 107 Oats u c 3 V too 116 llll 100 106 Un 95 92 99 1 105 KM 105 no 110 P a s a 2 a 1 i 120 100 115 110 II iib iii no no 1S3 115 5 120 2 120 125 2 Wheat n8 110 16 110 120 112 107 107 1 llll 4 y cj PJ 53 1251 127 120 120 97 120 ii6 a 105 l25 115 107 iib 115 no lib 112 117 ISO 115 110 112 120 10 Cotton 70 76 67 86 So Hill SI i 8S 86 86 77 77 60 86 7S 87 loo Sugar cane o E o f 3 751 100 80 98 66 lOo Potatoes o 3 5 Be 3 s a a w C3 a 7 W 8 u s o l o 12 lot 100 llll 130 105 101 100 100 10U 100 80 106 105 fob lOi 95 87 1111 125 100 106 100 Too 116 no 75 116 no 110 108 105 107 Miscellaneous Condition compared to an average of 106 inn 102 loo ioo ioo no Fruit 100 1001 110 110 Too ioo 110 3 o 1111 118 60 lao iib 187 26 iVii 80 12 isb on 100 p 16 ll8 30 lull 25 1011 60 3C 04 Stock 75 75 76 55 150 60 80 100 90 100 70 50 76 loo IOO IOO Too 102 10 87 ioo 90 101 95 loll ft 106 106 llo 100 Toa 102 100 Toe 1011 100 107 1110 9i 100 too 100 90 501 100 751 100 3 35 2 6 211 3 To 111 96 25 2 8 2 10 O W rj H a M 5 H O Q SO o a t1 H a so M M o so s oo o81 CROP REPORT1882 17 ic w cc C i 1 00 Si Op o i s cc 01 t t in f iOOCSMN fMinccj IPfiHPIIffMf 5g jSg88SS888EggK888S85S88fSIg W r rr IK X 7A iT fSS jSSSggSSSggSS o c t c saSofesSseSSSS SS jSigiSffSpSSIgSggssiSEggggfgx 5g Saasoo o o o o o S 5 2 58 rSsfaggviiiSiSSSlscMKi SSSS8SSS8SSS8g3S3SSf 9tSC C O 3 C C C tM ir r eS OCOcji KSSgggg ggggg C C N a l 22k wg SI lg SW Sgg 3nc ift 3 iC o t v yx iOlO tgnocw i 15 cc u 5 too ir rFC ss JtJii C I CC D ifN ft i 2 MS n r S i g p oocc ntCiOosoitoiotoeer SSlCOOOtfi r O Ci i zr lOCOiCiW sSf2SII3ISieSsllHsHSsSS3SSSISissl g cc Is iliiiiji S S p E5TABLE No 1Continued SOUTHWEST GEOKGIA COUNTIES Baker Berrien Brooks Calhoun Chattahooe Clay Coiquitt Crawford Decatur DooJy Dougherty EarJy Houston Irwin Lee Lowndes Macon Marion Miller Mitchell Muscogee Quitmai Randolph Schley Stewart Sumter Taylor Terrell Thomas Corn ooi 2 112 110 100 125 126 105 115 115 112 125 112 la 110 lOO 115 128 120 100 115 100 117 120 Oats p o S 2 8 118 150 110 77 150 125 120 125 110 110 125 l07 110 117 120 100 115 12 150 121 127 110 125 122 F 3 7 n 100 100 110 121 115 120 85 110 135 i60 g 2 117 120 160 1T2 120 137 120 110 no 105 122 Wheat 3o 10 65 72 a w S 5j w5 Ctxtoi 115 05 110 5 S o Sw7w Potatoes Cane 7 S H 2 ills CO O 103 109 100 100 100 100 95 101 111 lOo no 100 75 102 urn 115 w s pe o S a 111 lib 05 Kill 100 loo 90 lOu 100 100 107 100l 105 100 100 111 100 115 100 110 100 100 102 162 110 Is a O P go Fruit Stock c a 5 il 3 Jo j S o c bn 112 110 Condition compared to an average of g 100 100 115 1001 90 100 100 100 so 116 100 US 11a 90 105 115 105 iob ion 100 80 iuo 162 125 85 10 62 50 Id 10 10 CO d 90 100 00 102 95 76 100 100 100 8 1O0 90 100 100 95 7ol 87 110 85 100 100 100 107 103 105 lOo 102 100 100 100 95 125 15 5 D W H K M Z H o o i o c t1 H a fo w CD w o PC Q 105 100 OOCROP REPORT m io w S 1 W o 2 1 s oo o o 5 jgg iw i m n 5 8 oi t o 11 CO iO l S 3 i O O 03 M o s i o j 18 1 5 a t eo o n K T t 13 000103 oai3ci 20 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 84 TABLE No 2Synopsis of Weather Reports for May 1882 NORTH GEORGIA Ellerslie Gainesville Mossy Creek Mt Airy Rabun Gap Rome Means Athens Atlanta Carrollton LaGrange Macon Oxford Thomson Means Americus Cuthbert Nashville Thomasville Means Augusta Brunswick Walthourviile Means MemB for State STATIONS MIDDLE GEORGIA SOUTHWEST GEORGIA EAST GEORGIA SOUTHEAST GEORGIA Tempera tare 6 80 71 8n 3S89 B6 46 8114 620 671 611 17636 612 670 642 Rain fall 650 270 275 383 410 276 377 St 51 695 48663 42658 47714 50706 48 668 16701 18686 3 254 34d 245 294 270 470 3121 6 90 60 730 310 87 on 752 555 S7 53 700 210 3 54 727 350 Ogeechee b7 0 685 570 7 BwaiDsburo Means 90159 9560 92 59 8650 753 744 748 678 233 255 2 44 398 Special Circular No 25 New Series REPORT OF GROWING CROPS YIELDS ETC FORTHE MONTH OF JUNE 1882 RETURNABLE JULY 1st 1882 Department of Agriculture Atlanta Ga June 15 1882 Dear SirPlease answer the following questions on the first day of July and mail promptly so that your report may reach this office by the 5th day of July if possible Answer every question that will admit of it in numbers indicating per cent In making up your answers let them apply to the wh ile county in which you reside or as far in each direction as your knowledge may extend not simply to your ovm farm In all cases where ttie crop is not grovn in your county use the character X If you have not sufficient data to mate an approximate estimate leave the space blank Very respectfully J T HENDERSOX Commissioner of Agriculture N Blf your mail facilities are such that matter mailed on the 1st of the mo ith will not reach this office by the 5th please make out your reporc so long before the end of the month as will be necessary to have it reach this office by the 5th I For what county do you report county II Your name III Your postoffice2 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 86 OATS 1 Yield compared to an average crop per cent 2 Yield compared to that of 1879per cent 3 Average yield per acre in your countybushels WHEAT A Yield compared to an average 5 Yield compared to that of 18T9 per cent per cent i Average yield per acre in your countybushels MISCELLANEOUS Condition compared to an average of 7 Corn 8 Cotton 9 Sugarcane 10 Rice 11 Sorghum 12 Millet 13 Ground peas 14 Chufas 15 Melons 16 Sweet potatoes HAY 17 Yield of Hay compared to an average 18 Average yield per acre FENCES 19 Has the stock law been adopted in your county 20 If so when did it go into operation per cent percent per cent percent per cent per cent per cent per cent per cent per cent pei cent tons 87 QUESTIONS FOR CROP REPORT 3 21 How are the people pleased with it 11 What influence has it had upon the agriculture of the country 23 What upon the value of farming lands f 84 Report any facts of special interest in regard to new methods of culture experiments with new crops remarkable yields and the means employed in securing such results N BCorrespondents are earnestly requested to select neat bundles of each variety of giain sown in their counties tie up very securely wrap the heads in paper box and send to this office by express or freight Let each bundle be six or eight inches in diameter Send also a quart of each variety of the seed Label each with the name of the variety and the name and P O ad dress of the grower Circular No 28 New Series j ANALYSES AND STATISTICS Commercial Fertilizers CHEMICALS INSPECTED ANALYZED AND ADMITTED TO SALE IN GEORGIA DURING THE SEASON OF 18812 J T HENDERSON Commissioner of Agriculture ATLANTA GEORGIA JAMES P HARRISON CO PRINTERS AND PUBLISHERS 1882SUGGESTIONS TO FARMERS Reprinted from Circular No 25 Farmers are advised not to buy any fertilizer or chemical for compounding or composting the same unless it has both the manufacturers guaranteed analysis and the Inspectors tag upon or attached to it and all farmers are requested to inform the Commissioner of Agriculture of any case where a fertilizer is sold or offered for sale without having both the guaranteed analysis and the Inspectors tag attached Any farmer who desires to do so can save a fair sample or any inspected brand of fertilizer which he purchases and hive it analyzed at the Department Laboratory if the following conditions are complied with 1 The sample should be taken before any of the fertilizers is distributeda small quantity from each package of the same brand or if a large quantity is purchased from a sufficient number of packages to fairly represent the whole lot 2 Then very thoroughly mix but not grind or triturate these small quanti ties taken from different packages and from the mixture fill a common quinine bottle closely cork and seal it with wax 3 Attach a label to the bottle showing the correct name of the brand the name o the manufacturer the guaranteed analysis as taken from the packages and the name of the dealer from whom the fertilizer was purchased Also at tach to the bottle one of the Inspectors tags found applied to the fertilizer 4 Let the above be done in the presence of witness and the sample be placed in the hands of disinterested party for safe keeping until wanted Then after the crop is made if the farmer has reason to believe the fertilizer was not such as it was represented to be let the sample be sent to this Depart ment either by the hand of some reliable disinterested party or by express prepaid and it will be analyzed without charge The above precautions are considered necessary for the protection of the dealer on the one hand and to give to the whole transaction that character of fairness without which the analysis when made would be of little value to the farmer The Commissioner is not required by law to have samples analyzed for farm ers and he trusts that he will not be expected to depart from the above rules in any case where compliance with them on the part of the person seeking an analysis had been practicable RELATIVE COMMERCIAL VALUES Particular attention is called to the fact that in the calculations of Relative Commercial Values for the present season the Commissioner has given a higber valuation to ammonia and a lower valuation to potash than heretofore not be cause of any change in the esimate of their respective agricuHuralvalues but by reason of the greater cost to the manufacturer of ammoniating material on the one hand and the diminished cost of potash on the other The valuation given to phosphoric acid is unchanged Ammonia was rated last season at 18 cents per pound and potash at 8 cents per pound The present valuations areammonia 25 cents and potash 6 cents This change will account for the higher relative commercial value of many of the brands containing ammoniaCircular No 28 New Series DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Atlanta Ga June 19 1882 EXPLANATIONS OP THE TABLES OP ANALYSES The tables commencing on the next page show the analyses of commercial fertilizers and chemicals which have been inspected analyzed and admitted to sale in Georgia for the season of 188182 In arranging the tables the chemical determinations to which no value is assigned are first given viz Moisture and insoluble phosphoric acid Insoluble phosphoric acid is not available as plant food If derived from nat ural guanos as Peruvian etc it speedily becomes available if from animal bone it becomes available in two or three years if from phosphate rock it re mains unavailable for a considerable length of time Natural guanos andbones have therefore value in this connection if immediate results are not desired Next are given the determinations of valuable ingredients viz soluble and reverted phosphoric acid ammonia and potash The soluble and reverted phosphoric acid are entered in separate columns but being of equal value the same money value is given them hence the sum of these two is placed in one column making the total available phosphoric acid The determinations in the analysis are given in Percentages After the chemical determinations are the relative commercial values or estimate of the comparative real worth of the valuable ingredients found by analysis in a ton of each fertilizer If each fertilizer contained but one valua ble ingredient the percentage of that ingredient would correctly represent the comparative value of the fertilizer But as a large majority of the brands con tain two or more ingredients differing widely in agricultural and commercial value and in the percentages in which they enter into the composition it is found very convenient to add together the calculated commercial value in dol lars and cents of each ingredient as a basis of comparison and as a guide to the purchaser The following prices per pound of the valuable ingredients or elements of plant food found ia the fertilizers by analysis have been adopted as a practical approximation to their true value at Savannah viz Available Phosphoric Acidl2j cent8 per pound Ammonia25 cents per pound Potash 6 cents per pound The available phosphoric acid ammonia and potash being the val uable ingredients for which the farmer pays his money they only are consid ered in ascertaining the commercial value The numbers in the respective col umns of these ingredients indicate the number of pounds of each in one hundred pounds of the fertilizerTABLES of Analyses Relative Commercial Values and statistics of Commercial Fertilisers Chemicals etc inspected analyzed and admitted to sale in Georgia during the season of 18812 TABLE IAmmoniated Superphosphates of Limb NAME OF FERTILIZERS Fhosphobic Acid A A Peruvian Guano 900 325 A J West Co Ammoniated Phosphate 1100 205 A L Maxwells Choice Amed Dis Bone 1075 680 Alta Ammoniated Guano 12su 490 Albatross Guano1160 220 Ammoniated Bone SuperphosS L K Co 1225 100 Ammoniated Dissolved Bone Fletcher 1450 230 Ammoniated Alkaline Phosphate 12 ou 450 Ammoniated star bone Phosphate 1050 2 52 Americus Ammoniated Dissolved Bone 1640 161 Ashley Soluble Guano 1275 173 Aurora Fertilizer 111 800 Avalon Ammoniated Dissolved Bone 1095 210 Agricl Chem for comptng Greenback Guano 1000 100 Arlington Ammoniated Bone Phosphate 1050 224 Barrys Chemical Fertilizer 1180 42 Barrys Granger Fertilizer 126 430 Baughs Raw Bone super Phossphate 1800 82 Bahama Guano 110 375 Bakers Standard Guano 900 125 Baldwin A Co Ammoniated Dissolved Bone 1520 095 Bales Nitrated Guano 1450 186 Bay State Guano 1130 195 Bay State Fertilizer 1550 074 Bone and Peruvian Guano 1320 075 Bowker Cotton Fertilizer 1300 215 Blue Bone Phosphate 1225 862 Bradley Patent Superphosphate 1166 I t0 Bradley Ammoniated Dissolved Bone 1225 160 Brighton Guano1100 195 Burgess Cotton Guano1850 170 4 aj M FOR WHOM INSPECTED 000 665 6 00 675 683 974 650 600 530 62 795 67fl 672 010 890 5 36 5 35 674 810 580 890 6 073 721 835 005 7 81 860 840 681 679 535 3 70 770 391 349 126 215 825 270 274 1 90 370 3 2 00 29 3 80 377 1 30 015 739 281 274 402 349 155 309 231 i70 860 365 377 1135 103S 1370 965 1031 llnO 865 825 800 89 985 10J0 looo 800 1188 916 912 800 825 1319 171 900 1075 1070 990 974 1013 1105 1100 045 1056 293 29 245 200 15 241 260 320 220 233 285 298 299 415 255 218 213 3 00 225 263 300 84ii 2 95 315 318 367 207 260 268 2 93 219 3046 62 n Oner on Baltimore 354221 A J WestCo Atlanta Ga 2l049 12 Chemical Co of Canton Baltimore 3 85 35 14 Loiemz itittlor Baltimore 195 43 76 Weld A Hatlshnrn Savannah 103 40 94 Seal Lawson Kessler Co Bait 14 36 31 A A Fletcher Co Marietta Ga 1 SO 33 78 Chesa eake Guano Co Baltimore 22 31 14 I I Tygert o Smyrna Del lJi 30 26 V iiliiims Clark fe Co New York 125 40 37 Ashley Phosphate Co harlest nsi 1 37 12 54 Seal lawson Kessler Co Bait 136 43 08 Moses A Clemmons Richmond Va 260 13 87 1 K Law Gainesviile Ga 220 46 19 Damhman Pros Baltimore 18 31 93 Ga i hemical Works Augusta Ga 120 31 89 Ga Chemical Works Augusta Ga 150 36 80 Ceorge Hcliaffer Hampton a 81531 45 Wain n Whann Co Atlanta Ga 475 51 75 Chemical Co of Canton Baltimore 139 46 81 Baldwin b Co uvanuah Ga 125 36 00 J a Hale tome Ga 13S 4328 K W L Raisin Co Baltimore 047 3806 laik Cove Co New York 205 42 96 T L Swilt A Co Atlanta Ga 155 31 56 Weld it Haitshoin Savannah Ga 125 10 15 P S chapped Son Baltimore 1 55 42 48 Langston A Clane Atlanta Ga 1 35 13 25 W J Pollard Augusta Ga 186 42 64 R w L Raisin Co Baltimore 125 38 85 Reeves Nicholson A Co Athens BY WHOM AND WHERE MANU FACTURED G oher on Baitmore R W L Raisin Co Baltimore Chemical Co of Canton Baltimore LorenUs A Rittler Baltimore Mil Bowker Fertilizer Company New York eal Lawson Kesshr S Co Baltimore Northwestern fertilizer Co St lousMo hesapeake Guano Co Baltimore W P Hardin A Co Smyrna Ga Williams lark Co New York Ashley Phosphate Company Charleston Seal Lawson Kessler Co Baltimore Moses Clemmons Richmond Va Brown Chemical Company haliimore I aiuhmau Bros Baltimore Georg a Chemical Works Augusta Ga Georgia Chemical Works Augusta Ga Northwestern Fer Co Chicago III Walton Whann A Co Wilmington Del Chemical Company of Canton Baltimore Baldwin Co Newark N J J A Bide Home Ga B W L Rabin Co Baltimore W T Cole Griffin Ga Upghaw Guano Company Norfolk Va Bowker Fei tilizer ompany New York P S Cluippell Son Baltimore Bradley Fertilizer Co Boston Mass Biadley Fertilizer Co Boston Mass R W L Raisin Co Baltimore B J Burgess A Co Alexandria Va a W 50 H S M Z H O 11 m 50 o c c 50 W o w o COCarolina Fertilizer Cairo Fertilizer Colgnte Manure Columbia Superphes Chappell Champion Ammoniated Supcrphos Chesapeake Guano Champion Cotton Grower Coles Georgia Cotton Fertilizer Crown Guano Chesapeake Guano Co Crown Guano Bowker Fertilizer Co Cotton Food Fertilizer Cotton Compound Ammoniated Superphos Cumberland Superphosphate of Lime Cumberland Superphosphate of Lime C 8 M Fertilizer C T M Ammoniated Bone DeLeons Complete Cotton Fertilizer Dissolved Bone Potash and Ammonia Dixie Guano DobbB Ammoniated Cotton Fertilizer Dobbs Ammoniated Cotton Fertilizer Eagle Ammoniated Bone Superphosphate Electric Guano Empire Guano Enoree Fertilizer Eutaw Fertilizer light Eutaw Fertilizer black Eureka Amd Superphosphate of Lime Equitable Amd Soluble Phosphate of Lime Excellenza Cotton Fertilizer Excelsior Gnano E Frank Coes Ammoniated Bone Super Phos Farmers Hope Guano Farmers Friend Fertilizer Fertilizer of Ftiwaa Phosphate Co Flanders Empire Amd Compound Franklin Ammoniated Dissolved Bone Game Guano Gate City Guano Gem Guano Georgia State Grange Fertilizer Georgia Bone Cotton Phosphate Georgia Cotton Compound13 n Georgia Fertilizer1400 Georgia Ammoniated Dissolved Bone11 50 Georgia Gold Dust I 7551 1300 1130 975 1350 1300 1280 1540 0 1350 1140 1200 1310 1550 17 50 950 1350 1125 1600 1100 1400 1095 1200 13 9 11 15 1150 1175 860 10011 1525 1225 1300 130 1425 450 1300 1525 1675 135d 1140 1100 1505 1125 0S0 195 390 213 350 519 18 07 321 220 480 265 336 150 145 060 204 075 200 276 205 205 45l 2 00 3 00 3 40 215 110 24H 035 065 185 085 2 60 235 180 200 518 075 210 085 180 265 280 608 300 775 073 685 681 69ii 105 765 720 70S 083 550 745 710 706 405 1000 670 925 680 364 680 650 730 6 80 800 65 765 875 75 856 845 910 900 185 708 765 800 402 50 665 885 476 746 300 621 446 3351110 40211075 320 1006 151 1 11 696 167 344 171 348 450 1911 115 3 49 395 1 75 3 80 8 99 880 518 375 2 70 181 890 2 56 3 SO 37 425 340 334 255 180 215 972 203 170 160 896 695 365 2 91 090 190 085 28 472 807 800 808 982 1061 879 1026 1060 935 82 1055 00 1175 1050 1324 IO61 882 1055 92 911 1070 10 56 1030 1134 1300 1090 1190 1100 1090 1115 1157 911 935 960 868 1200 1030 1176 1165 935 885 910 918 305 295 200 238 240 2 76 241 219 219 316 341 230 240 200 261 286 296 120 295 2 14 296 26l 24H 298 20 231 300 274 320 2 43 26 26 126 255 237 237 310 206 2k 309 125 230 240 211 261 2 40 138 19 170 140 075 160 055 150 180 190 140 17 210 115 I 1 136 15 136 140 1 20 100 110 276 45 S8Barrett farewell Augusta Ga 43 28 R W L Raism Co Baltimore 37 30 hemical Co of Canton Baltimore 36 01 Moses DeLeon Savannah 33 68 P S Chappell Son Baltimore 34 65 Chesepeake Guano Co Baltimore 37 27 R Seldner Son Baltimore 37 76 W T Cole Griffin 31 72 Chesepeake Gnano Co Baltimore 43 67 Abbott Bro Atlanta Ga 1 28 Maryland Fertilizer Co Baltimore Patapsco Guano Co Baltimore Chas Ellis Savannah Ga has Ellis Savannah Ga Houser Houser Fort Valley Ga Seal Lawson Kesler Co Ualtime P M DeLeon Savannah Ga Seal Lawson Kesslcr A Co Baltime R W L Raisin ft Co Baltimore Dobbs Co Athens Ga 36 56 31 72 38 89 38 08 44 97 42 77 40 96 42 98 32 75 42 80 37 49 37 15 43 28 36 40 37 30 43 88 46 20 39 24 41 9 43 66 40 25 075 35 02 11042 99 lSoSO 18 17037 36 16036 42 15033 55 590 37 135 42 12 190 47 13 200 37 77 14036 56 070 34 97 16038 32 108 35 17 Bradley Fertilizer Co Boston Mass K W L Raisin Co Baltimore hemical Co of Canton Baltimore P S Chappell son Baltimore hesepeake Guano Co Balimore Moes DeLeon Savannah It Seldner A Son Baltimore larks i ove Gnano Co Chesepeake Guano Co Baltimore Bowker Fertizer Co New York Maryland Fertilizer Co Baltimore Patapsco Gnano Co Baltimore Cumberland Bone Co Portland Me Cumberland Bone Co Portland Me Houser Houser Fort Valley Seal Lawson Kessler Co Baltimore P M DeLeon Savannah ceal Lawson Kessler Co Baltimore n w L Raisin Co Baltimore Dobbs 1 o Athens fa s C Dobbs Athens GaIs C Dobbs Athens Ga Barrett Carswell Augusta GaiBradley Fertilizer CoBoston Mass P Zell A on BaltimoreP Zcll Son Baltimore R W L Raisin ft Co Baltimore Robertson Taylor Co Charlsn S C Robertson Taylor Co CharlnSC Robertson Taylor Co Charlsn SC Joseph Jones Atlanta Ga Tate Muller Wittichen Baltimore Long Dugdale Baltimore Savannah Guano Co Savannah D G Purse Savannah Ga aralhers Betts mithAthens Ga Read Co New York Ktiwan Phosphate Co Charleston Seldner Son Baltimore Md eldner Son Baltimore Baltimore Uuano Co Baltimore Savannah Guano Co Savannah Ga Seal Lawson Kesler Co Baltime naldwin Co SavannahGa stonoPhosphate Co Charleston Patapsco Guano Co Baltimore Md C C Hardwick Savannah Ga Georgia Cheml Works Augusta Ga Geo W Scott Co Atlanta Ga R W L Raisin A Co Baltimore Robertson Taylor Co Charleston S C Roliertson Taylor Co Charleston S C Robertson Taylor Co Charleston SC Atlantic Va Fer Co Orient L I Tate Muller Wittichen Baltimore Long A Hugdae Baltimore Savannah Guano Co Savannah E Frank Coe New York B J Burgess t Co Alexandria Va Read Co New York ttiwan Phosphate Co Charleston Seldner Son Baltimore Seldner A Son alimore Baltimore Guano Co Baltimore Savannah Guano Co Savannah Ga Scl lawson Kesaler Co Baltimore Baldwin Co Newark N J Stono Phosphate Co Charleston Patapsco Guano Co Baltiinere Preston Fertilizer Co New York Georgia Chemical Works Augusta Ga Geo W Scott Co Atlanta Ga CD CO z o n o S S K SB O r 11 w 73 H tsTABLE IContinued NAME OF FERTILIZER Good Lnck Guano Giant Guano GossypiumPhospho Guardian Guano Gilt Edge Guano High Grade Ammouiated 8uier Phos Hope Guano Homestead Ammoniated Bone Black Homestead Guano Hyman Danceys Premium Bone Phos H Eraser Grant fc Cos Amd Dis Bone Imperial Guano J S Wood 4 Bro Ammoniated Dis Bone Jno C Ragsdale Guano Jno N Swift Ammoniated Bone and Potash Jno R Scott Cos Fertilizer Kelso Guano Keyslone Gnano King Gnano King Cotton Guano L C Co Dis Bone with Ammonia L R Guano Ammoniated Lion Guano Lister Bros Standard Bone Fertilizer Liebigs Ammoniated Dissolved Bone Lockwoods Cotton Grower Lister Bros Crescent Bone Fertilizer Lowes Georgia Formula Mastadon Gnano Mathis Chemicals Mathi Chemicals Mapes Nitrogenized Superphosphate Martins Ammoniated Dissolved Bone McCord Cos Ammoniated Dis Bone Merrymans Ammoniated Dissolved Bone MilesI X L Gnano Phosphoric Aoid a u at Fl a U a jn o 2 QQ Q 6 3 5 1 4 a o a a J3 1 0r FOR WHOM INSPECTED BY WHOM AND WHERE MAN UFACTURED 1215 1120 1035 1115 1545 1540 1121 1175 1325 1700 1800 14 1120 1105 1775 1675 1375 1115 1125 1250 1110 1276 1100 1535 1310 2025 1460 200 12 01 1125 99U 1075 1560 1270 1350 2050 200 i 00 1 05 195 118 200 205 130 265 175 040 260 200 2J0 320 125 435 205 115 160 052 605 208 085 265 108 135 405 135 425 130 185 021 240 060 154 805 675 420 640 628 686 674 900 625 750 1021 60 680 075 1 85 415 420 675 675 050 725 657 6 72 886 745 7 890 418 185 725 585 700 100S 580 975 905 550 395 61 365 378 277 391 020 210 226 110 20 37 375 720 6 40 50 380 405 1170 227 291 300 285 190 127 261 516 995 350 734 165 183 420 145 141 1356 1070 1035 1005 1006 9 63 1065 9 20 835 975 11 40 810 1055 1050 905 1055 982 1055 1080 122 1052 948 1082 1171 935 912 11si 931 11 1085 1319 805 1141 1000 1120 1046 243 297 305 243 22 232 297 300 200 200 352 231 295 297 304 215 245 298 295 219 200 200 296 305 23 330 3 2 35 243 260 200 260 225 207 2C7 176 1 220 1 160 125 1 160 48 12 43 26 43 79 39 43 38 32 37 18 43 13 38 00 32 80 34 48 47 78 33 76 42 80 42 74 10 58 38 47 38 30 42 83 43 38 42 29 36 30 34 6o 42 23 46 7 7 36 56 41 16 45 38 36 30 45 89 41 91 51 0 31 63 43 25 88 23 41 35 100 40 70 140 150 140 137 230 110 125 18 136 070 005 075 136 187 140 155 182 12 095 220 420 1S5 165 Wright Crane Augusta Ga R W L Raisin Co Baltimore Geo W Scott Co Atlanta Ga N L O Angier Atlanta Ga Ramspeck Green Atlanta Ga J F Craft Hartwell Ga R W L Raisin Co Baltimore LangstonCrane Co Atlanta Ga Chesapeake Guano Co Baltimore T S Ganer Buford Ga H Fraser Grant 4 Co Savannah Ga Martin AParrott Atlanta Ga J S Wood Ss Bro Savannah R W L Raisin Co Baltimore QuinnipaicFer Co N London Conn Read Co New York R W L Raisin Co Baltimore R W L Raisin A Co Baltimore R W L Raisin Co Baltimore Chesapeake Gnano Co Baltimore Langston Crane Co Atlanta Ga Lorentz 4 Rittler Atlanta Ga R W L Kaisin Co Baltimore Baldwin 4 Co Savannah Ga Patapsco Guano Co Baltimore Jno S Knox Atlanta Ga Baldwin Co Savannnh Ga Georgia Cheml Works Augusta Ga Georgia Cliemcl Works Augusta Ga Chemical Co of Canton Baltimore Chemical Co of Canton Baltimore T Singleton EatontonOa Wm W Martin Rome Ga Georgia Cheml Works Augusta Ga Jno Merrymann Co Baltimore Langston Crane Co Atlanta Qa K J Ruth 4 Co Baltimore Lorentz A Rittler Baltimore Geo W Scott Co Atlanta Ga Bowker Fertilizing Co New York Ramspeck Green Atlanta Ga J Middleton Baltimore R W L Raisin Co Baltimore Michigan Carbon Works Detroit Chesapeake Guano Co Baltimore Hyman Dancy Norfolk Va Imported j S Wood Bro Savannah Ga R W L Raisin Co Baltimore QninnipacFer Co New LonnConn Read o New York R W L Raisin Co Baltimore R W L Raisin Co Baltimore U W L Raisin Co Baltimore Chesapeake Guano Co Baltimore Bradley Fertilizer Co Bos ton Lorentz Ritllor Baltimore R W L Raisin Co Baltimore Baldwin Co Newark N J Patapsco Guano Co Baltimore Lockwood McClintock New York Baldwin Co Newark N J Georgia Chemical Works Augusta Ga Georgia chemcial Works Augusta Ga Chemical o of Canton Baltimore Chemical Co of Canton Baltimore Mapes Formula Co New York Updiaw Guano Co Norfolk Va Georgia Chemical Works Augusta Ga Jno Merrymann 4 Co Baltimore G W Miles 4 Co MHord Cpnp 2 58 H 2 W z H O 11 o 2 o c H C SO M i o M o 50 o COs M Monarch Guano Nassau Guano Navassa Guano Oglethorpe Guano Orient Complete Manure Oriole Oakey Wood Fertilizer Oriole Finey Wood Fertilizer Oriental Amd Bone Phos Our Own Guano P B Weavers O K Phosphate Patapsco Ammoniated Soluble Phosphate Pendleton s Amd Ferfor flowers A vegetls Pendletons Amd Superphosphate Pendletons Amd Superphosphate Piedmont Guano Pine Island Ammoniated Phos Pimlico Guano Planters Favorite Guano Plow Brand Raw Bone Superphosphate Pomona Guano Pokemoke Guano Potomac Guano Pure Dissolved Ammoniated Bone Pure Dissolved Ammoniated Bone Pure Dissolved Ammoniated Bone Pure Dissolved Ammoniated Bone Pure Dissolved Raw Bone and Potash Pure Bird Guano Ramspeck Green Fertilizer Resurgam Guano Reeves Nicholson Co Matchless Guano Roanoke Guano Royal Superphosphate Royal Amd Superphosphate Ruths Cotton Guano Russell Coee Amd Bone Superphosphate R D Coes Original Amd Soluble Bone Samana Guano San Domingo Guana Schaffers Steamed Animal Bone Sea Gull Amd Dissolved Bone Sea Fowl Guano Sea Cliff Amd Superphosphate Sea Cliff Amd Superphosphate Seldners Amd Bone Phosphate Seal Lawson Kessler Amd Diss Bone Soluble Pacific Guanoftt 1475 190 664 1140 225 683 1475 315 372 1480 185 680 1725 801 690 1301 0 55 721 157b 053 719 655 185 545 1340 101 715 1110 206 675 1070 390 580 825 36 750 1121 215 805 875 250 755 1875 1 110 615 1850 300 180 1275 175 465 1605 015 615 1085 200 710 950 235 600 1270 165 460 1130 210 680 1300 650 485 1201 625 500 1290 125 600 ilKi 150 580 1001 161 700 13 00 350 025 1650 120 590 1085 385 678 1550 065 785 1111 208 6 80 1465 200 751 tisr 100 342 1105 206 678 2115 111 723 1275 491 680 1200 406 415 1475 215 615 2200 153 218 351 805 1318 151 700 1150 231 678 1675 201 750 1525 182 767 1140 265 675 1405 085 682 i 348 338 433 227 210 219 226 55 8 85 379 434 267 195 270 400 740 585 420 265 410 575 350 315 300 61 714 692 776 470 320 320 352 390 868 385 298 290 517 811 585 095 303 3 175 171 380 513 912 231 1021 313 805 262 908 2 30 950 290 940 273 945 226 1095 219 1050 200 1054 298 1014 267 1017 304 1000 332 1025 304 1015 200 920 300 1040 230 1035 220 975 285 1010 2 85 1035 230 1030 297 800 200 800 200 1217 200 1294 255 13 92 255 800 200 1060 2 10 1009 205 1105 200 1032 298 1140 270 1210 335 1050 296 1021 231 970 200 932 231 926 225 K04 207 900 273 1006 280 1021 310 925 20 938 242 1056 297 1195 273 175 36 45 Martin A Parrott Atlanta Ga 195 43 51 Webster Davis Atlanta Ga 150 35 06 Navassa Guano Co WilmgtonNC 175 86 86 Williams Clark Co New York 140 39 93 Joseph Jones Atlanta Ga 160 39 07 Symington BroB fc Co Baltimore 170 37 15 Symington Bros Co Baltimore 38 32 Barrett A Carswell Augusta Ga 260 39 37 Savannah Guano Co Savannah Ga 137 42 89 J S Wood Bro Savannah Ga 200 41 10 Palapsco Guano Co Baltimore 105 41 88 Pendleion Guano Co Atlanla Ga 130 43 16 Pendleion Guano Co Atlanta Ga 105 12 08 Pondleton Guano Co Atlanta Ga 100 16 60 T li Yow A Co Marietta Ga 240 40 88 Ginnipaic FcrtCoNew LondonConn 107 38 78 K W L Raisin Co Baltimore 36 90Long Dugdale Baltimore 210 49 94 Walton Whann A Co Atlanta Ga 125 41 00 P M DeLeonSaannahUa 105 38 66 Freeman Loyd Mayson Pryden Norfolk Va 187 42 21 R W L Raisin A Co Baltimore 30 00 Chemical Co of Canton Baltimore 30 00 Chemical Co of Canton Baltimore 40 43 Chemical Co of Canton Baltimore 444 50 93 Chemical Co of Canton Baltimore 20i f9 95 G Ober Sons Baltimore 210 ii 52 G W Garmany Son Savannah 110 38 32 Kamspeck Green Atlanta Ga 230 37 78 Chemical Co of Canton Baltimore 1 75 39 72 Reeves Nicholson Co Athens Ga 138 42 80 R W L Raisin Co Baltimore llo 43 32 H M Comer Co Savannah Ga 200 49 40 Wm WMartin Rme Ga 137 42 81 R V L Raisin Co Baltimore 100 38 28 J P Wheaton Savannah 080 35 28 Lorentz Kittler Baltimore Md 120 36 29 Georgia Chemical Works Augusta 11035 72 Martin Panott Atlanta Ga 110 31 7 George Sclnieffer Hampton Ga 135 37 77 Patapsco Guano Co Baltimore 170 41 19 N A Hardee Son 4 Co Savannah 195 43 26 N A HaideeSon Co Savannah 130 34 09 N A Hardee Son CoSavannah 160 37 47 Seldner A Son Baltimore 138 42 87 Seal Lawson Kessler Co Baltire iAdair Bro Atlanta Ga Woods Co Savannah Ga Wm H Young Columbus Ga am r 1 Williams Clark Co New York Bowker Fertilizer Company New York Navassa Guano Co Wilmington N C Williams Clark A Co New York Atlantic fc Va Fer Co Orient L I Symington Bros Co Baltimore Symington Bros Co Baltimore Reuel Co New York Savannah Guano Co Savannah J S Wood A Bro Savannah Ga Patapsco Guauo Co Baltinire Pondleton Guano Co Atlanta Ga Pendleton Guano Co Atlanta Ga Pendleton Guano Co Atlanta Ga Piedmont Guano Co Baltimore Ginnipaic Fertilizer Co New London R W L Haisin Co Baltimoie Long Dugdale Baltimore Walton Whann A Co Wilmington Del P M DeLcon Savannah Ga Freeman Loyd Mason Drydcn Nor folk Va R W L Raisin A Co Baltimore Chemical Co of Canton Baltimore Chemical Co of Canton Baltimore Chemical Co of Canton Baltimore Chemical Co if Canton Baltimore 4 Obear Son Baltimore None Such Guano Co Havre de Grace Read Co New Yoik Chemical Co of Canton Baltimore Burgess Co Alexandria Va R W L Raisin Co Baltimore Bradley Fert Co Boston Mass Upshaw Guano Co Norfolk Va R W L Raisin Co Baltimore Russell Coe London N J Lorentz Rittler Baltimore Georgia hemical Works Augusta Will ams Gark Co New York Northwestern Fertilizer Co Chicago 111 Patapsco Guano Co Baltimore Bradley Fert Co Boston Bowker Fertilizer Co New York Bowker Fertilizer Co New York Seldner Son Baltimore Seal Lawson Kessler Co Pacific Guano Co Woods Hole Mass Z r o o o s s w SO o r w H N MTABLE IConcluded do NAME OF FERTILIZERS Phosphoric Acid o J2 t to d oS o 4 4 o a u Si o P 5 3 I a 3 1 a M 02 H pi 0 FOR WHOM INSPECTED BY WHOM AND WHERE MANU FACTURED Soluble Amd Superphosphate of Lime Soluble Sea Island Guano South American Guano South Georgia High Grade Fertilizer SparkB A A Superphosphate Sparks Alkaline Guano Standard Bone Superphosphate Standard Fertilizer Stafford Blalock Double Anchor Guano Star Brand Complete Mannre Stemes Amd Bone Superphosphate Sterling Guano Stonewall Bone Phosphate Stono Soluble Guano St George Ammoniated Fertilizer Sunny South Guano Tornado Fertilizer The Georgia Patapsco Am Sol Plios The Cotton Maker Triumph Amrnoniated Dissolved Bone Universal Guano Victor Guano Wando Fertilizer Winter Legs Am Dis Bone Wicomico Guano Wilcox Gibbs Cos Manipulated Guano World of Good Wrights Solid Guano W G Co Superphosphate Zells Ammoniated Bone uperphosphate Zells Economizer Zells Calvert Guano 1110 1110 1125 1440 1700 1600 1000 1875 1230 1650 1100 2050 1176 1125 1125 1150 1375 1220 1210 1400 1630 1450 13 00 1530 1105 1400 925 1025 12 00 1300 1550 1125 135 200 200 260 270 214 540 275 452 025 035 105 310 290 198 450 225 140 585 225 162 136 310 160 205 051 115 100 470 305 2781 575 720 680 676 600 415 754 681 600 554 620 1060 700 662 456 675 680 625 205 310 892 624 805 800 600 675 800 915 460 525 6 65 785 410 3951115 Average analyses and commercial values 360 400 215 440 108 328 440 351 65 200 215 304 344 887 S20 375 970 490 263 2 169 248 390 370 176 255 415 275 535 5 40 390 10 40 1075 815 855 862 1015 1040 90 1171 1260 915 960 800 1062 1000 1000 1175 800 1145 892 974 1048 990 1035 6 1260 875 800 1200 1265 05 231 295 297 235 219 237 243 200 251 200 275 335 304 261 296 210 250 300 245 231 231 200 267 228 295 213 250 200 240 240 150 230 145 135 137 155 11020 248 330 185 1 CO 120 125 125 180 14 110 1 3 076 230 100 075 225 1 200 220 060 137 176 0154 41 17 George Obear Son Baltimore 42 37 R W L Raisin Co Baltimore 43 87 R W L Raisin Co Baltimore 33 98 Williams Clark Co New York 32 23 Read Co New York 32 96 Seldner Son Baltimore 39 77 H Atkins Co Gainesville 37 20 Goldsmith Bro Atlanta Ga 36 62 P Zell Son Baltimore 40 75 Allison Addison Richmond Va 46 75 H T Inman Atlanta Ga 41 79 N L C Angier Atlanta Ga 39 35 West Bros Savannah Ga 34 27 Stono Phns Co Charleston 42 99 ScallawsonKessler Co Baltimore 35 90 Ramspeck ft Green Atlanta Ga 40 26 Maryland Fertilizer Co Baltimore 45 60 Georgia Chemical Works Augusta 33 16 J W Goldsmith Co Atlanta Ga 42 87 N A Hardee Son Co Savannah 36 01 Martin Parrott Atlanta Ga 36 75 H T Inman Co Atlanta Ga 42 9 Wando Fertilizer Co Charleston 36 87 Winter Segg Marietta Ga 42 26R W L Raisin t Co Baltimore 36 90 Wilcox Gibbs Co Savannah Ga 93 McCoimick Neal Atlanta Ga A P Wright Co Thomasvills Ga New Jersey Cbeml Co Philadelphia P Zell Son Baltimore P Zell Son Baltimore P Zell Son Baltimore G Ober A Sous Baltimore R W L Raisin Co Baltimore R W L Raisin Co Baltimrre Wil iams Clark Co New York Read Co New York Seldner Son Baltimore Chemical Co of Canton Baltimore Standard Fertilizer Co DuxburryMas P Zell A Son Baltimore Allison tfc Addison Richmond Va Sternes Fer Co New Orleans La Manhattan Cheml Co New York Bowker Fer Co New York Stono Phosphate Co Charleston Seal Lawson Kessler Co Baltimore lorcntz A Rittler Baltimore Maryland Fertilizer Co Baltimore Georgia Cheml Works Augusta Ga Chesapeake Guano Co Baltimore Sid Williams Clark Co New York Williams Clark Co New York Rufferty Williams New York Wando FertilizerCo Charleston S C Read 4 Co New York R W L Raisin Co Baltimore Wilcox Gibbs Co t Savannah Thomson Edwards Chicago 111 Read Co New York New Jersey Cheml Co Philadelphia P Zell Sou Baltimore P Zell Son Baltimore P Zell Son Baltimore a w 7 K M z H O O G r H a 7 w I a PI O 7 a toTABLE IIAta Phosphates and Dissolved Bones NAMKOF FERTILIZER Phosphoric acid Acid Phosphate for Cotton Albatross Acid Phosphate Ashley Acid Phosphate with Potash Ashley Acid Phosphate without Potash Atlantic Acid Phosphate Avalon Dissolved Bone Bakers Prepared Chemicals B Q Swanson Acid Phosphate Bales Acid Phosphate Barrys Acid Phosphate Barrys B Phosohate of Lime Bowkers Acid Phosphate Bradley Acid Phosphate Charleston Acid Phosphate Cherokee Dissolved Bone Chemical Co of Canton Acid Phos Cotton I lant Dissolved Bone Commercial Gnano Co rown Brand Crown Acid Phosphate DeLeons Dissolved Bone Poosphate Diamond Soluble Bone Dissolved Bone Phosphate of Lime Dissoved Bone Phos South Carolina Dissolved Bone or Acid Phosphate Dissolved Bone Potash and Ammonia Disslved South Carolina Bone Eagle Acid Phosphate Edisto Acid Phosphate English Huegerin Acid Phosliate EnoreeAcid Phosphate Etiwan Dissolved Bone Eti wan Potash Compound Eutaw Acid Phosphate Farmers Friend Acid Phosphate 16 10 Geo WScott CoChlestonAcidPhos 15 40 1375 1800 1625 1750 1350 1575 1465 1300 1145 960 950 13 75 UOO 1400 1360 790 1380 1625 1400 1235 1050 1325 1425 1435 1600 1250 1070 1600 1425 1025 1650 1150 1150 0 85 116 200 220 335 250 425 325 241 355 260 105 325 200 235 46 280 172 175 260 285 350 360 080 075 248 430 020 230 375 060 224 300 034 235 GQ 1170 1208 950 1055 8 26 645 410 700 634 73 735 700 695 612 820 635 706 824 875 405 885 1060 919 1100 925 1086 785 762 823 705 1190 842 710 710 684 1355 1382 1180 1235 1180 1115 1000 1175 121 1145 1150 1115 1175 22 1180 14 20 1080 1146 1295 1510 1256 1850 1340 1300 1324 1453 1300 1135 1175 1171 1480 1328 1850 1160 1131 004 33 010 105 0 052 130 210 200 095 160 080 145 135 125 197 155 150 085 090 300 180 FOR WHOM INSPECTED Imported from Ireland Webster Davis Atlanta Ga Ashley Phosphate Co ChartestonSC Ashley Phosphate CoCharlestonSC Atlantic Phosphate Co Cearleston Moses Clemmons Richmond Va Chemical Co of Canton Baltimore H T Inman Atlanta Ga J A Bale Rome Ga Georgia Clioml Works Augusta lia Georgia hemil Works Augusta Ga Weld Hartshorn Savannah Ga N A HardcesSon Co Savan Ga Charleston Phosphaie Co Charleston Atlantic Phosphate Co Charleston Chemical Co of Canton Baltimore Georgia Chemical Works AugustaGa W B Chisholm Charleston 7 G P Grant Co Savannah Ga P M DeLeon New York Walton Whann Co Atlantaaa B G Frith Charleston S C G Ober Sons Baltimore Walton Whann Co Atlanta Oa SealLawson Kcssler CoBaltimore Tate Mnller Wlthclus Baltimore Barrett Carswell Augusta Ga W B Chiselm Charleston S C Atlantic Phosphate Co Charleston Robertson Taylor Co Charleston Etiwan Phosphate Co Charleston Etiwan Phosphate Co Charleston Robertson Taylor Co Charleston U P Richmond Savannah Ga Goe W Scott Co Atlanta Ga BY WHOM AND WHERE MANUFAC TURED Seal Lawson Kessler Baltimore Wm Bradley Baltimore Ashley Phosphate Co Charleston S C Ashley Phosphate Co Charleston S C Atlantic Phosphate Co Charleston S C Moses Clemmons Richmond Va Chemical Co of Canton Baltimore Ashcpoo Phosphate i o Charleston S C J A Bale Rome Ga Georgia Cheml Works Augusta Ga Georgia Chemical Work Auauste Ga Bowker Fertilizer Co Charleston S C Brad ey Fertilizer Co Boston Mass Charleston Phosphate Co Atantic Phosphate Co Charleston S C Chemical Co of Canton Baltimore Georgia Chemical Works AugustaGa Allison Addison Petersburg Va Sk Fertiizmg Co New York P M DeLeon New York Walton Whann Co Atlanta Ga Pacific Guano CoCharleston G Ober Sons Baltimore Md Walton Whann Co Wilmington Del St7Tessler Baltimore Equitable Fertilizer Co Baltimore pSPh0paiS00 Charleston Sc EdistoPhosphate Co Charleston S C Atlantic Phosphate Co Charleston S C PMwrt8S Tylr Co Charleston Etiwan Phosphate Co Charleston S C Etiwan Phosphate Co Charleston S C Tylor co Charleston Read Co New York IGeorgia Chemical Works Augusta Ga r in P3 w O i n O 3 r ii x H N MTABLE NO IIContinued NAME OP FERTILIZER Georga Acid Phosphate1675 Phosphoric Acid Georgia State Grange Dissolved Bone 785 Georgia State Grange Acid Phosphate 825 GaChem Wks Acid Phoswith Potash 1235 Georgia Dissolved Bone1635 duardian Acid Phosphate1500 Inmans Acid Phosphate 1070 Longs Dissolved Bone1710 Longs Prepared Chemicals 1700 L B Acid Phosphate 1650 McCord Co Acid Phosphate15 Magnolia Acid Phosphate 14 60 Maryland Fer Co Acid Phosphate 1800 Martins Potash Phoshhate 1600 Martin Co Acid Phosphate 1570 MerrymansAcid Phosphate 975 NavassaAcid Phosphate1400 North Georgia Dissolved Bone137 Oriental Acid Phosphate1000 Oriole Acid Phasphate 1360 Palmetto Acid Phosphate 1050 Paragon Acid Phosphate 1400 Patapsco Acid Phosphate 1515 Pendletons Phos for Composting1136 Pendletons Phos for Composting1380 Pimlico Acid Phosphate 1560 Pioneer Acid Phosphate 1300 Pomona Acid Phosphate1515 Piedmont LUssolved Bone Phosphate 1250 Potash Acid Phosphate1340 Pure Dissolved South Carolina Bone 650 Pollards Soluble Bone1050 Pure Dissolved Bone Ash 1350 Raisins Acid Phosphate1560l2 451 6 50 250 245 250 255 100 400 430 035 035 251 121 300 280 112 248 150 2 276 435 172 306 2 M0 200 025 240 245 235 122 452 720 600 396 650 135 1140 400 965 905 785 1065 1000 847 754 796 745 1010 645 1245 325 708 785 93 650 685 795 1000 704 640 830 772 1015 726 700 71 2121384 460 845 340 1100 145 170 515 175 400 310 670 489 345 410 470 385 760 367 520 880 5F0 270 420 426 432 475 355 658 205 364 720 529 428 460 1110 1480 11 1500 1110 1075 1300 1240 1400 1157 1424 1235 1090 1420 1115 1680 1085 1075 1300 1315 1200 1000 1215 1425 1186 1110 1185 1425 1320 1091 1420 1410 1812 1110 010 1049 195 080 091 FOR WHOM INSPECTED BY WHOM AND WHERE MANUFAC TURED 8 2nz3i2mjJ CoBaltimore 175 1 250 360 049 27 00 39 84 28 71 27 95 32 50 I 00 37 10 28 93 35 60 03 30 25 39 82 28 47 39 5o 27 72 28 67 32 60 8K l 32 26 68 32 20 37 08 30 68 28 48 3071 35 63 30 50 11028 57 36 10 35 23 45 30 28 35 Baldwin to Savannah GaBaldwin Co Newark New Jersey Baldwin Co Savannah Ga Baldwin A Co Newark New Jersey Georgia Cheml Works Augusta Ga Georgia Chemical Works Augusta Ga 050 150 110 140 152 080 190 051 00 020 050 A ugusta Ga C Hard wick Savannah Ga N L C Angler Atlanta Ga H T Inman Atlanta Oa Long Dugnale Baltimore Long Dugdale Baltimore Lorentz Rittler Baltimore Georgia Cheml Works Augusta Ga Georgia Cheml Works A ugusta Ga Maryland Fertiizer Co Baltimore Wm M Martin Rome Ga Harle Jenkins Atlanta Ga John Merryman Co Baltimore Navassa Guano Co Wilmington Md Georgia Cheml Works Augusta Ga Barrett farewell Augusta Ga Symington Bro Co BaltimoreMd Langston Crane Co Atlmta Ga Stono Phosphate Co Charleston Patapsco Guano Co Baltimore Md Pendlelon Guano Co Atlanta Ga Pendleton Guano Co Atlanta Ga R W L Raisin Co Baltimore Ashley Phosphate Co Charleston H P Richmond Savannah Ga Piedmont Guano Co Baltimore Lorentz aid Riitler Baltimore Cnemical Co of Canton Baltimore W J Pollard Augusta Ga G Ober Son Baltimore R W L Raisin Co Baltimore Preston Fertilizer Co New York Bowker Fertilizer Co New York Ashepoo Phosphate Co Charleston Long Dugdale Baltimore Long Dugdale Baltimore Lorentz Rittler Baltimore Md Georgia Chemical Works Augusta Ga ioorgia Chemical Works Augusta la Maryland Fertilizer Co Baltimore Md Upshaw Guano Co Norfolk Va Flarle Jenkins Atlanta Ga John Merryman Co Baltimore Navassa Guano Co Wilmington Md Georgia Chemical Works Augusta Ga Ashepoo Phosphate Co Charleston S C Symington Bro Co Baltimore Md William Bradley Boston Mass Stono Phosphate Co Charleston Patapsco Guano Co Baltimore Md Pendleton Guano Co Atlanta Ga Pendleton Guano Co Atlanta Ga B W L Raisin Co Baltimore Ashley Phosphate Co Charleston Imported Piedmont Guano Co Baltimore Lorentz Rittler Baltimore Chemical Co of Baltimore Md Ashepoo Phosphate Co Charleston S C G Ober Son Baltimore Md R W L Raisin Co Baltimore O M V H S w H O Q n c r H c 90 o M o CO 00Reeves Nicholson Co Acid Phos Kussell Coes Acid Phoshate Ruths Dissolved Bone Schaefers Acid Phosphate South Sea Acid Phosphate SlinglufTs Pure Dissolved Bone Stono Acid Phosphate Sunny South Acid Phosphate Wando Acid Phosphate Wando Soluhle Bone Phosphate Wests Acid Phosphate W Q Co Superphosphate W P Anderson Son Dis Bone Zells Cotton Acid Phosphate Average 1865 1550 1450 1525 1525 1260 1850 1460 1485 1375 1460 1450 10 1300 245 081 276 266 188 205 230 480 300 128 205 050 095 140 650 1089 712 991 610 1231 680 885 600 902 080 845 880 920 465 221 477 361 607 361 275 205 510 607 230 170 430 080 1115 1310 1189 1355 1217 159r 1000 1090 1110 1509 1160 1015 1310 1000 1248 130 065 12 020 180 080 350 48 Reeves McHolson Co Athens Ga 75 ft F Wheaton Savannah Ga 69 R J Kuth Baltimore Md 88 Ed Schaeffer Toccoa Ga 11 Harle Jenkins Atlanta Ga 37 Boyken Carmer 4 Co Baltimore 00 Stono Phosphate Co Charleston 03 Kamspeck 4 Green Atlanta Ga 70 Wando Phosphate Co Charleston 27 P B Hacker Charleston S C 90 West Bros Savannah Ga 53 Wilcox Gibbs Co Savannah Ga 71 Ashley PhoshphateCo Charleston 00 P Zell Son Baltimore Atlantic Phosphate Co Charlesaon S C Russell Coe Linden N J K J Ruth Baltimore Md Kdisio Phosphate Co Charleston S C Harle Jenkins Atlanta Ga Boykin Carmer Co Baltimore Stono Phosphate Co Charleston S C Lorentz Kittler Baltimore Wando Phosphate Co Charleston Wando Fertilizer Co Charleston S C Bowker Ferlilizer Co New York Wilcox Gibbs Co Savannah ABhley Phosphate Co Charlestno S C P Zell Son Baltimore CO r in m in O o o g 3 M SB r f SB H HI n so 5T ABLE III6 Wfc ad CAnmoniated Svkoshatee ad Acid PUsates or NAME OP FERTILIZERS Ammoniated Vulcanite Guano Ashley Ash Element Ash Element Bradley Ground Bone and Potasht Baughs Pure Boue Meal Baughs Double Eagle Fertilizer Baughs EconomicaTFertililizer Cumers Raw Bone Meal t Dried Blood Fine Raw Bone Noithwestem Fer Cot Ground Raw Bone Ashley Phos Co Grouud Dried Fish Home Fertilizer Kainit Chemical Co of Canton KainitWeld A Hartshorn Kainit Lippman Bros Kainit Wilcox Gibbs Co Kainit Baldwin A Co 13101394 650 440 900 1140 490 800 1500 1450 700 1326 735 726 1700 5 2378 700 452 2326 2442 il75 762 530 452 445 199 1 79 630 279 65 624 Kainit Ashlny Phosphate Co Kainit P M DeLeoh Kainit J R Sheldon Kainit J P Williams Co Kainit J H J Jones Kainit Alex Ker Co Kainit Tate Muller Witticherj Kainit Armand Russell Kainit Patapsco Guano Co Kainit D U Hull Lees Agricultural Lime Organic Silicated Phosphate Perfect Chemical for Cotton No 1 Perfect Chemical lor Cotton NoV Powslls Prepared t hemicals Popplein Phosphate Pure Ground Bone Sternest Pure Fii c Ground Meal T E t 500 4 2 ab 1 6i 600 8 60 285 3 51 2065 2810 745 83 300 2 70 455 146 226 498 15 91 486 426 13 789i 070 860 205 ojo FOR WHOM INSPECTED BY WHOM AND WHERE MANUFAC TURED 13 05 25 69 09027 98 7955 1080 768 504 365 0 51 iVi 200 1240 1200 II 6u 1120 1120 1200 1220 1160 1175 11 60 1100 1160 1240 1200 1200 297 300 624 920 825 420 39 35 14 14 40 13 92 13 44 13 44 11 40 13 44 13 92 14 10 13 92 13 20 13 92 14 88 14 40 14 40 3 30 30 CO 32 69 29 29 12 45 24 12 Liebig Gibbons Baltimore Ashley Phos Co Charleston Sc htono Phosphate Co N A Hardee Son Co Savannah Baugh Sons Philadelpia tough Sons Philadelphia Baugh Sons Philadelphia Wade White Marietta Ga Ashley PhosphateCoChariestons f w Flchel Co Marietta Ga C ey Phosphate CoCnarleston S Ashley Phosphate Co Charleston S Boykm Carmer Co Baltimore wemialiCo of unti Baltimore Weld Hartshorn Savannah Ga Lippman Bro Baltimore Wilcox Gibbs Co SavannahGa Baldwin Co Savannah Ga Ashley Phos Co Charleston S C P M DeLeon Savannah Ga J R Sheldon Baltimore t E Wlliam9 Co Savannah vtJ Jone8 Hartwell Ga Alex Kerr Co Baltimore I ate Muller Witticher Baltimore Armand Russell Angusta Patapsco Guano Co Baltimore D B Hull Savannah Stafford McDonald Augusta Ga Popplein Phosphate Co Baltimore Southern Chemical Co Baltimore Southern Chemical Co Baltimore Brown Chemical Co Baltimore Popplein Phosphale Co Baltimore inter Lcgg Marietta Ga McCormick Neal Atlanta Liebig Gibbons Baltimore Ashley Phos Co Charleston S C Stono Phosphate Co Bradley Fertilizer Co Boston Mass Baugh Sons Philadelphia Pa Baugh Sods Philadelpia Baugh Sons Philadelphia eTge fe caer Louisville Ky Ashley PbBphate C Charleston Northwestern Fertilizer Co Chicago Ash ey Phosphate Co Charleston Ashley Phosphate Co Charleston Boyken Carmer Co Baltimore Imported Imported Imported Imported Imported Imported Imported Imported Imported Imported Imported Imported Imported s Imported Imported Lee Richmond Va Popplein Phosphate Jo Baltimore Southern Chemical Co Baltimore southern Chemical Co Baltimore Brown Chemical Co Baltimore Popplein Phosphate Co Baltimore sternes Fertilizer Co New Orleans To Thomson A Edward Chicago TMSLa to O w w H S M Z H O m x n c r H G 50 W tn w o x m o o s o 2050 03 53 S gen lois Ed s o 646 3 Baywood Fertilizer 440 118 Baywood Fertilizer Co Sun Hill Ga a 0 C5 ftO QQ S a o u 1830 c a g 1267 61 18 Southern Chemical Co Baltimore Southern Chemical Co Baltimore These goods are nonacidulated and are claimed to he made by a peculiar process they cannot therefore be classed among acid phosphates or ammoniated superphosphates hence no commercial value is assigned them The analysis only is given u j i j tRawbone or bone meal contains no reverted acid proper as it has not been acidulaied The whole of the phosphoric acid is therefore reported as insan pie though practically it is much more available as plant food than phosphoric acid from other sources A good tinelyground bone meal is worth about MO00 per ton JThiB contains Soluble Silica 1572 per cent which is claimed to be valuabl as plant food Z r 3 tfl PI U O rr n o S 5 w o W w N PJ 50 14 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 102 EE MARKS The foregoing analyses were made by Professor H C White Analytical Chemist of the Department whose general report appears on page 18 During the season of 188182 there were 1242664 tons of commercial fertil izers inspected and analyzed for the Georgia market all of which being admit ted to sale The following table shows the amount inspected by each inspector O T Rogers Inspector at Savannah 4005230 tons Samuel Hawkins Inspector at Augurta 2276920 J SLawton Inspector at Atlanta 1448100 Troup Butler Inspector at Brunswick 39 67292 E L Thomas Inspector at Macon 3 17141 O W Rosette Inspector at Columbus 5 27981 Total125426 04 The following table shows the number of distinct inspections made by each inspector for the season the average number of tons in each inspection the whole number of inspections made and the average of each Numder of Inspections Average Anit of each Inspection 351 102 141 290 53 52 114 tons 223 tons 102 tons 137 tons 60 tons 101 tons 989 127 tons COMPARATIVE TRADE IN FERTILIZERS The following table shows the number of tons inspected for each of the last seven seasons There were inspected during the season of 18756 55316 tons There were inspected duriug the season of 18767 75824 tons There were inspected during the season of 18778 93478 tons There were inspected during the season of 18789 85049 tons There were iospected during the season of 187980119583 tons There were inspected during the season of 1S801152404 tons There were inspected during the season of 18812125427 tons103 ANALYSES OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS 15 AMMONIATED AND NONAMMONIATED FERTILIZERS OR ACID PHOSPHATES Of the whole amount of fertilizers placed upon the market during the past season 101633 tons were Ammoniated Superphosphates and 20602 tons were Acid Phosphates or Dissolved Bones It is well to remark that those brands which contain not less than eight per cent of available phosphoric acid and two per cent of ammonia are classed as Ammoniated Superphosphates and those con taining less than two per cent of ammonia and not less than ten per cent of available phosphoric acid are classed as Acid Phosphates or Dissolved Bones This classification is made without regard to the name of the brand as will be seen by reference to the tables Those fertilizing materials which do not claim to be either of the foregoing are classed as Chemicals and Compounds other than Ammoniated Superphosphatss and Dissolved Bones Of this class there were 3192 tons inspected and analyzed and are exhibited in Table III The number of tons of Acid Phosphates or Dissolved Bones inspected ia Georgia during the past seven seasons are as follows For the season of 187566499 tons For tho season of 1876712842 tons For the season of 1877815332 tons For the season of 1878910291 tons For he season of 18798013906 tons For the season of 1880122036 tons For the season of 1S81220602 tons Of the whole quantity inspected the percentage of Acid Phosphates for each season is is as follows For 187561166 percent For 187671282 per cent For 187781962 per cent For 187891222 per cent For 1879801163 per cent For 188011511 per cent For 188121642 per cent The following averages for the past eight seasons will be found interesting viz GENERAL AVERAGES OF ALL FERTILIZERS Available Phosphoric Acid Ammonia Potash For the season of 18745 For the season of 18756 For the season of 18767 For the season of 18778 For the season of 18789 For the season of 187980 For the season of 18801 For the season of 18812 923 1094 108T 1143 1195 1024 1096 1088 255 253 252 a 79 270 258 253 248 517 249 275 223 166 133 141 14716 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 104 These are the general averages of all fertilizers including Acid Phosphates for he seasons named It is proper to remark that the averages of Ammonia and Potash are of those brands only which are shown by analysis to contain these elements and not of the whole number of brands analyzed AVERAGES OF AMMONIATED FERTILIZERS ATailable Phosphoric Acid Ammonia Potash For the Season of 18745 For the Season of 1S756 873 1036 10 51 1083 1152 953 1030 1020 284 298 273 279 270 259 253 248 531 279 243 225 164 135 145 158 For the Season of 18767 For the Season of 18778 For the Season of 18789 For the Season of 187980 For the Season of 18801 For the Season of 18812 AVERAGES OF NONAMMONIATED FERTILIZERS Available Pkosphoric Acid Potash For the Season of 18745 1105 1199 1168 1310 13 20 1244 12 60 1248 385 464 454 216 163 128 130 105 For the Season of 18756 For the Season of 18767 For the Season of 18778 For the Season of 187879 For the Season of 187980 For the Season of 18801 Foi the Season of 18812 The number of brands inspected analyzed and placed upon the market for each season since the organization of the Department is as follows For the Season of 18745 For the Season of 18756 110 brands 101 brands For the Season of 18767125 brand8 For the Season of 18778 127 brands For the Season of 18789ZZZl62 brands For the Season of 187980m brands For the Season of 18801 m braDJg For the Season of 18812270 brands These are exclusive of chemicals and other preparations for making or com posting manures at home105 r ANALYSES OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS 17 The number of brands of Ammoniated and Nonammoniated Fertilizers for each season is as follows Ammoniated NonAmmoniated 86 68 85 90 119 135 163 187 33 40 37 43 47 66 83 RECEIPTS AND EXPENDITURES INCIDENT TO THE INSPECTION OP FERTILIZERS SEASON OF 18812 Fees on 125 42664 tons inspected during the season 6271381 Paid for 1440819 Tags at 2 per thousand 288164 Express charges on Tags and Samples and other incidental expenses 43450 Net amount of fees paid into Treasury 5939717 62713 31 86271331 Total amount paid into Treasury Inspectors salaries to September 1st 1882 614585 Chemists salary to September 1st 1882 300000 Leaving a net balance in the Treasury of 5025132 593971 The net balance in the Treasury for the season of 18778 was For the season of 18789 For the Beason of 187980 For the season of 18801 For the season of 18812 Decrease compared with 18801 5939717 593971 3590677 3126767 4943836 6406023 5025132 1380891 Previous to the season of 18778 the fees arising from the inspection of fertil izers were perquisites of the inppect ors18 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 106 RFPORT OF CHEMIST DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Office of State Chemist Athens Ga June 9 1882 Hon J T Henderson Commissioner of Agriculture Athnta Ga Dear Sir I have the honor to present a brief report of the work of this lab oratory for the past year The number of original samples of commercial fertilizers analyzed and reported upon for the reason of 18812 is to date 362 divided as follows viz Acid Phosphates 4 Acid Phosphates with Potash 62 Amtnoniated Pnosphates oi Ammoniated Phosphates wilh Potash 207 Chemicals 362 The number of revisions made at your direction is 23 The total number of actual determinations made in the course of the analyses of fertilizers is 2360 It will be observed that the number of samples analyizjd is 52 more than 20 per cent in excess of the number examined the last season The methods pursued in the analyses were the same as heretofore employed in this laboratory The extensive use ot Nitrates as a source of Ammonia rendered necessary the employment in a great many cases of the absolute method of determination of Ni trogen The great advance in cost of many of the crude materials used it the manufac ture of fertilizers rendered it proper to modify the figures employed in estimating commercial valuations The figure for Phosphoric Acid was not changed Pot ash was reduced from 8 cents to 6 cents per pound and Ammonia was increased from 18 cents to 25 cents per pound These figures are now uniformly employed in all the Southern States in which official inspections are made uniformity having been secured by conference with the State Chemists It is probable that these same figures will be employed during the next season During the month of August last I attended at your request the annual meet ing of the Association of Agricultural Chemists held in Cincinnati At that meeting a strong effort was made to recommend the discontinuance of the Wash ington method in the determination of reverted phosphoric acid and to sub stitute therefor the oxalate method This proposition was resisted by the offi cial chemists present on the general grounds that the proposed method was inae curate and in some instances gpve results unjustly high and a compromise was effected by whch the matter was referred to a committee with instructions to in vestlgate and report I was made a member of that committee and accord ingly107 ANALYSES OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS 19 during September and October a large number of determinations were made in this laboratory bearing upon the question at issue The committee has not yet had opportunity to make its final report but my impression now is that no change from the Washington method will be recommended I may state my belief that the use of this method in this laboratory has for the past year as for the preceding given general satisfaction It is to be regretted that there is still lack of uniformity in the results upon reverted acid obtained by different chem ists but I think it very probable that arrangements will be made by which uni formity among official chemists at lfast may be ultimately secured The results of analyses show that the fertilizers sold in the State during the past season have been of high grade and not below the quality of those offered in previous seasons I had received information that led me to examine very care fully for shoddy leather scrap arid other inferior material but so far as I was able to discover no such substances were used in appreciable quantites in the manufacture of the goods sent into this State It may be well in this place to state that should such material be detected the fact will be reported to you for such action as you may see proper to take The fertilizer work of the season has been unusually heavy and has entailed upon this laboratory very severe labor and great expense Every exertion has been made however to furnish the results in good season and in satisfactory form It is to be hoped however that means may be devised whereby the inspections may be thoroughly made the analyses promtly reported and at the same time no undue exactions made of this office For my views in this connection I beg to refer to the report which i had the honor to make to you under date of May 26 1881 EXTRACT FROM REPORT OF 1881 There are certafti chemical analyses such as our native products fruits etc which are imperatively required for the guidance in certain matters of our agri culturists and horticulturists For nominally similar analyses we are now de pendent upon European sources but these are necessarily misguiding The discussion of such questions and the making of such analyses seems to me to be the proper work for the chemist of your Department If the fertilizer anal ysis could beas I believe it can becompleted within six months the remainder of the year ould be devoted to sucli work From among the graduates in analy tical chemistry of the University the necessary assistants could be obtained to aid in the work with benefit to the State and with great advantage in the way of ex perience to themselves At present the appropriation to the State Chemist 3000 is barely sufficient to pay for the fertilizer work if this should increas it cannot be expected to do even that If a sufficient sum could be secured forthe purpose that I have indicated without the slightest increase in the salary proper of the Slate Chemist I think the wisdom of its appropriation could in a short time be demonstrated Without such appropriation it will still give me gen uine pleasure to contribute so far as I may be able to the conduct of such work with your cooperation and approval You will permit me to express the personal desire that the scientific work of the laboratory of your department may not be confined to the simple routine of ihe analyses of commercial fertilizers I have shown that perhaps six months of20 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 108 the year might be devoted to other matters The appointments of this laboratory are suitable to the prosecution of many interesting researches The services of your chemist are secured for the entire year The complete and admirable organ ization of your department in the matter of highly competent clerical force and a great number of intelligent correspondents in all sections of the State permits you to become acquainted with the needs of our farmers and gives excellent op portunities for the dissemination of such results of research as may be obtained With all these advantages and opportunities it would be a matter of great regret that for need of the small fund necessary to carry on such work the intelligent and progressive farmers of our State should be denied the benefit of needed scientific work which to be thoroughly useful must be carried on here at home where all our special conditions may be taken into accunt I am well aware from my own correspondence of the extent of the necessity and the desire for such work I beg leave to record here my sincere appreciation of your frequently expressed personal approval of such researches and desire to cooperate in them to the full extent of the means at the command of your department I earnestly hope that you may find it possible to secure the application of suitable aid in this direc tion without prejudice to the many other valuable interests entrusted to your charge In addilion to the analyses of fertilizers the following work has been performed Nine 9 proximate analyses of grains Four 4 qualtitative examinations of mineral waters One 1 complete analysis of a mineral water Three 3 analyses of minerals Two 2 analyses of mucks A report on Cotton Butter Oil A report upon a field experiment relating to the Nitrogen supply for cotton Some work has been done in continuance of my investigations upon the cotton plant and its products A report of my results in this connection will be made to you so soon as the accumulated matter renders it proper I beg again to refer to my report for 1881 and to reiterate the views therein expressed in relation to the general scientific work of this laboratory Messrs Louis H Jones and James A Wotton have continued in the employ ment of this office as assistants and have rendered very efficient and accurate service In conclusion I beg to return to you siris I have ever had occasion to do sincere thanks for many kindnesses and courtesies and to expess my hearty ap preciation of yur uniform generosity in assisting me in the conduct of my offi cial work I have the honor to be very respectfully H C White State ChemistCircular No 29 New Series CROP REPORT FOR THE MONTH OF JUNE 1882 RETURNED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE JULY 1 1883 Department op Agriculture t Atlanta Ga July 10th 1883 GENERAL COMMENTS CORN The corn crop of the State was never more promising than at present Much of the crop in the southern part of the State is practically made and very fine There has Wen les complaint of injury by insects this season than usual and less destruction of the crops on bottom lands by overflow The condition of the crop of the whole Slate is reported at 114 compared with an average of five years or fourteen per cent above an average crop The present indications point to a large crop if propitious seasons continue It will be remembered that the area devoted to corn was reported in the April circular twelve per cent greater than that of last year while the cotton area is twelve per cent less thus giviug more time for the cultivation of the corn crop which rquires much less work per acre than cotton The condition of the crop in north Georgia compared to an average condition at this season is 106 in middle Georgia 114 in southwest Georgia 118 in east Georgia 121 and in southeast Georgia 115 Nothing produces I more com fortable and independent feeling on the farm than a wellfilled crib No matter how well the barn may be filled with hay oats and fodder the Southern farmer never feels supremely happy without a crib so well stored with corn as to preclude the possibility of scarcity for either man or beast A full crib makes fat stock contented labor and a profitable farm OATS The most abundant crop of oats ever harvested in the Slate has been gathered this season Nat only was the area devoted to this crop unusually large25 per cent greater than that of last yearbut the yield has been unprecedented and the quality very superiorDEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 110 So abundant is the crop thit the price in some parts of the State has fallen from sixty cents to thirtyfive cents per bushel since the crop has been gathered Compared to an average crop the yield in the whole State is 125 or twenty five per cent above an average crop In noith Georgia the yield compared to an average crop is 115 in middle Gtorgia 129 in southwest Georgia 124 in east Georgia 131 and in southeast Georgia 117 The yield compared to that of 1879 which was the crop given in the census of 1880 is in the whole State 129 in north middle and southwest Georgia 128 in east Georgia 110 and in southeast Georgia 116 According to the Census of 1880 the Crop of 1879 in Georgia was 5548743 bushels of oats As the crop of this season is twentynine per cent greater than that of the census year the yield is 7157778 The reported yield per acre is in north Georgia 21 bushels in middle Georgia 23 in southwest Georgia 16 in ea3l Georgia 19 and in southeast Georgia 16 The average yield in the whole State is twenty bushels per acre While many varieties other than the rustproof have made good crops this season the evidences of the superiority of rust proof varieties are again both numerous and convincing Farmers who have not the rustproof varieties should at once secure a sufficient quantity for the fall sowing The B irt oats distributed by the department last spring have given very general satisfaction on account of their great eailiness The reader is referred to the notes from correspondents for the opinion of those who have experimented with them They are about three weeks earlier than the ordinary rustproof varieties Ttie Burt oat is rustproof and extra early but ia inferior in quality to the other rustproof varieties AVHEAT The yield of wheat in the two sectionsnorth and middle Georgiain which it is principally grown has been very fine each eleven per cent above an average crop In southwest Geoigia the yield is reported at 84 in east Georgia at 95 and in southeast Georgia at 100 But as very little wheat is sown in either of these sections the returns from north and middle Georgia more correctly indicate the crcp of the State than the average for the whole State which is reduced by the poor yield of the thrte nonwheat producing sections to 104 Taking the re turns from north and middle Georgia as representing the crop of the State and the crop of this year compared to that of 1879 reported in the census of 1880 is 113 or 3586340 bushels The average yield per acre is in the State 9 bushels in north Georgia it is 10 bushels in middle Georgia 95 bushels in southwest Georgia 6 and in east Georgia 78 No wheat is reported in southeast Georgia COTTON Is reported below an average in every stction of the State This is due to the effects of cool weather which has prevailed to an unusual degree this spring Compared to an average it is in north Georgia 84 in middle Georgia 92Ill CROP REPORT1882 in southwest Georgia 94 in east Georgia 91 in southeast Georgia 98 and in the whole Siate 91 The injury has been greatest in north Georgia where the stand has baen ma terially reduced by the low temperature In some counties a portion of the crop was killed by frost on the 6th and 7th of June Tae recent warm weather and abundant rains have rapidly developed the plant which still has ample time to recover in a large degree from the effects of the unfavorable spring SUGAR CAKE This crop is reported in fine condition in those sections in which it is princi pally grown The condition of the crop in the State compared to an average is in the State 104 in middle Georgia 103 in southwest Georgia 106 in east Georgia 104 and in southeast Georgia 108 EICR In southeast Georgia the section in which the bulk ot the rice crop is grown its condition compared to an average is 106 The other sections reduce the average for the Slate to 99 In north Georgia it is 100 in middle Gorgia 95 in southwest Georgia 97 in east Georgia 96 OTHER CROPS Compared to an average the condition of sorghum July 1st was in the State 99 millet 103 ground peas 100 chufas 102 melons 93 and sweet potatoes 109 HAY The yield of hay compared to an average crop is 103 the average yield per acre is 1J tons The remarkable yield of 9800 pounds of cured clover hay per acre at the first cutting and a fraction less than two tons at the second cutting is reported from DeKalb county The clover seed were sown last September STOCK LAW The following counties hae adopted the Stock Law requiring the owners of stock to keep them on their own lands or more correctly stating it the law re quiring stock to be fenced instead of crops Under the old law which is still operative in the larger part of the State land owners are required to fence their crops against the invasion of stock of all kinds Under the law adopted by these counties the owners of stock are required to keep them off of other peoples crops by fencing the stock in or otherwise keeping them under control The counties which have adopted the stock law are Campbell Clayton Coweta Henry Meriwether Monroe Morgan Pike Putnam Rockdale Spalding and Troup One district each in Elbert and Screven have adopted it For the information of the people who are likely to have the question presented to them at no distant day the laws in force in this State relating to fences are hre printedDEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 112 Much confusion has arisen from the awkward form in which the question is presented to the voter viz Fence or No Fence many inferring that if they vote no fence they will be prohibited from building fences at all The real question is fencing stock or fencing crops and should have beon presented to the voters in some such form It is not expected that the stock law will be adopted in the wiregrass counties of the State where the larger area is in paeture In that section of the State and in some of the Counties of north Georgia the proposed law would be as great a hardship as the old law requiring crops to be fenced is in farming and planting sections In the latter the adoption of the stock law is only a question of time It is a necessity which must sooner or later be felt and fully realized in a large majority of the counties of the State In those counties in which it has been in operation long enough to be tested its most violent opponents have generally acknowledged its great advantages The question has been wisely left by the General Assembly to the choice of the people of the counties and militia districts The interests and industries of different sections of the State are too varied to admit of a general law applicable to all sections J T HENDERSON Commissioner oj Agriculture113 CROP REPORT1882 TABLE No 1 Showing the condition of crops in Georgia etc July sU 1882 NORTH GEORGIA Oats Wheat Condition compared to an average of Bay COUNTIES a o3 O OJ 03 O a o oj o M 2 S O 3 S 3j ft a o O 3 o 03 0 a 3 3 a Oj 2 0 OJ u 03 a u St E 13 p 2 5 1 o aj Ji O 13 s C o3 a a o u 5 3 CJ o3 U 0 P OJ be a M O O 0 0 O a 5 7 OJ CJ 3 a j3 S 0 CO 0J 03 OJ a a 0 O 3 43 0 c 0 53 3 O O U 02 1 O P s O 0 5 r3 oj a lib 111 125 120 117 125 120 100 110 117 100 15 12 25 17 23 110 10 125 102 115 1011 100 120 100 112 115 91 122 110 110 135 132 125 95 HO 90 no 100 111 105 no 112 101 100 150 110 TlO 105 85 223 10 is 115 160 105 80 118 10 9 9 6 12 10 10 12 11 10 10 14 8 14 12 12 8 10 Id 111 105 100 105 105 100 105 95 100 117 103 100 112 105 120 105 130 125 loo 110 103 105 102 ioo 78 77 105 82 84 75 9 85 90 70 78 95 90 95 71 85 90 85 85 85 75 80 J 75 100 loo 87 100 100 100 87 80 103 95 100 in 90 96 100 95 100 95 i00 95 90 100 100 100 100 84 100 100 100 87 110 105 80 100 lOO 100 98 75 95 100 120 105 95 90 110 100 75 80 85 70 113 91 90 112 35 95 ioo 103 95 100 100 100 100 105 110 105 115 97 no 100 100 75 95 95 Cobb 200 15 87 100 100 100 100 100 to 105 100 Floyd 120 115 130 117 1511 125 1ST 122 120 98 120 96 120 102 115 150 100 117 107 20H 110 112 MS 150 115 128 35 25 10 27 23 25 25 21 17 18 25 25 Sto 40 21 87 Oilmor Gordon 95 100 100 100 Hall 100 Milron 110 105 100 100 no 95 105 100 100 100 100 110 100 90 100 101 100 110 95 50 100 100 107 120 100 Rabun 90 White 75 100 100 110 100 WMtfleld Average 98 98 94 100 9ll 90 99 MIDDLE GEORGIA 140 140 115 110 120 140 12 125 120 125 120 140 120 110 150 125 lib 120 12 105 130 120 17i 100 120 125 120 111 150 150 115 121 20 24 18 15 30 30 20 23 15 15 18 25 25 IS 25 25 lB 110 105 105 115 120 110 105 100 16 115 115 120 120 105 135 80 ll5 125 105 110 120 110 120 100 1K 118 112 95 100 150 85 120 15 14 8 10 11 12 10 7 8 10 8 10 8 8 12 8 9 110 135 K5 100 100 115 135 125 105 110 105 120 110 100 135 110 i 13 115 110 90 90 85 95 95 105 80 100 90 80 85 100 90 115 75 98 103 Bibb 95 IS 105 100 97 102 100 100 120 105 95 105 100 105 110 90 90 95 90 9 105 112 75 110 80 75 100 110 100 85 100 110 no 115 110 102 110 105 110 125 100 110 no no 90 95 135 100 120 115 lOO 120 Columbia 105 110 100 110 130 100 95 100 110 90 100 100 100 100 100 100 Elbert 105 110 110 120 160 Hancock 110 110 100 115 110 no Heard 4 ib5 130 115 115 100 Lincoln 150 IK 18 130 105 13 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA TABLE No 1Continued MIDDLE GEORGIAContinued 114 Oats Wheat Condition compared to an average of Hay COUNTIES o a a 8 be 0J o gi O D a o t oS u d tCJ p y q 3 a S3 P o a o a a c CO S o u E hi U a 2 y be g a y o o o O p si O cj be CO g 5 a p be C o CO 41 5 a a a 5 o s o CO a s O 8 O V I s d fi bH a P g 5 cJ bC 2 S McDuffle 140 115 no 130 120 125 140 150 120 145 140 125 135 150 129 140 140 SB 10 8 10 10 11 7 9 10 12 6 12 8 13 6 95 100 110 90 100 103 95 93 too S5 125 105 125 110 150 125 110 85 125 105 110 90 111 75 120 135 125 110 101 110 10J 100 13i 75 109 101 115 130 110 10i 95 1C0 80 100 95 120 90 110 100 120 110 105 1E0 135 HO 130 120 125 150 115 150 128 20 20 25 22 22 25 15 30 25 20 25 26 25 23 1 105 110 ISO 110 100 115 120 Oglethorpe 100 120 120 115 140 loo 97 115 13 125 114 90 102 90 95 85 85 100 90 77 90 92 100 115 120 100 10 100 100 100 101 110 100 126 100 100 115 100 100 100 100 1 0 100 100 90 105 110 100 85 9 95 100 125 100 99 100 125 120 100 160 105 100 105 130 125 112 iro 100 Pike 110 105 105 100 100 100 103 100 95 105 Talbol 100 105 Wilkes 108 1C0 108 103 SOUTHWEST GEORGIA 115 120 109 122 132 125 125 120 lib 100 m 130 157 isi 126 130 117 l26 125 124 200 120 127 133 no 110 135 l25 lOo 125 125 130 151 J 110 128 12 15 16 22 15 18 10 20 l5 10 i5 20 22 10 22 13 ie 13 16 100 10c 7 110 112 115 110 125 115 125 117 140 125 100 iin 110 125 l25 110 115 117 l25 128 118 107 94 90 87 102 93 100 97 100 90 75 85 90 90 if2 90 95 90 100 98 94 115 100 75 100 100 100 lOf 100 100 100 100 100 100 102 uo 86 100 105 100 120 100 lie 100 100 160 100 110 112 fob 108 103 100 88 100 100 100 115 120 100 ioo 100 100 ioo 75 100 ibs 110 101 90 93 90 95 110 no 110 120 Chattahoochee Clay Cojquitt 100 76 120 75 8 5 105 115 100 110 105 125 lio 100 io8 100 10 100 107 105 fib 105 106 100 100 100 100 90 90 110 90 85 5b 65 80 110 75 97 90 140 82 75 107 92 115 no 125 116 130 185 100 120 110 107 lib 110 110 no ioo 112 112 100 Early Houston Invin Mprion Wilier 85 100 Ha 90 57 45 80 90 97 So 60 75 80 1 6 s 5 7 Mupcogee Randolph 100 100 ib5 100 100 100 100 Schley Stewart Taylor 100 87 80 iiib 95 97 ioo 80 91 Terrell Webster Wilcox ibo 84 84 6 115 CROP REPORT1882 TABLE No 1Continued EAST GEORGIA Oats Wheat Condition compared to an average of Bay COUNTIES a O u 33 a a aj v g 73 CD 2 X o o g Q S o o 3i 73 ris p s o e a o 5 a i a 73 0 tl O O d 0 fa aJ Si a O S o 03 u oj s 0 t ea a o o a o o 6 1 a h e3 fcX X s a0 i K A3 a 0 0 a a 0 BO a 0 0 J3 0 3 3 0J 01 8 9 O tS a 03 a 73 v Is Bullock 125 122 180 130 135 151 150 120 185 150 122 125 125 125 125 131 125 145 120 125 ISO 150 200 210 132 SO 140 105 140 25 20 17 22 20 22 20 30 IS 22 8 19 15 20 19 105 9 95 80 85 so 105 100 100 105 87 95 5 95 100 100 91 110 101 100 10 100 105 112 100 105 90 105 120 101 100 110 104 90 100 100 100 90 100 95 75 110 no 105 100 100 102 no 100 100 105 95 90 95 no 100 95 100 125 105 110 110 100 100 100 ioo 100 90 1295 100 100 104 10197 90 100 80 10 100 50 1C0 40 95 75 90 75 76 8 10 115 135 110 160 125 105 120 110 100 125 102 100 125 105 100 12 114 no no so 100 no 100 105 110 130 125 10 105 105 ioo 95 70 100 10 no ico 110 100 120 120 5 18 120 150 110 130 115 105 150 120 120 120 12l Montgomery Pulaski 125 100 100 75 65 95 Co 107 7 3 7j Wilkinson 95 96 100 93 100 105 no 113 SOUTHEAST GEORGIA 120 100 101 110 115 120 150 110 100 1J0 110 150 15 20 10 12 12 12 112 100 107 105 120 120 110 911 100 88 100 90 89 105 100 90 10 100 100 ll no 100 100 120 no no 100 105 100 90 100 115 IOO 100 100 100 100 no 100 80 90 100 80 10 102 125 no 10 1 100 Echols Efflngham no 121 103 lof 12 i 117 116 30 16 100 150 115 110 98 125 10s 150 106 120 101 100 100 115 113 100 87 103 RECAPITULATION North Georgia Middle Georgia Southwest Georgia East Georgia 115 129 124 131 117 125 1281 21 128f 23 128 16 140 19 116 16 129 20 111 111 S4 95 100 104 118 109 81 107 10 95 6 78 106 114 118 121 115 114 S4 92 94 91 98 75 103 106 104 10R 100 95 97 96 106 99 93 104 92 93 120 93 98 108 100 106 100 103 94 103 108 100 100 100 100 101 101 104 100 102 91 ss 92 83 87 93 90 112 112 114 13 109 99 105 104 113 103 Southeast Georgia Average for State 108 9 91 101 U 8 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 116 TABLE No 2Synopsis of Weather Reports for June 1882 NORTH GEORGIA Ellerslie Gainesville Mossy Creek Mt Airy Rabun Gap Rome Means Athens Atlanta Carroll ton LaGrange Macon Oxford Thomson Means Amuricus Cuthbert Nashville Thomasville Means Augusta Ogeechee Swainsboro Means Brunswick Walthtnrviile Means Means for State STATIONS MIDDLE GEORGIA SOUTHWEST GEORGIA EAST GEORGIA SOUTHEAST GEORGIA Tempera Rain ture fall 3 a S H 5 m 0 A a a so 5 730 225 8 90 50 74 1 225 13 82 51 742 337 16 92 6 738 36S 9 90 3 623 190 5 96 52 720 165 6 o 50 715 251 10 67790 58 762 77 786 60 815 60 790 773 799 250 15 lOu 275 402 270 275 78 3 247 96 93 816 820 750 ra 200 3 2 410 H 80 320 820 97 99 71 71 800 810 888 205 83 4 70 61 810 777 596 845 117 CROP REPORT1882 NOTES FROM CORRESPONDENTS NORTH GEORGIA thfr CDNTYThe wheat crP is good I run a separator and the crop is over double w T Pl6nty f rain t0 much fOT oon ii very small for the fi st of farms Tfe 277 ndtT th6 28th f JU11 that trjcorn on some of the deaTofst I thtr S T lm ffi0e 8W6d MarCh lst were e and Clear of rust I thmk them a valuable acquisition for spring sowing Cotton has hPn foTfoL f Sin08 JUDe 10 aDd lf th6 8eaSnS COntiD asfavoraWe ev on I shall look foi a falr average crop Corn never was more promising only on low wet land Sugar cane sweet potatoes and melons areJust taking a start Lai 4eat ProvedUhtt aboeT f at a bUt the F1rida n6arly a Md they aret y about onethird as good as fall sown that is the reason we average so low some of the a 1 sown wUl go to forty or even fifty bushels per acre It seems tnat one of the gre tes V ar oat stubb TS U at8 l raiaed oats oT h rd IZT f 6V6r 8aW Variety large winter How sown last of August lust turned with small twister thin upland cleared in 1859 smTlmuIh If T1 f rtt0n l8 8rWing very fa5tthe tdld 3 the pHnt TacTop There a tWe ann0t aloulate than seventyfive percent years IZ thLk grea P wn on stubble land this I have followed for aperrthe right directicnj eow from a m a pk a starf ulZT tW0Week the weather has been warm and vegetation has taken a new ground Ismail mdllfT11 T f 8iZe and gd 0oIor Promis well low fmnroved itT 1 f8 PTtln U JUet UP Cotton ia 8ma11 tat the hot sun ha o7alp 7 r 7 l aiate aU may mak6 frm tw0 tWrde t0 threefourths onLconnt tL Urn6d Ut WelK Sprin sowed re hardly worth cutting ons and sweeten I h iS better 1 Mof ons ana sweet potatoes promise well Oatoosa OoumThe grain not threshed yet The seasons fsir The crops are be ing cultivated thoroughly and are generally clean Cemmenced laying by Z Ever SZTcoS 0tt0n imPrViDg bUt SmaI1 A a Ploughed Chebokee CoWTYWe have some fine wheat and oats in our county The largest chfifry buinel T hzd ot ia twrty bu9heieoats not h6ard A SkW o n cfons Late 1 V T T o hey continue we will have fine wlroatewouMbna at8 badlylred t We thought that the Russian laor this countr M 0Ur Unty bU X tWak they are a fluo oa bt rather s that f we wm 7 rn m h6 SPriDg W WiU try SOme 80wn this fal1 experience ron in hrcountrf t lPrf at thS Nrth ther year tha is a wm but conttnne f Ur farmerS DW n the 8are road t0 Prosperity if they wiu but continue to sow oats and raise their own supplies ter Antrl Theat a C0Bplete faiIUre iD tWe 00nty Bnrt oaf fine for win ier au crops healthy but one month late Dade CowtySow rust proof oats in September turn land well with two horses10 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 118 and harrow oats iu and not pasture too olose I hve 1000 bushels rust proof oats for sale they will make more money than wheat or corn H L W Allison Rising Fawn Ga Dawson CountyTheBurt oats received from the Department did wellwere sowed March 1st and harvested June 10th Yield about 40 bushels to the acre entirely free from rust Floyd CountyOur corn crop received a check by the cold nights early in June and af terwards by drouth whish stunted its growth miterially up to the present time its appear ance was discouraging Cotton whichlooked very unpromising until about the 10th of June has since put on a vigorous growth and now looks very promising The present showery weather will also push grass and require energetic work to keep it clean Wheat turned out finely and of a superior quality and the oat crop is the best I ever sawall other varieties of oats ought to be abandoned except the rust proof Side by side the rust proof oats were splendid when the other varieties wore badly damaged by rust in gome in states a perfect failure Franklin CountyOur wheat crop is surprisingly shortthe rust damaging it to a much greater extent than was predicted or expected I dont think the oat crop is any better if as good as 1879 but the yield is much greater as there was more than an aver age sown last summer and fall Gwinnett CountyCorn promises well increased acreage over last year fully 10 per cent Wheat good now threshed and well saved best crop for ten years Rust proof oats spleudid other varieties injured with rast Cotton tea dayslate but much improved since the cold weather but less acreage Vegetables fine general crop outlook very en couraging Other varieties of oats beside the iust proof varieties have in consequence of an annu ally iocreasing teadency to rust become almost entirely worthless The writer has IS acres sown in March of Tennessee oats that looked very fine till the heads got in the boot the rust then struck them and entirely ruined them Hart CountyOne lot of oats being ruat proof sowed in February40 dozmade 43 bushels Another lot sowed in October7a dozmade 80 bushels just threshed this morning Spring oats almost worthless One man in the neighborhood Mr Wm Buf fington from 4 bushels of wheat made 77 also threshed 200 bushels oats and kept enough to feed his two mules This is a two mule farmer Murray CountyCotton is some ten days late but is growing very rapidly and prom ises an average or fair crop Wheat and oats were very good Irish potatoes are 100 per cent over an everage yield many of them weighing one pound each The season is now fine for crops a little frost June 6th Paulding C untyNothing remarkable to report except a mammoth peach tree grow ing on the farm of Mr Jeff Lane five miles southeast of Dallas The writer took the measure of the tree It meaaures 4 feet 4 inches iu cireumference at the base clear above the ridges making up from the roots and will average that size for five feet high when it forks It is of the October variety and is full of fruit and iu every reepecliu good healthy condition It grew from a seedling planted about 30 ye its aro Piokbns CountyThe wheat does not quite fill the farmers expectations since hav ing it threshed Oats injured some more than was generally expected The fence ques tion is not agitating our county yet but I believe it will before very long as I heir it sounded occasionally Polk CountyA number of our farmers are chiming 30 to 40 bushels of wheat and 50 to 80 bushels of oats per acre on picked acres These crops will relieve the people very much and they will feed man and horse until corn cjmes in There is no no market for them and they will be consumed at home Walker CountyFall sowing of oats very flue and some rust proof sowed this spring good Other varieties sowed and some rust proof sowed this spring almost a failure119 CROP REPORT1882 11 killed by rust Com backward but in good condition growing finely sinoe the warm weather set In Some of the cotton was plowed up and the land planted in corn Cot ton small but growing well now We are now threshing wheat have conversed with one thresherman have fall average crops The wheat crop is not yielding as well as was thought before commencing to thresh Cotton has commenced to grow and if the season continues favorable with a late fall we shall make near an average crop A good muiy farmers plowed up a portion of their crop Cotton is making a wonderful outcome within the past ten days and if it continues to improve and the seasons are good there will be nearly an average crop made Whitfield CountyThere is a poor stand of cotton and it will be two weeks yet before auy blooms yet it has been growing well for a few wesks past With favorable summer weather and late fall there may he a fair crop though a great many put it at a ialf crop now MIDDLE GEORGIA Baldwin CountyI am 60 years old and never saw better small grain ciops good lands make from 60 to 100 bushels of oats per are The cool wet spring set back corn and cotton Bibb County Cotton is small and very grassy on account of farmers saving their grain crop and the excessive rains The corn prospect is quite flattering and this bids fair to be the jubilee year for stock and farmers pockets No new method of cultivating except that I have this year used a riding cultivator for plowing com and am so well pleased that I think every man in Georgii thai has a good team of two mules should have one With one hand and a good pair of mules from sixty io eighty acres of corn can be planted and cultivated Let every farmer see one work and set aside the bale of cotton that he expected to have to buy corn with for next year and get one Butts CountyI received from you a small package of the Bart oats sowed them on very thm land the 13th of February used cotton seed at the rate of thirty bushels per acre harvested the oats the 5th of June ripe for seed yield of clean oats bv weight fiftysix pounds They had no rust like them more for their earliness than any thing else expect to sow every one of them this fall or next spring Which is the best time AnswerThe Burt oats stood last winter well but are not recommended as a winter Tariety They can be sown later in the spring with success than any other variety A severe winter would probably injure them I sowed two small packages of Bart oats two quarts each first of December and reaped five bushels Think they are the best early oat grown as they are free from rust and at least two weeks earlier than the common rust proof Campbell CountySmall package of Bart oats onshalf gallon received of you was sowed on bottom land the 24th of February harvested June 21 Yielded three bushels Bast proof sown on same kind of land and had the rust a little Bart oats clear of rust and grew about ten inches higher than the rust proof I am well pleased with the oats As a general thing the people are remarkably well pleased with the no fence law A few prejudiced minded have not yet given over It his had a good influence upon the agriculture of tin county by ridding it of surplus stock and by adding to the value of those kept Although we have not yet had time to prepare pastures only tem porary our stock are fat and sleek Ordinary milk cows of the common country breed are worth from forty to fifty dollars formerly worth from fifteen to twentyfive dollars and this increased value is not as many would suppose from their scarcity but from the fact of being in better condition They are actually worth double what they for merly were The fact iB we have been feeding them and preparing such pasturage for12 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 120J them as we could and nave not been depending on them browsing around in lanes and fence corners and the little woodlands and old pine fields we had not enclosed and pick ing their living numbers of them wearing huge neck yokes It has added to the value of the farming Ianis in not requiring so much timber lands to bo ket and increased the acreage by enabling farmers to cultivate small i ieces of good land that they could not afford to fence and by adding fence rows etc It i in the opiuion of the best thinkers of the day a grand step in the right direction a step from the honored bat timeworn ruts of past ages to the higher plane of the present living and progressive age Garkoll CountyIn this county corn is looking well and a large crop is anticipated and more is planted than ever was known in this county The cotton crop is less in acre age and is not so large as commonly though it is growing very fast now Wheat is very good and nearly threshed Wheat grains are larger than I ever knew Mr M L Kenny made from one acre thirtyfive bushels of wheat Mr Kenny lives in the sixth district of this county Oats are good I hear of some oats making 100 bushels per aore The cotton crop has come put wonderfully since last report Weed is small yet it is healthy and growing finely Wheat and oats turned out well The Bui t oats sent out by the Department are the earliest sown those that sowed in the fall cut as early as May 20 I believe they are the oats for this country Ihe Dallas wheat did well The spring up to date has been the best for cultivating crops that we have had for years and crops have been better cultivated and the prospect now for a fair yield is very encouraging Farmers are less in debt Consequently all put on smiling faces and seem hopeful for the future The fence law has been voted down in this county but a new effort will be made soon to make it law It is very much needed here There is plenty of timber but the fences are pool and the Btock very troublesome There is a large floating population here that have no interest in farms nor farming only to eat what the honest farmer makes and they do not own one foot of land still they vote fence while all the good substantial farmors who have to keep up the fences and bear all the expense vote no fence We will continue to try until we succeed The oold weather so late in the spring caused cotton and corn in our county to be very small Cotton especially is lower than I ever remember seeing it yet it ie limbing out nearer the ground and may do more than we are expecting of it Mr P H Garst made nineteen bushels of wheat from threefourths of a bushel sowed I made twen tyfive bushels from one and onehalf bushels Mr W H Nally just across the county line in Douglass made 130 bushels from six bushels sowed Cowkta CrKTY The farmer has been blessed with such abundant crops of small grain and the seasons so favorable thus far that many think the Governor should appoint a day for general thanksgiving Some of the thresheimen are offering large quantities of wheat at lees than a dollar per bushel and rust proof varieties of oats at thirtyfive cents per bushel Such a condition of things has never been seen in Coweta since the warWm H Parks sowed between twelve and fifteen bushels of oats upon a patoh of five acres in cotton when laying by about August 1 grazed it through the winter till the middle of April worth as pasture he thought 2500 Considerably blown down before harvest ing cut and threshed 300 bushels of rust proof variety For fresh land and rich patches it is a safe crop but the reverse on thin land Mr Prks is a small farmer but has threshed out over 400 bushels of wheat and now threshing oats will make 2000 bushels DeKalb CoumtyThe Ohio swamp wheat you sent me last fall I sowed in drill on good landmanured highly with cotton seed I sowed it about middle of November The wheat came on about 10 days later than purple straw sowed at tbe same time It took the rust very badly before it headed out Upon the whole I could not see that it had any points of exoellsncy The Dallas wheat that I sowed did well From two bush els I harvested forty 121 CROP REPORT1882 13 WillBart oats stand the winter How much wheat per acre should be sown in drills and how wide should the drills be when intended to be cultivated AnswerBurt oats were not iajured last winter but would probably be injured by a severe winter Their great merit consists iu earliuess and heace is specially suited to spring sowing Sow one bushel of wheat per acre in drills 15 to 18 inches apart The following results obtained by Col Geo W Scott of DeKalb county are very re markable and settle the question as to the capacity of Middle Georgia soil to produce grass when properly handled n Dkcatub Ga July 7th 1882 war birAa requested I give you memorandum of my haj crop Spring of 1881 sowed m German millet from which a good crop was cut About August 1st ploughed TTn 1 ChiI1 PW and l6t ay Unt 86Pt6mbe 15 when Gossypium at rate it 400 lbs to the acre was plughed iu with a twister ground was then thoroughly har rowed September 20th ploughed again with twister aud 400 lb more of Gossypium put on aud harrowed in Ouehalf bushel clover seed aud one bushel orchard grass seed was then sowed and harrowed in February 1 topdressed with 400 lbs more Gossypium cut May 12th aud 13th aud cocked up every night and spread out each d y until the 18th when five neighbors came in and selected three cocks as the average of the lot whioh after weighing showed product of cured hay to be 9824 lbs per acre The patch was immediately dressed again with 400 lbs Gossypum and second cutting made on June 29th and 30th which was weighed July 5th and made 3929 lbs of cured hay per acre Between first and second cutting it had but two Blight showers Elbkrt CountyFarmer are generally in the notion of planting less and cultivating better They are also quitting the credit system as muci as possible Sowed two acres of red oat one bottom the other upland Made on bottom acre 702 bushels ad on uplaud acre 78J bushels They were manured alone with cotton seed 40 bushels per acre well rotted sowed October 11th and 13th The land was web broken and the oats on bottom acre ploughed in with Urge turning plow The upland ploughed in with small turning plow aud harrowed 1 am satisfied that oats ought to be ploughed in very shallow a you are more apt to get a good stand Fayet re CouNTYGaua Westbrook near Fayetteville obtained a yield of 35 bushels of wheat per acre dont kno w the manner of preparation or sowing The yield of rust proof oats has simply been enormous from 50 to 75 bushels on good land without ma nuring Bains have been incessant almost for the last ten days If it should couti ue much longer the cotton crop will be seriously damaged with grtssmuch complaint already and the plows cant be run bottom corn failing fast taking everything into consideration the enUook is a little discouraging as it will necessitate extra expense to finish the crop else it will be seriously damaged Hancock OountyTuo prospect is the best in years The small grain was good in deed I made 48 bu hels of wheat from one struck bushel sown on one and less than a a wti gVe rthd Bn Th 9 yOU eent me is the bt variety I have seen Will give result at proper time We are having plenty of rain as yet SOUTHWEST GEORGIA AAHECrNTrW0UldUke t0haVe tWock lw question well agitatedam confi fhe State 6SUltm the agricultural interfst of this pLt of After June report cotton was injured by wet weather but the seasons are very favorable at this time and the plant is doing well There is some complaint that it is not fornnng as well as usual but farmers are constitutional grumblers Forward cotu is made fodder pulling will begin on the 3d and will be general by the 10th There is without doubt com enough made to supply home demand but many especly14 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 122 freedmen will haul it to market in the fall and sell at 50 cents per bushel and buy at a dollar in the spring Bebbizn County Crops in this county looking well Corn is looking better than it has been for several years Dooly CountyThe prospect of corn is fine and with seasons two weeks longer there will be more corn made in Dooly county than in any two years since the war The cotton while small for time of year is in good condition and growing very fast The seasons have been aa propitious as could have been desired up to this time and labor ha s been more plentiful and worked better than for several years which experience hag Bhown is always the case when provisions are high There is quite an increased interest manifested in the improved agricultural imple ments The Exposition will result in a great benefit to the South by the introduction of thoto improved fanning implements Thomost important steps for the farmer now to take is to plant more grain and less cotton and beoome selfsustaining Douohekty County The oat crop is harvested and a very fine one I have a neigh bor who threshed 4500 bushels of oats off of 90 acres unmanured Many fields made 30 bushels The corn crop with one more good rain will be secure and will be a fine yield Cotton is ten days later but is growing fast now and forming well More sweet potatoes planted than I ever knew All provision crops have been better cultivated and more planted than any year Bince the war We are now needing rain but not suffering very much HouoioN CountyIn this county the wheat crop was only ordinaay winter too mild but our oat orop is about the best we have ever had It is not uncommon where the land waa well prepared fertilized and sown in the fall for the land to yield from 10 to 80 or 90 bushels per acre The prospect is very flattering for the corn orop to double last years crop in this county Last years crop was poor We are having entirely too much rain for cotton The plant is generally small for the season of the year and a good many of the farmers are getting an oversupply of grass Millek CountyThe crops except cotton far exceed any of many pi vious years Labor has been better and the farmers have generally cultivated their crops better There are signs of prosperity all over the county The high price of boon and grain the present year has taught us a lesson that will inure to our benefit The Agricultural Department of the State is doing us good by distributing improved seed among us and in giving us a higher conception of the agricultural interest of the State We need imr proved farming implements in this county Macon CountyThe corn crop is very promising We will certainly have a full sup ply of corn if the farmers will be careful in taking care of it We had fine rain yester day Cotton will be an average crop if nothing happens to cut it off The farmers are all hopeful of good orops of corn cotton sugar cane potatoes an every thing that grows on the farm I have a small plat of corn that good judges say will make from 75 to 100 bushels per acre The Jackson improved sent me from the Agricultural Depart ment is worthy of an honorable mention it will make 100 bushels per acre Other seed you sent doing well Mitchell CountyMany of our best farmers are seriously considering the expediency of taking the trees and stamps from their pine lands Some have already made a start and others ire anxious for information as to the cheapest and most practical method of removing them Isuggest that you submit some questions on this important matter to your correspondents in next circular addressed to them The stumps must be removed from our lands in Southwestern and Southern Georgia before improved machinery can be used We have had a great quantity of rain for the past six weeks and one result is fine corn orops assured The cotton is small and grassy but there is yet a chance for good crops Quitman CountyI have not seen such a prospect for a general cereal crop in fifteen123 CROP REPORT1882 15 years but owiag to unfavorable weather up to Juue 15 the cotton crop is small and stand injured by out worms and lice There is time enough for a cotton crop if summer and fall weather be favorable Randolph CountyThe crop prospect in all parts of the country was never better The oit crop fine never better Cotton cleau and growing finely Corn is in full roast ing ear I think the farmers will be able to plump out the middle man this time Every body cheerful and bappy Sumtee CountyA noticeable fact Quite an acreage in the aggregate of oats consists of rich patches small plats highly manuered and sowed in the fall Also of good and fresh landshence the large yield in fact now a large portion of thsse rich patches are planted to cotton some of these fresh fields also and this late planting amounts to quite a consideration in estimating the cotton acreage and yieid Condition of cottonas to stand and grass notwithstanding the damage from lice is better than I have seen for years The same is true of cornThe cold spell in Jane killed much of the cotton on gray lands The lice were very disastrous in many places they would kill the cotton and stop suddenly leaving many vacant places which have been replanted Cotton two weeks later than in 1831 There is considerable area of oat land planted in cotton which looks wells and promises a fair ci op Taylor CountyRev Jas T Adams has threshed from six acres of wheat seventy six bushels and from one acre of oats of the Bancroft variety fiftyfour bushels The land was red level and naturally very poor He used as a fertilizer ten busbels of cotton seed and 100 pounds of guano per acre In most commnuities rain has been plentiful Oats turned out well wheat not so good The prospect for corn is good cotton small This correspondent plaute 1 some cotton four weeks ago after wheat and it now has squares Thomas CountyFrom my own observation and the best information I can get the corn prospects are better than for the last two yeary but do not think the yield will be as large as many anticipate The stalk is large and healthy but the ears appear to be smaller than usual and a good many barren stalks but with the good oat crop there will be iully enough for home consumption I do not think cotton is doing as well as it should the let of July There are fewer blooms and bolls than usual for the time and I notice consider able indications of rust I think the cool weather in the early part of the month had a bad effect on the crop Walton County The corn crop never more promising we are having ihe best of season up to date Rather too much rain farmers dont have time between showers to finish up the working of the crop Taliafeebo CountyThe acreage in oats has been unprecedentedly large and the yield has been large Bat the yield per acre has not been so greatly above an average as some suppose The quantity of wheat sown was not much more than usualthe yield I suppose averaged about twelve for onesome crops running as high as eighteen and some falling as low as six The wheat crop of our county I consider better than the oat cropthough of course there has been a much smaller quantity produced Taoup CountyMuch bottom land has beon reclamed in this county the present year which will largely increase the corn crop Good seed may be raised by digging and drying a few Irish potatoes now then plant they will make before frost and will be found smooth and without sprouts at planting time Sed plauted now Bhould not be cut Spalding CountyThere have been several reaping machines run in this county this year with wonderful success Wheat and oats were blown down This machine will save the grain about as well as it standing The rustproof oats I received from you were sown the 20th of March and cut the 17th of June free from rust and very fine Talbot CountyThe use of cotton seed has showed up the best results on oats10016 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 124 bushels per acre 15 bushels cotton seed per acre on oats will make a yield of 35 bush els of oats per acre Oats are selling for SO cents per bushel PurNAM County You cannot impress it too earnestly upon the people to keep some green crop growing all daring the summer months to feed stock on the very best of which are green corn and sorghum The various kinds of millet not worth much on account of lack of saccharine matter I reoeived from the Department last September a small package of Burt oats planted the same and found them very hardy and also very earlygrowing twelve inches higher than common rustproof sowed alongside I raised two bushels from 1 quart of seed No manure Dallas wheat very fine and very highly spoken of by all who have planted itThe Dallas wheat sent out by you in every case is badly mixed having 8 or i different kinds of wheat in itdid not rust as bad as other wheatyield about same Oat crop has been fine J M Broadfield made over 100 Bushels per acre and I have heard of several large orops that made from 50 to 70 bushels per acre Largest yield of wheat 20 bushels per acre Mr Tom Collinsworth sold 14 barrels of Irish potatoes from X acre at 425 per barrel nett and sold 50 bar rels from two planted Some portions of the county too much rain grass has dim aged crops some Part of the county is beginning to want rain We need better facili ties for handling our grain it takes so long to get through that crops suffer We want a binder cant you help select a good one Newton County Allow me to congratulate you on your last report as being the best you have sent out and beg you to continue to urge the people to continue to raise home made manure and home supplies as the only salvation for our people I have fallen from eleven tons guano last year to eleven sacks this with my crop principally manured with compost and am well pleased up to this date Plenty of grain and hogs to eat if mu3t be our motto or starvation is inevitable Mekiwethee CountyThe red rust proof oats have given a fine yield on all lands White spring oats are a perfec failure Poor lands withoatanyfartilizers have brought 20 bushels per acre while better lauds and rich patches have made as much as 9J bushels Every one says sow oats The Amber wheat ruined with rust perhaps from late plant ing the heads the finest I ever saw The oats also rusted though they mide a good crop 1 know of one boy just out of school that planted onehalf acre of oats an old cow pen of very poor land and threshed out in clean oats 49 bushels all withoutany extra preparation The cost of the i94 buehels of oats was onehalf days ploughing 100 for seed two hours work in reaping and I bushels for tireshing Morgan CountySome few of our farmers have mado 60 bushels of oats per acre and 30 bushels of wheat per acre Millet is unusually fine and there has been more sown than last year I have one acre that is i feet highMarcus A Woods of this county reports having raised and threshed 146 busels of wheat from 3 bushels sown on 634 acres ordinary laud manured with about 50 bushels cotton seed to the acre cotton seed was plowed under with twohorse plow seed harrowed in wheat is known here as the Stallings Blue Stem Lincoln CountyMr gunnel Mosaly of Double Branch reports 30 bushels of wheat from one of seed sown ou less than two acres of land There are a number of crops of rust proof oats that will average 25 bushels per acre numbers of single acres that have yielded 75 to 100 bushelsOwing to the immense grain crops of this county the farmers have necessarily neglected their growing crops consequently the cotton crops are seriously in the grass and a continuation of rains will result in great damage to the cotton Harris CountyFall oats are the best I ever knew aome making 80 to 100 bushels per acre Henry CountyThe wheat crop is harvested and threshed and the yield is extraordi narily good Henry having made wheat enough to do her for the year 1883 Bust proo f125 CROP REPORT1882 17 oats never better but ordinary variety an entire failure Corn is unusually fine while cotton is unusually small though healthy and in good condition some grass in cotton i by reason of excesB of June rains EAST GEORGIA Bullock CountyBest oat crop ever made in this county all housed in good order no iust Corn prospect best that hasever been for twenty years Cotton weed small and still dying bad stands and not looking very well Great many chufas planted and look ing fine Glascock CountyThere are some small fields and highly manured and well worked patches of cotton that are very promising but the crop as a whole is not hardly three fourths of an average and is considering the size bad stand and abundance of grass Jeffebson CountyThe oats sent me I forget the kind Burt grew finely but rusted badlyno comparison to tho rustproof sown in this section We have had the besj season for the growth of crops since the war and if the rains hold out through July the corn crop will be so good that Western corn will find uo buyers amongst the planters of East Georgia and I think the same will apply to the balance of the State Laubens CounfySome portions of this county are now suffering from drought The crops are not injured yet but will be in a few days Fine rains in some portions today Some of our planters have prepared their corn lands with twohorseplows and it has in every case increased the yield from seventyfive to one hundred per cent Some have prepared cotton lands with twohorse plows this year Cotton fine nowwill report results at proper time Montgomeby CountyIn regard to the stock law the time has not arrived for that law in rhis section of Georgia Timber is abundant for fencing extensive range where all ruminating animals are fat eight or nine months in the year on the natural pasturage If we could have a law to protect our sheep from dogs and hogs we have one of the finest ranges in Georgia for sheep raising but it looks like throwing away time to com plain to the lawmakers of Georgia for protection against those wrongs They seem determined not to grant it Yours etc G M T MoLeod Twiggs CountyThe Dallas wheat is fino wheat little or no rust but rather late I got sixtyfive and onefourth bushels from five acres of poor sandy land but was well cottonseeded and one bushel of seed wheat er acre Oat crop averaged 32 buBhels on twentyfive acres SOUTHEAST GEORGIA Clinch CountyI think if the faimers of Southern Georgia continue to increase their provision crops and decrease their cotton crop that they will be able to live independent of the provision market next year Farmers should try to live at home and keep out of debt as much as possible and to do that they must raise corn and bacon and other pro visions at home independent of merchants and foreign markets Coffee CountyThe chufa is fast coming into notice as a pork fattener It coes well planted on stubble land and thus puts the land in better fix for late fall sowing in oats Glynn CountyThe stock interest in this county is so large and agriculture so small I wo aid not pay to fence the stock Piebce CountyOats were the best in years in fact never better rust proof gener ally sown Corn very fine and a much larger area planted than last year a great deal laid by and as good as oould be wished for Cotton looking well thoughthe stand is not as good as desired on account of cutworms and cool nights The present outlook is very favorable Cane is looking very fine Rice extra fine both uplnd and lowland13 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 126 Sweet potatoes are as fine as I ever saw at this season with a very large acreage planted Melons are very poor have a rust or some kind of disease that has killed a great many vines the principal part of the vines are through bearing and some palled up and po tato vines set out in their stead The present outlook is for plenty next year We are havinglmost daily showers whioh keeps vegetation at its test all the while127 CROP REPORTIf 19 ECONOMY IN FERTILIZATION Ever since the Department of Agriculture of Georgia was organized an effort nas been made through its published reports to impress upon the farmers tf the State the importance of adopting some cheap means of increasing the yield of their crops and at the same time increase the fertility of the soil The value of pea vines as an improver of the soil has been repeatedly urged upon the attention of the farmers while the superiority of compost over high priced commercial manure has been shown by repeated experiments conducted under the auspices of the Department during the last seven years Formulae and directions for com posting home manures with superphosphate have been published in the reports of the Department from time to time and results of experiments with the composts made according to these formulae published annually since 1875 These results show very conclusively the great economy in the use of the compost since at one half the cost per acre of the commercial fertilizers as good yields have been uni formlyjbtained It has generally been admitted that when an experiment has been conducted for five years with uniformly the same results the question so determined may be regarded as settled Experiments have been conducted under the auspices of this Department in every part of the State under various conditions for six years In these experi ments the compost of superphosphate with cotton seed and stable manure has been compared every year with the be3t grades of commercial fertilizers with re sults most favorable to the compost In order that the facts drawn from the reports of these experiments may be more fully appreciated extracts from them for six years are given in ondensed form for the information of those who have not given the subject the attention its importance demands EXTEACTS FROM EXPEBIMENTS OF 187G Mr Simeon Smith of DeKalb County used compost in comparison with various commercial fertilizers on very poor sandy old field with the following results Merrimans Ammoniated Dissolved Bjne applied at the rate of 200 pounds per acre yielded 6S2J pounds seed cotton per acre Merrimans Dissolved Bone compost applied at the rate of 400 pounds per acre yielded 638 pounds seed cotton per acre The natural soil without manure made 87 pounds per acre Mr John Tamer of Hancock County on thin gravelly sandy soil with yellow clay subsoil obtained the following results20 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 128 aSternsNol imd Sap Phos 200 lbs per acre 614 lbs 4 cz feed cotton qer acre aObers Dis Bone 200 lbs per acre717 8 oEcholiRaw Bone Sup Pos 200 lbs per acre 851 3 State Grange compost 200lbs per acre816 8 Barrys Clay Land Fertilr composted200lbsperacre829 8 Ragsdale Amd Sup Phos 200 lbsperacre746 8 Etivvan Guano 200 lbs per acre653 4 Without fertilizer388 4 lbs seed cotton per acre Mr W J Colquitty of Jackson County on old sandy soil with red clay subsoil obtained the following results Without Fertilizer 304 lbs seed cotton per acre aLogans Southern Fertilizing compostJ 200 lbs per acre 503 Without Fertilizer298 aStono Soluble Guano 200 lbs per acre639 Without Fertilizer306 aBradleys Ammoniated Dissolved Bones 200 lb per acre 548 Mr Geo L Cain of Jefferson County used on two different plats E Frank Cues Amd Bone Superphos at the rate of 200 pounds per acreand the same fertilizer composttd by the formula of the Department with the following results ON PLAT NO 1 E Frank Coes Amd Bone Superphos 200 lbs per acre568 Without fertilizer503 E Frank Coes Amd Bone Superphosphate compost 200 lbs per acre715 Without fertilizer446 OX PLAT NO 2 oWhanns Raw Bone Superphosphate 200 lbs per acre731 lbs seed cotton per acre Without fertilizer041 aZells Amd Bone Superphosphate 200 lbs per acre780 Without fertilizer617 E Frank Coes Bone Superphosphate 200 lbs per acre763 Without fertilizer633 aEtiwan Dissolved Bone compost 200 lbs per acre617 Without fertilizer495Jf Logans Southern Fertil Com compost 200 lbs per acre641 WTithout fertilizer552 E Frank Coes Amd Bone Superphosphate compost 200 lbs per acre755 Without fertilizer650 These rtsults show that when a ton of commercial fertilizer is diluted with three times its weight of cotton seed and stable manure and then the compost and commercial fertilizer each applied at the rate of 200 pounds per acre ths difference in the yield of cotton resulting from the use of the two is very small notwithstanding the fact that the application of the commercial fertilizer costs three times as much as the compost Dr P Stotesbury of Clinch Ccunfy on sardy pine land obtained the following results Grange Mixture Dis Bone Phos 200 lbs per acre450 lbs seed cotton per acre Without fertilizer300 u National Soluble Bone Pratt ctmpcst 2C0 lbs per acre450 Without fertilizer300 Grange Mixture Dis Bone Phos compost 500 lbs per acre 600 1129 CROP REPORT1882 21 This experiment conducted on the thin pine lands of CLinch county sustains the results obtained on entirely different soils in other parts of the State Mr T H Kirnbrougk of Harris County obtained the following results from the use of commercial manure and compost on two plats one gray and the other red land founds seed cotton per acre Gray Land Red Land C C Coes Superphosphate 200 lbs per acre 625 520 Without fertilizer 245 362 Obers Ammoniated Superphosphate 200 lbs per acre 568 576 Without fertilizer 250 264 Soluble Pacific Guano 200 lbs per acre 580 570 Without fertilizer 244 2G2 aDimdales Ammoniated Superphosphate 200 lbs per acre 550 660 Without fertilizer 245 265 aBarrys Com BiPhos of Lime compost 200 lbs per acre 530 576 Mr J R Bespass of Schley County compared compost with commercial fertil izers on three plats with the following results viz PLAT NO 1Soil Coarse and Sandy aExcellenza Cotton Fertilizer 200 lbs per acre1070 lbs seed cotton per acre Without fertilizer830 aNational Sol Bone Pratti compost 200 lbs per acieloot PLAT NO 2Sandy with Clay Subsoil tzExcellenza Cotton Fertilizer 200 lbs per acre037 lbs seed cotton per acre Without fertilizer 960 aNational Soluble Bone compost 200 lbs per acre1190 PLAT NO 8Sandy Hammock Land Very Good Never Fertilized Before aExcellenza Cotton Fertilizer 100 lbs per acre1433 lbs seed cotton per acre Without fertilizer1050 National Soluole Bone compost 100 lbs per acre1540 Mr W A Stewart of Henry County obtained the following results on two plats of soil different in character and with very different previous treatment Plat No 1 had been in clover for five years PLAT NO 1Clove a Land aDicksons Compound 210 lbs per acre 910 lbs seed cotton per acre Withou fertilizer 640 aEagle Am Bono Superphosphate 200 lbs per acre133 Without fertilizer 660 Bradleys Patent Superphos 200 lbj per acre1334 Without fertilizer 658 Diamond Amm miated Dissolved Bone 200 lbs per acre1298 Without fertilizer 620 Soluble Pacific Guano 200 lbs per acre1240 Without fertilizer ggo Chesapeake Guano 200 lbs per acre 1328 Atlantic Acid Phosphate compost 800 lbs per acre1404 PLAT NO 2Vkry Thin Old Pine Field Without fertilizer820 1d8 seed cotUm per aDicksons Compound 200 los per acre480 Eagle Am Bone Superphos 200 lbs per acre498 i22 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 130 Bradleys Patent Superphos 200 lbs per acre408 lbs seed cotton per acre Diamond Ammoniated Dissolved Bone 200 lbs per acre440 Soluble Pacific Guano 200 lbs per acre896 Chesapeake Guano 200 lbs per acre460 Atlantic Acid Phosphate compost 800 lbs per acre5C8 Without fertilizer 3jq u Mr A E Sturgis of McDuffle County on sandy loam haviDg clay subsoil ob tained the following results PLAT NO l aCarolina Fertilizer 192 lbs per acrn cost 5 per acre1487 lbs seed cotton per acre Without fertilizer 892 Compost of cotton seed and stable manure 400 lbs per acre cost 283 per acre1683 PLAT NO 2 aLadds Alkaline Fertilizer not composted 200 lbs per acre cost 2 5 per acre1280 lbs seed cotton per acre Withcut fertilizer1125 Compost of cotton seed stable manure and muck mixed in equal parts 400 lbs per acre cost 360 per acre1675 Mr J B Jonen of Burke County on thin gray soil that had been in cultivatioD 75 years obtained the following very remarkable results oMenymans Dissolved Bones 200 lbs per acre 822 lbs seed cotton per acre oMerrymansDs Bone compost 400 pounds per acre1046 Without fertilizer 286 Guanaje Guano 200 pounds per acre 948 0 Guanape Guano compost 400 pounds per acre1034 Without Fertilizer 260 a Navassa Guano 200 pounds per acre 660 In order to show the effects of compost compared with commercial fertilizers used on sweet potatoes the following experiment conducted by Mr J W C Munro of Marion county one of the moat successful potato growers of the State is given BUSHKLS PER ACRE From Slips From Vines a Etiwan Crop Food Chemicals compost 900 pounds per acre 59 a Merrymans Ammoniated Dissolved Bone Comp 900 pounds pel acre 133 Wilcox Gibbs Manipulated Guano Comp 900 pounds per acre 72 Cotton Seed Compoeted 900 pounds per acre 178 Without Fertilizer 59 133 304 133 209 29 The composts were prepared by mixing eight measures of stable manure to one of the fertilizers The foregoing results were obtained in 1876 by experimenters in different parts of the Slate on every variety of soil A majority of the experimenters manipu lated the compost for the first time that year and did not have sufficient faith in its ifficacy in many instances to apply it in the small quantities advised in the directions for conducting the tests Similar extracts will be reproduced from the reports of the results of the soil tests of fertilizers for each succeeding year down to date for the purpose of showing the uniformly satisfactory results derived from the use of compost131 CROP REPORT1882 23 EXTRACTS FROM THE REPORT OF THE RESULTS OF SOIL TEST OF FERTILIZERS FOR THE YEAR 1877 MrC B Irwin of Habersham County expe rimented on gray sandy soil having a yellow clay subsoil He applied different fertilizers and compost to plats of corn with the following results Sterns Ammoniated Superphosphate Without Fertilizer Sterns Ammoniated Superphosphatecomposted Without Fertilizer Sterns Pure Fine Ground Bone Without Fertilizer Cotton Composition Ammoniated Dissolved Bone Phosphate Without Fertilizer aLeydens Ammoniated Soluble Guano Without Fertilizer oBeaver Nicholsons Acid Phosphate Compost Without Fertilizer aStrongs Ammoniated Superphosphate Without Fertilizer Lbs of Fertilizer per acre Bushl of Corn per acre Lbs of Fodder per acre 20i 22 28 2625 1190 2635 200 2014 36775 1706 36775 200 2228 3415 1783 289 200 26 315 1783 3165 200 2411 3415 17OS 315 2C0 2411 3115 136 315 200 2074 315 1708 315 In considering the results of these experiments the fact that a ton of compost costs only onethird as much as a ton of Ammoniated Superphosphate and yet uniformly increases the production in an equal ratio Mr J 0 Brewer of Heard County used Compost on four different plat with the following results PLAT No 1Sandy SoilCleared in 1360 Lbs of Fertili zer per acre Natural Soil a Homestead Superphosphate Sea Fowl Guano B D a Blue Bone Superphosphate Natural Soil a Peruvian Guauo No 2 Guanape a Abaco Guano a National Soluble Bone Compost Natural toil 809 200 200 200 SOU 600 Yield in Seed Cotton per Acre First pkg 177H 457 490 420 178 468 38 45 178 Second pkg Third pkg 490 770 630 840 350 630 53 630 420 49U 457 49 490 400 520 537 457 420 Fourth pkg 420 280 289 270 410 347 a 350 406 Total 1577H i964 184 2020 1341 1973 1778 1894 142424 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 132 PLAT No 2Sandy AshColoredCleared Forty Tears Lbs of Fertilizer per acre Lbs Seed Cotton per Acre First pkg Second pkg 175 123 m Total Natural Soil 420 770 735 810 420 718 735 840 420 a National Soluble Boue Compost 600 200 200 200 200 200 595 o Peruvian Guano No 2 Guanape a Homestead Superphosphate l La t 843 Natural 8oil a Blue Bone Superphosphate a Abtco Guano m 158 196 210 595 876 Sea Fowl Guano B D Natural Soil 931 1059 Plat No 3SailVery good red clay soil with fine red clay subsoil cleared in 1859has been rotated in corn wheat and cotton It was sown in wheat in 1869 and heavily dressed with barn yard composthas not been fertilized since until this year 1 Lbs of Fertilizer per acre Lbs Seed Cotton per Acre First Pkg Second Pkg Third pkg Total 200 200 200 105 210 210 280 140 315 210 180 805 1155 1120 1120 770 1155 1190 735 280 262 241 238 296 210 24 350 Peruvian Guano No 2 GuanapeiMJHfflfei a Homestead Superphosphate 1190 1627 1574 Natural Soil 1638 Sea Fowl Guano B D Blue Bone Superphosphate a National Soluble Bone Compost 200 200 000 1206 1495 1645 1265 Plat No ASoilBed with fine red clay subsoilcleared in the fall of 1874 and sown late in wheat and one bushel per acre of red ripper peas sown at the same time These came up the next spring and after the wheat was hxrvested made a good coat of vines In 1876 it was planted in cotton fertilized with 200 pounds per acre of Patapsco Guano133 CROP REPORT1882 25 Natural Soil a Peruvian Guano No 2 Guanape a Homestead Superphosphate a Blue Bone Superphosphate Natural Soil a Abaco Guano Sea Fowl Guano B D a National Soluble Bone Compost Natural Soil Lbs of Fertili zer per acre Lbs Seed Cotton per Acre First pkg 200 200 200 200 200 600 175 280 350 315 210 280 S80 315 245 Second pkg 700 1050 1120 1120 770 1190 1120 1140 840 Third pkg 490 490 455 460 488 455 490 495 420 Total 1365 1820 1925 1895 1418 1925 1890 1950 1560 All four of the plats were planted cultivated and manured in the same manner Mr C C Sheppard of Sumter County obtained the following results of an ex periment with compost aud jjuperphos on corn on light gray soil with clay sub soil Lbs of fertilizer per acre 1 Bushels of Corn per acre aGeorgia State Grange Fertilizer 200 2C0 75 11 7 1125 775 11 7 aSchaefers Ammoniaied Dissolved Bone Natural Soil oSea Gull Ammoniated Superphosphate 200 aLorentz Rittlers Acid Phosphate Compost Natural Soil 2 i0 1 26 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 134 Mr J R Latimer of Warren County obtained the following results on old worn soil aObers Ammoniated Dissolved Bone Phosphate Natural Soii aRhodes Ammoniated Superphosphate Natural Soil aSamana Guauo Natural Soil Soluble Pacific Guano Natural Soil Soluble Pacific Guano Compost Lbs of fertili zer per acre 20c 200 Lbs Seed Cotton 872 290 725 82T 960 349 1058 332 1036 Mr W A Stewart of Henry County on red upland with stiff red subsoil that had been in cultivation over forty years obtained the following results from com post contrasted with commercial fertilizers Lbs of fertilizer per acre 1st picking 2d picking 3d picking 4th picking Yield of seed cotton per acre aObers Soluble Ammoniated Superphos 200 25 1 35 1 15 4 S 425 10 475 15 275 45 45 35 2 225 25 375 3 35 275 25 25 25 15 225 2 455 245 420 262 aoo Diamond Ammoniated Dissolved Bone 200 3C0 500 Stable Manure alone 481 455 Mr J F Litte of Talbot County on old mulatto land that had been in cultiva tion many years obtained the following results Natural Soil aoluble Pacific Guano Whanns Raw Bone Superphosphate Steins Ammoniated Superphosphate Merrymans Dissolved Bone Compost Homestead Superphosphate Lbs of fertili zer per acre 19 19 lofc 1st picking Sept25 2d i 3d picking picking Nov i Dec 625 9 10 105 95 105 115 13 1125 9 925 re l l 125 75 5 Yield of Seed Cotton per acre 910 1118 1248 1196 1001 92135 CROP REPORT1882 27 Mr J T Lindley of Cobb County on dark mulatto soil with clay subsoil in cultivation 40 year obtained the following results Lbs of fertilizer per acre 1st picking 2d picking 3d picking 4th picking Yield of Seed Cotton per acre 200 200 1 75 25 1 4 3 2 3 8 4 35 4 3 4 2 2 1645 200 Mr Thomas Dickson of Macon County on gray sandy soil with clay subsoil in cultivation SO or 40 years obtained the following results Lbs of fertilizer per acre 1st picking Ang 20 2d picking Sept 3 Sd picking Sejt20 4th picking Oct 10 Yield of Seed Cotton per acre 200 85 61 785 85 875 875 61 350 299 3675 341 402 524 5 307 5 200 200 200 485 70 3 785 875 35 577 511 Mr F P Thornton of Elbert County on clayey upland that had been in culti vation thirty five years found the compost equal in productive power to the best commercial fertilizers as the following table shows Lbs of Fertilizer per acre First picking Sept 11 Second picking Sept 21 Third picking Oct 9 lYield iD Fourth Seed picking Cotton Nov 6 per acre 200 200 800 300 16 14 14 If 6 14 15 15 14 10 12 13 13 12 5 12 14 12 14 16 15 980 945 a Logans Fertilzrag Compoundcomposted 9625 98875 7525 28 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 136 Mr Thomas H Stattworth of Henry County on dark mulatto soil with clay sub soil cleared in 1860 increased the production 560 pounds seed cotton by the use of 203 pounds of compost per acre Mr Stallworth is a very careful painstaking farmer of large practical experience PLAT No 1 Lbs of Fertilizer per acre 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 First picking Sept 14 Second picking Oct 20 Third picking Nov 17 Yield in Seed Cotton per acre a Mount Vernon Guano 3 15 3 2 15 125 8 15 3 2 8 15 3 8 45 7 4 65 876 75 4 8 5 8 4 7 5 10 9 12 8 11 8 11 85 11 7 12 9 115 7 1470 1650 1540 980 1400 910 1505 Without Fertilizer tz Whanns Raw Bone Superphosphate Without Fertilizer a Stouo Soluble Guano Without Fertilizer a Schoefers Ammoniated Superphosphate Without Fertilizer a Soluble Pacific Acid Phosphatecomposted 1540 Without Fertilizer Merrymans Dissolved Bones Without Fertilizer Brighton Raw Bone Superphosphate Without Fertilizer 1015 1505 980 137 CROP REPORT1882 29 The following experiment by the same gentleman is instructive as showing the effects of different quantities of commercial fertilizers applied per acre The soil on which it was conducted is light sandy loam with dark red clay Bub soil Had been cleared fifteen years Showing Effect of Different Quantities per Acre OF Fertilizer Lbs of Fertilizer per acre Yield in Seed Cotton per acre 1 r 2C0 1187 150 100 1095 1000 200 1200 150 100 1179 990 f 200 1187 150 100 1 I 980 805 200 1204 J 150 100 1108 I 1000 200 1250 150 1135 1 I r 100 200 1040 1207 150 100 1100 1 i 1C45 200 1180 150 1092 100 960 795 30 DEPARTMENT CF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA L138 Mr B N Seago of Richmond County contrasted the effects of composts with those of commercial fertilizers on sugar cane with the following results Patapsco Guano Cos Soluble Phosphate Without Fertilizer Barrys Chemical Fertilizer Without Fertilizer a E Frank Coes Ammonia tedDissolved Boue Without Fertilizer Georgia Fertilizer Without Fertilizer a Barrys Compound BiPhosphate Without Fertilizer a Georgia State Grange Acid Phosphatecomposted Without Fertilizer Empire Guano Without Fertilizer Lbs of Fertili zer per acre 200 800 200 Gals of Syrup per acre 200 200 200 90 60 90 67 60 57 93 60 93 60 96 57 75 57139 CROP REPORT1882 RESULTS OF EXPERIMENTS CONDUCTED IN 1878 31 Mr B N Seago of Richmond County the results of whose experiment with compost on sugar cane in 1877 has just been given obtained the following results in 1878 NAME OF FERTILIZER lbs oz Sdpkg Date Nov 9 lbs oz Yield in seed cot ton per acre lbs 200 Port Royal Lime Without Fertilizer Lees Lime Without Fertilizer Lees Lime and Cotton SeedJ400 lbs of each Without FertilizerI 23 54 212 104 ftMathis Chemical Compound Without Fertilizer Bahama Soluble Guano Without Fertilizer Zelis AmmoniaLd Superhhosphate Without Fertilizer aSunny Side Ammoniated Superphos Without Fertilizer allerrymans Amd Dissolved Bone Without Fertilizer Barrys Chemical Fertilizer Without Fertilizer Barrys BiPhosphate Compost Without Fertilizer oPreston Sons Acid Phos Compost Without Fertilizer oPendletons Phosphate for CompostingCompost Without Fertilizer aLorentz Rittlers Acid PhosphateCompost Without Fertilizer 200 88 200 200 200 200 200 200 24 0 28 11 2 118 3 912 28 9 34 10 24 12 3 12 4 128 43 C8 412 58 412 5 54 44 68 44 58 34 5 58 58 68 6 6 54 6 5 7 58 74 512 12 18 112 18 18 18 8 24 4 24 8 28 8 18 1 2 1 212 12 28 12 8 18 34 24 485 510 810 510 1035 555 840 585 885 675 915 600 915 570 975 600 990 720 1125 600 1125 660 1230 765 1320 73532 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 140 Mr T D ErmnofJaokon County on light gray upland with clay subsoil that had been in cultivaiion over 30 yearn obtained the following results NAME F FERTILIZER Lbs of fertilizer per acre 1st picking Lbs 2d picking 1 Lbs Yield in Seed Cotton per acre Lbs aCotton Compd Amd Dis Bone Phos 200 681 3T6 869 816 910 539 779 1034 510 91 164 94 94 92 141 141 141 145 775 Without Fertilizer National Soluble Bone Compost 200 200 2C0 cjAtkins Cos Pioneer Acid Phos Compost aCotton Food Without Fertilizer 1032 aZells Amd Bone Superphos 200 200 aBarrys Biphosphate Compost Without Fertiliser 6S5 Mr Wm Hix oChattooga County used composts and commercial fertilizers in contrast on two platsone mulatto soil with clay subsoil and the other clay soil with the following results NAME OF FERTILIZER aObers S C Dissolved Bone Phosphate compost Eureka Amd Bone Superphosphate compost Bales Chemical Fertilizer compost aEntaw Fertilizer Bales Guano Sterns Amd Dissolved Bone Without Fertilizer Lbs of fertili zer per acre 300 200 200 200 soo 200 Tot I yield Seed Cotton per acre on plat No 1 Lbs 1000 1010 1140 1070 93 1041 880 Total Yield Seed Cotton per acre on plat No 2 Lbs 1320 1120 1200 1170 1130 1020 750141 CROP REPORT1882 33 Mr John II Whiteett of Dooly County on gray sandy soil with Bandy clay sub soilwiregrass pine land that had been in cultivation 17 years and very poor obtained as good results from compost as from commercial fertilizers as the fol lowing statement of results show NAME OP FERTILIZER Georgia State Grange Dissolved Bone Without Fertilizer aEagle Acid Phosphate Without Fertilizer aEutew Acid Phosphate Compost Without Fertilizer aGrange Mixture Dissolved Bone Phos Without Fertilizer aSunnySide Ammoniated Superphosphate Without Fertilizer aSamana Guano Without Fertilizer aGeorgia State Grange Dissolved Bone compost Without Fertilizer oEagle Acid Phosphate compost Without Fertilizer jEutaw Acid Phosphate compost Without Fertilizer Lbs of fertili zer per acre 200 200 200 200 300 Yield in Seed Cotton per acre Lbs m 175 612 157 455 157 490 175 402 210 595 175 542 297 560 175 487 14034 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 142 Mr J M Cox of Greene County experimented with commercial fertilizers and composts in 1878 on sandy upland with the following results NAME OF FERTILIZER Lbs o fertilizer per acre 1st picking 2d picking 3d picking Yield in Seed Cotton per Acre lbs oz 168 78 115 98 14 9 178 8 17 11 lbs oz 11 7 10 6 108 7 12 10 12 8 lbs oz 212 2 4 3 112 212 2 24 28 28 112 Lbs Charleston Sol Phoa compost 200 200 Without Fertilizer aBarrys Granger Fertilizer 596K Without Fertilizer aBone Flour compost 200 603 Without Fertilizer 95SJ aCal vert Guano compost 200 630 Without Fertilizer 1111J4 aCotton Food compost Without Fertilizer 200 717 109234 726J Mr TJwmasIl Stallworth of Eenry County on dark loam soil with fine dark clay subsoil contrasted compost and commercial fertilizers with the fbllowina results NAME OF FERTILIZER Merrymans Dissolved Bone Without Fertilizer aClarkes Dissolved Bone Wjthout Fertilizer Peruvian Guano guaranteed B Without Fertilizer aWhanns R B Superphosphate Without Fertilizer aLorentz 4 Rittlers Acid Phosphate compost Without Fertilizer Lbs of fertili zer Ap plied per acre 200 200 200 200 20 1st picking Sept30 Lbs 2d picking Nov 11 Lbs Yield in Seed Cotton per acre Lbs 1715 980 1575 910 1750 1015 1680 980 1645 945143 CROP REPORT1882 EXPERIMENTS FOE 187 35 Mr B N ago of Richmond County on sandy soil with clay subaoil con trasted commercial fertilizers with compost with the following result NAME OF FERTILIZER Lbs of Fertili zer Applied per acre Pounds op Seed Cotton Different Pickings 1st Sept 17 lbs oz 2d Oct 7 3d Oct 80 lbs oz Per acre aMarylaud Fertilizing Cos Dissolved Bones Without Fertilizer aRussel Coes Ammoniated Bone Phosphate Without Fertilizer aReeves Nicholsons Cottyn Grower Without Fertilizer Barrys BiPhoephaie of Lime composted Without Fertilizer Zells Cotton Acid Phosphate composted Without Fertilizer aGa State Grange Dissolved Bone composted Without Fertilize aPeruvian Guano Guaranteed B 200 200 200 20 200 8684 5514 SOO10 12 91812 4728 7012 45912 69510 4462 8982 4463 945 Mr A W Rhodes of Richmond County on light gray soil with clay subsoil that had been in cultivation fifteen years obtained the following results Lbs of Fertilizer Applied Pounds or Seed otton Different Pickings NAME OF FERTILIZER 1st 2d 3d 4th Per acre Sept 4 Sept 17 Oct 15 Nov 5 lbs oz lbs oz lbs oz lbs oz aObers Sol Acid Phosphate Composted Without Fertilizer 2C0 200 200 5 6 0 6 4 6 0 6 8 9 8 0 3 3 7 0 2 0 6 6 5 6 5 0 6 0 6 0 7 0 2 6 2 0 3 0 2 0 4 0 752 376 717J4 ma 743Ji 36 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 144 Mr Jos L Mai of Qlascock County on light sandy soil with vellow clay Bubsoil that had been in cultivation three years obtained the following results NAME OF FERTILIZER aCrescent Bone Fertilizer Without Fertilizer Americus Acid Phosphate Composted Without Fertilizer aDixie Ammoiiiated Fixed Guano Without Fertilizer Arlington Guano Without Fertilizer Sardys Soluble Pacific Guano Without Fertilizer Phosphate Peruvian Guano Lbs of Fertili zer Applied per acre Without Fertilizer Compost cottonseed lot and stable ma nure Without Fertilizer 100 200 100 100 100 200 Popnds of Cotton Seed Jjifferenl Pickings 1st Aug 21 pounds 60 87 30 2d Sept 5 pounds 31 157 59 203 60 207 62 51 62 47 61 42 60 51 62 3d Oct 3d pounds 722 600 580 599 800 600 411 598 819 590 327 600 413 600 4th Nov pounds 203 215 300 213 109 212 813 211 619 212 031 215 580 211 6th Dec 1 poudns Per acre 104 143 157 1202 874 1020 872 1299 874 1409 871 1259 872 1186 875 1104 873 1846 W A SPee f mmy C0Unty D gray 80U With red clay eubsoi1 cWd in NAME OF FERTILIZER aBaldwin Cos Dissolved Bone Compost Jlerrymans Ammonlated Dissolved Bone Without Fertilizer Baldwin Cos Ammted Dis Bone Compost Without Fertilizer Lbs of Fertili zer ap plied per acre 700 200 Pounds of Seed Cotton Different PicUuga lbs oz 4 6 4 0 0 2 3 0 0 2 2d lbs oz 4 0 2 S 5 14 6 0 3d 4th lbs oz 4 6 1 5 0 12 2 12 1 0 lbs oz 0 4 1 0 1 0 1 10 Per acre 1050 632 514 875 514145 CROP REPORT1882 37 Mr J H Carswell of Burke county on sandy soil with clay subsoil in cultiva tion 30 years obtained the following results Lhs o Fertilizer applied per acre Lbs of eed Cotton Different Pickings NAME OF FERTILIZER fit 2d Per Sept 13 Nov 12 Acre lbs oz lbs oz 200 200 200 200 6 4 3 11 4 7 3 5 4 8 4 9 3 10 0 11 7 7K 8 6 8 8 9 14 7 Ilk 5 11 780 669 769 709 864 737 561 Mr John Turner of Hancock county on gray soil with yellow subsoil that had been in cultivation sixty years obtained the following results NAME OP FERTILIZER Lbs of Fertili zer ap plied per acre aReaves Nicholeous Matchless Cotton Grower Solnble Pacific Guano Compost aMerrymans Acid Phosphate aDobbs Chemicals composted aReaves Nicholsons Cotion Grower composted Pendletons Ammoniated BiPhosphate Compost Without Fertilizer 300 2C0 200 200 200 200 Pounds Seed Cotton Different Pick ings 1st lbs oz 6 8 5 12 5 12 6 0 6 8 7 8 3 4 2d lbs oz 1 8 1 8 1 12 1 8 2 0 1 8 0 8 Per Acre 1120 1015 1060 1050 1199 1260 595 Mr Turner says Guano pays every year if used in compost heaps It has beep the result of my experience and observation that composting pays a much larger per cent than guano used in a pure state You see the result the present year It has been so for six consecutive years and will be so for all time to come Mr Turner has been using compost for twelve years with uniformly satisfac tory results He is a very careful observer and experimenter38 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA D46 Mr E B Heard of Elbert county on fresh dark land obtained the following re sults s NAME OF FERTILIZER aGiaut Guano Without Fertilizer oEutaw Fertilizer Without Fertilizer Excellenza Cotton Fertilizer Without Fertilizer Stable Manure 200 and Patapsco Acid Phosphate 100 pound Without Fertilizer PoundROf Feitilizer Applied Per Acre 200 200 200 Pounds of Sed Cotton Different Pickiugs 1st Oct 1st lbs 07 569 2S0 700 2S9 700 250 580 290 2d Nov 5th lbs 01 540 390 500 311 530 315 420 850 Per Acre 1100 580 1200 600 1230 595 1050 648 Mr Heard says I think that all the standard guanos have paid from 50 to 250 per cent on the investment where the crops have been properly cultivated I am confident that the compost is the most profitable fertilizer for the farmers of Georgia as the effect upon the soil is more permanent than that caused by com mercial fertilizers EXPERIMENTS CONDUCTED IN 1880 Mr W D II Johnson of Bibb county on sandy loam soil that had been in cul tivation forty years obtained the following results NAME OF FERTILIZER Patapsco Ammoniated Soluble Phosphate Soluble Pacific Guano Acid Phosphate Compost Without Fertilizer Pounds of Fertzerpe Seo Cotton acre per acre 200 200 200 740 77S 824 27147 CROP REPORT1882 39 Mr J H Oarsuietl of Burke County on sandy gravelly soil that had been in cultivation forty years obtained the following resuls NAME OP FERTILIZER Alta Ammoniated Guano Alta Ammoniated Guano Without fertilizer 100 lbs Barrys Acid Phosphate 100 lbs stable manure and cotton seed Same with 200 lbs manure and seed Without fertilizer Lbs Fertili zer per acre 200 100 200 800 Lbs Seed Cotton per acre 735 402 542K 708 502M Mr Cars well says I applied compost of Barrys Acid Phosphate cotton seed and stable manure to my whole watermelon patch After the patches of all my neighbors who left out the phosphate had completely failed I still had plenty of large melons both ripe and green Drouth seemed to ruin theirs while it did not injure mine Mr E S Wellons of Houston CountyOn sandy soil with red clay subsoil in cultivation over 40 years obtained the following results NAME OP FERTILIZER 3oseypium Phospho Without fertilizer Whanns Raw Bone Superphosphate Without fertilizer Obers Dissolved Bone Compost Without fertilizer Patapsco Acid Phosphate Compost Without fertilizer Lbs Fertili zer per acre 200 200 400 400 Lta Seed Cotton per acre 805 507 630 429 787 376 752 429 Mr W A Turner of Coweta CountyOn gravelly soil with clay subsoil that has been in cultivation six years obtained the following results NAME OF FERTILIZER Lbs Fertilizer per acre Lbs Seed Cotton per acre 200 1640 857K 997f 691X 1439 542 200 400 40 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 148 Mr M DM of Lincoln County on sandy loam soil that has been in cultiva tion sixty years obtained the following results NAME OF FERTILIZER Lbs Fertilizer per acre 2C0 Seed Cotton per acre Sea Fowl Guano 1295 577 1172 752 Without Fertilizer Mastodon Ammoniated Superphosphate 200 Without Fertilizer 400 Without Fertiliser 1085 64 Mr Dill says I believe the commercial fertilizer applied economically will pay but my experience is that a compost of stable manure and cotton seed with a good acid phosphate composted by the formula of the Department of Agricul ture of this State is the cheapest and best fertilizer that can be used EXTRACTS FROM SOIL TESTSEXPERIMENTS OF 1881 Mr J T Black of Gordon County on what is called red bench or table land a little inclined to be sandy with clay subsoil obtained the following results Lbs of Fertili First Second Third Yield in NAME OF FERTILIZER plied pr acre picking Aug 28 picking Sept 14 1 picking Oct 7 Seed Cotton per acre lbs lbs lbs lbs lbs a Bales Guano 200 624 216 504 192 444 168 415 324 410 325 475 850 55 80 45 90 220 180 Natural Soil 1094 a Banghs Haw Bone Superphosphate 200 620 Natural Soil a Eagle Acid Phosphatecompost Natural Soil 200 607 1139 698 Mr Qeo L Cain of Jefferson County on light sandy land that had been in culti vation fourteen years with the following results NAME OF FERTILIZER Planters Favorite No Fertilizer Planters Favorite composted Lbs of Fertlli zer applied per acre Yield in Seed Cotton per acre 300 200 lbs 350 245 455149 CROP REPORT1882 41 Mr J B Murray of Macon County on sandy soil with light gray subsoil that had been in cultivation two years obtained the following results NAME OF FERTILIZER Lbs uf Fertilizer applied per acre First picking Aug 26 Feeond picking Sept IS Third picking Oct 25 Yield in Seed Cotton per acre lbs oz lbs oz lbs oz lbs 2C0 2 4 3 4 3 3 4 5 3 3 5 3 5 4 4 3 4 4 630 560 20n 2 630 560 200 2 630 560 a Georgia Chemical Works Acid Phosphatecompost 200 2 700 490 200 2 630 Mr S P Odom of Dooley County on sandy soil with red clay subsoil that has been in cultivation five years obtained the following resultB NAME OF FERTILIZER Lbs of Fertilizer applied per acre First picking Second picking Yield in Seed Cotton per acre lbs oz lbs oz lbs a National Ammouiated Dissolved Bones 300 21 11 20 10 21 8 24 10 14 7 12 8 IS 7 H 6 1225 a Wilcox Gibbs Cos Manipulated Gnano 300 1120 Unmatnrcd 500 300 1330 500 TJnmanured The foregoing extracts have been given for the purpose of demonstrating by the results of practical experiments conducted by farmers on every variety of soil under the most varied conditions as regards cultivation seasons etc that true economy point3 to composts as the cheapest and most reliable means of manuring crops While pea vines and lime furnish the cheapest and most effective means of re storing ferility to worn soil or of maintaining it in those not yet exhausted the compost of superphosphate with stable manure and cotton seed furnishes beyond42 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 10 question the most economical manure the Southern farmer or planter can appljt to his crop from year to year Besides supplying plant food in the best and most available forms the compost exerts a mechanical influence upon the soil not produced by the plain commercial fertilizers Either the compost or the pea vines will supply all the ammonia needed in our soils the comp03ts for special manuring of crops and the pea vines will furnish ammonia and humus to the whole soil It must not however be under stood that ammonia is the onbj important element of plant food supplied by these cheap sources of fertility On the contrary they supply all of the elements of plant food Some of these however exist in such small percentages that very large quantities of the substances must be applied to supply these elements in sufficient quantities for the production of maximum crops The principal defi ciency is in the percentage of phosphoric acid contained in pea vines and stable manure This is supplied by the addition of superphosphate in the compost at the time of putting it up The pea vines may be manured with superphosphates and thus at the same time supply this esential element of fertility to the soil and increase the growth of vines to be returned to the Boll A comparison of the analyses of the Southern field pea with that of clover which has been used as a soilimprover so long shows very slight difference so far as either their feeding or manurial value is concerned It is not necessary to speak of the value of stable minure and cotton seed as manure Their value is known to all who fill Southern soil Enough extracts from experiments with compost used under varied circumstances of soil seasons and culture and spread over a period of six years FORMULAE FOE COMPOSTS If the stable manure and cotton seed have been protected from waste by expos ure to rain and sun the following formula Is recommended Stable Manure 650pounds Green Cotton Seed 650 H Superphosphate 70g 1 Making a ton of20 pound If the compost is intended for use on soils particularly deficient in potash the proportion of cotton seed may be reduced 50 each and 100 pounds of Kainit used instead The formula would then be Stable Manure e 600pounds Cotton Seed green fi0A u Superphosphate q Kainvii7r wo Making a ton of20 pounds These ingredients may be varied in proportions to adapt the resulting compost to different soils or crops but either of the above will be found to give satisfactory results on every class of soils and on all of our cultivated crops Directions for ComportingThe ingredients may be mixed either by building up the heap by alternate layers of the ingredients or they may be thoroughly mixed and then thrown into a heap In either case water should be freely used on the coarse materials while composting151 CROP REPORT1882 4a The following direction which have been given in former publications of this Department have been generally followed by those who have used the compost with most satisfactory results Mist farmers prefer the plan of mixing the in gredients well before placing them in the heap for fermentation Under this plan the mingling of the ingredients is more thorough during the process of fermen tation and hence its effects are probably more thorough though both plans have given good results Directions for CompostingSpread under shelter a layer of stable manure four inches thick on this sprinkle a portion of the phosphate next spread a layer of cotton seed three inches thick wet these thoroughly with water and then apply more of the phosphate next spread another layer of stable manure ihree inches thick and continue to repeat these layers in the above order and in proportion to the quantity of each used to the ton until the material is consumed Cover the whole mass wkh stable manure or scrapings from the lot one or two inches thick Allow the heap to stand in this condition until a thorough fermentation takes place which will require from three to six weeks according to circumstances de pendent upon proper degree of moisture and the strength of materials used When the cotton seed are thoroughly killed with a sharp hoe or mattock cut down vertically through the layers pulverize and shovel into a heap where the fermentation will be renewed and the compost be still further improved Liet it lie two weeks alter cutting down it will then be ready for use The following plan of mixture gives equally satisfactory results Mix the cotton seed and the stable manure in proper proportion moisten them with water apply the proper proportion of phosphate and mix thoroughly shoveling into a mass as prepared There is some advantage in this plan from the fact that the ingredients are thoroughly commingled during fermentation For CottonApply in the opening furrow 200 pounds and with the planting seed 75 or 100 pounds making in all 275 or 300 pounds per acre If it is desired to apply a larger quantity open furrows the desired distance and over tnem sow broadcast 400 pounds per acre bed the land and then apply 100 pounds per acre with the seed For CornApply in the hill by the side of the seed one gill to the till An additional application around the stalk before the first plowing will largely in crease the yield of grainu DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 152 FENCE AND STOCK LAWS OF GEORGIA The following act and amendments will furnish important information to those who are required to vote on the adoption of the stock law An act relating to fences and stock and for the protection of crops 1 Section I The Legislature of the State of Georgia do enact as follows That in each and every county of this State which shall adopt the provisions of this act in the manner hereinafter provided chapter eighth partfirst title fif teenth of Irwins Revised Code of Georgia embracing sections 1456 1457 1458 1459 1460 and 1461 be and the same is hereby repealed and the boundary lines of each lot tract or parcel of land in said county shall be and the same are Lere by declared a lawful fence 2 Sec H That no horse mule cow or hog or any other animal or animals used or fit either for food or labor shall be permitted to run at large beyond the limits of the lands of its owner or manager 3 Sec III That if any of the animals enumerated in the foregoing section shall commit any trespass or damage or shall be found going at large on the premises of any other person than the owner of such animals or stock whether enclosed or unenclosed and whether such animals wandered from the premises of the owner in the county in which the trespass was committed or from another county it shall be lawful for the owner of such premises to impound uch ani mals and retain them until the owner thereof shall make full satisfaction or reparation of the damage committed by such animals including all costs and ex penses unless disposed of according to the provisions of this act hereinafter pro vided 4 Sec IV That in case any of the said animals shall be impounded under the provisions of this act it shall be the duty of the party so impounding them to give them all necessary feed care and attention for which he shall have reasonable compensation as hereinafter provided and it shall also be his duty to give the owner if known notice of the fact of such impounding in twentyfour hours and if not Snown or ascertained within three days from the taking up and impounding such animals they shall be disposed of as provided by law in cases of estrays except that in case any such animal or animals shall be sold under the provisions of the estray laws or this act the proceeds of such sales after the payment of legal costs including advertising etc shall be applied first to the payment of damages sustained by the aggrieved party including reasonable com pensation for the feed care and attention to be ascertained as hereinafter pro vided 5 Sec V That if any person shall under the pretext of the provisions of this law unnecessarily or out of mere vexation take up and impound any such ani mal or animals shall fail to give the notice required by this act or to etray them m case the owner is not known or ascertained within the time prescribed by thisL158 CROP REPORT1882 45 act or shall fail to give the proper c ire or attention as herein provided or in any manner shall injure or maltreat any such animal or animals such person so offend ing shall be deemed guilty of misdemeanor and on indictment and conviction befor any court having jurisdiction of such offences shall be punished by fine or im prisonment in the common jail in the discretion of the presiding j idge who shall try said cause the fine not to exceed one hundred dollars and the imprisonment not to exceed one month and in addition shall pay the owner of such animal or animals double the amount of damages actually sustained by a violation of the provisions of this act 6 Sec VI That in case of disagreement between the takerup or party claimed to be damaged and the owner of such animal or animals as to the amount of damages sustained on account of the alleged trespass of such animal or animals or for expenses for care feed and attention as required by this act the aggrieved party may make complaint to the Justice of the Peace of the district and if no justice in such district then to the most convenient J tut ice in any other district setting forth the amount claimed whereupon such Justice shall issue a summons as in other suits returnable within five days from the date thereof requiring the owner or claimant of such stock to appear at a time and place therein named and which shall be served as other summons at least three days before the time of hearing when such Justice shall proceed to hear evidence and give judgment against such owner or claimant for such damages as shall appear reasonable and just including the expenses of care and feeding such stock and all legal costs winch shall be enforced by execution levy and sale as other jid2mntsof such Justice provided nevertheless that a special lien upon the trespassing animal or animals for the payment of such judgment shall attach from the time of the com mitting of such trespass superior to all other liens or previous claims except public dues and superior also to all exemptions under the homestead and ex emption laws and provided also that if said judgment for damages shall exceed the sum of fifty dollars the defendant may enter an appeal as in other cases in justices courts and provided further that in case of any litigation as contem plated by this act it shall be lawful for the owner of such animals to redeem or replevy the same by giving to the complaining party a bond with good and suf ficient security conditioned to pay all damages and cost which may be finally recovered against him in such suit 7 Sec VII And be it further enacted by the General Assembly of the State of Georgia That the foregoing provisions of this act shall become operative in any county of this State upon the following terms and conditions Whenever so many as fifty freeholders in any county of this State shall petition the ordinary of any county for the benefit of the provisions of this act said ordinary shall at once make known throughout said county by advertisement in the public ga zette if there is one published in said county and by notices at all election pre cincts and public places therein that such petition has been filed in his office such notice to be published twenty days If a counterpetition of freeholders is filed amounting to fifty persons then the ordinary shall proceed no further If such petition of freeholders is not met by such counterpetition or if met by such counterpetition is supported by a petition of so many as twenty five additional freeholders then the ordinary aforesaid shall at once proceed to have an election held in such county on the first Monday in July following in which the question46 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 154 shall be submitted to the lawful voters of said county of fence or no fence said election to be held at the places and under the same rules and regulations as are provided for members of the General Assembly and after thirty days notice at the most public places in said county The returns of said election shall be made to the Odinary of said county and after examining the same and deciding upon all questions which may arise out of said election he shall proclaim the re sult as aforesaid If the lawful majority in said election is for no fence then the provisions of this act shall take effect in such County within fix months there after provided said election shail not be held oftener than one time in every two y ears Approved August 26 1872 Election for Fence or No FenceAn act to amend section one thousand four hundred and fiftyfive of the Code of Georgia of 1873 which provides for submit ting to the lawful voters of any county in this State upon petition of fifty free holders of such county the question of fence or no fence by authorizing elections to be held under said section at such time as the Ordinary shall appoint and by striking out the proviso to said section and for other purposes Section I The General Assembly of the State of Georgia do enact That from and after the passage of this act section 1455 of the Code of Georgia be and the same is hereby amended by striking from the sixteenth line of said section the words on the first Monday in July following and inserting in lieu thereof the words at such time as said Ordinary shall appoint Sec II Be it farther enacted Ttiat said section 1455 be further amended by striking out the proviso contained in the two last lines thereof as follows Pro vided said elections shall not be held oftener than one time in every two years so that said section when amended will read as follows The foregoing provisions of sections 1449 1450 1451 1452 1453 and 1454 Bhall become operative in any county of this State upon the following terms and conditions Whenever so many as fifty freeholders in any county of this State shall petition the Ordinary of any county for the benefit of the provisions of said section said Ordinary shall at once make known throughout said county by advertisement in the public ga zette if there is one published in said county and by notices at all election pre cincts and public places therein that such petition has been filed in his office such notices to be published twenty days If a counterpetition of freeholders is filed amounting to fifty persons then the Ordinary shall proceed no further If such petition of freeholders is not met by such counterpetition or if met by such counterpetition is supported by a petition of so many as twentyfive additional freeholders then the Ordinary aforesaid shall at once proceed to have an election held in such county at such time as said Ordinary shall appoint in which the question shall be submitted to the lawful voters of said county of fence or no fence said election to be held at the court ground in each militia district and under the same rules and regulations as provides for members of the General Assembly and after thirty days notice at the most public places in said county Provided That no person shall be allowed to vote at said election except in the militia district in which he resides The returns of said election Bhall be made to the Ordinary of said county and after examining the same and deciding upon all questions which may arise out of said election he shall proclaim the result155 CROP REPORT1882 47 by notice as aforesaid If the lawful majority in said election is for no fence then the provisions of said six sections shall take effect in such county within six months thereafter Sec III Be it further enacted That all laws and parts of laws in conflict with the provisions of this act be and are hereby repealed Approved August 26th 1881 Fence Law for Militia DistrictsAn act to extend the provisions of sections 1449 1450 1451 1452 1453 and 1454 of the Revised Code of Georgia which re late to the fence and stock laws of this Slate by making the same applicable to militia districts and to provide for the erection of fences around district lines W Section I Be it enacted by the General Assemby of the State of Georgia and it is hereby enaled by the authority of the same That the provisions of sections 1449 1450 1451 1452 1453 and 1454 of the Revised Code of Georgia shall become op erative in any militia district of this State upon the following terms and condi tions Whenever so many as fifteen freeholders or majority of freeholders in any militia district of this State shall petition the Ordinary of any county in which said district is located for the benefit of the provisions of said foregoing sections said Ordinary shall glve notice of said petition by advertising the same in the public gazette if there be one published in said county and by notices at all election precincts and public places in said district which said notices shall be published for twenty day and said Ordinary shall at once proceed to have an election held in said militia district at as early a day as practicable to be desig nated by him after said notices have been given in which the question shall be submitted to the lawful voters in said district in the following form towit For fence or stock law said election to be held at the placts and under the same rules and regulations as are provided for members of the General Assembly and after fifteen days notice at the most public places in said district The returns of said election shall be made to the Ordinary of said county who after examining the same and deciding upon all questions which may arise out of eaid election shall proclaim the result by notice as aforesaid If the lawful majority in said election is for stock law then the provisions of said six sections shall take effect in such militia districts within six months thereafter Provided That said election shall not be held oftener than one time in every year Sec II Be it further enacted That whenever any militia district shall adopt the provisions of the stock law it shall be the duty of the Ordinary or such other tribunal as may have jurisdiction over county matters as soon as practicable after said adoption to have good and substantial fences erected around the line of said district in order to prevent the incursions of stock from other counties or districts and for this purpose he is empowered to enter upon the land of any person of said district or county and have fences constructed across any public or private road Provided That proper gates are established in such public or private roads Sec III Be it further enacted That said Ordinary or such tribunal as may have jurisdiction of county matters shall be empowered to levy and collect tax upon the property of said district sufficient to defray the expenses of erecting and main taining said fences said tax to be collected at the same time and in the same manner as other State and county taxes are collected Provided That whenever48 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 156 any person should prefer to pay the tax required of him by this section in labor or material he may upon application to said Ordinary or tribunal as aforesaid pay the same by furnislrng rails and erecting under the supervision of county authority such proportion of said fence as shall be equal in value to the amount of taxes due by him said labor and material to be valued by Baid county officer at the customary prices tor such in each county Sec IV Be it further enacted That the laws now of force with regard to legal fences as fotsnd in sections 1443 1444 1445 1446 1447 and 1448 shall apply to all fences erected in pursuance of the foregoing section and all persong disturb ing or injuring the same shall be punished as now proscribed by law Sec V Be vt further enacted That it shall be the duty of any person or persons driving stock of any kind through the public road of any district in which the stock law is of force so to herd and drive the same that they shall not be al lowed to enter upon or work injury to the land or crops of the citizens thereof and for violation of this section shall be dealt with as other trespassers Sec VI Me it further enacted That it shall he the duty of the Ordinary or such tribunal as aforesaid in an county where any district of the same has adopted the provisions of this act to have erected substantial and convenient gates in fences at the crossings of public highways and neighborhood roads and when ever any person residing in said district shall desire a crossing on his own lands he shall be permitted to erect and keep up such gates at his own expense and any person who shall wilfully and unlawfully leave open any of the saidgates or do any wilful damage to the same or to the fences erected forthe purposes afore Eaid shall be fined in a sum not exceeding twenty dollars or imprisonment no longer than twenty days That any gate erected across a public road under the provisions of this act shall be so constructed that the same can be opened and shut without dismounting from any horse or vehicle that may be desired to pass through the same Sec VII Be it further enacted That each owner or proprietor of lands in any militia district adopting the provision of this act who shall rent his lands or es tablish a system of tenantry thereon shall furnish pasturage for at least one cow and calf for the family of each tenant Provided That said tenant shall do his proportionate part of fencing Sue VIII Be it further emeted That nothing herein contained shall prevent any district which has adopted this law from voting at any county election on stock law Sec IX Be it further enacted That all laws and parts of laws in conflict with this act be and the same are hereby repealed Approved September 29 h 1881Special Circular No 26 New Series j KEPORT OF GROWING CROPS ETC FOR THE MONTH OF JULY 1882 RETURNABLE AUGUST 1st 1882 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Atlanta Ga July 15th 1882 Dear Sir Please answer the following questions on the 1st day Of August or a few days before if necessary and mail promptly so that your report may reach this office by the Third Of August Answer every question that will admit of it in numbers indicating per cent An AVERAGE CROP or AVERAGE CONDITION or anything with which comparison is made is always taken as IOO Thus it the corn crop at any time is 10 per cent better than last year or IO per cent better than an average it should be reported as HO in each case and if10 per cent below these standards it should be 90 Never report 10 per cent better or 10 per cent worse but llO or 90 as the case may be So avoid vague comparisons such as some better hardly so good above an average etc In making up your answers let them apply to the whole county in which you reside or as far in every direction as your knowledge may extend not simply to your own farm If a crop about which questions are asked is not grown in your county use the character X If you have not sufficient data to make an approxi mate estimate leave the space blank Very respectfully J T HENDERSON Commissioner of Agriculture I For what county do you report fcounty II Your name f III Your potofflee f9 QUESTIONS FOE CROP EEFORT CONDITION AND PEOSPECT AUGUST 1ST COMPARED TO AN AVERAGE OF 1 Cotton percent 2 Corn percent 3 Rice per cent i Sugarcane pei cent 8 Sorghum per cent 6 Field Peas per cent 7 Chufas per cent 8 Sweet Potatoes percent 9 If any what casualty has affected Cotton percent 10 To what extent has it Injured the prospect per cent 11 How are German Carp succeeding in your county 12 How many ponds have in them young Carp spawned this year 13 Report the names and postoffice address of the owners of such ponds 14 Have seasons during July been favorable or unfavorable per cent 18 Date of last good rain date 16 Date of making this report date REMARKS Under this head report any facts of general interest to the farmers or any valuable or tortmrHSpecial Circular No 27 1 New Series j FOEM OF CONSTITUTION AND BYLAWS FOR NEIGHBORHOOD AGRICULTURAL CLUBS STATE OP GEORGIA Department of Agriculture Atlanta Ga August 1 1882 Experience demonstrates the great utility of AgriculturalClubs when they are properly constituted and the members thereof faithful in attend ing the meetings and prompt in discharging the duties imposed by the bylaws In forming a club the primary object is the improvement of its individual members in the science and practice of farmingby inter change of ideas and experienceby friendly inspections and criticisms by carefully conducted experimentsby the gathering together and dis seminating agricultural intelligence etc Social reunion and enjoyment may be incidental and the pleasure thus afforded becomes a strong bond of union and perpetuity In the aggregation of the efforts and results of many local clubs we may expect to realize a general improvement of the farming interestin the intelligent application of laborin the increase of home and farm comforts and happinessgradual relief from pecuniary embarrassmentindependence and substantial prosperity The argu ments in favor of the policy of thus uniting our efforts are well known and understood The only reply is that the club will not last longwill soon die out This will depend upon the spirit that animates the members the sincerity of their purposes and their devotion to duty The Commissioner earnestly advises the formation of such clubs in every district of the State and invites active and earnest cooperation with this Department and with the State Agricultural Society This circular is issued in compliance with repeated requests with a view to encourage these organizations and the form of Constitution and By laws appended is designed to serve as a guide or model to be altered or amended according to circumstances It is a copy of that of the Agricultural Club of Hancock County kindly furnished by Col H A Clinch Secretary Sparta Ga He write in regard to it I take pleasure in adding that under their operation as from time to time amended the club has continued to prosper fail ing to hold its regular meeting only two or three times since its organi zation August 1869 and then on account of extreme inclemency of the weatherDEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 160 CONSTITUTION Article I This Club shall be known as the Agricultural Club of County Art II Its object shall be the mutual improvement of its members in all mat ters pertaining to Agriculture and kindred subjects Art III The officers shall consist of a President VicePresident and a Secretary and Treasurer They shall be chosen annually by ballot and without nomination the person receiving the highest vote to be declared elected at the September meeting of the Club and shall hold their offices until the meeting next after the election of their successors Art IV This Club shall be composed only of such members as shall have their names subscribed to the Constitution and Bylaws Art V This Constitution and Bylaws may be amended or altered only at a regular meeting only by a twothirds vote of all the members present and voting due notice of the amendment having been given at the preceding regular meeting BYLAWS Article 1 This Club shall hold its regular meetings punctually at 10 p m on the third Saturday in each month alternately at the residence of its members Art 2 It shall be the duty of the President to preside at all meetings of the Club and maintain order the VicePresident assuming the dutiesof the President in the absence of the latter It shall be the duty of the Secretary to preserve in a book to be kept for the purpose an accurate and careful record of all the proceedings of the Club to con duct the correspondence of the same and to act as Treasurer Art 3 No member shall be absent from a regular meeting without a valid ex cuseits sufficiency to be determined by a vote of the Club and three consecutive absences from regular meetings by any member without such excuse shall be con sidered per se equivalent to a resignation Art 4 Any member who shall be absent from a regular meeting without a valid excuse shall be fined in the sum of one dollar and any member failing without sufficient excuse to perform the duties of any committee upon which he may be appointed shall be fined in the sum of two dollars All fines and assess ments to be collected by the Treasurer Art 5 At each regular meeting the President shall appoint an inspecting com mittee to consist of three members whose duty it shall be to inspect the plantation at which the Club next meets and at the second meeting after its appointment to report in writing to the Club in reference to its cultivation the condition of im provements stock etc The inspection may be made at any time determined upon by the chairman of the committee between the day of the appointment of the committee and 9 a m on the day that the Club meets at the plantation to be in spected The report of said inspecting committee shall be the subject of general discussion at the meeting when presented Art 6 Upon the occurring of any vacancy in its membership the Club shall proceed under the head of new business to elect a member to fill said vacancy The election shall be by ballot and a unanimous vote of the members present and voting shall be necessary to an election Upon the election of a new member the Secretary shall notify him of the same in writing and at the next meeting report his acceptance or declination to said election Art 7 Each member shall be required to conduct carefully on his premises some agricultural experiment of general interest and report to the Club in writing the nature and result of the experiment at the maturity of the crop on which it was made In furtherance of the above a committee of three shall annually be appointed by the chair at the January meeting to define these experiments and assign them to the respective members161 j AGRICULTURAL CLCBS Art 8 To avoid discursive and oftentimes hasty discussion a committee of three shall be annually appointed by the chair at the January meeting to select a subject for special discussion at each meeting and assign some member to open the same Art 9 All reports of committees shall be submitted in writing and it shall be the duty of the Secretary to preserve these reports or such of them as miv be val uable for purposes of reference in neat files devoted to the purpose Art 10 The order of business shall be as follows 1 Calling the Roll 2 Reading Minutes 3 Excuses for absence 4 Receiving members 5 Receiving reports 6 Unfinished business 7 New business 8 Adjournment The following resolutions were adopted by this Club in August 1876 in order to stimulate friendly competition and are here given as sugges tive 1 That the members of this Club agree to conduct annually in addition to any other experiments two premium acres the kind of crops to be planted on said acres to be determined by the Club at its August meetiug 2 There shall be given to the member raising the greatest number of bushels of corn two bushels from each other member of oats four bushels of wheat two bushels of ground peas two bushels of potatoes six bushels 3 That for a noncompliance with the above the member so failing shall pay double the quantities named above 4 That each member be required to conduct the experiment carefully and to the best of his ability that a full and accurate report in writing be furnished at the gathering of the crop of the manner of preparing the ground manuring sow ing quantity of seed distance between the rows and in drill and of the yield The foregoing form of Constitution and Bylaws is adapted to neighbor hood Clubs the formation of which this circular is intended especially to encourage as subsidiary to County Societies and finally to the State Ag ricultural Society Clubs which may be organized hereafter or are al ready in existence are requested to send names and postoffice address of President and Secretary to this Department and also to the Secretary State Agricultural Society Macon Ga This Department will send to each Club packages of its circulars and other publications and such seeds as may be on hand for distribntion and cooperate in every practi cable way for the advancement of our common interests Very respectfully J T Henderson CommissionerCircular No jo New Series I CROP REPORT FOR THE MONTH OF JULY 1882 RETURNED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE AUG 1 1882 Department op Agriculture l Atlanta Ga Aug 8th 1882 GENERAL COMMENTS COTTON While the season has been remarkably favorable for all other crops it has been very unpropitious for cotton The cool weather in early spring im paired the stand and retarded the growth of the plant rendering it in different sections from one to two weeks late The recent excessive and continued rains have induced a succulent growth of weed and a tendency of root growth to the surface two conditions which will cause serious injury if any considerable drouth succeeds the wet spell Compared to an average the crop of the State is reported at 93 in North Georgia it is 87 in Middle Georgia 94 in Southwest Georgia 94 in East Georgia 93 and in Southeast Georgia 101 The prospect is now to the casual observer very nattering owing to the rapid growth of weed but this may prove a disaster before the crop matures The weather has been very favorable to the propagation of the catapillar which is reported in sev eral counties in this State in Alabama Texas Louisiana and Mississippi Expe rienced planters will understand the rapidity with which these destroyers propa gate when they make their appearance at this season especially when the plant is in so tender and succulent condition as it is at present all over the Cotton States The prudent planter will therefore prepare to avail himself of every practicable means of destroying the pests as soon as they appear in force The crop is now at a most critical stage much will depend upon the weather during the next few weeks The indications now point to a short crop all over the South If this be the case the price may compensate for the shortness of the crop At present it is impossible to forecast what the crop will beDEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 164 CORN The corn crop of the State and indeed of the whole South is extra ordinarily fine This following the fine small grain crops harvested this season causes a buoyancy among farmers beyond that of any year within the last de cade The crop is now generally made and on uplands is as good where prop erly cultivated as the lands are capable of making Bottom lands except where well drained have suffered from excess of rain The crop in the whole State is 20 per cent above an average In North Georgia it is 116 in Middle Geor gia 122 in Southwest Georgia 118 in East Georgia 125 and in Southeast Georgia 118 RICE This crop compared to an average is in the State 102 and the same in Southeast Georgia where the crop is principally grown The upland crop in the other sections is reported as follow In North Georgia 100 in Middle Georgia 93 in Southwest Georgia 103 and in East Georgia 103 SUGAR CANE The area of this crop is annually advancing further North and satisfac tory crops have been grown in Middle Georgia where the condition of its successful growth have been supplied as regards soil manures and cultiva tion The condition of the crop in the State compared to an average is re ported at 107 Two counties in North Georgia report cane at 105 in Middle Georgia it is 107 in Southwest Georgia 106 in East Georgia 108 and in Southeast Georgia 104 The crop in the southern part of the State is reported as unusually promising SORGHUM Less attention is given this crop than formerly The condition com pared to an average is for the State 102 in North Georgia 102 in Middle Georgia 104 in Southwest Georgia 103 in East Georgia 100 and in South east Georgia 100 FIELD PEAS This important crop is receiving unusual attention this year The area is large and the prospect good in every section of the State Compared with an average the crop of the State is reported at 108 in North Georgia 108 in Middle Georgia 110 in Southwest Georgia 106 in East Georgia 105 and in Southeast Georgia 108 It is gratifying to report a large area of the stubble land from which the small grain crop was harvested planted in peas This is a step in the right direction as the supply of vegetable matter which the vines will return to the soil will not only enable the planters to dispense with the purchase of ammonia for the crops which will occupy these fields next year but the vines will supply mineral plant food in available forms materially im prove the mechanical condition of the soil and increase its capacity for absorb ing and retaining moisture 1165 CROP REPORT1882 CHUFAS Are not cultivated to any considerable extent except by those who still continue to grow their pork Those who have sandy soils will find the chufa a very valuable crop for hogs The condition of the crop in the State compared to an average is 102 in North Georgia 102 in Middle Georgia 104 an Southwest Georgia 105 in East Georgia 122 and in Southeast Georgia 103 SWEET POTATOES This valuable crop it is gratifying to say has received the alter tioa its importance demands The area planted in them is larger than usual and the crop remarkably promising It is suggested that those who have evaporators experiment with sweet potatoes sliced and evaporated just as apples peaches etc are Mrs J W Bryan Dillon Ga exhibited some last year that were of superior quality This method of saving them solves the difficulty so often formidable of the potatoes rotting in the bank during fal and winter They are reported in the whole State compared to an average q Th Gergia 109 inMidde Georgia 113 in Southwest Georgia aid in East Georgia 113 and in Southeast Georgia 120 THE GENERAL OUTLOOK In the State was never more flattering at this season than now for all crops except cotton It is yet too early to foresee what its yield will be Never have the farmers of the State been in better spirits or more hopeful of the future They are enjoying a foretaste of the fruits of a policy which has been persistently J recommended by this Departmentthat of a selfsustaining system of hus bandry GERMAN CARP This valuable food fish the distribution of which was commenced from this Department in 1879 have so far given great satisfaction in every part of the State A large number of ponds are reported as well supplied with young fish spawned during the present year The distribution will be coutinued this fall so far as the supply at the command of the Department will justify POISONING COTTON WORMS In the supplemental crop report of last year Circular No 28 Capt War ners recipe for preparing poison for the destruction of the cotton caterpillar was given Experiments with poison prepared by this recipe show that not less than 50 gallons of water should be added instead of 40 gallons to pre vent it from destroying the plants The recipe should rea 1 as follows Prussic 25 ozs glue 5 ozs bycarb soda 3 ozs and water 3 gallons boil for half an hour and add enough water to make 150 gallons J T Henderson Commissioner4 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 166 TABLE No i Showing Condition of Crops in Georgia August ist 1882 NORTH GEORGIA Compared to an averagt 0 COUNTIES a 0 0 O 0 U 5 G a a W 3 If S 3 0 n a V V j 3 u o 0 V 0 i 0 82 92 100 82 92 99 60 75 124 122 no 105 120 122 116 05 100 IOO 102 112 no 100 105 90 105 in m no 107 IOO 105 108 125 no 100 95 IOO 108 IOO 111 s 104 too no 107 97 106 Cobb 90 77 80 no 105 117 IOO 106 95 90 95 100 90 92 90 161 m 112 125 no 125 125 IOO IOO IOO ICO 135 117 IOO 5 no 125 130 109 100 120 no 112 100 Hall Hart IOO 75 100 120 120 125 115 120 IOO IOO 120 no 5 no no 5 120 IOO IOO US US us ISO 5 100 75 90 80 100 no Polk 105 90 133 105 107 80 100 105 100 60 109 100 102 105 IOC 99 105 109 Walker 93 White Whitfield 7 87 116 100 105 102 108 MIDDL E GEORGIA no 80 92 95 90 92 105 85 95 90 85 90 no 125 25 no 105 125 I2C ISO 125 5 3 no 105 120 125 I4O I50 no no 125 122 120 IOO IOO 95 105 112 110 IOO 125 105 no 9 95 no 120 120 11 lows 110 IOO 120 no 10 US ioj 100 100 13 no 9 IIS S 100 100 IOO IOO 101 no 85 IOO no 105 95 100 100 IOO no DeKalb 120 95 no 90 80 90 no 105 90 112 IOO no 90 no no no no 100 100 105 5 102 130 IOO 5 150 102 120 no no ISO 5 100 5 95 Heard Lincoln McDufTie 9o 95 no no 167 CROP REPORT1882 TABLE NO iContinued Showing the Condition and Prospect August ist MIDDLE GEORGIAContinued Compared to an Average of Morgan Newton Oconee Oglethorpe Pike Putnam Rockdale Spalding Talbot Taliaferro Troup Upson Walton Warren Wilkes COUNTIES Average 94 75 90 75 105 90 77 100 95 95 117 85 95 150 5 125 J20 no 142 IOO 125 112 135 120 122 IOO 102 100 IOO 125 IOO 125 IOO IOO 105 IOO IOO 112 IOO 90 95 102 110 5 i5 no 125 130 IOO IOO 105 25 no no 100 no 150 105 125 no 150 105 105 108 no no SOUTHWEST GEORGIA Ir Baker Berrien Brooks Calhoun Chattahoochee Clay Colqmtt Crawford Decatur Dooly Dougherty Early Houston rwin Lee Lowndes Macon Marion Miller Mitchell Muscogee Quitman Randolph Schley Stewart Sumter Taylor Terrell Thomas Webster Wilcox Worth Average IOO IOO 94 90 90 97 100 IOO IOO IOO 97 IOO 93 95 90 90 97 no 90 95 75 90 107 i4o 120 125 105 no 120 no 125 120 5 no 127 5 100 IOO 120 120 112 5 120 105 no 100 107 IOO Ho IOO IOO IOO IOO 105 IOO 105 no no IOO 95 110 IOO 125 no 100 i5 no no 100 125 no IOO IOO IOO 105 95 125 IOO IOO 75 5 IOO 105 IOO IOO 105 IOO no 105 no no 85 130 105 no no 5 no 102 90 100 IOO IOO IOO no no 90 150 112 IOO 70 no 105 5 no 105 5 no no 125 no i5 140 no 95 no no no no 150 105DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA TABLE No iContinued Showing Condition and Prospect August ist 168 EAST GEORGIA COUNTIES Bullock Burke Dodge Emanuel Glascock Jefferson Johnson Laurens Montgomery Pulaski Richmond Screven Tatnail Telfair Twiggs Washington Wilkinson Average 185 103 95 100 75 101 95 100 100 85 95 90 90 85 I03 87 Comparsd to an average 0 122 5 122 180 210 121 140 120 122 125 no 140 150 125 5 127 105 105 100 100 105 120 135 95 105 no 100 no 100 no i5 102 120 no no no 120 100 100 100 joo 100 100 100 100 loo 100 112 102 105 120 75 no 100 no no 116 103 no 90 no 5 105 5 303 100 166 no 100 45 100 100 5 108 105 120 100 120 no 100 5 120 120 125 xoo 130 130 SOUTH EAST GEORGIA 100 120 100 100 150 100 100 100 105 no 105 120 Chnhm 102 97 Clinch 107 107 103 105 IOI 97 100 96 Z02 IOI Coffee 104 150 125 120 no no 100 100 100 no 122 102 118 102 104 100 108 103 120 RECAPITULATION 87 94 94 93 IOI 116 122 118 5 Il8 IOO 98 IO3 IO3 Z02 I05 IO7 I06 I08 I04 I02 IO4 IO3 IOO IOO 168 no 106 105 108 102 104 105 122 103 109 120 93 I20 102 IO7 102 108 102 T12 IC169 CROP REPORT1882 TABLE No 2Synopsis of Weather Reports for fuly 1882 NORTH GEORGIA MIDDLE GEORGIA SOUTHWEST GEORGIA EAST GEORGIA SOUTHEAST GEORGIA Temperature Rainfall STATIONS E 9 S s a s i ui V J3 a Q 0 84 89 83 88 89 90 58 68 60 48 60 710 746 753 737 707 770 625 400 454 7J3 5Jo 435 H i Mt Airy Rabun Gap 3 9 87 59 73 7 523 3 9 95 95 60 54 67 761 766 808 612 470 35 12 6 Oxford 9 98 95 63 70 776 800 800 680 11 63 787 564 94 66 798 915 17 92 70 790 3 95 93 68 794 6 55 11 90 65 795 35 90 65 795 35o 9 Brunswick Walthourville Means Means for State S10 809 785 832 295 563DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 170 NOTES FROM CORRESPONDENTS NORTH GEORGIA Banks CountySeasons as good as could be desired Corn crops never better Cotton small Fruiting well Stand bad Farmers are commencing sowing oats The outlook is favorable generally I never saw crops improve as rapidly as they have since last report Cotton with a late fall may make say 90 per cent but unless it is unusually late it cannot go over 75 per cent Corn particularly upland is the best I ever saw The stalk is very low but well eared Melons are finefully 120 per cent Condition of the cotton crop has improved greatly during July looking healthier Corn is the best I ever saw it Farmers are sowing oats The last of July and the first of August is the best time to sow to keep from freezing out Crops are growing faster and looking better than we thought they could possibly do The outlook is encouraging We are now looking forward to sowing our turnips also fall oats Some are sowing now as they lay by their cotton Bartow County Cotton has been growing rapidly in July Fruiting two weeks later than usual Too much rain lately for cotton but good weather throughout August Favorable weather for picking No worms and late frost would insure a good crop Good corn crop already insured peas and potatoes also I have fears of rust in cotton this coming fall Catoom CountyThere was an experiment by plowing cotton last year regu larly until first picking commenced by a farmer in this county who says it commenced to open sooner with better yield was easier picked and was clear of trash grass seed etc Too much rain for cotton Wheat threshing done Corn good and in good condition We failed in getting a good stand of cotton but what is left looks fine We never had better prospects for corn potatoes sorghum and everything else up to date Chattooga CountyThe prospect for a good corn crop is better than has been for fifteen years Cotton is thin on the land but I believe will make near a full crop Everything looks booming If the seasons continue everything will be full even to the old horses mules cows and hogs There are no hungry peopleall full The seasons or rains have been so regular and bountiful that I fear some damage from overfruiting as some stalks of corn have from two to four shootg and from one to three silks I never saw a better prospect for a bountiful crop of corn than we have this year Some think and reasonably too that whole fields will yield 75 bushels per acre Cobb CountyCorn better than it has been since the war Some farmers will171 CROP REPORT1882 make from 20 to 50 bushels per acre Cotton two weeks later than last year owing to cool weather in the spring Too much rain for cotton We need sunshine Farmers will be in better condition this year than any year since the war German carp put in ponds in December measuring 2J to 4 inches long now measure 10 to 14 inches long With a late fall we will have a big cotton crop yet In using composts farmers should calculate the cost of labor in making and applying It is vastly greater than guano In fact it will amount to as much as the cost or nearly so as the materials used Damson CountyIn this county rains have been partialsome portions plen ty of rain throughout the summer other portions being very dry Rains are now general and the prospect for a good corn crop is very fine Corn sorghum and sweet potatoes were never more promising Cotton is growing but bad stand and full three weeks later than usual Farmers have become convinced about fall seeding of rustproof oats Some are now sowing Floyd County Owing to the quantity of rain cotton is running too much to weed and there is some sign of beach rust on sandy gravelly soils I notice where it is manured with lot manure it is better fruited than where manured with commercial fertilizers Corn looks splendidly The increased area planted and the high seasons had insures a splendid crop Never were the farmers more favored and blessed than this year Their labors have been liberally rewarded Forsyth CountyBy careful experiments I am convinced that raw materi als such as cotton seed and stable manure are much more valuable for the present crop when composted with acids that it is best not to pasture fall sown oats later than the first of March that purplestraw wheat is best adapted to this part of the State that Burt oats matures earlier than any other and are so far rustproofdo not yield as good crop as the red rustproof Quite a number of fishponds being prepared most of which will be stocked with Ger man carp For permanent prosperity among the agricultural portion of our population the prospect is better than at any time since 1860 Gordon CountyThe seasons during the month have been good Cotton is defective in stand caused by cold in May and about a week later than usual Some small experiments are being made with upland rice It looks well but late The small experiments with stock beets are encouraging Cotton is improving wonderfully of late ten to fifteen days late smaller than usual but full of fruit July crop half if favorable seasons and August crop full it will reach full average Rains in time for corn and a full crop may be expected Outlook now for full crop encouraging for corn cotton and other crops Owinnett CountyHaving rain every day more or less Cotton fruiting well Twelve and onehalf per cent less in area and ten per cent less in condition while corn is 25 per cent over average in area and 25 per cent in condition Hear of some that will make 75 bushels per acre If seasons last an over whelming crop of corn will be made Will not the Department furnish a cheap and reliable method of putting up green corn snap beans etc for winter use Such information with proper details would be invaluable to the farmers The most reliable process is by drying the vegetables in the evaporators used10 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 172 for evaporating fruit All of the fruits and vegetables may be evaporated in this way and preserved without difficulty for use in winter All that is needed is to replace the water and the fruits or vegetables are as good as fresh Haralson CountyCotton is better on red than on gray land and on rolling land than level Old farmers say that if the seasons continue that there will be as much corn made in this county as was made the last two years on account of the condition and increased acreage Hart CountyThe seasons have been all that could be desired and corn as good as the land can make Cotton is late and may be injured by excessive wet Prospects generally are better than for ten years Murray CountySome cotton has too much weed and is fruiting too late unless frost shall come late Corn is very fine upon high land Low land has been too wet Upon the whole crops are better than for the last fifteen years Pickens CountyIt cannot be said that Pickens has suffered so far on ac count of drought Upland corn very good about made Bottom good except low wet bottom it is somewhat injured by so much rain as we have had rain in abundance since the 15th of July The prospect for cotton is far better than last report It is growing rapidly and fruiting heavily but is some two weeks later than usual Melons generally are doing well but a little later than com mon Polk CountyCom crop unusually good Cotton was checked up by cold dry weather in early spring but is growing very fast now The stand is too bad for it to possibly make a good crop A good fall is the only hope Farm ers are very hopeful taking it altogether Walker County Too much rain for cotton not fruiting well plenty of weed Corn overshooting Plenty of rain to date Rustproof oats are in great demand The very few sown succeeded when others were destroyed by rust The Burt oats and garden seeds you sent me did well The Dallas wheat did better tLan any other variety It increased my crop twentyfive per cent The corn prospect is better than for twenty years MIDDLE GEORGIA Bibb CountyCorn already made Crop best in ten years if not since 1865 Cotton quite sorry and no possible conditions will make anything like an aver age crop Hogs are being pushed rapidly Farmers trying to make as much meat as possible rom what few hogs they have Sowing turnips has com menced Butts CountyThe army worm has made its appearance in this portion of thfr county and is doing considerable damage to the grasses Campbell CountyThe seasons have been fine Stock in better condition than in several years past The stock law a great benefit to the people Many now in favor of it who once opposed it The cotton weed as large as common but not well fruited on account of fast growth and too much rain this month Too much grass all of two weeks later than usual blooming If the fall is late and August favorable there may be an average crop173 CROP REPORT1882 11 Corn on low bottom lands badly drowned out though the upland is enough over an average to make up the deficit Cotton on sandy bottom sorry on ac count of cool spring and wet summer On red land good Carroll County Better outlook for the farmer than any year since the war Cotton is looking badly Large enough but filling badly and taking the rust Has a sickly spotted appearance A large crop of wheat and oats will be sown this fall Since my last report the seasons have been good Too much rain for last two weeks Corn was never better and as we have a larger acreage than for years I think our county will make a large surplus Cotton is heavy loaded with fruit and promises an abundant crop Clarke CountyCotton was for a time small for the season It is now grow ing and fruiting well although rains are excessive in some sections The pres ent condition is equal to an average Corn I have put down at 125 yet I believe it is 50 per cent above any crop we have raised for a number of years The seasons in this county as fine as could be desired Everything growing finely and farmers in good spirits Too much rain in this immediate section Five weeks drought in and around Athens during June and July Composted cotton ahead of guano Past urage better than for six years past Farmers generally working their cotton this date August 1st Fifteen barrels corn are expected by some on bottoms Coweta CountyThe carp sent me last year have hatched and the small fry seem to be doing finely There is some complaint in the county of black rust on cotton but cannot tell the extent of damage DeKalb County July seasons have been good Cotton late and backward up to June 20th since then growing rapidly fruiting well Corn was never more promising than present crop all report upland as good as it can make bottom lands fine Our county will make a full supply this year Pasturage in an out the best that has been for a number of years Hog crop very light Elbert CountyWith the increased acreage in corn this year and good sea sons the prospect for a heavy harvest is better than I have seen since the war Fayette CountyIn some localities late bottom corn has been entirely des troyed by the worms two different species one that eats all the folder from the stalk another that eat the top or bud entirely up attacking it from the smallest size up to that in bunch to tassel Several complain of firing of bottom leaves of cotton dont know whether it is rust or not No damage as yet Greene CountyThe real condition of cotton is not so goo 1 as it appears to the causal observer Picking will be fully twenty days later than last year Jones CountyThe last rains are rather too much for cotton and on the sandy lands will be considerably injured without hot sunshine during the next two weeks The corn crop is the finest I ever saw in old Jones Do urge the farmers to save all the hay and other forage for cattle in winter we lose im mensely in that respect every year Lincoln County The whether has been too cool for cotton until the 20th of July since when the plant has developed rapidly and now looks vigorousand healthy though small for the season yet but there has been no rust or shedding of consequence up to this date On the whole the outlook is favorable Alt12 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 174 food crops are over an average and notwithstanding the cool weather sugar cane is likely to be a success in this county and will be increased in acreage next year Meriwether CountyOur farmers are now taking rest and rejoicing over their good average crops Should they not be very busy in trying to make prepara tions for another year and save some of these guano bills that will soon take in so much of the profits of the cotton crop Putnam County Planters are successful which indicates good crops The county will raise more corn this year than the two past years combined besides 50 per cent more syrup potatoes and other small crops Crops of all kinds are better than they have been for years Farmers should increase their acreage in sweet potatoes fully 100 per cent they being so easy to grow and of such great benefit to man and beast Spnlding County There never was such com crops made in this county a there are the present season Our old lands that we have been gathering from five to seven bushels per acre heretofore will make from fifteen to twenty bush els per acre this year There will be a larger area in turnips this year than ever before The farmers are enthusiastic in regard to the supply crops this season Taliaferro CountyThe seasons during July have been unusually favorable both for corn and cotton The latter at the beginning cf the month was small owing to the cool weather in May and June but it is now little if any behind an average at this season Upland corn is made and is fine Should the sea sons favor late corn on bottoms there will be little need of importing corn to this country next year if farmers will make good sowings of wheat and oats I hope your Department will urge upon them to do this Our people are now having a little taste of independence for the first time in many years and it is very pleasant Troup CountySeasons favorable crops fine An average of 120 per cent compared to a medium crop beginning with the wheat and oat crop and ending with the corn and cotton crop without future disaster including the supplemen tary crops of millet peas potatoes and vegetables of the garden Fruit crop never excelled peach trees injured by being broken down by overload of fruit The melon crop abundant A bright future and a happy people We are having too much rain for cotton causing very large weed though no shedding of fruit as yet ome signs of rust on low lands Caterpillars appeared about the 15th in large numbers along the northeast ern oelt of the county some farms being exempt Black rust is reported on many farms The borer has also appeared but has done but little harm thus far Walton County Portions of the county were dry through July and have not an average crop while the remainder is above an average on all crops except cotton and that seems to be doing as well at this time as could be desired but will evidently require a late fall to secure a good crop The matured crops are better than they have been in 25 years as to corn more planted seasons good prospects good as heart could desire where the lands have been well cultivated as to cotton the spring was remarkable cold and the weed is growing finely Warren CountyThere will be more corn made in this county than for years175 CROP REPORT1882 13 But in some sections the oft repeated and heavy rains have made it impossible to clean the cotton crops and they will be laid by in grass hence the crops in such sections will be necessarily cut short But in other sections where there has been less rain the cotton is as good as the land can make People are gradually waking up te the importance of more small grain and forage crops and also green pastures for winter grazing The cotton crop is at least two weeks later than last yearthe weed small had very heavy rains for the last two weeksthe ground so wet it cant be worked SOUTHWEST GEORGIA Baker CountyWithin the last ten days rust has made its appearance and spread over onethird of the cotton observed Spots of land very heavily fer tilized with homemade composts alone show no signs of rust It has been contended by planters that rust in cotton was caused by a want of humus in the soil Last year it was the theory that the extreme hot dry weather caused it This year it has rained until our barefooted children all have the toeitch and yet our cotton has rusted badly and that too on our newest and best lands Now Mr Commissioner what causes the rust We must know the cause before we can apply the remedy It is pretty generally agreed among scientific agriculturists that rust in cotton is caused by defective nutritiona deficiency of one or more ingredients of plant food During a very dry season the deficiency is more manifest from the want of water to dissolve the meagre supply On the other hand when a wet season occurs the deficient elements are too much diluted The ingredient needed is thought to be generally potash and the results of experiments in the use of potash manures on lands disposed to rust strongly favor this view Commissioner Berrien The corn crop in this county is the best I ever saw If the seasons continue good we will be independent so far as provisions are concerned Cotton promises good BrooksThe rains for the months of June and July have been very exces sive All crops have done well except cotton I notice signs of rust on almost all old land especially where commercial fertilizers have been used ClayCorn is as good as land in cultivation can make There will be plenty to supply all demand for another year Cotton is making great show of weed as it has been raining every day for a week On light lands it is throwing off its forms while rust in small spots has appeared We are fearful of the finale Crawford Crops generally are fine A few farms too wet and as is always the case a few are overcropped DoolyThe weather for the last ten days has been too wet for cotton and the rust has made its appearance in several places but has done no damage yet but the prospect is that it will do some if the weather continues rainy We are having too much rain for cotton causing it to shed its fruit and producing rust The damage will be great especially on old gray lauds DoughertyThe seasons up to July 20th were favorable since then very heavy rains causing cotton to shed its young bolls and forms badly and causRust is making its 14 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA Q176J ing arapid growth and rotting the bolls drowning out the bottoms and favor ing caterpillars which have appeared in cotton fields in considerable numbers Corncrop the best for years Potato and pea crops very promising Com plaint ofrust in light soils but well fruited with grown bolls Sugarcane very fine BarlyWe had a deluge of rain in the last ten days of July amounting to 7 516inches for the month No material damage is thought to be done to crops except where water is standing on cotton or potatoes and may continue to stand Rust has appeared and may do considerable damage HoustonQuestions 9th and 10th The seasons have been variable Some por tions of the county suffering for rain while other portions suffering with too much in both cases I report damage at 15 per cent On all light lands the weed is small and especially so when tco much rain has fallen On red and stiff lands weed large enough but not well fruited There will have to be great improvement if cotton makes an average crop with us Farmers will come nearer having a boom this year than at any time within ten years The only drawback is they are behind from last years operations All crops above an average except cotton which did not grow off so well in early summer but is now doing better and promises to make a fair yield LowndesCotton is dropping its fruit more than usual appearance MaeonAug 2nd Very rainy today We are fearful the cotton crop wil1 be injured by too much rain 1 hear of some rust in cotton on this side east Flint river I am now visiting in section of Montezuma aud find excellent crops The people have great cause to rejoice at the fine crop prospects and should be thankful to our great benefactor the Lord of the harvest MarionTo show the necessity for a doglaw I will give the exploits of two dogs One of them a hound killed thirteen goats for his owner aud seven sheep for me in February last The owner a boy when required to kill him refused to do so but sold him to a freedman for twenty bushels of cotton seed He was carried twenty miles and being fat and sleek was bought by another freedman and brought back on my own place All my sheep had been sent off to pasture two miles away and the freedman agreeing to pay all damages out of his wages I let him stay We had about ninety turkeys hatched in the spring They began disappearing when turned out of the coops and we discovered a neighbors dog killing them which reduced them to thirtyfive About ten days ago they began disappearing again and in four days twenty four halfgrown turkeys were lost in this way Randolph We have had to much rain for cotton We will not complain for all other crops are the best in ten years We have commenced pulling fod der and it is now threatening rain Early cotton was injured by lice and cold nights but it has recovered and is doing well late cotton looks belter than the old If the worms do not attack it a large crop will be made Corn better than since the war I have planted four acres up land rice it is very good I think will make thirty or forty bushels to177 CROP REPORT1882 15 the acre am endeavoring to introduce its culture think it will be more profitable than cotton Taylor County Good rains have fallen in some part of the county almost every day this month Cotton was injured by the cold weather in May and June and is now having too much rain Corn is fine Peas potatoes and cane ditto Terrell County Rust is spreading on gray and sandy land and will shorten cotton crop to some extent Thomas CountyThe prospect for cotton has been very materially changed for the worst within the last ten days Some fodder has been pulled I think the yield of corn will be better than stated in the June report Have never been so many sweet potatoes planted and doing well Worth CountyWe have had and are having too much rain We have the cotton caterpillar also rustsome red and some black Cottcn crop of this section will not be over 60 per cent of an average crop An exjess of rain has helped to propagate the caterpillar Colored farm labor is scarce and hard to get and several in places have quit their crops and gone to railroads and turpen tine distilleries where they command as high as 2600 per month or four weeks EAST GEORGIA Emanuel CountyThe oat crop can be increased in point of yield at least 20 percent by drilling seed in rows and running a sweep one time between the rows in latter part of March It is also a good saving in seed Jefferson CountySix or seven years ago I commenced applying to a piece of worn land30 acres100 to acid phosphate 100 to cotton seed and from 100 to 500 to scrapings from open lot and woodyard composted to the acre When I began the land would not produce more than 350 pounds seed cotton per acre For the past several years it has made 750 pounds and this year will yield from 1000 to 1200 pounds per acre I alternated with corn and one year sowed it down in oats On the balance of my plantation I used persistently 100 pounds superphosphate per acre and usually made about 400 to 500 pounds seed cotton This year 1 have applied compost as above on all my crops of cotton at 3 per cent less cost and my crop400 acresis 25 per cent better at this writing than any I have ever made If planters will litter their stalls open lots and cow lots and pig stys now and fill again the 1st of November and try acid phosphate composted one year they will never pay 4000 again for a ton of superphos phate Composting only two weeks before using and exposed to drenching ramsprovided the compost heap is covered several inches with scrapings fr m the lot or rich earthhas done as well as composting put up six to eight weeks under shelter and I prefer the short time Too early yet to estimate the damage from rust It has made its ap pearance two weeks earlier than usual There is a fair crop of bolls already on the cotton and I hope the damage will be slight The seasons have been all that could be desired during July Laurens CountyThe seasons through July have been fine except a few localities Rust has commenced to make its appearance generally Cater pillars reported to be on one plantation Cotton is looking fine now but is fifteen or twenty days later than usual in boiling and if rust and worms become general would greatly injure the crop16 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 17gj s Cotton on the red lands of the county is above an average but the spring being so backward and so much rain since that on sandy lands it is rather poor Talnall countyShort cotton is shedding freely caused either by frequent and heavy rains or a few intensely hot days The cotton seed sent out by the Department are thus far a success The general crop prospect is the best in twenty years The people talk of their good crops good schools etc but ignore politicsa good sign SOUTHEAST GEORGIA ClinchFarmers should begin to look after their hogs and get them around home and feed them on green corn as it is better to start them than old corn Hogs should be taken up by the 15th of August and fed well ten or fifteen days before they are put in fields to fatten If the weather is very warm and dry they should not be confined to the field but allowed to have free access to plenty of cool water in a cool shady branch during the day and carried to the field at night Hogs should not be allowed to drink from a trough or hole while fattening July seasons with a few local exceptions have been good More peasr potatoes and chufas have been planted this year than before Many farmers are sowing peas to turn under for manurial purposes Can the Department furnish us any information as to management of summer planting of Irish potatoes Hog cholera prevalent Also chickens are affected with warts on eyes Fall Crop of Irish PotatoesIn reply to the above inquiry either plant the potatoes in the usual way after seasoning them in a cool dry place for two weeks and mulch heavily or bed the small ones last of July or early in August where they can be conveniently watered When the sprouts appear above ground take up potato and sprout and transplant If two sprouts appear on one potato cut between then and plant This has bten successfully practiced here for several years CoffeeThe best way and time to sow oats in Southeast Georgia Sow stock peas all you can until the middle of August where you expect to sow oats Sow a part of your oat crop in September Sow some in Octo ber and the remainder the first of Jauuary The Jackson corn sent from the Department is a success It is ten days earlier than my white gourd seed corn and will turn out fifty bushels to the acre GlynnThe area in sweet potatoes has been largely increasedprobably four times what was planted last year The cow pea has been planted ex tensively for manure for oats This crop is being doubled in area every year LibertyA tin box secured to each plow filled with gum from pine tree and lard or tallow equal parts applied to mould board and land side with brush or even a piece of cloth as the team is taken from the plow saves time and annoyance when starting it again During a single night the plow rusts aud needs cleaninggreased it will keep brightSpecial Circular No 2i New Series REPORT OF GROWING CROPS ETC FOR THE MONTH OF AUGUST 1882 RETURNABLE SEPTEMBER 1st 1882 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Atlanta Ga August 12th 1882 Dkah Sik Please answer the following questions on the I St day of September ir a few days before if necessary and mail promptly so that your report may reach this office by the Third of September Answer every question that will admit of it in numbers indicating per cent An AVERAGE CROP or AVERAGE CONDITION or anything with which comparison is made is always taken as IOO Thus it the corn crop at any time is 10 per cent better than last year or lO per cent wetter than an average it should he reported as 110 in each case and il10 per cent below these standards it should be 00 Never report 10 per cent better or 10 per cent worse but 110 or 00 as the case may be So avoid vague comparisons such as some better hardly so good above an average etc In making up your answers let them apply to the whole county in which you reside or as far in every drectioa as your knowledge may extend not simply to your own farm If a crop about which questions are asked is not grown in your county use the character X If you have not sufficient data to make an approxi mate estimate leave the space blank Very respectfully J T HENDERSON Commissioner of Agriculture I For what county do you report county II Your name III Tour postoffice 1 Cotton DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA I80 CONDITION AND PROSPECT COMPARED TO AN AVERAGE OF percent 2 Com 3 Sugarcane 4 Field Peas 6 Sweet Potatoes 8 Sorghum 7 Chufas 8 Rice yield of compared to an average 9 Turnips acreage compared to last year 10 Stand compared to average 11 What casualty has affected cotton since 1st August i per cent pei cent per cent percent per cent percent per cent per cent per cent per cent 12 Extent nf injury from this or other causes i per cent STATISTICS OP FRUIT AND VEGETABLE CULTURE FOR MARKET In response to a resolution adopted by the Georgia State Horticultural Society at its recent con Tention held at Macon requesting the Commissioner of Agriculture to collect statistics of the shipment cf fruit and vegetables the following questions are asked the correspondents of the Department Tou are respectfully requested to give them your careful consideration If you have not the necessary miormation please seek the assistance of market gardeners fruit growers and trans portation agents in answering these questions 13 What vegetables are grown for market in your county 14 How many bushels of all kinds have been shipped from your county this year 16 To what markets have the shipments been principally made181 QUESTIONS FOR AUGUST CROP REPORT 16 How many acres are devoted to market gardening in yonr county 1 17 Has it proved profitable f 18 What are the prii cipal obstacles to maiket gardening in yonr county 19 What fr uits are grown for market in yonr county 0 Which kind has proved most profitable 21 How many bushels of fruit of all kinds have been shipped from your county this year f 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 81 32 83 How many of pears How many of peaches P How many pounds of grapes How many quarts of strawberries How many acies are planted in peaches and plums in your county f How many in apples and pears How many in grapes How many in strawberries How many watermelons have been shipped from your county this year How many acres are planted in watermelons in your county How many in cantaloupes f What are the principal obstacles to fruit culture for market in your county 1DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA I2 34 Are the rates of transportation of fruits and vegetables from your county to Northern and East ern markets satisfactory M 35 What rates have been paid on vegetables and fruits to the principal markets this season ML 36 Wnat per cent of the shipments of fruit and vegetables have reached their destination in a d maged condition 37 Is this due mainly to imperfect packing or to careless handling by ihe transportation com panies 38 What in your opinion would be the increase in acreage devoted to market gardens orchards and vineyards in 18S3 if the rates were reduced to onehalf those charged this season 39 Give the names and post office addr esses of the principal market gardeners and f i nit growers in your county REMARKS Under this head report any facts of general interest to the farmers or any val liable or instructive experiments or suggestions for the benefit of farmers Snch remarks should be pointed conciw and plainly written I I ICircular No ji New Series f CROP REPORT FOR THE MONTH OF AUGUST 1882 Beturned to the Department of Agriculture September 1st 188 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Atlanta Ga September ioth 1882 GENERAL COMMENTS COTTON August has been emphatically a wet month and consequently very unfavor able to the healthy growth and fruitage of the cotton plan whiehTeHght Tn a comparably dry climate and a full share of sunshine The moist weaL which has prevaled throughout the month of August over the entire State with the exception of a single county fStewart where drouth is reported as nduced an unusual growth of weed without corresponding fruitage has acih tated the propagation of thebollworm and has caused nfst on aH Hght sa dy os resultmg m an injury to the crop of 7 per cent Rust is rep n d on sandy sods m a large number of counties of Middle Georgia in some in North Sof r acs4enerally prevailing in other sections of tL state to thl s Indeed so general is the prevalence of rust in the southern half of the State that the approach of the caterpillar in force is neither expected nor dreaded The growth of weed is so great in Middle and North Georgia that the de strucuon of the leaves by the caterpillar would likely prove Lvantag 0us in admitting the sun to the bolls and thus hastening maturity The condition of the cotton crop of the State September 1st compared to an average condition at the same date was 98 in North Georgia 84 m M ddle X ot mThTvest orgia91 in East Georgia8r d s Georgla 92 The low condtion in North Georgia and East Georgia compared2 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 184 With that of Middle and Southwest Georgiathe two sections which produce the bulk of the crop of the Statereduces the general average below the truth Making due allowance for the greater area and production of these two sec tions the average for the State would be not less than 90 The crop is reported in many counties fronr three to four weeks late and hence it is still largely dependent upon the weather and the date of the first killing frost CORN The corn crop is unusually fine in every section of the State indeed where it has been properly cultivated it is as good as the land is capable of producing In North Georgia it is compared to pn average crop 116 in Middle Georgia 122 in Southwest Georgia 118 in East Georgia 125 and in Southeast Geor gia 112 In the whole State 120 This is thirtysix per cent higher than last year The weather has been exceedingly unfavorable for saving fodder in consequence of the continued rains throughout the month of August Farmers should select seed for the next crop fronr the stalk in the field Much depends upon proper selection of seed SUGAR CANE This crop is being gradually introduced further north Many farmers ir Middle Georgia are now cultivating it on creek bottom lands with very satisfac tory results ft is reported in two counties of North Georgia where it is 100 com pared to an average crop In Middle and Southwest Georgia it is 109 in East Georgia I Pi in South east Georgia 107 and in the whole State 109 FIELD PEAS An unusually large area has been planted in this valuable crop both for the purpose of harvesting the seed and for improving the soil The evidence of better appreciation of this crop by the farmers of the State as manifested by their practice thS year is very gratifying to ail who realize the importance of improving our soils We have no plant which is so valuable for this purpose as tine corn field pea Farmers are earnestly advised to harvest a Sufficient quantity of seed peas not only for use during winter at home to give variety to the food of their stock but an abundant supply of seed for next years planting Any surplus which may be on hand in the spring will find ready sale at remunerative prices It is very difficult to cure the vines for hay if cut before a portion of the peas have ripened Even then very careful management is necessary to prevent the loss of the leaves in curing To avoid this the vines should be exposed as Tittle as possible to the sun They may be thrown up in very small cocks so small in diameter as to admit of free circulation of air through them and as early as they will admit of it they should be spread in thin layers in an airy barn If the barn is not available rail pens may be built in the field and the vines placed upon rails or poles laid across at intervals of two feet commencing one footLI 85 CROP REPORT18S2 from the ground The whole should be covered with straw stalks or plank to shed the water from the vines Compared to an average the crop is reported in North Georgia 104 in Midde Georgia 112 in Southwest Georgia 108 in East Georgia in in Southeast Georgia 99 and in the whole State 108 SWEET POTATOES The growth of both vines and tubers is unusually fine The area planted is large and the crop very promising If moist weather continues the potato will continue to grow and cause risk of rotting A portion of the vines may now be cut and fed to milch cows and pigs with advantage to the potatoes as well as to the stock If the potato does not mature before frost those who have evaporators are advised to dry a portion of the crop and pack them away securely in a dry room m boxes or stout paper bags for use next spring or for sale if not needed at home After washing thoroughly they may be sliced and dried in the same way that apples and peaches are Nearly every variety of vegetables may also be evap orated and stored for winter use more cheaply and with less risk of spoiling than when canned Okra and tomatoes may be thus preserved for use during the winter in that delicious and peculiarly Southern dish gumbo Sweet potatoes are reported in North Georgia 109 compared to an average in Middle Georgia 114 in Southwest Georgia 110 in East Georgia 117 in Southeast Georgia 112 and in the whole State 113 This is a very certain crop easily produced and ordinarily easily kept in the Southern States It is exceedingly valuable as food for both man and stock It is more easily produced than turnips in our climate and far more nutritious SORGHUM Though less popular than formerly in this State still receives considerable at tention and proves a profitable crop The use of the Early Amber variety en ables the cotton planter to manufacture his syrup before cotton picking demands his undivided attention It is reported 104 in North Georgia in Middle Georgia ic6 in Southwest Georgia tor in East Georgia 102 in Southeast Georgia 103 and in the whole State 104 CHUFAS This crop is confined principally to Southwest and East Georgia though cul tivated to a limited extent in Middle and Southeast Georgia Eight counties in Middle Georgia report the crop at 103 three counties in Southeast Georgia report 105 In Southwest Georgia it is 106 in East Georgia m and in the whole State 108 Only one county in North Georgia reports them cultivated4 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 186 RICE Is reported in Middle Georgia 98 in Southwest Georgia 104 in East Georgia 107 in Southeast Georgia 101 and in the whole State 102 Owing to the drouth last year less upland rice than usual has been planted this season TURNIPS The acreage in this crop has not been increased by the favorable seasons as much as was expected In North Georgia compared to that of last year the acreage is 100 in Middle Georgia it is 102 in Southwest Georgia 100 in East Georgia 104 in Southeast Georgia 101 and in the whole State 101 Thestcuid compared to an average is In North Middle and Southeast Geor Gia 102 in Southwest Georgia and East Georgia 97 In the whole State it is 100 or an average stand The army worm has appeared again in many localities in large numbers and has seriously injured pastures and in some instances eaten the blades from the corn Fortunately their duration of life in the larva state which is the destructive stage is short so that the intervals between the successive crops or genera tions enables the grass to put forth and renew the pastures The moist summer has been quite favorable to the propagation of insects injurious to veg etation Rust has very seriously injured cotton on sandy soils One correspondent from Brooks county says The cotton crop has been cut off from 20 to 25 per cent by rust and boll worm Another from the same county says There have been some experiments with kainit as a preventive of rust in cotton which have proved successful The kainit was applied at the rate of 200 pounds per acre If the theory now generally received that rust in coton results from a defi ciency of plant food in the soil to sustain the plant and its fruit is correct and it is further true that sandy soils are generally deficient in potash the applica tion of kainit supplied the deficient element and maintained the plant in a healthy condition Many planters in South Carolina claim that kainit prevents rust in cotton It is not cjstly furnishes potash in a desirable form besides supplying magnesia and common salt and no doubt will prove a beneficial ap plication to the pine lands of Southern Georgia The tabulated statements are omitted in this report on account of the space occupied by the proceedings of the State Horticultural Society The attention of the farmers of the State is specially invited to these pro ceedings as embracing the results of the experience of the best informed prac tical fruitrowers of the State Those whodesire to purchase fruit trees or vines will find the catalogue of fruits an invaluable guideD873 CROP REPORT18S2 5 FRUIT PRODUCTION AND SHIPMENTS Only a few counties responded definitely to the questions relating to the pro duction and shipment of fruit and vegetables on account of the difficulty in securing accurate information Indeed the reports are so meagre that their consolidation would do great injustice to the industry Some of the counties principally engaged in the production of both fruit anl vegetables for market have made no reports at all The reports from a few counties are given here that some idea may be formed of what is being done in a few localities in which interest has been awakened Dade county reports 2000 bushels of peaches sold 2000 pounds grapes and 5000 quarts strawberries besides smaller quantities of other products The following rates were paid on fruit shipped by express from Rising Fawn in Dade county To Cincinnati O t T 225 per too pounds To New York fo 0 To Chattanooga Tenn75 To Savannah Ga 2 To Atlanta Ga ii co Owing to the high charges on green fruit large quantities have been evapo rated Complaint is made of heavy losses by the stoppage of daily mail facilities to Lookout Mountain Fulton county finds sale for the bulk of her products in Atlanta The follow ing shipments to other markets are reported viz Pear 200 bushels peaches 1500 bushels grapes 2000 pounds and strawberries 1 500 quarts Spaiding county reports shipments of 38917 bushels of fruit 5237 of which were evaporated pears 160 bushels peaches 36737 bushels 10000 pounds grapes and 6000 watermelons The average rates paid on shipments were 275 per 100 pounds Richmond county reports shipments of 90000 watermelons Thomas county reports shipment of 1200 bushels LeConte pears 1 500 worth of strawberries principally by one party and 60 car loads of water melons Rates to the Northeast reported satisfactory from this county100 per 100 pounds average Chatham county reports 600 bushels pears and 20000 watermelons Lowndes county has shipped 350000 watermelons Wilkinson county shipped 1850 bushels peaches and 3 000 watermelons It is regretted that full reports could not be received on this important sub ject Very Respectfully j T HENDERSON Commissioner of AgricultureDEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 188 TABLE No 2Synopsis of Weather Reports for August 1882 NORTH GEORGIA Ellerslie Gainesville Mossy Creek Mt Airy Rabun Gap Rome Weans STATIONS Temjteratwe Rainfall 720 74 2 740 710 770 73 6 MIDDLE GEORGIA 86 87 9 9S 68 66 64 70 760 742 76 0 806 6 87 4 65 670 540 14 16 IS Oxford 90 95 7 68 770 792 410 485 6 12 91 67 772 533 12 SOUTH WESTGEORGIA 92 66 804 790 4 93 73 810 5 15 Means 92 69 80 7 6 52 3 EAST GEORGIA Augusta Ogeechee Swainsboro Means SOUTHEAST GEORGIA 64 785 760 64 785 7 60 8 96 90 72 71 810 83 7 490 437 10 94 71 82 0 426 Qt 66 784 6T6 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SEVENTH ANNUAL MEETING OF THE lit 4 m4 mwi jptat ottMnml tkty HELD IN MACON GA Tuesday and Wednesday August ist and 2nd 1882 Chaptered July 14th 1876 Organized August 16th 1876 REORGANIZED UNDER NEW CHARTER AUGUST 1ST 1883APPLICATION FOR CHARTER State of Georgia Fulton County To the Superior Court of said county The petition of P J Berckmans T L Kinsey Wm H Howell H H Cary John A Cobb David C Barrow Jas A Mason James Sneed W P Robinson A J Yates W W Woodruff J W Wheatley J P H Brown W B Jones W W Thompson D H Elliott J C Harman Moses Cole J C Bucher Samuel Hape H H Sanford John M Stubbs L DeGive and John D Cunningham respecfully shows that petitioners desire to be incorporated under the name and style of The Georgia State Horticultural Society The object and business of said Society shall be to promote and encourage the science of Horticulture in all its branches and to hold annual or semiannual fairs or exhibitions at such places within the State of Georgia as may be de termined upon Petitioners further pray that in lieu of capital stock and stock holders they their associates and successors be allowed to elect from time to time Fuitable persons as members of said Society and to receive donations of real and personal property and to assess and collect as dues not more than three dollars per annum from each member for the maintenance and support ef said Society and to do any other thing which in their Judgment tends to foster and encourage said science and to promote the practical application thereof The principal office for the transaction of the business of said corpor ation is to be located at Atlanta in said county with such branch offices at the cities of Macon Augusta and Savannah in said State as may be considered necessary Petitioners pray that said corporation may have continuous succes sion for the term of twenty years with the privilege of renewal at the expira tion of said period John M Stubbs John D Cunningham L DeGive Petitioners Attorneys In fultn superi Fall Term or Court 1881 I Petition for Order of Incorporation It appearing to the Court that the above and foregoing petition has been recorded and published as required by law it is now upon the hearing of the same considered ordered and adjudged by the Court that the said P J Berck mans T L Kinsey Wm H Howell H H Cary John A Cobb David C Barrow James A Mason James Sneed W P Robinson A J Yates W W Woodruff J W Wheatley J P H Brown W B Jones W W Thompson D H Elliott J C Harman Moses Cole J C Bucher Samuel Hape H H Sanford John M Stubbs L DeGive John D Cunningham their associates and10 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 192 successors be and they are hereby declared a body corporate under the name and style of The Georgia State Horticultural Society with power in and by said corporate name to contract and to be contracted with to sue and to be sued to plead and be impleaded in any court of law or equity and by and through the members of said Society to elect such members and officers and to make such bylaws rules and regulations as it may see proper not in con flict with the Constitution of the United States or the Constitution of the State of Georgia nor the laws passed thereunder for the assessment and collection of dues not to exceed three dollars per annum from each member and for car rying out the purposes of said organization That said Society have power by and in its corporate name to receive possess and enjoy all property both real and personal that may be bestowed on it by gift grant purchase or otherwise for the uses in the foregoing petition mentioned and the same to dispose of for the advancement of the objects of said Society in any manner it may see proper and to exercise such other rights and franchises consistent with the objects in view as are incident to coporations created by the laws of the State of Georgia This charter to remain of force twenty years with the privilege of renewal at the expiration of said period This 12th day of October 1881 Geo Hillyer Judge etc State of Georgia Fulton County a I C H Strong Clerk Superior Court in and for said County Do hereby certify that the above and foregoing is a true and correct copy rf the application for incorporation of The Georgia State Horticultural So ciety also order granting the same as appears of record in minute book P pages 631 691 and 2 of Fulton County Records f Given under my hand and seal of office this 8th day of November 1881 C H Strong Clerk Superior CourtP J BERCKMANS A M 1st 2d 3 4A Sth 6th 7tk 8th gth Congressional District OFFICERS PRESIDENT VICEPRESIDENTS Dr WB Jones John Stark Samuel H Rumph Dr H H Cary Dr Samuel Hape Col E C Grier Col Geo H Waring Dr J P H Brown Gen Wm M Browne State at largeHon Thos Hardeman jr SECRETARY AND TREASUREK Augusta Herndon Thomas ville Marshallville LaGrange Atlanta Griswoldville Kingston Augusta Athens Macon T L KIN3EYSavannah STANDING COMMITTEES ON fruits W P Robinson Atlanta L A Berckmans Augusta H H Sanford Thomasville Dr J P H Btown Augusta A J Williams Yateille ON SYNONYMS Dr Samuel Hape Atlanta J S Newman Atlanta David Milne Macon ON PACKING AND SHIPPING FRUIT Samuel H Rumph Marshallville ON WINE AND WINK MAKING John Stark Thomasville ON METEOROLOGY J S Newman Atlanta ON ENTOMOLOGY Prof J E Willet Macon ON ORNAMENTAL AND USEFUL TREES AND FORESTRY Rev Edwin G Weed Augusta ON ORNAMENTAL GARDENING Gen Wm M Browne Athens ON VEGETABLES Dr W B Jones Herndon ON TRANSPORTATION OF FRUIT AND VEGETABLES W W Woodruff Griffin Judge John D Cunningham Atlanta D H Elliott Jacksonville Fla H J Peter Macon J A Mason IrwintonLIST OF MEMBERS OF THE GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY FOR 1882 Anthony E R Macon Ga B Berckmans P J Augusta Ga Berckmans L A Augusta Ga Brown J P H Augusta Ga Browne Gen W M Athens Ga Battle Rev A J Macon Ga Bryan Mrs J W Dillon Ga Blalock A J Barnesville Ga Boyer M H Sandersville Ga C Cary Dr H H LaGrange Ga Cobb John A Americus Ga D Dunlap Dr A S Dayton Ohio E Elliott D H Jacksonville Fla F Flemming W P Charleston S C G Grier E C Griswoldville Ga Gibson T R Augusta Ga Gunn U M Macon Ga H Hardeman T Jr Macon Ga Hardeman J L Macon Ga Henderson T H Macon Gat Holt A T Bolingbroke Ga Starowoski A Hawkinsville Ga Stark John Thomasville Ga StubbF John M Dublin Ga T Thompson W W Smithville Ga V Varnadoe L L Thomasville Ga Varnadoe L A Thomasville Ga HartridgeA L Savannah Ga Hopkins M H Louisville Ga Hape Dr Samuel Atlanta Ga Harman J C Tennille Ga J Jones Dr W B Hsrndon Ga Jones H P Herndon Ga Jones H H Macon Ga Johnson Mark W Atlanta Ga Jenkins S T Atlanta Ga K Keller John Griffin Ga Kinsey TL Savannah Ga M Milne David Macon Ga Mason J A Irwinton Ga Mott J H Griffin Ga N Newman J S Atlanta Ga Nisbett R A Macon Ga P Parsons W H Sandersville Ga eter H J Macon Ga R lobinson W P Atlanta Ga oberts H C Griffin Ga lumph S H Mirshallville Ga S anford H H Thomasville Ga W Veed Rev E G Augusta Ga Varing Geo H Kingston Ga Vheatly J W Americus Ga Voodruff W W Griffin Ga vVilliams A J Yatesville Ga sVillet Prof J E Macoa Ga Y Yates A J Barnesville Ga Crayton Hon B F Anderson S C Furnass exGov R V Brownsville Nebraska Gray Prof Asa Cambridge Mass Green Mrs C C Clayton Ala HONORARY MEMBERS Meehan Thos Philadelphia Pa Quinn P T Newark N J Sims Col R M Columbia S C Thurber Prof Geo New York Wilder Hon M P Boston MassPROCEEDINGS FIRST DAYMORNING SESSION Macon Georgia August ist i88 THE GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY assembled at 10 o clock in the Horticultural Meeting Hall and was called to order by the Present Mr P J Berckmans of Richmond county The exercises were opened with prayer by the Rev S S Sweat of Macon The Mayor of Macon the Hon Felix Corput welcomed the Society not only to the city but to the homes and firesides of his hospitable people In speak ing for the Central City he eloquently recognized the endeavors of the Society n developing the horticultural inteest of the State pledged the support and co operation of citizens and invited the Society to make its permanent home and headquarters in Macon President Berckmans briefly replied with thanks to the address of welcome and introduced Dr Wm B Jones of Burke Doctor Jones alluded in pleasant terms to Macon as a geographical and pro gressive center and complimented its people upon their encouragement of the Society He thought it important that this good example should be imitated important for the State and country to encourage agriculture The latest per centage of people are the working classes and they are too much ignored in the presence ot wealth and the vast schemes of financial monopolists Europe and especa ly France has acknowledged the fact that education and encourage ment of the workers must accompany cultivation of the soil and todav exhihits the good results of such a policy Napoleon saw this necessity when he said that France needed educated mothers The new France is being educated and it is now such a power that in another war France will not stop at Sedan Practical education he said must accompany the tillage of the soil and it is a just comphment to the young men that they are depended on for the progress and buldmg up of their country Dr Jones closed his eloquent addrefs by renewing thanks to the Mayor and city of Macon President Berckmans announced the Society ready for business and without any formal address or special programme at the opening of the session stated that the first business should be a thorough reorganization of the Society under the newchaiter obtained by the committee appointed at the last meetine for that purpose and also a subsequent election of officers and the adoption of a new Constitution and Bylaws with enlarged power and scope After some discussion a to the new organization and charter Dr I p H Brown of Augusta moved the appointment of a committee to draft a suitable Constitution and Bylaws The motion was adopted and the Chait appointed14 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 196 Messrs J P H Brown H H Cary W B Jones and R A Nisbet On motion of Dr Hape the President Mr Berckmans was added to the committee The Society then on motion of Gen Browne took a recess of thirty minutes to allow the committee time to prepare a report The committee after the recess reported the following Constitution and By laws which were unanimously adopted by the Society CONSTITUTION Article f The name oi this Association shall be the Georgia State Horti cultural Society Art II Its objects shall be the advancement of the sciences of Pomology Floriculture Arboriculture and Kitchen Vegetable growing Art III Its members shall consist of Annual and Honorary members who shall be elected by ballot at the annual or semtannual sessions of the Society The annual fee shall be 2oo Art IV The meetings shall be held at such time and place as may be des ignated by the Society and special meetings may be convened at any time on the call of the President Art V Its officers shall consist of a President one VicePresident from each Congressional District of the State a Secretary and a Treasurer The President Secretary and Treasurer to be elected by ballot at the regular annual meeting and to serve until their successors are elected and inaugurated The VicePresidents all to be elected by ballot at this meetingthose representing districts having odd numbers to serve one year and those representing the dis tricts having even numbers to serve two yearsonehalf to be elected each year thereafter to serve two years Art VI This Constitution may be amended at any annual meeting by a twothirds vote of the members present BYLAWS 1 The President shall preside at all meetings of the Society call meetings of the Executive Committee and under its direction have a general superintendence of the affairs of the Society and direction of the expenditures of money He shall appoint all committees unless otherwise ordered 2 In case of death or inability of the President his official duties shall de volve upon such one of the VicePresidents as may be elected by ballot j The VicePresidents shall by correspondence and personal intercourse with the Fruit Growers and Horticulturists of the various counties of their res pective districts endeavor to organize local Societies They shall appoint four members of their Congressional District and with their aid prepare and forward to the Secretary before or at every annual meeting of the Society such reports as have immediate connection with the condition of fruits progress in their cuture new seedling fruits or any other topic relating to Horticultural progress197 CROP REPORT1882 15 in their respective districts These reports to be condensed by the Secretary for publication 4 The Secretary shall attend to all the correspondence of the Society and with the aid of a reporter keep a record of the transactions of the meetings and prepare these for publication subject to the approval of the President He shall file and preserve all papers and books belonging to the Society 5 The Treasurer shall receive and keep an accurate account of all moneys belonging to the Society disburse the same on the written order of the Presi dent which he shall retain and file as vouchers He shall make an annual re port to the Society 0f the receipts and disbursements which with the vouchers shall be referred to a special auditing committee appointed at the annual meet ing Before entering upon his duties he shall give bond to the Society in the sum of one thousand dollars for the faithful performance of his duties such bond to be approved by the Executive Committee 6 The Executive Committee shall consist of the President VicePresidents Secretary and Treasurer They shall subject to the direction of the Society manage all its affairs 7 The following Standing Committees shall be appointed by the President immediately after his election or so soon thereafter as practicable A Standing Fruit Committee consisting of five members It shall be the duty of this committee to report annually on native and foreign fruits to ex amine and before the close of the session report on all new seedling fruits that may be exhibited and to make an ad interim report on those that were exhib ited in an unripe condition at the meeting of the Society but had subsequently attained a state of maturity and on such other seedings as may have been sub mitted to their inspection during the Societys vacation 8 A Standing Committee on Synonyms consisting of three members shall be appointed annually It shall be their duty to report annually to the Society at its regular meeting 3 9 Standing Committees to consist of one member each shall be appointed annually upon the following subjects viz Meteorology in its relation to Horticulture Entomology and Ornithology in their relations to Horticulture Ornamental and useful trees and plants Ornamental gardening Kitchen vegetables Wine making Packing and shipping fruits and vegetables io A standing Committee on TransDortation to consist of five members it Special Committees shall be appointed by the President immediately after the organization of the annual meeting On peaches on exhibition during the session on apples pears and miscellaneous fruits on grapes and wines on vegetables It shall be the duty of these committees to make a full and careful report upon each and every individual collection on exhibition Noting their condition and special merits if any also any particular method of cultivation by which improvements are made evident16 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 198 12 No medal diploma or money shall be awarded by this Society as a testi monial of excellence for any fruit plant flower or vegetable offered for exhibi tion The verdict of the Special Committee shall be the highest commendation of the Society 13 Vacancies occurring in committees shall be filled by the Chairman of each and in case of his death or inability to serve his place shall be supplied by the President of the Society 14 No person shall be a member or be allowed to participate in the delibera tions of the Society who shall not have paid his fee in full before or at the be ginning of the session of the Society 15 Honorary members shall consist of persons of distinguished merit in hor ticulture or natural science and nonresidents of Georgia They shall be en titled to all the privileges of the Society without the payment of annual fees except upon questions of finance 16 These ByLaws may be altered by a twothirds vote of the members present The President stated thit the Society was now acting under its new charter and requested members and all who desired to connect themselves with the Society to enroll their names with the Secretary and pay their dues to the Treasurer After the enrollment which occupied some time the election of officers was made the first order of business for the afternoon session and the Society then at noon adjourned until 3 oclock AFTERNOON SESSION President P J Berck At 3 oclock the Society met persuant to adjournment mans in the chair ELECTION OF OFFICERS The Society immediately proceeded with the election of officers Mr P J Berckmans of Augusta was reelected President by a unanimous vote and he expressed his thanks most appropriately for the great compliment and pledged his most earnest and faithful efforts for the promotion of the best interests of the Society Mr R A Nisbet nnoved that in electing VicePresidents the delegates from each Congressional District suggest a name for the approval of the Society This motion prevailed and after a caucus of districts delegates the following were nominated and elected VicePresidents by unanimous vote From the First District Dr W B Jones Herndon From the Second District John Stark Thomasville From the Third District Samuel H Rumph Marshallville From the Fourth District Dr H H Cary LaGrange From the Fifth District Dr Samuel Hape Atlanta From the Sixth District Col E C Grier Griswoldville From the Seventh District Col George H Waring Kingston From the Eighth District Dr J P H Brown Augusta From the Ninth District Gen Wm M Browne Athens From the State at large Hon Thomas Hardeman Jr Macon mam199 CROP REPORT1882 17 Senary tnd TreasuTe51101111613 UnanimUSy eteed t0 fi the offi of adpJHCary PreS6nted thefollowigsolution which was unanimously Resolved That the citizens of Macon and vicinity and particularly the ladies be nvned to attend the meetingsof this Convention And further TltZoubU examine the collection of fruits in Browns new store hue andha the city papers be requested to publish these resolutions demsrothSeeysfTVKd tha HSt f h0nrary membe with of resi dents of the State be retained Adopted FRUIT COMMITTEES The President appointed the following special committees to make reports on the exhibits of fruits etc before the Society P tn jZ H W W ThmPSOn R A Nisbet John L Semar I Newman Gen Wm M Browne Grapes and WinesVvoi J E Willet A Starowski D H Elliott VegetatlesH P Jones Dr J P H Brown J A Mason The reports from the Congressional districts were next read which are an pended to the proceedings e aP refIrhrepHTrSUreMn T PreS6nted his annu report which was edaaudItIgcoraitteecsistingof Mr J L Hardeman S S iV Committee on Entimology drT116 MerCerUniversitywas next introduced by the Presi dent and read to the Society a valuable and interesting report which on motion of Gen Browne was received with the thanks of the Society and ordered published in the proceedings as follows 7 ordered Report of the Committee on Entomology To the Georgia State Horticultural Society Gentlemen I the discussion of Nuts in the catalogue at our last meet ing several members of th Society concurred in the faft that many oHS Pecan trees die down to the ground every year and put up again thTnext tear and that from this mterrupted growth many trees have not borne fruit ifwls suggested that the injury was caused by a worm I was not prepared at that time to give the true solution of the matter In rep y to my request of members to observe and endeavor to get me scmens of the insect I am happy to say that Mr A J Yates of UpsoTc and Mr T L Kinsey of Savannah were very successful in procuring the be ties and in sending them to me with specimens of the twigs in which they hS S deposited their eggs I return my thanks to these gentlemen for theTr kind18 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 200 Subsequently Prof E A Steed of Mercer University caught a beetle on a hickory tree whose twigs were girdled and contained many eggs He brought me the beetle and samples of the twigs Many twigs of a persimmon tree on the campus of Mercer University were found lying on the ground having fallen from being girdled and containing many eggs Mr Yates found them on English walnuts and Pecans Mr Kinsey on Pears Prof Steed on the Hickory and I gathered the girdled twigs of Persimmon These are the only trees which they are known to infest The beetle from the English Walnut I forwarded to Prof C V Riley Ento mologist of the Department of Agriculture at Washington D C He pro nounced it the Girdler or Oncideres cingulatus It was first described by Say the veteran American Entomologist in 1825 but its curious habits were first observed and published by Prof Haldeman of Pennsylvania in 1837 It has been studied since by Messrs Walsh and Riley The Girdler or Hickory Twig Girdler as Prof Packard calls it in his late Bulletin No 7 is a thickbodied longhorned dark gray beetle sixtenths of an inch long with its wingcovers sprinkled with tawny yellow dots It belongs to the family Cerambycidae of beetles which family includes most of the true woodborers It is nearly allied to the appletree borer Saperda bivittata Prof Haldeman says the beetles are found in Pennsylvania during the two last weeks in August and the first week in September Mr Yates forwarded me four beetles October 17th 1881 and Mr Kinsey two November 7th and four November 14th 1881 Their times of appearance are doubtless governed by the time of the first frosts at various places Mr Yates found at least one pair together and Mr Kinsey says I have always found them working in pairs never singly Ther jointed antennae are quite as long as the body of the beetle and are usually curved over above forward The face is very long and nearly vertical They are slow motioned and their grave color long sober faces and inquiring antenna give them a very comical look They are usually engaged in depositing their eggs when seen in pairs on the trees To effect this the female makes perforations in the bark of the smal1 twigs generally just below the buds or side twigs The editors of the American Entomologist have counted in a persimmon branch not more than two feet Jong as many as eight eggs while they have found seven eggs all crowded to gether in a small hickory branch only three inches long After depositing an egg in each perforation the female proceeds to gnaw a groove around the twig below the lowest egg through the bark and wood sometimes almost to the pith This kills the limb above the groove and if sufficiently severed the limb may fall to the ground with the first high wind Some limbs hang longer on the trees Prof Haldeman mentions one that did not fall until nearly a year after the girdling In a short time the eggs hatch and the little grubs begin to mine into the bark and wood I found them thus engaged in the twigs sent me in the early win ter They eat away the sapwood and burrow up and down under the bark sometimes in small twigs consuming all but the bark The larvae are white201 CROP RFPORT1882 19 footless with strong black mandbles or jaws By means of their welldeveloped rings or segments they are enabled to move quite rapidly in their holes The larvaen my twigs of walnut pear persimmon and hickory have all disappeared probably have died from the twigs becoming very dry in the house Two or hree dozen found in the last week in persimmon and hickory twigs taken from the ground under the trees are nearly threefourths of an inch long flattened and enlarged back of the head Following the habits of the family the larvae finally construct a sort of cocoon of chips at the end of their burrows and be come pups with their heads next a place where they have gnawed away the wood out to the bark From these pupae issue the mature beetles The object of the girdling seems to be twofold First to kill the wood that the larvae may have dead wood as food they may not be fitted to live on living wood Secondly to cause the limbs to fall to the earth where the wood may De kept damp and may commence to decay Such are the habits of this very singular insect By clipping every fall the young twigs destroying the terminal buds and shortening in the limbs they are calculated to seriously injure the trees Aside from this we cannot fail to ad mre their wonderful instincts In man we should call this provision for the young a fair degree of reason of forethought of design The insect has not reason But when the parent lays her eggs in green wood which her young itT f n fw I TdS t0 ki the Hmb by girdHnS if and Sirdles s that t shall fall that the wood may keep damp and begin to moulder and when the larva gets ready to pupate it gnaws a hole through the wood that the outcoming beetle may escape easily and all this without memory or reason coming to the aid we are compelled to refer all this to a heavengiven instinct RemcdiesAs the larvae lie within the twigs for nearly a year they may be easily destroyed by gathering and burning the fallen twigs at any convenient time before the first ploughing of the orchard Another precaution is suggested by a remark of Mr Kinsey that trees on the outside rows of the orchard are so far tne only ones attacked and that this beetle must work on other kinds of I5 V 1 W0d adJinin As the Persimmon and hickory are favorite trees of the Grdler t may he well to cut down all trees of this kind near the orchard Phyllexeral have not been able to study the fihylUxera at all since our last meeting If any grapegrowers have met them on the leaves or roots of their vines the Society will doubtless be glad to have their experience Noxious Inseclsli the members of the Society desire to have any particu ar insect pests investigated I will thank them to call my attention to them that 1 may say something of them in my next report Entomological BooksTLvwj horticulturist should study the insects which infest his plants and trees just as he studies the latter To encourage this study I have recommended in every report one book as the best for beginners viz Flints Harris Insects Injurious to Vegetation To those who have this I recommend Packards Guide to the Study of Insects To all I recom mend Bulletin No 7 of the U S Entomological Commission Department of the InteriorInsects Injurious to Forest and Shade Trees by A S Packard This is a pamphlet of 275 pages with 100 illustrations and is all that its ti20 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 202 claims Any one may procure it from the Department of the Interior through any Representative in Congress Harris Insects costs 400 and Packards Guide 500 The three will constitute a nice little entomological library J E WlLLET Committee Professor Willet exhibited before the Society the specimens of insects and the effect on vines and twigs of their injurious work He was questioned by Dr Hape and Mr Newman in reference to a beetle which attacks the nuts them selves and not the branch Professor Willet stated that the curculio was a very large family and while it might have been one of this species as for instance the snout beetle still it was hardly possible to say which without examination He expressed his willingness to act with the gentlemen and with the Society in investigating the ravages of the insect Dr Samuel Hape presented an interesting paper which provoked favorable discussion THE EFFECTS OF THE EVENING SUN ON FRUIT TREES The very marked effect on vegetation of a hot dry evening is doubtless apparent to every close observer of the growth of plants or treee As soon as night sets in and the dews descend the wilted plant resumes again its wonted fresh ness and vigor To apply this rule to trees and watch results will convince all that the even ing sun has a very marked effect on all those trees that are not protected by lowgrowing limbs or have not artificial protection either by being boxed or wrapped with some material that will protect the trunk from the fierce rays of the afternoon sun The attention of the writer has long been directed to this subject by noticing trees decayed on the side exposed to the evening sun Notably is this the case with cherry trees Trees that had attained a diameter of three or four inches would have dead bark and decayed wood on the southwestern exposure while the north and east side would be alive and sound Of course this struggle for life at a sacrifice of onethird or onehalf of the living structure being diseased and cut off could not long be maintained Either death from a gradual decline or the sudden crash of a severe wind breaking off the tree would soon finish up the work commenced by a slower death Again it will be noticed that pear or apple trees with high limbs the trunk instead of being sound and regularly formed will be flat and irregular on the exposed side This certainly indicates a great disturbance in the circulation of the sap and in the deposition of healthy woody structure Another fact plain to every observer is found in the increased growth and vigor of many plants and vines growing on the northeastern side of a fence or wall by which the melting rays of the evening sun are kept off With raspberries this is particu larly truein fact it is the only method by which they can be grown with certain success in this climate The same rule will hold good with equal or even203 CROP REPORT1882 21 greater force with currants or gooseberries Allow these plants or berries the benefit of the cool night air and the refreshing dews that we have in our cli mate protect them from the evening sun and you can grow them successfully In treating this subject no effort is or will be made to give it a scientific turn or effect The object is simply to call attention to facts which if generally known will benefit the cultivation of fruits It may be asked if the Great Giver of light and life did not intend the evening sun to benefit the growing tree or vine To this I reply we must use intelli gence in taking advantage of all the Creators gifts and while the evening as well as morning sun illumines this beautiful sphere yet there are plants trees and vines that will thrive best when protected from the effects of the dry even ing sun The reason that the evening sun heats up the sap more than the morning sun is that the cool air of night assisted by dew cools off the entire trunk and it requires hours which consume the entire morning to overcome this influence before the bark or trunk of the tree is thoroughly heated up Small trees that have been shaded in nursery rows of such species as cherry peach or plum both by smooth bright and compact bark will make no growth if trained high the first year unless protected Frequently you will observe the sap oozing out around the trunk of cherry or plum trees in the form of gum the effects of hot sun The remedy is protection either boxing the entire tree or a half box so as to shield the exposed side With cherry trees boxing is a necessity in many instances in fact with the lights before me boxing all the cherry and plum trees would be attended with a certainty of producing strong vigorous and wellgrown trees where now we have a difficult work to make them grow at all Pear treesin fact all fruit trees that have not shading branches to protect themwould be greatly benefitted by boxing or other protection I do not advance these views for the purpose of riding a hobby that has been carefully nurtured and kindly treated by me but from an honest conviction that great harm results from allowing the unobstructed rays of the evening sun to pour upon the trunks of our unprotected trees Freely admitting that much can be accomplished by careful training and pruning yet there is science in that which the ordinary cultivator would have to learn by great care and patience Any one can box his trees and insure them from harm by being overheated by the postmeridian sun Trees do not always start off to grow rapidly and afford themselves the protection necessary to be proof against this great heat The habit of the finer variety of the cherry is to grow tall and put out limbs high from the ground Trees grown by the side of a house protected as above have with my observation always grown vigorously I know of no single in stance of a tree that has been protected failing to grow off in a healthy manner If any one has a doubt as to the different effects of the morning or evening sun let him plant a row of raspberries or currants on the southwestern side of a wall or fence and watch results The object of this paper is to state facts and not speculate in theories If practical thought has been awakened and a fact that has escaped the notice of22 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 204 fruit growers can be turned to advantage and profit I shall feel happy in con tributing to such a worthy object VicePresident Browne being in the chair Mr Berckmans spoke upon the im portance of the subject treated by Dr Hape and explained the physiological effect of ttie afternoon or as it is called the 3 oclock sun and its damage to plants The suns rays are at that time fiercest and reflection even from a fence Mr Berckmans found often dangerous He instanced the effect upon raspberries planted on the sunny side of a fence Dr Hape thought that pro tection of some kind from this afternoon sun necessary and that boxing or wrapping were good methods Mr Berckmans favored low training and spoke of its good effect in shading the body of trees and plants from the great heat On motion the Society adjourned till 8 oclock for an evening session EVENING SESSION The Society met at 8 oclock P M for the discussion of the Catalogue and was called to order by the President Dr Hape offered a suggestion which was adopted that wellknown and ap proved varieties of fruit be omitted and new varieties only be discussed He proposed that peaches be first discussed which course was adopted PEACHES AlexanderDr Hape of Atlanta thought that no peach was earlier than the Alexander Others claim it but the facts would not bear them out The experiment had been tried around Atlanta with other varieties and with re ported success but a full test proved the Alexander the earliest and best Some freestones are as early but not better Dr Hape had fruited the Waterloo but was unfortunate in its location and it had rotted Mr Newman of Atlanta said some fine Waterloo peaches had been exhib ited in Atlanta but they were exceptional Mr Berckmans of Augusta had fruited the Waterloo for two years and when placed on the table with the Alexander he defied any one to detect any differ ence in the varieties Mr Yates of Yatesville Pike county offered tbe same testimony He thought that nature intended that all early peaches should be freestones Mr Berckmans said that after all the main point was the money value of the peach for early marketing In New York all that class of peaches are consid ered as the Alexander Mr Williams of Waynmanville Pike county thought the Alexander less liable to rot than the Waterloo Mr Berckmans said that the distinction between the Waterloo and Alexander had failed to make itself apparent to prominent fruit growers of New Jersey Dr Hape thought it the duty of nurserymen to speak out and tell the truth about the distinctions or want of distinctions it mattered not whose new va rieties were hurt The people should not be fooled with socalled new varie ties which were in fact not new and for which fancy prices were asked205 CROP REPORT1882 23 AmeliaDr Hape did well with the Amelia and received high prices It was rather soft Mr Rumph said the Amelia with him was highly colored and did well BeatriceDr Hape always had a fair crop The Beatrice ripened for Mr Berckmans as early as the Alexander this year and left earlier Messrs Rumph and Hape had the same experience The Beatrice ripened five days earlier than the Alexander for Mr Yates this year Bastions OctoberMr Yates mDved to strike from the list of peaches for Middle Georgia Mr Berckmans said it was successful around Atlanta Dr Hape thought it rated too high but did not favor striking it Mr Rumph thought it a good late peach Chinese ClingMr Newman wanted to know if the Chinese Cling was good for anything besides growing seedlings Mr Jenkins sold them for gio in New York when the market was glutted Mr Berckmans considered the Chinese Cling valuable and they always brought good prices in New York Crawfords Early Mr Berckmans found that for shipping it was better than any yellow peach of its season sent North Connors White Reported in Catalogue a good June cling for amateur culture Dr Hape moved to strike it off the list Messrs Berckmans and Rumph considered it a fair early clingstone Early TilloltsonMr Rumph considered this one of the best early shipping peaches Fleitas St JohnMr Harman of Washington county said this was an early peach with good sale in New York It ripened the middle of June and he considered it the best shipper he had HalesMr Berckmans thought that more money was made out of this va riety last year than perhaps any other but that nothing had been made from them this year Mr Rumph also reported failure this year but in other seasons profitable Dr Hape always had some of the Hales HoneyMr Berckmans considered the Honey peach good for Florida Mr Jenkins reported a good crop in South Georgia and about the only one of all the peaches that ripened this year LouiseDr Hape always had a crop It was not as good as Beatrice or Rivers but considered certain His only objection was that it was not a showy peach Mountain RoseMr Harman considered this one of the best fine size and sells well It was not as good this year as usual on account of a deficiency in color Old Mixen EreeDr Hape reported as doing well He shipped large quantities to Baltimore at good prices RiversDr Hape said they did well and he always had a crop24 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 206 Mr Berckmans reported them as doing well always but too soft for shipping Mr Harman pronounced the peach as doing well but did not sell well on ac count of lack of color Messrs Rumph and Woodruff shipped them all right but agreed that a want of color was their objection Stump the WorldMr Harman liked it but the color with him was lighter than usual Mr Rumph liked it very much ThurberMr Berckmans said this peach ripened early in July It was not good this year the flavor being indifferent The crop was enormous Dr Hape said he had the Thurber but it ripened so early this year that he doubted its genuineness Mr Rumph said his Thurbers ripened the last of June and first of July The Sanders Downing and Hapes Early stricken last year as not differing from the Alexander were found to show the same experience this year Mr Newman suggested that Briggs May was a good peach and different from the Alexander Mr Berckmans said there was no difference except that it comes after and goes before the Alexander and has serrated leaves and is therefore more pre disposed to decay than varieties with glands Reeves FavoriteMr Harman considered a good variety Mr Berckmans also pronounced it a good eaily yellow peach ElbertaDr Hape moved that Mr S H Rumphs new seedling Elberta be added to the list with double stars for the middle region Adopted President RobinsonMr Newman said a fine peachtree Chinese seedling called the President Robinson had been exhibited in Atlanta and he moved its trial Dr Hape thought it a good peach but now out of season or he would have exhibited it Mr Rumph said he had 500 trees It was small but pretty and he confessed that he was disappointed in it Mr Berckmans alluded to seedlings from Chinese Clings the Spottswood and Albert Sidney as good varieties that bore well and were splendid peaches but he sadd that where so many are ripening at the same season it was difficult to distinguish between the merits of kindred varieties Dr Hape said that tile discussion of distinctions between these seedlings Chi nese Clings and Early varieties was very important if the varieties are good they should be recommended and if no better than present varieties they should be abandoned The eyes of the State are upon the Society and its members are all on their honor in discussing these important questions Mr Newman thought the President Robinson better than the Thurber Mr Jenkins held that Mr Rumphs condemnation should not shut it out altogether It might do well elsewhere The President Robinson was added to the list for trial Peen ToMr Berckmans called attention to the flat Chinese peach PeenTo which is grown with success in Florida He said that when Florida was mak ing such tremendous strides that her peaches are selling the middle of April in Philadelphia for 9 per dozenGeorgia must look to her laurels207 CROP REPORT1882 25 Mr C H Elliott of Jacksonville Fla confirmed the statement with reference to the PeenTo and said it was much sought after in Florida by fruitgrowers who wished to test peaches as well as oranges and especially a peach which promised so wonderfully well Mr Berckmans gave a brief history of the Peen To peach when asked about this new wonder and said that the seedling was originated by himself at his nurseries near Augusta and sent to Florida knowing that its climate was suited for such a very early peach It had proven a great success there and he thought perhaps there might be profit in it for growers in the lower part of the State It is unsuited to localities outside the orange zone owing to its early blooming Troths EarlyMr Harman asked if the Society knew anything of this peach It was early and a good shipper in Washington county Mr Berckmans said it resembled the Tillotson but was not as good and hence had been discarded long since being superseded by the latter Old Orange ClingMr Woodruff stated that he had brought with him two cling stones from a tree fifty years old and coming true from seed He did not know them but brought them for examination The peach was celebrated in his section near Griffin It was not very good but juicy yellow and hand some It proved to be the Old Orange Cling New ClingMr Harman said he had a specimen of Chinese cling for ex amination and trial but he would not move its addition to the list till fully tested The list of peaches being concluded the Society adjourned till 10 oclock the second day SECOND DAY MORNING SESSION The Society was called to order at 10 oclock by the President Mr P J Berckmans and the exercises were opened with prayer by Rev Dr Battle Pres ident of Mercer University The enrollment of new members and the names of old members just arrived was first ordered and the Secretary noted many additions to his list The minutes of the first days proceedings were referred to the Committee on Publication ORNAMENTAL GARDENING The President next introduced Gen Wm M Browne Professor of Agricul ture and Natural History in the State University who delivered an address on the subject of ornamental gardening The thanks of the Society were returned to Gen Browne gen brownes address When I received your invitation to address you upon the subject of Orna mental Gardening I felt gratified to find that this Society recognized its im portance and was about to give practical aid in the much needed work of im26 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 208 proving and beautifying our homes My only regret arose from your not hav ing selected some one abler and more capable than I am to introduce the subject It is a work that ought to interest us all It is one in which every citizen should take part It is a debt we owe to civilization to ourselves and those who are to come after us The great majority of the people of Georgia are agriculturists We make our bread by the sweat of our face Agriculture is no pastime The time is gone by when we can abandon our farms to overseers and negroes the former havmgno interest beyond their wages and the latter none beyond their support We have found whether we practice it or not that our authority intelligence and personal supervision are necessaryabsolutely necessary to good and profit able farming Yes gentlemen we must live upon our farms and this being so why is it that our dwellingsthe homes of our wives and children are generally the worst the ugliest the most dilapidated houses on the farms unadorned by a single shrub or tree or flower around which the hogs and the cows and the mules wander at will in which refinement has no abode and to which taste is an utter stranger I know there are some gratifying exceptions where the owner believes that agriculture has charms beyond its gains which compensate for the sweat and toil which it entails and that it has pleasures beyond the joy of pos session which ennoble and elevate the calling in its association with science intel ligence and taste But while the ginhouse is by far the best house on the place while not a flower is seen but the cotton bloom while the only represen tatives of the vegetable kingdom around the dwelling are weeds stunted pines and blackjacks and the only enclosure is a rail fence that most hideous of all hideous things it is no wonder that the young men and women of our State prefer any trade profession or calling to that of a farmer where they find nothing to attract and much to repel I am no advocate of ostentation or extravagance I do not wish to see the palatial mansions with their vulgar gimcrack ornamentations which we see elsewhere but I do want to see elegance neatness and refinement enthroned as the presiding genii of the houses the yards and the gardens of our farmer where the love of the beautiful is cultivated and illustrated not only as it may afford pleasure to the eye but as a moral sentimentthe friend and ally of vir tue and the enemy of every vicious inclination and propensity I will say no more as to what our homes are but 1 propose to say a few words as to what I think they ought to be There is a magic and a poetry in the word Home when we feel that it is the home of hospitality intelligence religion and cul ture when it is associated in our experience and memory with all that is lovelv and attractive with the beauty and fragrance of flowers the enchantment of music the enduring influence of love all blended into bliss and presenting im ages of purity and affection which gladden the heart of the young and make brighter and happier the declining years of the aged making both young and old feel in their heart of hearts that there is no place like home the blest re treat where love and friendship peace and joy have met and in their union have established that happiness which flows from contentment In laying out a garden such as the locality and other conditions will permit it is209 CROP REPORT1882 27 well to state at the outset that all fixed rules can only be general in their appli cation It is manifestly impossible to establish principles which will apply to every case and hence in landscape gardening we must depend chiefly on our eye both in creating and judging the effect of artificial scenery Every plot de signed for a garden is to a great extent a law unto itself The outline surface and extent of the plot the portion of the house the design of the owner are different in almost every instance and consequently demand different treat ment The art of landscape gardening consists in the skillful use and blending of these objects and purposes There are however a few fixed principles which though they cannot be properly carried out absolutely in all cases may yet be modified or combined to produce the best effects The first thing to be attained in laying out a garden is simplicity The transitions in the main outlines arrangements and decorations should be easythe lines graceful the decorations elegant The hand of Art should touch it so lightly as to leave little or no trace of its presence all the partslawn walk shrub tree and flower should appear to belong to each other and to occupy naturally the places where they occur But the design while essentially simple must avoid boldness or severity By the artful disposition of plants whether singly or in groups freshness of aspect and variety of vista from different points of view are secured which give life and enduring charm to the landscape The next thing to be attained is unity congruity of the various parts of the garden pood taste demands that perfect harmony should exist between all the parts in their relation to each other and to the buildings which they surround The part immediately next the house should be more formal than the rest and the transitions from this to the more distant portions and from these again to the fields and country beyond should be gradual and glide one into the other as if art had nothing to do with it Curved walks along the front of the dwelling large figures vases and other socalled ornaments of an architectural character having no affinity whatever with the size or nature of the building curved lines bisecting straight lines illassorted plants in illselected situations are in congruities which mar the appearance of many gardens upon which much time money and labor have been expended and which the skillful landscape gardens must assiduously avoid Contrast is often very effective but it is to be em employed only in matters of detail such as the colors of flowers and foliage height shape and habits of plants It must never be allowed to break the harmony which is essential to success in ornamental gardening Symmetrythat is a true adjustment of the parts is also desirable I do not mean by this that the same kind of objects should occur in exactly corresponding positions on the opposite sides of a garden but I mean that the general effect on the mind of the observer should produce no inequality of height or breadth in one side as compared with another It is further desirable to make the ornamental grounds appear as extensive as possible Simplicity of plan and the preservation of that harmony to which I have just referred tend directly to produce an appearance of extent within really narrow limits A good open lawn is essential to the production of this effect One broad stretch of grass should extend from the house to the outer limits of28 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 210J the place unbroken by walks or other interruptions The plants and clumps may be scattered on either side of this opening and if the space will allow smaller stretches of grass at various intervals on different sides of the house will be very effective in producing the appearance of extent If the plants which flank the open lawn are chiefly everereens with branches down to the ground not trimmed up as is sometimes seen so that no soil is visible the space is thus much enlarged in appearance Again to give apparent breadth to the landscape all walks should be as far as may be possible hid from view from the house This can be done by plants of various heights whether single or in clumps Tall straight conspicuous boundary fences should be carefully hidden or disguised in an ornamental gar den This can be done by planting so as to allow them to appear only occasion ally A closely clipped hedge is much preferable to a plank or picket fence but both are formal hard and unsightly Another important principle in ornamental gardening is variety Sameness in a landscape fatigues the eye as monotony of noise pierces the ear In na ture no shrub or tree or flower develops itself in growth of stem arrangement of foliage occurrence of bloom precisely as another does Nature indicates endless variety and that art is the highest which consults and follows these in dications most skilfully In gardens variety is partly obtained by winding walks the curves of which should be varied as much as possible in their length and expansion and above all not exposed to each other at any point Groups of plants principally evergreens at or near the hollows of the curves will best effect this object Variety is further obtained by planting single plants and groups of various sizes and shapes carefully avoiding formality in their disposition and at the same time too violent dissimilarity in their outline These groups or single plants should be sufficient to prevent bareness and shut out the walks at inter vals but they should not be so numerous as to overload the lawn or confine the view We should avoid the old and tasteless plan of placing dwarf plants at the front of a border those of taller growth behind them and the tallest in the centre or back of the bed This arrangement is essentially artificial Nothing like it is found in nature We should strive to secure roundness of outline without regularity bringing the tallest plants near the front at prom inent places mixing them through the groups surrounding them with those of the next size and filling up the intervals with the dwarf and mediumsized plants The main point to be kept in mind in the location of single plants or clumps is that they shall form furnish and give extent to the various vistas None should be so placed as to interrupt a vista or contract the view The principal point of view in every place is the house The best views of the grounds and surrounding landscape should be had from its windows It is a good plan in laying out a garden to form a series of lines radiating from two or three windows of the house at irregular intervals and extending to the outer boundary planting the trees or shrubs whether singly or in groups within the triangular spaces thus made always taking care that those nearest the house do not obscure the view and that they be not planted in lines211 CROP REPORT1882 29 Variety is also well attained by a proper mixture of different sorts of plants I mean as to their habit and character height and color Diversity of height and color is quite as effective as variety of shape Some trees and shrubs have leaves of a pale green some of a silver grey some are variegated some of a dark green These should be dispersed where they produce the most striking effects and display their different colors by contrast And the same plan should be followed as to flowers so that each species will lend added beauty to the other and all together constitute a gay and diversified map Another source of variety is water whenever it is present The transparency the coolness the glassy ripple of water in any form produce endless variety and add largely to the beauty of a landscape Undulation of ground is another element of variety but it must exist natu rally Artificial undulations in a garden when all the surrounding country is tame and flat is incorrect and inappropriate because out of harmony with the surroundings The mounds or banks frequently seen in gardens are utterly des titute of beauty In fact they are eyesores having no possible relation to the general surface and resembling a compost or manure heap The time and the space that these remarks already occupy admonish me that I must close these general remarks and omit even casual mention of many of the objects that merit notice in laying out an ornamental garden A few words as to the flower garden proper and I will close this necessarily im perfect and unsatisfactory address upo l every division of which volumes could be written A flower garden or flower beds upon a lawn or in a front yard should be in close view of the windows of the sitting rooms The beds should be symmetrical of simple shape never too large separated from each other by broad strips of grass which set off the colors of the flowers to the greatest advantage giving continuity unity and breadth to the whole Where the beds are separated by grass masses of flowers of one color are very striking and effective In a small garden laid down with grass the fewer walks the better Regular figures for the beds such as ovals circles parallelograms or squares seem to be preferred as capable of being more easily and pleasingly filled up It should be always borne in mind that the first object of a flower garden is to display flowers The figure of the flower bed however is a subordinate consideration The beds should not be scattered broadcast over the lawn with out any connection or relation between them Hearts crowns stars animals letters or similar devices are entirely out of place and though eminently arti ficial have a very low place in the domain of art In regard to the disposal of flowers if by that term we mean all the herba cious kinds I would advise that the common way of planting them in borders surrounding the shrubs on the lawns be abandoned as tending to diminish the apparent size of the lawn as presenting a very desolate appearance in winter and adding materially to the trouble and expense of keeping the grounds in order I would advise the dismissal of all common herbaceous plants from the front of groups on the lawn and in their stead to make small beds of oval or circular shape and fill them with masses of flowers of one sort or with a mix30 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 212 ture of different kinds according to the size and situation of the beds In some places single specimens of some choice and showy kinds or two or three plants together to look like one produce a fine effect Beds containing massed scar let geraniums or the brightest and most showy coleus bordered with blue lo belia or sweet alyssum Here and there a group of abutilons and further off from the house beds of cannas caladiums lantanas salvias and achyranthus produce a gay and showy effect upon a lawn at a cost within the reach of most of us and considering the enjoyment and beauty afforded the most remunera tive outlay that can be made upon a farm Our old State rich in all that constitutes physical greatness distinguished for the industry and intellectual advancement of her sons demands that we as suage our mania for cotton and devote a portion of our energy and means to the improvement and adornment of our homes A productive farm ought to be ornamented by a comely house and garden The house where we live where our wives and children reside ought to be precious in our estimation We ought to beautify and adorn it thus multiplying our own enjoyments and diffusTng over our land those evidences of civilization and culture which mark the face of other countries less favored by nature than our own Reports of Special Committees PEACHES Your Committee have carefully examined the peaches on exhibition and find as follows E C Grier two plates of very fine peaches not named J A Mason one plate consisting of Chinese cling and six seedlings of the same Some of these seedlings are quite showy and we think worthy of further trial Samuel H Rumph ebhibits 62 plates and 56 varieties He has some seedlings which we desire to especially mention 1st A seedling from the Lemon cling 2d A seedling from the Yellow July cling both quite promising and are rec ommended for further trial Messrs Williams Yates exhibit 15 plates and 14 varieties They have a seedling the Yellow English which they have been fruiting for four years and recommend highly for drying purposes J C Harman of Washington county exhibits 18 plates and 18 varieties Among the collection are some finelooking seedlings We especially note a freestone peach a seedling from the Chinese cling which is very promising A T Holt exhibits 54 plates and 20 varieties This display shows a large number of new seedlings which have been but recently fruited but no pedigree given We have to say that the display as a whole is exceedingly creditable in view of the fact that the season has passed for many of the best peaches grown in the State Signed H H Cary Chairman W W Thompsonli 213 CROP REPORT1882 31 GRAPES AND WINES The Committee appointed to examine the Grapes and Wines on exhibition beg leave to submit the following report Mr E R Anthony of Macon exhibits forty varieties of grapes Of these he has fruited for the first time the Triumph and the Herman the latter a seed ling from the Norton and makes a sherry wine Mr Anthony exhibits also eight samples of wine made from Nortons Virginia Cynthiana Concord and Flowers Mr W P Robinson of Atlanta exhibits twentythree varieties of grapes Mr D Milne of Macon exhibits twentyone varieties of grapes Of these he has fruited the following for the first time Brighton Croton Mrs McLuse and Noah Mr P J Berckmans of Augusta exhibits eighteen varieties of grapes Of these he exhibits for the first time Humboldt Uhland Eva Mary Wylie Wor den Pocklington and Noah Special attention is called to the Mary Wylie one of Dr Wj lies hybrids Messrs Williams and Yates Yatesville Upson county exhibit sixteen va rieties of grapes of which they have fruited for the first time Elvira Mr W K Nelson of Augusta exhibits fifteen varieties of grapes The Hapeville Nursery Hapeville exhibits eleven varieties of grapes among them very fine specimens of the Irving The newly fruited with them are the Pocklington and Bacchus Dr J P H Brown of Augusta exhibits ten varieties of grapes He has fruited for the first time the Berckmans one of Dr Wylies hybrids Washington county exhibits eight varieties of grapes Dr W B Jones and Son of Burke county exhibit three varieties of grapes Mr W W Woodruff Griffin exhibits two varieties of grapes The exhibition of grapes is very fine showing probably a greater number of varieties than has ever been placed on exhibition by our Society Mr E R Anthony as usual heads the list with forty varieties The number of exhib itors is not so large as last year The season for ripening of grapes is said to be about one week earlier than usual this year and hence there are no grapes on exhibition from points south of Macon It is an interestingfact that where other fruits have failed in certain sections this year the grape has yielded a fair crop in every portion of the State The aggregate of the crop grown has been larger than at any previous period The climate and soil of the State seem admirably adapted to this delicious fruit and novariety of it seems to have been injured by special insect enemies J E WlLLET D H Elliott A Starowski VEGETABLES We beg leave to report that Mrs J W Bryan Lookout Mountain exhibits pole beans corn osage oranges Morus alba African wheat red clover and white mustard32 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 214 Master Howard Bryan Lookout Mountain a youth eight years exhibits onion seed large sage and one very tall stalk corn Miss Ella Bryan Lookout Mountain sunflower Egyptian wheat Miss Virginia Bryan Lookout Mountain exhibits Irish potatoes Mexican corn and martynias Miss Mary Walden Lookout Mountain two varieties onionsRed Weathers field and Silver Skin Mr V Moore Lookout mountain exhibits one hop vine Mr J D McArthur Bibb county exhibits four stalks Blounts Prolific corn with six to nine ears to stalk Mr Abner Holt Monroe county exhibits very fine Acme tomatoes Mrs Thomas Hardeman Macon Ga exhibits very fine specimens of carrots beets parsnips rose potatoes cabbage egg plant okra tomatoes pepper Lima beans and Golden Dent corn Mr Samuel H Rumph Marshalville exhibits dessicated figs pears apples peaches Irish potatoes tomatoes and figs Mr F L Hardeman Bibb county exhibits three very large egg plants C W Hancock Sumter Republican Americus Ga exhibits a sugar beet weighing 12 pounds 6 12 inches in diameter 19 inches round and 20 inches long blood turnip beet weighing 15 pounds 10 inch diameter 32 inch round planted 12th February 1882 and grown by John Larramore Lee county Ga We beg to make special mention of the exhibits made by Master Howard Bryan and Misses Bryan and their example as well worthy the imitation of our youth H P Jones Chairman Com tee J P H Brown J A Mason PLACE OF NEXT MEETING Barnesville Macon Thomasville Lookout Mountain and Tallulah Falls were placed in nomination and the first ballot resulted in the selection of Barnes ville as the place for the meeting in 1883the time to be decided by the Presi dent VISITING DELEGATES TO THE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY Col E C Grier suggested the selection of three delegates to the meetings of the State Agricultural Society for the ensuing year Dr Hape moved to select by ballot in order that the President be relieved of the delicacy of appointment Adopted Mr Newman raised the question as to the status of the Horticultural Society with regard to the Agricultural Society and the consequent relations the dele gates selected would have in the meeting of the Agricultural Society He had always considered the two societies coordinate organizations and delegates so appointed as simply members by courtesy He had always so acted when a delegate Mr Grier considered delegates appointed from the Horticultural Society as215 crop repokt1882 33 regular delegates and as Secretary of the Agricultural Society has so enrolled The President sustained Mr Newmans point that the two a c were coordinate and said that the Horticuturists had n v 7jTJlon aT cepting subordinate relations as to membership The Horticu tura SociT was now also under a new charter and it was well to decSe h t V fore the delegates were selected the qUeStn be Dr Battle and Mr Kinsey agreed with the President and Mr w the following resolutions proposed by Mr Newman were adopted eWmai1 solvedThat the Georgia State Horticultural Society annually elect bv ballot three vsung delegates to the Georgia State Agricultural Sor2 Rested That the State AgricuturafSociety bTf gates to the annual meetings of this Society q Sed dele A ballot was next taken and Messrs J E Willet L L Varnadoe and S H THE CATALOGUE RESUMED At this point the catalogue was again taken up for discussion and the Presi dent called VicePresident Grier to the Chair APPLES Summer PearmanUr Berckmans moved to strike from th list on account of slow growth Adopted the Dr Hape said it had nothing to recommend it but its size Mr Newman said it was a favorite in the mountains HamesDr Cary moved to strike from the list Dr Hape was not ready to strike as he wanted to try it Mr ITl r Wkh Dn Hape and Said h imPTOVed age finf apples fraa tW S which produced inSSality0 Laan Said the Hs rotted for him and were worthless tZDrr Han8 E SW AdP bearer adgodforPcidrnUnCed f d regular 2lJUlMrd W Wkh Mn Berckmans Dr Cary and in the southwest ZaMr Berckmans pronounced this a good and showy Septemberap pie The tree is compact and firstrate grower cpiemDer ap Mr Yates said it was ripe now with him in Pike county and was very small MammaUr Yates said it did nothing for him y Sr made a beaUtifU appIe in SraveI Ioam d a fine tree 7W AfipkUx Yates had grown it for seven years and i was oneofZ best summer apples for his locality in Yatesville Pike county In answer to a question Mr Berckmans said this apple varied in shaoe and ts name was suggested by a similarity only in flavor asit is not pear shaped34 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 216 Kansas QueenMr Berckmans said this apple promised well but was not yet extensively grown As a market apple for the middle of July and August it was very attractive It was also a good grower and he proposed a star for the middle region The star was given ShockleyDr Cary inquired if any one had an experience similar to his own with the Shockley apple During the freeze two winters ago his tree were so injured that the bark separated and in the summer came off Instead of dying the trees that season matured an indifferent crop of frut This spring they blossomed and this summer they died Messrs Holt Jones and Williams had the same experience Mr Williams explained at length the same effect upon his trees and showed that the severe freeze was the cause of the injury Mr Yates said that the same freeze injured nearly all his trees He had saved some of his by boxing or filling in with dirt or by wrapping Simmons RedMr Berckmans moved that a star for the middle region be given this apple introduced by Mr S H Rumph Granted Hileys EurekaMr Rumph spoke of this seedling originated in the woods which he had found a good winter apple Mr Berckmans proposed that it be added to the list as promising well and it was so ordered Fall PippinMr Newman moved to add the Fall Pippin to the list with two stars for the mountain and one star for the middle region Adopted Mr Berckmans said he had fifty trees in an old orchard and in August he always had to use the fruit for cider as the fruit fell the middle of August PEARS Beurre BoscDr Hape pronounced the crop prolific and uniform BuffumMr Berckmans thought a double star too high for the middle re gion as the pear was too small One star was stricken Clapfs FavoriteRots badly with Dr Hape Doyenne dAlenconStricken from the list Doyenne WhiteAlso stricken Flemish BeautyDr Hape said it did not do at all with him as it rotted at the core Mr Kinsey said he had not lost any and it does well on the coast Henkell Mr Berckmans considered very good for its season LawrenceShedding its leaves this year with Messrs Grier of Griswold ville Newman of Atlanta and Kinsey of Savannah and held its leaves longer than any other with Mr Berckmans of Augusta Louise Bonne de JerseyMr Woodruff of Griffin moved to strike out the words in the catalogue worthless in Middle Georgia and give a star Messrs Berckmans Hape and Newman pronounced the pear bad with them It was good with Mr Kinsey A compromise was effected by amending the cat alogue striking the words proposed and inserting the words variable as to quality MargueriteMr Berchmans said this was larger and better than the Doyill 1217 CROP REPORT1882 35 lijSl enne dEte and his motion to give two stars for the middle and mountain re gions was adopted A little Sugar WMf Holt asked Mr Berckmans about a little sugar pear on large trees at Bolingbroke which was very sweet but unknown Mr B replied that it might be the Dearborn Seedling originated in Massachusetts years ago and now obsolete Many seedlings of similar character are found all over this country PLUMS Wild GooseBr Hape noticed that these trees died out Dr Cary had same experience Mr Berckmans said he lost about 5 per cent of his trees this year Dr Cary said this plum bloomed so early he lost his crop three out of five times He did not have a plum this year i JJr ardean asked if the Wid Goose could be propagated by cut ings Mr Varnadoe replied that it could Mr Berckmans instanced a simi lar case in the Harper which is often propagated in this way HattieStricken from list The Society then adjourned till 3 oclock SECOND DAYAFTERNOON SESSION Pursuant to adjournment the Society met at 3 oclock in the chair VicePresident Grier THE CATALOGUE CONTINUED The discussion of the Catalogue was resumed as follows GRAPES Black JutyVx Hape considered this grape small and not very certain but a good wine grape Clinton Hape said it was a most excellent wine grape ami was sur prised at the resemblance of its wine to Rhine wine Colonel Grier said that when fully ripe the Clinton made a good claret Dr Hapes motion to give two stars for the middle region was adopted LWrMr NeWman aSkd Why n0t give a double star in the nioun Mr Woodruff so moved and the double star was ordered j AddledDr HaPe mVed t0 mark gd inSt6ad f fair in catalge Dr Brown of Augusta said the Diana was not so good in his section It I sned its leaves and did not ripen on sandy soil EumelanWas stricken from the list 1 Mr Newman of Atlanta had experimented with paper bags and I found no difficulty in ripening with bags Some would ripen and others harden and so remain till frost if not bagged Dr J P H Brown of Augusta had the same experience in the grape not ripening and had failed with the paper bags this season36 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 218 Mr Newman suggested that Dr Brown did not punch the bags in which case they would hojd water and rot the grapes Mr Woodruff of Griffin did not consider bag ripening feasible and stated that heavy trimming was better with him in ripening Long Dr Hape said it was a little larger than Nortons Virginia Mr Newman did not see its use when there were so many better His mo tion to strike was adopted MaxatawnyVx Hape moved to strike out in the catalogue the words best white variety and substitute good white variety Adopted Salem Mr Yates of Pike had not succeeded well with it It had rotted with Mr Woodruff in Griffin and Dr Hape also had the same experience Dr Brown of Augusta agreed in these criticisms and said that after a year or two the grape became small and affected with a black spot or defect A motion to strike was adopted but Mr Berckmans arose and said that per haps the wrong grape was under consideration as some spurious vines had orieinally been sent out Both he and Dr Brown he knew had for some years the wrong vine and Mr Anthony of Macon had the only correct variety The true Salem was another and a better grape than described or criticised and he desired to further test the matter The striking of the Salem from the list was then reconsidered and Dr Hape withdrew his motion to strike ScuMernon Mr Newman moved to strike one star from the mountain region He dtd not know of any successful cultivation of this grape in the mountains Colonel Grier thought that anybody who tampered wth the stars was or dangerous ground The motion was lost SenasquaDr Hape had long abandoned it The bunches do not ripen thoroughly and the grape is not good for wine or anything Dr Brown got his grapes from the propagator and regarded them as worthless The Senasqua was stricken Black Eagle grape rotted with Dr Hape of Atlanta and Mr Yates in Yatesville this year ElviraVx Hape had fruited the Elvira and it was bearing well but he understood that it cracked Mr Yates said that it did crack and the Elvira was stricken TriumphDr Hape said that Mr Berckmans had some very fine specimens on exhibition and he favored the Triumphs remaining with list as promising well The Triumph is very promising with Mr Berckmans Lady WashiugtonVx Hape said this grape was prosperous with him Mr Berckmans did not have much faith in it New GrapesDr Hape moved to place on the list of grapes promising well the Duchess the Prentiss and Pocklington Adopted Dr J P H Brown moved to place on the list as promising well the Berck mans and the Mary Wylie They were added NiagaraDr Hape had fruited it It was said that the Niagara would grow wherever the Concord grewCls J219 CROP REPORT1882 37 H Mr Woodruff said that authoritiesagreed that the Niagara was losing favor BrightonMr Berckmans said that from the evidence of its success in sev era parts of Georgia the Brighton deserved one star for the middle region and he moved its addition to the accepted varieties The Society so ordered WordenMr Berckmans said that this was a seedling of the Concord but earlier and better Many growers repot it superior and such was his own ex perience His motion to give a star in the middle region was adopted Moore s EarlyMr Berckmans said that it was three weeks ahead of me Concord and hence there was money in it The grape is good but lacks flavor it sets well ripens early is gone before the Concord and is a good shipping grape Moores Early was placed on the list as promising well as an early shipper NoahMessrs Berckmans and Hape recommended the Noah as a substi tute for the Elvira and it was so accepted STRAWBERRIES Chas DowningMr Berckmans of Augusta reported this variety adapted to nearly all soils Dr Brown of Augusta reported a good crop but uncertain generally It does not color like the Wilson and for this reason is objectionable Dr Hape of Atlanta considered it too good to throw away but not much in flavor The words variable as to soil were added to the word good in Catalogue Monarch of I he WestDr Brown moved to strike Mr Berckmans opposed this motion as it was the earliest sent to market There was a good deal of money in it like Moores Early grape It is a week ahead of the Wilson Dr Brown found that it rotted at the bottom before it ripened at the top Dr Hape had the same experience and did not cultivate it SharpiessDr Hape of Atlanta considered it a leading berry had a good crop this year Mr Kinsey of Savannah said it was not worth cultivating on the coast Mr Berckmans alluded pleasantly to this variety as the Shapeless evidently a good name for the large berries which seem to meet popular demand He said they shipped well and told how they were in such demand in Augusta that even what were shipped up from Charleston brought 25 cents while the Wilson was difficult to sell at 10 cents CrescentDr Hape cultivates successfully and has them of good size Mr Kinsey recommended as one of the best croppers on the coast Col Grier of Griswoldville gave the same recommendation for his section BtdwellDr Hape pronounced this variety good with him He preferred it to the Sharpiess Mr Berckmans found it colored well and evenly The Bidwell was placed in the Catalogue as promising well Crystal CityDr Hape recommended for amateur culture but not for market A very early variety GlendaleVery large and promising variety with Mr Berckmans38 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICUL1UREGEORGIA 220J STRAWBERRIES FOR MARKET CULTIVATION Dr Hape and Mr Berckmans at the request of the Society suggested for addition to the Catalogue as a note for reference or as a list of strawberries for market cultivation the Wilsons Albany and the Sharpless as the best varie ties and in some regions the Crescent Seedling and the Monarch RASPBERRIES DoolittleAs no distinction was found between this variety and the Black Cap the latter was stricken from the Catalogue Mammoth ClusterMr Berckmans saw little difference from the Black Cap but Doctors Hape and Brown said it bore in larger clusters CuthbertRecommended by Mr Berckmans and on motion of Mr Rumph it was placed on the list with two stars for the middle region BLACKBERRIES Early WilsonDr J P H Brown of Augusta addressed the Society on blackberries He found them more successful and remunerative than straw berries The Early Wilson is a splendid variety and he never sold them for less than 10 cents when strawberries were selling at 8 cents He had sold them as high as 25 centsthey held well in boxes no juice escaping and sold readi ly against competition from the native blackberry He had been growing the Wilson for three years was well pleased with it and moved to double star the Wilson in the middle region and strike out objectionable remarks in Cata logue in reference to the cultivated berry not competing with the native This course was adopted by the Society and in answer to further questions Dr Brown said that he mulched his berries that they cost less to cultivate and made double the product of strawberries Kitlatinny Col E C Grier of Griswoldville planted the Kittatinny and raised the largest blackberries he ever saw and he believed there was more fruit in growing this berry than any in the ground He was enthusiastic in its praise and endorsement and on the Colonels motion the Kittatinny was granted two stars MULBERRIES HicksMr Bercksman said the mulberry was now being planted to feed hogs and it is reported that for three months in the year hogs can be kept on mulberries and without corn The Hicks was a fine berry and pronounced one of the best fruit producing for hogs Dr Brown said he grew the mulberry near Augusta and fed his poultry the birds and the negroes of the neighborhood and would not be without these trees Dr Cary of LaGrange has raised a marvellous crop continuing from May until August and pronounced the berries the best kind of food for hogs and carp Mr H P Jones of Burke confirmed the reports of the mulberry as a good food for hogs 221 CROP REPORT1882 39 An addition to this effect was ordered in the Catalogue Black PersianMr Berckmans moved to strike from the list which was adopted StubbsMr Berkmans pronounced this variety best flavor but not so pro ductive as the Hicks RussianNot sufficiently tried FIGS Brown SmyrnaMr Berksmans asked the difference between this variety and the Brown Turkey and Mr Holt replied that the Brown Smyrna was larger and more juicy QUINCES ChampionMr Berckmans stated that a rumor was in circulation that the Champion was similiar to the old Angers ChineseMr Berckmans being questioned by Mr Sanford replied that the Chinese Quince was not in demand in Augusta and he doubted if there was any demand in New York The large specimens were sometimes attractive but that was all Mr Rumph of Marshallville found a good sale for the Chinese Quince End of Catalogue REPORT ON PEARS APPLES AND MISCELLANEOUS FRUITS The discussion of the Catalogue being concluded the President resumed the chair and Mr J S Newman Chairman presented the following report from the Special Committee on Pears Apples and miscellaneous fruits which was adopted as follows Mr President Your committee beg to report that they have made as thorough an examination of that portion of the exhibit assigned them as their time and opportunity would permit They wish to bear testimony in general terms to the excellent quality of the specimens of a number of the standard varieties For convenience of classification we report under the three heads of Pears Ap ples and miscellanious fruits separately PEARS EXHIBITED Col E C Grier of Griswoldville exhibits seven plates of pears correctly la beled We desire to especially invite the attention of the Society to the superior size and quality of his Seckles and Howells Mr E R Anthony of Macon has eight plates His Beurre Superfin are large and apparently more bronzed than is usual with that variety There seems be some confusion as to the characteristics of this variety as will be seen from a subsequent portion of this report Mr S H Rumph of Marshallville exhibits two plates Mr P J Berckmans of Augusta exhibits fortyfour plates His specimens of Howell are worthy of special mention He exhibits two plates of Beurre Su perfin one grown in Richmond county and one in Floyd county Those grown40 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 222 in Floyd are smooth while those from Richmond are russet resembling in ap pearance those grown by Mr Anthony The committee thought these speci mens differed in flavor and texture as well as in color It may be possible that different pears are being cultivated under this name or the difference may be due to soil and climate The following varieties have not before appeared upon our tables viz St Vincent de PaulWot quite ripe large showy and of good quality DicermanNow ripe rich and buttery PresidentNow too green to test its quality BruneiSize small ripe quality very good supposed seedling of Seckle EdmondsSize medium now ripe rich and juicy British QueenSize small to medium color bright bronze quality good Messrs Williams and Yates exhibit nine plates of pears Mr David Milne of Macon six plates Mr H H Sanford eleven plates including some very handsome specimens of Leconte Mr W W Woodruff of Griffin nine plates Bartletts and Duchess very fine Mr S T Jenkins exhibits fine Lecontes grown in Randolph county Messrs Sanford and Thomson Thomasville six plates of fine Lecontes Mrs J W Bryan of Dillon Walker county four plates among them a small seedling resembling the Seckle in appearance and the Bartlett in flavor Mr L L Varnadoe Thomasville exhibits six plates of Leconte including some extra fine specimens This pear on account of the vigorous growth of the trees and the handsome appearance and excellent shipping qualities of the fruit is annually gaining in popularity Mr W P Robinson Atlanta exhibits sixteen plates Dr Samuel Hape Atlanta nine plates including some very superior Bartletts and fine Duchess Howells and Seckles Mr J F Lumsden of Bibb one plate The Washington county exhibit by J C Harmon contains three plates Mrs Thos Hardeman of Macon one plate APPLES Washington county J C Harmon exhibits seventeen plates of apples Mr A T Holt of Bolingbroke eight plates Dr Samuel Hape Atlanta two plates Mr W P Robinson sixteen plates J F Lumsden three plates Mr H M C Boozer Hogansville six plates very fine but Julians labeled Buncombe and one of Siberian Crab Mrs J W Bryan Dillon Georgia exhibits 14 plates embracing some very fine specimens one of which your Committee was unable to name Mr W K Nelson Augusta 2 plates Williams and Yates 19 plates apples and one of Siberian crab Mr S H Rumph Marshallville exhibits 44 plates of which we will specially mention Rhodes Orange Elgin Pipin Red June Simmons Red Carters Blue1223 CROP REPORT1882 41 Carolina Watson Yellow Horse Kittagaskee and Equinetelee as very fine specimens Simmons Red is superior in size and quality and is worthy of a place on our Catalogue Hileys Eureka a new chance seedling now very green promises well Mr P J Berckmans Augusta exhibits very fine specimens of Washington strawberry apple Mr David Milne has 6 plates and Mr E C Grier one plate Under the head of Miscellaneous Fruits we desire to invite the attention of the Society especially to the collection of evaporated fruits and vegetables exhibited by Mr S H Rumph of Marshallville including figs apples pears peaches tomatoes and Irish potatoes Members of the Society are urged to embark more extensively in the evaporation of fruits for the purpose specially of utilizing profitably the specimens which are not marketable and as a possible solution to the transportation question They are also recommended to experi ment with the evaporation of vegetables for market Judging from the success Mr Rumph has attained he has carried both beyond the experimental stage Mr Rumph exhibites Celestial figs fresh sweet and sour pomegranates and Chinese quinces Mr P J Berckmars exhibits the Newman plum and Japanese persimmon Mrs J W Bryan of Walker county blackberries whortleberries and goose berries W B Jones Co Herndon Georgia exhibit very fine specimens of rattle snake and scaleybark watermelons the latter pulled two weeks ago Mr Fred Little Richmond county very large specimens of rattlesnake and scaleybark melons Mr W R Phillips of Bibb 4 fine Amason melons Washington county Newman plums pomegranates etc Respectfully submitted J S Newman J L Hardeman J Committee WM M Browne The Treasurer s Report The Auditing Committee Messrs J L Hardeman and W B Jones sub mitted the Treasurers report as correct as follows T L KINSEY TREASURER IN ACCOUNT WITH THE GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY DR To balance from 1880 o 12 08 To annual dues for 1881 1600 To annual dues for 1881 80 00 To net sales fruit 1881 03 CR By paid reporting proceedings 1881 By paid printing proceedings 1881 8 00 By paid printing application for charter is 0042 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE GEORGIA 224 By paid wrappers and stamps 2 96 By paid note paper and envelopes 4 00 By balance 10 12 147 08 147 o8 To balance 10 12 E 0 E Savannah Ga Jnly 31st 1881 T L KINSEY Treasurer COMPLIMENTS OF THE COMMISSIONER OF AGRICULTURE The Secretary read a communication from the State Commissioner of Agri culture the Hon J T Henderson offering most generously to publish the pro ceedings of the State Horticultural Society for free distribution On motion of Dr Hape the communication was referred to the Committee on Publication with power to act and on motion of Colonel E C Grier the thanks of the So ciety were returned to the honorable Commissioner Mr Henderson THANKS Dr H H Cary of LaGrange offered the following resolutions which were adopted Resolved That the thanks of this Society are tendered to the railroads for their courtesies in giving free or reduced rates to and from this Convention and to the Southern Express Company for its courtesy in transporting fruit for exhi bition free of charge And be it further resolved That our thanks are tendered to Mr H J Peters for his thoughtful care in looking after the wants and comforts of the Convention to the city of Macon for cordial and refined hospitality during our stay to the press for courtesies in reporting our proceedings and to Mr Brown of the Na tional Hotel for the free use of his hall for our fruit display Report of the Standing Committee on Fruits The Standing Committee on New Fruits reported and the following was adopted Your Committee has examined the new fruit on exhibition and find as foU lows GrapesTriumph very good handsome white Brighton very good and promising well red Berckmans very good and promising well red Pockling ton inferior to some other white varieties Black Defiance good and promis ing Wyoming Red not sufficiently matured Early Champion quality infe rior but a good grower Herman not sufficiently matured Noah not quite matured promises well as a white wine grape Racine promising well a late ripening variety Moores Early promising as a very early kind needs further trial Burkhart resembles the Hartford perhaps a little sweeter Prentiss promising well white Duchess a good white grape and promising well ApplesSimmons Red large size colors well quality good matures frorrh une to October Hileys Eureka not ripe promising as a late keeper225 CROP REPORT1882 43 PearsDickerman small quality verygood Deux Soeurs two sisterslarge sweet slightly astringent Edmunds medium buttery best British Queen medium russetty buttery very good St Vincent de Paul large handsome not quite ripe Brunet small melting very good The following not being sufficiently ripe or in an immature condition their merits could not be determined upon viz Dr Koch Lieutenant Poitevin Louise de Printemps Abbe de Beaumont Passe colmar de Esperen Doyenne Jamain Comte de Paris Mount Vernon Laherard President Keiffers PeachesElberta large yellow very showy well colored quality best free stone highly commended Signed H H Sanford 1 H H Carv I A T Holt Committee D Milne J RINGING GRAPE VINES Dr Hape introduced the following resolutions Resolved That in the opinion of this Society the process called ringing grape vines in order to induce an unnatural growth of fruit is calculated to de ceive the public and is hereby condemned as not legitimate grape culture Resolved further That any gjapes so treated will not be passed upon or ex amined by committees appointed by the Society Dr Hape and Mr Berckmans then explained this unnatural process of ring ing and showed how the public is deceived by this action of enlarging grapes by girding or cutting the vine below the bunch so as to prevent a reflux of the sap and in order to induce large size in the grapes to the injury of the vine The resolution was unanimously adopted SHIPPING AND TRANSPORTATION Colonel E C Crier from the Committee reported no changes PACKING FRUIT FOR SHIPMENT Attention being called to this subject Dr Hape wanted to know how it paid and whether peaches carried as well without as packed with excelsior or with moss Mr Woodruff of Griffin said that he packed his early peaches with large quantities of excelsior and upon complaint from the North of heating the fruit too much he found better results without it Mr Cunningham he said had a similar experience He thought best to use a small quantity if any of excel sior Mr Jenkins of Atlanta read a paper advocating shipping in onethird bushel boxes and no packing whatever Mr S H Rumph of Marshallville always shipped his fruit wrapped in tissue paper and never lost a crate He always obtained the top of themarket for his fruit The extra trouble in wrapping is not very great and he intended44 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 226 shipping in no other way He cut his paper to suit the fruit and a hand packed eight crates per hour Air Elliott of Florida asked whether green or dry moss was used in packing fruit He said that tissue paper was now used in Florida for oranges and other fruit because it was found that the moisture from the moss decayed the fruit Mr Jenkins shipped without paper or anything Mr Woodruff said that Cincinnati wanted fruit packed with excelsior and New York wanted no extra packing Mr Yates of Yatesville Pike county upon inquiry was told by three out of four merchants to wrap in thick paper but now shipped without any packing Mr Berckmans of Augusta said that Mr Rumph and himself perhaps had received better prices than any shippers in the State and 4200 for the first bushel of peaches and an average of 800 for the season he considered very good He said his boxes held a peck and were packed by first sealing the top on the inner side of which is placed a thin layer of excelsior The boxes are reversed and filled from the bottom the peaches being placed with the apex down The bottom is then firmly closed a thin layer of excelsior and no paper being used in packing He has made a few shipments with good results in tissue paper but after trial and the appearance of specks on the fruit had been advised not to pack in paper He always took good and wellmeant advice from commission merchants for both were interested and he found that the merchants always did the best they could with fruit An established name of a wellknown or reliable shipper would induce the sale of fruit by the brand and in establishing ones self and keeping up a reputation good packing paid Bad packing in peaches he considered like bad packing in cotton Mr Rumph suggested that the specks alluded to by Mr Berckmans in tissue paper packing might have been caused by dampness prior to shipping Mr Berckmans said that might have been so but he thought best perhaps to pack without wrapping and with a little excelsior instead of moss which is unsightly He said also that wellknown and careful shippers received from 40 to 50 per cent over the highest market quotations in the Northern markets Mr Rumph found a thin barbed wire nail with a light flat head 912 to the pound the best for making crates Mr J C Harmon of Washington county shipped in onelayer crates twelve crates to the bushel bound together with white oak strips and never lost a crate DISPOSITION OF FRUIT ON EXHIBITION Mr Sandford of Thomasville suggested that some disposition be made of the exhibits of fruit Mr Williams of Pike moved that fruit donated to the Society by exhibitors be disposed of by a committee of local members for the benefit of the Society This motion prevailed and Messrs H J Peters J L Hardeman and J M Gunn were named as the Committee The President admonished the Commit tee to rimember with compliments those from whom the Society had received courtesies The Society then adjourned till 8 oclock227 CROP REPORT1882 45 Wednesday Evening Convention met at 830 ocloek General Wm M Browne presiding Report of Committee on Market Varieties o Peaches was received andi adopted Committee on Transportation made a verbal report of their efforts to procure abundant and cheap means of transportation They find the Express Company unable to carry at satisfactory rates the heavy shipments that are made during the height of the season for shipment to Western markets Refrigerator car had been used with good result Judge Cunningham had shipped two carloads and had netted more from them than five carloads would have netted as ordi narily shipped Mr Elliott was satisfied that if any guarantee could be given as to the quantity of freight to be shipped that Western companies would fur nish all the transportation needed at low rates Refrigerator boxes had been used for shipment of fruit from Florida These were of three bushels capacity and were carried at 15 cents per cubic foot making cost of shipment to New York and return of box 210 With one hundred pounds of ice a temperature of 45 to 60 deg was maintained for nine days Fruit carried in refrigerators came out looking well but it was thought decayed more rapidly after taking out than if shipped the usual way Mr Rumph had on exhibition peaches thab had been in the ice house one week After two days exposure they were still sound A committee of five consisting of J D Cunningham as chairman D H Elliot J S Newman W W Woodruff and S H Rumph was appointed to take the subject in hand and were instructedto request the Department of Ag riculture to furnish them with the necessary statistics as to fruit shipped this year the result of their investigation to be reported to the Agricultural De partment as soon as possible Adjourned sine die T L KINSEY Secretary46 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 228 CATALOGUE OF FRUITS PLAN OF CATALOGUE To enable the Society to publish a full and reliable catalogue of fruits which are successfully cultivated in Georgia and in view of the vast differences which the climatic influence of the several sections of our State has upon the same fruit cultivated on the mountains or near the sea coast it has been deemed ad visable to divide the State into three distinct sections i The Upper or Mountain Region embracing that section of Georgia be tween the 34th and 35th degrees of latitude N 2 The Middle Region between 32d and 34th degrees and including the southwestern portion of the 32d degree 3 The Lower or Coast Region comprising the counties of Chatham Bryan Liberty Mclntosh Clynn and Camden The explanations of the columns will be found under each class of Fruits The varieties named in the several lists are of recognized good quality in ferior or rejected varieties being omitted Synonyms are given in a few instances only where it was deemed necessary these are placed under the adopted name in italics One o indicates that the varieties succeed well in the regian named at the head of the column Two oos indicate the varieties most highly recom mended No o indicates no report or that the variety is not sufficiently tested A Dash indicates that the variety is unsuited APPLES Explanation of Columns Column 1stName of varieties Column 2dSeason of maturity Column 3dThe particular use for which it is best adapted Columns 4 5 and 6The regions for which the varieties are recommended Column 7Remarks Explanation of Abbreviations Column 2dSeasonsS summer A autumn W winter E early L late E S early summer L W late winter etc Column 3d UseK designates varieties recommended only for kitchen or cooking purposes D for drying C for those specially intended for cider M those most valued for market varieties not marked may be considered as table or desert sorts229 CROP REPORT1882 APPLES 47 Astrachan Red Ben Davis Neiv York Pippin Buncombe MeigsRedWinter Pearjnain Red Fall Pippin Buff Black Warrior Carters Bue Lady Fitzpairick Carolina Greening GreenCrankSouthernGr een ing Green Cheese Cannon Pearmain Carolina Watson Cullasaga Chattahoochee Disharc n Early Harvest Elgin Pippin Equinetelee Batchelor Buckingham etc Etovvah Coopers Red Fall Pippin Family Farrars Summer Robinsons Superb Ferdinand Grimes Golden Pippin Gravenstein Hames Homony Summer Queen of Kentucky Sops of Wine Horse Hocketts Sweet Horn Julian Jewetts Best Kansas Queen Kittageskee Kentucky Red Streak Bradfords Best Laurens Greening Lake Lever Lanier May Pippin Mamma Mangum Maverecks Sweet Moultries Indian Winter Neverfails Rawles Janet Nickajack Sunrnerour Berry Wonder etc Nantahalee Yellow June Oconee Greening Palmer or Pear Apple Romanite Red June Carolina Red June Rhodes Orange E S LW LW S LW W A E S A A W s LW LW S s s LA A L A S LW A E S A W w LW A E LW H S K S Profitable early market not prolific Second quality excellent keeper Excellent In some soils liable to blight of bloom buds Very large coarse suitable for mountain region Excellent fine keeping prolific Large sugary very fine splendid grower Excellent Second quality fine keeper Very large prolific profitable market Requires strong clay soil Excellent and fine keeper Good quality fine grower 00 Universal favorite Large and very good lVery good needs strong soil subject to borer oooo Very good fine keeper Large and very good Excellent and profitable summer apple prolific Very good lasts from July to October Large good quality Very good in mountain region Good in Middle and Western portion of the State Matures with Jed June very good Excellent prolific months Superior for cookng and drying prolific lasts two Prolific and good keeper Good keeper open grower Productive excellent for cider showy fruit Very large very good stout grower Very showy Very prolific small very good Fine grower Good fall fruit prolific Good showy fruit tree stout grower Second quality late keeper Showy fall apple good quality Very early reliable in middle or western region Very good fine tree Excellent prolific subject to moth Very good good keeper unreliable Good and late keeper Excellent in some sections of middle region unreli able apt to drop before attaining full size Veiy good apt to rot at core in some soils Excellent Medium very good prolific Unsurpassed in quality prolific in mountain region Early prolific very good bears very young profit able for market Excellent summer fruit48 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 230 APPLESContinued NAME Simmonss Red Shockley Sauta Summer Cheese Summer Queen Stevenson Winter Striped June Early Red Margaret 0 thi South Sweet Bough Sweet Harvest Taunton Webbs Winter White Winter Pearmain Yates Yopps Favorite Wine Sap Hiieys Eureka U3 S LW LW S S LW s w w w LW S IW LW REMARKS Matures fruit from June to October Reliable in every section profitable Very good late keeper even on coast Large prolific excellent for cooking and drying Prolific and good market apple Unsurpassed in quality bearing and keeping 0000 Excellent fine grower and prolific Very good early sweet Large showy good quality fine for market open Good grower Good Small very good prolific and bears young desira Very good ble variety Quality very good Promising well late keeper LEADING VARIETIES OF APPLES FOR MARKET ORCHARDS SummerAstrachan Red June Early Harvest Family Striped June Horse Julian Homonv AutumnBuncombe Carters Blue Equinetelee Taunton WinterBen Davis Chattahoochee Greening Etowah Hocketts Sweet Mangum Nickaiack Romamte Shockley Stevensons Winter Yates Sauta Black Warrior g mckaJac1 PEACHES Explanation of CoLUMNSst Name of variety 2d Class freestone or clingstone 3d Color of flesh 4th Season 5th Use Remaining columns denote the regions etc AbbreviationsClass F freestone C clingstone Flesh W white Y yellow R red Sea 7 E rly V very early M medium L late V L very late Very early ripen from end of May to June soth early from June 20th to July Sth medium from July 5th to August toth late from August icth to October 1st very late from October tst to November 10th Use F for familv use only M the most valuable for market D most desirable for drying Varieties not marked may be considered as good for home use 3 AlexandersynAmsden Amelia Stromans Carolina Austin Beatrice Bustians October Baldwins Late tChinese Cling R E Lee Canary Columbia Indian Pace etc Crawfords Early Crawfords Late Connors White Darby Demmings September Duff Yellow Early Tillotson Eatons Golden Elberta V E E V L VE V L V L E E E M E M V E V I 1 E V E L M M M M M F Jll M REMARKS Quality very good bright color very profitable Very large very good Excellent October cling 00 Excellent below medium size fine color requires rich An excellent very late cling soil and thinning Good late freestone Excellent and large subject to rot Earlier than its parent the Chines cling Very delicate skin very thin Excellent for all purposes Very good and standard market variety Variable rots in some seasons A good June cling for amateur culture An excellent October cling Similar to Lemon Cling but ripens a month later ery Urge early second quality Very desirable Superior cling for preserving Very large and handsome 231 CROP REPORT1882 PEACHESContinued 49 NAME Fmitland Seedling Flewellen Fleitas St John May Beauty Foster Grosse Mignonne Gayloid Great Eastern Goodes October General Taylor Hales Honey Chinese Honey Heath White White English Indian Blood Clingstone LaGrange Late Rareripe Late Admirable Lemon Cling Pineapple Louise Rivers Mountain Rose Muscogee Newington Cling Osceola Old Mixon Freessone Old Mixon Clingstone Picquets Late President Church fRivers Rivers Early York Stump the World Susquehanna Snow Scotts October Tinleys October Cling Thurber Tuskena white cling President Robinson W R Y y w w w R R W W W R W W w Y w w w w Y w w Y w w w Y w Y W w Y W I E V E V E M M M V I V r V E V M L M M M VE M M M L M L L I VE M M M V I V L M V E M REMARKS OO O cooo CO oo CO OO OOQO oo oo oo oo o oo oojoo OO CO Good for its season Good early cling of Indian type Very good early excellent market variety Earlier than Early Crawford Good but too tender for market Very good Very large variable in quality Very good late Indian cling Very good early cling Variable apt to rot in some localities o Very sweet blooms very early Excellent for preserving and market Very juicy and good Large pure white good Excellent very large Very good too tender for market Superior cling Very good ripens one week after Beatrice Superior to Early York Whitefieshed Columbia good Good freestone of Indian type Excellent market variety Excellent market variety Best freestone of of its season Very good September freestone Of best quality large size too tender for market Superior market variety Very large superior to late Crawford Good pure white preserving Good late cling Good late cling Very large best quality oiLemon Cling June Good July cling ISeedling of Chinese Cling Worthy of further trial CHINESE CLING SSSSSSS introduced less liable to decay than the ity to the Mountain Rose which r pens at same sefsovF5 a are a inferior in 1ual ver Magdala Dr Hogg Prince of Wal3 Early Alfred Early Albert Early Sil LEADING MARKET VARIETIES IN OKDER OF MATURITY Ptygl oTrMp JFhn T Hera Taylor World Columbia Lemon Cling Mcogee Indian RlrS lr FJZ Sus1uenna Stump the White Heath Cling Eatons JoldenTgwwins AustTn DarbV ftffi CqU PrCSident ChUrCh LEADING VARETES FOR SHPPING TO NORTHERN AND WESTERN MARKETS AlexanClerTilloso Crawfords Early Crawfoods Late Elberta Stump the World Susquehanna FOR FAMILY USE ba Old Mixon Cling PicquOUiuZhwF 1nrb 4mD ClingColum Eatons Golden BustiansOctober AustinsLate Tinleys October Denmm September Cling50 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE GEORGIA 232 Large Sweet Acid Dwarf NECTARINES Explanations and Abbreviations same asPeaches NAME en U F F C F F F C F F 0 c F o J2 o U Y R R R R R Y R R W R YR W 6 o a V WJ M M E E E M M M M E M M M 6 c o 2 B O o U REMARKS Boston Downton Reports from every section state this to be unreliable owing to attacks ol curculio the Golden Cling Hardwicke Hunts Tawny New White Red Roman Victoria APRICOTS Explanations and abbreviations same as peaches Breda F F F F F F I F F F F F Y Y R YR R Y Y Y Y YR YR Y E E M E M L M M M M M L o o Trees are liable to be killed by spring frost Only desirable for city gardens or where protected by surrounding buildings Moorpark Orange Half o o o Royal Turkey POMEGRANATES oo iThe climate of mountain region is too cold oo to grow this plant Suitable for pot culture NUTS Pecan Madeira or English Walnut Cobnuts and Filbert o Very prolific and desirable o Succeed well in Middle Georgia PEARS Explanation or Columnsist name of variety 2dseason 3d use stock upon which the vari ety succeeds best remainder the region in which the varieties are recommended AbbreviationsSeason and 6Same as those for Apples StockQt quinces S pear stock Where not marked the varieties thrive equaily upon quince or pear NAME Bartlett Belle Luciative Buerre Bosc Buerre Clairgeau Buerre dAnjou Buerre Diel a 0 a bl a iJ r c V o M a rt V 0 rj 0 U no V 0 M en S s oo oo S s S on oo n A s o o A s o oo oo S M D oo on o s o o REMARKS i Good everywhere but very subject to blight d Good for family use Variable as to soil Very fine apt to lose its foliage Very good Good233 CROP REPORT1882 PEARSContinued 51 Buerre Easter Buerre Giffard Buerre Langelier Buerre Superfin Buffum Clapps Favorite Doyenne dEte Doyenne Boussock Duchesse dAngouleme Flemish Beauty Henkell Howell Lawrence Louise Bonne de Jersey Onondaga Orbands Summer ott Passe Colmar St Michael Archangel Seckel Stevens Gennessee Winter Nelis Leconte Chinese Pear Petite Marguerite W E S A S S s F S s s s s s s s s E S s LA s I S IM S w s REMARKS S oo o A late keeper DOo oo o Very early poor grower Very fine in mountain rrion Excellent brtt rots at the core Very good and fine color matures rapidly standard only Good very early but small S o o Slow bearer Q oo oo oo Most profitable of all S o o oo Good but liable to rot at core Very good Very good Large and fine fine grower best on standard oiVariable as to quality Small but excellent and productive Fine grower good fruit Slow bearer fruit best quality Best keeper ket Valued in South Georgia Very good for table and mar oooo Seedling of Doyonne dEte and better BEST VARIETIES FOR MARKET IN ORDER OF MATURITY Z khMl A S HWel1 Duch dA BeutvTARuereny05neTdEte CkPS Farte Bartlett Belle Lucrative LeCote Flemish Beaut Buerre Clairgeau Lawrence Buerre Easter and Winter Nelis nemisn PLUMS NAME Bradshaw Coes Golden Drop Columbia Damson Blue Damson Duanes Purple Green Gage Imperial Gage Lombard M otrul Morocco Monroe Orleans Smiths Red Gage Wild Goose Newmans Decaradeucs HAKPRRs Washington Yellow Gage Brill R Y P B P G G P B G P R R R YR R Y Y R I REMARKS The curculio prevents this fruit from being raised to any extent Where special oare is taken to destroy the insect the varienties marked o are recommended The new varieties of the Chick asaw type are comparatively free from curculio and very prolific bearers Varieties in small capitals belong to Chickasaw type52 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 234 ExEPLANATJON OF COLUMNS columns for region etc NATIVE GRAPES ist name 2d class 3d color 4th season 5th use remaining AbbreviationsClassL Labrusca or belonging to the fox grape type CE CEstivalis or be NAME Black July or Deveraux Brighton Clinton Concord Delaware Diana Goethe Rogers No i Hartford Prolific Flowers Ives Lindley Rogers No 9 Lenoir LongJTyw Cunningham Maxatawney Merrimack Rogers No 19 Nortons Virginia Perkins Salem Scuppernong Senasqua Thomas Warren Herbemont Wilder Rogers No 4 Worden Berckmans Black Eagle Duchess Lady Washington Moores early Mary Wylie Noah Prentiss Pocklington Triumph B K B B P R P R GW B I B R B P R W B B R R W B P R P B TW T W IM TW TM T E M L W E WM M T c 0 V 0 G l V a 5 M T M W M T M T REMARKS Excellent shy bearer while young Very good quality a good bearer Good wine grape Among our very best varieties Best table variety reliable but slow grower Good Good late Good early variety good for wine Late variety of muscadine Early and prolific no rot Good Rots in middle region excellent for wine Good but not producive Good best white variety shy bearer o One of the best of Rogers hybrids o Good red wine grape o Good bearer no rot second quality Good Most certain bearer best wine grape Excellent for table Early variety of muscadine excellent Apt to rot excellent quality Good aud gaining in favor Earlier than Concord Promising well vigorous good bearer Promising well large Promising well Promising well Promising well as an early shipper Promising well Promising well for white wine betcer than Elvira Promising well Promising well as a large market variety Promising well an excellent white variety Best Varieties for MarketConcord Ives Delaware Hartford Wilder Diana Perkins Best for Wine Jacques Lenoir Clinton Concord Ives Nortons Virginia White Pelaware Diana Warnm Scuppernong Thomas WH rnzte235 CROP REPORT1882 STRAWBERRIES 53 coFumLs7oArTregonstcUMNSISt S6X 3i riin th use 5th ason remaining aATZrrFfeyp firssi s iruiKfcreign A NAME Charles Downing Triumphe de Gand Wilsons albany Nunans Monarch of the West Sharpless Crescent Seediing BidwellJfj E L EL VE E p o it 0 c bi C c a a 0 c i 3 s o o o o REMARKS Good variable as to soils Very fine where it does not burn Best very report favorable Worthless in middle region valuable for coast immediate Size We quality good other varieties Pistillatedmust be cultivated in alternate rows with Promising well RASPBERRIES NAME Doolittles Davidsons Thornless Imperial Red Mammoth Cluster Cuthbert a o c s 0 a a ho o c a 3 o o 0 o oo oo o o o oo REMARKS Varieties of the Black Cap and Purple Cane type yield good crops Foreign varieties are worthless and are ommitted from this list BLACKBERRIES Lawton or new Rochelle Kittatinny Wilsons Early MULBERRIES Downings Hicks Stubbs ooBest flavored acid moderate bearer 0orJargtverryigoVody PrlifiC recommMdd Poultry and hogs ALMONDS Princesse Sultane Hardshell o B1faSvnSlfrefiabIe kilied sPrinK frosfs Reports i favorable from middle and mountain region54 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 236 FIGS Explanation ok Columnsisr name 2d si4e 3d color 4th season remaining columns for regions etc Abbreviations SizeS small L large M medium CeiorVf white or yellow G green B brown or reddish P purpie or blue V violet Season E early M middle season E L early and late Angelique Early Lemon Brunswjck Madonna Co nsta nti 7iople Black Genoa Black Bchia Celestial Brown Turkey Brown Smyrna Green Ischia White Ischia Green Italian Lemon Violet Round Nerii Marseilles 6 S B c 0 VV E P EL H V M p M u V K 3 1 E L D P M V ML X M w M IV L v M Small good early Very large and desirable Good Small prolific and desirablecelestial Best of all for middle region Very good and prolific Very good Good Good Rather dry but prolific CHERRIES Explanations and abbreviations same as Figs except color early black Y yellow Y R Yellow red R red A amber D R dark red Belle Delhoisy Belle and Alanifique Black Heart Werder Black Tartarian Black Eagle Carnation oes Transparent Early Richmond May Duke English Morello Napoleon Rockport Reine Hortense Governor Wood Baumans May Yellow Spanish IR R Ilk lR DR R A Y R R R R AR R R R Y REMARKS Very early Cherries are uncertain in middle region except in a few localities where good crops are sometimes produced the Morello class being most desirable Trees should all be grown on Wahaleb stock QUINCES NAME e a 2 5 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 Orange or Apple 0 0 REMARKS Fine quality Succeeds best in Southwest Georgia good for preserving Most generally cultivated Large and fine Quinces need strong clay soil They are unproductive in gray landSpecial Circular No 29 New Series REPORT OF CONDITION AND YIELD OF CROPS ETC FOR THE MONTH OF SEPTEMBER 1882 RETURNABLE OCTOBER 1st 1882 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Atlanta Ga September 12th 1882 Dear Sm Please answer the following questions on the I St dav of October or a few days before if necessary ad mail 5 that your report may reach this office by the Third of OnlnLT Answer every question that will admit I It2g An AVERAGE CROP or AVERAGE OVhiiun e Uan a arSe it should be reported as IIO in you leside or as far in every direction as your knowledge may extend not simply to your own farm CUS may extend noi LTtarrr 5Cb kl t grown JO J T HENDERSON Commissioner of Agriculture I For what county do you report f county II Tour name f III Tour postofflce 2 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 238 From present indications what will be the 1 Total yield of cotton compared to a good average crop Per cent 2 Total yield of corn compared to average percent percent S Sugar cane r 4 Rice percent per cent 5 Sweet potatoes 6 SorghumPer cent 7 Field peaspercent 8 Chufaspercent 9 Turnipspercent SWEET POTATOES An effort is being made to secure rates of transportation which will justify the shipment of of our surplus crop of sweet potatoes to the Northern markets Information in regard to the probable surplus wil 1 facilitate this effort Please answer therefore the following questions 10 After supplying the home demand how many bushels of sweet potatoes can be sold for ship ment in your county this year bushels 11 What varieties are principally grown in your county 13 Which gives best results 18 Give the names and postoffice address of some of the largest sweet potato growers in your county New Series JNEW bERIES Circular No 32 j RULES AND REGULATIONS AND Special Instructions to Inspectors FOR THE INSPECTION OF FERTILIZERS IN GEORGIA Prescribed by J T HENDERSON Commissioner of Agrxculture FOR THE SEASON OF 18823 ATLANTA GEORGIA 1882New Series Circular No 32 j Rules and RegulationsSeason of 18823 Department of Agriculture Atlanta September 15 1882 The Commissioner of Agriculture continues of force the Rules and Regulations of the season of 18812 and they are prescribed and published for the season of 18823 as follows I Every package of fertilizer or chemical for manufacturing the same or for composting intended for sale or distribution within the State of Georgia shall have the manufacturers guaranteed analysis placed upon or securely at tached to each package by the manufacturer If the fertilizer is in bags it shall be distinctly branded stamped or printed upon each sack If in barrels it may be either branded stamped or printed upon the head of each barrel or distinctly printed upon good paper and securely pasted upon the head of each barrel or upon a shipping or other tag and securely attached to the head of each barrel In every case it must be distinct This manufacturers guaran teed analysis shall show the following determinations viz Moisture at 212percent Insoluble Phosphoric Acidper ceQt Available Phosphoric Acidper cen Ammonia actual and potentialper cent Potash K Opercent If Nitrogen in the form of Nitrate is claimed the fact must be stated in the Request for Inspection II To facilitate the transaction of business any manufacturer dealer agent or other person who procures the inspection of a fertilizer after it is in spected and has the inspectors tag attached in compliance with law may proceed to make sales thereof before the official analysis is completed provided he gives a written obligation to cancel all sales in case the fertilizer is con demned by the Commissioner of Agriculture This obligation is embraced in the Request for Inspection which must also set forth the guaranteed analysis according to the form therein prescribed and addressed to the proper Inspector III Inspectors shall not furnish any tag or device to be attached to any fer tilizer or permit it to be offered for sale or distribution unless the manufac turers guaranteed analysis is plainly placed upon each parcel or package before offering the same for sale or distribution claiming in the case of any Ammoniated Superphosphate that it contains at least 8 per cent of available Phosphoric Acid and 2 per cent of Ammonia and of any Acid Phosphate or Dissolved Bone that it contains at least 10 per cent of available Phosphoric Acid neither shall any such tag or device be furnished or applied to any fer tilizer that is in a damaged or unmerchantable condition4 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 240 IV Inspectors after collecting inspection fees and taking samples shall have applied under their personal supervision when practicable Inspectors tags one to each package of fertilizer before the same is offered for sale or dis tribution Inspectors tags will have printed upon each the words and figures Inspected18823Georgia also a fac simile of the signature of the In spector Whenever it is found to be impracticable for Inspectors to personally supervise the application of tags they may be delivered to the order of the person procuring the inspection In such cases Inspectors must avail them selves of all practicable means to satisfy themselves that the tags so delivered have been properly applied to goods that have been regularly inspected during the season indicated V The Inspectors tag when attached or applied in compliance with law is a recognition that the fertilizer to which it is attached has the consent of the Commissioner of Agriculture to go to sale under the conditions prescribed in Rules I and II above recited VI All fertilizers manufactured in this State for sale or distribution within the State must have been subjected to all the requirements of the law and regulations and the Inspectors fee must be paid before it can be removed from the mill or factor VII For the purpose of making inspections and executing the laws and reg ulations in relation to the inspection of fertilizers the following persons have been appointed Inspectors with offices at the places annexed to their names viz O T RogersSavannah Samuel Hawkins Augusta W P HardenBrunswick J S LawtonAtlanta E LThomasMacon W H nowellColumbus Whenever it is necessary to facilitate transportation the Inspectors at Macon Brunswick and Columbus will cooperate with the Inspectors at Savannah Augusta and Atlanta Inspections can be made at other points in Georgia than those named above when necessary but if in such cases the fertilizer shall have come into the State at any port or station where there is an Inspector the necessary expenses of the Inspector in going to make such inspection must be paid by the party procuring the same VIII If necessary to facilitate transportation inspections may be made out side of the State or in bulk by permission of the Commissioner of Agriculture to whom applications must be made by the party procuring it In all such cases the expenses of the Inspector incurred in making the inspection must be paid by the party procuring it IX In all cases in making inspections samples must be taken by the In spector in person He must provide such samples as will penetrate to the centre of the package and samples must be taken from a sufficient number to fairly represent the wholenot less than onetenth of the package in lots of ten tons or over and not less than onefifth of the packages in lots of less than ten tons241 INSPECTION OF FERTILIZERS18823 X Inspectors at tbe time of first inspecting a fertilizer for the season must request of the person procuring the same three packages of each distinct brand to be selected by the Inspectors to be used under the directions of the Commissioners of Agriculture in making a thorough soiltest These three packages must be taken at once by the Inspector and carefully stored till called for by the Commissioner XI Manufacturers of and dealers in fertilizers outside the State before making each shipment of fertilizers into Georgia for sale or distribution are required to notify the Commissioner of Agriculture directly and also the In spector at the port or place where the same is to enter the State in writing of such shipment giving the name of the vessel or railroad on which shippedthe name of each distinct brand and the number of tons of each the numberand kinds of packages and their weight the name and place of the consignee and accompany this information by a copy of the guaranteed analysis Let this notice be timely to both the Commissioner and the Inspector It will facilitate business and result in advantage to those who give such timely no tice XII As far as possible all fertilizers must be inspected at the port of entry or place where they come into the State Inspectors are required to be vigilant and see that none escapes Dealers in the interior of the State to whom fer tilizers coming into the State at points where there are no Inspectors are con signed must give timely notice to the Commissioner of Agriculture and to the Inspector nearest the point where they enter the State and must be prepared to furnish the Inspector with the necessary guaranty and give all required obliga tions and to pay to him the inspection fee by the time the fertilizer arrives All persons in Georgia who expect to deal in fertilizers or have fertilizers shipped to them during the coming season for sale or distribution will please take due notice and make all necessary arrangements to meet the requirements of law promptly when the fertilizer reaches the State and thus save delay and embarrassment The law must be enforced and parties interested will greatly oblige by taking such timely steps as will insure its easy execution without an noyance to themselves or others XIII An Act To protect more effectually the planters of Georgia from im position in the sale of fertilizers etc approved February 26th 1874 provides in section I That from and after the passage of this Act it shall not be lawful to sell or offer for sale any fertilizer manufactured in this State or to bring into the State for sale and distribution any fertilizer manufactured beyond the limits of the State unless before offering for sale or the sale or distribution of the same there shall be an inspection and an analysis made of it etc Sec tion III of the same Act provides for the punishment according to section 4310 of the Code of 1873 of any person selling fertilizers without inspection An Act to render more efficient and economical the Inspection and Analysis of Fertilizers etc Approved February 26th 1877 provides that Any manu facturer dealer or other person offering any fertilizer or chemical for manufac turing the same for sale or distribution in this State without having a brand tag or such other device as the Commissioner of Agriculture may require show ing the analysis thereof shall be guilty of a misdemeanor and on conviction of the same shall be punished as prescribed in section 4310 of the Revised Code of 1873DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 242 Section VI of the above cited Act approved February 28th 1874 requires the Inspectors to prosecute violators of these laws The law will be rigidly enforced and the Inspectors held to a strict perform ance of their duties XIV The season for inspecting fertilizers will be from September 1st to the 31st of August following XV The method of analysis recommended by the recent Convention of Agri cultural Chemists held at Washington D C on the 28th of July 1880 will continue to be employed by the Chemist of the Department in the analysis of all commercial fertilizers Copies of the proceedings of said Convention will be sent to applicants SPECIAL INSTRUCTIONS TO INSPECTORS OF FERTIL IZERS It is of the utmost importance to the planters and people of Georgiato your self and the Department of Agriculturethat your duties be well and faithfully performed You are placed as a sentinel to see that the interest of the farmers of Georgia are well guarded in their purchase of commercial fertilizers that they are protected from imposition in every purchase that they make and that the laws denning your duties and the regulations of the Department are rigidly executed in every case You are in your official acts to render full justice to all parties The strict execution of the law and full protection from imposition to all farmers will not work injustice to any manufacturer or dealer In the discharge of your duty in addition to the foregoing Rules and Regu lations you are to be governed by the following special instructions giving some details which could not well be set forth elsewhere viz 1 Fertilizers purchased outside of the State by a consumer or farmer in Georgia for his own use and not for sale or distribution shall be permitted to pass without inspection if the purchaser desires it provided it is sent directly to said purchaser addressed or consigned to him personally and not directed to or passing through the hands of a commission merchant or third party You must as far as practicable report all such shipments to the Commissioner of Agriculture giving the names of brands the names and places of consignees and the number of tons and enter the same in your official record 2 You must not inspect any fertilizer till the person or firm desiring inspec tion has a Paid you in cash the inspection fee of 50 cents per ton for every ton to be inspected b Placed the exact name in full of the fertilizer to be inspected upon each package and placed the guaranteed analysis on each package c Signed a Request for Inspection on the blanks furnished for that pur pose embracing an obligation to cancel and make null all sales which may be made of said fertilizer before the official analysis thereof is made if after being analyzed the Commissioner of Agriculture shall in pursuance of law prohibit its sale The request must also contain the guaranteed analysis corres ponding to that placed upon the package243 INSPECTION OF FERTILIZERS18823 Soiltest packages of every distinct brand of fertilizers are to be requested only once during the season viz at the time of making the first inspection of any brand You must not inspect any fertilizer if the minimum percentage of any of the valuable ingredients named in the guaranteed analysis is less than that required by law viz 8 per cent of available phosphoric acid and 2 per cent of ammo nia in ammoniated superphosphates or 10 per cent of available phosphoric acid in acid phosphates or dissolved bones 3 Immediately after taking samples of any brand of fertilizer in the man ner described in Rule IX of the Rules and Regulations they must be thoroughly mixed but not triturated or ground in a mortar or otherwise When samples are forwarded to the Department for analysis they must be in the same mechan ical condition in which they are offered for sale to the planters m the State After the samples are thus thoroughly mixed you will from the mixture fill two glass bottles common quinine bottles securely seal them with wax stamp your private seal upon the wax and then carefully and correctly label themone With a label showing the inspection number name of the fertilizer inspected the place at for whom inspected and the date of inspection and the other with a label showing the number of inspection You must then deliver both in person to the Commissioner or carefully box and ship them to him by ex press 4 You are required to keep in a book a full and accurate record or minute of every official act performed by you and of everything connected with the movement of or trade in fertilizers that may be important giving name dates and facts in full as indicated in the blank forms furnished you 5 You are required to make a full and complete report on the first day of each month of the work done during the previous month on blanks furnished you for that purpose Report promptly to the Commissioner any violations of law The book of records or minutes is the property of the Department and must be neatly and correctly kept It must be riled in the Department with your final report made at the end of the fertilizer season Xou will be required to make arrangements for storing and shipping soiltest samples under the instructions from the Commissioner of Agriculture When you make the first inspection for the season of any brand of fertilizer outside ol the State you must then and there request the soiitest samples to be put up and shipped to your address freight prepaid by the manufacturer or dealer and the same to be stored by you as before directed Blanks will be furnished you for making all your records entries and reports and stationery for official correspondence Inspectors tags and sample bottles will be supplied to you on your requisition freight prepaid and you must retain the cost of the same and all charges from fees received and pay the amount to this office at the end of each month The Act of February ath 1877 requires you to pay over to the Comptroller General on the first day of each month ail moneys received for inspection fees during the preceding month This must be done in whatever manner the Comptroller may prescribe and you must satisfy the Commissioner that this duty has been performed before a salary certificate will be issued to you8 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 244 You are specially required to guard against any misappropriation of Inspec tors tags or for any violation or evasion of the law or of any attempts to do so and make full reports to the Department of Agriculture You will be required to render a strict account of all tags issued to you and held liable to the treasury for the amount of fees represented by any tags not satisfactorily accounted for Any information you may need will be given at any time Instructions will be given promptly in any case in which you may desire them or about which you are in doubt Inspectors will be held to a strict performance of all duties required of them by the law and the rules regulations and instructions denning their duties No neglect or irregularities in the discharge of their duties will be tolerated J T HENDERSON Commissioner of AgricultureCircular Nc jj New Series CROP REPORT FOR THE MONTH OF SEPTEMBER 1882 Seturned to the Department of Agriculture October 1st 18S2 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Atlanta Ga October 5th 1882 GENERAL COMMENTS COTTON L5K rCiC0t ckotton in the state was pM 98 im port was mailed DOt n0ioed UDtiI after e re The retoonin the estimate since last month is attributed to ft effects of Where there was much cotton open at the time of the storm the damage was cons le bl bm t0 many cropg t was beneflcal amag he s BoTofirand bjbending tbe staiks r 2iss the bolls Th 6 aVe had the effect of facilitating the opening of the bolls There was at one time great uneasiness felt about the lateness of He crop but the effect of the storm together with the influence of th drjweltLtr whCh has prevailed for the last three weeks have materially relieved apnrehe sonson ths subject Cotton whieh was in a green and growing conditfon three leeksagosnowopeningrapidly TboonmerJeperJJZTcrovllDEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 246 CORN There is a reduction in the reports of corn in every section except in South west and Southeast Georgia where the corn was more generally matured before the storm than in the other sections Besides a smaller per centage of the crop is planted on bottom lands in those two sections than in the others where the reduction is mainly due to the influence of the storm The estimated yield compared to an average crop for the whole State is 117 a reduction of three per cent since the August report mainly due to the effects of the storm In North Georgia it is 115 in Middle Georgia 117 in Southwest Georgia 119 in East Georgia 115 and in Southeast Georgia 116 There has been some complaint of corn rotting especially where the ears up on stalks that were blown down by the storm rest upon the ground but there is complaint of rot and an unusual quantity of fungus in the general crop SUGAR CANE Two counties in North Georgia report this crop at 100 Twentyone counties in Middle Georgia report it at 102 In Southwest Georgia East Georgia and Southeast Georgia this crop is reported at 109 In the whole State the estimate is 107though as nearly the whole crop is produced in the three sections of Southern Georgia 109 more correctly represents the crop of the State RICE Two counties in North Georgia report rice at 112 seven counties in Middle Georgia report it at 99 sixteen in Southwest Georgia report an average condi tion and prospect of 99 East Georgia reports 104 while Southeast Georgia where the bulk of the crop is produced reports it 99 The average for the State is 101 SWEET POTATOES This crop promises an immense yield and the dry weather which has pre vailed for the last three weeks has been very favorable for maturing the fine crops already made It will facilitate the ripening of the potatoes which is so necessary to insure keeping through the winter They should not be dug until ripe This may be determined by breaking or cutting a few specimens and al lowing the exposed surface to dry in the air If the root is mature the juice which exudes from the cut suface will crystalize and form a white coating over the wound which serves as an artificial skin to exclude the air and thus pre vents decomposition If the cut surface turns black the potato is not in a suit able condition as to maturity to insure good keeping qualities This crop is so easily grown in large quantities per acre and of superior qual ity in Georgia that if reasonable rates of transportation can be procured the surplus crop will become no insignificantsource of revenue to the farmers of the State In order to facilitate arrangements for reduced rates inquiry was made of the crop correspondents of this Department as to the surplus available for market purposes in their respective counties with the following results 24 CROP REPOliT1882 3 SURPLUS OP SWEET POTATOES PROM PRESENT CROP FOR MARKET TU K Gn Mgia 37250 bushels In fiddle Georgia 112350 bushels In Southwest Georgia 99M0 bushes In East Georgia 46500 bushels In Southeast Georgia 40000 bushe8 Total surplus 335500 bushels This does not cover the whole surplus as only 101 of the 137 counties repor questTon corresPondents in of these counties failed to answer the 10th Hitherto the freights have been prohibitory and hence very few farmers plant he sweet potato as a market crop but simply enough to supply the demand on the farm for use on the table with a small surplus for stock Taking these facts into consideration therefore the surplus reported is not insignificant If assurance of reasonable rates of freight to Northern and Western cities can be guaranteed the next crop will show a surplus of at least 1000000 bushels The crop is reported at 107 in North Georgia 113 in Middle Georgia 110 in Southwest Georgia 111 in East Georgia 114 in Southeast Georgia and in the who e State 111 Those who contemplate shipping to the northern markets should procure seed of the Jersey Sweet which commands a better price in tie Northern and Western cities than auy other variety SORGHUM Is reported at 100 in North Georga 103 in Middle Georgia 97 in Southwest Georga 108 in East Georgia and 10 in Southeast Georgia The area in this crop has been considerably increased iu North Georgia It should be grown farenough South to meet the area of profitable cultivation of the sugar cane With modern improvements in evaporators a very fine article of syrup is made from the sorghum entirely free from the objectionable sreentaste formerly pres ent in this syrup J FIELD PEAS A liberal area was devoted to this important crop this yer and a very fine yield has been made The crop is reported at 105 in North Georgia 104 in Mid dle Georgia 93 in Southwest Georgia 94 in East Georgia 108 in Southeast Georgia and m the whole State 100 The vines cut and cured when most of the peas are ripe make a most excellent and nutritious food for stock CHUFAS This crop is receiving less attention than formerly and in the southern part of the State less than its value as food for hogs and poultry justifies None are reported m North Georgia Iu Middle Georgia they are reported at 102 in Southwest Georgia 100 in East Georgia 103 in Southeast Georgia 95 and in the whole State 101 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA TURNIPS 248 The seasons have been unusually favorable for securing a stand of this crop and a liberal but not a large crop has been sown The worm which was so de structive several years ago is again preying upon the roots this fall ir I s many fields almost entirely destroying the crop The Swede or rutabag jss affected by them than the rough leafed varieties The crop is reported i 91 in North Georgia 101 in Middle Georgia 84 in Southwest Georgia 106 in East Georgia 95 in Southeast Georgia and in the whole State 95 GENERAL OUTLOOK The general outlook for agriculture in Georgia is very flattering abundant provision crops of every kind have been harvested in every section of the States and a good crop of cotton is being gathered Merchants report their bills more promptly paid than for a number of years and the farmers are more cheerful than they have been for at least the last seven years There is one fact which I am very desirous of impressing upon the minds of the farmers That they cannot afford to part with the cotton seed grown upon their farms at any price unless their equivalent in manurial value is returned to the soil in some form This may be done in several ways the most simple of which is by an exchange of the seed for an equivalent in value of the cotton seed meal say 1000 pounds of the meal delivered at his depot It may be re turned by an application of ammoniated superphosphate The farmer cannot afford to sell his cotton seed at less than twenty cents per bushel since he cannot with the money received at a lower price replace an amount of plant food equivalent to that removed in the cotton seed Unless this is annually done the deterioration of the soil is certain The following analy sis shows the per centage of valuable ingredients in cotton seed meal COTTON SEED MEAL VALUATION Ammonia is valued at22 cents per pound Phos acid is valued at12 per pound Potash is valued at6 cents per pound According to the method of calculating the commercial value of commercial fertilizers a ton of cotton seed meal is worth 4862 but it contains an excess of ammonia which would make an application of the meal alone wasteful By mixing the meal however with a high grade super phosphate nonammoniated a very superior fertilizer is obtained About the proper proportion swould be one of cot ton seed meal to two of the superphosphate The ammonia in the cotton seed meal is potential and becomes actual only as the particles of the meal decompose and hence is better than that derived from animal sources which is more promptly rendered active by the rapid de composition of the animal matter Ammonia has been valued during the last fertilizer season at 25 cents per pound a S A 3 fe a S3 3 s S o o 1 H 614 265 880 245 t249 CROP REPORT1882 The average analyses of six chemists show that whole cotton seed contain ammonia 250 per cent phos acid 175 per cent and potash 115 per cent According to the valuations applied to the constituents of the meal the com mercial value of the ton of seed is 1536 There are 66 bushels in a ton of the seed hence 1536 per ton will be at the rate of 23 cents per bushel If the producer and the mill men can agree upon prices it is plainly to the advantage of both and of the whole country that the oil be not wasted as it is when the whole seed are used as manure Respectfully J T IIENDEKSON Com of Agriculture DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 250 NOTES FROM CORRESPONDENTS NORTH GEORGIA Banks County Very little cotton open yet Tha hillside farms havp gath ered a few bales but the best cotton is still unopened and if we have an early frost there will scarcely be 60 per cent of a crop made The storm and overflow killed the peas and damaged the corn on bottom lands Chattooga County Cotton doing finely but three weeks late With a late fall and good weather Ch ittooga will make an average crop The weather has been fine for the last three weeks Cherokee County The falling off in corn and cotton is the result of the storm which passed over the county the 2nd week of September Floyd County The cotton crop will turn out much shorter than was sup posed a month ago The bolls are larger than the crop of 1881 but are not more numerous than last year Franklin CountyThe reason why potatoes are not cultivated more exten sively is the want of transportation The falling off of the crops in this report from former reports is on account of the N E storm on the 11th September Walker County We will make a full average crop of cotton if we do not have a killing frost before the 20th of October MIDDLE GEORGIA Taliaferro County No potatoes are grown for marketrates have been too high We have much land better adapted to sweet potatoes than to cotton Many of us would rather grow potatoes at 40 cents than plant cotton Walton County Our corn was slightly injured by the heavy continued blow of August 20th Cotton has done well under the circumstances The result will depend much upon the date of the first frost Other crops made The country is more hopeful than at any time since the war Warren County If we could find ready sale for our potatoes Warren county would ship 10000 bushels annually without materially interfering with other crops I hope your effort at securing transportation may be successful The rice crop would be an important one if we had a huller Why has not some genius invented a huller on the coffee mill order worth one to five dollars so that every farmer could have one There are thousands of acres of waste land here that could be reclaimed sufficiently for rice one acre of which would bountifully supply an average family Habersham CountyCora badly injured by the storm on the 9th and 10th of September251 CROP REPORT1882 SOUTHWEST GEORGIA Dooly CWjCotton badly damaged by the storm of the 9th and 10th of tie o mUCh Tn AUgUStn t0p P H been too wet p tatoescausing too much vine Hn OoutayYry few farmers have given much attention to raisin hem TZ w 7 faCt that there is D0 them If there was a market they would be largely and profitably grown Macon County fc a fine potato country If we were sure of a mftrW a great many and of fine quality would be made for slrn preference to a cotton What we need is cheap transportation tuti sc7ntte storm damaged cotton aHd I rt f The storm injured the cotton and pea crop very materi ally It to admitted on all hands that not more than 60 per cent of a op of SS nTruiL gath6red i cenTtrpSrXTrS1110 f d SOUTHEAST GEORGIA QmntyA correspondent from Appling writes I would like to suggest to the farmers of Southeast Georgia to sow largely of oats and to ow from the 15h of October to the 20th of November They win do well sowed durmg this time in this climate and I would like to suggest that faTmersTow down rye for winter pasturage forstock sheep colts and pigs as woud prov a great advantage to all who will try it Look closely after the stick sheep In lambtng time January and February P REMARKA11 of this is excellent advice which it will be well for every far vTuonVsrrvarying the time f s s IDEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 252 TABLE No I Showing Condition of Crops in Georgia etc October ist 1882 NORTH GEORGIA Total Yield Compared to an Average Crop of COUNTIES a 0 0 O a 0 O c 0 0 V u 5 V 0 0 V V 0 C3 E 1 U in Q c u 3 83 100 75 75 87 88 80 75 8S 2 65 100 100 85 90 90 no 87 105 85 90 113 100 no 5 117 122 125 105 112 140 100 120 118 122 113 110 125 117 130 107 125 90 100 100 IOO 105 IOO 107 no 115 112 iio 5 125 100 3 100 IOO IOO 115 107 102 IIO 95 91 IOO 97 IOO 103 60 Fannin 75 iooj 125 1071 95 1621 107 XIO 90 106J 100 I ID IO5 II5 150 HO 65 IIO IOO os 110 100 95 ICO IOO 82 100 90 95 125 90 IOO IOO 70 IOO 83 IOO no 97 05 90 tic 95 105 91 ic 5 10 10110 85 106 Hall 80 90 Jackson Madison Milton 97 IOO 93 95 Polk IOO Union 83 122 115 97 3 90 8 IOC IOC 8 1 JC 87 87 3 IO 11 IO tool 10 91 MIDDLE GEORGIA 75 75 130 130 75 75 I 5 1 125 IOO IOO 80 So IIO IIO 80 80 110 125 IIO IOO 125 90 117 125 4 93 80 90 9 7 75 90 75 95 108 122 125 125 120 too no no 116 102 103 00 IOO IIO IOO too IIO 116 IOO IOO 120 100 117 105 97 IOO I03 96 ICO 90 IIO no 75 IOO IOO 80 82 88 85 90 97 120 117 126 112 I2C I20 IOO 112 33 102 IIO 5 III III 80 80 105 87 125 105 no 117 IOO IOO no 116 IOO IOO IIO IOO IOO no 100 92 TOO IO4 94 Il8 105 117 IOO IOO 253 CROP REPORT1882 TABLE No IContinued 9i Showing Condition of Crops in Georgia etc October ist 1882 MIDDLE GEORGIAContinued Total Yield Compared to an Average Crop OF COUNTIES a 0 0 O c 0 0 V a 3 u S w 3 IS2 6 2 11 V 0 O Ph V i 3 O V V P 3 3 3 u Q 5 3 H McDuffie 95 93 95 96 107 122 188 no 116 IOO I05 IO4 IOO 95 125 5 IOO 3 I5 I02 IOO IO5 120 122 i5 90 m IOC 125 102 85 98 Newton 95 90 92 90 75 117 in 125 100 122 IOO 125 no IOO 37 in 117 no 87 IOO 102 109 no 102 107 IOO 107 no 10S IOO 83 IOO 105 Pike 150 Talbot 90 92 79 5 3 107 85 105 95 IOO 95j 102 96 105 92 90 Walton 90 79 120 114 IOO ZI2 IOO 5 in 120 125 us 87 IOO 102 Warren Wilkes 87 117 I02 99 3 3 IO4 102 IOI SOUTHWEST GEORGIA Baker 90 85 90 75 75 5 X20 S 150 no 105 105 125 125 IOO IOO IOO 105 IOO 150 IOO no 90 no 85 IOO 75100 no no 150 no 5 no no IOO 90 iao 120 no IOO IOO 5o IOO 110 IOO IOO IOO 25 90 8S no 9 95 80 90 90 IOO ICO 115 IOC Early TOO 87 X50 125 l5 150 5 105 120 IOO IOO no 5 no 140 IOO IOO 105 IOO 75 85 75 80 75 108 37 no X20 no 107 no no IOO 87 108 IOO no IOO IOO 80 IOO IOO 75 IOO IOO 95 87 80 Marion Miller Mitchell Muscogee 80 78 82 80 IOO 90 92 5 105 X20 JO5 no 120 no 105 100 120 105 95 IOO 107 80 85 IOO no 95 125 105 120 IOO no 115 IOO IOO no 80 5 80 no 50 120 105 92 no 80 6o no 125 82 75 75 Webster 82 15 105 no IOO 65 85 98 125 125 IOO 65 85 125 65 Average 88 119 109 9 no 97 93 IOO 84 10 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE GEORGIA TABLE No IContinued 254 Showing Condition of Crops in Georgia etc October 1st 1882 EAST GEORGIA TIES Total Yield Compared to an Average Crop or cou 0 o U c c U c id u M j u 0 u 3 O 3 Q 3 Bullock 75 80 82 So 60 95 90 80 90 90 go 85 S5 100 100 rac 128 100 no 130 120 lid 112 123 5 125 100 TIO IOO Il8 IOO 108 112 no 105 no 5 n3 IOO IOO IOO 122 IOO 105 IOO 104 IOO no no 122 IOO IOC 105 120 125 112 i5 112 125 in no 120 IOO 108 IOO ITO IOO I25 IOO 10S 75 IOO no IOO 75 75 IOO 90 105 105 i5 85 94 IOO no IOO 105 IOO IOO no IOO IOO no IOO 103 Burke 75 90 IOO no IOO Liawrens Montgomery 95 Richmond 95 IOO Washington Wilkinson IOO 92 95 SOUTHEAST GEORGIA Bryan 90 IOO 70 120 no no 105 35 120 105 IOO 100 112 133 IOO no III no 120 90 90 105 no 90 99 107 95 95 88 no 100 107 150 5 IOO IOO IOO IOO IOO IOO TOO no 97 105 IOO IOO 105 103 60 Clinch 90 IOO IOO IOO IOO Eftlnham 9 90 120 120 Glvnn IOO Liberty JI5 IOO 115 IOO Mdmosh Pierce roo Wayne go 116 109 99 114 IOO 108 99 95 RECA1 ITULATION 5 17 119 115 IT IOO 102 109 109 109 112 99 99 104 99 IO7 113 no in 114 IOO IO3 97 10S IOO 105 104 93 94 108 102 IOO 103 99 91 Southwest Georgia IOI Southeast Georgia s5 90 84 I06 95 Average for State s 117 107 TOT ITI 102 IOO TOI 9S 255 CROP REPORT1882 11 TABLE No 2Synopsis of Weather Reports for September 1882 NORTH GEORGIA Americu Cuthbert Nashville Thomasville Means Augusta Ogeechee Swainsboro Means Brunswick Walthourville Means Means for State EAST GEORGIA SOUTHEAST GEORGIA Temperature Rainfall STATIONS 8 s 3 6 a a 2 c IB 0 0 S5 83 85 79 5 54 61 690 71 3 721 270 415 766 12 Mt Airy 14 Rabun Gap 84 88 48 53 665 720 750 312 5 83 53 702 502 8 MIDDLE GEORGIA Athens 87 91 86 93 63 50 54 57 740 741 710 753 3 60 402 365 362 4 3 i Oxford 91 60 765 625 7 89 57 742 423 6 SOUTHWEST GEORGIA 92 90 90 57 66 68 773 823 810 895 1000 3 So 5 3 ille 3 91 64 804 7 53 4 758 625HREPORT OF THE Commissioner of Agriculture OF THE STATE OIF GEOBGIA EMBRACING THE YEARS 1881 and 1882 J T HENDERSON Commissioner ATLANTA QA SAS P HARRISON CO PRINTERS AND PUBLISHERS 1882ANNUAL REPORT Department of Agricdltcre Atlanta October 15 1882 To His Excellency Alfred H Oolquitt Governor Dear SirIn compliance with the requirements of the Act es tablishing this Department and of an Act entitled an Act to change the fiscal year and to provide when official reports shall be made etc approved September 28th 1881 I have the honor to submit the following report of the work of this Department for the period ending October 1st 1882 covering two years of my last term In explanation of the fact that no report was submitted for the year 1881 I beg to say that the time and attention of myself and subordinates was so thoroughly occupied with the extra duties un dertaken in connection with the International Cotton Exposition superadded to the current routine duties of the office proper and with the unusual influx of visitors attracted from all quartens by the Imposition that it was found impracticable to prepare a report ai the usual time Even after the close of the great Exhibition the pressing character of the usual office workin the midst of the fer tilizer seasonthat could not be laid aside or postponed made it altogether inexpedient to attempt a formal comprehensive official report I therefore deemed it proper to defer the usual Annual Import with the view to embrace the operations of the two yeam in one ReportDEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 260 REPORT ORGANIZATION OF DEPARTMENT Since my last Report no changes have been effected in the clerical force of my office proper and none in the Laboratory and Inspection division except those which that Report anticipated As there in timated Dr N A Pratt resigned the position of Chemist of the Department on the 12th day of November 1880 and the vacancy was filled on the same day by the installation of Prof H C White of the University of Georgia and on the 15th of October 1880 Mr Samuel Hawkins was appointed to succeed Dr W P Harden resigned as Inspector of Fertilizers at Augusta On the let day of October inst the following changes took ef fect Wm H Howell Clerk of the Department was made Inspector of Fertilizers at Columbus vice Geo W Rosette W P Harden Inspector at Brunswick vice Troup Butler and the latter appointed Clerk of the Department The organization of the Department at present is therefore as follows J T Henderson Troup Butler R J Redding J S Newman W B Henderson IT C White O T Rogers J S Lawton Samuel Hawkins W H Howell W P Harden E L Thomas Dr H H Cary Commissioner Commissioners Clerk Assistant Commissioner Editing Clerk Mailing Clerk Chemist of Department Inspector of Fertilizers at Augusta Inspector of Fertilizers at Atlanta Inspector of Fertilizers at Augusta Inspector of Fertilizers at Columbus Inspector of Fertilizers at Brunswick Inspector of Fertilizers at Macon Superintendent of Fisheries261 commissioners report18182 5 DEPARTMENT HALL Your Excellency was pleased to assign for the use of this Depart ment the suite of rooms in the Capitol building heretofore occupied by the Atlanta Postoffice and the General Assembly in Decem ber 1880 appropriated the sum of five hundred dollars to fit up the same for its new uses With your approval this sum was eco nomically expended for the purpose indicated and my office and appurtenances were removed to the new quarters about the first of January 1881 It is sufficient to say that the change has been in every respect salutary and beneficial both on the score of conven ience and health of officials and general adaptation The present hall is well ventilated and lighted commodious for present pur poses and convenient of access to the citizens and strangers that daily visit the Department for the purpose of procuring or impart ing information or inspecting the samples of domestic and foreign agricultural and manufactured products farm implements and ma chinery and representative specimens of the mineral resources of the State INSPECTION AND ANALYSIS OF FERTILIZERS Prior to the inauguration of the present system of Inspection and Analysis of Fertilizerswhich went into operation September 1st 1877the work of inspecting and analyzing the fertilizers brought into the State for sale was comparatively inefficient and unsatisfac tory although under the nominal control of the Commissioner of Agriculture during the years 18745 18756 and 18767 The statistics of the trade in fertilizers previous to the establishment of the Department are not attainable But since its organization Sep tember 1 1874 the work of inspection and analysis and the com pilation of statistics of the trade has been a subject of careful and systematic attention and I am enabled thereby to present the inter esting tables which will shortly follow The appointment of Professor H C White to the position of Chemist of the Department has resulted in very material benefit to the work of inspection and analysis of fertilizers Being an ac complished analytical chemist and as Professor of Chemistry in theDEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 262 StateUniversity having the advantage of the very complete and extensive laboratory of that institution and the assistance of past graduates in carrying on analytical work he has brought to the dis charge of the duties of his office such abilities and facilities as the Department has never before so fully enjoyed He has thereby heen enabled to execute the work of analyzing fertilizers with a promptnessand dispatch that was never before attainable There has been little or no delay in reporting upon samples sent to him I in the regular course of inspection and I have been able to publish the analyses promptly so that dealers and farmers could realize the benefits to which they were entJtled from such publications The following tabular statements compiled from Circulars 18 and 28 present a comprehensive view of the work of inspecting and analyzing fertilizers for the past two seasons STATISTICS OF FERTILIZERS The following table shows the number of tons of all kinds in spected by each of the inspectors during the seasons of 18801 and 18812 respectively Season of 18801 O T Rogers Inspector at Savannah W P Harden Inspector at Augusta Samuel Hawkin Inspector at Augusta J S Lawton Inspector at Atlanta Troup Butler Inspector at Brunswick E L Thomas Inspector at Macon G W Rosette Inspector at Columbus Tons Season of 18812 Tons 3972700 1030000 2843620 2016203 3162980 1218630 1002270 Tons 4005230 2276920 1448100 3967292 317141 527981 15246403 12542664 The following table shows the number of distinct inspections made by each inspector for each season the average number of tons in each inspection the whole number of inspections made and the average of each263 commissioners report188182 NUMBER OF INSPECTIONS 7 Season of 18801 Season of 18812 No of Inspections Average amt of each No of Inspections Average amt of each O T Rogers 281 12 109 176 243 78 75 1414 tons 8583 tons 2608 tons 1145 tons 1302 tons 1562 tons 1336 tons 351 W P Harden 114 tons Samuel Hawkins 102 141 290 53 52 T Butler E L Thomas 223 tons 102 tons 137 tons G W Rosette 60 tons 101 tons Total 974 1565 tons 989 127 tons 48648 tons 55316 tons 75824 tons 93478 tons 85049 tons COMPARATIVE TRADE IN FERTILIZERS The following table shows the number of tons inspected for each ot the last eight seasons There were inspected during the season of 18745 There were inspected during the season of 18756 There were inspected during the season of 18767 There were inspected during the season of 18778 There were inspected during the season of 18789 There were inspected during the season of 187980119583 There were inspected during the season of 18801152404 ton3 There were inspected during the season of 18812125427 ton3 AMMONIATED AND NONAMMONIATED FERTILIZERS OR ACID PHOSPHATES The number of tons of Acid Phophates or Dissolved Bones spected in Georgia during the past eight seasons is as follows For the season of 18745 For the season of 18756 For the season of 18767 For the season of 18778 For the season of 18789 in Not classified 6499 tons 12842 tons 15332 tons 10291 tons8 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 264 For theseaeon of 18798013906 ton For the season of 1880122036 tons For the season of 1881220602 tons Of the whole quantity inspected the percentage of Acid Phos phates for each season was as follows For 187561166 per cent For 187671282 per cent For 187781962 per cent For 187891222 per cent For 1879801163 per cent For 188011511 percent For 188121642 per cent The following averages for the past eight seasons will be found interesting viz GENERAL AVERAGE OF ALL FERTILIZERS For the season of 18745 For the season of 18756 For the season of 18767 For the season of 18778 For the season of 18789 For the season of 187980 For the season of 18801 For the season of 18812 Available Phosphoric Acid 923 1094 1087 1143 1195 1024 1096 1088 Ammonia 255 253 252 279 270 258 253 248 Potash 517 249 275 223 166 133 141 14T These are the general averages of all fertilizers including Acid Phosphates for the seasons named It is proper to remark that the averages of Ammonia and Potash are of those brands only which are shown by analysis to contain these elements and not of the whole number of brands analyzed265 commissioners REPORT188182 9 AVERAGES OF AMMONIATED FERTILIZERS Available Phosphoric Acid Ammonia Potash For the season of 18745 873 1036 1051 1083 1152 953 1030 1020 284 298273 279 270 259 253 248 531 279 243 225 164 135 145 158 For the season of 18756 For the season of 18767 For the season of 18778 For the season of 18789 For the season of 187980 For the season of 18801 For the season of 18812 AVERAGES OF NONAMMONIATED FERTILIZERS For the season of 18745 For the season of 18756 For the season of 18767 For the season of 18778 For the season of 18789 For the season of 187980 For the season of 18801 For the season of 18812 Available Phosphoric Acid 1105 1199 1168 1310 1320 1244 1260 1248 Potash 385 464 454 216 163 128 130 105 The number of brands inspected analyzed and placed upon the market for each season since the organization of the Department is as follows For the season of 18745110 brands For the season of 18756101 brands For the season of 18767125 brands Eor the season of 18778127 brands For the season of 18789162 brands For the season of 187980182 brands For the season of 18801226 brands For the season of 18812270 brands10 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 266 These are exclusive of chemicals and other preparations for making or composting manures at home NUMBER OF BRANDS OF EACH KIND The number of brands of ammoniated and nonammoniated fer tilizers for each season is as follows Ammoniated NonAmmoniated 86 68 85 90 119 135 163 187 33 40 For the season of 18778 37 For the season of 18789 43 For the season of 187980 47 For the season of 18801 66 For the season of 18812 83 RECEIPTS AND EXPENDITURES INCIDENT TO THE INSPECTION OF FERTILI ZERS SEASON OF 18801 Fees on 15246403 tons inspected during the season Fees credited to parties holding old tags 246 00 Paid for 1644567 tags 2 per thousand 3289 15 Express charged on tags samples and other incidtl expenses 436 65 Net amount of fees paid into Treasury 72260 23 7623203 76232 03 76232 03 Total amount paid into Treasury 72260 23 Inspectors salaries to September 1 1881 5200 00 Chemists salary to September 1 1881 3000 00 Leaving a net balance in the Treasury of 64060 23 The net balance in Treasury for the season of 187981 was Increase or season of 188081 72260 23 75260 23 49438 36 14621 87267 COMMISSIONERS REPORT188182 11 RECEIPTS AND EXPENDITURES INCIDENT TO THE INSPECTION OF FERTILI ZERS SEASON OF 18812 Fees on 12542664 tons inspected during the season 62 m n Paid for 1440819 tegs at 2 per thousand 2881 64 Express charges on tags samplesand other incidtlexpenses 434 50 Net amount of fees paid into Treasury 59 397 17 713 31 62713 31 Total amount paidinto Treasury Inspectors salaries to September 1st 1882 Chemists salary to September 1st 1882 Leaving a net balance in the Treasury of 6145 85 3000 00 50251 32 159397 17 The net balance in the Treasury for the season of 1877 For the season of 18789 For the season of 187980 For the season of 18801 For the season of 18812 Decrease compared with 18801 Previous to the season of 18778 the fees a spection of fertilizers were perquisites of the Inspectors COMPARATIVE RECEIPTS AND EXPENDITURES FOR FIVE SEASONS 59397 17 59397 17 was 35530 70 31267 67 49438 36 64060 23 50251 32 13808 91 SEASONS 18778 18789 187980 18801 3 of H 93478 00 85049 19 119583 06 152464 03 125426 64 Total for five seasons I 576000 92 u o 46739 00 42524 60 59791 53 759s6 03 62713 31 Expenses Deduct ed from Fees o H pooo 92 288000 47 1608 30 2052 771 2582 00 3289 15 436 65 2881 64 434 50 Salaries 0 Chemist and 0 Inspectors drawn rom the Treasury 4513 70 40471 83 57209 53 72260 23 59397 17 12659 86 g 871 15lg274460t6 Reduced by 124600 amount credited to parties holding old tags 3 000 00 3000 00 2900 o 3 000 00 3000 00 S 14900 00 6600 00 6204 16 4871 17 5200 00 614s 85 8 u u 35i53 70 31267 67 49438 36 64060 23 50251 32 29021 183230548 2812 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 268 STATE CHEMISTS REPORTS In this connection it is eminently proper that the annual reports of the State Chemist for the two years under review be incorpo rated not only became it is customary to include in the Report of the head of a Department those of subordinate officers but on ac count of the intrinsic interest of the matters reported and the sug gestions made Laboratory of the State Chemist i Department of Agriculture University of Georgia V Athens Ga May 26 1881 Hon J T Henderson Commissioner of Agriculture Atlanta Ga Dear SirIn accordance with your request I have the honor to present a brief report of the work of this Laboratory during the past season At tho July 1880 meeting the honorable Board of Trustees of the University authorized me to accept the position of Chemist to your Department should you see proper to tender the same and with great liberality provided that the chemical laboratories of the University with such appointments and apparatus as were suitable might be used in the conduct of the work in such manner as should best serve the interests of the State and of the University Con sonant with your own idea in the premises it was thought that the chemical work of your Department might be made to have an inci dental educational value by the employment in certain portions thereof of advanced students of the University and by the oppor tunities afforded all the students in analytical chemistry of observ ing at least the methods pursued in the performance of the various commercial analyses required I am glad to be able to report after the experience of the past season my belief that the performance of the analytical work of your Department in these laboratories has been attended with great benefit to the students of the Univer sity I need hardly say that the accuracy of the work has in no wise suffered since only experienced persons always under my own supervision wore employed in even the lesser details of the work Additional apparatus and chemicals were prepared in advance and on the reception of my commission November 12th 1880 the active work of the season immediately began Mr Louis H Jones a graduate and Mr James A Walton an advanced student of the University were appointed by me regular assistants for the season As usual up to this date the main work of the year has been the analysis of commercial fertilizers as specifically provided for by law269 commissioners report1881S2 13 The number of original samples received and reported up to date is 300 viz Ammoniated Superphosphates 210 Acid Phosphates 68 Chemicals 22 At the beginning of the season revisions were not infrequently asked for The number of revisions madesome in part and some entireis 25 The number of actual determinations made in the course of this regular work is 2052 The method pursued in these analyses was that provisionally adopted by the Convention of Agri cultural Chemists which met in Washington D C in July 1880 pursuant to an invitation issued by yourself It gives me great pleasure to state my belief that the uniformity in method among chemists thereby secured has been productive of the very best re sults in practice a very general sentiment of satisfaction and con fidence among interested parties has been engendered which is made evident in our case by the relatively small number of revis ions asked for as compared for example with those of last season and the very rare casesonly one or two I believein which the results of this laboratory were objected to by reason of discordant results exhibited by other chemists And this too although the results obtained by the present method are not as a rule sensibly higher than those given upon the same articles in previous years uhe question of the scientific accuracy and value of the method adopted is entirely a technical one not proper for discussion here Experience has shown however that it will with care give uniform results at least upon such substances as are usually presented for analysis An examination of the tabulated results of analysis makes appa rent the fact that the fertilizers offered for sale in this State during the past season were as a rule of high grade This is undoubtedly to be attributed to the high minimum standard imposed by law to gether with the very rigid system of inspection and examination conducted by your Department A comparison with the results exhibited in other States where official inspection is required leads me to the opinion that in no State in the Union are the fertilizers sold of as generally high grade as in Georgia and in no State is the purchaser so well protected from the offer of fraudulent articles It does not appear moreover that articles of the same class even though of a higher grade command higher prices here than elsewhere As an evidence of the credit which our sys tem of inspection enjoys abroad I may state that I have become professionally acquainted with numerous instances in other Southern States of contracts made with manufacturers based upon a guaran tee that the goods should stand the test of the Georgia standard So far as the chemical work is concerned the execution of the law14 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 270 has during the past season been attended with but little difficulty It has involved a large amount of careful labor and the exercise of strictest system and regularity but these happily I hare been able to command I gee no reason why these should not in the future be commanded so long as the work is entrusted to this laboratory and even should the number of analyses required heretofore largely exceedas seems probablethe number now made they may I be lieve be performed with accuracy and dispatch by simple increase in the number of trained assistants I have giren careful consideration to the present law regarding the analyses of fertilizers and in the light of my experience I am of the opinion that it is perhaps as good as could be framed It is doubtless in a few minor points defective but the large discre tion wisely granted the Commissioner of Agriculture is no doubt competent to correct all lesser details Its execution cer tainly calls for an immense amount of work but I do not see that perfect protection to the purchaser can be guaranteed without such amount That it is perfectly feasible to perform it satisfactorily I am confident The only bar to its performance would be an inade quate fund appropriated for its execution You are yourself well informed on this point and I have no doubt the proper authorities are prepared on occasion to make all suitable and liberal arrange ments in this particular It will give me pleasure in this connec tion to lay bofere you at any time a detailed statement of the ex penses of the work daring the past season With such regulations regarding inspection etc a you may see proper to establish and with the aid of a sufficient corp of assistants it will be entirely pos Bible to place in your hands the analyses of the great bulk of ferti lizers on sale in the State by the 1st of March a date su fficiently eaiM t0 rendertaeanalyse8 f genuine utility to purchasers My observation shows that the inspections as a rule have been well and carefully made and the samples placed in my hands have fairly represented the bulk of goods from which they were drawn It is probable that for the next season it will be proper to make some slight modifications in the commercial values assigned to the different ingredients of fertilizers It is too early as yet however to obtain reliable data upon which to base such recommendation In addition to the aualyses of fertilizers the following work has to date been performed Three 3 analyses of marls An analyses of the seed of the okra Hibiscus esculentus with report upon the proposed substitution of this seed for coffee A report upon the comparative agricultural value of German potash salts A report upon the fertilizer best adapted to rice culture It is hoped within the next three or four months before the open271 commissioners REPORT188182 15 roe of the next fertilizer season that other work may be performed which will be of practical service to our agriculturists and which may serve as a useful contribution to agricultural science Ihere are many questions of a purely scientific nature the dis cussion and settlement of which would be of great value to our farmers some of them indeed are of prime importance ihere are certain chemical analyses such as our native products iruits etc which are imperatively required for the guidance in certain matters of our agriculturists and horticulturists For nom inally similar analyse we are now dependent upon European sources but these are necessarily misguiding The discussion of such questions and the making of such analy ses seem to me to be proper work for the chemist of your depart ment If the fertilizer analysis could beas I believe they can be completed within six months the remainder of the year could be devoepd to such work From among the graduates in analytical chemistry of the University the necessary assistants could be ob tained to aid in the work with benefit to the State and with ereat advantage in the way of experience to themselves At present the appropriation to the State Chemist 3000 is barely sufficient to pay for the fertilizer work if this should increase it cannot be expected to do even that If a sufficient sum could be secured for the purpose that I have indicated without the slightest increase in the salary proper of the State Chemist I think the wisdom of its appropriation could in a short timebe demonstrated Without such appropriation it will still give me genuine pleasure to contribute so tar as 1 may be able to the conduct of such work with vour co operation and approval You will permit me to express the personal desire that the scien ce work of the laboratory of your Department may not be con fined to the simple routireof the analyses of commercial fertilizers i nave shown that perhaps six months of the year might be devoted to other matters The appointments of this laboratory are suitable to the prosecution of many interesting researches The services of your Chemist are secured for the entire year The complete and tamirable organization of your Department in the matter of highly iompetent clerical force and a great number of intelligent corres pondents in all sections of the State permits you to become acquain ted with the needs of our farmers and gives excellent opportunities tor he dissemination of such results of research as may be obtained with all these advantages and opportunities it would be a matter of i great regret that for need of the small fund necessary to carry on i Jl intelligent and progressive farmers of our State hould be denied the benefit of needed scientific work which to be thoroughly useful must be carried on here at home where all our special conditions may be taken into account I am well aware6 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 272 from my own correspondence of the extent of the necessity and the desire for 6uch work I beg leave to record here my sincere appreciation of your fre quently expressed personal approval of such researches and desire to cooperate in them to the full extent of the means at the com mand of your department I earnestly hope that you may find it possible to secure the application of suitable aid in this direction without prejudice to the many other valuable interests entrusted to your charge Although field experiment is not strictly in the line of my official duties I have been prompted by your liberality and the generous assistance of a colleague to essay on a small scale a special experi ment of this character Nitrogen or Ammonia is the most costly ingredient of commer cial fertilizers it can be purchased and applied in several distinct formsas Nitrates of Soda or Potash Sulphate of Ammonia Dried Blood Cotton Seed Meal etc The question as to which of these forms is the most economical and best suited for agricultural purposes is certainly a very important one involving as it does the whole question about which very little is at present known of the form in which pjants prefer to take their necessary nitrogen Dur ing two or three years past a series of experiments has been con ducted at several agricultural stations in the North to test the ques tion so far as corn potatoes and a few other crops are concerned The results have been reported to and aggregated by Prof W O Atwater of Middletown Conn to whom I am indebted for many valuable suggestions in this connection These experiments are being repeated the present season So far as I have been able to ascertain not one single experiment of this nature has ever been made upon cotton More therefore for the purpose of inaugura ting experimentation of this kind and of calling attention to its importance than with the hope that a single experiment could fur nish complete and infallible information I have instituted a test on a small scale for this season My colleague Gen Win M Browne Professor of Agriculture of the University has generously coope rated with me and granted the use of about an acre and a quarter of land of the experimental farm with labor etc necessary for cultivation Upon this cotton has been planted under some twenty six 26 different conditions as to the nitrogen supply With great liberality you furnished me with the fertilizing materials The ex periment is now well under way a good stand of plants being al ready obtained At the conclusion of the experiment I shall report to you the full details of materials used results obtained etc In this place it is only necessary to mention the general character of the experiment In order to obtain thoroughly reliable information such as would suffice to guide the farmer beyond the chance of a273 commissioners report188182 17 mistake this experiment or similar ones should be repeated for several seasons and be made under various conditions of soil etc And should the question for the nitrogen supply be settled those of phosphoric acid potash and other manurial substances still remain in regard to which although there is not so great diversity in mate rial there is nearly as great lack of reliable information And after all these shall have been settled for cotton they still remain open for rice cane and other of our products The fact is we are lamentably ignorant of some of the essential first principles which should govern the fertilization of land for our principal crops I do not see how we are ever to become less so without experimentation such as I have indicated scientifically con ducted I have no doubt that your great experience and intimate knowledge in such matters will readily suggest to you plans by which such experimentation might be secured It might be extremely gratifying and inspire hope for the very best results if such could be conducted under the direction of your Department I beg leave to say that in the event of such system atic scientific work being undertaken it will give me pleasure to furnish such working plans directions analyses of soils and mate rials etc as may be needed in the institution or course of the ex periments Permit me in conclusion to express to yon my sincere gratitude for your uniform kindness and distinguished courtesy during the course of my official connection with your Department and my hearty appreciation of your efforts to lighten so far as was possible the labors of an arduous position I desire also to record my grateful appreciation of the faithful services of my assistants in return for whose valuable aid cheerfully rendered I have been able to make only at best inadequate com pensation I have the honor to be very respectfully yours H C WHITE State Chemist report of chemist for season of 8812 Department of Agriculture Office of State Chemist Athens Ga June 9 1882 Hon J T Henderson Commissioner of Agriculture Atlanta Ga Dear SirI have the honor to present a brief report of the work of this laboratory for the past year The number of original samples of commercial fertilizers analyzed and reported upon for the season of 18812 is to date 362 divided as follows viz 218 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 274 Acid Phosphates 34 Acid Phosphates with Potash 62 Ammoniated Phosphates 31 Ammoniated Phosphates with Potash 207 Chemicals 28 362 The number of revisions made at your direction is 23 The total number of actual determinations made in the course of the analysis of fertilizers is 2360 It will be observed that the number of samples analyzed is 52 more than 20 per cent in excess of the number examined the last season The methods pursued in the analysis were the same as heretofore employed in this laboratory The extensive use of nitrates as a source of Ammonia rendered necessary the employment in a great many cases of the absolute method of determination of Nitrogen The great advance in cost of many of the crude materials used in the manufacture of fertilizers rendered it proper to modify the figures employed in estimating commercial valuations The figure for Phosphoric Acid was not changed Potash was reduced from 8 cents to 6 cents per pound and Ammonia was increased from 18 cents to 25 cents per pound These figures are now uniformly em ployed in all the Southern States in which official inspections are made uniformity having been secured by conference with the State Chemists It is probable that these same figures will be employed during the next season During the month of August last I attended at your request the annual meeting of the Association of Agricultural Chemists held in Cincinnati At that meeting a strong effort was made to recom mend the discontinuance of the Washington method in thede termination of reverted phosphoric acid and to substitute therefor the oxalate method This proposition was resisted by the official chemists present on the general grounds that the proposed method was inaccurate and in some instances gave results unjustly high and a compromise was effected by which the matter was referred to a committee with instructions to investigate and report I was made a member of that committee and accordingly during Sep tember and October a large number of determinations were made in this laboratory bearing upon the question at issue The com mittee has not yet had opportunity to make its final report but my impression now is that no change from the Washington method will be recommended I may state my belief that the use of this method in this laboratory ha6 for the past year as for the preceding given general satisfaction It is to be regretted that there is still lack of uniformity in the results upon reverted acid obtained byP75 COMMISSIONERS REPORT188182 19 different chemists but I think it very probable that arrangements will be made by which uniformity among official chemists at least may be ultimately secured The results of analyses show that the fertilizers sold in the State during the past season have been of high grade and not below the quality of those offered in previous seasons I had received inform ation that led me to examine very carefully for shoddy leather scrap and other inferior material but so far as I was able to discover no such substances were used in appreciable quantities in the manu facture of the goods sent into this State It may be well in this place to state that should such material be detected the fact will be reported to you for such action as yon may deem proper to take The fertilizer work of the season has been unusually heavy and has eutailed upon this laboratory very severe labor and great ex pense Every exertion has been made however to furnish the re sults in good season and in satisfactory form It is to be hoped however that means may be devised whereby the inspections may be thoroughly made the analyses promptly reported and at the sametime no undue exa3tions made of this office For my views in this connection I beg to refer to the report which I had the honor o make to you under date of May 26 1881 EXTRACT FKOM REPORT OF 18801 There are certain chemical analyses such as our native products fruits etc which are imperatively required for the guidance in certain matters of our agriculturists and horticulturists For nom inally similar analyses we are now dependent upon European sources but these are necessarily misguiding The discussion of such questions and the making of such analy ses seem to me to be the proper work for the chemists of your De partment If the fertilizing analysis could beas I believe it can becompleted within six months the remainder of the year could be devoted to such work From among the graduates in analyti cal chemistry of the University the necessary assistants could be obtained to aid in the work with benefit to the State and with great advantage in the way of experience to themselves At present the appropriation to the State Chemist 3000 is barely sufficient to pay for the fertilizer work if this should increase it cannot be expected to do even that If a sufficient sum could be secured for the purpose I have indicated without the slightest in crease in the salary proper of the State Chemist I think the wis dom of its appropriation could in a short time be demonstrated Without such appropriation it will still give me genuine pleasure to contribute so far as I may be able to the conduct of such work with your cooperation and approval You will permit me to express the personal desire that the seien20 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 276 tific work of the laboratory of your Department may not be con fined to the simple routine of the analyses of commercial fertilizers I have shown that perhaps six months of the year might be de voted to other matters The appointments of this laboratory are suitable to the prosecution of many interesting researches The services of your chemist are secured for the entire year The complete and admirable organization of your Department in the matter of highly competent clerical force and a great number of in telligent correspondents in ail sections of the State permits you to become acquainted with the needs of our farmers and give excel lent opportunities for the dissemination of such results of research as may be obtained With all these advantages and opportunities it would be a matter of great regret that for need of the small fund necessary to carry on such work the intelligent and progress ive farmers of our State should be denied the benefit of needed scientific work which to be thoroughly useful must be carried on here at home where all our special conditions may be taken into account I am well aware from my own correspondence of the extent of the necessity and the desire for such work I beg leave to record here my sincere appreciation of your fre quently expressed personal approval of such researches and desire to cooperate in them to the full extent of the means at the com mand of your Department I earnestly hope that you may find it possible to secure the application of suitable aid in this direction without prejudice to the many other valuable interests entrusted to your charge In addition to the analyses of fertilizers the following work has been performed Nine 9 proximate analyses of grain Four 4 qualtitative examinations of mineral waters One 1 complete analyses of a mineral water Three 3 analyses of minerals Two 2 analyses of mucks A report on Coton Butter Oil A report upon a field experiment relating to the Nitrogen supply for cotton Some work has been done in continuance of my investigations upon the cotton plant and its products A report of my results in this connection will be made to you so soon as the accumulated matter renders it proper I beg again to refer to my report of 1881 and to reiterate the views therein expressed in relation to the general scientific work of this laboratory Messrs Louis H Jones and James A Wotten have continued in the employment of this office as assistants and have rendered very efficient and accurate service277 commissioners report188182 21 In conclusion I beg to return to you siras I have ever had occa sion to dosincere thanks for many kindnesses and courtesies and to express my hearty appreciation of your uniform generosity in as sisting me in the conduct of my official work I have the honor to be very respectfully H C White State Chemist ORGANIC ANALYSES In addition to the work of analyzing samples of fertilizen in the regular course of inspection which usually occupies the greater part of his time from October 1st to June 1st of each fertilizer season Prof White has made many special analyses of more or less general interest embracing marls minerals mineral waters fertilizing materials and food products Among these I desire es pecially to call your attention to the following organic analyses as submitted in a special report of the chemist Laboratory Athens Ga HonJ T Henderson Commissioner of Agriculture Atlanta Ga Dear SirI have the honor to present results of the examina tion of a sample of Ivory wheat or Egyptian wheat furnished by you some days since By way of comparison I include analyses of three samples of Georgia raised wheat made a few months since upon samples ob tained from the Department No 1 is Bed May wheat No 2 is Dallas wheat No 3 is winter wheat variety unknown No 4 is the socalled Ivory wheat No 5 is Millo Maize Analyses No 1 No 2 No 3 No 4 No 5 Water 1085 260 7338 150 982 185 1137 300 7152 160 1076 175 1175 265 7121 195 1089 155 1100 193 7029 287 1171 220 1280 223 7166 285 886 160 Fat 10000 10000 10000 10000 10000 22 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 278 A partial analysis of the ash of each has been made with the fol lowing results No 1 No 2 No 3 No 1 No 5 4562 3012 315 2111 4608 3089 308 1997 4689 3616 310 1885 4421 2920 286 2373 4385 3008 345 2262 Other Mineral Matter 10000 10000 10000 10000 10000 Hon J T HendersonCommissioner of Agriculture AtlantaOaj Deak SieI have the honor to report the following results Proximate A nalyses 1 Illinois yellow corn 2 Illinois white corn 3 Georgia white field corn 4 Sweet potato yellow yam variety 1 2 3 4 1225 428 721 6385 856 155 1410 363 456 6820 821 130 1075 215 643 7060 882 125 6775 103 010 2885 127 100 Crude fibre indigestible Eat Starch gum sugar etc Ash 10000 10000 10000 10000 Estimating the oil and readyformed fat as of double the value of starch and other carbohydrates as fat formers we have the fol lowing relative value Fat forming constituents Flesh forming constituents 1 8027 886 2 7732 821 8346 882 2905 127279 commsssioners report188182 Cotton Gutter Oil 23 I have also carefully examined a sample of Cotton Butter Oil submitted by yon and find that it contains nothing whatever dele terious to health and nothing in its composition or properties that would unfit it for safe and wholesome use as an article of food As I am now engaged upon an investigation of the dietetic and other uses of Cotton Seed Oil with a view to a more extended report hereafter I confine myself at this time to this brief statement Yery respectfully H C White State Chemist My attention was some time since called to the claims of Ivory wheat and Millo Maize to a place in our long list of profitable food crops These are both members of the large family of Sorg hums of the class that have been long cultivated in Central Africa and other tropical countries for bread purposes It is not here claimed that their introduction into this country is very recent or that public attention has not been before called to them It has been my purpose to investigate both in the laboratory and in the field as well as in the kitchen their qualities I therefore not only directed Prof White to make the foregoing analyses to show the relative theoretical value of these grains as compared with our or dinary standard wheat but have distributed small quantities of the seed of the Ivory wheat and Millo Maize to careful farmers through out the State in order to test their productiveness and their special capacity to withstand heat and drought The analyses speak for themselves showing that there is scarcely more difference in the proximate analyses of Ivory wheat so called and Dallas or Red May than appears between the analyses of the latter two varieties of ordinary wheat The Ivory wheat shows a larger percentage of albuminoids flesh formers slightly less of starch and more of fats fat and heat producers than either of the true wheats The Millo Maize has considerably less of the albuminoids or flesh forming substances than either of the others being about equal to the Indian corn in this respect The flour made from the Ivory wheat when properly ground and bolted is rather darker than ordinary family flour but posses ses the property of kneading well and is therefore adapted to the process of raising with yeast or by similar means Bread made from it though not equal in any sensible respect to that from fine24 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 280 wheaten flour is by no means unpalatable and as indicated by an alysis is probably fully equal in nutritiveness to any For making the forms of bread for which buckwheat flour rice flour middlings of wheat etc are usually employed viz waffles griddle cakes muffins etc the Ivory flour seems to be well adapted I cannot speak from actual experiment of the bread qualities of the Millo Maize but I am of opinion that in this respect it will be found to resem ble Indian corn meal As already stated it is claimed that both of these plants are enormously productive rather indifferent as to soil and culture and almost independent of the seasons after the soil has been prepared and the crop started off Owing to the extraor dinary seasons of this year it has not been practicable to test their capacity to resist drought and a sufficient number of reports of ex perimenters have not yet been received to form any decided con clusions in reference to productiveness under ordinary circumstan ces But 1 am of opinion that the reports will show that both are very productivefar more so than any grain crop now grown in this State The Millo Maize is quite late in maturing requiring favorable culture and the full season from planting time April until frost to mature in North Georgia but this difficulty will probably soon yield to the acclimatizing effect of planting home grown seed a few years This plant appears to be unusually pro ductive of foliage will bear two or more cuttings and promises to be very valuable for soiling and general forage purposes WESTERN AND SOUTHERN CORN The comparative analyses of samples of Illinois and Georgia Indian corn fully sustains the popular notion that homegrown corn is more nutritious and fattening than Western corn Unfortunately for the completeness of the comparison Prof White did not have at hand a sample of Georgia yellow corn to compare with the Illinois yellow but even the Georgia white is shown to be superior to the Illinois yellow as a fat producer and very slightly inferior as a flesh producer SWEET POTATO The analysis of the sweet potato a yellow yam variety is also given and is easily compared with those of the several varieties of corn and also of the wheat in the preceding table By easy calcu lation it will be seen that in fat producing constituents one bushel281 commissioners report188182 25 of Georgia corn is equal to 289 bushels of yam potatoes and in flesh producing constituents to seven bushels of potatoes This sustains the opinion that many intelligent farmers have long held that the potato is a most valuable stock food in view of its great productiveness and the ease with which it may be grown even in soils of ordinary fertility Fifty bushels of potatoes may be produced on one acre with as much certainty as eight or ten bushels of corn and are worth for fattening purposes fully twice as much These analyses are given as illustrative of the character of the work that should be done in the State laboratory during intervals of leisure from regular work and it is my purpose and desire to devote as much attention to this work in future as may be practicable In this desire I am very warmly sustained by Prof White as expressed in his report for 1881 THE USE OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS In the tabular statements given on the preceding pages I have aimed to give such a comprehensive and detailed statement of the work of inspection and the trade in fertilizers as to render unnec essary any extended comments on the facts presented It will be seen that the amount of fertilizers sold in the State lias fluctuated considerably during the past eight years Notwith standing the marked decrease in the amount sold in the State during the season of 18812 as compared with the season of 18801 amounting to about 27000 tons it is not safe to conclude that the maximum of consumption by the farmers of Georgia has been reached There is good reason to believe that the extensive use of commercial manures in Georgia during the past fifteen years has heen of doubtful benefit to the farmers generally It is true there are many farmers who have made money by the use of these con centrated manures They have studied the wants of their soils and crops selected and purchased their fertilizers with judgme nt adopted and practiced a judicious system of composting rotation and rest saving and utilizing to the uttermost all the ordinary home manures and some tha were before utterly neglected Last but not least they have adjusted the areas under cultivation with special reference to supplying from their own farms all the ordinary wants of their families and of their stock of all kinds Many of26 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 2S2 them have also limited their operations to such an aggregate area as could be cultivated without resorting to the ruinous credit sys tem or have made but cautious ventures into the domain of the monster debt These farmers have prospered and to them com mercial fertilizers have been a profitable and convenient investment From a careful examination of the whole subject considering the exhaustive nature of the soil culture and on the other hand the immense beds of fertilizing material that have been stored up on the surface and in the bowels of the earth for no conceivable pres ent use but to restore the wasted fertility of our soils the conclu sion is unavoidable that a resort to these fertilizing elements for the purpose of assisting in keeping up restoring and increasing the productiveness of our soils is but to wisely follow the unerring in dications of nature and sound reason The history of agriculture previous to the last fifty years abounds with evidence that a very high and profitable culture of the soil may be and has been at tained without the use of the commercial or concentrated manures England Belgium France Germany and the older States of this country had achieved a high measure of success in cultivating and renovating the soil and increasing production before science had pointed out the uses of the commercial forms of fertilizing ele ments But under the guidance and direction of agricultural chem istry and by the aid of venturesome experiment in the introduc tion manufacture and use of these elements agriculture has re ceived an impetus which has carried it farther in fifty years than it had progressed in ten centuries before and is now anticipating re sults that even thirty years ago would have been considered wild and visionary As I have already intimated the proper use of commercial fer tilizers is that of an adjuvant to a wellbalanced selfsustaining sys tem of husbandry that economizes and brings into active operation all the resources of the farm and is based on the natural laws of soil improvement and plant development It is exceedingly unwise to give up the growing of grass and provender for live stock and the careful saving of the manure from the same or to neglect the growing of crops that are especially adapted for the improvement of the soil and rely entirely on purchased fertilizers The war and resulting emancipation left our people in an anomalous condition From a condition in which they enjoyed the most manageable and283 commissioners report188182 2T effective system of labor known to historywith a soil barely pass ing the flower of its virgin strengthand a climate unsurpassed for the production of the most desirable objects of commerce as well as the comforts and necessaries of homelife they were sud denly and with little warning brought face to face with the fact accomplishedfree negro labor and a rapidly exhausting soil Afore time it was easy to make a livingeven a luxurious one and our farmers had not been compelled by necessity to study and practice the art of farming as it had been long understood and practiced by the older countries Almost coincident with this change in our system of labor and our general impoverishment commercial fertilizers were offered to help us from our embarrassments and it is not surprising that many of our farmers seized upon this adventitious aid without having studied or learned the fundamental principles of agriculture or practiced the longestablished and well approved methods of older freelabor countries The result in many cases was what might have been expected large and profitable yields of cottonwhen the seasons were good the fertilizers of standard quality and cotton at a high price but frequent impositions of fraudulent unsuitable fertilizers poor seasons and low prices and habitual reliance upon the West for provisions finally well nigh bankrupted the farming classes of Georgia I am gratified to be able to say with a degree of confidence not heretofore felt that the farmers of Georgia are gradually adopting a more rational system and have ceased to rely so largely upon commercial fertilizers but are falling back upon their neglected re sources of the barnyard the compostheap and the use of green crops for manure The following extract from Circular 27 May Crop Report is here reproduced in this connection PEA VINES AS A FEKTILIZEE As far back as we have any history of agriculture the practice of turning under growing crops for the purpose of restoring fer tility to the soil has been practiced and yet it is as necessary today to urge the importance and great value of the practice upon far mers Columella who figured during the first century A D wrote It the lupins vetches lentils etc are cut down green and imme diately covered before they wither they fully uipply the place of28 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 284 barnyard manure Had he lived now he would have added com mercial manure also The resort to costly commercial fertilizers should be only tempo rary to bridge over the period necessary to bring up worn lands by less costly means The cheapest and at the same time the surest means that can be adopted to restore the worn lands of Georgia is in the use of pea vines grown for the improvement of the land and not for the re moval of the crop though the soil is materially benefitted by the growth of the pea vines even if the crop is removed This was plainly demonstrated this spring on the Eve plantation near Au gusta Georgia where a crop of peavine hay was harvested last year from a portion of a field all of which was sown in small grain last fall The grain was in May when seen at least one hundred per cent better where the pea vine hay had been grown and har vested than where none had been grown The tall patches of grain where small piles of the hay had been left to rot on the land reach ing up a foot above that around them indicated the still greater improvement resulting from the return of the vines to the soil and the shade afforded by them It is a well known fact observed by all farmers that even a cov ering of pine plank left for any considerable length of time upon land will improve its productive powers Much of the benefit therefore arising from the growth of peas on land during our sum mers may be attributed to the more covering which they afford the soil protecting it from the rays of the summer suu and obstructing the escape of fertilizing gases from the soil While of course the return of the crop of vines in some form to the soil on which they grow is better where the improvement of the soil is the leading object yet where the present demand for forage for use on the farm requirestheir removal and conversion into hay the soil is materially benefitted by the shade which they afford during their growth and by the roots and stems left on the land The time has come when the farmers and planters of Georg must look more to the permanent improvement of the fertility their soils than they hitherto have done They have passed through the period which marks the history of all new countries of clearing virgin forests wearing out the soil and clearing more It is cheaper now to reclaim the worn soils than to clear new lands On the old lands laborsaving implements and machinery may be used in restoring and cultivating the soil and in seeding and harvesting the crops grwn By the use of pea vines and lime or marl the old land may actu ally be reclaimed more cheaply than the forests can be cleared and the stumps removed preparatory to the use of laborsavino imple ments285 commissioners report1881S2 29 New Orleans has become a great mart which drains the Southern Atlantic States of their entire surplus crop of peas every spring and for what Why for the purpose of growing the vines on the rich alluvial lands of Louisiana and Mississippi for the purpose of restoring and perpetuating the fertility of their lands If such lands need such treatment is it not worse than folly for the far mers of Georgia to sell peas grown upon their poor lands to enrich the fertile soil of the Mississippi valley If the productiveness of the fertile soils of the Savannah river bottoms is doubled by the growth and removal of a crop of pea vine hay how important that the practice of growing peas for soiL improvement on the uplands of Georgia depleted by the removal of the crops of a century The great agriculturist Edmond Ruffin revolutionized the agri culture of Southeastern Virginia by the use of clover and marl to the extent of quadrupling its production of the cereals The hope of Georgia agriculture rests in the restoration of the productive capacity of her worn soils by some means so cheap as to be within the reach of the humblest landholder The teachings of science and the experience of the cultivators of the soil for nine teen centuries point to the use of the leguminous plants as the surest and cheapest means of restoring worn soils to the condition of profitable productiveness In more northern latitudes the farmer feels assured of the restoration of his soil when a crop of clover is secured In some of the counties of Europe lupins and lentils are used in others vetches beans rape etc We have the field pea with which we can commence lower down in the scale than those who depend upon clover from the fact that peas will grow well upon soils which have neither the character nor the quality to pro duce clover at all If the Louisiana planter can afford to buy our peas at two dollars per bushel on board the cars at Atlanta to ma nure the valley of the Mississippi cannot the farmers of Georgia afford to plant those grown on their own land to improve their thin uplands Warm climates are far more destructive of vegetable matter in the soil than those in which winters are long and decomposition suspended by longcontinued freezes In our climate not only does the decomposition of the humus of the soil progress through almost the entire year but the cultivation of large areas in hoed crops greatly facilitates such destruction The necessity of restoring by artificial means vegetable matter to our soils will therefore be readily understood Not only is humus more rapidly destroyed in our climate and under our cultivation than it is in higher latitudes under the system of husbandry there practiced but the necessity for its presence in the soil in warm climates is much greater than in cold The pres30 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 2SC ence of vegetable matter in our soils is of especial importance on account of the improvement wrought by its presence in the me chanical condition of the soil and its facility for absorbing and re taining moisture Peas respond very promptly to the application of manure and convert it into another and better form for the succeeding crop Would it not be wise therefore to apply half the manure intended for the next cotton crop to peas grown upon the land to be planted in cotton next season It is believed that manure applied to peas planted now on land to be devoted to cotton next spring will in crease the yield of cotton more than if applied directly to that crop and at the same time is attended with no risk of injury to the cotton in case of drouth The large area from which small grain is being harvested in the Stae furnishes an inviting occasion for the beginning of this most important step in the redemption of our agriculture All who have sufficient seed are urged to sow or plant as much as possible of the area from which small grain has been harvested in peas for the purpose of improving their lands Let every farmer in Georgia determine to adopt as a part of his rotation of crops the largest possible area in peas following small grain for soil improvement Let him each fall carefully liarvest and set aside as a sacred deposit enough seed peas to sow the area devoted to small grain The general adoption and continuance of this sytem would it is confidently believed quadruple the produc tion of the State within the next decade Experience teaches that it matters not whether the vines are turned in in a green state or left to decay upon the surface of the soil None need therefore be deterred from adopting this means of soil improvement on account of the cost or difficulty of plowing in the vines Even if a part or a whole of the crop be turned into hay the benefit will still be very great though less than if the crop is returned to the soil The farmers of Georgia must adopt some means of cheaply and permanently improving their soils The application of commercial feitjlizers to the crops of the State at an annual outlay of from four to six millions of dollars annually causes a drain upon the produc tive interests which perpetuates itself from year to year with no hope of relief without the adoption of some such system as is here recommended A reasonable expenditure annually for concen trated commercial manure is not unwise but the indiscriminate pur chase and use of costly fertilizing materials to the neglect of home resources has cost the farmers of Georgia millions of dollars which could have been expended more judiciously in permanently en hancing the value and productiveness of their realty1287 commissioners report188182 31 If the farmers of the State will produce more grain and forage make larger compost heaps and adopt the foregoing recommend ation as to planting peas their prosperity is assured DISTRIBUTION OF SEEDS Even before my first appointment to the office I now hold it had occurred to me that the distribution of seeds might and should be made a very valuable feature of the Department work Section IV Paragraph 2 of the organic Act recites Said Commissioner shall provide for the proper and careful distribution of any seeds that the Government of these United States may desire to introduce into the State of Georgia and shall make arrangements for the importation of seeds that he may deem of value to the State and for the proper careful and judicious distribution of the same also for the ex change of seeds with foreign countries or adjoining States for seed from this State and their distribution in a proper manner shall be entirely under his supervision and control Under this paragraph I felt that is was my duty to procure seeds by purchase or otherwise from any source that gave promise of sub stantial benefit to the farmers of Georgia My conviction was that the most judicious course would be first to procure the best varie ties of field seeds grown in our own or adjoining States from the bands of the original growers distribute them to practical farmers who would be willing to plant and cultivate with care according to directions from this office With this view I made diligent en quiry for seeds of the best varieties of corn cotton oats wheat rice tobacco etc and have been careful to purchase for distribution no seeds of doubtful merit the object being not so much to experi ment with untried varieties as to disseminate widely those of local approval I am confident that the result of my efforts in this field have been exceedingly fruitful of benefit to the agriculture of the State I haye received many letters containing strong expressions of gratification at the adoption of this feature The seeds distributed have very generally given satisfactionin most cases the resulting crop from such selected seeds proving greatly superior in quantity or quality and generally in both A spirit of improvement in farm seeds has been engendered or stimulated by these distributions to a degree that has resulted in perhaps as much good to the cause of agriculture as the direct benefit realized from the reproduction of32 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 288 the seeds themselves It is a matter of State pride to be able to say that I have found no one of our sister States so prolific of selected and improved varieties of farm seeds as our own Of all the corn cotton potatoes rice wheat and oat seed distributed fully nine tenths were grown in the limits of the State It has been my chief concern to select with care our own seeds and distribute them through out the State thus effecting a very extensive interchange of seeds between different sections of the State The distribution of seeds by the United States department previ ous to the present administration of that office had not been pro ductive of much benefit to the farmers of this or adjoining States Most of the seeds distributed were found to have no merit when tested here and indeed a large proportion of them were utterly un suited to our climate and inferior to our common stock This may be accounted for mainly by the fact that the National distribution was based upon the idea of experimenttesting foreign seeds with the view to find some prodigy of productiveness Under the present administration of the National Department I have reason to hope that the distribution of the seeds procured from foreign countries and from our own will be so ordered that it will prove a source of greater satisfaction and benefit to our farmers than heretofore I have not deemed it advisable up to the present time to distrib ute more than very moderate quantities of garden seeds believing that the small amount of money that could be used for the general purpose would be productive of more satisfaction and greater practi cal good if invested chiefly in field seeds Such garden seeds as have been distributed however have been very gladly received and many favorable reports of results have been received The following is a list of the varieties and quantities of seeds distributed during the past two years showing the number of pack ages of each distributed The cotton seed wheat oats and rice were generally sent in packages of two quarts each corn one quart and garden seeds in usual size retail packages 289 commsssioners report188182 33 LIST OF SEEDS DISTRIBUTED Fall of 1880 Quantity of each kind No of package 172 Bushels of Bill Dallas wheat 5500 Spring of 1881 100 Bushels of Mammoth Prolific cotton seed 1600 152 Herlong cotton seed 2432 100 Hunts Prolific cotton seed 1600 10 Little Red Cob corn 320 10 Ellison Prolific corn 32 3 Tuscarora corn 96 3 Normandy corn 96 42 Upland rice 675 20 Providence sweet potatoes 320 34 melon and garden seed 2176 Fall of 1881 75 Bushels of Burt oats 1200 t Spring of 1882 20 Bushels of Ellison Prolific corn 640 20 Jackson Improved corn 640 100 Jones Improved cotton seed 1600 150 McKibben Hybrid cotton seed 2400 2 Mammoth Prolific cotton seed 32 2 Cook Improved cottonseed 32 100 Jones Improved cotton seed 1600 75 pounds of garden and melon seeds 4S00 1 Bushel of Egyptian wheat 38 5 pounds of Rural Branching porghum 13 18 Minnesota Amber cane 1 10 Bushels of Upland rice 320 Total number of packages distributed23445 A very large majority of the reports received from those to whom seeds were sent were favorable Among the varieties dis tributed the following have been esteemed as valuable acquisitions in most localities where tested Dallas wheat and Burt oats Ellisons Prolific Jacksons Im proved and Little Red cob corn Mammoth Prolific Herlong and Hunts Prolific cotton and Providence potato sweet Other varieties that weie distributed last spring have not yet been fully reported 334 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 290 The Dallas wheat originated some fifteen years since in Edgefield county South Carolina whence it was introduced into this State by William Sims and William Dallas two prominent farmers of Lincoln county It has long been a favorite in that and adjoining counties and has found its way to a few localities in other parts of the State It is now pretty generally disseminated over the State The reports of those Who have sown it indicate beyond doubt that it is an unusually hardy wheat and capable of resisting the at tack of rust under any ordinary circumstances and of yielding a fair return of good wheat where other and sometimes favorite va rieties have been utterly ruined by this fungus The Burt oat is equally rustproof with the celebrated Red Rustproofnow so generally known in Georgia and adjoining States mainly through the efforts of this Department is equally productive and matures much earlier making it admirably adapted for spring towing It ripens two or three weeks in advance of other standard varieties when sown at the same time The Ivory wheat or Egyptian wheat and Millo Maize have al ready been alluded to and I only add that final reports on these varieties are awaited with great interest291 commissioners report188182 PUBLICATIONS 35 Since the date of my last report the following circulars aud man uals hare been prepared or published No Circular Circular No 13 Circular No 14 u a 14 J u u 15 it a 16 t a 17 K u 18 u 19 a u 20 il it 21 H 11 22 a 11 23 a 11 23 a 11 24 K If 25 it 26 11 27 H 11 28 11 11 29 a 11 30 a 11 31 it 11 32 Subject September Crop Reports 1880 Annual Report for 1880 Manual on Catle Soil Test of Fertilizers 1880 Supplemental Report 1880 Fertilizer Laws of Oa Analyses of Fertilizers 3 editions 1st Quarterly Crop Report Analyses Statistics of Fertilizers Season 18812 2d Quarterly Crop Report 18801 Rules and Regulations for the In spection of Fertilizers 3d Quarterly Report 1880 Oil Inspection Law 1881 Soil Test of Fertilizers 1881 Supplemental Report 1881 Analyses ot Fertitizers Analyses of Fertilizers April Crop Report 1882 May Analyses and Statistics of Fertilizers Season 18812 June Crop Report 1882 July Aug Rules and regulations forlnspection of Fertilizers Season of 18812 Pages Copies 16 42 192 16000 5000 15000 70 5000 20 16000 4 2000 12 10000 27 18000 18 5000 27 18000 4 2000 4 4 10000 1000 48 88 5000 15000 8 5000 10 5000 42 2500 20 1500a 20 5000 48 8000 16 10000 54 10000 8 2000 24 802 205500 The above list includes only such publications as were of general interest excluding what are called special circulars such as printed questions sent to crop correspondents and other printed matter of limited circulation THE MANUAL ON CATTLE Is one of the most important publications of the two years now under report It is a book containing 192 pages and was panted and published shortly after my last report was submitted to you two years since This work was prepared with great care the ob ject being to provide a handbook suited for the use of the masses of the people of Georgia rather than for the professional cattle breeder It is well illustrated with wood cuts of the different breeds36 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 292 of cattle from photographs of animals bred or owned on Georgia soil and the characteristics of each are faithfully given without partiality or prejudice The work has been received with favor by those who have examined it and I am constantly in receipt of requests for copies There is quite an awakening of interest in the subject of im proving our breeds of cattle It is at present confined chiefly to several centers of improvement but the interest is gradually spread ing and taking possession of the minds of the masses of farmers Under the beneficent operation of the stock law the initiatory improvement of stock of all kinds will be one of the first results MANUAL ON POULTRY I have now in course of preparation and nearly ready for the press a Manual on Poultry which is designed as a companion to the Manual of Sheep Husbandry Manual on the Hog Sci entific Manual and Manual on Cattle and is being prepared on the same general plan I hope to have it ready for publication by the 15th of November QUARTERLY AND MONTHLY CROP REPORTS At the beginning of the growing season of 1881 I adopted as an experiment the plan of quarterly instead of monthly crop re ports with a view to reduce the printing expenses of the De partment and also to give more time to the preparation of work of a more stable and permanent character A years trial of the plan was sufficient to convince me that the change was not accept able to the farmers nor did it give me as frequent opportunities to reach them as I desired 1 therefore returned to the system of monthly reports on the 1st of April of this year By reference to the list of publications you will see at a glance the number of pa ges of each monthly circular and also the number of copies printed and distributed to the farmers of Georgia and others interested The printing account including postage is one of the heaviest items of the expenditures of the Department as you have probably observed in examining my quarterly reports of Receipts and Ex penditures It is an expense however that cannot be reduced by simply reducing the volume of the publications of the Department without seriously detracting from the usefulness of the Depart ii Oil jr i I to i Yk293 commissioners report1881S2 37 ment I am constantly receiving requests from the farmers of Georgia and even of other and distant States to have their names entered on my mail list so that they will receive copies of every thing published The fertilizer reports are especially in demand during the season when farmers are purchasing their supplies of fertilizers and the frequent requests for them from other States give gratifying evidence of the superior advantages enjoyed in this respect by our citizens FISHERIES The following is the full text of the Act which contains all the general legislation on the subject of Fish and Fisheries in this State though local Acts affecting particular streams and counties abound An Act to encourage the propagation of Fish in the waters of the State of Georgia and for the protection of the same Section I Be it enacted That from and after the passage of this Act the Commissioner of Agriculture in addition to his pres ent duties shall have specially in charge the propagation of mi gratory fish in the waters of this State and is hereby authorized to employ a Superintendent of Fisheries who under the directions of the Commissioner shall have charge of the propagation of fish under the provisions of this Act Sec II Be it further enacted That the Commissioner of Ag riculture shall proceed at once to secure the artificial propagation in the various rivers of this State of the principal migratory food fish adapted to our waters and climate Sec III Be it further enacted That the sum of five hundred dollars is hereby appropriated for the payment of all necessary employees and for other necessary expenses for carrying out the provisions of this Act which sum shall be paid out of the annual appropriation heretofore made under an Act approved February 28th 1874 for the Department of Agriculture as a part of the expense of said Department Provided nothing contained in this section shall be so construed as to constitute this appropriation as an additional appropriation to said Department but the same is hereby declared to be a part of said appropriation and this section is to be so construed as to direct the application of said five hun dred dollars of said appropriation to the purpose of the bill Sec IV Be it further enacted That from and after the passage of this Act there shall be a closed time in all the rivers of Georgia in which shad are caught of fortyeight hours commenc ing at sunrise on Saturday morning of each week and ending at38 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 294 sunrise on Monday morning of the next week during which closed time no shad or other migratory fish shall be caught by nets wires weirs pounds or any other means whatever neither shall such nets wires weirs pounds or other apparatus be left set in said rivers during said closed time The meshes of nets or other apparatus for catching said fish shall not be less than five inches RSec V Be it further enacted That no shad shall be taken by any means whatever except between the first day of January and the twentieth day of April of each year except for spawning pur poses to carry out the provisions of this Act Sec VI Be it further enacted That any person or persons violating the provisions of this Act shall be guilty of misdemeanor and on conviction of the same shall be punished as is now pro vided in section 4310 of the Code of Georgia as last revised Sec VII Repealing clause Approved February 29th 1876 The Act above given contemplated a character and scope of work altogether beyond the possibilities of the sum of only five hundred dollars which was directed to be devoted to the purposes of the Act My predecessor Hon Thomas P Janes in his first annual report made after the passage of the Act says The Legislature at its last session passed an Act directing that 500 of the annual appropriation to this Department be used to the purpose of propagating fish in our streams Immediately after the passage of the Act correspondence was opened with Prof Spencer F Baird U S Commissioner of Fisheries and Mr Seth Green Superintendent of Fisheries for the State of New York in regard to supplying some of our rivers but it was found that the season was too far advanced to make even a beginning so that the effort was abandoned until this fall Correspondence was reopened last month with a view to the artificial propagation of shad in several of our streams but as yet no satisfactory arrangements have been made My wish was to establish a hatching station in Georgia and this Mr Milner the U S Deputy Commissioner thinks would be the proper plan but says 500 is too small an amount to begin with He says With the aimunt you have to use I see nothing better than to move California salmon now or shad next summer from our stations to the rivers you wish to supply but says that 500 would only move 60000 salmon to our streams I have therefore decided to wait until Spring when the United States Commissioner proposes if Congress makes the necessary appropriation to hatch shad on the Potomac and to charge only the cost of removing1295 commissioners report188182 39 them since I am convinced that the small sum at my command can be most profitably devoted to the introduction of the largest possible number of this fish into our streams While I think the introduction of 60000 salmon into our mountain streams at a cost of 500 would eventually prove a good investment for our people I have not deemed it proper to devote the whole appropriation to that purpose especially since there is a prospect of accomplishing more good by the introduction of shad at the same cost Mr James W Milner Deputy U S Commissioner of Fisheries who has had large experience in artificial hatching expresses the opinion that 200 is the least amount with which hatching stations could be established with a reasonable hope of success In the annual report which I had the honor to submit to you for the year 1880 in referring to the included report of Superintendent Cary I took occasion to say Your attention is respectfully invited to the foregoing report of Dr H H Cary Superintendent of Fisheries and especially to that portion in which he shows the necessity for a reasonableappropria tion to carrv on this most important work At no period in the history of the State have the people manifested so much interest in fish culture It is a question of vast economic importance to the people of the State and one well worthy the consideration of the General Assembly The present annual appropriation is utterly inadequate to accomplish results commensurate with the impor tance of the interests involved These extracts are given in order to show that attention has been repeatedly called to the insufficiency of the sum not appropriated from the Treasury but directed by the Act quoted to be expended of the annual appropriation for the support of this Department Notwithstanding the inadequacy of the means provided the Super intendent under my direction has been as active and successful as could be reasonably expected of an official working without a salary and with such a small fund for expenses and quite a number of shad and salmon fry have been released in our streams CAEP Though the Act quoted does not make express allusion to or provision for the introduction and encouragement of the culture of other than migratory foodfish a fairly liberal construction of its language will also include other fish that give promise of being of econom value to our citizens In accordance with the spirit of the Act therefore I have directed the superintendent to give40 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 296 attention to the introduction of the German Carp a3 a pond fish promising of important results to domestic fish culture I beg to refer to his report herewith submitted for details of the work and other matter in this connection In concluding my remarks under this head it is proper to call your attention to the fact that so far as I am informed or can as certain the provisions of the Act which has been fully set forth in regard to closed time a contained in sections IV and V have been utterly disregarded not a single instance having come to my knowledge of conformity on the part of persons engaged in shad fishing Nor have I learned of a single case in which the penal provisions of section VI have been enforced or attempted The law is a dead letter so far as these prohibitions and regulations are concerned and the anomaly is presented of an Act of the Legisla ture requiring the inauguration of a system of artificial hatching of shad and other migratory fish for restocking our riverswithout an adequate appropriation for the purpose and at the same time without adequate legislation for the protection of the fish from un timely and excessive use of the various means used to capture them Our people living along the coursea of our large streams away from the coast are deprived of their natural right to the benefit of the fish that would run up to the very headwaters of the streams if they were not decimated before getting fifty miles from the ocean by the artful and complete and unlawful contrivances for capturing shad that are in use near the coast Not only this but citizens of distant States send their fishing vessels and tackle to our streams and ship the catch to distant markets so that our State and people derive no benefit whatever from them It is like taking the food out of our mouths I beg to refer you to the following eepoet of superintendent of fisheries Department of Agriculture Office Superintendent Fisheries LaGrange Ga October 10th 1882 Hon J T Henderson Commissioner of Agriculture I herewith submit my biennial report embracing the time since my last report dated October 16th 1880 While it is to be exceedingly regretted that the limited means at the disposal of the Department has prevented the extension of the work to the extent desired still it is a matter of congratulation that297 commissioners report1881S2 41 steady progress has been made in the work and that fish culture stands higher in public opinion than ever before in this State and as a means of cheap and abundant food supply is rapidly gaining favor German CarpThis new fish has more than sustained the rep utation acquired up to my last report Up to that time only about 700 had been introduced into the waters of Georgia and most of these having been placed in ponds with inadequate drainage but few opportunities had been afforded to test their growth The few examinations made however showed a growth of about four pounds per year The fish above named were the hatchings of 1879 the first hatchings east of the Kocky Mountains The hatchings of the carp ponds at Washington for 1880 had enormously increased Georgia through the Department of Agriculture received and dis tributed over 3700 and the members of Congress received and distributed about as many more making the entire distribution in the State for that year over 7400 Many of these fish were very small not more than one or two inches long and weighing a frac tion of an ounce A shipment was received from Washington in February 1881 six of these were sent to a gentleman in Talbot county and were released in his millpond the last of September one was caught and weighed and it was found that in seven months it had taken on a growth of five pounds That this may not be an exceptional case 1 will state that other cases of neatly equally rapid growth have been reported to me Of the hatchings of the carp ponds at Washington of 1881 we failed to get the supply we ex ected hence a large number of applicants were disappointed he Department of Agriculture received about 1700 and proba bly the members of Congress even a larger number than this which were distributed as in the previous years over the State and 60 far as reports have been received they have in every particular sus tained the high estimate placed upon them It is hoped that a very large distribution will be made the present fall as a letter from Col McDonald in charge of the distributions at Washington states under date of the 5th instant I am directed by Prof Baird to say to you that he can probably supply all applicants for carp from Georgia I have been very desirous of ascertaining the precise time of hatching of the carp eggs in our latitude as numerous inquiries have been propounded to me on that subject Dr Rudolph Iies sel a German fish culturist and the Superintendent of the carp ponds at Washington states in the report of the Commissioner of Fish and Fisheries Part 4 18751876 tat they hatch in from twelve to sixteen days I was impressed that they would hatch much42 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 298 sooner here Mr EmaDuel Heyser of Madison Ga an enthusiastic fish culturist a careful observer and reliable gentleman has given me the benefit of a careful experiment made during the present year and as I regard this experiment as very important I beg leave to detail it somewhat fully On Friday May 12th 1882 he had three scale carp taken Irom his pond with hook and line two females and one male weighing about three and a half pounds each On Saturday May 13th he placed them in the bed of a spring branch running through the bottom of an old pond that had been dry for about four years and was overgrown with grasses rushes and weedsexcept the little spring branch in the centre On the following Monday the 15th lie had the breach in the dam of the old pond closed and the water gradually spread over the surface of the pond On Wednesday following May 17th Mr Heyser noticed the carp were spawning in water and not over six inches deep and the water was so clear he could readily observe every movement of the fish On Thursday the 18th and Friday the 19th he gathered eggs from where he had seen the carp spawning de posited on grass weeds etc some of these eggs were placed in a glass vase and some in a tin bucket both filled with clear water The vase he kept in his dwelling house the bucket he placed on the branch of a tree in open air six feet from the ground These re mained undisturbed until Tuesday morningMay 23d when he found that in bothin the bucket and vase the eggs were hatching O n makingthis discovery he went immediately to the pond from which the eggs were taken and with a basin could dip up large numbers of tiny fish That they were scale carp he was certain as he kept watch of themfor about a month when they had attained a length of one and a half inches That the young fish were hatched in from five to six days there can be no mistake as there was no water where he gathered the eggs until less than a week before he saw the young fish and it had just risen sufficiently deep to allow the fish to swim around in spawning Mr Heyser having no thermom eter had no means of ascertaining the temperature of the water at the time but by reference to my register I find the average tem perature of the atmosphere in the shade was on the days covering this experiment 69 1 but as Madison is about onehalf degree north of LaGrango the temperature might be a little lower and this would approximately indicate the temperature of the water299 commissioners report188182 43 so that we may assume with the temperature of the water at about 69 these eggs hatched in from five to six days The carp in this latitude usually commence spawning in April 1 observed mine this year spawning on the 27th of March California SalmonDuring the Fall of last year an offer was received from Prof Baird of a large quantity of eggs of the California salmon taken from the McCloud river At first 1 declined to take them as we had no means to establish a hatchery but the South Car olina Commission kindly offered to hatch them gratuitously at the hatchery atWalhalla in that State This proposition was gladly accepted and the result was we were enabled to plant 136000 salmon fry in the headwaters of the Savannah river This river was selected and the whole plant made there for several reasons among which was the belief of its best adaptability of all our streams for this species of fish and another that all experience has proven that in restocking barren streams large plants are the most profitable as the depredations are about the same on a small plant as on a large one Like the shad the salmon is an anadromous migratory fish and passes up the rive to the spawning grounds in the Fall months They have a fine flavor and take on a rapid growth weighing often from 12 to 30 pounds Should the temperature of the water of our rivers prove suitable they will be a valuable acquisition They seem to be of easy propagation and very hardy A recent letter from Mr Livingstone Stone in charge of the hatcheries on the Pa cific slope shows that notwithstanding the enormous numbers that are caught for canning and other purposes they are increasing very rapidly It doubtless will be prudent to wait the result of this planting in the Savannah before making other efforts in this direc tion ShadAs stated in my last report through the aid of the U S Commission I was enabled to plant over 1000000 of shad fry in the waters of this State dividing them between the Oconee Ocmulgee and Chattahoochee rivers These fish were planted in June 1880 and should return to their spawning grounds next Spring 1883 In the season of 1881 and 1882 more or less shad fry were released in the waters of this State by the U S Fish Commission The fish of these plantings should return in three years respectively from each planting In all these streams there are obstacles to their return in the obu DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 300 6tructions presented by milldams Fishways can be constructed over these dams without injury to the property of the mill owners This subject should receive the careful attention of the Legislature Our main effort should be for some time directed towards the arti ficial propagation of the shad as in early time it was found the nat ural inhabitant of the waters of the State And I wish to emphasize the fact that it is only by artificial propagation that barren waters can be restored I will introduce here a short extract from a letter from the veteran fish culturist Seth Green of New York Through the methods employed by the New York Fish Commission in shad propagation methods discovered by me in 1867 the Hudson and other rivers have been made to produce as many shad as they were ever before known to produce Under date of June 14 1882 I am in receipt of a letter from Mr P A M Van Wick Newburgh N Y which says that about twelve years ago the shad had been so nearly caught out of the Hudson river that the fishermen abandoned it because they could not make it pay This season of 1882 owing to the efforts of the New York Fish Commission shad were more plentiful than were ever known before Within a distance of about six miles 30830 full grown shad were taken Mr Van Wick has kindly given me the names and number of fish caught by each fisherman and the list is now before me But to secure these desirable results we must do precisely what New York and other States have doneestablish by law a proper closed time and have enacted the necessary protective laws BROOK TROUT The clear cool streams in many of the upper counties of the State are well adapted to the propagation of the brook trout and it is very desirable so soon as our means will permit to stock these streams A few experiments have been made by private individ uals in introducing the brook trout into these streams from the opposite side of the Blue Ridge with quite encouraging results It is important to impress upon the Legislature the necessity of a sufficient appropriation to establish hatcheries for the migratory and other food fishes and to establish carp ponds of sufficient ca pacity not only to stock every pond in the State but to plant them in all the principal streams as the carp will do remarkably well in our sluggish rivers An appropriation of onethird of a cent per capita of the people of Georgia will enable us to make fish the cheapest food in the State and will take them from the list of luxuries and place them in the reach of all All of whichis respectfully submitted H H Caky Superintendent301 commissioners reportl8182 APPENDIX 45 The following list of Fish Commissioners has been collated with care from revised lists published by the Forest and Stream and the American Field together with the annual appropriation made by each State and Territory Alabama Charles S G Doster Plattville D B Huntley Courtand Arizona50000 John G Gosper Prescott Richard Rule Tombstone Dr J H Taggard Yuma Arkansas N B Pierce Osage Mills James Horni brook Little Rock John E Reardon Little Rock California500000 3 R ThrockmortonSan Francisco B B Redding San Francisco J D Farewell Niles Colorado650000 W E Sistey Brook vale Connecticut500000 Dr W M Hodson Hartford Robert G Pike Middletown G K Woodruff Sherman Georgia50000 Hon J T Henderson Comr Agriculture Atlanta Dr H H Cary Supt of Fisheries LaGrange Illinois250000 N K Fairbank President Chicago S P Bartlett Quincy S P McDoel Aurora Indiana200000 Calvin Fletcher Spencer Iowa250000 B F Shaw Anamosa A A Mosher Assistant of N W portion Spirit Lake46 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 302 Kansas100000 D B LongEllsworth Kentucky500000 William Griffith PresidentLouisville Dr S W Combs SecretaryBowling Green P H DarbyPrinceton John B WalkerMadisonville Hon J O WaltonMunfordville Hon J A SteeleVersailles W C PriceDanville Dr W Van AntwerpMt Sterling Hon J M ChambersIndependence A II GobellCatlettsburg Maine1000000 H O StanleyDixfield E M Stillwell Assistant Commissioner Bangor Maryland1000000 T B Ferguson Washington D C Thomas Hughlett Easton Massachusetts500000 Theo Lvman Brookline E A Brackett Winchester Asa French Boston Michigan1550000 Eli R Miller President Richland A J KelloggDetroit Dr J C ParkerGrand Rapids Minnesota500000 Robert O Sweeney Chairman St Paul D Cameron LaCrescent W W Sweeney M DEedwing Missouri300000 Hon Silas WoodsonSt Joseph Hon H 0 Ewirg Jefferson City Col John Reid Lexington Nebraska R B LivingstonePlattesmouth H S KaleyRed Cloud W S MayFremont Nevada100000 H G Parker Carson City303 commissioners report188182 47 New Hampshire200000 A H Powers Plymouth Luther HaysMilton Dr Ed SpauldingNashua New Jeesey400000 Dr B P Howell Woodbury Maj E J Anderson Trenton Theo Morford Newton New Yobk1500000 Hon R B Roosevelt 76 Chambers St Ed M Smith Rochester Richard W Sherman New Hartford E G Blackford Fulton MarketNY Noeth Caeolina450000 Hon Montford McGeehee Comr of Agricnl Raleigh S G Worth Superintendent of Fisheries Morganton Ohio500000 L A Harris Cincinnati C A Bond Toledo H O Post Sandusky Pennsylvania1500000 HonH J Reeder Easton Hon B L Hewit Hollidaysburg James Duffy Marietta John Hummell Lelings Grove Robert Dalzell Pittsburg G M Miller Wilkesbarre Rhode Island50000 Newton Dexter Providence John Barden Rockland A A Reid Providence South Caeolina350000 Hon A P Butler Comr of Agriculture Columbia C J Husk Supt of FisheriesColumbia Tennessee W W McDowell Memphis G F Akers Nashville H H Sneed Chattanooga Texas J H Denkins Austin48 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 304 Utah Prof J L BarfootSalt Lake City Vermont Dr M GoldsmithRutland Charles BarrettGrafton Virginia250000 Col M McDonald Berry ville West Virginia200000 II B Miller Wheeling C S White Komney N W Lowry Hinton Wisconsin700000 Gov W E Smith ex offioio Madison Filo Dunning Madison C L Valentine Janesville John F Autsdel Milwaukee C Hutchinson Beetown J B Jones Oskosk Maik Douglas Melrose Wyoming Territory II B Kumsey Ked Buttes Dr M C Barckwell Cheyenne Otto Gowen Laramie INSPECTION OF OILS The General Assembly at the session of 1881 passed an Act to better provide for the security of life and property from the dangers of coal and petroleum oils which was approved Septem ber 27th 1881 By the terms of this Act Inspectors of Fertili zers are ex offioio Inspectors of Oils and in counties having no In spectors of Fertilizers the Commissioner of Agriculture is author ized to appoint Inspectors The Inspectors are authorized to ap point such deputies or clerks as they may find requisite for the perfect carrying out of the provisions of the Act In pursu ance of the authority which I considered was vested in me and for the sake of convenience and system in the execution of the work of inspecting oils I preceded to divide the State into ifteen ol inspection districts Six of these districts are severally assigned205 commissioners report1SS1S2 49 to the Inspectors of fertilizers and ex officio Inspectors of oils in the remaining nine districts other Inspectors have been ap pointed Most of the Inspectors have found it necessary to ap point clerks or deputies within their respective districts Each deputy is required to report directly to his principal who is held officially responsible for every inspection Each principal Inspec tor is required under the law to report on the first day of each month to the Commissioner of Agriculture the number of gallons inspected and the amount of fees received by him or his deputies during the month next preceding and also to make a consolidated re port for the fiscal year on the first day of October of each year show ing the total number of gallons inspected where and when in spected the amount of fees received on each inspection and the total amount of fees collected daring the year next preceding The following comprises a list of the oil inspection districts of the State the counties composing each the names of Inspectors and deputies and their postoffices for the nine months ending October 1st OIL INSPECTION DISTRICTS Albany DistrictBaker Calhoun Clay Dougherty Early Lee Mitchell Miller Quitman Randolph Terrel and Worth Z J lOdom Inspector Albany Attens DistrictClarke Elbert Greene Hart Jackson Madi son Oconee and Oglethorpe J G Evans Inspector Athens Atlanta DistrictButts Campbell Carroll Clayton Cherokee Cobb Coweta DeKalb Douglas Fulton Fayette Gwinnett Henry Jasper Morgan Milton Newton Rockdale Spalding and Walton James S L iwton Inspector J L Lawton Deputy In spector Atlanta Americus District Schley Sumter and Webster W E Davenport Inspector Americus Augusta DistrictBurke Columbia Jefferson Lincoln McDuf fie Kichmond Taliaferro Warren and Wilkos Samuel Hawkins Inspector W A Ramsay Deputy Inspector Augusta Brunswick DistrictAppling Camden Charlton Clinch Cof fee Dodge Echols Glynn Irwin Pulaski Pierce Telfuir Ware Wayne and Wilcox Troup Butler Inspector M J Colsou Dep aity Inspector Brunswick50 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 206 Columbus DistrictChattahoochee Harris Marion Muscogee Talbot and Stewart G W Rosette Inspector Geo C Sher wood Deputy Inspector Columbus Dalton DistrictCatoosa Dade Murray Walker and Whit field J R McAffee Inspector Dalton Gainesville District Banks Dawson Fannin FranklinForsyth Gilmer Habersham Hall Lumpkin Pickens Rabun Towns Union and White H W J Ham Inspector Gainesville LaOrange DistrictHeard Meriwether aud Troup W W Arnold Inspector LaGrange Macon DistrictBibb Crawford Dooly Houston Jones Macon Monroe Taylor Twiggs Upson and Wilkinson E L Thomas Inspector H L Chichester Deputy Inspector Macon Milledgeville DistrictBaldwin Hancock Putnam and Wash ngton Miller Greive Inspector Milledgeville Dome DistrictBartow Chattooga Floyd Gordon Haralson Paulding and Polk W W Seay Inspector Rome Savannah DistrictBryan Bullock Chatham Effingham Emanuel Johnson Laurens Liberty Mclntosh Montgomery Scriven and Tatnall O T Rogers Inspector G P Harrison Deputy Inspector Savannah Thomasville District Berrien Brooks Colquitt Decatur Thomas and Lowndes No Inspector During the nine months ending September 30th 1882 the aggre gate amount of illuminating oils inspected in the State was as follows Total number of gallons inspected 1039560 gallons Of which there were rejected as falling below the legal standard 49097 gallons In executing the law I have found no great difficulty during the nine months that it had been in operation prior to the 1st day of October I can see clearly where several amendments might be made which would define the meaning and intent of the Legisla ture more clearly There is now pending in the Supreme Court of the State a case from Savannah Georgia involving the construc tion of the present Act in connection with some sections of the Code on the subject of illuminating oils which are held by Attor207 commissioners report188182 51 neyGeneral Anderson to be unrepealed by the recent Act but are of full force and effect The decision of the Court in this case may render necessary some legislation on the subject The point in volved is whether naphtha or other lowgrade oils below firetest 120 can be used in this State for lighting the streets of cities by persons or companies who undertake to do so by contract furnish ing their own oil from without the State Other incidental or closely related questions depend upon the coming ruling of the Su preme Court and I will not undertake to discuss their merits FLASHTEST I am strongly inclined to the opinion that the flashtest is a better and more reliable test of the safety of illuminating oils than the firetest which is now required by law The chief danger to be ap prehended in the domestic use of illuminating oil is its liability to explode and shatter the lamps or other containing vessels and thus inflict direct injuries to the person by the fragments as well as scattering the burning oil over the clothing and the combustible articles in the vicinitythus still further endangering life and prop erty I am informed by good chemists as well as by Inspectors of oils that a specimen of illuminating oil may stand a high firetest above the standard 120and yet be more explosive than another sample having a comparatively low firetesteven less than the lawful standard I have instituted no investigation to ascertain the truth of the matter myself but purpose doing so at an early day I am informed that the law of many of the Northern States re quires oils tested by the flashtest FENCE LAWS The organic law of this Department requires that The said Com missioner shall give attention to the subject of fencing and shall report at such times as he may deem proper upon said subject as is hereinbefore set forth In pursuance of this requirement the subject has been diseussedfrom time to time in the circulars issued by the Department during my own administration as well as that of my predecessor with especial reference to the policy of changing the stock or fence laws of the State The subject has steadily52 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 20 S grown in interest and the farmers have become better informed as to the practical working of the no fence law in counties and States that hare adopted it The General Assembly in 1872 passed an Act proriding for local option by counties to be determined by a vote of the lawful voters of any county at an election to be or dered by the Ordinary upon the petition of fifty freeholders This Act was approved August 26 1872 and was amended by Act of August 26 1881 which removed the restriction that such elections should not be held oftener than once in two years and provided further that such elections might be held when proper petitions shall have been filed on such day as the Ordinary might appoint after giving twenty days notice By Act of September 29 1S81 the law was still further amended by making its provisions appli cable to militia districts and to provide for the erection of fences around district lines In my circular questions to the correspondents of the Depart ment preliminary to the July Crop Report of this year I made in quiry to ascertain the counties that had succeeded in putting into operation the new stock law and beg to quote from that report as follows THE STOCK LAW The following counties have adopted the Stock Law requiring the owners of stock to keep them on their own lands or more cor rectly stating it the law requiring stock to be fenced instead of crops tinder the old law which is still operative in the larger part of the State landowners are required to fence their crops against the invasion of stock of all kinds Under the law adopted by these counties the owners of stock are required to keep them off of other peoples crops by fencing the stock in or otherwise keeping them under control The counties which have adopted the Stock Law are Campbell Clayton Coweta Henry Meriwether Monroe Morgan Pike Put nam Piockdale Spalding and Troup One district each in Elbert and Screven have adopted it For the information of the people who are likely to have the question presented to them at no distant day the laws in force in this State relating to fences are here printed Much confusion has arisen from the awkward form in which the question is presented to the voters viz Fence or No Fence many inferring that if they vote no fence they will be209 commissioners report188182 53 prohibited from building fences at all The real question is fenc ing stock or fencing crops and should have been presented to the voters in some such form It is not expected that the stock law will be adopted in the wiregrass counties of the State where the larger area is in pasture In that section of the State and in some of the counties of North Georgia the proposed law would be as great a hardship as the old law requiring crops to be fenced is in farming and planting sections In the latter the adoption of the Stock Law is only a question of time It is a necessity which must sooner or later be felt and fully realized in a large majority of the counties of the State In those counties in which it has been in operation long enough to be tested its most violent opponents have generally acknowledged its great advantages The question has been wisely left by the General Assembly to the choice of the people of the counties and militia districts The interests and industries of different sections of the State are too varied to admit of a general law applicable to all sections Since the July report was prepared four militia districts in New ton several in Fulton and perhaps other counties of the Stae have adopted the new law From the same report I extract the following comments by cor respondents on the operation of the law Campbell CountyAs a general thing the people are remarkably well pleased with the no fence law A few prejudicedminded have not yet given over It has had a good influence upon the agriculture of the county by ridding it of surplus stock and by adding to the value of those kept Although we have not yet had time to prepare pastures only temporary our stock are fat and sleek Ordinary milk cows of the common country breed are worth from forty to fifty dol lars formerly worth from fifteen to twentyfive dollars and this in creased value is not as many would suppose from their scarcity but from the fact of being in better condition They are actually worth double what they formerly were The fact is we have been feeding them and preparing such pasturage for them as we could and have not been depending on them browsing around in lanes and fence coiners and the little woodlands and old pine fields we had not enclosed and picking their living numbers of them wearing huge neckyokes It has added to the value of the farming lands in not requiringso much timber landsto be kept and increased the acreage by enabling farmers to cultivate small pieces of good land that they could not afford to fence and by adding fence rows etc It is in the opinion of the best thinkers of the day a grand step in the right direction a step from the honored but timeworn ruts of past ages to the higher plane of the present living and progressive age54 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 210 Carroll CountyThe fence law has been voted down in this county but a new effort will be made soon to make it law It is very much needed here There is plenty of timber but the fences are poor and the stock very troublesome There is a large floating pop ulation here that have no interest in farms nor farming only to eat what the honest farmer makes and they do not own one foot of land still they vote fence while all the good substantial farmers who have to keep up the fences and bear all the expense vote no fence We will continue to try until we succeed I take occasion to reiterate my conviction that it would be unwise and unjust to force upon large sections of the State the operation of a stock or fence law for which they are not prepared and which is not desirable in view of the system of husbandry prevailing in those sections Yet I am not less satisfied that the adoption of the stock law in the greater portion of Middle Georgia and in some counties in other sections will prove a great stride in the direction of im provement and progress and productive of immediate permanent and constantly increasing benefits The law as it now standsin its general principlesis perhaps all that could be reasonably de sired with the exception that the votes of the landownerswho must bear the expense and burden of keeping up fencesdo not have that weight to which it would seem they are justly entitled Ar gument and reason however sustained by the experience of even nonlandowners in counties under the new law are having their due effect and where the adoption of a new system by law is based upon considerations of reason and selfinterestmade plain to the voter it will be submitted to more readily and cheerfully and be more permanent in its legal tenure INTERNATIONAL COTTON EXPOSITION This great enterpriseinaugurated on Georgia soil and carried to a successful conclusion in sight of the Capitolsurprised its projec tors and warmest advocates in the measure of the great success at tained It is Tiot my purpose to enter into a discussion of the con dition and circumstances of our people and section which seemed to render it very desirable that such an exhibitionillustrating our unlimited natural resources of soil climate and productions on the one hand and the need of greater scientific mechanical and man facturing skill in developing and utilizing these resources on the othershould be held in our midst On account of the unfavor able crop seasons that preceded the Exposition and other causes there was a singular apathy manifested on the part of the farmers211 commissioners report188182 55 of Georgia in reference to it and an apparent want of apprecia tion on the part of our citizens of the opportunity about to be af forded them to illustrate our State and to favorably impress capi talists and othervisitors This indifference was still further aggra vated by the want of any organized effort or specially authorized Commission on the part of the State to encourage and direct in properly representing our great interests Under these circum stances I felt it to be my duty to undertake to make at least a re spectable display of the agricultural products of the State In doing so I believe that I would not exceed the true spirit and in tent of the Act creating this Department and that I would be re creant indeed if I stood back with hands folded and allowed the interest of our State and people to suffer because the letter of the law did not provide for such an occasion With your approval therefore I devoted a considerable portion of my own time and that of some of the employes of this office to organizing a Georgia De partment in the Exposition By extensive correspondence the issue of many circulars and the perfecting of arrangements on the grounds and in the buildings of the Exposition for the reception and proper display of agricultural products I am gratified to be able to say that the farmers of Georgia were incited to commenda ble effort and that the exhibition of Georgia productsof the farm garden orchard dairy livestock etc was highly creditable in view of all the circumstances and no whit behind the foremost States in quality and far excelling any in variety This effort on my part as the representative of the farmers of Georgia would have been altogether inadequate to a full representation of the re sources of the State without the cooperative aid of the railroad and Express companies of the State not only in directing and encourag ing exhibits and attendance by low freights and fares but still more by the remarkably exhaustive representative displays made by the roads themselves of the mineral and other resources of the sec tions traversed by them respectively The original purpose of the projectors of the Exposition was chiefly to encourage the development of manufacturesespec ially those of cotton our great staple and during the whole course of the enterprisefrom its beginning to its conclusionthe ener gies and efforts of the high controlling authority and the arrange56 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 212 ments for the conduct of the Exposition were directed towards making this the grand and essential feature of the occasion Not withstanding this fact the agricultural feature was a gratifying success The time that has elapsed since the close of the Exposition has been too short for its results to be fully measured they are large ly in the future But I have no hesitancy in saying that a spirit of improvement and progress iias been engendered among our farmers as well as other citizens that will be fruitful of good in the near future Indeed the benefits are already apparent in the in creased disposition to use and the demand for improved farm im plements and machinery Hundreds and thousands of farmers came to see staid to wonder and went home resolved to profit by the les sons learned Many of them have purchased improved reapers mowers cultivators screw pulverizers cotton ginning machinery The desire to perform the operations of the farm in a more syste matic perfect and economical manner that is a rapidly growing feeling among our intelligent farmers is largely traceableeither di rectly or indirectlyto the Exposition and its lessons This desire is chiefly directed towards greater economy and thoroughness in the preparation of the soil and in harvesting and preparing the crop es pecially cotton for market Through a correspondence instituted with Northern manufactures of agricultural implements and ma chinery with a view to ascertain the effects of the Exposition on the Southern demand for their goods I learn that the volume of their sales to Southern farmers has been greatly increased and most of them attribute the increased demand directly to the influence of the Exposition Not only have our agricultural interests been bene fitted but the Exposition has been the means of encouraging the in vestment of Northern capital in manufacturing enterprises in our State Several of these either already in operation or nearly ready in Georgia are traceable directly to the Exposition and others are in contemplation In addition to these benefits Northern and Western immigration to this State has been greatly encouraged and promoted The three months of opportunity to study the character and disposition of our people as well as our advantages that was afforded to visitors from a distance was enjoyed and improved with great satisfaction to213 commissioners report188182 57 themselves and advantage to us and will prove no inconsiderable factor in the problem of reconciling the long estranged sections of the country COTTON SEED AND THEIR USES One of the marked features of the past few years is the great in terest that has been excited in regard to the economic value of cot ton seed This product has long been highly esteemed as a valua ble fertilizer though the method of using it lias been careless and wasteful in the extreme so that probably not more than half of its value in this respect was realized Its chief value as a ferti lizer is due to the large per centage of nitrogen in the seed This nitrogen very easily escapes into the atmosphere when the seed are exposed to the weather in the old fashioned way for the purpose of rotting and thereby preventing germination A great saving was effected in this respect by the adoption of the system of composting the seed with stable manure and acid phosphate the latter prevent ing the escape of the ammonia evolved during decomposition But it has long been known that the oil contained in the seed is of no practical value for fertilizing purposes and so far back as the year 1834 the first move was made toward the extraction of the oil and its introduction into the market for purposes for which it was be lieved to be suited However it was not until the year 1855 that the feasibility of the manufacture of cotton seed oil was demon strated Since that period and especially during the last few years the number of oil mills has greatly increased and the business is as suming large proportions The following extract from my Supple mental Report of 1881 published in January last gives some inter esting facts in regard to the business and the importance of this newly developed source of wealth to the farmers of Georgia PRODUCTS OF THE OIL MULLS The first step in preparing the seed for the nrll is the removal of the lint left by the gin This is done by a gin constructed for the purpose with saws closer together than in the ordinary cotton gin An average of twentytwo pounds of short lint is taken from a ton of the seed This product called linters brings on the market 6 to 7 cents per pound and is used in the manufacture of cotton batting58 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 214 The next product is the hulls which are removed from the ker nel and used as fuel for the engines which furnish the power for the mills The hulls constituteabout half the total weight of the seed From their combustion results two qualities of ashes averag ing in price at the mill 1200 per ton The mills average a yield of thirtyfive gallons of crude oil to the ton of seed which wholesales at the mills at 35 cents per gallon This loses in the process of refining eighteen per centso that the yield in refined oil is 2870 gallons The refined oil sells at the mills at 55c to 60c per gallon A ton of the seed yields after extracting the oil 700 lbs of oil cake or cotton seed meal which is simply the cake ground The cake or meal at present sells at the mills at 2000 per ton The average consumption of the mills is about 6000 tons each per annum The mills generally operate only about six months in the year and hence their average capacity is 12000 tons per annum The consumption is therefore 350000 tons per annum with a capacity for twice that amount There are fiftyseven oil mills now in operation or being con structed in the South and along the Mississippi river distributed as follows 10 in Tennessee 9 each in Mississippi Louisiana and Texas 8 in Arkansas 6 in Alabama 2 in Georgia 2 in Missouri and one each in South Carolina and Illinois In 1880 6997796 gallons of cotton seed oil were exported from the United States while only 38431 gallons of linseed oil were ex ported during the same year During the same year 453023225 pounds of oil cake were ex ported Taking the comparative quantities of cotton seed oil and linseed oil exported as an index of the comparative quantities of cake exported and it will be seen that nearly the whole of this ex ported cake was from cotton seed Mr Ogden says cotton seed oil is the basis of nitroglycerine and of various other explosive compounds Cotton seed oil is the best material known for making glycerine One gallon of crude oil re turns three and onehalf pounds of pure glycerine It will no doubt surprise many readers to learn that in 1S7S 16 757634 pounds of cotton seed were exported in 1879 16397938 pounds and in 18S0 12142137 pounds On this subject Mr Og den remarks It is alleged that in France methods have been dis covered for producing a valuable bluedyestuff from cotton seed The 57 mills now in operation or being constructed will consume an average of 6000 tons of seed per annum running half the year Phey have a capacity of 12000 tons each Assuming 6000 tons as the average consumption and we find that 342000 tons are now used by the oil mills per annum These cost at the mills ten dol lars per ton or an aggregate of 3420000215 commissioners REPORT188182 59 They yield 35 gallons of crude oil per ton or 11970000 gallons which sells at the mills at 35 cents per gallon The annual oil pro duct therefore of the 57 mills will be worth 1189500 The seed are reginned at the large mills and 22 pounds of short lint per ton called linters yielded These bring 6f to 7 cents per pound The yield of linters from 342000 tons of seed is therefore 7542000 pounds which at 7 cents per pound is worth 526680 Each ton of seed yields 700 pounds of cake which sells at one cent per pound at the mills 342000 tons of seed would therefore yield 2394000 worth of cake The annual product of the fifty seven mills running half the year will therefore be as follows 7524000 linterga 7c per lbI 520080 11970000 gallons crude oil 35c per gallon 4189500 239400000 lbs cake at lc per lb 2394000 Total7110180 Deduct cost of the seed 3420000 And we have the values added by the mills3690180 The 342000 tons of cotton seed consumed by the mills yield 171 00 tons of hulls which are burned in the engines and supply the fuel necessary to run the machinery Each ton of hulls yields 70 lbs of ashes which are very rich in potash As the oil is valueless as a fertilizer every gallon extracted from the seed is so much clear gain All that is valuable as a fertilizer in the seed is found in the cake and the ash of the hulls The 1189 500 received from the oil and 526680 received for the linters thus come from products that are ordinarily wasted For convenience of calculation and it is not likely to be less in the future a crop of 6000000 bales is taken as the basis of the follow ing estimates Assuming that the bales average 450 pounds each their produc tion involves the production of 2700000 tons of seed estimating 900 pounds seed to the bale or two of seed to one of lint According to the census of 1880 14462431 acres were planted in cotton allowing two bushels per acre for planting this area 28924 802 bushels or 432872 tons of seed are required for that purpose Deducting this quantity from the whole amount produced and there remain 2266128 tons of seed to be utilized as manure or stock feed Supposing the whole of these to be used by the oil mills and the following analysis of the products will not be devoid of interest While it is not now practicable to so utilize them on account of the difficulty of transporting them to the mills the day is not far distant when nearly if not all the crop will be utilized The 2266128 tons of seed will yield at 22 lbs per ton 49854 816 lbs of linters which at 7c per lb will bring 348983712 60 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 216 The same seed will yield thirtyfive gallons of crude oil per ton or 79314480 gallons of oil which sells at 35e per gallon at the mill From this therefore will be realized 27760068 which as the seed are generally used is entirely wasted since the oil adds nothing to the value of the seed as a fertilizer The same seed will yield 700 lbs of cake per ton of seed or 1 586289600 lbs which at 2000 per ton will be worth 15862880 From the hulls of each ton of seed thirtylive lbs of ashes are obtained or 79214480 lbs of ashes which are worth at the mill an average of 1200 per ton or 475904 The account with the seed under the supposition that the whole crop except enough to plant are utilized for the extraction of the oil will stand about as follows From 226612S tons of seed the mills will turn out 49854816 lbs Winters 7c 3489837 79314480 gallons crude oil 35c 27750068 793144 tons oil cake 2000 15862880 39057 tonsashes 1200 475904 Total value of product47 58S68 2266128 tons seed 1000 per ton 22661280 Increaseof value by manipulation in the oil mills24917409 It will be seen therefore that the value of the crop of cotton seed of the Southern States is increased by the manipulation of the oil mills 24917409 and that this increase is greater by more than 2000000 than the marketable value of the seed in their original form It will be observed also that the value of the crude oil is more than 3000000 greater than that of the whole seed from which it is extracted previous to such manipulation COST OF MILLS The principal obstacle in the way of general utilization of the crop of cotton seed is the cost of mill and machinery necessary to extract the oil No doubt this will be remedied in time but at the preient stage of the industry those who have had experience in the matter agree that a capital of at I ast 30000 is necessary to establish and conduct an oil mill successfully They agree that a mill with four presses carrying sik boxes each is the smallest that will pay The machinery required for such a mill embraces a 50 horse power engine four presses six heaters two linters with hullers crushers mats elavators conveyors vats mills for grind Formuch valuable information connected with the manufacture of cotton seed oil I am indebted to Col Geo W Scott Atlanta Ja 217 COMMISSIONERS REPORT1881S2 61 ing cake etc all of which will cost about 20000 The buildings nec essary are one two stories about 40x60 feet and a seed room 60x 100 feet These will cost according to character and locality Another difficulty lies in the uncertainty of securing a sufficient quantity of seed to keep the machinery running a reasonable num ber of months in the year At present few of the mills run more than six months As the business becomes more firmly established and the products become more generally used there will be a less difficulty in procuring the seed and better prices realized by the farmer for them and greater profits made by the mill men The refined oil is being rapidly introduced into general use for various purposes including its substitution when highly refined for olive oil on our tables as well as the use of a grade lower as a substitute for lard Its entire substitution for the latter seems not improbable for the reasons that it is more delicate involves less risk of injury to health is cheaper and keeps sweet longer Very few who once t y it return to the use of lard It is equally as good as lard for any purpose for which the latter is used and for mauypur poses far superior to it THE COTTON SEED CBOP OF GEORGIA Acceding to the returns of the tenth United States census 2617138 acres were planted in cotton in 1879 On this area 814 441 bales of cotton were produced Each of these bales represents 900 pounds cotton seed The production of the State was there fore 366498 tons Allowing two bushels per acre for planting 78464 tons were required for the purpose Deducting this quan tity from the whole number produced in the State366498 less 78464and 2SS034 tons remain for use as manure or for feeding stock These at 15c per bushel or 1000 per ton are worth 2 880340 The oil that may be extracted for the same number of tons of seed would sell for 3528416 the linters from the same 443 572 the oil cake or meal for the same 2016240 and the ash from the hulls 60480 The account would stand as follows if the whole surplus crop of seed produced in the State after reserving enough to plant 6836748 lbs linters 7c 443 752 10081190 gallons oil 35c 352416 100812 tons cake 20 2016340 5040 tons ashes 12 60480 Aggregate value of products6 048 888 Value of seed unmauipulated 1000 per ton 28S0340 Value added by manipulation of the mills3168 54862 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 218 While it would be bad policy for farmers to part with their seed without replacing them with their equivalent in manurial value it will be seen by the above statement that the mills can afford to take the seed from the plantation and return the cake or meal and ash without cost to the planter This is plainly shown by the follow ing analysis of the above figures Under the present plan of pur chasing the seed at 1000 per ton the mills would pay for the surplus crop of seed of Georgia after reserving two bushels per acre for planting 2880340 From these they get 3528416 worth of crude oil estimating it at the selling price at the mills 8443572 worth of linters 82016240 worth of cake and 860480 worth of ash from the hull The oil and linters which would be wasted if the seed were used whole as manure on the farm are worth at the mill 83971988 and the cake and ash together are worth 2076720 Now supposing the planter exchanges his seed for the cake and the ash the mill men paying all expenses of seed and cake or meal and ash both ways he loses nothing of value as a fertilizer and gets his meal and ash in a form easily applied and readily assimilable by the plant the mill men get the oil and linters to pay for their trouble and ex pense They get 3971988 worth of oil and linters and return to the planters 2076720 worth of meal and ash leaving 81sS5268 profit less freight on seed and cake If they buy the seed at 81000 per ton at the ginhouse and keep oil cake linters and ash they clear 3168368 less freights on seed and running expenses This indicates that a better price might be paid for the seed than is now received by the planter Some of the Western mills are paying 1300 per ton for the seed and offering to exchange 1000 pounds of meal for a ton of seed They can well afford to pay 1500 per ton for seed and still make a very heavy profit COTTON SEED MEAL AS 8TOCK FOOD The true policy of the farmers of Georgia is to encourage the manufacture of cotton seed oil by exchanging the whole seed for cotton seed meal at such rates as may be satisfactory and use the meal as far as practicable as food for stock Chemical analysis proves that the meal is exceedingly rich in both fleshforming and fatforming constituents and actual experiment sustains the con clusions of the laboratory The one defect to be overcome is the fact that this substance is too concentrated and must therefore be fed in comparatively small quantities and mixed with less concen trated food The meal alone is more nutritious than either corn219 commissioners report188182 63 meal or wheat flour and is actually worth more a3 a stock food But it must be fed with greater caution Cut wheat straw corn forage or any coarse and comparatively cheap and unnutritious forage that stock can eat all can be brought up to the requisite standard of nutritiveness by mixing with due proportion of cotton seed meal English feeders very early dis covered the immense feeding value of the meal and for a long time consumed nearly the entire product of our mills They estimate the manure resulting from a ton of meal fed to cattle at a higher value than the meal brings in our own markets Northern cattle feeders are now using large quantities and its use is constantly in creasing while the spectacle is presented in the South of using this valuable food material almost entirely and directly for fertilizing pur poses and this too in view of the fact that the manure from cattle fed on the meal is nearly as valuable for fertilizing purposes as the meal itself It may be replied that we have not suitable stock in suffi cient numbers to consume any considerable part of the annual pro duct This reply would be pertinent if we were already feeding our cattle hogs sheep poultry and even horses and mules all that they could safely consume of the meal And even if this were ac complished the reply would only be an additional argumentif any were neededin favor of improvement in the number and quality of our farm stock and greater attention to stock husbandry which is almost indispensable to a profitable system of farming EXPEKIMENT STATION You will remember that in my report for the year 1880 I took strong ground in favor of the establishment of an experiment farm or station and endeavored to show how important if not absolutely indispensable such an institution would be to the proper investiga tion of agricultural truth and how helpful to the progress of the calling in which threefourths of our people are engaged and on which the prosperity of the whole depends I recur to the subject only to reiterate and if possible to emphasize my convictions then expressed In the course of my endeavors to enlighten direct and encourage the farmers of Georgia and to protect and promote their interests34 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 220 by every means in my power the necessity and desirableness of such a means of direct investigation is constantly suggested to my mind Very few even of tiie most intelligent farmers are pre pared to conduct experiments in fertilization culture stockbreed ing stockfeeding improvement of seeds trials of costly machinery and implements and especially purely scientific investigations bear ing upon practical agriculture in such a manner as to prove of value to the mass of the farmers of the State A system of experiments must be the result of careful consideration of the subjects to be in vestigated with reference to their practical importance to agricul ture and of a clear understanding of the application that is to be made of the truths developed It is almost indispensable that the director of an experiment station should be a man of enlarged views and that he be not ham pered or embarrassed in the investigations directed or conducted by considerations of present cost or danger of pecuniary loss His principal if not sole object should be to elucidate the truth re garding the profit and loss of the experiment only to the extent that they ae essential features of the investigation It is also highlv important that the published results of such experiments should be of an official character in order to carry conviction and inspire confidence Many other considerations might be urged to show that one or more such stations should be established and placed under the con trol of this Department and that such an appropriation should be made as would be sufficient to purchase the necessary land and fully equip the same for the purpose indicated I have little doubt that a farm or farms suitably located would be donated to the State for this purpose by publicspirited corporations or individuals to con tinue for a term of years or so long as such land may be used as ex periment stations The State Agricultural Society of Georgia a body of intelligent men themselves and representing directly the intelligent farmers of the State at its recent session in Marietta by unanimous vote re solved to memorialize the General Assembly in favor of the estab lishment of such a station It is to be hoped that the Legislature will give careful and favorable attention to the memorial that may be presented by the committee appointed for that purpose221 commissioners report188182 65 41 GEOLOGICAL SUEVEY A Geological Survey of the State was authorized by an Act of the General Assembly approved on the same day as was the Act establishing this Department and the amount of 10000 per an num for five years was appropriated for the purpose of the Act As is well known to your Excellency that survey was inaugurated and carried on for four yearn when it was suspended for want of fundsthe appropriation having been exhausted A large part of the State was thoroughly explored and surveyed by Dr Littlethe State Geologistand his corps and a mass of field notes made but no official report of the same has ever been printed and published we have nothing available from the work already accomplished but a large collection of specimens of minerals marls and fossils and maps of a few of the counties surveyed I am informed that the field notes to which I have alluded and a partial report in manu script have been placed in your possession This partial survey incomplete as it is has been of great benefit in attracting attention to the stores of mineral wealth that lie im bedded in the soil of nearly every county in the State Much of the1 information collected has been disseminated by newspaper pub lication and in answer to letters of inquiry Georgia has the rep utation of being remarkably rich in economic minerals yet it is extremely difficult for an enquirer to gain practical information in regard to the locality character and extent of her deposits and our own citizens are themselves denied proper facilities for ascertaining the true character and probable value of deposits that are conetantly being discovered or haying been long discovered no examination has been made of them I am constantly in receipt of letters or personal calls at my office from gentlemen who are either interested as owners of mineral properties or who wish to invest in such with a view to its development To such I regret to say I can give but meagre and generally unsatisfactory information 1 am impressed in view of the facts just presented with the importance of reviv ing and continuing in some form the Geological Survey of the State and of providing for the same by an annual appropriation sufficient to provide for at least one competent geologist as a permanent official of the State to continue the survey prepare and put into shape for66 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 222 publication the field notes and manuscript aleady in your possession to make special examinations and conduct such correspondence as may arise in connection with his duties I would not allude tothe subject at all were it not for the fact that the Act establishing this Department originally contemplated the appointment of a Geolo gist by the Commissioner for the purpose of assisting in preparing a Hand Book of the State I am also led to make these suggestions and express my convic tion of the importance of the subject because of the many in quiries and calls for information already alluded to which apprize me of the interest felt in the subject by many of our citizens 1 trust that your Excellency will see proper to make such recom mendations to the General Assembly as my lead to an investigation of the subject and suitable legislation in the premises CONCLUSION In conclusion I desire to formally express my thanks to tbe cleri cal force in my office to the State Chemist and Inspectors of fertil izers and oils and to the Superintendent of Fisheries for the faith ful and efficient manner in which they have discharged their duties I am also under renewed obligations to the Crop Reporters Weath er Observers and other correspondents of the Department for their valuable and voluntary assistance As heretofore I have been greatly assisted and encouraged by the cooperation of the State Agricultural Society and State Horti cultural Society I am also obliged to your Excellency for many courtesies received at your hands and for the consideration you have ever sbown me as an official of your administration All of which is respectfully submitted J T HENDERSON Commissioner of AgricultureGENERAL INDEX Acid Phosphates7 8 Ammonia16 Ammoniated Fertilizers7 9 Analysis of Fertilizers5 Dallas Wheat21 Georgia Corn21 Illinois Corn21 Ivory Wheat21 Millo Maize21 Red May Wheat21 Sweet Potato21 Appendix to Report on Fisheries45 Appropriations State on Fisheries45 Atwater W 0 16 Baird Prof S F38 43 Brands Number of9 Brook Trout44 Browne Gen Wm M16 Burt Oats33 44 Butler Troup4 California Salmon43 Carp39 Cary Dr H H4 39 Chemist of Department5 Chemists Reports1217 Citrate Process18 Commercial Fertilizers25 Commissioner of Fisheries45 Comparative Trade in Fertilizers 7 Conclusion66 Corn Analysis of Western and Southern24 Cost of Mills Cotton Seed60 Cotton Exposition International3 54 56 Cotton Butter Oil 20 23 Seed and their Uses57 Oil67 Cake57 Crop of Georgia61 Meal as Stock Food6268 GENERAL INDEX 224 Dallas Wheat21 Analysis of23 33 Distribution of Seeds31 Districts Oil Inspection49 Ellisons Prolific Corn33 Experiment Station63 Exposition International Cotton3 54 56 Fence Laws51 Fertilizer Trade in7 Fire Test51 Fisheries37 Flash Test51 Geological Survey65 Georgia State Agricultural Society64 Green Seth44 Hall of Department5 HandBook of Georgia66 Harden W P4 Hatching of Carpc41 Hatching Station38 Hawkins Samuel4 Henderson J T4 Henderson W B4 Herloug Cotton33 Heyser Emanuel42 Hunts Prolific Cotton33 Howell W H4 Index67 Inspection of Oils48 and Analysis5 Inspections Number of7 Inspectors of Oils48 International Cotton Exposition3 54 56 Ivory Wheat21 Jacksons Improved Corn33 Janes Hon Thomas P38 Jones Louis H12 20 Lawton J S4 Linters57 List of Seeds distributed33 Little Dr George65 Little Red Cob Corn33 Mammoth Prolific Cotton33 Manual on Cattle35 Poultry36 Millo Maize23 Analysis of21 Milner James W38225 GENERAL INDEX 69 Monthly Crop Rep iris36 Newman J 84 Nitrogen16 18 Nitrates18 Nonatnmoniated Fertilizers7 9 Number of Brands9 Inspections7 Oils Inspection of48 Oil Inspection Districts49 Okra14 Organic Analyses21 Organization of Department4 Oxalate Process18 PeaVines as a Fertilizer 27 30 Pratt Dr N A4 Products of the Oil Mills 57 Providence Potato 33 Publications of Department 35 Quarterly and Monthly Crop Reports36 Receipts and Expenditures Fertilizers10 Red May Wheat Analysis of21 Report of Chemist for 1880112 1881217 Superintendent of Fisheries40 Rice Culture14 Rogers O T 4 Rosette Geo W4 Salary of State Chemist 15 Salmon 3943 Seeds Distribution of31 Shad43 State Agricultural Society64 Statistics of Fertilizers6 Stock Law 52 Supreme Court Oil Case in51 Survey The Geological 65 Sweet Potato24 Analysis of21 Thomas E L4 Trade in Fertilizers7 University of Georgia6 Washington Method13 18 Western vs Southern Corn24 White Prof H C4 Wotton James A12 20Special Circular No 30 New Series Report of SoilTest of Fertilizers FOR THE GEORGIA STATE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE FOR THE YEAR 1882 Made by p 0 County Ga R H Depot Department of Agriculture Atlanta Gam November io 1882 Dear SirPlease insert your name etc in the blank left above and report the result of your soiltest of fertilizers made during the last season for this Department by filling the following blanks and returning the Circular to this office as soon as the crops on which the tests have been made are gathered All reports should be in this office by December 1st prox Give the name in full of each brand tested and mark those received from the Department with the letter D Report failures if any with their causes Very respectfully J T HENDERSON Commissioner of AgricultureDEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 228 i State the character of the soil on which the test was made the number of years in cultivation and the character of the original growth 229 REPORT OF SOILTESTS 2 The treatment of the crops grown on and fertilizers applied to the plat for several years pre vious to 1882DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 230 3 The preparation of the soil and arrangement of the plat including implements preparation the length and width of the rows etc used in the 231 REPORT OF SOILTESTS 4 Quantity of fertilizers applied per acre and when and how applied If compost was used give i the proportions and character of the ingredients used in making it and the method of composting6 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 5 Time and manner of planting 232 233 REPORT OF SOILTESTS 6 Date and manner of each working in detailDEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 234 7 Seasons as regards rainfall and temperature with their influence favorable or unfavorable upon the growth of the crop 8 Tabular statement of cotton produced in which are given tilizers and that from the natural soil the weight and date of each picking the yield per acre resulting from the use of different fer J Co Ol Pounds of Fertilizer applied per acre First Picking Second Picking Third Picking Fourth Picking NAME OF FERTILIZER DATE DATE DATE DATE lbs oz lbs oz lbs oz lbs oz Yield in Seed Cotton per Acre M TJ C W H O c O W w H in c 9 Tabular statement of corn and fodder or small grain and straw produced per acre NAME OF FERTILIZER Pounds of Fer tilizer Applied per acre Kind of Grain Bushels per acre Pounds of Fodder or Straw per acre Date of Planting Date of Maturity a w H 5 w 2 H O Q a o a r H a so i o C o to CO OS237 REPORT OF SOILTESTS iq Give the results of any other experiment conducted by you this year 1112 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 238 ii Give the results of your observation in regard to the use of commercial fertilizers during the past few seasons compared with composts239 REPORT OF SOUTESTS 13 N BDo yon wish to conduct soiltests for the Department next year Special Circular No 31 New Series QUESTIONS FOR SUPPLEMENTAL REPORT JOF CROPS ETC IN THE STATE OF GEORGIA FOR THE YEAR 1882 BETUENABLE TO THE DEPARTMENT OF AORICULTUEE DEC 1st 1882 Department op Agriculture Atlanta Ga Nov 15 1882 Dear SirPlease answer the following questions and return to this office by December 1st proximo Let the answers apply to the whole county for which you report not simply to your own farm and neighborhood ISPNew correspondents are informed that the crop or standard with which comparisons are made is always 100 so 10 per cent better or greater or more would be indicated by 110 10 per cent less by 90 etc Please answer promptly so that your reply may reach this office by the third day of December or as soon thereafter as practicable If they arrive later than 5 5th of December they cannot be used in the consolidation and henceill be valueless Correspondents are earnestly requested to use special care in the preparation of their answers in this report remembering that with the exception of a dozen or more counties the crops of corn and cotton were unusually short lastyear imates of actual yield should be made with great care afterdiligent in quiry Very respectfully J T HENDERSON Commissioner of Agriculture I For what county do you report County II Your name III Postoffice IV Will you serve as reporter next year 2 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA CORN i Yield compared to last year 2 Average yield per acre Per cent Bushels 3 Price per bushel December istCents 4 Per cent of home supply of corn produced in your county Per cent OATS 5 Yield compared to last year Per cent 6 Average yield per acreBushels 7 Price per bushel December ist Cents WHEAT 8 Yield compared to last yearer cent 9 Average yield per acre Bushels io Price per bushel December ist SUGAR CANE ir Yield compared to last yearPercent 12 Average yield per acreGallons 13 Price of Syrup per gallon December ist Cents RICE 14 Yield compared to last yearPer cent 15 Average yield per acre rough riceB ushels 16 Price per bushel December 1st SWEET POTATOES 17 Yield compared to last ear Per cent 18 Average yield per acre Bushels tg Price per bushel December ist Cents i 23 QUESTIONS FOR CROP REPORT FIELD PEAS 20 Yield compared to last year 21 Average yield per acre 22 Price per bushel December 1st SORGHUM 23 Yield compared to last year Bushels 24 Yield of syrup per acre 29 Tield compared to last year 30 Average yield per acre 31 Price per bushel December 1st 32 Yield compared to last year 33 Quality compared to that of last year 34 Average yield per acre in line cotton 35 Price per pound December 1st MISCELLANEOUS 36 Yield of millet hay per acre 37 Yield of clover hay per acre 38 Yield of other hay per acre give name 39 Acreage in wheat compared to last year Per cent Gallons 125 Price per gallon December 1st Cents GROUND PEAS 26 Yield compared to last yearPer ccnt 27 Average yield per acre Bushels 28 Price per bushel December 1st v OHUFAS Percent Bushels COTTON Per cent Per cent Pounds Cents Tons Tons Tons Per cent4 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 244 40 Acreage in fall oats compared to last year Per cent 41 Amount of homeraised pork produced compared to last year Per cent 42 No of stock hogs all sizes compared to last yearPer cent 43 Per cent of a full farm supply of pork produced Per cent 44 Average number of bales of cotton 450 lbs each made in your county this year for each plow run Bales 45 Are farmers generally r a better condition than last year 46 What is the indebtedness of farmers compared to last year Per cent 47 Have farm lands advanced in price since last December 48 If so what per cent 49 Have farmers in your county purchased more or less farm supplies this year than last 50 If more what per cent Per cent 51 If less what per cent Percent 52 What has been ttie average cash price per lb for bacon in your county this year Cen t 53 Average time price payable November 1stCents 54 What has been the average cash price paid for corn per bushel in your county this year 55 Average time price payable November 1st 56 Report any other facts of interest to the farmers of Georgia especially new crops of value or new methods of fertilizing crops etc etcCircular No 34 New Series j SUPPLEMENTAL REPORT Department of Agriculture OF GEORGIA FOB TJHDE ITIELR 1882 SHOWING THE YIELD OP THE LEADING CROPS OP THE STATE AS COMPARED TO THAT OP 1881 THE AVERAGE YIELD PER ACRE AND OTHER MATTERS OP INTEREST RELATING TO THE AGRICULTURE OF GEORGIA J T HENDERSON COMMISSIONER ATLANTA GEORGIA as P Habrisok Co Pbintebs 1882Circular No 34 New Series SUPPLEMENTAL KEPORT1882 SHOWING THE YIELD OP THE LEADING CROPS OP THE STATE COMPARED TO THAT OF 1881 THE AVERAGE YIELD PER ACRE AND OTHER MATTERS OF INTEREST RELATING TO THE AGRI CULTURE OF GEORGIA RETURNED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE December 1st 1882 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Atlanta Georgia December 22d 1883 GENERAL COMMENT The yield of all the products of the State has been exceptionally fine except cotton and even this has materially surpassed that of last year The supply of provisions of all kinds except pork is more abundant than for many years while less than usual was purchased by the farmers to aid them in making the crop The farmers are therefore in better condition so far as homeproduced sup plies are concerned but owing to the low price of cotton they have not received as much money as during some preceding seasons CORN Has yielded well in every section of the State and with the exception of Rabun in every county from which reports have been received The yield compared with that of 1831 is in North Georgia 128 in Middle Georgia 140 in Southwest Georgia 124 in East Georgia 142 in Southeast Georgia 119 and in the whole State 133 The average yield per acre in the State is 138 bushels An increase of 12 per cent in the area devoted to corn was reported last Spring This did not embrace the thousands of acres planted after the small grain was harvested so that the actual increase probably exceeded that estimateDEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 248 Until this year there was no material change in the area planted in corn since 1879 the year covered by the tenth census of the United States so taking that as the basis of calculation there were this year 2843380 acres planted in corn an average yield therefore of 133 bushels per acre gives as the crop of the State this year 36963940 bushels the largest yield ever made in the State The average yield per acre by sections is North Georgia 14 bushels Middle Georgia 13 Southwest Georgia 114 East Georgia 10 Southeast Georgia 13 bushels The average yield in the whole State is 133 The average price per bushel December 1st was in North Georgia fOc in Middle Georgia 70c in Southwest Georgia 66c in East Georgia 42c in Southeast Georgia 90c in the whole State 66c per bushel The per cent of a full farm supply of corn produced is in North Georgia 106 in Middle Georgia 64 in Southwest Georgia 100 in East Georgia 92 in Southeast Georgia 89 and in the whole State 98 OATS The yield of oats compared to that of last year is reported in North Georgia 123 in Middle Georgia 152 in Southwest Georgia 133 in East Georgia 141 in Southeast Georgia 117 and in the whole State 137 The oat crop of the State is becoming one of great importance and is being more highly appreciated every year When the Department of Agriculture was organized the oat crop of the State was considered of very little importance and correctly regarded as a very un certain crop In the first crop report issued in 1875 the inquiry was made as to the results of fall and spring sowing with responses decidedly in favor of fall seeding During the next year inquiry was made in regard to varieties sown when responses were enthusiastic in favor of rust proof This created a de mand for the seed of the rust proof varieties far in excess of the supply notwithstanding the fact that the price rose to the unprecedented figure of 250 per bushel The demand for seed of these varieties has annually increased until nearly every neighborhood in the State has been supplied and still the price of rust proof oats continues to range from 25 to 50 per cent higher than other varieties The yield per acre in the State has been more than doubled the area lagely increased from being one of our most unreliable crops it has become our most reliable and is rapidly superseding corn as a standard food for work stock In quiry is now being made for machinery for the preparation of oat meal and it will not be long before Georgia will not only produce the oats necessary to feed her stock but will also supply her people with all the oat meal they wish to consume Oats possess many advantages over corn as a summer food for work stock in our climate since they possess a higher per centage of albumenoid or flesh and muscle producing constituents and less of the fat and heat producing princi ples than corn For a winter food for stock or where a production of fat is desirable corn is more valuable but where work is required in warm weather oats furnish a food far superior to corn Again corn is a humusdestroying crop where properly cultivated while oats leave an abundant supply or may be249 SUPPLEMENTAL REPORT1882 followed the same year in which the crop is harvested by a crop of peas so valuable as a soilimprover Again the same land which will produce ten bushels of corn per acre will produce 20 bushels of oats with equal preparation and manure without the cost involved in the cultivation of the corn The investigations of the Department and the information disseminated through its publications have contributed very materially to the increase in area and production of oats in the State According to the United States census of 1870 there were 1904601 bushels of oats produced in Georgia According to the census of 1880 the production of the State in 1879 was 5548743 bushels The average yield per acre this year is 19 bushels Taking therefore the acre age of 1879 as reported by the census as approximately that of 1882 as shown by the reports of this Department and the yield of the State this year has been 11643482 bushels This most remarkable increase has been mainly the result of the general sow ing of the rust proof varieties which were when the Department was organized only locally known and were promptly introduced to the farmers of all sections of the State through the publications of the Department The average yield per acre is reported this year in North Georgia 22 bushels per acre in Middle Georgia 20 bushels in Southwest Georgia 16 bushels in East Georgia and Southeast Georgia each 15 bushels The average yield per acre in the whole State is 19 bushels The average price per bushel December 1st was in North Georgia 50c in Middle Georgia 53c in Southwest Georgia 60c in East Georgia 65c in Southeast Georgia 78c and in the whole State 57c WHEAT The yield in wheat compared to that of last year is in North Georgia 115 in Middle Georgia 121 in Southwest Georgia 88 in East Georgia 107 and in the whole State 112 None is reported in Southeast Georgia The average yield per acre is in North Georgia and Middle Georgia 9 bushels in Southwest Georgia 56 bushels in East Georgia 6 bushels and in the whole State 8 bushels The average price per bushel on the farm December 1st was in North Geor gia 110 in Middle Georgia 128 in Southwest Georgia 137 in East Georgia 145 and in the whole State 125 SUGAR CANE This crop is rapidly growing in favor and increasing in area in the State It is being grown very successfully in many of the counties of Middle Georgia and in two in North Georgia Indeed most remarkable results have been at tained in some instances in Middle Georgia this year and increased area will be devoted to it in this section next year The yield compared to last year is in North Georgia 100 in Middle Georgia 122 in Southwest Georgia 124 in East Georgia 135 and in Southwest Geor gia 119 and in the whole State 125 The average yield per acre in gallons of syrup this year is in North Georgia6 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 250 186 in Middle Georgia 173 in Southwest Georgia 243 in East Georgia and in Southeast Georgia 293 in the whole State it is 233 The price per gallon December 1st was in North Georgia 56c in Middle Georgia 63c in Southwest Georgia 40c in East Georgia 47c in Southeast Georgia 40c in the whole State 51c RICE The experiment made in a large number of interior counties last year of planting upland rice was so unsatisfactory on account of the long summer drouth that very little was planted last spring The present report therefore relates almost entirely to the lowland rice grown in the coast counties The yield of rice compared to that of last year is in North Georgia 111 in Middle Georgia 110 in Southwest Georgia 117 in East Georgia 112 in South east Georgia 108 and in the whole State 113 The yield per acre in bushels of rough rice is in North Georgia 71 in Mid dle Georgia 32 in Southwest Georgia 23 in East Georgia 26 in Southeast Georgia 22 and in the whole State 28 The price per bushel December 1st was in North Georgia 100 in Middle Georgia 205 in Southwest Georgia 107 in East Georgia 121 in South east Georgia 105 and in the whole State 121 SWEET POTATOES An unusually large crop of this peculiarly Southern crop has been produced this year in the State The potatoes are keeping well and are of excellent qual ity The crop is so far in excess of the local demand and the difficulties in the way of transporting them to distant markets are so numerous and serious that the price is extremely low though taking into consideration the comparative feeding value of corn and potatoes the latter are still higher than the former as one bushel of corn has a feeding value equal to three bushels of potatoes The yield compared with that of last year is in North Georgia 123 in Mid dle Georgia 134 in Southwest Georgia 128 in East Georgia 140 in South east Georgia 133 and in the whole State 131 The yield per acre in North Georgia this year is 100 bushels in Middle Georgia 102 in South west Georgia 165 in East Georgia 159 in Southeast Georgia 175 and the average yield per acre in the whole State 127 Land that will yield thirteen bushels of corn per acre will produce ten times as many bushels of sweet potatoes so that an acre of land will produce more than three times the feeding value in potatoes that it will in corn As a cropfor fattening hogs it has few superiors With four such crops as the sweet potato ground peas chufas and field peas properly utilized there is no excuse for a deficiency of pork on any farm The average price of sweet potatoes per bushel December 1st was in North Georgia 38c in Middle Geergia 40c in Southwest Georgia 34c in East Georgia 38c in Southeast Georgia 32c and in the whole State 38c251 SUPPLEMENTAL EEPOET1882 FIELD PEAS Apart from the value of this crop as a soilimprover it is profitable as usually planted between the corn rows for the peas themselves Whether fed to stock or sold in spring for seed to the Louisiana sugar planters it is profitable since the cultivation costs very little and the vines and roots are left to improve the soil The seasons were very favorable both for planting and harvesting the crop though it was seriously injured by the storm of the 9th and 10th of September The yield compared with that of last year is in North Georgia and in Middle Georgia 120 in Southwest Georgia 105 in East Georgia 121 in Southeast Georgia 112 and for the whole State 117 The average yield per acre is in North Georgia 9 bushels in Middle Georgia 85 bushels in Southwesth Georgia 8 bushels in East Georgia 7 bushels in Southeast Georgia 8 bushels and in the whole State 85 The price per bushel on the farm December 1st was in North Georgia 75c in Middle Georgia 78c in Southwest Georgia 82c in Southeast Georgia 118 The average price in the State 81c per bushel SORGHUM The interest in this crop has been somewhat revived this year though the area devoted to it might still be profitably increased in the northern half of the State The sugar cane is more profitable in the belt of the State in which the climate and elevation admit of its cultivation Its average yield compared to that of last year is in North Georgia 102 in Middle Georgia 111 in Southwest Georgia 92 in East Georgia 116 in South east Georgia 200 and in the whole State 108 The average yield of syrup per acre is in North Georgia 72 gallons in Mid dle Georgia 63 gallons in Southwest Georgia 145 gallons in East Georgia 91 gallons in Southeast Georgia 160 gallons and in the whole State 72 gallons The average price of the syrup per gallon December 1st was in North Geor gia 47c in Middle Georgia 49c in Southwest Georgia 31c in East Georgia 40c and in the whole State 46c GROUND PEAS The yield of ground peas compared to that of last year is in North Georgia 100 in Middle Georgia 105 in Southwest Georgia 109 in East Georgia 113 in Southeast Georgia 118 and in the whole State 107 The average yield per acre in North Georgia is 67 bushels in Middle Geor gia 47 in Southwest Georgia 24 in East Georgia 37 in Southeast Georgia 26 and in the whole State 41 The average price per bushel in North Georgia is 130 in Middle Georgia 152 in Southwest Georgia 091 in East Georgia 137 in Southeast Geor gia 183 and for the whole State 127DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 252 CHUFAS The interest in this valuable hog crop seems to have declined except in East and Southeast Georgia where they are still cultivated to a considerable extent The average yield compared to last year in Middle Georgia is 106 in South west Georgia 96 in East Georgia 104 in Southeast Georgia 131 and in the whole State 104 North Georgia reports none The average yield per acre in Middle Georgia is 48 bushels in Southwest Georgia 28 bushels in East Georgia 47 bushels in Southeast1 Georgia 51 bushels and in the whole State 425 bushels j The average price per bushel in Middle Georgia is 231 in Southwest Geor gia 180 in East Georgia 250 in Southeast Georgia 350 and in the whole State 229 The price is high not so much on account of the demand as by reason of the difficulty in harvesting and curing them Unless very thoroughly dried before putting in bulk they are very liable to mould COTTON The yield of cotton has varied in different localities in the same county and even on the same farm this season Until the middle of September there was an excess of rain for this crop which requires less moisture than any other Cotton is less injured by excessive rainfall on clay than on sandy soils and the contrast in the yield this year on the two classes of soil even when lying in the same or adjacent fields was very striking Owing to this contrast in very lim ited areas correspondents have experienced more than ordinary difficulty in es timating the yield or comparing it with that of previous years Anticipating the difficulty however questions looking to the same ultimate result were asked in different forms leading the correspondents to estimates of the same thing from different starting points Taking therefore the resultant of the different estimates an approximately correct statement of the yield of the crop has bpen reached They have reported the yield compared to an average crop the yield compared to the crop of last year the average yield per acre and the average number of bales produced to each plow used in its cultivation All of these esti mates using the actual area and production as reported by the census of 1880 as an auxiliary basis of calculation point to a production of 941866 bales as the crop of Georgia in 1882 The yield compared to that of last year is reported in North Georgia 93 in Middle Georgia 101 in Southwest Georgia 104 in East Georgia 104 and in Southeast Georgia 108 The average yield of the whole State compared to that of last year is reported at 102 a figure which is lower than the estimates reached from other standpoints while the estimate of an av erage production per acre of 190 pounds lint cotton is no doubt excessive The quality of the lint compared to that produced last year is reported in North Georgia 106 in Middle Georgia 113 in Southwest Georgia 105 in East Georgia 105 in Southeast Georgia 101 The average quality for the whole State 108 The average yield in lint cotton per acre in North Georgia this year is reported 221 lbs in Middle Georgia 186 lbs in Southwest Georgia 167 lbs in Bast Georgia 195 lbs in Southeast Georgia 176lbs and in the whole State1901bs253 SUPPLEMENTAL EEPOET1882 9 The average price per pound December 1st was in North Georgia 9c in Middle Georgia95c in Southwest Georgia 9e in East Georgia 9c in South east Georgia 92c The average price over the whole State at that date was 9c per pound MISCELLANEOUS CROPS AND QUESTIONS The average yield of millet hay per acre in North Georgia is reported 13 tons and in Middle Georgia 18 tons None is reported in other sections The average yield of clover hay per acre in North Georgia is 16 tons and in Middle Georgia 18 tons The average yield of other kinds of hay per acre is in Middle Georgia 2 tons in Southwest Georgia 15 tons in East Georgia 25 tons in Southeast Georgia 2 tons and in the State 23 tOLS ACREAGE SOWN TO OATS AND WHEAT FOR NEXT CROP There was an unusually large area sown in wheat and oats in the fall of 1881 Owing to the drouth which prevailed generally over the State from the middle of September to the middle of November the area devoted to small grain this fall is somewhat reduced During the period in which the fall grain is gener ally sown the ground was too dry to admit of a thorough preparation for the reception of the seed hence the reduction in the area sown Compared with the area sown in the fall of 1881 the acreage seeded to wheat is in North Geor gia 105 in Middle Georgia 93 in Southwest Georgia 83 and in East Geor gia 99 None is reported in Southeast Georgia The area in the whole State compared to that of last year is 96 The area in fall sown oats compared to that of last year is in North Georgia 91 in Middle Georgia 92 in Southwest Georgia 93 in East Georgia 88 in Southeast Georgia 100 and in the whole State 93 PORK AND PIGS The amount of homeraised pork compared to that produced last year is in North Georgia 86 in Middle Georgia 108 in Southwest Georgia 109 in East Georgia 100 in Southeast Georgia 99 and in the whole State 101 The num ber of stock hogs of all sizes compared to last year is in North Georgia 85 in in Middle Georgia 103 in Southwest Georgia 101 in East Georgia 90 in Southeast Georgia 89 and in the State 97 In North Georgia 65 per cent of a full supply of pork has been produced this year in Middle Georgia 48 per cent in Southwest Georgia 60 per cent in East Georgia 53 per cent in Southeast Georgia 83 percent and in the whole State 59 per cent Last year the drouth prevented the production of sufficient food to fatten the stcck of hogs on hand and the scarcity of such food temporarily reduced the number of stock hogs This year quantities of food which might have been profitably utilized by hogs have gone to waste The demand for pigs and stock hogs was never known to be so active as it has been during the summer and fall of 1882 In many counties there were no pigs for sale though extravagant prices were offered for them10 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA BALES OF COTTON PER PLOW 254 The average number of bales of cotton produced per plow in North Georgia is 38 in Middle Georgia49 in Southwest Georgia5 5 in East Georgia 5 The average number produced in the whole State to each plow used in its cultivation is 47 CONDITION OF FARMERS The condition of farmers compared to last year is reported better by 93 per cent of the correspondents This is due mainly to the fact that they have pro duced this year an unusual quantity of provision crops and hence feel and really are in better condition now and are better prepared to make a crop next year without the necessity of paying the ruinous rates charged on time pur chases of farm supplies INDEBTEDNESS The indebtedness of farmers compared to last year is reported in North Geor gia 80 in Middle Georgia 81 in Southwest Georgia 68 in East Georgia 74 and in Southeast Georgia 65 The average in the whole State is 76 per cent of that of last year According to this estimate the farmers of the State have re duced their indebtedness since last year 24 per cent A majority of the correspondents in every section report an advance in farm lands since December 1881as follows In North Georgia 13 per cent in Mid dle Georgia 115 per cent in Southwest Georgia 20 per cent in East Geor gia 15 per cent and in Southeast Georgia 40 per cent The average advance in the whole State is 14 per cent PURCHASE OF SUPPLIES Farmers have purchased less farm supplies than last year in every section ex cept Southeast Georgia where correspondents say the same quantity was pur chased each year In the whole State 70 per cent say the farmers have pur chased less farm supplies than last year The decrease however is only five per cent CASH AND CREDIT PRICE OF CORN AND BACON The average cash price paid for bacon this year in North Georgia was 14c per pound in Middle Southwest and East Georgia each 13c per pound and in Southeast Georgia 15c per pound The average price paid in the whole State was 14c per pound The average credit price payable November 1st in North Southwest and East Georgia was 17c per pound in Middle Georgia 16c per pound in Southeast Georgia 20c per pound The average in the whole State was 17c per pound The farmers of North Georgia who purchased at credit prices paid 21 per cent on the cash price at which bacon sold in that section Those in Middle Georgia paid 23 per cent in Southwest and East Georgia 31 per cent and those in Southeast Georgia 33 per cent so that the farmers of the State paid an255 SUPPLEMENTAL REPORT1882 11 average of 22 per cent These are lower rates than have generally been paid on time purchases probably because the cash price was so high that the trade would not bear the usual time rates When however it is remembered that this credit runs for only an average of about six months the rate per annum is 44 instead of 22 per cent This too on the cash price of the goods and not on the cost The profits of the producer in the West those of the packer in Chicago St Louis or Cincinnati freights from those points to Georgia and the profits of both the wholesale and retail dealers in Georgia have been added to the cost of production of the pork and then this 44 per cent is paid by the Georgia farmer or planter on this accumulation of costs Is it possible that a country which produces all of the cereals besides the sweet potato chufa field pea ground pea and abounds or may abound in Bermuda grass pastures cannot produce bacon on better terms than this Is there a planter in Georgia who by proper care and attention cannot produce his bacon at less than 14 cents per pound We cannot grow pork as cheaply on corn as the Western farmer can but with proper attention to the auxiliary crops just mentioned we can certainly produce it as cheaply as he can lay it down at our depots in Georgia The following tabular statement will show the average prices and percentages paid for corn North Georgia Middle Georgia Southwest Georgia East Georgia Southeast Georgia Average for the State Cash price 8 0 97 1 10 1 08 1 08 1 10 1 06 Tie price i 1 22 1 87 1 38 1 33 1 28 1 33 Per cent paid on cah price for six months 257 245 277 231 164 255 Per cent per an num on cash price 514 490 554 462 828 510 Comment on these figures is not necessary they bring conviction to the mind which is free from prejudice They are derived from the statements of those who are familiar with the facts as they exist in the different counties The cor respondents of the Department are composed of a number of the most intelli gent practical farmers in each county and while it is possible that they may sometimes err in their estimates of the yield of the crop of their counties there is no room for error in their reports of the prices paid for corn and bacon It is a source of regret that these figures with the lessons hey teach cannot be im pressed upon the minds of all farmers in the State They will be distributed as far as the means at the command of the Department will allow but fifteen or twenty thousand go but little ways towards supplying the 80000 armers of the State The kind offices of the press of the State are therefore solicited in pro mulgating the important information which they convey The facility with which oats are now grown in this State precludes the neces sity p ii lase of a pound of stock food by any farmer in any county in the State nor will genuine substantial and permanent success crown the efforts of the agriculturists of Georgia until a system is adopted which involves as its idea the production of enough supplies of every description which can be profitably grown on the farm to supply liber the demands of the farm This has been talked and written so often that it has be come like a trite tale twice told but its importance justifies its repetition12 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 256J yes demands that it be reiterated until it shall find a lodgment in the mindof every farmer in the State Agricultural clubs and societies and granges should lend the influence of their organizations to the consummation of this result Now is an opportune time for a concerted effort in this direction while the comfortable experience of last years abundant provision crops is fresh in the minds of farmers GERMAN CARP SOMB PRACTICAL HINTS ON THE CONSTRUCTION OP PONDS MANAGEMENT OP THE FISH ETC It is said by those who are in a position to know that greater interest has been manifested in carp culture in Georgia and better success attained than in any other State in the Union In addition to the 9000 previously distributed in the State nearly 18000 have recently been distributed for the purpose of stock ing private ponds and all applicants are not yet supplied Besides this a large number of farmers have stocked their ponds by purchase from those who were fortunate enough to secure some of the first distribution which was made in 1879and now have their ponds stocked with the increase from the fish then secur ed The success generally attained by those who received some of those dis tributed in 1879 or 1880 has stimulated the interest in their culture in the State to such an extent that the following printed first in the Supplemental Report of 1880 is reproduced for the benefit of those who propose embarking in carp cul ture THEIR HABITS FOOD AND MANAGEMENT CONSTRUCTION OP PONDS ETC This valuable fish is supposed to have been introduced into Europe from Cen tral Asia many centuries ago They have received the name of German Carp on account of the great attention bestowed upon them in Germany where no in considerable revenue is derived from their culture Dr Hessel says In Aus tria which posseses the most extensive carp fisheries in Europe the culture of the carp can be traced as far back as the year 1227 The magnitude of the enterprise in Germany may be inferred from the fact that on a single estate 20000 acres are devoted to carp ponds the annual product of which is about 50000 pounds of marketable carp Three varieties of carp are cultivated which are thus described by Dr Hes sel Superintendent of the United States carp ponds at Washington D C 1 Cyprinvs carpio eommunis the scale carp with regular concentrically ar ranged scales being in fact the original species improved 2 Cyprinm carpio specularis the mirror carp thus named on account of the extraordinarily large scales which run along the sides of the body in three or four rows the rest of the body being bare 3 Cyprinm carpio coriaceus sive nudusthe leather carp which has on the back either only a few scales or none at alland possesses a thick soft skin which feels velvety to the touch These are all superior varieties well worthy of cultivation The mirror and leather carp are shorter stouter and more fleshy than the scale carp and less lia ble to be injured while being transported This however was not true of the recent distribution in which the per centage of loss of leather carp far exceeded that of the scale variety us uj257 SUPPLEMENTAL REPORT1882 13 HABITS GROWTH ETC The carp is sluggish in its habits not very choice in its food and grows un der favorable circumstances with remarkable rapidity Under ordinary circum stances where the winters are sufficiently cold to compel them to hibernate they attain a weight of from three to four pounds in three years Under more favorable circumstances in warm climates where they feed nearly or quite the whole year they will more than double this growth They are peculiarly adapted to Southern waters on this account In cold climates they bury themselves in the mud arranging themselves in kettles with their heads together and their tails projecting out of the mud They feed naturally upon insects and the leaves roots and seeds of gras and other aquatic plants and hence ponds in which they are placed should be well supplied with such plants They may be artificially fed upon boiled rice or grain upon dough or upon cabbage lettuce etc chopped fine The carp is extremely prolific a fish of 4 or 5 pounds containing from 400 000 to 500000 eggs In the latitude of Washington City they spawn when 3 years old it is thought they will spawn one year earlier in Southern Georgia They commence to spawn in warm climates early in April and later as latitude in creases and temperature falls extending even to August in Northern latitudes where they remain in winter quarters until late in the spring They do not de posit all their eggs at once but continue to deposit a portion of them at a time for some days and even weeks The eggs are surrounded by a gelatinous substance which adheres to any object with which they come iz contact They attach themselves to blades of grass to weeds brush stones etc and all which fall to the bottom are lost Tne necessity therefore of an abundance of aqua tic plants especially in the hatching ponds will be apparent since they serve the double purpose of supplying food for the fish and a natural place of de posit for the eggs The Festuca fluitans commonly called water grass seems to be preferred by the carp as food and its slender leaves form favorable supports for the eggs The eggs will hatch in shallow well warmed water in from six to ten days if the water is too deep and consequently cold a longer time may be required The young fish begin to take food in from three to five days after they are hatched During this interval they subsist upon the yolk contained in sacs at tached to their bodies GROWTH The growth of the carp will depend upon the climate i e whether they can feed during a longer or shorter period during the year and the abundance of the natural food supply and will depend also upon the number kept in a given area of water or upon the care and skill of their keeper in supplying them arti ficially with food Dr Hessel in speaking of the wonderful adaptation of the waters of the Southern United States to carp culture after alluding to the abundant growth of varieties of the water lily wild rice and other aquatic plants and to the fact that where they attain the normal growth of from 3 to 4 pounds in three years they have only 4 or 5 months in which to feed and grow says It is not tobe doubted that the carp will arrive at the weight of from to 4 pounds in14 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 258 one year in those warm climates when in colder regions it requires two years and six months 1 do not think that I am mistaken in this I am ready to stand by this assertion which the future will surely verify This was written for the report of the United States Commissioner for 18751876 and his prediction has already been verified in Georgia by the experience of those who received young fry from the United States Commissioner through this Department in the fall of 1879 Specimens taken from a pond in Dougherty county last October weighed seven pounds at two years of age There seems to be no other fish so well adapted to pond culture as the carp Indeed it is to other fish what the pig is to wild animals It is thoroughly do mesticated bears transportation better than any other fish consumes a greater variety of food and of kinds that are easily and cheaply provided and grows more rapidly than any other cultivated variety of fish CONSTRUCTION OF PONDS Ponds for carp need not be very deep except over a small area near the outlet in which the fish may collect for protection from extremes of either heat or cold and for convenience of taking the fish intended for market or transferring to other ponds when the water is drawn off for that purpose Dr Hessel says Ponds must not be too deep as the water will be colder and will harbor fewer insects larvse and worms which form part of the earps food besides this fish does not grow quickly in cold water A depth of three feet in the centre of the pond is sufficient toward the outersluice it may be from 6 to 8 feet deep but only for an area of from 200 to 1000 square feet ac cording to the size of the pond In the depths of this collector the fish seek their resting place for the winter and also in the summer when the water is too warm near the edge The outer part of the pond should not be deeper than one foot for the distance of 70 or 100 feet so that the water there may be warmed more thoroughly by the sun Toward the centre of the pond and in accordance with its size a cavity of from 20 to 50 feet in length and two feet deeper than the rest of the ground should be dug Transverse ditches are cut leading into this cavity which empties into the outletsluice The principal object of the deeper area at the outletsluice and the ditches leading to it is to collect the fish into a small area when the pond is drawn off They should be about one foot deeper than the adjoining surface Ponds for carp should have a loamy bottom rocky or sandy bottoms are not suitable for them Spring water is not so good for them as that from creeks If spring water is used it should be conducted as far as practicable through a broad shallow ditch before entering the pond Ponds should be so constructed as to prevent a rapid rise or fall of the water they should be kept uniformly at the same depth with inlets and outlets well protected by wire grating to ex clude predacious fish and to prevent a rapid inflow or outflow of the water Water from mineral springs should not be allowed to flow into the ponds Before commencing to construct a dam a ditch should be cut the full length of the intended dam four feet wide and of sufficient depth to reach firm soil free from roots or alluvial deposits This ditch should be filled with loam to259 SUPPLEMENTAL REPORT1882 15 the depth of foot and this compactly rammed down and this process con tinued until the ditch is rilled The dam should then be constructed of loam not clay or sand having a width at the top equal to its height Every pond whether intended for amateur or market culture should be so arranged that the water may be drawn off at pleasure This may be done at a moderate cost by the use of iron piping from 1 to 6 inches in diameter according to the area of the pond provided below the dam with a valve which may be opened or closed at will The end of the pipe inside the pond should be provided with a stiainer with holes sufficiently small to prevent the escape of small fish and yet large enough to allow a full flow of water when desired The size of the pipe required would depend upon the area covered by the pond and the volume of the stream which supplied it It should not be so large as to draw off the pond very rapidly as a very rapid outflow of the water would leave small fish in the mud A three inch pipe will ordinarily draw off a pond covering an area of one acre in four or five days the time required depending of course upon ihe area and depth of water in the pond The Kettle for collecting the fish when the pond is drawn off should be con structed around the strainer in such manner that all of the fish in the pond may be collected in a small space when the water is drawn down Dig out an area varying from ten to thirty feet square according to the size of the pond and one foot deeper than the adjacent surface At the corners and sides of this collector drive down piles to which securely nail sleepers of 4x4 stuff let into the soil at the bottom of the collector so that their surface shall be even with the top of the soil On these nail plank closely fitted together To the piles nail one plank one foot wide on three sides of the collector On the side next to the dam let the plank extend sufficiently high to pevent the possibility of the settling of the dam from covering the strainer head of the pipe The collector should bo built and the iron pipe put in as soon as the cross ditch running the length of the dam is completed and before the filling for the dam is commenced When this is done the dam can be compactly built carrying up the whole structure at the same time instead of having an opening in the centre to prevent damming up the water as must be done if no pipe is used Care should be taken to pack the earth firmly and crush all clods which fall within the body of the work Carp culture cannot be systematically and profit ably conducted without such facilities for drawing off the ponds at will With out them overstocking is inevitable and this has been the bane of fishculture in ponds All other fish should be kept out of carp ponds or the spawn of the carp will fall a prey to the small fry Frogs and their tadpoles are also destruc tive of spawn and should if possible be exterminated There is a large water beetle also which is destructive to the small fish All of these enemies are des troyed when the ponds are drawn down and allowed to become dry before being refilled If systematic culture is intended there should be three ponds one for hatch ing the young fish one for breeding till they are a year old and one for culture or rearing the fish for market or for the table16 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUBEGEORGIA 260 The hatching pond need not be large should be shallow and full of vegetation of a character suitable for receiving the deposit of eggs Dr Hessel says The hatching pond should not be as large as the breeding pond its depth not to exceed 1 or 1 feet The outer portion or as it is termed the low water margin should generally be from two to five inches in depth and from 30 to 40 feet in width Provision should be made thatfestueafluitans wa ter grass grows there plentifully for the fishes give the preference to this plant for the deposition of their eggs But the bottom of these hatching ponds must be of a similar construction to that of the larger ones that is they must be provided with the cavities or kettles collectors and collector ditches The collectors must be cleaned from the mud every spring A depth of four or five inches will answer for the collectors for small fish The hatching ponds should have outlets and reserve sluices in the dam at the lower end or on the sides to guard against overflows These ponds must be se cured against the intrusion of pike eels bass catfish tritons watersnakes tur tles frogs etc by means of gratings and a close plank fence let into the ground not less than six inches The spawners and milters are put into the hatching pond in the spring before the spawning season arrives From three to six females to from two to four males will produce enough young fish allowing for casualties to stock a culture pond of an acre in area From 800 to 1000 eggs will hatch from each spawner The breeding ponds are constructed in every particular like the hatching ponds except that they should be deeper and larger The kettles should be from four to five feet deep counting from the surface of the water and the margin from five to eight inches deep They should also be well provided with grass The breeding ponds are stocked by the removal of the fry from the hatching pond in the latter part of March The process therefore will be as follows The fish are hatched in the hatching pond in the early spring and summer In March of the following year they are removed to the breeding pond where they remain until the spring of the third yearf when they are transferred to the culture pond after the marketable fish have been removed from the latter The culture or carp ponds proper are constructed in the same way as the hatching and breed ing ponds except that they are larger and deeper as before described It is estimated that 1000 fish will stock an acre and thrive without artificial feeding If more than this number occupy that area artificial feeding must be resorted to N BBefore commencing to build the dam build storm ditches strong enough to carry the surface water from the heaviest rainfall Earlier than this will be preferable in Georgia say November or December tTwo years will generally answer here and the breeding pond dispensed withSTATISTICS 1882TABLE NO ICONSOLIDATION OF CROP REPORTS FOR NOVEMBER 1882 NORTH GEORGIA Corn Oats Wheat SugarCane Rice Sweet Potatoes Cotton Miscellaneous 0 Xt B u 0 V a a J3 D O U a u C Oh 6 a I D u 0 X 0 11 0 3 11 0 a V u m a i 0 u 2 V 120 V a u a 2 73 V M cd V 19 tfi u V X V u 4J a V X VI 3 a u a V 48 cd V M Jd O O V u cd a S 0 u 5 V 0 0 a 2 73 bo cd n X V 0 V a 73 X 3 X a V u 1 27 1 00 1 06 1 10 1 05 1 00 1 25 u 0 a V u a a e 0 2 73 103 u eg a 2 73 V be cd V 163 1 u Q a 0 W 11 a a M u fa O V 5 cj 077 5 u a V 0 TJ cd a S 0 u 2 102 x to 3 0 V cd w 01 P TJ 73 V bo d u 82 u V X a 73 X 3 XI 4 a CJ I 00 a J3 0 a u c a S 0 98 IOO no 80 87 95 90 no 82 75 90 IOO 86 135 o cd O O V u cd a E 0 0 c v 116 5 7 06 I05 105 105 105 120 102 106 90 no 107 IOO a a i cd u a a w d bflO S3 0 j 208 200 233 200 187 225 200 200 175 150 250 182 200 V X V 0 V p Q V a 9 9X 9M IO 9K 9 9 9K 9 9W 9 9 2 a en a ca s 1 Eft 0 x 0 si 0 Is 0 78 70 in in 112 55 85 15 V 8a w 4 cd O O O 99 90 103 IOO 112 75 IC2 0 a a a a cd aj 0 TJ 0 a 0 a 66 00 68 IOO 101 62 60 II 0 0UC a 3 0 0 o rt 4 4M iK 1 0 a 3 0 a V It 5 c J 0 II v 0 13 16 I3K 12 Ik 15 a y a E ho u rt 2h 17 18 i64 I5M 16 18 13 COUNTIES 1 V 1 0 a V a a e 0 u V cd u a 2 73 4 be a u V cd 4 1 O O V cd a S 0 0 2 117 IOO 133 125 112 112 no 200 95 135 117 162 112 117 cd V a 2 73 t 121 I50 60 69 65 65 IOO 200 65 175 3 75 112 137 V e 4 CJ V Q X 1 V a 34 40 5 33 4 5 40 5 45 4 35 30 42 35 f s s a S2 ac 8 56 S s 105 90 95 95 1 10 1 00 1 00 cd cd a V u D M w V X v E bo V cd I 0 5 Banks 3 18 60 98 1 38 TJ 200 166 123 117 112 112 20 25 16 WA 3 n 5 45 50 55 5 60 IOO no IOO 95 122 150 I25 123 no no Z20 25 43 21 32 30 12 40 56 53 55 40 75 IOO 15 123 107 107 105 9 8 8 9 8 8 1 00 1 16 1 30 Cherokee Cobb IOO 200 65 1 30 1 5 1 os 15 127 5 5 212 125 25 19 12 17 27 16 5 50 60 5 41 55 50 90 IOO IOO 105 150 loo no 150 ros IOO 5 212 125 no 40 22 15 IO 40 21 20 60 52 50 45 40 45 55 120 117 120 no 122 no 107 8 9 8 8 10 8 12 1 25 1 30 r 25 1 00 1 00 1 25 1 22 125 90 82 IOO IOO IOO 9 75 85 117 80 102 20 55 40 82 55 70 102 6 3 3 3 4 1 5 15 12M 18 16M 17H 20 18 18 16 1 25 92 1 20 1 00 97 1 00 87 5 Forsyth 1 17 1 4 1 15 Gilmer 1 67 1 37 Habersham 120 60 I 00 1 25 I25j IOO 106 150 141 20 23 50 50 125 3 10 9 1 25 1 30 150 136 112 40 42 150 IOO IOO io5 187 9X 95 IOO 105 75 112 5 62 5 4 15 15 i8 I 12 I OO 15 123 IO l6 50 61 1 50 125 48 no 120 13 17 30 5 62 5 45 5 5 105 122 103 100 no 125 137 M5 75 ITO 7 9 25 20 20 50 50 46 65 50 112 37 I20 IOO no 10 11 12 10 15 25 1 12 1 00 1 10 1 00 140 137 136 no 5 140 125 137 70 4 250 110 40 40 25 25 35 45 4 85 108 80 85 I3S 130 117 no 100 in ios 230 2CO I46 3OO 200 9K 9A 9H 9 95 95 95 95 70 5 105 70 105 78 53 75 111 80 IOO 65 53 50 80 45 5 5 4 5 3 7 15 15 uM 14 16 15 7 iM 16 18H 18K I OO I OO 86 1 xo 1 00 9S 1 27 1 31 1 08 I 30 1 35 1 40 0 w w w H O l o s o g H cl W B o w o w Q OS toWalker I30L White Whitfield os2 Average i2sli4 5 7 no 90 no I OO T OO r 00 ijo 56 hi vX HO 225 I06l 221 Baldwin Bibb Butts Campbell Carroll Clarke Clayton Columbia Coweta DeKalb Douglas Elbert Fayette Fulton Greene Hancock Harris Heard Henry Jasper Jones Lincoln McDuffie Meriwether Monroe Morgan Newton Oconee Oglethorpe Pike Putnam Rockdale Spalding Talbot Taliaferro Troup Upson Walton Warren Wilkes Average 127 140 130 150 5 152 135 120 160 150 120 65 150 125 125 130 150 150 75 3 120 125 M5 125 125 140 140 155 140 150 120 125 120 200 127 127 140 100 120 go 250 130 35 130 5 13 I 70I 64 152 20 55 55 60 55 5 55 55 5 55 45 50 5 42 50 50 50 55 50 65 47 60 55 50 5 5 5 55 65 60 55 50 5 40 55 5C 6 70 MIDDLE GEORGIA 75 75 85 9 87 is 86 85 3 I 00 9 x 00 I 25 I 20 I 22 160 125 5 no no 125 125 123 110 95 95 150 I25 130 130 no 105 125 125 90 in 112 150 140 85 I 75 1 50 1 25 1 25 37 1 25 05 I OO 53 121 9 5 1 10 25 25 1 40 1 40 1 25 1 50 35 1 5 35 i 22 40 25 1 00 I OO I 20 25 25 25 1 35 1 10 1 35 1 23 1 25 1 60 1 28 135 150 125 65 35 5 175 120 no 130 iOO 150 125 150 125 too T22 200 125 l6o I30 I4O l60 90 125 5 I40 ISO 160 125 30 OO 55 5 100 175 IOO IOO 70 50 IOO IOO 100 150 40 75 75 25 3 90 95 120 40 25 90 130 250 150 60 115 47 85 40 100 105 125 105 90 80 125 85 116 IOO S5 95 5 3 no 112 35P 75 300 100 130 80 no 5 5 no no 115 no 112 5 IOO no 3 no I37I no no no 105 105 3 TIG l5 200 95 95 210 170 95 175 150 200 200 250 200 200 170 35 160 200 200 200 200 75 250 175 25 75 225 150 150 200 15 94 9 4 95 95 95 95 8 5 92 93 93 93 9 8 95 9 4 95 95 95 95 9 5 9 3 9 94 9 130 90 95 IOO 85 150 95 200 125 30 105 I5 95 130 100 75 85 105 103 9 32 2 05I 134 0 40 J0 3 l86 95 10JJ M3 48j 4 9 i6 40 90 45 33 66 5 50 5 50 60 35 55 25 50 5 5 12M 3 4 3 4 4 12 3 16 16 4 7A i6 7 15K 4 16 4 14 3 3 5 25 5 4 12 13 13 125 14 14 13 3 5 3 125 o 4 6A 7 6 19 15 155 18 16 15 155 165 7 5 165 5 5 165 15 15 15 65 15 16 16 7 5 15 05 00 1 45 1 25 1 45 1 45 1 25 1 40 1 30 I 30 1 20 35 40 I 12 I 12 I 12 I 07 I 20 I 05 1 25 I JO I 40 25 1 50 loil 40 I 40 I 40 I 40 1 35 1 50 I 25 I 30 I 30 40 r 40 50 1 40 50 1 20 40 30 40 1 35 1 50 1 25 50 0 W H W is s w 00 00 0 TABLE NO iContinued SOUTHWEST GEORGIA COUNTIES Baker Berrien Brooks Calhoun Chattahoochee Clay Colquitt Crawford Decatur Dooly Dougherty Early Houston lrwin Lee Lowndes Macon Marion Miller Mitchell Muscogee Quitman Randolph Schley Stewart Sumter Taylor Terrell Thomas 9 12 1 15 9 9 160I 8 6o 8o s 70 65 60 965 125 10 125 10 125 5 122 I 137 60 8 80 15 60 Wss 150 Oats 18J 4 14 S 9 5 5 15 IS 15 4 5 17J2 SugarCone 25 15 25 15 I 55 80 1 25 I 50 150 10 105 35 13015 A I25I2I 50 100 5 60 TOO 8 sol 100 10 SolI 133 125 150 I 25 1501 200 11 25 iiol 200 I 50 125 275 II II2l 250 I 00 95 95 40 120 40 35 X 30 Sweet Potatoes 1 25 1 5 JWWiS I I JI M I 00 I I 35 m 40 no 35 95 O 0 U SH Miscellaneous M oV OJ a 0 u 3 6J2 6 1 15 1 00 1 15 100 I oc I 00 I 50 I 5 50 5 I 40 1 50 I 40 o a g H O 4 17 t I 10 Q W n 1 45 a c d 1 50 M 35 rt 1 40 35 O M O w 1 40 0 an d I 1 7ITvtMr rlwr rrmi ItJI t A I ijL i I I TTTTr 1t A ve rage 13711 75 T i2 t2jiij 664 too I3jr6 zSfiH i 4i 35 125 20 6o 88 5 r 37 124I 243 40 117 115 275 40 105 23 1071 ia8l 165 34 104 1051 167 9 109 101 60 55 13 135 85 105 6 13 15 1 05 1 35 08 1 38 EAST GEORGIA liulloch Burke 14a In a 75 75 90 70 60 70 80 85 100 90 100 100 100 100 95 100 125 75 130 35 25 150 140 125 65 200 3 25 15 12 10 17 11 15 65 60 75 60 5 60 80 72 150 130 120 135 140 150 500 25 3 200 45 200 120 3 47 4 37 65 60 100 112 95 15 3 3 1 00 5 1 00 140 65 120 5 5 15 5 250 150 225 200 15 35 65 25 45 25 3 90 120 80 115 75 130 100 no 100 3 100 no 200 225 125 200 150 160 9 7 9 5 92 95 9 98 125 95 100 125 15 100 100 90 80 75 75 no 80 5 20 75 5 3 4 55 5 35 4 6 5 4 4 13 12 3 18 18 18 75 75 7 1 00 5 1 25 1 10 90 1 10 1 25 1 33 1 40 1 30 1 20 1 3 120 8 135 N 150 8 150 10 Emanael Jefferson Johnson Montgomery 100 100 5 7 4 5 1 35 1 25 1 50 120 150 120 100 4 8 2 00 1 00 140 125 150 300 40 35 no 100 15 5 5 1 00 140 112 125 75 40 40 no 105 102 105 175 200 93 9 90 105 55 5 5 75 5 2 4 15 9 200 1 00 1 10 35 1 42 Tatnall 75 175 130 5 150 122 142 12 16 70 60 no 125 20 5 5 130 10 2 00 175 150 300 54 5 40 75 200 200 5 200 45 no 5 5 100 250 400 9 2 98 75 5 75 100 80 5 6 6 12 IS 55 1 00 1 00 1 22 1 25 II 8 9 9 10 80 70 72 70 42 100 95 85 95 92 125 128 125 35 141 n 5 7 15 15 80 70 70 70 65 no 100 90 107 7 6 4 6 1 50 1 00 1 50 1 45 no 115 35 120 35 400 250 220 230 293 40 75 5 5 47 no 20 5 125 100 no 135 140 225 125 75 125 59 40 35 3 45 38 no 95 no 90 104 105 102 105 85 105 175 125 155 195 95 9 92 9 9 3 9 no 98 85 105 100 102 97 87 no 90 80 25 25 62 53 4 5 7 5 5 16 12 M 3 13 9 5 9 7 17 1 25 1 10 1 08 1 08 1 08 5 1 40 1 40 1 35 33 Washington Average 100 112 5 26 1 00 1 21 SOUTHEAST GEORGIA 100 no 120 130 130 10 12 12 II 15 IOO IOO 90 90 IOO SO 95 92 IOO IOO IOO IOO 130 150 15 15 20 10 18 70 85 58 80 80 no 120 5 100 150 200 250 360 225 5 5 5 42 30 90 IOO no 110 35 35 20 16 1 00 1 30 1 00 1 00 no 120 130 130 150 15 170 150 250 200 IOO 200 25 35 45 45 25 25 27 IOO no IOO 5 IOO IOO 25 20 IOO IOO 90 IOO 90 IOO 7 14 20 1 10 1 10 1 25 1 25 Coffee no no no no no 125 120 105 150 300 9 9 80 no 87 IOO 60 IOO I 162 15 20 1 10 15 1 25 120 12 60 IOO 110 5 1 00 no 250 3 no 15 1 00 125 200 210 92 96 80 125 50 112 60 92 4 13 20 1 00 1 25 125 13 90 100 130 5 75 3 475 3 130 13 1 00 170 3 18 20 15 1 40 Mclntosh Ware Average 119 12 O OO 89 117 15 78 119 293 40 108 22 5 133 175 32 108 112 176 92 99 89 83 26 5 20 1 10 1 28 RECAPITULATION North GeofgiaS Middle Georgia Southwest Ga East Georgia Sputheast Ga 12b 4 51 106 123 22 50 i 9 1 10 IOI 186 56 m 7 I CO 123 IOO 38 98 lot 221 9 n sTwifn UAJ G 1 22 140 13 o 64 152 20 51 121 9 1 28 122 73 6 no 32 2 05 134 I02 40 IOI 3 1E6 95 ma 103 48 Ifi I IO 124 114 66 IOO 33 16 to 88 56 1 37 124 243 40 7 3 I 07 128 6s 34 104 l5 167 9 109 IOI 60 55 3 7 I 08 1 38 142 100 42 92 141 15 6 107 6 0 45 35 293 47 112 26 I 21 4 59 38 J04 J5 05 90 ICO CO 53 50 3 17 I c8 33 119 12 90 89 7 5 7 9 293 40 108 22 5 33 75 32 108 TI2 T76 92 99 89 83 5 TO 1 10 1 28 For the State 33 ni 66 98 37 9 57 112 8 1 25 25 333 5 3 28 21 3 I27 38 J8l J90 9 JOJ 97 59 47 4 7 1 06 1 33 Oi Ox d tr H g W K M D O w H 00 OO Btaas DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 266 TABLE No II V Synopsis of Weather Reports for the Year 1882 STATIONS Ellerslie Gainesville Mossy Creek Leo Mt Airy Rabun Gap Rome Means Athens Atlanta Carrollton LaGrange Macon Oxford Thomson Mean NORTH GEORGIA JANUARY Temper ature S 410 456 445 438 434 170 Rain fall 1G40 740 908 10 1145 890 44211068 2 FEliRUARY Temper ature Rain fall 440 502 181 485 5455 9 490 t475 850 6 85 935 1260111 835 710 879 MARCH Temper ature 72 3 520 58 4 555 544 50 33570 82 547 Rain fall 1150 455 528 423 550 245 558 APRIL Temper ature Rain fall 600 648 622 620 601 650 3 i0 60C 90 3BS 311 390 36J 85 MIDDLE GEOIIGIA US 27 470 764 20 66 32 511 921 14 82 40 581 322 11 SI 44 660 273 74 22 476 492 It 71 30 522 891 11 Si 33 576 363 9 1 48 614 292 06 20 464 5 10 13 74 24 507 670 7 82 83 588 420 9 a 13 666 190 78 21 532 455 9 76 30 565 9 20 8 SI 35 574 850 6 87 in 076 53 72 21 515 3 76 9 71 32 570 519 5 S3 15 625 726 4 74 21 473 350 0 78 11 321 730 7 82 35 576 373 5 SI 30 653 330 74 72 23 20 512 496 395 4 77 0 80 7i 30 532 403 9 9 89 83 36 611 583 7 7 ST 85 15 10 066 495 335 723 36 59 0 52 OOlJ352 SOUTHWEST GEORGIA 74 24 570 330 5 78 i 568 475 i 78 S3 78 82 SO 625 275 070 221 6 5 3 f 5 80 83 85 87 83 52 50 6 63 53 700 726 69 0 70 6 705 260 271 145 2 98 318 6 43 53 30 661 610 63 3 6 Nashville Thomasville 79 79 77 32 21 27 560 595 575 1 80 2 16 242 3 8 1 78 80 79 37 81 33 510 594 567 310 886 4 1 0 8 10 Means 41 64 8 293 i0 EAST GEORGIA 70 21 50 U 300 10 78 23 540 340 0 83 33 590 464 5 83 S3 85 46 50 48 650 722 686 417 093 6 4 78 73 80 29 60 3 57 1 363 351 3 5 S3 33 590 464 5 70 21 50 0 3O0 10 255 5 SOUTHEAST GEORGIA SO 80 8 72 28 3 29 23 601 5S4 592 52 1 178 095 592 602 4 3 3 10 7S 38 6U0 584 592 54 8 010 055 083 514 1 4 2 0 85 91 93 SI 43 42 41 38 K50 652 651 605 2 01 195 5 1 5 6 88 86 37 68 51 55 690 392 8 1 Walthourville 78 78 70 30 37 31 693 691 673 296 343 381 7 2 28 7 Means for State 414 S 49 8 11 267 SUPPLEMENTAL REPORT1882 TABLE No IIContinued Synopsis of Weather Reports for the Year i88z NORTH GEORGIA 23 Athens A tlanta CarrolUon XaGrange Macon Oxford Thomson Means Americus Cuthber Nashville Thomasville Means MAY JUNE JULY AUGUST Temperature Bainfail Temperature Hamfall Temperature Rainfall Temperature Rainfall STATIONS i a a r SO so t 80 85 so Si a s 0 3S 55 47 9 45 il 3 v 620 071 641 68 6 612 670 1544 i V 3 650 270 275 183 410 275 177 c Z 10 10 15 0 6 5 9 a a3 a 90 90 S2 92 Oil 00 11 a a 55 5 01 56 ii 00 50 c IS o 730 741 743 73S 60 3 72 0 715 02 at M 225 225 H37 60 100 165 251 6 s 13 16 9 5 6 i ii v sjs 184 60 a S3 s 710 74 6 753 737 707 770 737 0D 6 25 4 00 451 713 510 435 523 DD 6 14 13 18 13 9 11 10 I a II B 3 as S 3 S 84 6 85 64 79 66 86 66 M5 862 3 s 720 742 740 710 770 736 A u a 050 180 140 8IS 472 722 6 Ellerslie 15 17 17 Gainesville Mossy Creek Leo Mt Airy 83 8 so 0 7 68 60 43 GO 59 Rabun Gap 10 14 14 MIDDLE GEORGIA 690 038 9 92 67 66 3 254 5 90 58 65 6 340 t 98 57 714 245 1 9S 60 706 294 5 91 60 168 270 6 92 50 170 170 5 05 60 186 312 G 01 00 762 786 815 790 773 1799 788 155 100 275 402 270 780 701 706 18 776 0 80S 435 612 4 70 805 00 680 760 68 465 678 540 7 70 792 772 410 6 42512 583112 SOUTHWEST GEORGIA 90 51 30 311 J 96 63 816 200 S 94 66 7a 8 915 17 92 06 804790 87 87 CO 53 52 700 555 210 i 2 95 02 69 67 420 750 320 410 9 9 91 92 68 70 35 790 381 395 13 6 03 71 819 515 S3 51 727 350 4 91 66 795 310 9 12 68 808 558 12 92 09 81 71652 EAST GEORGIA 87 58 685 570 7 r 0 89 785 760 8 Ogeechee Swainsboro Means 87 53 685 5 70 7 92 5 0 780 320 7 90 65 195 350 9 ISO 64 785 760 8 SOUTHEAST GEORGIA 9n 5 02 S6 5753233 60 744 255 00 810 81 0 777 088 203 5 96 345 181 j 61 8 93 95 94 92 731810 8 32 295 563 531 9 10 96 199 72 71 71 66 10 10 Walthourville 4 99 98 91 71 70 61 837 820 784 487 4 26 616 5917481244 6007 sis98 4 6 71 65 810 785 10 11 Means for State 10 91 24 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 268 TABLE No IIContinued Synopsis of Weather Reports for the Year 1882 NORTH GEORGIA a mencus Cuthbert Nashville Thomasville Means SEPTEMBER OCTOBER NOVEMBER DECEMBER Temperature Rainfall Temperature Bainfall Temperatute Bainfall Jemperature Rainfall STATIONS a i H P5 3 86 79 I 01 54 61 c OS 691 713 72 1 o5 a a 0 la i 12 u Ijj 1 B D a r 42 51 g s 652 602 r 1 P 190 252 5 a 10 13 B s 79 67 3 p a i 29 33 a 0 V H 418 483 00 0 P 140 216 c 8 7 B 1 H as 60 50 60 57 B p a 10 21 s si s 411 372 DO a u a 225 444 n at 6 S 270 415 76C Gainesville Mossy Creek Leo Mt Airy 10 10 81 88 83 48 53 63 66 5 72 0 70 a 75 3 12 502 6 5 8 78 84 7 28 12 41 60 2 670 63 1 193 285 2 30 3 4 77 19 80 28 76127 455 500 464 090 2 00 1 64 3 6 6 4 13 18 340 390 37 8 175 209 276 2 7 7 MIDDLE GEORi HA S7 91 86 9 77 711 8 85 51 46 3S 46 illII 617 657 089 328 072 181 180 6 5 3 62 62 61 61 68 63 351 362 2f5 570 11 50 5 57 741 71 75 2 402 365 362 4 5 3 77 SI 82 77 B5 81 27 25 23 494 499 532 533 613 1 1 10 9 i7 2l r J93 377 42 2 090 2 00 4 05 255 3 4 3 4 Oxford 8S 91 89 58 61 57 727 766 741 4 50 5 431 402 560 420 1 67 4 1 6 1 423 6 81 45 66 5 20 a SOUTHWEST GEORGIA 57778 661823 810 S5 1000 380 Sli 710 150 H I 025 2 720 720 4 30 510 720202 575 592 520 280 311 140 2 480 531 520 375 7 566 7 3 60 Z 510 434 7 EAST GEORGIA 85 58 7411 485 s 41 4 79 28 500 355 3 55 5 B 410 410 130 430 Ogeechee Swainsboro 65 is 85 85 740 485 9 81 44 660 2 80 1 79 28 50 0 0 iOVT lit AST GEORGIA Wallhourville Means 87 93 6777 7 65 771 661774 470 6 85 547 6 6 6 6 83 42 88 48 8545 82 45 700 705 702 675 7S5 455 620 310 1 1 8 82 81 35 35 35 10 577 559 563 52 5 248 112 1 80 250 3 4 4 73 75 74 16 25 26 25 19 520 497 508 442 565 487 526 4 17 6 7 1 Means for tate 88 60758 5 43 7 269 SUPPLEMENTAL KEPOKT1882 TABLE No IIContinued Synopsis of Weather Reports for the Year 1882 NORTH GEORGIA 25 MEAN TEMPERATURE RAINFALL AND No RAINY DATS Seasons Winter Spring 1 Sumr Autumn Annualf STATIONS 0 a is a a E 6 p a 5 5 413 p s so a 0 S 874 CD d 30 0 0 0 240 101 116 112 135 so 3 T3 6 i5 29 34 38 29 16 m 0 x 5 11 180 130 143 so s 6 z 37 4s 51 so c 5 M so S3 O a so S3 O 8 Ellerslie 43 nlss n 7 1 Gainesville 48 63 4 74 fl 60 7 74 123 30 34 470 611 153 169 Mossy Creek Leo 46 3 60 6 74 K 60 2 59 6 288 345 313 49 46 33 463 331 600 607 70 3 574 573 Rabun Gap 151 24 103 12 604 SO 482 6301753 1 680 316 212 34 88 21 107 31 79 14 46 0 108 Means 100 50s729 599o91 29 2 401 132 27 149I 37 S9 21 592 12a MIDDLE GEORGIA Athens Atlanta Carrollton LaGrange Macon Oxford Thomson Means 48 49S 47 7 539 552 193 525 645 628 637 655 632 659 08 54 6 637 777 755 769 810 657 773 97J65 027 62 2 658 629 6 619 657 782 03 9629 216 205 17 If 180 159 138 1 93 91 98 16 9 155 118 31 137 22 123 22 125 38 36 32 23 14 23 1711381 it 30ll34J 41 17 15 112 118 142 14 2 90 52 16 421 542 571 504 136 107 93 76 SOUTHWEST GEORGIA Americus 568 639 806 68 8 681 119 lo 119 17 190 3a 132 1 559 85 713 677 110 72 17 13 132 27 95 9 38 4 Nashville 544 783 683 671 7 4 10 63 Thomasville 589 93 21 Means 56 6 693 803 702 687 9 5 i5 96 19 152 34 125 10 479 81 EAST GEORGIA 020 64t 787 633 606 108 23 145 18 143 24 112 1 507 79 538 65 4 787 633 612 104 21 129 17 143 24 112 15 49 77 SOUTHEAST GEORGIA Brunswick Walthourville Means Means for State 595 6 582696 58 6 099 531 652 80 7 819 813 782 685 67 y 680 691 68S 64 8H 159 71 22 1 94 158 149 150 119 13 11 Includes the month of December 1881 tEmbraces the civil year 1882 15534 4 851 1448 9 151626 76 73 67 8726 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 270 NOTES FEOM CORRESPONDENTS NORTH GEORGIA Banks county Farmers are beginning to realize their condition and are im proving their stock hogs by procuring Berkshire mixed with Poland China etc a very good move and not made too soon New varieties of cotton have been introducedHerlong and Oziers silk The latter has done well the former is very prolific but rather late for this climate I believe with high fertilization and early planting and working it will do well Hogs died with the socalled cholera hence the number of porkers is smaller than usual Caioosa countyThe strawberry is the latest and best paying crop We hope to make a statement next year of the extent of the industry As to fertilizing farmers are unanimously in favor of homemade compost by using one part of the phosphate to three of rotten straw or leaves barnyard and stable manure combined This compost thribbled the yield of corn this year applied as for cotton Cherokee county I tried some corn this year with guano applied at second plowing and had good results The stalk was small but the ear very large If applied before first plowing I think it will pay a large per cent profit I used about onehalf table spoonf ull to the stalk dropped by it and covered by the plow in siding the corn 1loyd countyFarmers from what I can learn are sowing more wheat this fall tian last as seed is more easily procured Also oats and more hogs will be raised in the next twelve months than for several years past as all are trying to get stock food being plentiful Forsyth countyFormula known as Bradleys used extensivelybut owing to the cold backward spring did not give as satisfactory results as last year 400 pounds per acre Cost 40 cents per acre I think to double the quantity it would be a good and cheap fertilizer More wheat and corn land fertilized than ever before and with very good results Experiments with the Burt oats con vince me that they are the most valuable for spring sowing The cross between Jersey and scrub stock of cattle I think is a great improvement for milkers The outlook for a general improvement in all branches of agriculture better than ever before While the crops of cereals are good the falling off in the cotton crop and the low prices paid for it have left the farmers badly in debt I think with the increase of homeraised provisions on hand that farmers will b better off next fall Franklin countyThere is generally a disposition among farmers to raise their own fertilizers by composting etc Some farmers are drilling their wheat Most of them drill with the hand some break their land well lay off the rows 15 inches apart then sow the wheat an fertilizers broadcast and drag a brush crosswise which drags wheat and fertilizers and all into the furrow271 SUPPLEMENTAL KEPOET1882 27 Eabersham countyDeep plowing in the fall seems to be the favorite mode of improving lands here It is no new discovery but lime peas and red clover is all we need to make our red hills equal to the lands in any country or section and will certainly give us corn at 10 cents per bushel wheat 25 cents oats at 5 cents and potatoes at 15 cents I have proved it year after year Small farm well tilled is what we want More fruit trees planted than ever be fore in one season Roads outhouses and stock improved Milton countThe people have raised cotton and but little corn until their stock of hogs has run down They buy meat at such high prices while cotton is low that it takes a good deal of cottoi to pay the provision bill The people of this section have plenty of bread country merchants are pressing money scarce cotton lower than people expectedthey have run in debt toomuch to country stores Murray countyA great decreasein amount of commercial fertilizers pur chased and a corresponding increase in homemade manures usedwith ood re sults Cold weather in April and May caused bad stands of cottonwet weather prevented it being well worked Under all circumstances yield and quality excellent We have no farmers who raise cotton exclusively The fall has been most favorable for crop gathering First frost October 25th First k ling frost November 15th Two light falls of snow in November Wet and cold since November 20th December 1st clear and cold About 20 per cent of cotton yet in the field The Dallas wheat has proven very successful also the surt oats and the farmers are taking steps for improvement rapidly and alive to composting and alternate crops Piekens countyThe cotton seed sent me by Department Jones Improved and Jowers Improved have not done very welltwo weeks late The McKib bin w some earlier but not so early as my own I think my Hybrid would be earlier in Middle and Lower Georgia by two weeks than theirs Polk county Last year we had more hogs but less corn to feed to them now we have the corn but few hogs to feed it to Up to this time we have not sowed as much wheat as to same time last year For some cause not apparent hogs of all sorts were never so scarce The demand for them is universal All the early part of the year merchants were nervous and not inclined to trust farmers KesultFarmers are better offsmall debts and good crops Merchants now complain of large stocks of goods on hand and farmers not inclined to buy 1 he Lord be praised Towns countyThe very wet weather all through last summer cut our corn crop off to a great extent We have gained but little more than last year The stock hogs have about onehalf died this fall with cholera farmers will not make a half crop of bacon Walker countyI know no method in this county that will compare with sowing clover and turning the clover under in September and October 10 or 12 inches deep A crop on such land never fails Owing to the short corn crop and the small supply of pork made last year farmers have bought some bacon and some corn but as a rule Walker county produces a considerable surplus of corn wheat and meat As to buying sup plies on time there is not enough of that done to establish any rule I am glad 4o say that the farmers are comparatively out of debt and I think people gen28 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 272 erally are in a better condition than they have been at any time since I can re member If we can have good and wholesome laws economically administered with a judicious tariff etc we will have no reason to complain The indebtedness of farmeis would be less had it not been for the high prices of provisions Peas grown on land are the best and by far the cheapest means of fertilizing they pay all expenses and the fertilizer is clear gain MIDDLE GEORGIA Baldwin countyWe find Kainit or German Potash Salt a preventive of rust in cotton and acts well alone with 75 pounds per acre and we think indispen sable in the compost heap Bibb countyEvery energy is bent to raise supplies for man and beast cotton is looked upon only to supply money for the most pressing necessities This state of affairs has been brought about by compulsion and everything points to the fact that the lesson will not soon be forgotten Butts countyThe most valuable crop raised in this county this year is Red Sugarcane I made on my own farm an average of six hundred gallons per acre It meets with ready sale at 70 cents per gallon Our farmers report a compost made of stable manure cotton seed and one third acid the best manure for our general crops Carroll countyFarmers have sown about the same amount of wheat as last year but manuring it more Cotton has turned out some better than was ex pected owing to the late frost Corn is better than for several yearsenough made to supply this county Farmers are gathering a large amount of manures for next crop and the indications are that they will use homemade manures instead of guanos All manner of fertilizers used this year But compost of stable manure cotton seed and kainit is considered the best Farmers are in a much better condition now than for years with a bountiful supply of corn and the heavy mast has fattened the hogs and made hogs out of shoats and farmers are determined to raise more meat at home high price of meat will prove a blessing in the long run Cowela countyThe seasons have been very unfavorable for putting in the small grain crops consequently but little so far has been sown a large area will be be sown in rustproof oats the coming spring DeKalb countyCompost grows in favor I think the farmers are in a better condition than they have been since the war They have plenty of corn in the county but owing to the cholera in the hogs they are scarce but every farmer is trying to raise hogs and I think in one more year old DeKalb will be all right Elbert countyCotton has been very late maturing and a full crop made consequently but little wheat has been sown up to this time I am convinced more than ever that the productive powers of our lands are not appreciated and that by proper fertilization and quick cultivation they can in many instances be made to produce from two to three crops a year I think I have one of the finest varieties of cotton raised in the South known as the Ozier Silk long staple I have raised this year 1000 pounds of lint on one acre It brought in our home market one cent more per pound than other273 SUPPLEMENTAL EEPOET1882 29 cotton of the same grade If desired by the Department I will send one sack of the above named seed for distribution Fayette countyThe report of the yield of cane syrup seems quite large but some farmers report as high as 300 and 350 gallons per acre It is not raised very extensively as yet as it has been introduced but one or two years This is the first year farmers have made any syrup from the cane It will be planted ex tensively in future Harris CountyMai Flynn Harget told me he made 609 gallons of sugar cane syrup on one and a half acres of land W A Parr made 700 gallonson two acres and nearly half his stand was washed up by an overflow in the creek W S Blanton will make 700 or 800 gallons Others in proportion Jones countyI have used cotton seed in a green state upon small grain by distributing broadcast on top of ground about the time the grain is up good and the effect has been about as good as plowing them in with the grain Most of the seeds sent through the office for testing excepting the Bill Dallas wheat have been no belter than our ordinary seeds saved on our farms Lincoln countyThe above report gives a less acreage of wheat and oats sown at this time than last year owing to the back ward ness of farmers in gathering in their cotton crops A full average crop will yet be sown provided the sea sons are favorable for so doing Sugar cane has been planted this year by sev eral farmers as an experiment who speak favorably of its growth and maturity Will be planted more extensively another year The acreage in wheat and oats will be as great or greater than last year Farmers are seeding whenever the weather permits Meriwether counfyWe find farmers that used less guano and saved all the manure that could be made at home have done much better and made some money This I think needs the special attention of farmers and to know where to turn their work to profit Newton county I desire to ask that you impress upon the fanners the im portance of using compost in lieu of so much commercial fertilizers I used last year 12 tons guano and this year only one and a half and have the best crop I have had in 10 years Shall use compost exclusively next year RemarksThe Department has lost no opportunity to impress upon the farm ers of the State the sound policy economy and profit of using compost of cot ton seed stable manure acid phosphate and kainit since the spring of 1875 when the first fertilizer circular was issued Formulas and directions for com posting have been repeatedly published in the reports of the Department and in Circular No 29 the crop report for the month of June 1882 under the head of Economy in Fertilizationextracts were given from the reports of soil tests of fertilizers showing that composts prepared and applied according to the directions of the Department had uniformly paid a better per cent of profit on the investment than commercial fertilizers for seven years It is therefore gratifying to see the indorsement of practical farmers of the oftrepeated advice of the De partment The results of the experiments of Mr Furman of Baldwin county are of great value to the farmers of the State since they show what may be accom plished by concentrating effort and compost on a small area It is hoped that his experiments will prove a valuable auxiliary to the efforts of the Department to induce economy in fertilization30 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 274 OgUthorpe county I received a few cotton seed from your Department Four hundred average bolls weighed seven pounds and 574 pounds of seed cotton made216 pounds of beautiful lint Pike countyThe best crop raised in this county is ribbon cane Putnam countyHave tried putting up sorghum for winter feed by inter laying it with straw or dry hay Find it keeps well Ensilage in my opinion will not surpass itwill not equal it It is today bright and sweet Stock more fond of it than any kind of dry provender It is a great success Stock fed on this and some good dry hay fatten rapidly without grain Think it will keep well all winter Will put it up largely next year Very little small grain has been planted on account of dry weather and good weather for gathering crops Under our present stock law the improve ment in stock is very perceptible We are having better cattle and hogs as they cost no more to keep and are worth more Our lands are increasing in value on account of it Rochdale countyOur farmers will use less guano and more acid phosphates for composting with cotton seed and stable manure and other homemade ma nures The demand for acids will be 50 per cent more than last year and gu ano lessdecidedly The package of Burt oats sown December 21st made one and a half bushels ten days earlier than common rustproof free of rust grows six inches taller Taibot county Using compost intensifying and broadcast manuring is grow ingin favor with many A great tendency to small farms well cultivated I have tried cotton seed for several years mixed with stable manure or other scrapings It will beat any other fertilizer that I have ever tried Just open a furrow put in seed and other manure and bed on it I have never failed on the very poorest lands to make 800 pounds lint per acre Nothing will equal it for sweet potatoes J W Jones made 1000 bushels per acre with the above pre paration Taliaferro countyThirty or forty bushels of rice can be grown with little labor on new land free of grass seeds A mixture of 100 pounds kainit to 200 pounds dissolved bone has proved satisfactory on sandy land both for corn and cotton Since November 1st the weather for all kinds of farm work has been unfa vorable Much cotton remains unpicked few oats are sown and no wheat Our cotton crop is good but owing to low prices farmers will realize as little money for it as they did last year They are better off simply because they have spent less Troup countyCotton has turned out badly was injured much by the Sep tember storm Late bottom corn was nearly ruined In this county cotton has not done well all through the year There are more home fertilizers made than formerly and less commercial fer tilizers bought A general desire for improved varieties of corn and cotton Walton countyMany of the best farmers have succeeded well with compost this year at about onethird the cost of commercial fertilizers and far superior Think 25 per cent of next years crop will be fertilized with homemade compost As to fertilizers there are so many brands I cant keep up I notice in every direction an increased disposition on the part of farmers generally to buy bet275 SUPPLEMENTAL REPORT1882 31 ter and finer farm implements such as fine turning plows more stubble attd turned over more pains taken in putting in small grain more attention paid to steck I run no risk to say there is a steady march to general thriftour future certainly is brighter Warren countyThe farmers are backward in sowing small grain owin to the late snows and rains only about half of the anticipated crop is yet sowed but with good weather we will be able to put in a large crop yet Cotton croo ninetenths gathered SOUTHWEST GEORGIA Baker countyFarmers are better off than last year in the way of pro visions worse off in the way of debt Cotton has been lower in price worse m quality and the high price of bacon makes thedifference The lumber and turpentine interests have and will absorb so much of our best labor that the acreage in all crops will necessarily be reduced next year Brooks countyThe farmers have not had to buv any corn this year Vegetables watermelons and fruit especially LeConte pears on a boom near railroads Lands in vicinity of railroad advanced from 25 to 50 per cent in value Lands remote from railroad have received no apprecia ble stimulus in price Clay eountyNothmg beats the compost system but when ammoniat ed guano is used it should be applied to the corn as it is much quicker than any other manure Then use the cotton seed in compost for cotton Colquitt cowrctyEgyptian cotton is the most prolific variety that has been introduced into this country J A Alderman Hempstead Colquitt county Georgia has a limited quantity of seed on sale 10 bushels of green cotton seed 100 pounds phosphate and 100 pounds kainit to the acrecomposted in the ground give best results in way of fertilizers Farmers would do well to drill a small quantity of oats When they commence to head take a sharp knife and cut out all heads with black seeds This will keep the seed pure Crawford coMnMany of the farmers are continuing the onehalf share system which spoils many hands and keeps the farmer down Our best river lands are farmed in that way and there is no doubt but that they have injured the county Idle negroes to work till Maycrops oneh If cultivatedstock abused etc etc many evils follow The sugar cane crop has proven to be the best payingcrop in my Ztyon0nfr aCreS in btt0m land wel1 cultted will make from 300 to 500 gallons Houston countVTheie is not enough corn in the county to feed it more than 10 months There is not enough homemade hogs cows goats sheep etc to feed the people four months Cotton is about all picked Farmers are behind in sowing grain but claim that they will put in as much as last season but I fear they will not Farmers generally are trying to improve their lands and are planting less acreage per mule There is not much improvement in the freedmen who rent lands Many sell them cotton seed which isa bad policy unlses32 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 276 they get cotton seed meal to use as a fertilizer There will be less guano bought on time the next season tor dealers will not sell freely on time Lee countyThe swamp wheat sent me last fall was a failure as it did not make a head The Jowers cotton a successthe best I ever raised would make a bale r acre Marion countyi have been experimenting for the last four years on long staple upland cotton I now have a cotton nearer rusproof than any othernearer stormproof and that yields as much as the best improved varieties that have been propagated in our State within that time and that I have sold in the Americus market from li to 2 cents per pound above or dinary upland cotton of same grade There is generally an indication to sow less grain on account of a large crop this year and an intention to plant largely of cotton which will be against us Labor advancing and less reliable Jiandolph county The farmers generally have made an abundant sup ply of corn and those who had corn to feed to hogs will make nearly enough meat to supply them There will not be as much meat bought next year as thisno corn If cotton had remained at 10 cents the farmers would have been independent of the merchants next year But as it is many will still be in debt The most of us in favor of compost instead of manipulated guano There will be a large acreage planted next year in cotton as provisions are abundant Less corn will be planted Slimier countyYou will notice my report is much above last year as you know last year we made nearly a failure and heavy debts were carried over Much of the debt have been paid but much remains to be paid All seem to feel once more the importance of raising their supplies at home Terrell countyCompost in every instance has given more satisfaction to the farmers and I think will be generally applied instead of the high priced manipulated fertilizers Worth countyOur farmers have used more acid phosphate kainitand more compost and less first grade ammoniated guano and the results are satisfactory and farmers have more homeraised fertilizers and are tak ing more care of same and composting more than in the past EAST GEORGIA Burke county I can make no estimate of the acreage of oats or any other winter crop as all the fall has been occupied with the cotton crop mainly and very little attention paid to putting in crops of any kindand will not be before the beginning of next year The freedman is above work sa long as any cotton money is in sight and that is the staple labor of this county It has been an exceptionably good year even with disasters of storm in September All crops when well cultivated have done better than at first anticipated Those who try to live at home with home food have succeeded Olascock countyThe prospect for farmers is good and promising for277 SUPPLEMENTAL KEPORT1882 33 the future on account of having bountiful home supply of provisions Oats were good wheat common corn field peas ground peas and sweet potatoes all very good Hogs scarce but what there are are being well fatlened Jefferson countyCorn cotton and oats are the staple crops of our county and the best field pea the cow pea The goose or speckled pea will do for early planting but it is tender easy to spoil acd rot then there are other varieties that do well sometimes but the regular old cow pea is the pea to be depended upon Time of planting June and July Matures and ripens in September and October Sorghum cane will soon play out The regular ribbon sugar cane can be raised as easily any year if planted in bottoms near heads of branches where there is plenty of moisture and makes better syrup can generally get 40 or 50 gallons from onefourth of an acre so it is bound to supersede sorghum Then there is the ehufa and ground pea they are planted only in side patches and not as regular part of the farm The negroes about Louisville plant the ground pea and have thern parched on the streets at all times during the winter for sale at 10 cents per quart Very little rice is raised in our county Some of our farmers have purchased rice flour in Savannah to fatten hog It makes for thema savory dish so to speak and puffs them out but not much lard you will find The yam po tato and the Spanish a smaller vaiiety succeed well They are not raised for market only home consumption They could be raised for market if it was not for the difficulty of handlmg Only those who live near a railroad station could ship them with profit They are excellent for family use and feeding stock especially hogs Irtense farming is the rage now Some of our farmers near the Central Railroad are making this year 18 and 22 bales of cotton per plow In the northern part of the county we have quit using high priced ammoniated fertilizers we use only acid phosphates composted with cotton seed and lot manure and while we dont report as high crops we get them with much less expense and permanently improve our lands Potash and phosphoric acid are what our soil sandy loam need Farmers have come to realize the importance of the oat crop A smaller acreage has been sown this fall because they had a heavy crop to gather but now that the cotton is out they will continue to sow through the winter and spring till the area will be equal to last year Some farmers are now buying peas to sow after oats next summer to improve the land Some are making arrangements to clear their land of stumps preparatory to using improved machinery Several reapers clod crushers and sulky plows have been introduced in the county this year You will note that I report a very great per cent better yield in crops this year over last Last year all crops with us failed and notwithstanding the increased per cent of the cotton crop farmers are in no batter condition you will observe from this report which is to be accounted for in the great quantity of provisions bought at time prices and having fallen behind last season cant pay out Farmers are giving much more attention to home raised fertilizers also to raising their own supplies Much more interest shown in the purchase of new implements of husbandry 334 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 278 There is a spirit to make cheap manures by the use of kainit phosphates cotton seed stable manure etc It is possible that farmers will be too care less about providing this fall for another year I advise a plentiful supply of the same by all my friends Laurens countyMy experience is that Acid Phosphates pay best as fertilizers and can be used alone where there is much vegetable matter Cow peas are the best and quickest renovators of our lands High manuring on fewer acres should be the fixed policy of the farmer It pays well to break land with two horse plows and quite a number are in use with us Screven countyThe most economical way of manuring our crops is by compost made of cotton seed 700 pounds stable manure 700 pounds acid phosphate 400 pounds and 200 pounds of kainit cotton seed to be green and well wetted when put in compost and allowed to remain six weeks Apply as any other fertilizer Telair countyThere is a heavy pine forest in this section which is at tracting considerable attention as many are engaging in the lumber and tur pentine business which is an injury to the farming interest hence in mak ing a report my estimate is made in regard to supplies for their interest as they import the most of their supplies SOUTHEAST GEORGIA Clinch countyUpon our leachy sandy soils commercial manures used alone are unprofitable Have been composting some years A significant item apparent this fallfarmers are paying for their ginning in money and hauling their cotton seed back home Effingham countyThis county is not a cotton growing county The farmers generally are small farmers running only one and two plows and make most of their own provisions Liberty countyOur farmers are not in the habit of buying on time ex cept fertilizers and many pay cash for them279 SUPPLEMENTAL EEPOET1882 35 REMARKABLE RESULTS FROM USE OF COMPOST BY MR C D ROBERSON OF WARRENTON WARREN COUNTY GA Warrenton Ga January 6th 1883 Hon J T Henderson Commissioner of Agriculture Dear SirI beg leave to make to you the following statement of results of intensive farming Soil part gravelly gray with yellow clay subsoil and a part of it stiff mulatto land with stiff red clay subsoil A part of the land has been in cultivation for fortytwo years and the other portion sup posed to have been in cultivation for more than a century I commenced cultivating the land four years ago Sowed a portion of it down in peas with 500 pounds compost per acre and turned under the pea crop in the fall and sowed oats on apart of it and in 1880 I planted 14 acres of the land in cotton with abiut 1500 pounds of compost per acreand made a bale of cot ton per acre weighing 529i pounds each I planted in 188150 acres with one ton of compost per acre and made a bale per acre averaging about 450 pounds and in 1882 I planted 41 acres in cotton and made a bale to the acre averaging 455 pounds with one half ton compost per acre I broke the land broadcasted a part of it and the other part being in cot ton I did not break broadcast but opened between the old cotton rows with a large opening plow distributed onehalf ton compost per acre in the furrowand ran through bottom of the furrow a deep scooter furrow ridged with small scooter furrow and bedded with turning plowand run in bottom of furrow with scooter deep Broke out middles with scooter Chopped out to one stalk 1G to 18 inches Gave two good hoeiDgs and chopped out bunches of grass the third hoeing First plowing done with sweeps second with small scooter deep third and fourth plowing with sweeps very shal low I had 41 acres planted in cotton and it made me 41 bales of cotton weighing each 455 pounds The compost I used was as follows Cotton seed 750 bs Stable manure 750 DS Acid phosphate 500 lbs r l 2000 lbs Costing 1000 per ton Profits per acre not less than 2300 I sow my land down every second or third year and manure well with compost and I allow no stock to run on my land When I first commenced working the land it would make with ordinary cultivation and 100 pounds of guano per acre a bale to five acres The land lies about one mile east of Warrenton in what is known as the granite belt Some call it the chinquapin land I find about onehalf ton compost pays me better than a ton per acre on cotton but am satisfied the ton per acre is best to improve the land provided a part of it is broadcasted If you feel disposed to print this you are at liberty to do so Very respectfully C D Roberson P SMy land yields as well in oats as it does in cotton36 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 280 REPORTS OP EXPERIMENTS WITH MILLO MAIZE OR RURAL BRANCHING SORGHUM AND EGYPTIAN WHEAT SEED DIS TRIBUTED BY THE DEPARTMENT LAST SPRING AND WITH DHOURRA CORN Caktersville Ga November 24th 1832 Hon J T Henderson Commissioner Agriculture etc Dear SirOn the 10th of April I sowed the Egyptian wheat you sent me in drills two feet apart in rich alluvial soil covering with a garden rake and when three to four inches high I thinned out to a sorghum stand and when a little higher gave it one plowing and let it alone I did not fertilize with anything It grew off rapidly and matured about 1st of October when I topped it and threshed out a portion by stripping over a barrel by hand and afterwards rubbing and winnowing I sowed onetenth of an acre and the yield was about three bushels We took careful pains with a quart and got all the red caps out and ground it fine twice over in a hand mill and made it into bread and battercakes and found it quite palatable some thing like a mixture of corn meal and buckwheat flour We are however not prepared to use it as a substitute for either corn meal or wheaten flour The portion I did not thresh we fed away to the fowls and found it excellent food for them I send you some of it by express I planted the maize in similar way on the 20th of April and it grew finely and made a heavier stalk and mucii higher some of it being 12 feet but it never matured and was quite green when the first heavy frost came I cut it down and fed away to the cattle Perhaps if I had planted sooner and fertilized with guano it might have ripened The soil was cold and moist and the excess of summer rain kept it back Yours truly Chas H Smith CoviNGTON Ga November 27th 1S82 Hon Jno T Henderson Commissioner of Agriculture Atlanta Ga My Dear SirYour favor of 20th has been received The Millo maize and Egyptian wheat which you sent last spring was planted on the 6th day of April on gray land The rows were run off three and onehalf feet apart and about 150 pounds of Bakers standard guano applied per acre with two furrow3 thrown upon it then with a very small plow the list was opened and seed thinly drilled and covered with a light harrow made for that pur pose The wheat came up in a very few days and grew off rapidly The maize was a long time coming up and seemed to grow off very slowly in deed They were both cultivated in the same manner in which my cotton was Owing to the severe storm we had in September I am unable to form any idea as to what the probable yield would have been I saved all of the seed of the wheat that I could The Millo maize caused I think by the roots being so lacerated and torn up by the storm failed to mature before281 SUPPLEMENTAL REPORT1882 37 frost I am satisfied that both the maize and wheat could be cut two or three times and would yield an immense amount of forage I fed a little of both to my horses cows and hogs They all seem to relish it very much Yours truly Juo F Henderson Midway Near Milledgeville Ga November 2Vth 1882 Hon Jno T Henderson Commissioner of Agriculture Atlanta Ga Dear SirIn response to your letter of the 24th asking for the particu lars of my experiment with the Egyptian or Ivory wheat I submit the fol lowing statement On a portion of a plat fram which a crop of onions had just been harvested I sowed on the 12th of May in rows 105 yards in length opening rows three feet apart Compost of stable manure and ground bone to the value of 700 per acre was applied to the furrows These rows were bedded on with a 4inch diamond scooter The seed were sown in shallow furrows made with a small garden hoe and as thick as three or four seed to the inch The seed were then raked over and rolled In four days the young plants were well up Ten days after it was run round with a cultivating harrow running very close to the plants After the following rain the grass that had sprung up in the row was hoed out and a part of the row chopped out leaving twothirds of the row unchopped In this part the plants were very thick and the product of seed was greater per lineal yard than where chopped out When the wheat had attained a height of 2i feet it was thoroughly plowed with a scooter In the following two weeks it received two harrowings Rains were very seasonable much more so than an average On the 12th of September just four months from the date of sowing the wheat was harvested a man cutting off the heads with about six inches of stalk attached The grain was quite dry from tip to base The heads were stored away for somedays in barrels Just before threshing the wheat heads were spread out on cloths in the sun to dry hav ing absorbed some moisture as the weather was rather wet at the time The wheat was easily frailed out and the product found to be 110 pounds to the 105 yards or at the rate of 84 bushels per acre The stalks threw out shoots from the axils and produced a second crop of small heads which were not saved however If these had been saved it would have advanced the product to the rate of nearly 100 bushels per acre The stalks were cut down and fed to cattle just before frost they eating very readily the blades and tenderest parts of the stalks The soil was a sandy loam After threshing I measured out five pecks and sent it to the only flouring mill convenient but the miller refused to grind the same fearing that the grain would injure his bolting cloth This fear I am satisfied was groundless still I have thus been prevented from testing and havirjg tested its bread making qualities I hope to make this test shortly however This is the third test of this wheat and my convictions are only stronger as to its merits and its probable extended culture in the future It is a very easy crop to make though the harvesting may be considered by many as too tedious I do not regard it as unreasonably tedious though each head38 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 2 must be cut off by hand The stalks grow too high and are too large to per mit of being cut and handled as small grain Considering its productiveness one can well afford to harvest it in this primitive manner In the two pre vious trials the results were 70 and 60 bushelsin neither instance on soils of the highest fertility I am satisfied that it is possible to grow 150 bushels on some soils with intensive culture All who have seen this wheat growing are much phased with it and make request for some of the seed If any of the sorghums are to be advanced to the position of a bread grain in this country it will certainly be this Egyptian or Ivory wheat so called It is far more desirable than the Dhourra corn I believe this embraces all the obseivations that I have been able to make in reference to this plant I ship you today per Central railroad 75 pounds of the seed Respectfully yours Samuel A Cook EXPERIMENT WITH DHOURRA CORN Marietta Ga December 6tb 1882 Col J T Henderson Commissioner of Agriculture Atlanta Ga Dear SirIn compliance with your request I herewith submit my ex perience with the grain known as Dhourra or Egyptian maize I procured the seed of Mark W Johnson Co and planted April 27th last putting about twenty seed to a hill eighteen inches apart in the row and the rows two feet apart I was instructed to thin out to four plants to the hill But many of the seed did not germinate and my stand fell to not more than one and a half plants to a hill Yet at that small stand I harves ted at the rate of sixty bushels to the acre I fertilized the same as for In dian corn The plants were tardy in coming up and I could only chop out the weeds on the 26th of May plowed the 29th of same month and again on June 22d On the loth of August my man reported the seed as ripe and shedding I found the seed on the head fully matured as to size but soft easily mashed in fact in the milk and at the lightest touch the heads would freely shed their seed Indeed by shaking sharply one of the head half of its seed were scattered I was puzzled I had been told that the crop would mature in three and a half months and should then be gathered still the seed was not cured and I determined to let it stand in the field till at least the neck of the stalk began to dry After this I watched it closely The seed began to tighten on the head almost at once In ten days very few seed would drop out on tapping On the 14th of September the curved necks of the stalk were turning a rust brown and many were dry enough to break off I com menced cutting only those which were dry and harvested all from this patch by October 10th The problem since has been how to best remove the seed from their heads to which they cling so firmly and what has given me still more trouble how to separate the hulls from the seed About one half the seed will thresh out readily by ordinary mean the balance requires rough treatment both as to head and hull to clean the seed Most that I have cleaned has been done by a primitive though slow and tedious process283 SUPPLEMENTAL EEPOET1882 39 namely putting the seed into a round sieve and twisting a smaller sieve over them so not only tearing off the hulls but sifting out dust and after wards fanning out the hulls As the plant is well known I need not describe it It makes very little fodder but shoots start at ihe joints after harvesting and stock eat it greed ily The stalk is of no use as a feed whole seed may be fed to hogs and fowls and they are all fond of it I prefer however for cows and horses to crack or grind the seed as it is very hard and much of it would pass whole into the stomach remaining undigested My horse3 and cows are very partial to it as a steady diet although I now feed it as an alternate with corn both served coarse ground lam using the Hess mill for grinding When meal is made well bolted and from clean seed you will find it a palatable dish for jour own table in the form of pancakes It re sembles buckwheat in taste The weevil infests this grain although my loss has been slight from that cause and my seed appear to be sound lam informed that the peculiarity before referred toshedding at three and a half months from dale of planting has hitherto led to harvesting the crop at that time and much trouble has been experienced from molding and heating in bulk I had none of either my seed having been thor oughly cured before gathering and am satisfied that the above error is the cause of faulty seed and the probable reason why this grain has not been more generally cultivated As to time of planting I shall plant one field next spring as early as frost will permit and another after cutting oats The former will mature in four and a half months and the latter may stand in the field as long as you please I have just harvested my late patch The yield to later planting does not however equal the early crop I expect without doubt to secure one hundred bushels to an acre with moderate fertilizing and with less cultivation than is requirjd for Indian corn Very respectfully yours G W Benson The following analysis of this grain by Prof H C White State Chemist from a sample furnished by Mr Benson is instructive Analysis of a sample of Dhourra corn for the Department of Agriculture Water 1312 Crude fibre 261 Fat 224 Starch gum sugar etc 7118 Albumenoids 920 Ash 165 1000 Partial Analysis of Ash Phosphoric acid 3962 Potash 2715 Lime 350 Other mineral matter 2973 1000040 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 284 For convenience of comparison the following analyses previously publish ed are appended They also were made for this Department by Prof White whose report is appended I have the honor to present results of the examination of a sample of Ivory wheat or Egyptian wheat furnished by you some days since By way of comparison I include analyses of three samples of Georgia raised wheat made a few months since upon samples obtained from ther Department No 1 is Red May wheat No 2 is Dallas wheat No 3 is winter wheat variety unknown No 4 is the socalled Ivory wheat No 5 is Millo Maize Analyses Water Crude Fibre Starch Gum Sugar etc Fat Albumenoids Ash No 1 1085 2C0 7338 150 9 82 185 100 00 1 No 2 No 3 No 4 1187 1175 u to 300 265 193 7152 7121 7029 160 195 287 1070 10 S9 1171 175 155 3 20 10000 10000 mo 00 i No 5 1280 223 7166 285 SS6 160 100C0 A partial analysis of the ash of each has been made with the following results Phosphoric Acid Potash Lime Other Mineral Matter No 1 No 2 No 3 No 4 No 5 45 62 4608 46 89 4421 4385 3012 30 89 3616 2920 3008 315 308 310 280 345 2111 1997 18S5 2373 2202 10000 10000 100CO 10000 10000 285 SUPPLEMENTAL EEPORT1882 Proximate Analyses 41 1 Illinois yellow corn 2 Illinois white corn 3 Georgia white field corn 4 Sweet potato yellow yam variety 1 2 3 4 1225 428 721 6385 856 55 1410 363 456 6820 821 130 1075 215 643 7060 882 125 6775 103 010 2885 127 100 10000 10000 10000 10000 Estimating the oil and readyformed fat as of double the value of siarch and other carbo hydrates as fat formers we have the following relative value 1 2 3 4 8027 886 7732 821 8346 882 2905 127 Panthersvtlle Ga December 4th 1882 Col John T Henderson Commissioner of Agriculture Atlanta Ga Dear SirYours of November 27th at hand desiring my experience with Egyptian wheat and Millo maize I planted Egyptian wheat about the 20th of April in three feet rows on mulatto loam clay subsoil in cotton last year did not use any manure The ground was prepared and cultivated the same as for cotton It was thinned to about six stalks to the yard It matured a fine head from the main stalk and later threw out shoots from the joints which matured a small head I consider the yield large Yet I have not gathered mine I consider the grain equal to corn in nutrition I have been acquainted with and have raised this grain in small quantities for more than ten years and consider it superb for chickens I have ground it into flour but am of the opinion that it cannot take the place of any of our breadproducing grains The plant is very hardy and thrifty yet I think it will feel the effect of dry weather as soon as Indian corn but has the great advantage of recovering from the effects of drouth when the show ers come The slow process by which it is gathered is objectionable and its not ripening its entire crop at once is also objectionable It can42 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 28 threshed and fanned on the old fashioned frail thresh and fan for wheat The fodder I consider inferior The Millo maize I planted about the 1st of May Its growth and habit about the same as Egyptian wheat except that it is later and has but one head to the stalk About the 10th ol October I observed that mine had not all come to head and I was certain it would not mature before frost I there fore cut it and fed it as forage Had I planted earJier manured highly and given more distance this would not have Been the case yet I feel confident that it is too slow in maturing for this latitude as a general crop The fod der is inferior to corn fodder I think these crops especially Egyptian wheatcouldwith great economy and profit be raised and gathered as a poultry feed also as a feed for hogs to fatten on without being gathered Yours respectfully T J Flake287 SUPPLEMENTAL REPORT1882 43 BROOM CORNMODE OF PREPARING THE GROUND PLANTING CULTIVATING AND HARVESTING In the cultivation of broom corn the ground should be thoroughly broken with a twohorse turning plow in the fall season so as to secure ell the ben efits of the winter frosts and left in that state until the month of April when it should be again plowed and thoroughly pulverized As soon as danger of frost is over the land can be laid off in rows two or two and a half feet apart according to the land with a scooter plow thus giving the land another working and making it in good condition for receiving the seed which can be sown with a common seed drill at the rate of about three pints to the acre Now as to the cultivation which is necessary the more work it receives the faster it will grow and consequently the sooner it will be off the ground and ready for market When the plants reach the height of four or five inches it should have a good plowing and immediately after the hoes should be put in to chop it out leaving some two or three inches for a hill un disturbed In two or three weeks it should again receive a good close plowing and final hoeing when the hills left at the first hoeing should be cleaned out to one or two stalks at the most choosing the most vigorous of course which would leave the stalks about every eight inches At the last plowinf which should be two or three weeks later according to the judg ment of the farmer it should then be plowed the dirt being thrown well up to the plant A threehoed cultivator has been found very serviceable by the writer in taking care of the crop The next thing to be considered is the mode of saving or harvesting the crop and any carelessness or mismanagement at this point is very liable to take away all the profit of the foregoing cultivation The first point with the manufacturer is color It matters not how good a growth the crop may be if it is red from too long standing in the field or dark from mould or wet its value is damaged It should be saved while green and cured with a view of preserving it in that color Just as soon as the milk in the seed thickens and becomes doughy or starchy cut i leaving six inches of the stalk with the brush It should be gatheied the same day as cut and threshed as the weight of the seed will soon cause it to heat and stain the brush if allowed to lie in piles any length of time It should then be placed on racks or scaffolds notover four inches thick in the layerswith a space of six or eight inches be tween layers in an open shed or shelter care being taken to keep it dry It should be shaken up in the layers once or twice in two or three days ac cording to the weather so as to insure a free passage of air In two weeks of fair weather it is ready to be baled up and sent to market Land that will make a bale of cotton to two acres will produce ten or twelve hundred pounds of broom corn and more or less according to the quality of the land The price varies from three cents per pound to six and seven and also as to quality of brush the market at this writing ranges from fifty to one hundred and fifty dollars per ton A S Lenfestey Of Falvey Lenfestey Brojm Manufacturers Atlanta Ga44 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 288 EXPERIMENTS WITH ENSILAGE All honor to the ladies Two of the three first silos constructed in Georgia by private parties were built by lady farmers Miss P T Howard of Bartow county and Miss E L Howard of Walker county daughters of Col Charles Wallace Howard who did so much for Georgia agriculture while in life and whose mem ory is held in such reverence by the farmers of Georgia Report of Miss F T Howard Cement Bartow county made in response to a request of this Department My silo is 10 feet deep 12 feet wide and 18 feet long dug iQt0 compact clay soil and entirely below the surface The sides are planked and the bottom has planks laid upon it The corn forage second cutting sorghum potato vines and millo maize after bemg cut and weighted filled only 3 feet in depth in the silo On the top and sides several inches moulded from exposure to the air The planks not being seasoned shrank and left large cracks There has been no difference in either the quality or quantity of milk nor the taste or color of the butter resulting from the use of ensilage in feed ing milch cows When the forage was safely deposited in the silo there was an end of all trouble with it until required for feeding One never quite gets done curing corn forage by drying so the mere fact of curing the forage with one opera tion seems such an important advantage over drying it that we now think we see in the not very distant future our longed for goal of an hundred cowsper haps a creamery The cows are fed 21 pounds of ensilage at a feed morning and evening and hay at 12 oclock They have besides Inei usual feed of bran shorts and co n meal They will leave nice well cured lucern or crabgrass hay for the ensilage Our experience has been so entirely that of others that it hardly seemed worth while to tell it only silos are not yet common in Georgia and perhaps the fact that women have made them a success will prove to small farmers that they are neither difficult to make nor expensive If the story of our experiment will be of any use to you in preparing your paper on Ensilage I shall be very glad and hope it will not come too late Report op tub Experiment of Miss E L Howard Ellerslie Walker County Georgia Hon J T Henderson Commissioner of Agriculture Enclosed find a statement of the cost of my little silo I will be pleased to have you use it or not as to you seems best I am perfectly satisfied with the result for my peculiar surroundings as a tiller of the soil I did not include in the estimate the cost of the fertilizer used on onehalf acre as the ground was so poor cow peas would not grow over nine inches hlgh on it and I manured it very heavily1000 worth on the half acre This would be considered extravagance but in my case it was a necessity It was the only ground available and I was determined to fill the pit289 SUPPLEMENTAL REPORT1882 45 I have now a fine crop of rye on the same ground without additional fertilizer But for your determination to represent Georgia at the Exposition I would not iiave had the courage to make the experiment Very truly Miss E L Howard Report of Cost of Building Silo etc9x6x6 feet three feet above ground and three feet belowsoil very loose and sandy To wages of one man one half day digging pit 0 371 To 300 feet of lumber 3 00 To hauling lumber 75 To framing of wood 1 25 To framing of logs and ramming dirt 1 12J To Hand Cutter Dexter No 2 cut one inch 18 00 Cutting hauling and filling in corn forage from one half acre 5 tons 5 621 Ploughing drilling and working onehalf acre 1 50 Total cost of ensilage 7 87 Permanent investment in silo and cvtter25 25 Ensilage is worth 1000 per ton where timothy hay is worth 2000 Five tons ensilage at 10 0050 00 Aggregate cost of pit filled with ensilage and cutter32 371 The crop produced on the half acre therefore paid the cost of production and storage and for the permanent investment and left a balance of 1762 The forage was not weighed but calculated from the size of the silo The wooden frame without a bottom was dropped into the threefoot pit and the earth tightly packed around it The bottom of the pit was firmly packed with wooden mauls and no flooring used The log framing was eighteen inches larger than the wooden frame and surrounded that part of it above ground The space between the two was filled with dry earth which was firmly packed down Six thousand pounds of stone were used as weight The whole work wood work included was done by ordinary farm hands The silo was filled August 24th When opened December 27th two inches of ensilage on top and three inches at one corner were blackenedthe rest per fect All stock eat it freely but do best on one feed of dry roughness per day They should have a little salt daily Where the ensilage is an inch long the stock do not eat all of the stalk With a fee 1 of 60 pounds per day five tons or 10000 pounds of ensilage would keep a cow five and a half or six months Half an acre in ensilage and the other half in forage to be cut and fed green would keep her twelve months This is cheaper than keeping up pasture fences or building large hay sheds and saves waste of roughness by trampling of cattle or careless feeding MR A J ORMES SILO By request Mr A J Orme makes the following report of his experiment with ensilage on his farm three miles from the centre of the city of Atlanta He says My silo is built in the side of a hill Its dimensions are width 16 feet depth 14 feet and length 30 feet its capacity 200 tons It is built of rock quarried on the farm as follows The depth of the pit dug into the ground ranges from 4 feet at the lower side to W at its greatest depth at the46 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 290J surface of the hill A twelveinch wall is built against the solid clay faces of the pit extending to the top of the earth where it is extended over the clay twelve inches more making all of the wall above ground twentyfour inches thick The walls are laid in rich lime mortar and cement about equal parts of each The floor is underlaid in the dim with loose rock for the purpose of drainagethe four sides all draining to one corner where an escape pipe is pro vided This is to prevent the possibility of water rising in the silo This is entirely beneath the floor which is made of a bed of rock say three or four inches thick beat up and cemented forming a solid and smooth sur face The entrance to the silo is at the front or lower end the base of the door being about four feet from the bottom of the pit and on a level with the top of the ground In the rear the top of the stone wall is two and ahalf feet above the surface of the ground At this point the cutter is placed so that the forage is thrown at once from the machine into the silo The silo was not finished until some time in October and consequently was too late to receive the most of the green crops intended for storage in it About forty tons were cut and stored in the silo but much of it was too dry to make good ensilage The stock however relish it as it is Being in a hurry to complete my silo and get the crop that was green most ly pea vines in my wall was left rough This caused the ensilage to mould near the walls where in consequence of the irregularity of the surface the air insinuated itself This I will remedy next spring by making the wall smooth with cement so as to exclude the air when the silo is refilled After packing in the ensilage as best I could I cut plank sixteen feet to fit as tightly as possible putting in a good layer of clar about the joints to exclude the air On these planks I put the cement barrels filled with rockclay etc as close as they would stand to weight down the ensilage About sixty days after the silo was filled I opened it and found the ensilage in a good state of preservationmuch more satisfactory than I had reason to ex pect My silo cost without the covering about 400 They can be built more cheaply and above ground with wood brick or other material Proper weighting and exclusion of air are the two main points My ensil age was reduced by a large cutter to onehalf to threequarter inch lengths I am much pleased and encouraged by my success so far but will be enabled to speak much more intelligently and to give an experience that will be much more valuable after next summer after I have opened my silo which I expect to fill with good green foddercorn etc The butter and milk produced from cows fed on ensilage have shown no ob jectionable effects of such feed It is hoped that many farmers of the State will be encouraged by the experi ence of these pioneers to follow their example during the present yearCircular No jj New Series RESULTS OF SOIL TESTS OF Commercial Fertilizers FOR THE YEAR 1882 Conducted under the Direction of the Commissioner of Agriculture of the State of Georgia J T HENDERSON Commissioner of Agriculture ATLANTA GEORGIA 1882 Mi ftfcVa 4ft S7tWs WtlVYtVtVDepartment of Agriculture Atlanta Ga December 27th 1882 DIRECTIONS FOR CONDUCTING SOIL TESTS OF FERTILIZERS FOR 1882 The following circular was furnished each experimenter as a guide in conducting the soil tests of samples of commercial fertilizers assigned them Dear SirYou will please comply as far as practicable with the fol lowing directions in conducting the soil test of fertilizers sent you from this Department Without the utmost care and accuracy in all observa tions and in every detail of the work from the preparation of the soil to the gathering of the crops experiments are valueless Agricultural experiments are nothing more nor less than questions asked of Nature If a question is not accurately and clearly asked the inter pretation of the answer will be difficult if not impossible Experimenters are therefore urged to give their personal supervision to every detail connected with the soil tests of commercialfertilizers received from the Department in order that they may possess when the crop is gathered all data necessary to give a full and accurate report not only of results but of every essential circumstance connected with the experi ment JklP Reports are expected whether the experiment results in success or failure 1 Select a plat of land as nearly uniform in character and fertility as possible 2 If the test is to be made with corn cotton or any crop planted in rows apply each fertilizer to four consecutive rows 35 or 70 yards long leaving four rows unfertilized between those fertilized with different brands thus A four rows without fertilizer four rows B four rows without fer tilizer four C four etc through the plat When the crop matures gather the too middle rows of each fourf fertilized and unfertilized and weigh and record the same accurately If it is cotton weigh and record carefully each separate picking and the date of each If the test is made with small grain or any crop sown broadcast lay off plats 35 or 70 yards longand 6 feet wide with a vacant space one or two feet wide between the plats and apply the fertilizer to each alternate plat and when the crop is gathered record separately the product of the fertilized and unfertil ized plats In all small grain tests give the weight of the grain and of the straw after the grain is threshed outDEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 294 3 In these experiments use each fertilizer or compost at the rate of 20O or 100 pounds per acre regardless of cost on cotton or corn 200 pounds broadcast on small grain 4 In conducting these tests be careful to have the quality of the soil the preparation planting stand and cultivaion identical on each four rows the only difference being in the kind or quality of fertilizer used Without this the test will not be reliable 5 If compost is used state the formula adopted in composting giving the quantity and character of each ingredient and the method employed in com posting 6 If convenient purchase on the market some of the same brands as those submitted f ir test and report the result as directed in No 2 above 7 Use on the same plat any other brand which you may have 8 Use a portion of the samples submitted for test in contrast with any others you may have on any other crop on your own farm or garden and report result 9 When Acid Phosphate or Dissolved Bjnenot ammoniatedis test ed compost it by formute for composting given in the circulars of this Department 10 Conduct any other test in any manner you may prefer and report results and facts as above requested 11 Make a careful and accurate record of every thing as it is done or as it takes place Let your record also contain the following viz a The character of the soil and subsoil in which the test is made whether sandy clayey marley or calcareous and whether upland or bot tom how long in cultivation and the character of the original growth b Its previous treatment b th as tocrops cultivated and fertilizers used for several previous years and if practicable select a plat which was not fertilized in 1881 c The time and manner of preparation time and manner of planting mode of cultivation seasons both as to temperature and rainfall and any other fact of interest connected with the test of fertilizers 12 When the crop is gathered make a full report to the Department embracing everything laid down in the foregoing or that is connected with the experiment Blanks on which to make out this report from the record made by you during the year will be sent to you in November next These experiments to be valuable should be conducted with great care and the results accurately reported by the first day of December next or as soon thereafter as the results can be ascertained295 SOIL TESTS OF FERTILIZERS1882 RESULTS OF SOIL TEST EXPERIMENTS FOR 1882 NoteIn the following pages those brands of fertilizers marked a were furnished by the Department of Agriculture from samples taken by the Inspectors when they inspected the brands so marked All not so marked were furnished by the experimenters themselves Experiment of Mr R W Everett Fish P O Polk County Ga SoilMulatto gravelly and rolling with northeastern exposure been in cultivation about 43 years original growth oak and hickory Previous treatmentThe plat was sowed in clover in February 1878 and crops were cut from it in 18787980 and 81 when broomsedge be gan to take it It had been alternated in wheat and cotton for several years previous to seeding with clover No manure was applied to the wheat The cotton was fertilized with different brands of commercial fertilizers PreparationFebruary 22d and 23d turned the clover sod with two horse Watt plow April 7th crossbroke with scooters and leveled with twohorse double V harrow April 13th laid off rows 3 feet apart using a flat shovel 8 inches wide and 16 inches long making a furrow as deep as possible Length of rows 35 yards each alternate set of 4 rows each fertilized Compost was made as follows March 13th 750 pounds each of sta ble manure and cotton seed and 250 pounds each of crown phosphate and ash element were put in alternate layers and then thoroughly mixed This remained in heap till April 13th It was applied at the rate of 200 pounds per acre in the bottom of the furrows and listed on with ocehorse Watt plow April 13th PlantedApril 25th opening bed with small plow sowing seed by hand and covering with light onehorse harrow leaving the land nearly level CultivationMay 4th sided with harrow 16th sided with small turn ing scooter and chopped to a stand 30 tb hoed June 2d sided with harrow 27tb hoed following hoes with doublefoot Furguson plow two furrows SeasonsApril 27th rain 28th and 29th much rain and very cold May 1st light frost killing some cotton May 10th and 11th heavy rain 14th rainvery cold Ther 50 degrees F 16th frost Ther 44 de grees Fcotton much injured but not killed so as to materially affect the stand 17th frost Ther 44 degrees F 27th rain 28th heavy rain injuring both crop and land 30th rain June 24th 25th and 27th nice showers July 1st and 2d rain and first cotton bloom Cotton generally much hurt by rustDEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA Results 290 NAME OF FERTILIZER CompostCotton Seed Stable Manure and aGrown Phosphate Nothing CompostCotton Seed Stable Manure Crown Phos and aAsh Element Nothing a Ash Element Nothing aGeorgia State Grange Fertilizer Lbs of Ferizer applied per acre 200 200 200 200 1st picking Sept 22 2d picking October 4 lbs oz 4 0 0 10 4 0 3 0 3 0 3 0 lbs oz 0 3d picking October 16 4th picking lbs oz 0 October 31 lbs oz 7 0 6 0 6 8 4 8 7 0 7 0 7 0 5th picking Novber lbs oz 4 0 In reply to the folllowing request Give the results of your observation in regard to the use of commercial fertilizers during the past few seasons compared with composts Mr Everett says For several years I have tried with great care to conduct experiments but the result has been anything but satisfactory from the fact that dif ferently situated rows in the same plat and similarly fertilized and worked give quite different results When differently fertilized I cannot tell whether the difference in yield be attributable to the soil or the fertilizer To sum up the whole matter my soil tests have been of but little practi cal value to myself and none to anyone else for the reasons above given Composts ahcays pay me best the year applied and infinitely best the second year as shown on small grain But with all the care ajad time that I can devote to the matter I can not accumulate material sufficient to make compost for onetenth of my farm I always make barnyard manures go as far as possible and then supplement with commercial The only fertilizer applied to small grain is what is left in the soil by the preceding hoed crop under which circum stances compost gives the heaviest yield Experiment of Mr Robert Burton Ellaville Schley County Soil Sandy with red clay subsoil original growth postoak hickory and shortleaf pine has been cleared over 50 years Previous treatmentThe land has been in constant cultivation for forty years principally in cotton and occasionally in corn Last year it was cultivated in sweet potatoes manured with cane backings PreparationThe land was broken close and deep with a sixinch turn plow March 23d laid off rows 70 yards long and 3 feet wide running twice to the row dropping in each row by hand 2 pounds 12 ounces of fertilizer except in the three rows in the centre of the plat Ridged on the manure with sixinch turn plow April 18th split the middles with sixinch shovel Fertilizers applied at the rate of 200 pounds per acre297 SOIL TESTS OF FERTILIZERS1882 The compost was made by formula No 1 of the Department of Agricul ture Planted with Dow Law planter April 21st covering with a drag two rows at a time CultivationMay 18th chopped out stand good19th plowed with scooter and 8inch scrape June 6th hoed and reduced to a stand 15th plowed with shovel and scrape July 13th hoed third time 17th plowed with shovel and scooter 20th split middles vith short 9inch shovel Seasons Rained April 22d and 27th May 11th 13th 22d and 31st June 10th 17th and 27th July 1st 2d and 3d with heavy wind 21st 22d 24th and 25 th showery August 2d heavy rain 4th showery We had cool northeast winds which produced lice nn cotton and proved inju rious to all vegetation yet the seasons were in the aggregate favorable Results NAME OF FERTILIZER Lbsof Ferizev applied per acre 1st picking 21 picking 3d picking 4th picking Yield in Seed Cotto per acre Sept 6 lbs oz 7 0 8 0 9 8 2 4 10 8 11 8 11 12 Sept 25 October 14 20 203 3 10 lbs oz 11 0 10 8 8 0 7 8 9 0 10 0 9 0 lbs oz 5 0 3 0 2 0 4 8 2 0 1 8 2 0 ibs oz 1 8 1 0 0 8 1 12 0 0 2 0 1 8 857K 823 700 560 665 809 787 aOiiental Acid Compost Gossypium Pliospho Baldwin Co Ammoniated Dissolved Bone 200 203 200 Cumberland Dissolved Bone Compost pays better than any fertilizer Yet the trouble of having them properly prepared prevents many from using them the other pre pared being easier and looks more like business to most planters Experiment op Mr George L Cain Louisville Jefferson Couuty Soil Light sandy has been in cultivation about fifteen years origi nal growth oak and pine would be considered pine land Previous treatmentThe land has been planted in cotton for three years previous to this and fertilized each year principally with compost of acid phosphate and stable manure PreparationThe old cotton rows were barred off with turning plows the ridge split out with a small shovel and the fertilizers applied in the opening furrow The fertilizers were ridged on with same plow and the bed finished with turning plow rows seventy yards long and three feet wide Fertilizers were applied at the rate of 200 pounds per acre on the 1st of April Compost was made of Stono acid phosphate stable manure and cotton8 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 298 seed equal quantities of each first mixing stable manure and cotton seed and applying acid phosphate in layers after several weeks Planted April 10th with cotton planter Cultivation was done in the usual manner with sweeps and hoes Seasons generally good except during four weeks from 23rd of June to 20th of July when the cotton suffered some from drouth Results NAME OF FERTILIZER Lbs of Fertilizers applied per acre 1st Picking 2d Picking 3d Picking Yield in Seed Cotton per acre Stono Acid Phosphate mixed with stable manure and 200 lbs oz 4 0 2 0 4 0 2 0 3 0 2 0 lbs oz 13 U 9 0 13 0 S 0 9 0 8 0 lbs oz 1 0 8 1 0 8 1 0 8 lbs 030 402 200 030 367 2 0 4ok 3G7 Mr Cain says I am very decided in my opinion in regard to composting and this opinion is derived from actual experiments made side by side with com post and ammoniated guano and I have invariably made as much and often more from compost I am of the opinion that a ton of compost properly made is worth just as much as a fertilizer as any ammoniated guano and it need not cost more than one third as much Experiment of Mr R E Brobston Madison Morgan County Ga SoilDark loam with red clay subsoil exposure level In 1876 was covered with a growth of blackberry briars and broomsedge It had been cultivated many years previous to the war and then turned out The original growth was oak hickory and pine It has been cultivated dur ing the last six years Previous treatmentThe land was planted in cotton in 18767778 and 79 in corn in 1880 and again in cotton in 1881 It was fertilized in 1876 with E Frank Coes guano and in 1881 with Sea Island guano PreparationThe plat was broken February 15 th with a twohorse turnplow On May 1st it was laid off with scooter in rows 140 yards long and 3 feet wide Bedded with a turnshovel and broke out the mid dles with a teninch shovel Plat arranged as directed Fertilizers were applied at the rate of 200 pounds per acre in the drill on May 1st The beds were opened with a 2 inch scooter and the guano strewn in the drill through a guano horn The compost used was made according to the formula issued by the De partment for composting cotton seed stable manure and dissolved b ne299 SOIL TESTS OF FERTILIZERS1882 Planted May 1st putting the seed in with the guano and using an Al len planter without the opening scooter CultivationMay 25th chopped to a stand and then barred off with a turn shovel June 15th ran two furrows to the row with a small shovel and scrape June 19th hoed July 3rd ran twice to row with scooter and scrape 11th chopped out bunches of grass 20th laid by running one furrow to the row with scooter and scrape Seasons were favorable for cotton that was fertilized Results NAME OF FERTILIZE Compost aCumberlani SuperPhosphate aAIta Ammoniated Guano Without fertilizer Lbs of Frttli zers applied per acre i 200 200 200 1st Picking 2d Picking 3d Picking Oct 30 4 th Picking Dec 1 lbs oz 13 C Sept20 Oct 9 lbs oz 5 0 lbs oz 11 0 lbs of 14 l 4 0 9 0 11 0 10 3 0 10 0 12 0 11 0 2 0 4 0 7 0 7 i Yield in Seed Cotton per acre lbs 752 595 350 The two middle rows of each four were weighed and the result is stated above Experiment of Mr J M Dill Clay Hill Lincoln County Ga SoilGray sandy with clay subsoil has been in cultivation sixty years original growth oak hickory and shortleafed pine Previous treatmentThe land was in cotton in 1881 fertilized with com post of acid phosphate stable manure and cotton seed made by the for mula of the Department 200 pounds per acre It was in oats in 1880 without manure PreparationKan a shovel plow under the old cotton stalks and in this furrow the fertilizers were distributed and covered by two turnplow furrows March 15th The rows were seventy yards long and three feet wide running East and West Fertilizers were applied as stated in furrows at the rate of 200 pounds per acre The compost was made after the formula of the Department Planted April 18th by opening beds after being finished by plowing out the middles with turn plow with small scooter sowed the seed by hand in the furrow and covered them with a board CultivationMay 18th barred off with turn plow chopped to a stand May 20th cotton having been seriously injured by a frost May 16th which impaired the stand May 25th plowed with sweep running twice to the row June 23d hoed and plowed twice to the row with sweep and same repeated July 10th completed the cultivation Seasons as regards rainfall temperature etc with the exception of the frost on May 16th were all that could be desired up to August 1st when10 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 300 there was too much rain causing the forms to shed The frost on the 16th of May destroyed the uniformity of the stand and thus impaired the value of the experiment Results NAME OF FERTILIZER aState Grange Acid Phosphate composted Nothing Soluble Sea Island Nothing Pomona Guano Nothing tf Stone wall Guano Nothing Pomona and compost mixed Llis ofi Fertili 1st zers iPickinj applied per acre Sept 3 I 4 0 210 200 400 lbs oz 6 0 3 0 6 0 2 8 6 8 4 0 10 0 3 0 7 0 2d Picking Nov 2 10 0 14 0 Yeldin s e3 Cotton per acre lbs 550 490 561 867 7174 605 910 605 735 Mr Dill says lam decidedly in favor of compost over commercial fertilizers although the result of this years test does not indicate its supe riority which I attribute to want of uniformity in the stand Experiment of Mr J C Middlebrooks Barnesville Pike County SoilWhat is known as mulatto land Has been in cultivation about fifty years Original growth chestnut oak and pine Previous treatmentThe plat has been cultivated in wheat and oats for the last three yearsprevious to that in corn PreparationThe land was bedded in January with small plows and afterwards was bedded upon the guano Hows seventy yards long and three feet wide Fertilizers were applied at the rate of 200 pounds per acre April 12th at the time of rebedding Compost was made according to the formula of the Department of Agriculture Planted April 12th seed strewn by hand CultivationApril 29th plowed with small scooter and scrape and chopped to stand May 15 th May 17thplowed with sweep 21st hoed 22nd plowed with scrape and July 3d repeated this and laid by Seasons favorable except too cold in the spring and storm in Sep tember 301 SOIL TESTS OF FERTILIZERS1882 11 Results NAME OF FEBTILIZER Lbs of Fertilizers applied per acre 1st Picking 2d 3d 4th Picking Picking Picking Yield in Seed Cotton per acre Sept 5 Scpt20 Oct 10 Oct 24 Baldwins Ammoniated Dissolved Bone RDCoes Soluble Bone 200 200 200 lbs oz 2 1 2 1 1 12 0 4 lbs oz 8 8 0 8 8 8 4 0 lb oz 4 0 5 0 5 8 5 8 lbs oz 1 4 1 12 2 8 6 0 lbs oz 553 7 538 7 Savannah Guano Our Own SuperPhos No fertilizer 713 12 551 4 In reply to the following request Give the results of any other experi ments conducted by you this year Mr Middlebrooks says Made experiment on sweet potatoes After the first plowing I covered the ground with straw between the rows All have decided they have made three crop3 Commenced udng in August The large ones have been taken three timis Every tim they go over we get one as large as a mans leg I cannot give you the fiial result as I have not dug tham but expect to get a full crop when I do dig them No guano ued Experiment of Mr John T Wixgfield Washington Wilkes County With Corn SoilLight inclined to mulatto with red clay subsoil has been cleared probably eighty years The stumps haaall disappeared fifty years ago Has been turned out and grown up in pines was recleared since the war Original growth on adjacent landoakhickorydogwood etc Previous treatmentThe land has been in small grain for several years manured with cotton seed each year PreparationKows opened with two mules seventy yards long and four feet wide first with long scooter followed by a short shovel E jws fin ished by four turnplow furrows FertilizersApplied at the rate of 49 pounds per acre when the corn was planted Planted Golden Dent corn March 20th in hills three and a half feet apart in the furrow opened with scooter and moldboard pulled by two mules and covered with forked plow Seasons generally favorable but rather dry in spring for corn Results NAME OF FERTILIZER Without fertilizer Orient Complete Manure Baughs Raw Bone SuperPhosphate Ammoniated Bone SuperPhosphate Without fertilizer Lbs of Fertili zers applied per acr1 uvy2 140 myz Bushels of Corn per acre 4 135 9 110 9 1570 12 67 912 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 302 This I regard a total failurenot only the plat but the whole field es pecially where Dent corn was planted Neither the preparation nor the cultivation was satisfactory and the seasons were rather late for an early variety of corn planted where this was Those who have planted it be fore say seasons must be early and continuous till the corn is made to be successful Most of the Dent corn was imperfect and much of it rotten In reply to the following question Give the results of your obser vation in regard to the use of commercial fertilizers during the past few seasons compared with compost Mr Wingfield says With suitable machinery within reach of small farmers I would take compost every time The great want to caue composts to supplant straight commercial fertilizers is machinery to properly pulverize and distribute lot manures and composts regularly and economically This is one great reason so little attention comparatively is given to making and saving lot manures Experiment of Mr John T Wingfield Washington Wilkes County on Cotton SoilVery light inclined to be wet some gravel yellowish subsoil Has been cleared about 80 years Original growth oak and hickory Previous treatmentThe land was cultivated in oats in 1881 lightly manured with cotton seed and followed by peas and turnips Preparation The land was broken with a twohorse turn plow and har rowed when rather wet The rows were 70 yards long and 3 feet wide Fertilizers were applied at the rate of 175 pounds per acre put in with the seed when planted Planted April 18th in scooter furrow with the fertilizer Results name of fertilizer Without fertilizer Acid Phosphate aBaughs Raw Bone Superphosphate 0rient Complete Manure Ammoniated Bone Superphosphate Lbs of Fertilizers applied peracre 1st picking 2d picking 3d picking Total two rows lbs oz 6 13 8 lbs oz 19 4 33 8 lbs oz 2 8 2 8 lbs oz 27 12 39 8 176 175 16 8 22 4 1 12 40 8 175 7 16 5 8 28 8 175 10 28 7 45 Yield in Setd Cotton per acre lbs 971 1382 1417 997 1575303 SOIL TE6T8 OF FERTILIZERS18S2 13 Experiment of Mr E S Wellons Perry Houston County SoThin gray somewhat sandy with clay subsoil about twelve inches below the surface Has been in cultivation about 40 years Original growth principally long leaf pine Previous treatmentThe land was planted in cotton in 1880 lightly manured with guano It was in oats in 1881 with about 10 bushels cot ton seed broadcasted per acre After the oats were taken off ti e plat was pastured PreparationThe land was broken in February with Dixie plow broad cast April 22d laid off the rows 3 feet wide 35 yards long using for this purpose a large shovel Fertilizers were applied April 22d at the rate of 200 pounds per acre except compost which was applied at the rate of 400 pounds per acre The compost was made according to the formula of the Department of Agriculture All of the fertilizers were strewn along the shovel furrow as evenly as practicable and covered with two furrows of Boy Dixie plow with small wing attached The beds were completed just before planting by running one furrow in the middles with large shovel plow Planted April 26th with Dow Law cotton planter on top of rather low bds May 4th the cotton was up to a moderately good stand Cultivation May 19th chopped to a stand and 23d sided with sweep Afterwards hoed and swept as occasion required Seasons during the year were rather unfavorable to the full develop ment of cotton having been excessively wet The storm September 9tb seriously injured the plat which was then taking on fruit very rapidly Results NAME OF FERTILIZER aWando Fertilizer Not manured Russell Coes Ammoniaied Superphosphate Chemical Co of Canton Not manured aQa Chemical Works Acid Phosphate Cherokee Acid Phosphate Compost Not manured aGa Clumical Works Acid Pirns Compnt Lbs of Fertili zer applied per acre 200 200 200 200 400 1st picking lbs oz 1 2d picking lbs cz 4 1 12 4 4 1 12 3 8 3 12 2 4 3 4 fld picking 4th picking lbs oz 1 S 1 8 1 4 1 8 1 8 1 12 2 1 12 2 8 Yield in Seed Cotton per acre lbs 805 437 682 700 43734 682 647 455 717 Mr Wellons says Taking the cost and permanent improvement of soil into consideration I shall hereafter use only composts They always give most satisfactory results to me1 DEPARTMENT OFAGRICJLTUEEGEORGIA 301 Experiment of Mr R W Ramsey Thompson McDuffie County Soil sandy has been in cultivation 13 years original growth black jack Previous treatmentIt has been cultivated in cotton for the last three years without any fertilizer PreparationThe land was wellbroken with turn plows rows 3 feet wide and 35 yards long bedded with turn plow Fertilizers were applied May 12th at the rate of 100 pounds per acre Wests Acid Phosphate was composted with cotton seed and stable manure according to formula jSTo 1 of the Department of Agriculture Planted May 12th by hand in scooter furrows Cultivation and seasonsMay 20th and 3lst good rains June 3d chopped out 12th light rain 13th scraped 18th light rain 23d hoed 28th scraped July 7th and 14th scraped 19th light rain 25th good ram 31st light rain August 10 th scraped 11th and 26th light rain September 4th good rain Season too wet for cotton Results NAME OF FERTILIZER Lbs of Fertilizer applied per acre 1st picking Oct 12 2d picking Oct 81 3d picking Nov 24 lbs oz 7 3 8 4 2 0 G Yield in Seed Cotton per acre Bone and Peruvian 100 100 lbs oz S 5 7 5 11 7 lbs oz 9 4 9 e 9 4 1440 No fertilizer oWilcox Qibbs Cos Manipulated Guano 1200 7S0 1500 1020 oWests Acid Phosphate 1 100 Mr Ramsey says I believe that compost will pay much better results than simple fertilizers Experiment of Mr J W HollingsworthConyers Rockdale County Soil loamy and light with red clay subsoil Original growth oak and hickory and buckeye has been in cultivation some eight or nine years Previous treatmentIt has been alternated in corn and wheatcorn is 1880 and wheat in 1881product eight bushels per acre No fertilizers were applied to the plat till the present year 1882 PreparationThe land was broken closely middle of February with 4inch scooters The plat has a northern exposure which is unfavorable for an early start in spring Rows seventy yards long and three feet wide Fertilizers were applied at the rate of 200 pounds per acre In order to make the test more interesting four brands were purchased for compari son with those sent by the Department305 SOIL TESTS OF FERTILIZERS1882 15 Planted April 18 th with Garlington planter the Herlong variety of seed good stand secured CultivationMay 10th used side harrow 12th chopped out leaving one to two stalks twelve inches apait May 19th plowed with double stock scooters attached June 8th hoed 19th plowed with shovel July 8th plowed with sweep and hoed July 24th ran one furrow to the row with scooter and scrape The Season has been unpropitious for cotton the spring being very cool with too much rain I think my cotton was cut off onethird by black rust and the September storm Results NAME OF FERTILIZER Lbs of Fertili zer applied per acre 1st picking Sept 22 2d picking Oct 7 3d picking Oct 28 4 th picking Dec 4 Yield iu Seed Co ton per acre all F Grant Co Amnioniated Dis Baie rtDeLeons Dissolved Bone Phosphate Pine Island Guano Not fertilized Blue Bone Orient Complete Manure rtWilcox Gibbs Co Superphosphate Gossypinm 1hospho 200 200 200 2f0 200 200 200 lbs oz 3 2 2 4 3 4 4 S 4 8 lbs oz 9 8 9 1 8 9 8 10 10 9 8 lbs oz 12 8 lbs 1162 9J7 1040 385 1060 927 915 9S0 Experiment of Me S A Freeman Talbotton Talbot County Soil light gray with yellow clay subsoil was cleared fifty years ago was turned c ut soon after the war and continuously pastured until recleared four or five years since The original growth was pine oak and hickory Previous treatmentThe land has been alternated in different crops since it was recleared was in wheat for two years 18801 manured with about twelve bushels of cotton seed per acre in drills No other manure was ever used on the plat before 1881 PreparationThe land was bedded out in Fsbruary on hard surface with scooter and mold board using shovels for opening the middles These beds were reversed April 17th running large shovel plows in the middles The fertilizers were applied in these furrows and the beds again reversed with turn plow Rows three feet wide and seventy yards long Fertilizers were applied at the rate of 200 pounds per acre distributed by hand April 17 Planted April 22d in furrows opened on the beds with a short scooter seed sown by hand and covered with a double plow land in good condi tion at the time CultivationMay 19th sided with scooter and scraper and chopped to a stand June 6th plowed 10th hoed Subsequent cultivation done with shovel and scrape as needed16 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 306 Seasons were very unfavorable especially in the spring on account of much rain cold winds and cool nights A ril 22d heavy beating rains heavy rain May 8th and 11th 11th to 17th cold 28th to 31st heavy rains June 1st heavy rain cotton infested with lice which injured the stand 8th 18th 21st and 22d much rain July 1st rain 2d and 3d showery then to the 20th very hot and dry from 20th July to August 7th rainy and more or less rain until the September storm Results NAME OF FERTILIZER aBone and Peruvian Guano No guano aPlow Brand Raw Bone Superphosphate No guano aWilcox Gibbs Co Manipulated guano No guano Sea fowl guano No guano Georgia State Grange Fertilizer No guano Lbs of Fertili zer applied per acre 200 3 0 1st picking Sept 6 lbs oz 6 8 2d picking Sept 25 lbs oz 7 8 1 8 1 7 1 9 H 7 1 3d picking Nov 8 Yield in Seed Cotton per acre lbs oz 4 lbs 630 175 595 175 560 210 665 140 525 210 Mr Freeman says Some of my neighbors tell me where they have used compost by the side of guano that the compost invariably gives the best results seems to be more lasting and will stand drought much better I used compost this year on corn with most satisfactory results Experiment of Mr John Turner Culverton Hancock County SoilGray with yellow clay subsoil Has been in cultivation at least fifty years Original growth oak and hickory Previous treatmentThe land has been cultivated in cotton and ma nured with 200 pounds compost per acre PreparationThe ground was subsoiled by running a scooter in the bottom of the turnplow furrow in breaking and then bedded in the usual manner Plat arranged as directed by the Department rows thirtyfive yards long and three and onehalf feet wide Fertilizers were applied at the rate of 200 pounds per acre in the furrow before bedding The compost is madi by mixing one ton of plnsphate or guano with f ur tons of stable manure and cotton seed I mix small quan tities thoroughly with forks and hoes and then throw it into large heaps to ferment I like this plan better than putting it in layers Planted April 25th with cotton planter 307 SOIL TESTS OF FERTILIZERS18S2 17 CultivationMay 15th chopped with No 2 hoe leaving it about fifteen inches in the drill 20th sided with 22inch sweep This was repeated June 10th and hoed 15th and 25th and 20th July sided with sweep August 1st laid by with one sweep furrow run lightly in the middles i Seasons were favorable in May as to rainfall and temperature In June and July there was not a season of rainfall and the temperature was greatly against the plant In the latter part of August there was an excess of rain which caused a large second growth none of which matured but was a decided disadvantage to the July crop Results NAME OE FERTILIZER Lba of Fertilizers applied per acre 1st picking SeptlO 2d picking Dec 15 Yield iu Seed Cotton per acre Loreutz Rittler SuperPhosphate 200 200 200 200 200 lbs 3 5 6 6 6 1 lbs 8 7 9 8 5 lbs S23 70O 875 816 816 318 x1 1 1 1 tei 1 Mr Turner says I have no reason to change my opinion concerning composting I believe it pays a much larger per cent than commercial fertilizers Owing to the fact that my section of the county has had poor seasons this year the crops are poorer than any other portion of the county and of course manuring has not paid as much with us as with others Experiment of Mr J E Smith Hatcher Station Quitman County Soil red loam has been in cultivation seven years Original growth oak and hickory Previous treatmentThe land has been in cotton then oats then potatoes then cotton then corn and then cotton again It was fertilized one year when in cotton with 200 pounds compost of cottcn seed and phosphate per acre This year I used 200 pounds Wilcox Gibbs fertilizer per acre with the addition of ten bushels of cotton seed The seed were first spread in the furrow and the guano sprinkled on them PreparationOpened furrows with 4inch scooter In this ten bushels per acre of cotton seed were applied and on them 200 pounds Wilcox Gibbs Co Superphosphate Listed with the same scooter and finished the beds with 6inch turnplow This was done April 20th liows four feet wide and 110 yards long CultivationMay 25th barred off with turnplow 29th chopped out June 5th broke out the middles with small solid sweep 17th sided with 18 inch wing sweep and hoed clean July 2d plowed out middles with 2 18 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 308 winded sweep 29th ploweu out entirely with winged sweep and laid by Reasons unfavorable for cotton on account of excessive rain and heat which seemed to scald and rust he leaves The storm September 9 th injured it at least 33 per cent Results NAME OF FERTILIZER aWilcox Gibbs Co Superphosphate and Cotton seed i Baldwins Atnnioniated Dissolved Bone and Cotton sef d Etiwan Dissolved Bone and Cotton seed Lbs of Fertili zers applied per acre 200 S0O 200 30j 250 300 Yield in Seed Cotton per acre lbs 81G 900 762 Mr Smith says I find that in proportion to the cost of the fertilizers the acid phosphates pay eighteen per cent more profit than the ammo riiated superphosphates Experiment of Mr Eugene B Heard Elberton Elbert County Soil dark mixed with a little sand Subsoil red clay Has been in cultivation about twenty years Has a southern exposure Original growth red oak hickory post oak and whits oak The soil of the plat is very poor and was purposely selected in order to give a more thorough test of the different brands of fertilizers Previous treatmentIt was in cotton in 1880 and fertilized with com post was sown in oats in the fall of 1880 without fertilizer PreparationThe plat was broken in spring with Dixie plow Last of April opened furrows thirtyfive yards long and three feet wide with large shovel two furrows in one and broke out middles with common shovel Fertilizers were applied at the rate of 200 pouids per acre in the shovel furrows Composts were made according to the formulae of the Depart ment of Agriculture Planted last of April in small furrow and covered with small double foot plow CultivationMay 14th hoed and thinned to a stand May 30th plowed with shovel and mold board two furrows to the row June 22d hoed and plowed with sweep two furrows to the row July 12th hoed 15 th plowed with sweep three furrows to the row August 17th plowed with sweep to sow oats two furrows to the row Seasons were everything that could be desired from the time the cotton was planted until it was gathered No frost until November309 SOIL TESTS OF FERTILIZERS1882 19 Results NAME OF FERTILIZER Lbs of Fertilizer applied per acre 1st Picking Oct 6 2d Picking Nov 16 Yield m Seed Cotton per acre Lorentz Rittler Guano 200 Ibs oz 332 8 245 280 175 280 175 245 192 8 315 175 210 157 8 ibs oz 245 200 215 190 20J 150 200 16 180 150 215 150 lbs 7 llerrymans Dissolved Bone 200 525 365 430 325 415 352 495 326 Kainit compost 200 a Atlantic Acid compost 200 aLister Bros Crescent Bone 2C0 200 No guano 307 Mr Heard says lam fully convinced that composts are much more profitable than commercial manures So thoroughly am I convinced of the fact that I never use any of the commercial fertilizers alone except for the purpose of experiment Experiment of Mr W A Speer McDonough Henry County Soil light gray upland with good red clay subsoil Original growth oak hickory and pine The land has been cleared about thirty years Previous treatmentThe plat has been cultivated in cotton two years and fertilized with two hundred pounds of commercial manure per acre applied in the drill PreparationThe land was broken in March with half shovels About the 2oth of April rows were opened seventy yards long and three feet wide with shovels and subsoil plow run four inches deep in the bottom of shovel plow furrows Fertilizers were applied at the rate of 200 pounds per acre and bedded on with a short half shovel 25ih of April Compost was applied at the rate of 300 to 500 pounds per acre The compost was made as follows 100 pounds of Wests Acid Phosphate 10 pounds refuse salt from bulk meat 280 pounds cotton seed and 110 pounds stable manure The cotton seed were thoroughly wet and the entire heap covered with dry earth after the compost heap was completed Planted April 26th and 27th in small scooter farrow with cotton planter at the rate of one and onehalf bushels per acre CultivationMay loth the common sixtoothed iron harrow was run over the cotton followed in three or four days with doable stock with20 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 310 square pointed scooter Chopped out between the 25th and 28th of May leaving two stalks to the hill twelve inches apart June 14th plowed again with square pointed scooter two furrows to the row The third plowing was done with sweep June 28th and 29th July 16th laid it by with sweep three furrows to the row SeasonsThere was a cold spell about the 1st of May which prevented the cotton from coming up well resulting in a poor stand The rainfall from May 1st to July 23d was admirably suited to the growing plants though June 17th the cotton was somewhat injured by a hail storm The temperature from May 1st to August 31st was cool and considera bly below that of 1880 ard 1881 After July 23d there was excess of rain for forty days that caused cotton to shed and run too much to weed and generally unfavorable to maturing cotton Results NAME OF FERTILIZER Baldwin Dissolved Bone Banghs Raw Bone aWests Acid Compost No guano aGem Guano Merryrnans Dissolved Boae rtGate City Superphosphate a Wests Acid Phosphate Compost Empire Guano No guano Bradleys Patent Superphosphate Lbs of Fertili applied per acre 200 200 500 200 200 200 300 200 200 1st Picking Oct 2d Picking Oct 29 lbs oz 10 lbs oz 6 10 8 10 6 4 10 3d Picking Nov 20 lbs oz 7 6 6 8 6 6 4 9 6 4 4th Picking Dec 1 Tleld in Seed Cotton per acre lbs oz 1 S0 1610 1960 11E0 1960 2012 1890 1810 1540 840 1610 An experiment was made by Mr Speer with corn on good ordinary bottom land with the following Results NAME OF FERTILIZER Baldwins Dissolved Bone Baughs Raw Bone Gate City Guano VMUiout fertilizers Wests Acid composted uQem Guano Lbs of Fertili zers applied per acre Bushels of Coin per acre 125 150 300 500 2C0 32 28 35 20 45311 SOIL TESTS OF FERTILIZERS1882 21 Mr Speer says My observation in regard to the use of commercial guanos composted with composts is not favorable to commercial guanos Why Because when compost is properly made that is by using phos phates salt cotton seed and stable manure one has a fertilizer with all the properties necessary to the growth of cotton or corn without the fiery nature of commercial guanos and with onehalf the cost Individually I used less commercial guano and more compost in 1882 than ever be fore and with more profitable results The use of composts begets econ omy in purchasing commercial guanos which is an item worthy of con sideration Experiment of Mr B F OKelley Planter Madison County Soil red clay has been cleared forty or fifty years Was cultivated for twentyfive years then turned out twelve years and was again brought into cultivation in 1875 Original growth pine oak chestnut dogwood hickory and sweet gum Previous treatmentSince 1875 the land has been in corn three years in wheat two years and cotton two years Was in wheat in 1881 No extra treatment has been given the land at any time When in cotton 1880 200 pounds fertilizer were applied per acre ard eight bushels cotton seed per acre applied to wheat in 1881 A plat of poor land of uniform fertility was selected for the test PreparationThe land was broken tolerably deep with common turn ing plows At planting time rows 70 yards long and 3 feet wide were laid off with scooter plow following in the same furrow with shovel plow Fertilizers were applied at the rate of 200 pounds per acre April 25th No regular formula was employed in preparing the compost Planted April 26th with Dow Law planter CultivationMay 20th sided with sweeps and hoed to stand June 1st sided with shovel following with two sweep furrows to the row in middles July 3d hoed again July 20th hoed and plowed with sweeps Seasons in early spring very unfavorable to the growth of cotton the nights were cool with some frost Bains fell as follows June 1st good rain 11th and 17th light rains 18th good rain July 2d 12th 15th 18th and August 2d good rains After August 2d there was no more rain until the second week in Septemberfive weeks of drouth which in j ured the crop22 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA Results 312 nase op fertilizer No manure aOrient Complete Manure aChapells Champion Guano No manure aReeves Nicholsons Matchless Cotton Grower Georgia State Grange Etiwan Dissolved Bone composted Lbs of Fertili zers applied per acre 2C0 200 200 200 200 1st Picking lbs oz 1 9 8 10 1 4 11 8 12 7 2d Picking lbs oz 7 9 8 10 8 11 8 11 3 9 8 3d Picking lbs oz 4 S 4 4 5 5 5 Yield in Heed Cotton per acre lbs 360 720 720 510 840 795 645 Experiment ofMrW B McDaniel Glen Julia Fla Decatur Co Ga Soil stiff gray and pebbly land with red clay subsoil has been in cul tivation twenty years Original growth pine oak and dogwood Previous treatmentIt has been alternated in corn arid cotton with very little fertilizers The corn crop of 1881 was fertilized with cotton seed and Cumberland Superphosphafc PreparationThe land was bedded with onehorse Watt plow in Feb ruary and rebedded in April with same plow running twice in same fur row rows seventy yards long and three and onehalf feet wide running north and south Fertilizers were applied by hand April 20th at the rate of 200 pounds per acre Compost was made in several ways and applied in different quantities per acre One was made as follows Etiwan Dissolved Bone 100 pounds twenty bushels cotton seed and twenty bushels stable manure Another as follows Etiwan Ammoniated Dissolved Bone 100 pounds twenty bushels cotton seed and twenty busheh stable manure Planted April 20th in furrows opened with email scooter seed sown by hand and covered with board CultivationMay 20th ran a threetooth harrow around the cotton 26th chopped to one and two stalks to the hill June 4th and 23d sidtd with sweep July 1st heed 15th plowed again with sweep August 1st plowed with 24inch sweep very shallow Seasons very good for planting and growing the crop but rains were excessive from the 10th of July to 10th of August This retarded fruiting313 SOIL TESTS OF FERTILIZERS1882 Results on Cotton 23 NAME OF FERTILIZER aBaldwIn8 Ammoniated Soluble Bone aAHa Ammoniated Guano dE Frank Coes Ammoniated Superph sphate Etiwan Ammoniated Dissolved Bone Cumberland Bone Superphosphate Etiwan Dissolved Bone cotton seed and stable manure Etiwan A md Dis Bone cotton seed and stable manure Lbs of Fertilizers applied per acre 1st Ficking Sept 16 2d Picking Oct 16 3d Pickinc Nov 15 200 ibs oz 9 8 lbs oz 6 lbs oz 1 4 300 S 8 5 6 2 200 7 8 5 8 1 8 200 9 1 4 200 8 8 1 2 400 9 8 6 1 4 400 8 8 5 6 2 Yield in Seed Cotton per acre lbs 502 47S 4C5 307 a 288 503 476 Results on Corn NAME OF FERTILIZER Cumberland Bone cuperphosphate 200 pounds And cotton seed 150 pounds Etiwan Dissolved Bone 200 pounds And cotton seed 150 pounds Lbs of Ferili zer applied per acre 350 350 Busbels of Corn per acre Lbs of Fodder per acre 35 30 500 400 Date of plantg March Date of matu rity Aug 15 Mr McDaniel gays The profits on commercial fertilizers have been limited this year Composts have paid fully as well and have left the soil in a much better condition Experiment of Mr M E Russell Carrollton Carroll County Soil stiff clay cleared in 18G8 Original growth red and post oak Previous treatmentThe land has been cultivated in cotton two years and small grain one year for the last ten years When planted in cotton from 125 to 150 pc unds commercial fertilizers were applied per acre each year No fertilizer applied to the small grain PreparationThe land was broken February loth with onehorse turner April 1st furrows were opened with ten inch straight shovel thirty five yards long and three feet wide The fertilizers were distributed in these furrows and bedded on with turn plow Fertilizers were applied at the rate of 200 pounds per acre April 1st in shovel furrow Planted by hand April 18tb in furrow made by small scooter with block following and covered with double plow CultivationMay 12th ran irontoothed harrow over the cotton and chopped out May 16th sided with scooter 26th sided with scooter and scrape June 3d and hoed 12th plowed again with scooter and 16inch scrape June 19th and hoed 24th plowed with scooter and 18inch gcrape24 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 314 July 6tb running twice to the row July 14tb ran one furrow to the row with 18 inch scrape Seasons good till August when there was too much raia causing the cotton to run too much to weed Results NAME OP FERTILIZER Lbs of Fertilizer applied per acre 1st Picking 2d Picking 8d Picking Yield in rieed Cotton per acre Obers Guauo lbs oz 200 lb oz 7 9 1 8 10 4 1 8 11 2 1 6 11 1 1 8 lbs oz 12 1 7 4 9 7 9 8 6 4 6 8 7 2 lbs oz 1 4 2 1 1 8 1 4 2 2 2 2 4 1 0 lbs 1406 705 No fertilizer Pendletons Ammoniated Superphosphate 200 1405 682 No fertilizer aBaldwin Cos Ammoniated Solube Bone 200 1660 673 No fertilizer aCumbcrland Superphosphate 1386 695 I fertilized four rows and left four rows with nothing each time then picked the two middle rows of each set of four Experiment of Mr C P Sewell Etowah Floyd County Soil dark sandy bottom supposed to have been in cultivation thirty or thirtyfive years Original growth oak pine hickory and poplar Previous treatmentThe plat was cultivated in corn in 1880 and in cotton in 1881 fertilized with 100 pounds commercial fertilizer per acre PreparationThe land was turned with onehorse plows last of March April 10Lb opened furrows seventy yards long and three feet apart with straight shovel Fertilizers were applied in these furrows which were listed with onehorse turn plows and the middles finished with shovel and large scrape Fertilizers were applied at the rate of 200 pounds of the commercial fertilizers and 400 pounds compost per acre One compost was made of equal parts of stable manure and cotton seed and another of Gossypium Phospho cotton seed and stable manure prepared according to formula No 1 of the Department Planted April 21st with Dow Law planter first opening the furrow with a small scooter Cultivation May 2d harrowed over the rows 13th sided with harrow 25th hoed and reduced to a stand hills tea or twelve inches apart one to two stalks to the hill May 31st harrowed again June 14th sided with scooter and small scrape June 29th sided with scooter and scrape and followed with hoes July 6th ran one furrow to the row with scooter and large scrape 19th ran two furrows to the row with scrape August loth ran one furrow to the row with large scrape315 SOIL TESTS OF FERTILIZERS1882 25 Seasons were unfavorable for cotton iu the spring There were light frosts 13th 14th and 15th of May that injured the stand It continued cool until June 8th There was an abundance of rain from planting time until September 31st First killing frost November 14th Results NAME OF FERTILIZER Lbs of Fertilizer applied per acre 1st Picking 2d Picking 3d Picking 4th Picking Yield in Seed Cotton per acre 400 400 2C0 200 200 lbs oz 1 2 8 1 4 5 8 4 4 2 lbs oz 6 12 11 4 7 8 12 12 10 12 7 12 lbs oz 14 14 23 12 17 8 18 16 15 lbs oz 7 8 12 6 8 12 9 8 7 8 lbs 525 a Compost Gossypium Phospho cotton eeed 883 Compost of equal parts of cotton seed and sta 630 797 683 640 Mr Sewell says Compost of Acid Phosphate stable manure and cot ton seed I think superior to commercial fertilizers according to the cost to the farmer Experiment of Mr W D H Johnson Holton Bibb County Soil sandy loam with red clay subsoil soil eight or ten inches deep has been in cultivation about fortytwo years Original growth red oak hickory and poplar Previous treatmentIn 1880 the land was planted in wheat with 25 bushels of cotton seed per acre was uncultivated in 1881 and a crop of grass and weeds turned under PreparationThe land was broken with a long scooter rows seventy yards long and three feet wide ran east and west Fertilizers were applied at the rate of 200 pounds per acre in shovel furrow April 3d Compost was made according to formula No 1 of the Department of Agriculture CultivationMay 13th plowed out the rows with winged sweeps 20th chopped to a stand two stalks to the hill Subsequent cultivation done with sweeps and hoes iu the usual way SeasonsThere was enough rainfall during the growth of the crop to make two crops causing too low a temperature for the full development of the plat26 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA Results 316 NAME OF FERTILIZER aMastodon Guano aGeorgia Bone Cotton Acid Phosphate composted Kainit Acid Phosphate andNiire composted The Wando Acid Phosphate ordered shipped to my address never arrived Lbs of Fertili zer applied per acre 200 200 200 Yield in Seed Cotton per acre lbs 904 867 1017 Experiment of Mr J M Cox Woodville Greene County Soil light sandy bottom has been in cultivation about 28 years Original growth sweet gum hickory and oak Previous treatmentThe plat has been alternated in wheat and cotton since 1879 PreparationThe land was turned over in January with a onehorse turnshovel In April rows were laid off with a long scooter rows seventy yards long and three feet wide Listed on fertilizers in these furrows with scooter and last of April broke out the middles with onehorse turnshovel Fertilizers were applied at the rate of 200 pounds per acre mixed five brands of commercial fertilizers and then combined this mixture with fine stable manure at the rate of one of the former to three of the latter Used also some lot manure in the place of the fine stable manure Planted May 2d in small furrows opened on the beds with coulter and covered with doubletooth harrow Plat arranged and crop gathered and weighed as directed by the De partment Cultivation was done in the usual way with sweeps and hoes Seasons generally go d but too wet for bottom land Results NAME OF FERTILIZER oEnreka Ammoniated Superphosphate oReeves Nicholson Cos Matchless Guano aSchaffers Steimed Animal Bone v Without fertilizer Stable manure Compost stable manure Compost of lot manure Lbs of Fertili zers applied per acre lbs oz 200 200 200 200 200 200 1st Picking Sepl27 lbs oz 12 12 10 7 12 12 11 2d Picking Oct 27 lbs oz 36 35 38 40 46 47 45 3d Picking Dec 6 lbs oz 12 10 12 18 13 13 14 Yield in Seed Cotton per acre lbs 2100 2095 21C0 2275 2485 2620 2450317 SOIL TESTS OF FERTILIZERS1882 27 Experiment of Mr S P Odom Drayton Dooly County Ga Soil sandy with clay subsoil has been in cultivation ten years Orig inal growth longleaf pine mixed with postoak Previous treatmentThe plat was cleared in 1872 and was cultivated in corn and field peas has been cultivated in cotton without fertilizer every year since PreparationThe land was thoroughly broken with eight inch half shovel March 8th April 1st opened furrows three feet wide and seventy yards long with sixinch shovel In these furrows the fertilizers were ap plied and bedded on Fertilizers were applied at the rate of 280 to 350 pounds per acre as shown in tabular statement Compost was made by formula No 1 of the Department and applied at the rate of 600 pounds per acre Planted April 3d in furrows opened with a V block seed sown by hand and covered with a board A perfect stand was secured in ten days CultivationApril 26th sided with scooter and chopped out May 13th plowed with 16inch sweep acd hoed this was repeated June 3d and 20th and July 8th SeasonsRained April 8th 19th 20th and 30th May 10th 11th 23d and 28th June 6th 7th 12th 14th 18th 22d and 29th July 1st 3d 12th 17th 18th 19th and 25th August 1st 5th 10th 17th 19th 27th and 30th September 4th 12th 15th 20th 21st and 30tb and from that date on good seasons Results NAME OF FERTILIZER oAtlantic Acid Phosphate compost Without fertilizer Walton Whann Plow Brand Without fertilizer aRassel Coe Ammoniated Bone Without fertilizer Chemical Co of Canton Colgate Manure Without fertilizer aLorentz and Rittlera Guano Ammoniated Without ft rtilizer J H Baker CoN Y Lhs of Fertili zer applied per acre 350 350 1st Picking Aug 20 2d Picking Sept15 lbs oz 6 3d Picking Oct 19 lbs oz 17 lbs oz 11 4th Picking Nov 16 Yield in Seed Cotton per acre lbs 1505 665 1085 560 1015 SCO 980 525 1085 560 1085 In reply to the following request Give the results of your observation in regard to the use of commercial fertilizers during the past few seasons28 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 318 compared with composts Mr Odom says My experience in the ue of fertilizers this year confirms me in the opinion before advanced that a compost made of stable manure green cotton seed and superphosphate or kainit is decidedly the best paying fertilizer that can be used on cotton or corn On old gray lands thirtyfive or forty pounds of potash might be added to the ton It retains its strength much longer than the highest grades of commercial fertilizers and is not so liable to rust cotton or fire corn as other fertilizers The compost when put up in bulk should stand at least six weeks before using In the free use of compost it requires more time and labor in preparing and distributing it than commercial fer tilizers But we must learn to cultivate less land and compost higher each year increasing the fertility of our lands annually until we can produce as much as we now do on onethird of the land we now cultivate Experiment of Dr W C Paschal Dawson Terrell County Soil sandy with yellow clay subsoil Original growth pine Very old land Previous treatmentThe land has been cultivated in cotton for several years consecutively with an application of from 75 to 100 pounds of fer tilizers each year PreparationThe land was broken with turn plows last of February Kows three and onehalf feet wide and seventy yards long Fertilizers were applied 24th of March at the rate of 200 pounds per acre in furrows opened with fourinch diamondpointed scooter followed by sixinch turn plow in the same furrow The beds were formed with five furrows of sixinch straight shovel to the row Planted March 31st with cotton planter which opened distributed the seed and covered them at the same operation CultivationSided first with turn plow bar to the cotton following with subsoil plow so run as to fill up the furrows made by the turn plow The cotton was then chopped to one and two stalks to the hill Subsequent cultivation done with plows and hoes in the usual wayhoed once and plowed four times more Seasons Plenty of rain all the year The cool nights in May made the cotton very lousy and injured the stand some Cotton very small until 1st of June after that good seasons and hot nights made it grow very rapidly Storm 12th September beat out the cotton very badly and made the test very unsatisfactory as the cotton was open very thick at the time319 SOIL TESTS OF FERTILIZERS1882 29 Results NAME OF FERTILIZER Without fertilizer Wilcox Gibbs Co Without fertilizer Orient Complete Manurei Without fertilizer oSchaffers Steamed Animal Bone Without fertilizer Cotton seed meal and acid phosphate oil extracted Without fertilizer Cotton seed meal and acid phosphate oil not extracted Without fertilizer aReeves Nicholson Co8 Cotton Grower Without fertilizer aBaughs Eaw Bone Superphosphate Lbs of Fertili zer applied per acre 1st Picking Aug 25 2d Pickieg Sept27 200 lbs 240 660 360 680 360 480 360 600 270 600 360 700 SCO 780 Yield in Seed Cotton per acre lbs lbs 540 780 510 1170 300 660 390 1020 420 780 390 S70 300 660 330 930 420 690 30r 900 30 660 390 1090 750 1250 630 1430 The second picking was made after the storm some of the cotton having sprouted and come up After the storm on the 13th September the cotton was so blown out and beat about that I decided at one time to abandon the test I regard the tet as very unsatisfactory Experiment of Mr J T Dennis Eatonton Putnam County Soil dark red cleared more than fifty years ago and has been in culti vation nearly all of that time Original growth oak and hickory Previous treatmentIt was in cotton in 1880 fertilized with cotton seed stable manure and acid phosphate and a good crop gathered A poor crop of oats gathered from it in 1881 In the fall of 1881 it was turned with a twohorse plow Preparation In April furrows were opened with double shovel plow thirtyfive yards long and three feet wide In these furrows the ferlilizers were distributed the lists made with scooters and the beds finished with turn plow Fertilizers were applied at the rate of 200 pounds per acre when used alone and 400 pounds when compost was used Compost was made ac cording to the formula of the Department Planted April 15th using Dow Law planter CultivationAs soon as the cotton was well up it was barred off with turn plow and chopped to a stand about a week behind the plow It was then plowed every two or three weeks with sweeps until laid by Was hoed twice after chopping Seasons were very favorable a regards both rainfall and temperature30 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA Results 32d NAME OP FERTILIZER Patapsco Acid and green cotton seed Without fertilizer Patapsco Acid compost Without fertilizer StoDO Acid compost Without fertilizer aWando Fertilizer Without fertilizer ieorgia Patapsco Guano Without fertilizer Pure ground bones Without fertilizer aStono Acid Phosphate Without fertilizers Georgia Chemical Works Acid with K O Without fertilizer Lbs of Fertili zers applied per acre 400 400 200 200 200 200 1st Picking Sept 25 lbs oz 7 8 2 8 8 8 1 8 7 S 1 8 4 8 1 6 8 1 8 4 8 2 8 2d Picking Oct 16 lbs oz 5 3d Picking Nov 8 lbs oz 4 5 4 4 8 4 4 5 5 5 8 5 8 4 8 4 8 4 S 4 8 3 8 5 3 Yield in Seed Cotton per acre lbs 1155 630 1190 665 1295 810 1470 805 1485 665 1085 630 1225 630 1015 630 Mr Dennis says Compost of put in the ground with acid early ammoniated fertilizers green cotton seed and stable manure in the season will pay much better than Experiment of Mr W A Turner Newnan Coweta County Soil light gray thirty years in cultivation Original growth post oak and red oak Previous treatmentCommercial fertilizers were applied to the land in 1880 and oats sown on it in 1881 PreparationThe land was first broken with turn plows furrows opened fertilizers applied and the land bedded with turn plows Rows seventy yards long and three feet wide Fertilizers were applied at the rate of 200 pounds per acre last week in March Compost was applied at the rate of 400 pounds per acre It was made as follows 800 pounds each of stable manure and cotton seed and 400 pounds acid phosphate Planted first week in April in small scooter furrows opened in the beds Covered with a double foot plow CultivationTea days after planting ran over with Vihaped hanov with center tooth out Excessive rains packed the land so last week in321 SOIL TESTS OF FERTILIZERS 31 April used the same harrow again with center tooth in to break the crust and sided with small scooter First week in May sided with double foot plow small scooter in front and larger one in rear Plowed with same stock two weeks later with shovel on the rear foot Gave it two plowings in June twelve days apart with short shovels and scrapes Used the same plow twice in July SeasonsA good deal of rain fell in April and Mayvery cool caused cotton to droop and die out very badly very unfavorable for growth of crop stand bad Cotton grew very little until June and the backset in spring was felt by the crop and retarded its increase in size After the warm suns of June it grew off well but the entire crop was late in open ing some of it not opening until in December Results NAME OF FERTILIZER aGossypium Pho pho Fendletons Ammoniated Superphosphate oEureka Ammoniated Bone Compost Acid Phosphate Lbs of Fertilizers applied per acre 1st picking Sept20 2d picking Oct 10 3d picking Nov 2 4th picking Dec 20 200 lbs oz 2 lbs oz 8 lbs oz 6 12 lbs oz 1 4 200 2 6 12 4 4 1 200 2 6 4 1 400 1 10 8 6 9 2 200 12 0 4 4 Yield in Seed Cotton per acre lbs 1260 910 1470 770 A little still to pick for which I have waited but forward this as there will be very little change Experiment of Mr J H Hays Hogansville Troup County Soil gray with clay subsoil has been in cultivation about twelve years Original growth oak and hickory with some chestnut Previous treatmentThe plat has been planted in sweet potatoes for the last four years without manure the vines all removed and the land devoid of vegetable matter Preparation The land was broken deeply last of March with small scooters April 5th opened deep furrows with large shovel Id these the fertilizers were applied and covered with two furrows Fertilizers were applied at the rate of 200 pounds per acre April 5th in shovel furrows Compost was made according to the formula of the Department Planted April 21st in small scooter furrow pressed open with follower block Covered with a board with iron teeth attached CultivationMay 8th sided with scooter and Johnsons combination plow May 10th hoed to a stand May 26th sided again with scooter and scrape and ran one furrow in the middles with same plow Jane 8th sided with scooter and large scrape June 10h hoed second time 21th split middles with scooter and scrape July 13th then furrows with scooter and scrape32 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 322 SeasonsApril 8th and 12th good rain loth 19th 20th light rain 22d heavy rain 28th good rain May 1st cool thermometer 36 deg F Light frost 15th May 22d 28th and 30th good rains June 9th light rain 19th good rain 22d 23d 27th and 28th light rains 30th heavy rains July 2d 3d 4th 11th and 21st light rains 25th and 29th good rains There was too much rain during the entire summer with too little sunshine in consequence of which cotton made large weed and but little fruit Results NAME OF FERTILIZER Blue Bone Phosphate Without fertilizer aOriole Oakey Woods Fertilizer Without fertilizer aSchaffers Steamed Bone cotton seed and eta ble manure compost Without fertilizer Sterns Ammoniated Bone Pomona Guano Bakers Standard Guano Lbs of Firtili zers applied per acre 200 200 20 200 200 1st Picking SeptlG lbs oz 12 1 0 4 1 a 1 7 2 2d 3d Pickingj Picking Oct 2 Oct 26 lbs oz 2 7 1 7 2 9 1 6 3 4 7 1 3 12 lbs oz 1 12 4th Pickinj Nov 24 lbs oz 4 3 3 4 Yield in Seed Cotton per acre lbs 726 490 701 481 1093 4S1 647 700 833 Mr Hays says My experience and observation during the past few years prove conclusively to my mind that compost properly made is bet ter than guano especially on land devoid of humus as most of our cotton lands are Experiment of Mr C M Witcher Point Peter Oglethorpe County Soil gray sandy It was originally cleared about sixty years ago was subsequently turned out Was recleared about twelve years ago and has been in continuous cultivation since Original growth oak cum and hickory Previous treatmentThe plat has been cultivated in cotton for several years and manured with commercial manures except last year when barnyard manures were applied PreparationApril 5th put fertilizers in the middles of the old cotton rows listed with ripper and bedded out with turn plows Kows four feet wide and thirtyfive yards long Fertilizers applied at the rate of 200 pounds per acre in furrow made by running twice with large ripper listed with same plow Compost made according to formula of the Department and applied at the rate of 400 pounds per acre323 SOIL TESTS OF FERTILIZERS18S2 33 Planted April 25th in small furrow opened with coulter and covered with harrow CultivationMay 9th sided with Johnson plow May 12th chopped out June 2d sided with solid sweep June 15th hoed and plowed mid dles June 27th plowed with solid sweep July 5th plowed middles and laid by SeasonsApril 22d cool rain 29th good rain May 11th 22d and 26th good rains May 29th light rain May 31st good rain June 1st and 11th light rains June 29th good rain 20th and 27th hard rains July 4th and 8th good rains 18th light rains 22d hard rain 25th and 30th good rains August 1st good rain 3d light rain 11th and 14th hard rains 17th and 26th light rains 28 th hard rain Sep tember 9th good rain 10th heavy storm of wind and rain October 18th good rain 19 th light rain With the exception of cool spring and many heavy rains the season was more favorble for cotton than for many years Results NAME OF FERTILIZER aEutaw Acid Phosphate compost Without fertilizer Franklins Ammoniated Bones Without fertilizer Mastodon Guano Without fertilizer aStono Soluble Uuano Lbg of Fertili zer applied per acre 400 300 1st plckin Sept 16 lbs oz 5 12 3 12 2d picking Sept22 lbs oz 5 8 1 4 5 4 1 12 5 4 2 5 12 3d picking Sept29 4 th picking Oct 12 lbs oz 4 12 lbs oz 5 8 1 4 3 12 3 8 3 8 2 7 4 S 8 4 2 8 6 4 S 12 10 12 Yield in Seed Cotton per acre lbs 1128 328 1023 561 1260 564 1206 Mr Witcher says Compost will average with ammoniated manures any year and if the season is dry will surpass them Experiment of Prof Jas T Newton Cutiibert Randolph County Soil very sandy no clay subsoil for several feet Has been in cultiva tion fifteen years Original growth pine and scrub oak This land through this section is very productive when first cleared The above soil produced nearly a bale of cotton per acre for the first three years Previous treatmentI never cultivated this land before this year Very little if any fertilizer was ever applied to it before this year PreparationThe land was bedded early and at planting time rebedded on the fertilizers applied in the water furrow In this sandy soil we use only shovels and sweeps have tried long plows and find them of no per ceptible benefit Width of rows in the plat three feet Fertilizers were applied at rates per acre ranging from 100 to 1000 lbs per acre Compost was made of 300 pounds each of cotton seed and sta ble manure and 100 pounds of acid phosphate Plarfled April 20th in small scooter furrows and covered with a board CultivationSited and chopped out May 25th plowed out and hoed 334 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 824 June I8ch and plowed with sweep July 1st SeasonsTemperature too low and too much rain for cotton on land Results sandy NAME OF FERTILIZER aOrlole Piney Woods Fertilizer aOriole Piney Woods Fertilizer oChapells Blue Bone aChapelPs Blue Bone aOriole Dissolve Bone aOriole Piney Woods Fertilizer aOriole Piney Woods Fertilizer aOriole Piney Woods Fertilizer broadcast aOriole Dissolved Bone broadcast aOriole Piney W oods Fertilizer in rows aOriole Piney Woods Fertilizer in row aOriole Piney Woods Fertilizer ii row aChapells Blue Bone in row aChapells Blue Boie broadcast Without fertilizer aChapells Blue Bone Fertilizer in row aGeorgin State Grange Dissolved Bone 101 lbs acid and 200 lbs State Grange Fertilizer Compost cotton seed 300 lbs stable manure 300 lbs acid 100 pounds Lbsof Fertilir zer applied per acre 100 200 200 300 200 300 400 400 400 600 600 700 700 1000 1000 200 300 700 1st Picking lbs oz 280 315 315 350 192 8 402 8 315 385 227 8 385 4i5 455 472 472 8 105 630 350 280 350 2d Picking lbs oz 332 8 280 350 280 350 280 332 8 280 210 210 210 280 192 8 245 350 332 8 280 350 367 8 3d Picking lbs oz 70 8 70 35 70 35 1 35 35 17 8 70 35 17 17 8 17 8 17 8 70 17 8 70 35 70 Yield in Seed Cotton per acre lbs 683 663 7SO 700 5774 T17Ji 6S2K 682 5C7K 630 682 752 682 734 525 980 700 665 784 Prof Newton says On red lands I am not certain which would be best commercial fertilizers or compost but so far as our sandy land is concerned I am sure the compost of cotton seed acid and stable manure is best by far I had this fully tested this year with my croppers some using commercial fertilizers and some using compost The compost was much the best and the difference between them was greater than you would imagine I have tried them both on red lands but the difference was not near so great if indeed there was any at all taking into account their cost the extra amount of trouble with the compost etc Experiment of Mr J B Murray Garden Valley Macon County Ga Soil light sandy loam has baen in cultivation thirty years Original growth pine and oak Previous treatmentThe land was planted in corn in 1879 with ten bushels cotton seed per acre It was sown in oats in 1880 without any fertilizer In 1881 the land was not planted325 SOIL TESTS OF FERTILIZERS1SS2 3S PreparationThe land was bedded out in February and reversed 15th of April with turn plow Plat arranged as directed by the Department Length of rows seventy yards width three feet Fertilizers were applied at the rate of 200 pounds per acre in the fur rows before reversing the beds April loth The compost was made by formula No 1 of the Department Stable manure and cotton seed each 650 pound and superphosphate 700 pounds making a ton Planted May 1st with Dow Law cotton planter Cultivation May 15th barred off with turn plow and hoed to a stand 20th plowed second time 25th May with a small sweep hoed second time June 10th plowed third time June 20th with large sweep and laid by with hoe July 1st and one furrow with sweep July 10th Seasons fine to 10th of September when the storm injured the plat about fifty per cent Results on Cotton NAME OF FERTILIZER Lbs of Fertilizer appied per acre Yield lu Seed Cotton per acre fflWando Acid Phosphate 200 lbs 500 350 500 345 525 350 Without fertilizer aStono Acid Phosphate 200 oQeorgia Chemical Works Acid Phosphate 200 Without fertiliz r Results on Com NAME OF FERTILIZER Wando Acid Phosphate compost aStono Acid Phosphate aGeorgia Chemical Works Acid Phosphate Wilcox Gibbs Cos Phosphate with cotton seed 55 bushels Lbs of Fertili zer applied per acre 200 200 200 450 Bushels f Corn per acre 21 31 21 Date of Planting March 18 March 18 March 18 April 1 Dateof Matu rity Sept 1 Sept 1 Sept 1 Sept30 Mr Murray says I made one experiment with one acre of corn which I give on tabular page I kept no weight of fodder This experiment was made with W G Cos phosphates I subsoiled the land and planted with double rows From centre to centre of middle furrow was seven feet Bedded out and applied fiftyfive bushels green cotton seed with 480 pounds phosphate and 200 pounds stable manure and gathered from the one acre 66 bushels corn with 1200 pounds good fodder The same acre made the year before fifteen bushels corn manured with twenty bushels cotton seed I am fully satisfied the compost is better and cheaper than most of the commercial fertilizersmore economy in their use and better results in crops and improvement of land36 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEOEGIA 326 Experiment of Mr G J Thompson Scarboro Screven County Soil black sandy loam been in cultivation four years Original growth pine and oak PreparationThe land was bedded with a turn plow The rows were four feet wide and thirtyfive yards long Fertilizers were applied at the rate of 200 pounds per acre in a deep fur row and bedded on Planted April 15th with a Dow Law planter Cultivation done in the usual way with plows and hoes using shovels scrapes and sweeps SeasonsToo cool and wet in Spring Jane favorable two weeks drouth commenced July 10th this was followed by excessive rains which caused the cotton to scald and shed Results NAME OF FERTILIZER Chappells Champion Oriole Piney Woods Fertilizer Oriole Acid Phosphate Without fertilizer Lbs of Fertili zer applied per acre SCO 200 200 Yield in Seed Cotton per acre lbs 1050 1010 940 630 For convenience I reserved my test rows until the last picking October 15th Mr Thompson says Farmers thought last year that compost manures were cheaper but since the ingredients for composting are so higb it is now doubted whether they are cheaper than complete fertilizers If chemicals were cheaper there would be no question The only financial advantage is in case of drouth or other unfavorable occurrences there is not so much invested This is quite an item however and causes many to use compost With everything to favor results the complete fertilizers usually pay better Experiment of Mr W P Perry Keyton Calhoun County Soil gray sandy with clay subsoil eighteen inches below the surface has been in cultivation ten years Original growth pine with undergrowth of young red oak dogwood and blackjack Previous treatmentThe land was cultivated in cotton in 18S0 and 1881 PreparationThe land was well broken in January with turn plow In April furrows were opened with eightinch shovel three and onehalf feet wide and seventy yards long fertilizers applied and the land bedded with turn plows Fertilizers were applied at the rate of 100 and 200 pounds per acre Planted April 10th in small scooter furrow and covered with board CultivationMay 5th barred off with turn plows chopped May 10th then scraped every fifteen days till July 15th and then laid by with 24inch sweep827 SOIL TESTS OF FERTILIZERS1S82 37 Seasons fine and temperature favorable until July 20th after which there was too much rain causing cotton t shed Result NAME OF FERTILIZER aR D Coes Original Cumberland Superphosphate Russell Coes Superphosphate Without fertilizer Lbs of Fertili zer applied per acre 200 200 100 1st picking Sept10 lbs oz 250 230 200 50 2d picking Oct 1 lbs oz 300 250 275 150 3d picking Nov 5 4 th pickin Nov 2o lbs oz 350 325 300 200 lbs oz 100 150 175 50 Yield in Seed Cotton per acre lbs 1000 955 950 450 Mr Perry says I have been using compost for the last four years and find it much better than using guano straight as it will not burn the plant in hot dry weather and if I could have the labor I never would use any other kind of manure save that of compest and would recommend all farmers to use compost throughout the State Experiment of Mr T N Delaney Woodstock Cherokee County SoilPlat selected on account of Us homogeneous character it being an old field turned out during the late war and brought into cultivation four years ago Since that time it has been plank d in corn and oats alternately without manure Gray gravely soil with sand and clay about equal Original growth chestnut white oak and hickory PreparationBroke deep with scooter Opened the rows with straight shovel Applied fertilizer and bedded with small onehorse turner Where 900 pounds of compost was used 400 was put in the opening furrow the remainder in the two first furrows cast in covering The rows were run on a water level three and onehalf feet apart and thirtyfive yards long Fertilizers applk d as stated in table of results Compost made according to the formula of the Department Planted April 21st in furrow made by small scooter and follower bkek Seed sown by hand and covered with forked plov After the seed had sprouted and were ready to come up an irontooth harrow was run over the row After the cotton was well up the harrow was again used and cotton thinned to a stand following immediately with a onehorse cultiva tor consisting of three small plows which thoroughly stirred the surface only The same cultivation was repeated every twelve or fifteen days never allowing the surface to crust or bake until the first of July Seasons cool in spring causing cotton to be a month later than the year before The remaining portion of the growing season favorable except too much rain in July causing overgrowth of weed at the expense of fruit38 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 328 Results NAME OF FERTILIZER Lbs of Fertilizer applied per acre 1st picking Sept30 2d picking Nov 10 3d picking Dec 2 Yield in Seed Cotton per acre 200 200 200 850 900 lbs oz 3 12 8 14 3 12 4 2 4 8 1 6 lbs oz 6 6 6 10 15 4 6 lbs oz 12 4 6 10 6 4 14 lbs 630 607 652 Sternes Ammon ated Dissolved Bone compost 705 1560 492 Mr Delaney says I will only reiterate what I have said in former reports that the secret of success in agriculture is manuring on economic principles and that by proper care and management of a compost heap the farmer will lessen his expense account for manure sixty or seventy per cent compared with that for commercial fertilizers By referring to my tabular statement you will notice that there is little danger in using too much manure properly composted and properly applied Experiment of Mr G H Perdue Barnesville Upson County SoilDeep red with stiff subsoil situated on a high plateau Origin ally finely timbered with oak and hickory It has been cleared 40 years and regularly cultivated or seeded every year since Previous treatmentThe plat was cultivated in corn in 1880 well ma nured with compost and in wheat in 1881 with 20 or 30 bushels green cotton seed per acre PreparationThe land was broken with onehorse turn plows in Janu ary Commenced bedding on guano April 3d running twice in each fur row in opening and also two furrows to each furrow made in bedding Rows 70 yards long and 4 feet wide Commenced April 3d bedding on guano first applying 200 pounds per acie second 100 pouLds per acre etc as shown in tabulated statement Planted May first and replanted June 1st Plaatt d in small scooter furrow dropping 2 or 3 seed every 15 inches covering with the foot CultivationAs soon as a stand of cotton was up sided with sweep and followed with hoes then plowed every twenty days increasing the size of the plows as the plant increased in size The 3d and 4th plow ings given with shovel and scrapethe scrape on the heelpin behind the stock Seasons favorable after the plants were uptoo cool for the seed to ger minate promptly Rains generally moderate and sufficiently frequent ex cept an interval in July commencing June 20th and continuing till July 25th The growth was regular and whilst the drouth checked the growth it increastd the fruitage and was not sufficiently severe to cause shedding On the whole the seasons were favorable until the September storm At the time of the storm the cotton was the most perfect I ever saw The stalks seeaeJ to hive retihiel every fo rm829 SOIL TESTS OF FERTILIZERS1S82 39 The picking has not yet been completed Some 300 pounds more yet to open The first blossom was seen July 11th Results NAME OF FERTILIZER Dissolved Bone Phosphate Dissolved Bone Phosphate Without fertilizer Buffalo Bone Gossypium Phospho aAmmoniated Star Bone Phosphate Gossypium Phospho Without fertilizer Broadcast Lbs of FerMzer applied per acre 1st picking Sept Ti 200 ioo 100 100 200 2C0 2d picking October 4 lbs oz a 12 3 12 3 0 picking October 4th picking libs oz 5 8 8 0 7 0 8 8 8 0 4 8 6 0 lbs oz 0 Novber 3d 6th picking Novber 18 lbs oz 12 12 12 u lbs oz 2 12 2 8 2 0 0 0 0 0 4 Yield in Seed Cotton per Acre 1711 1607 803 1017 1770 2011 1912 1017 1076 N BThe stand on some rows better than others I am satisfied the yield was lessened 50 pounds seed cotton by storm On another plat prepared and cultivated as the first but a lighter soil than the first Mr Perdue planted April 26th Kows 108 yards long and three and onehalf to four feet wide Fesults NAME OF FERTILIZER Wiihout fertilizer aChapells Champion Guano tzOriole Acid Phosphate Lbs o Fertili zers applied per acre 1st Picking Sept 6 lbs oz 11 bolls 1 14 5d Picking Sept23 lbs oz 2 8 12 7 8 Yield in Seed Cotton per acre lbs 787 1232 1021 About one hundred pounds per acre yet to open Mr Perdue says The universal verdict in our section is that com post pays Mr Perdue made other interesting experiments the records of which are not sufficiently full for publication Experiment of Mr Wii Sammons Wards Station Randolph County Soil sandy with clay subsoil Previous treatmentThe plat was in an old field recleared and planted for the first time this year PreparationThe land was broken with shovels and bedded April 6th The beds were opened April 19th and applied two and onequarter pounds fertilizers and four pounds cotton seed per row to rows seventy yards long CultivationMay 6th barred off the cotton May 11th sided with40 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 33d sweep and chopped May 21st plowed and hoed plowed again with sweeps June 11th and July 5th Seasons good Sesiilts NAME OF FERTILIZER Chesapeake G nano Whanns Raw Bone Superphosphate Arnnioniated Alkaline Phosphate Oriole Oaky Woods Fertilizer aLister Bros1 Standard Bone Fertilizers aSnnny South Guano Merrymans Ammoniated Dissolved Bone Without fertilizer Lbsof Ferizer applied per acre 157 I57X 167K 157J4 157 157K 157K 1st picking Seit 21 lbs oz 11 11 11 8 12 8 11 10 11 2d picking Sept 25 lbs oz 5 5 8 6 5 5 5 3d picking Nov lbs oz 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 4th picking lbs oz 2 2 2 2 2 1 8 2 2 Yield in Seed Cotton per acre lbs 1510 1575 1615 1645 1540 1435 1610 420 The laud fertilized had nine bushels cotton seed per acre in addition to fertilizers Experiment of Mr Thos J Knox Alpixe Chattooga County Previous treatmentThe plat has been cultivated in cotton for eleven years and well manured and well cultivated each year PreparationThe land was turned in March with a twohorse plow to which was attached a heavy chain by the aid of which the old cotton stalks were completely covered The rows were laid off three and one half feet wide with a long scooter followed in the same furrow with a shovel which opened a deep furrow Fertilizers were all composted as follows Two hundred pounds com mercial fertilizer to thirty bushels cotton seed and thirty bushels stable manure prepared according to the directions for composting published by the Department Planted April 12th with Dow Law cotton planter which opened the fur row and scattered the seed which were covered with a wooden toothed harrow leaving the beds very smooth CultivationMay 6tb ran over the rows with a V harrow without the front tooth May 10th chopped with No 1 Scovil hoe afterwards plowed four times once with double shovel and three times with sweeps The cotton was plowed once in two weeks and hoed once every three weeks SeasonsAfter May there was too much rain for cotton Results NAME OF FERTILIZER aOrient Complete Manure compost aimmoniate dBone Superphosphate compost aOriole Oaky Woods Fertilizer compost Lbs of Fertili zers applied per acre 200 S00 200 1st Picking lbs oz 75 400 350 2d Picking lbs oz 350 450 450 3d Picking lb 50 350 300 4th Picking Yield in teed Cotton per acre lbs oz lbs 200 1123 150 lf5 1350 1275 331 SOIL TESTS OF FERTILIZERS1S82 41 Experiment of Mr W Y Elder Watkinsville Oconee County Soil dark gray with fine clay eubsoil has been in cultivation seventy five or eighty years Original growth oak and hickory Previous treatmentla 1S79 the plat was cultivated in cotton with 100 pounds fertilizer per acre in com in 1880 and yielded seven bushels per acre Was not cultivated in 1881 PreparationThe land was turned last of February six inches deep with onehorse Watt plow Fertilizers were applied April 18 th at the rates per acre shown in tabu lar statement and the land bedded same day Rows seventy yards long and four feet wide Planted April 26th by hand and covered with harrow CultivationBefore the cotton came up a harrow was run over to break the crust First plowing was done with turn plow bar to the cotton hoed and brought to a stand May 22d one stalk to the hill Plowed out with scooter and scrape May 31st Subsequent cultivation done as needed with scooter and scrape Seasons good except the unusually low temperature until middle or June Results NAME OF FERTILIZIR aGeorgia State Grange Dissolved Bone Without fertilizer aOriole Acid Phosphate compost aGrange Dissolved Bone aOriole Acid Phosphate compost Lbs of Fertili zers applied per acre 200 1st Picking lbs oz 5 200 400 2d Picking lbs oz 6 Sd Picking lbs oz 4 B 5 3 5 4th Picking lbs oz 2 1 3 1 2 Yield in Seed Cotton per acre lbs 6S0 360 840 SCO 640 Experiment of Mr W W Wilson Buford Gwinnett County Soil ordinary thin land that has been cleared forty years Original growth oak and hickory Previous treatmentThe plat lay uncultivated for fifteen years and seemed to be too poor to grow pines PreparationThe land was plowed in winter with common scooters In early spring it was turned vith steel plow three or four inches deep and again with common twisters laid off rows three feet run twice with turning shovel and bedded with bulltongue plows Rows seventy yards Fertilizers weie applied at the rate of 200 pounds per acre in the drill 28th April Used no compost Planted cotton 25th April but owing to a heavy rain that fell that night failed to get a stand Replanted and still failed and about 1st of June planted cow peas CultivationWorked peas once with Averys Walking Cultivator did not hoe42 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 332 Seasons favorable till September 8lh when the storm nearly ruined the crop blowing large numbers of young peas off of the vines and strip ping them entirely of leaves The wonder seems to be that I made any peas at all Results NAME OP FERTILIZER aU D Coes Acid Phosphate Russell Cues Ammoniated Bone Superphosphate aGeorgia State Grange Fertilizer Lbs of Fertili zer applied per acre 200 200 200 Bushels of Cow Peas per acre Dae of Plant 33 June 1 26 June 1 30 jjune 1 Date of Matu rity Sept 23 Sept23 Sept2S Experiment of Mrs J W Bryan Dillon Walker County Soil sandy loam six years in cultivation Original growth oak chest nut and hickory Previous treatmentAs soon as cleared the land was planted in fruit trees and cultivated first year in Irish potatoes between the rows of trees Since then the land has not been planted except one year in peas which were sown broadcast and left to decay on the ground The fruit trees have been regularly plowed every year PreparationThe land was plowed crossplowed and harrowed The peas were sown broadcast between the rows of trees Plats six feet wide and thirty five yards long Fertilizers were applied at the rate of 200 pounds per acre No compost used Planted June 23d izers together SeasonsKainfall plentiful in July and very favorable September very dry and unfavorable Results Harrowed in peas one bushel per acre and fertil name of fertilizer flOriole Dissolved Bone aAmmoniated Bone Superphosphate Star Brand aDeLeons Complete Fertilizer Without fertilizer Lbs of Fertili zer applied per acre 200 200 200 200 Lbs of Pea vine Hay per acre 3150 4305 5250 3832 Date of Plant ing June 30 June 3ii June 30 June 30 Date of Matu rity I 2100 JuneS0 Oct 11 Oct 11 Oct 11 Oct 11 Oct 11 Mrs riryan says Neither corn nor any of the small grains succeed so well here on Lookout Mountain as fruit I find therefore that it is best to turn proceeds of the apple and peach tree into corn etc bought in the valleys From the early apples off a half acre of rocky thin soil I bought one hundred bushels threshed oats333 SOIL TESTS OF FERTILIZERS1882 43 Experiment of Mr A W Rhodes Hephzibah Richmond County Soil new ground never in cultivation before Original growth oak and Tiickory PreparationThe ground was broken deep and close in February with diamond pointed scooter April 7tb laid off with same scooter fourfoot rows thirtyfive yards long Planted April 19th when furrows were opened with bulltongue seed carefully rolled in oak ashes and dropped by hand and then covered with board CultivationMay 6th chopped to a staid 9th sided with shovel throwing dirt to the cotton 16th hotd out clean 27th plowed out with large sweep June 7th hoed 20th plowed with sweep July 1st hoed 11th laid by with sweep SeasonsMay 26th 27th 29th and 31st good rains but unfavorable owing to excessive fall of rain June 1st 4th 9th 13th 17th 23d and 24th light favorable showers 25th very hard injuricus rain 29th light shower Then good seasons until July 22d when an injuriously heavy rain fell July 30th hard rain accompanied with wind which ifjured the crop considerably September 9th and 10th storm which did much damage Results NAME OF FERTILIZER Lbs of Fertilizer applied per acre 1st Picking Sept 16 2d Picking Sept30 3d Picking Oct 21 Yield in Seed Cotton per acre 200 lbs oz 5 8 3 2 4 11 3 1 lb oz 3 2 2 9 1 13 2 7 lbs oz 1 12 14 10 lbs oz 505 341 Georgia Chemical Works Acid Phosphate 200 388 321 Experiment of Mr R E Brobston Madison Morgan County Soil black loam branch bottom has been in cultivation many years lay out some years was recleared in 1876 of second growth of poplar willow and maple has been in cultivation the past six years Previous treatmentThe plat was cultivated five years in corn and peas in the usual way PreparationThe land was broken February loth with onehorse turn plow March 18th harrowed with twohorse harrow March 21st laid off with small shovel in rows four feet wide and seventy yards long Plat arranged as directed Ftrtilizers applied at the rate of 200 pounds per acre Planted Maich 21st in deep shovel furrows in the hills three feet apart and covered with a double foot plow with the small scooters on the stock CultivationApril 4th harrowed over to break crust formed by a very heavy rain at the same time killing a heavy coat of grass 20th sidedii DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 334 with small scooter run close to the corn and very deep May 10th sided with eninch shovel breaking out middles with doublefooted stock having right and left turning plows on going once to the row Peas were dropped in alternate spaces between the hills and covered by the shovel used in siding Hoed once April 20th June 8th laid by with one double shovel farrow to the row SeasonsMarch 27th and 28th a heavy rain fell This was followed by a drouth of three weeks causing the surface to bake very hard After wards too much rain for bottom laud Results NAME OP FERTILIZER Libs of Fertilizer applied per acre Bushels Lbs of of Corn Fodder per acre per acre Date of Planting Date of Maturity aAlta Ammoniated Guano 200 200 172 162 11 561 560 510 March 21 March 21 March 21 raCumberland Superphosphate Without fertilizer August 8 August 15 Experiment of Mr E T Shepherd Columbus Muscogee County Soil gray sandy loam river flat has been continuously in cultivation more than fifty years Previous treatmentThe plat was planted in watermelons in 1881 was turned over in October 1881 with threehorse Hughes sulky plow turn ing under a good coat of grass and weeds In March bedded with a Watt plow April 10th rebedded and knocked off with heavy board two rows at a time and planted with a planter 17th Seasons too wet causingvery rapid growth of stalk without correspond ing fruitage April 17th planted with Parkmans selected seed ISth good rain at night 22d heavy rain 25th seed coming up May 4th plowed around with Watt plow and hoed 11th good rain 18th plowed around with sweep June 2d hoed out swept and hoed every two weeks until 15fh of August Results NAME OF FERTILIZER Lbs of Fertilizers applied per acre Yield in Seed Cotton per acre aGeorgia State Grange Fertilizer 200 200 16T 50 bus lbs 1126 aHomestcd Superphosphate 860 aOur Own Superphosphate 890 Without fertilizer Fifty bushels Compost equal quantities of feed and manure 706 618 335 SOIL TESTS OF FERTILIZERS1882 45 So it appears that the seed and manure compost 50 bushels per acre was a disadvantage to the crop as it made eightyeight pounds less than that not manured Georgia State Fertilizer made 420 pounds over no manure and 508 pounds more than that manured with same quan tity of compost per acre with no guano Homestead Superphosphate made 154 pounds more than no manure and 242 pounds more than compost with no guano Our Own made 184 pounds more than no ma nure and 272 more than compost with no guano The land prepa ration and cultivation were the same in all respects and I cannot account for the results Experiment of Mr A S Franklin Starrsville Newton County Soil light sandy with red clay subsoil Cleared fortyfive years ago Original growth chestnut pine and oak It was exhausted by continu ous cropping and turned out and grew up in old field pines These were cleared off two years ago The land was originally very poor and never fertilized until the last two years still very poor Previous treatmentIt was badly cultivated in cotton in 1880 and 1881 manured with 100 pounds commercial fertilizer per acre PreparationAbout 1st March the land was broken with small turner and about 1st of April rows were opened for fertilizers seventy yards long and three feet wide Fertilizers were applied at the rate of 210 pounds per acre Planted April 12th in small scooter furrow and covered with board CultivationHarrowed 1st of May reduced to a stand 10th 20th sided with long scooter and scrape June 15th sided with shovel and 18 inch scrape and hoed July 5th plowed with shovel and scrape SeasonsCool nights in May caused young plants to die and injured the stand Rains abundant throughout the growing season Results NAME OF FERTILIZER aLister Bros Pure Ground Bono aSunny South Guano Merrymans Ammoniated Dissolved Bone Without Fertilizer Patapsco Guano Lbs of Fertili zers applied per acre 1st Picking Sept20 210 210 210 lbs oz 16 IS 2d Picking Oct 20 lbs oz 17 19 18 11 19 3d Picking Nov 15 Yield in Seed Cotton per acre lbs oz 2 lbs 611 700 700 681 Mr Franklin says lam satisfied that compost is a cheaper fertilizer than guano and expect to use it largely in 188346 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 336J COMPARATIVE YIELD OF VARIETIES OF COTTON 1882 Experiment of Mr B C Smith Cold Water Elbert County Four rows of same length adjacent planted May 30th stand perfect June 6th Cultivation consisted of clearing out crabgrass twice Very few bolls open at time of autumnal equinox Results VARIETY OP COTTON No 1Jones Improved No 2 lowers Improved No 3Herlong N o 4Common 1st Picking Nov 11 lbs Final Picking lbs 6 1M Total Yield lbs 6 Yield per Acre lbs 1640 1120 1120 Remarks No 1 had only the advantage of cultivated space on the out side while No 4 had the disadvantage of boing the outside row adjacent to uncultivated stubble land and being an earlier variety was mainly gathered in the first picking all perfectly dry while the final gathering was all in a wet stage The seed for No 4 were taken from a cowfeed pile Nos 1 2 and 3 from the Agricultural Ddpxrtment Experiments of Mr J L Thornton Cold Water Elbert County UPLAND RICE Soil originally gray on pipeclay foundation Now mixed with washings from red clay hill side Manured in drill as for cotton with stable manure The land is pro ductive for all field crops Rows three feet apart east and west from head of a drain ditch to an elevation of four feet on hillside Planted April 13th and cultivated as cotton Heading commenced August 26th Harvested November 2d Stand bad on ends of rows nearest ditch where the land was originally in swamp but yielded very good appr ximating forty bushels per acre Stand good on hillside ends of rows with few heads and no grain Mould on blades damaged the crop prob ibly onefifth Seed obtained through the Department in 1381 Crop from same lot337 SOIL TESTS OF FERTILIZERS 47 of seed sown that year on upland failed to head Crop from same lot of seed this year on high land headed partially but yielded very few grains Husks adhere very closely to grain which is smaller than ordinary rice and bears a redish color Conclusion Under my observation upland rice is about as unreas onable a name as upland swamp COTTON McKibbins Hybrid and Hunts Prolific Soil manure and cultivation same No difference observed both are good varieties TOMATO Paragon planted April 22d commenced ripening July 17th Fruit abundant large smooth fleshy choice in flavor and superior in all re spects BEANS Mountain Cluster planted April 10th ready for use July 4th very prolific and medium in quality CABBAGE BuncombeSeed sown March 11th transplanted April 10th nice firm heads of fair size July 8th commenced rotting August 1st A few which failed to head in summer took on a second growth and headed late in the fall GEASS Munroe Planted as directed Failed to germinate CORN Ellisons Prolific Planted April 12th in moist land and replanted to third time all being destroyed by bud worms WATERMELONS Eattlesnake Scraped off gray soil to red clay at spaces of ten feet each way then applied onequarter bushel of well prepared stable manure and dug up the clay with a mattock mixing it with the manure re placed the soil to complete the hill and planted April 17th Com menced to ripen July 16th An excellent variety TUENIPS Purpletop Eutabaga Sown August 1st after Irish potatoes broad cast Georgia Turnip and Seven Top sown in drills on same plat at same time Nothing unusual observable in the results The turnip crop was injured generally by the drouth following the great stjrm in September48 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 338 OTHER REPORTS i fI rederick Marshallville Ga received for experiment Ash tey Acid Phosphate with K 0 Eagle Ammoniated Bjne Phosphate and Eutaw Fertilizer light and complied with all the requirements until the September storm scattered the cotton to such an extent as to render an accurate report impracticable Mr J T Black Resaca Ga received Sunny South Guano Russell Coe s Ammoniated Bone Superphosphate and Lister Bros Standard Bone fertilizer for experiment and applied them as directed but failed to secure a stand of cotton and hence could not report vTT W0e8tl A0idPho8Phate and Gem Guano were assigned to Dr P Stotesbury Stockton Ga but he failed to secure labor and hence could not conduct the experiment rfloenTState f Add Ph0SPhate Homestead Superphosphate and Gate City Superphosphate were assigned to Mr A E Tarver Bartow Ga who applied them as directed but simply reports that From observation there could be no difference seen vaon Fertilizers for soil test were sent by the Department to the following gentlemen from whom no report has been received g a TaIT Jv BfewerAntiochGa samples of Georgia State Grange Acid Phosphate Gate City Superphosphate and Stonewall BonePhos phate were sent us To Prof Wm M Browne Athens Ga Patapsco Ammoniated Soluble Piiosphate ando Acid Phosphate Our Own Superphosphate Home stead Superphosphate and agricultural chemicals for composting To Mr Sam A Crook Milledgeville Oriole Oakey Woods Fertilizer Ammoniated Star Bone Phosphate and Georgia State Grange Dissolved To Dr Samuel Hape Hapeville Ga Wilcox Gibbs Cos Maninula BleXPnWhaterandEaWB0Ile Baughtw ChSSS 3fl SaVaDnab Wd8 FertiU nlvlM T JroPerry CutQbert Ga H F Grant Cos Ammoniated Dis Guano Ga Wilcox Gibbs Co Manipulated To Dr Jas P Phillips Clarkesville Ca Oriole Dissolved Bone and Ammoniated Star Bone Phosphate a uJaptain F Wimberly Bullards Ga Stonewall Bone Phosnhate Ash Element and Crown Acid Phosphate Phosphate NiStedGuU Wd Madi8D Ga PmCma Add PhosPha and BalesQA S FOR DUE DATE INFORMATION CHECK MY ACCOUNT IN GIL httpsgilugaedu Returned MAY 0 7 2010VERSITY OF QPRQIftUBRAfljS ill 3 ElDfl 03111 43fl5