Geology and ground-water resources of the coastal plain of east-central Georgia

GEORGIA
STATE DIVISION OF CONSERVATION
DEPARTMENT OF MINES, MINING AND GEOLOGY
GARLAND PEYTON, Director
THE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Bulletin Number 52
GEOLOGY AND GROUND-WATER RESOURCES OF THE COASTAL PLAIN OF EAST-CENTRAL GEORGIA By
PHILIP E. LAMOREAUX
United States Geological Survey
Published in cooperation with the Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior,
Washington, D. C. ATLANTA
1946

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LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL
Department of Mines, Mining and Geology
Atlanta, May 7, 1946
To His Excellency, Ellis Arnall, Governor Commissioner Ex-Officio of State Division of Conservation Through The Hon. Nelson M. Shipp, Assistant Commissioner
Sir:
I have the honor to submit herewith Georgia Geological Survey Bulletin No. 52, "The Geology and Ground Water Resources of the Coastal Plain of East-Central Georgia," by Philip E. LaMoreaux, Geologist, U. S. Geological Survey.
It was the experience of the Georgia Geological Survey during the war years to receive many requests for strategic ground water information for a number of localities in the State. It has become evident to us of the growing importance of grouiid water supplies for private, municipal, and industrial demands. A water supply is necessary to even the smallest development. The information in this report should serve to answer the problems concerning ground water in the Coastal Plain area of east-central Georgia.
The report covers the major portion of the hard and soft kaolin mining district of the State. This industry, and many new future industries, will demand large quantities of ground water. Therefore, a knowledge of the ground water resources of this area is of importance for future development in the region. Included with the ground water data is supplemental economic information on fuller's earth, kaolin, and limestone.
It is especially desired to invite your attention to the geologic map of the area covered by this report. This map is considered an outstanding feature of the report, since it portrays the different formations in color and, in addition, designates the location of the producing mines and other economic features.
Very respectfully yours,
GARLAND PEYTON
Director
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CONTENTS
Page ABSTRACT """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 1
INTRODUCTION
Purpose and scope of investigation --------------------------------------- 3 Location and extent of the area ---------------------------------------------- 3 Field work ------------------------------------ --------------------------------------------- 3 Previous investigations ___________------------------------------------------------- 5 BibIiography ---------------------------------------------------------------------c---------- 6 Acknowledgments --------------------------------~------------------------------- 8
.GEOGRAPHY
Physiographic divisions ---------------------------------------------------------- 9 Sand Hills ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 10 Red Hills -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 10 Tifton Uplands______________________________________________________________________ 12
Drainage --~------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 12 Transportation ----------------------------------------------------~------------------- 13 Population ------------------------------- ----------------------2------------------------- 14 Agriculture ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- .15 Natural resources and industries ------------------------------------------- 15 Climate ------~-----:_______________________________"___________________,. _________(____________ 17
Temperature --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 18 Precipitation -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 18 OUTLINE OF GEOLOGY--------------------------------------------------------------------- 22 GENERAL GROUND WATER CONDITIONS-----------------------.--------------- 23 Source of ground water------------------------------------------------------------ 23 Storage and movement of the ground water ________________________ 25
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C ONT.E NTS
Page WATER TABLE---------------~--------------------------------------------~--~---- 27
ARTESIAN CoNDITI0 NS ---------------,---------,-------"----------------------------- 27
RECOVERY---------------------------------------------------------------------~------------- 29 General features-----------------------~-------------------------------------------- 29 Dug wells --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 30 Bored wells --------------------------------------------------------------------" 30 Drilled wells -------------------------------------------"---------------------------"- 31 Rotary well rigs --------------------------------------------------------------- 31 Cable-tool rigs --------------------------------------~---------------------------- 32 Jetted wells -------~-------------------------------"-----------------------~"---- 32 Driven wells --------------------------------------------------"----------""------- 34 Springs -----------------------------------------------------"~-------------'~-~~-- 34
QuALITY oF GROUND WATER
Introduction -------------------------------~----------------"----------------""-~~"-"- 35 Chemical constituents in relation to use---------------------------- 35
Silica---------------------------------------------------------------"----------------- 35 Iron_______________________+-------~-----~c""-------"~------------------------~------- 36 Calciurn and magnesiurn_________________________________________________ 36 Sodiurn and potassiurn_____________________""--------------------------~--- 36 Carbonate and bicarbonate______________________________________________ 37
Sulfate ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 37 Chioride -----------------------------------------------------------------"------------ 37 Fluoride -----------------------------------------~------------------------------------ 37 Nitrate -----------------------~---------------------------"-------------------------- 38 Total hardness ------------------------------------------------------------------- 38
VI

CONTENTS
Page
GEOLOGIC FORMATIONS AND
THEIR WATER-BEARING PROPERTIES________________________________________________ 38 Pre-Cretaceous rocks ---------------------------------------------------------------- 38 Water supply ------------------------------------------------------------------ 40 Quality of water influenced by crystalline rocks________ 41 Cretaceous system (Upper Cretaceous)-----"-------------------------- 42 Tuscaloosa formation ___c__~----------------------------------------------------- 42 Kaolin and bauxite________________________________________________________ 44
Water supply ------------------------------------------------------------------ 45 Quality of the water----------------------------------------------------- 47 Eocene Series (Upper Eocene)------------------------------------------------ 48 Channel sands__________________________________________________________________________ 48
Water supply ------------------------------------------------------------------ 51 Barnwell formation ---------------------------------------------------------------- 51
Twiggs clay member__________________________________________________________ 53
Fuller's earth ------------------------------------------------------------------ 56 Limestone ------------------------~--------------------------------------------- 56 Ground water ------------------------------------------------------------------ 56 Quality of water______________ ------------------------------------------------ 57 Irwinton sand member----------------------------------------------------- 57 Limestone _________________________________j____________________________________ 60
Water supply ------------------------------------------------------------------ 69 Quality of water-------------------------------------------------------------- 62 Upper sand member--------------------------------------------------------- 63 Water supply----------------------------------------------------------------- 65 Oligocene and Miocene series __________________________________________________ 65
VIr

Page Residu um____________________________________"---------L-~-------~----"-"---c-ccc____"_ . 65
Water supply ----------------------------~----------------------------------- 66 Quaternary ------------------------------------------------------------------~--------~---- 67
Alluvium and undifferentiated terrace deposits---------~- 67 Water supply ------------------------------------------------------------------ 67
COUNTY DESCRIPTIONS ---------------------------------------------------------------- 67 Baldwin County ---------------------------------------------------------~--------- 68 Geography --------------C-----------------------------~------------------C----------- 68 Geology ------------------------+----------------------------------------~--------~-- 69 Ground water ________________------------------------------------------------------ 71 Quality of ground water------------------------------------------------- 71 Local supplies---------------------------------------------------~------~--------- 71 Hancock County___________________________________________________________________ 77 Geography ______________________________________________c_____________________________ 77
G.Ieology -------------------------~--------------------------------------------------- 78 Ground water__ ------------------------------------------------------------------ 79 Quality of ground water-------------------------------------------------- 80 Local supplies________________________________~-----c---------~------------------ 80
Jones County ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 84 Geogra:phy_________.:____________________________________________________________84 . Geology ______,_______-\-_________,__________;__________________________________________ 86
Ground water -------------------------------------------------------------------- 88 Quality of ground waterc----------------------------------------------- 88 Local supplies_______________=--~---------------------------------~---------------- 89
Twiggs CountY-------------------------------------------~------------------------ 93
;Geography-----~------------------------------------------------------------------ 93
VIII

CO:NTENTS
Page Geo1ogy ------r-----------------------_---------------------------------------------- 94 Ground water ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 98 Quality of water----------------~----------------------------------------------- 99 Local supplies---------------------------------------------------------------------101 Washington County---------------------------------------------------------------116 Geography ----------------------------------------------------------------------------116 Geology -----+------------------'------------,----------------------------~-----------118 Ground water---------------------------------------------------------------------122 Quality of water ----------------------------------------------------------------123 Local supplies______________________________________________________________________124 Wilkinson County--------------------------------------------------------------------146 Geog ra p hY---------------:-----------------------------------------------------------146 Geo1ogy --------------------------------------~--------------------------------------147 Ground viTater ----------------------------------------------------------------------150 Quality of water------------------------------------------------------------------153 Local supplies______________________________________________________________________154 INDEX -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------171
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ILL US T RAT. i:O N S

Plate

Page
1. Geologic map of the Coastal Plain .of east-central Georgia (in pocket).
2. Map of east-central Georgia showing locations of wells for which data are included in this report ----------------------- _______________________________c_______________173

Figure 1. Index map of Georgia showing area covered by this report --------------------------------------------------------------- 4
2. Physiographic divisions of east-central Georgia 11
3. Climatic summary for Milledgeville and _Harrison, Georgia______________________________________________________________ 19

4. Generalized section of the geologic formations in east-central Georgia______________________________________________ 21

5. Diagram showing divisions of subsurface water 24
6. Diagram showing several types of rock interstices and the relation of rock texture to porosity 26
7. Diagram showing artesian and non-artesian conditions ---------------------------------------------------------------- 28
8. Small hand powered auger used to bore wells in Wilkinson County ________________________________________________"___ 31

9. Small hand cable-tool rig used in Wilkinson County -------------------------------------------------------------------- 33
10. Road cut on old Sandersville Road, southeast bank of Buck Creek (Baldwin County) ______________ 39

11. Road cut on Stevens Pottery-Milledgeville Road 1.8 miles northeast of Coopers School (Baldwin County)--------------------------------------------------------"---- 41
12. General Refractories Kaolin Mine, Carrs Station,
Hancock County ---------------------~----------------------------~-- 45
13. Stevens Pottery Kaolin mine, 5.7 miles north of Gordon on Stevens Pottery-Gordon road (Wilkinson County) ---------------------------------------------------------- 46

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ILLUSTRATIONS Page
14. Exposure in road cut 1 mile east of Black Springs Church on Georgia Highway 22 (Baldwin County) ----------------------------------------------------------- 49
Figure 15. Railroad cut at Mountain Springs on Central of Georgia Railway (Jones County)----------------------- 50
16. Gully formed by a small branch of Buffalo Creek 0.8 miles south on a dirt road from the bridge over Buffalo Creek on Georgia Highway 24________ 61
17. Sandersvilfe limestone quarry 1.6 miles southwest of Sandersville on old Oconee road____________ 62
18. East view across Piedmont from the Devereux outlier in Hancock County-------------------------------------- 78
19. Log and construction details of well at Huber Kaolin Company (Sgoda Corp.), Huber, Ga.______104
20. Test well 65 in flood-plain of Buffalo Creek 11f2 miles south of Deepstep -----------------------------------------133
21. Well 62 at west end of Balls Ferry Bridge, Wilkinson County ------------------------------------------------------------151
XI

GEOLOGY AND GROUND-WATER RESOURCES OF THE COASTAL PLAIN OF EAST-CENTRAL GEORGIA*
By
PHILIP E. LAMOREAUX
Abstract
This report covers an area of about 1,881 square miles in east-central Georgia, including the southern one-third of Jones, Baldwin and Hancock Counties and all of Twiggs, Wilkinson, and Washington Counties. The area is bounded by the Ocmulgee River on the west, the Fall Line on the north, the Ogeechee River on the east and the southern county lines of Twiggs, Wilkinson and Washington Counties on the south. A third river, the Oconee, has a north-south drainage basin in the east-central part of the area.
A major part of the hard and soft kaolin mining district of the State is embraced by this area, and during the period 194143 Georgia produced an average of 76.6 percent of the kaolin produced in the United States for filler and ceramic uses. The kaolin industry and lumber milling exert the greatest manpower demand in the area other than farming. Also of importance to the region are its natural resources of limestone, fuller's earth, sand, and gravel.
The area in which a study of the ground water and geology was made is within the Coastal Plain Province, where the strata slope gently to the southeast. Underlying the sedimentary formations of the Coastal Plain are the crystalline basement rocks. The maximum relief in the Piedmont area in northern Baldwin, Jones, and Hancock Counties is about 350 feet and is similar to the relief in the northern part of the Coastal Plain Province in the area of the "Sand Hills" and "Red Hills." South of the "Red Hills" the upland plain tends to be a gently rolling surface which has a maximum relief of about 50 feet, except near the larger rivers where a relief of 150 feet occurs at some places. The area lies in three major drainage basins, which are, in order from east to west, the Ogeechee, Oconee, a~d Ocmulgee.
* Prepared under the direction of the United States Geological Survey,
in cooperation with the Georgia Geological Survey.

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GEORGIA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

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The oldest rocks in the area are the metamorphic and igneous rocks, most of which are of pre-Cambrian age, and which crop out in Jones, Hancock, and Baldwin Counties. These crystalline rocks underlie the Cretaceous and Tertiary formations of the Coastal Plain in this region. The Tuscaloosa formation of Upper Cretaceous age is overlapped by deposits of Jackson age through-:. out much of the area. Rocks of Paleocene, and lower and middle Eocene age are not represented in east-central Georgia. During late Eocene time, approximately 150 feet to 200 feet of sand, clay, marl and limestone of the Barnwell formation were deposited in a shallow marine sea. Overlying the Barnwell formation in southern Twiggs, Washington and Wilkinson County is a thin residuum of former Oligocene and Miocene formations.
The thick sand and gravel beds of the Tuscaloosa formation are the best source of ground water. Wells in this area range from 15 to 872 feet in depth and yield from a few gallons to as much as 800 gallons of water a minute. The water is used for domestic, stock, municipal and industrial supplies. Many flowing wells have been developed in this aquifer in the flood-plain of the Ocmulgee and Oconee Rivers and their tributaries where topographic and geologic conditions are favorable for artesian flow.
Throughout the outcrop area of the Barnwell formation in east-central Georgia the Irwinton sand member furnishes small supplies of ground water to shallow dug and drilled wells. The primary value of this aquifer is that it is an available source of ground water that may be recovered at a low cost to supply the many small rural, domestic, and stock demands of the area.
The Twiggs clay member of the Barnwell formation becomes calcareous in central and western Washington County. Drilled wells penetrating solution channels in this member recover up to 250 gallons of water a minute. Water from this aquifer generally contains over 200 parts per million dissolved solids. It ranges from 82 to 303 parts per million bicarbonate, and 75 to 252 parts per million total hardness.
The local geographic, geologic, ground-water and quality of water conditions are described in separate sections for each county. Also included in each section are descriptions of representative privately, industrially, and municipally owned wells in the area. Tables of ground-water analyses, well logs, and well data are given in each county section.

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GEOLOGY AND GROUND-WATER RESOURCES

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INTRODUCTION

Purpose and Scope of Investigation
The present report on the geology and ground-water resources of the Coastal Plain area in east-central Georgia is the first report of a series of systematic investigations that are to be made on the ground-water resources of that part of Georgia in which the Cretaceous deposits are at or near the surface. Bulletin 49, "Artesian Water in Southeastern Georgia," and Bulletin 49A, "Artesian Water in Southeastern Georgia, Well Records," by M. A. Warren, were published in 1944 and 1945. These reports furnish information on the geology, quantity, quality and occurrence of the ground-water resources. Studies by S. M. Herrick of the ground-water resources of the northern half of Georgia are also in progress. These investigations are being made in cooperation between the Department of Mines, Mining and Geology, Georgia State Division of Conservation and the Geological Survey, U. S. Department of the Interior.
The work is under the general supervision of 0. E. Meinzer, Geologist in charge of the Division of Ground Water of the Geological Survey, and Captain Garland Peyton, Director of the Department of Mines, Mining and Geology of the Georgia State Division of Cons~rvation.

Location and Extent of the Area
The area described in this report includes the southern onethird of Jones, Baldwin, and Hancock Counties and all of Twiggs, Wilkinson and Washington Counties. The area is bounded on the east by the Ogeechee River, and on the west by the Ocmulgee River. It is approximately 55 miles long and 20 miles wide, and covers 1,881 square miles. See figure 1.

Field Work
The field work for the report was begun April 1944 and was completed in January 1945. Well records were obtained for 401 wells that furnish water supplies for municipal, industrial, domestic and farm use. These records were compiled from field observations and interviews with well owners and drillers. No attempt was made to obtain records of every well in the area, but attention was given to every town and village supply, and

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GEo!lGrA _GJ;:oLoGrcAL STJRVEY

representative well records were ,obtained throughout the area. Considerable time was spent in re-mapping the geology of the area covered by this report, using as a nucleus the "Strategic Minerals Investigations Preliminary Maps," for the bauxite and kaolin deposits of Twiggs, Washington, and Wilk!nson Counties, published by the Geological Survey, U. S. Department of the Interior in 1943. A major part of the time in the field was devoted to the study of the water-bearing formations. Water

EXPLANATION

~ Area cover~ by this rl

~

port

Arto covtrtd by

~

Bulletln~e .

~ Artuion Water in SoUth...

eastern Gtora

Figure 1. Index map of Georgia showing area covered by this report and area for which cooperative ground-water reports of this series have been published.

GEOLOGY AND GROUND-WATER RESOURCES

5

samples were collected from 81 wells, and from these, 12 complete chemical analyses and 69 partial analyses were made by Evelyn Holloman, G. W. Whetstone, Wesley M. Noble and W. L. Lamar in the laboratory of the U. S. Geological Survey.

Supplementary data on kaolin, limestone, and fuller's earth were collected for the area and included in the report. Limestone, fuller's earth and kaolin deposits were plotted on plate 1 in the area in east-central Georgia not included in the Strategic Minerals Investigations Maps.

Previous Investigations
The results of the first studies of the geology and groundwater resources of east-central Georgia were published in 1898 by McCallie in a preliminary report on the artesian-well system of Georgia. In it data on eight artesian wells in Washington and Wilkinson Counties were given. In 1909 a second report relating to the ground water of the whole State was published by McCallie. Six years later, in 1915, U. S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 341, by L. W. Stephenson and J. 0. Veatch, on the ground waters of the Coastal Plain of Georgia, included information on all six of the counties in the area of this report. Water-Supply paper 912, by William L. Lamar, published in 1940, included data on the industrial quality of water used for the public supplies at Milledgeville, Baldwin County, and Sandersville, Washington County.
An early report on the geology of the area was prepared by Veatch and Stephenson and published in Bulletin 26 of the Georgia Geological Survey in 1911. Cooke and Shearer, in 1918, made a study of the deposits of Claiborne and Jackson age in Georgia, which was published as U. S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 120. In 1943 another report on the geology of the Coastal Plain of Georgia by C. Wythe Cook was published as U. S. Geological Survey Bulletin 941. The Strategic Minerals Investigations Preliminary Maps of Twiggs, Washington, and Wilkinson Counties, Georgia, by W. C. Warren and R. M. Thompson were published in 1943 by the U. S. Geological Survey.
As a basis for locating wells and plotting the geologic and hydrologic features of the area, the county highway maps prepared in 1939 and 1940 by the State Highway Board of Georgia in cooperation with the Federal Works Agency, Public

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GEORGiA GEOLOGICAL SURvEY

Road Administration, were used. These maps were supplemented by information from the Milledgeville and Irwinton quadrangles, U. S. Geological Survey topographic maps, and by aerial photo~ graphs of parts of Washington, Hancock, and Baldwin Counties.

The following bibliography lists some of the reports that contain information on the geology, geography, and groundwater of east-central Georgia. Specific references are cited at the appropriate places in the text.

Bibliography
Cooke, C. Wythe, Geology of the Coastal Plain of South Carolina: U. S. Geological Survey Bull. 867; 196 pp., 18 pls., inc. gebl. maps, 2 figs., 1936.
Cooke, C. Wythe, Geology of the Coastal Plain of Georgia: U. S. Geological Survey Bull. 941, 119 pp., 1 fig., 1 pl., 1943.
Cooke, C. Wythe, and Shearer, H. C., Deposits of Claiborne and Jackson age in Georgia: U. S. Geol. Survey, Prof. Paper 120, 41-81, map, 1918.
Climatological data obtained from the climatological report on the "Georgia Section", by R. L. Cornelius and A. J. Knarr, U. S. Department of Commerce, Weather Bureau, vol. 48, Nos. 1-13, 1944.
Cushman, Joseph A., A Foraminiferal Fauna from the Twiggs Clay of Georgia, Contributions from the Cushman Laboratory for Foraminiferal Research, vol. 21, Part 1, No. 265, ~arch 1945.
Dean, H. T., Chronic endemic fluorosis: Jour. Amer. Med.
Assoc., vol. 107, pp. 1269-1272, 1936.
Fenneman, Nevin M., Physiography of Eastern United States: xiii, 714 pp., illus., inc. geol. maps, New York, McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., 1938.
Harper, Roland M., Phytogeographical explorations in the Coastal Plain of Georgia in 1904. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, vol. 32, pp. 451-465, .Sept. 1905.
Harper, Roland M., A Phytogeographical sketch of the Altarhaha Grit region of the Coastal Plain of Georgia: Ann. N. Y. A cad. Sci., vol. 17, pp. 1-414, 28 pls., Nov. 1906.

GEOLOGY AND GROUND-WATER RESOURCES

7

Harper, Roland M., Development of Agriculture in upper Georgia from 1850 to 1880, The Georgia Historical Quarterly, vol. 6, p. 6, March 1922.
Harris, G. D., Eocene outcrops in central Georgia: Bull. Am. P,al. (no. 16), 7 pp., 1902.
Josephson, G. W., Linn, A., U. S. Bureau of Mines, Mineral Market Report No. 1163, April 17, 1944.

LaForge, Laurence; Cooke, C. Wythe; Keith, Arthur; and Campbell, Marius., Physical Geography of Georgia with an introduction by S. W. McCallie: Georgia Geol. Survey Bull. No. 42, 189 pp., 6 figs., 43 pis., 1925.

Lamar, William L., Industrial Quality of Public Water Supplies

in Georgia: U. S. Geol. Survey Water Supply Paper 912, 83

pp., 1 fig., 1940.

.

Loughridge, R. H., Report on the cotton production of the State of Georgia: Cotton Production of the State of Georgia, Tenth Census, vol. 6, pp. 259-307, 1884.
McCallie, S. W., A preliminary report on the artesian-well system of Georgia: Georgia Geol. Survey, Bull. 7, 207 pp., 6 pls., 1898.
McCallie, S. W., A preliminary report on the underground waters of Georgia: Georgia Geol. Survey, Bull. 15, 360 pp., 5 figs., -24 pis., 1 map, 1908.
Meinzer, 0. E., Outline of ground-water hydrology: U. S. Geol. Survey Wa,ter Supply Paper 494, 71 pp., 35 figs., 1923.
Meinzer, 0. E., The occurrence of ground water in the United States with a discussion .of principles: U. S. Geol. Survey Water Supply Paper 489, 321 pp., 110 figs., 31 pis., 1923.
Sloan, Earle, Geology and mineral resources: Handbook of South Carolina, pp. 77-145, map, 1907.
Smith, Richard W., Sedimentary kaolins of the Coastal Plain of Georgia: Geol. Survey of Georgia Bulletin No. 44, 474 pp., 1929.
Stephenson, L. W., and Veatch, J. 0., Underground waters of the Coastal Plain of Georgia: U.S. Geol. Survey Water Supply Paper 341, 531 pp., 4 figs., 21 pis., 1915.

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Thompson, Raymond; M,, Kaoli;n, deposits. of Twiggs, Qop.nty;

Georgia: U. S. Geol .Survey; Strategic Minerals Investiga

tions Preliminary Maps, 1943.

. ...

Thompson, Raymond M., Kaolin deposits of Washington County, Georgia: U.S. Geol. Survey, Strategic Minerals Investigations Preliminary Maps, 1943.

Veatch, Otto, ;:~,nd Stephenson, L. W., Preliminary report on the geology of the Coastal Plain of Georgia: Georgia Geol. survey Bull. 26, 466 pp., maps, 1911.

Warren, Walter C., and Thompson, R. M., Bauxite and kaolin deposits of Wilkinson County, Georgia, U. S. Geol. Survey, Strategic Minerals Investigations Preliminary Maps, 1943.

White, George, Statistics of the State of Georgia, pp. 624, with folded geological map, Savannah, 1849.

Acknowledgments
The writer is indebted to Captain Garland Peyton, State Geologist, for helpful suggestions and assistance in the preparation of the report; also to his staff in furnishing technical help and information bearing upon the area.
This report would not have been possible without the cooperation of well drillers, well owners, and superintendents of the town water works throughout the area. The information made available by these persons has been most valuable in the interpretation and understanding of the ground-water conditions of east-central Georgia. The writer is especially indebted to W: S. Beiser, Layne-Atlantic Company, Savannah, Georgia, for furnishing information on pumping tests; well installations, well logs and well samples for wells in Washington County. Acknowledgment is also due well drillers Walter Smith, of Tennille; Mark Hall, of Bartow; Barney Dean, of Toomsboro; 0. D. Tindall, of Mcintyre; and Will Hammock, of R. F. D. 4, Macon. 0. D. Holliman, master mechanic for Edgar Brothers, at Mcintyre, was very helpful in supplying information on the Company's well field in Wilkinson County. A. R. Mohr, plant superintendent, assisted in giving well data for the Edgar Brothers processing plant at Gardners, Washington County. L. H. Ledford, County Sanitarian, furnished much information on the water supply systems at the public schools in Washington County. E. G.

GEOLOGY AND GROUND-WATER RESOURCES

9

Dallmus, Chief Maintenance Engineer, supplied the data on the Georgia Kaolin Company's well field at Dry Branch, Georgia.

Among the many citizens of the area who helped in this study are: R. W. Culpepper, J. W. Boone, and T. A. Brundage of Irwinton; Georg,e Rawlings and E. P. Wood, of Sandersville; G. E. Mertz, of Tennille; W. C. Wilson, of Davisboro; Frank Lawson, of Huber; and E. R. Hamrick, of Jeffersonville.
Constructive help was received from 0. E. Meinzer, V. T. Stringfield, C. W. Carlston, H. H. Cooper, Jr., C. Wythe Cooke, F. S. MacNeil, and S. M. Herrick, of the U. S. Geological Survey; R. W. Smith, of the U. S. Bureau of Mines; and R. M. Harper, of the Alabama Geological Survey.

GEOGRAPHY

Physiographic Divisions
The area described by this report lies within the Coastal Plain and is bounded on the north by the Piedmont Province. In Georgia where the streams descend from the resistant preCambrian crystalline rocks of the Piedmont to the less resistant sands and clays of the Coastal Plain, a zone of falls is present in the courses of the streams. This transition zone, or zone of falls, is called the Fall Line. It ranges from 5 to 10 miles in width and forms a very irregular boundary between the Coastal Plain and the Piedmont.
Otto Veatch1 in 1911 first used the terms "Fall Line Hills" in reference to two types of liilly upland at the northern edge of the Coastal Plain, the "Sand Hills" and the "Red Hills," which form a northeast-southwest belt across the State at the northern part of the Coastal Plain.
In 1884 R. R. Loughridge2 used the term "Sand Hills" and
"R~d Hills" in a report on the cotton production of the State of Georgia. Later, in 1922, R. M. Harper3 used the same terms on

1 Veatch, Otto, and Stephenson, L. '\V., Preliminary report on the geology of the Coastal Plain of Georgia: Georgia Geol. Survey Bull. 26, pp. 28-30, Hlll.
2 Loughridge, R. H., Report on the Cotton production of the State of Georgia, Tenth Census, vol. 6, pp. 259-307, 1884.
3 Harper, Roland M., A new method of mapping complex geographic features, illustrated by some maps of Georgia: School Science and Mathematics, vol. 18, pp. 699-702, November, 1918.

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GEoRGIA G'EoLOG~CAL Sl!RVEY

a regional map of the southeastern United States to Q.esig1;1~te the two physiographic divisions included by Veat.ch4 ih tb:e: :;!\~II Line Hills" region in Georgia. The same terminology is used in this report, and the Coastal Plain Province in east-central Georgia is subdivided into three physiographic divisons based on topography, underlying geologic formations, and soil. The divisions are: the "Sand Hills," "Red Hills," and the "Tifton Upland." The areal extent of these divisions is shown in figure 2.

Sand Hills
The Sand Hills represent the area in which the Tuscaloosa formation crops out in east-central Georgia. These hills form a belt 2 to 8 miles wide along the northern margin of the Coastal Plain except where the Eocene deposits overlap the Tuscaloosa formation. At the place ~f this overlap, the "Red Hills" project across the Sand Rills tq the Piedmont. This makes the Sand Hills area discontinuous at places in Jones, Baldwin, and Hancock Counties.
The relief in the Sand Hills area rarely exceeds 100 to i5b
feet, and the broad rolling hills with gentle slopes present no sharp topographic features. The soils are light-colored sand ahd sandy loams which are productive if properly fertilized. The drainage is to the southeast and southwest in the Sand Hills area, and the drainage pattern is dendritic.

Red Hills
The Red Hills are typically develpped in Washington, Wilkinson, and Twiggs Counties, forming a belt of hills about 20 miles wide across east-central Georgia. In southern Jones, Baldwin, and Hancock Counties the Red Hills project across the Sand Hills area to the Piedmont, forming long outliers of Jackson age, which extend as far as 12 miles into the Piedmont Province.
The Red Hills are typically a series of hills, remnants of a former upland plateau, capped by brilliant red sand and sandy loams, a residual product of weathering from Eocene rocks. In the northern part of the Red Hills area the former upland plateau has been cut by; streams into a series of elongated north-

4 Veatch, Otto, and Stephenson, L. W., Preliminary report on the geology of the Coastal Plain of Georgia: Georgia Geol. Survey Bull. 26, pp. 28-30, 1911.

GEOLOGY AND GROUND-WATER RESOURCES

11

east-southwest and northwest-southeast trending hills, on which little of the original surface remains. In the southern part of . the Red Hills area some of the upland surface remains and the bills broaden out, losing their elongated characteristics. In the central and southern part of the area where the three members of the Barnwell formation are present, a clay bed ranging in thickness from four to six feet in the top of the Irwinton sand member tends to hold up the original surface of the Eocene rocks. Where this clay bed is cut by erosion the high altitude of the upland plain above the rivers and streams and the weak character of the Irwinton sand member make ideal conditions for deep gullying. Gullies of 100 feet in depth occur at several localities in the Red llills south of Georgia Highway 24 in
Washington County.

D
~
Ill

l.... """ Cootlol

AeciHIIIl

Ploln

Prorinca

Tifton UPIOIId

' : . , -_ _ : , _ " : , . : " ' . . . . . . : . . . . . . :

Figure 2. Physiographic divisions of east-central Georgia.

12
In east-central Georgia the relief in the Red Hills rar('ll:y: exceeds 200 feet, although in southeastern Wilkinson and south.! western Washington Coi.mti"es 250 feet of relief occurs at a few " places. The drainage in the Red Hills is to the southeast aiit:i southwest, and the drainage pattern is dendritic.
Tifton Upland
The Tifton Upland" is south of the Red Hills. The topography consists chiefly of gently rolling hills with broad, rounded summits originally covered with forests of long-leaf pine. There is no parallelism of ridges as exhibited by the Red Hills and the relief rarely exceeds 50 feet. There is little dissection by streams, and it is only near the larger rivers that. the slopes .beco:m,e steeper. In southwestern Georgia the northern limit of the Tifton Upland forms an inland-facing escarpment which is 150 feet high in Decatur County. Eastward in southern Twiggs, Wilkinson and Washington Counties' this escarpment is not present because the Oligocei,J.e and Miocene deposits form only a thin cover over the underlying Eocene rocks. Aerial photographs of eastern Georgia show many shallow ponds and sinks along the northern margin of this area, possibly indicating that underlying Eocene limestones are near the surface.
The residuum of Oligocene and Miocene formations that forms the Tifton Upland consists of sand and sandy clay, the weathering of which has produced a gray or yellowish-gray sandy soil with many scattered red ferruginous nodules at the surface. The light gray-yellow soil of the Tifton Upland is easily distinguished from the coarse red sandy soil of the Red Hills to the north.
Drainage
The Ogeechee River, which forms the eastern boundary of the area described in this report flows approximately southeast. Its channel is the eastern county line for most of Washington and Hancock Counties. In this area it has low swampy banks and is about 100 feet wide. Two southeast flowing tributaries .of the Ogeechee are the Little Ogeechee, which drains northern Washington and southeastern Hancock Counties, and Williamson Swamp Creek, which drains diagonally across eastern Wash-
ucooke, C. W., Physical Geography of Georgia, Georgia Geol. Survey, Bull. 42, pp. 36, 37, 192.5.

- - - ---- -------- ---------

GEOLOGY AND GROUND-WATER RESOURCES

13

ington County. The Ogeechee flows southeast across Georgia from south-central Washington County into St. Catherine's Sound and the Atlantic Ocean about 25 miles south of Savannah.

Although the Oconee River is not the largest river in the area covered by this report, it exerts the greatest drainage influence, because its entire drainage basin lies almost entirely therein. This river is about 200 feet wide and has low swampy banks. At some places in eastern Wilkinson and western Washington Counties the Oconee River flood plain is 5 to 6 miles wide. Southwest-flowing tributaries of the Oconee River in southwestern Hancock and western Washington Counties are Town, Gumm, Bluff, and Buffalo Creeks. Of these four, Buffalo Creek is the largest. Two large southeast-flowing tributaries, Commissioners and Big Sandy Creeks, flow into the Oconee River and drain all of Wilkinson, Baldwin, southeastern Jones, and northeastern Twiggs Counties. The Oconee joins with the Ocmulgee to form the Altamaha River about 45 miles to the south of this area.

The Ocmulgee River forms the western boundary of the a:r:ea studied in this report and forms the western Twiggs and Jones County lines, except for a portion of Bibb County east of Macon. The main tributaries of the Ocmulgee River in Twiggs County are, from north to south, Dry Branch, Flat, Savage, and Crooked Creeks. Flat and Savage are the most important because they flow southwest diagonally across Twiggs County, and, therefore, exert the greatest drainage influence. The Ocmulgee is comparable in size and nature to the Oconee which it joins to the south to form the Altamaha River. Its wide swampy flood plain in western Twigg County is ideal fDr growing timber.

Transportation
The area is served by five railroads. The Southern Railway runs parallel to the Ocmulgee River across the western half of Twiggs County. The main line of the Macon, Dublin and Savannah Railroad connects Macon, Dry Branch, Jeffersonville, and Allentown in Twiggs and southwestern Wilkinson Counties. The main line of the Central of Georgia Railway passes through Macon, Griswold, Gordon, Mcintyre, Toomsboro, Oconee, Tennille, and Davisboro, furnishing transportation east-west through the central part of the area. A branch of the Georgia

14

GEORGIA GEOLOGICAL .SURVEY '

Railroad runs northeast from Macon; and connects James, 1\(Hlledgeville, Devereux and Sparta, furnishing railroad transpottation along the northern margin of the region. The Sltndersville Railroad connects Sandersville with Tennille and Wrightsville, and the Tennille Railroad passes through Harrison and makes connections to the south with the Mac.on, Dublin, and Savannah line in Dublin and with the Souther!). Railway system at Empire..

The area is fairly well covered by a network of paved highways. U. S. Highway 80 and Georgia Highway 19 link Allentown, Danville and Jeffersonville with Macon and other outside points. The Cochran Short Route (Georgia Highway 87) traverses western Twiggs County and connects Macon to the 'librth with Cochran to the south. Georgia Highway. 22 extends northeast to Macon, Milledgeville, Devereux, Sparta and points northeast. Georgia Highway 24 passes through Milledgeville, Sandersville, and Davisboro, and Georgia Hlighway 29 completes the paved network by connecting Milledgeville with Mcintyre, Irwinton, and Dublin. Graded roads connect all other towns . within the area, although in rainy weather some of the rural roads become nearly impassable in places.

Population
According to the federal census of 19406, the six counties had a total population of 89,657 and an average density of population of only 33.8 inhabitants per square mile, as compared with 53.4 for the entire State. Washington County leads the area with a total population of 24,230 inhabitants, although Baldwin County is most densely populated, having 91.3 persons per square m1le. Jones County is the most sparsely populated county in the area.
Milledgeville is just north of the Fall Line in central Baldwin County, and has a population of 6,778. Sandersville, in central Washington County, with 3,566 inhabitants, is the largest town in the Coastal Plain in east-central Georgia. Only three other towns in the six counties have a population of more than 1,000; they are in order of their size : Sparta, Tennille, and Gordon.

r. All 1940 population figures and agricultural statistics obtained from U. S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Census, Sixteenth Census of the U. S. 1940.

GEOLOGY AND GROUND-WATER RESOURCES

15

Agriculture
Approximately 65 percent of the total land area in the six counties was devoted to farm land in 1940. Washington and Baldwin Counties ranked first and second with 78 percent and 74 percent of their total area in farms, and Jones last with 53.3 percent in farm land.

General farming and dairying are the leading occupations in the area, but much poultry farming is carried on in Washington, Hancock, and Wilkinson Counties. The principal crops of the area are corn and cotton, but legumes, sugar cane, winter wheat and oats are also of importance. Cattle raising is gaining importance in the area, and the older herds are being improved by the introduction of better breeds. The dairy farms of Baldwin and Washington Counties produced over two million gallons of milk in 1939.

Natural Resources and Industries
East-central Georgia is well endowed with natural resources. It has a plentiful artesian water supply, hard and soft kaolin, fuller's earth, limestone, bauxite, sand, gravel, and timber.
The coarse sand and gravel beds of the Tuscaloosa formation constitute the most productive aquifer in the area. Nearly all the large private, industrial, and municipal wells in the area draw water from this source. Of greatest importance to the rural inhabitants of this area is the Irwinton sand member of the Barnwell formation, because its shallow water-bearing sands provide water to many shallow drilled and dug wells throughout the area. The calcareous facies in the upper part of the Barnwell formation yields quantities of water high in total hardness to many wells in east-central Washington County. The upper sand member of the Barnwell formation furnishes some water to shallow dug wells in the southern part of the area.
During the period 1941-43 .Georgia produced an average of 76.6 percent of the China clay or kaolin sold or used by producers in the United States. In 1943, 732,590 short tons, or 78.8 percent of the national output of kaolin was mined in Georgia, a major portion of which was from mining operations in Washington, Wilkinson and Twiggs Counties. Of this national output of kaolin, 59 percent was consumed as a filler by the paper industry, 16 percent by refractories, 9 percent for pottery, and the

16
remainder was used in rubber, paints, cement, high-grade tile, linoleum, kiln furniture, and other productsJ
Fuller's earth is mined at Pikes Peak, Twiggs County, by the
General Reduction Company, and intermittently near Irwinton, Wilkinson County, at the Carswell Estate. The fuller's earth from east-central Georgia is mined from the Twiggs clay member of the Barnwell formation, which ranges in thickness from 25
feet in Washington County to nearly 89 feet in the Pikes Peak
area. Most of the fuller's earth of the Twiggs clay is used in bleaching animal and vegetable oils.8
Two great demands for limestone are for the manufacture of Portland cement and as an agricultur.al lime. Previous to_ this date little limestone has been mined from the six counties within the scope of the report, although there are within the area two localities at which limestone of sufficient calcium and magnesium carbonate content is overlain by so little overburden as to be
commercially valuable. A favorable area for prospecting lime-
stone can be found in the uplands just east of Georgia Highway 87 south from Huber to Tarversville in Twiggs County. L. H. Turner, Chemist for the Department of Mines, Mining and Geology of Georgia, made an analysis of a sample of limestone from a quarry 2.1 miles southwest of Sandersville, Washington County, Georgia. This sample contained 92.56 percent calcium carbonate and 1.07 percent magnesium carbonate, and meets the usual specifications for an agricultural lime.
In 1943 the U. S. Geological Survey made a detailed study9 of the bauxite deposits of Wilkinson County, Georgia. This study estimated bauxite reserves of commercial grade at 25,000. tons and possible reserves of 500,000 tons of material containing 45 per cent or more of Al20 3 and 30 percent or less of Si02 The bauxite in Wilkinson County occurs in small- and medium-sized kaolin lenses in the upper 20 feet of the Tuscaloosa formation. The most favorable area for prospecting was found to be in the vicinities of Cowpen, Lindsey and Water Ford Branches in the lower part of Big Sandy Creek, and along Dry Branch, Edmonds
7 Josephson, G. W., and Linn, A., U. S. Bureau of Mines, Mineral Market Report No. 1163, April 17, 1944.
s Mineral resources of Georgia, Geol. Survey of Georgia, 1938. owarren, W. C., and Thompson, R. M., Bauxite and kaolin deposits of Wilkinson County, Georgia: U. S. Geol. Survey Strategic Minerals Investigations Preliminary Maps, 1943.

GEOLOGY AND GROUND-WATER RESOURCES

17

Branch and in the area of Toomsboro, Georgia, along the lower part of Commissioners' Creek.

No large deposits of sand and gravel are developed in eastcentral Georgia, although enough for local supplies can be found at several localities in Twiggs, Wilkinson, and Washington Counties. Fair-sized deposits of light gray, medium- to coarsegrained sand are found along Big Sandy Creek three miles south of Irwinton, Wilkinson County, and in northern Twiggs County. Throughout this area there are other deposits of sand and gravel, although lack of easy transportation makes their development impractical for any large-scale operations.

Excellent timber-growing conditions exist in the area and large tracts of timber grow in the flood plains of the Ocmulgee, Oconee and Ogeechee Rivers, and in the uplands in the Red Hills and Sand Hills area in e?-st-central Georgia.

Climate
East-central Georgia is in an area characterized by a humid, temperate climate with rainfall normally adequate at all seasons. The climate of the area is favorable to the growth of many varieties of crops. Following the winter rains is a drier period during the spring and early summer when cotton and other crops need warmth and little rainfall. The summer rains fall during July and August, at a time when moisture is needed for the growing crops. The lowest rainfall is during September, October, and November, in the fall of the year at harvest time.
A graphic summary of the climate of the Middle Division of Georgia, showing data collected by the United States Weather Bureau at Milledgeville, Baldwin County; and Harrison, Washington County, is presented in Figure 3. In the. upper part of the chart three curves. represent the average monthly, average highest, and average lowest monthly temperatures in the atmosphere over a 53-year period, 1892-1944. Below the curves two straight lines represent the average length of the growing season at Milledgeville and Harrison, Georgia. The length of these lines is determined by the earliest and latest date in the year on which the temperature was recorded below 32 degrees Fahrenheit. The bar graphs at the bottom indicate the highest, lowest,

18

"GEORGIA GEOLOGICAL StiRVEY'

and mean precipitation for each month, based on data from 1892 to 1944.10

Temperature
In the middle climatic division of Georgia the annual mean temperature of the atmosphere is 61.1F. The lo:west temperature during 1944 at Milledgeville, Georgia, was for December, 44.4F., a departure of -2.9F. from normal. The highest monthly temperature was for June, 79.6F., a departure of +0.6F. from normal. The highest temperature at Milledgeville during 1944 was 100F.J recorded on June 24, 1944. The lowest, 15F., was recorded on December 3 and 15, 1944. The frost-free, or average growing, season at Milledgeville is from March 20 to November 8, or 233 days long; and at Harrison, the average growing season is from March 29 to November 3, or 219 days long. The longer average growing season at Milledgeville may be explained by the shorter period over which the Harrison Weather Bureau station has been in operation.

Precipitation
The average annual precipitation in 1944, recorded at both Milledgeville and Harrison, Georgia, was 47.32 inches. At Milledgeville in 1944 the greatest monthly rainfall was 10.90 inches during March, and the least monthly rainfall, 1.68 inches, fell in November. During 1944, the Milledgeville weather station recorded 49.93 inches of rainfall, showing a slight increase in precipitation above the average for 1943. The driest year recorded over a 53-year period from 1892 to 1944 for the middle climatic division of Georgia was 1904 when only 33.81 inches of rainfall was recorded for the year. The greatest annual pre~ cipitation for this same period was 71.82 inches recorded during 1929.
Table 1 shows the rainfall data for the middle climatic division of Georgia by five-year periods, 1892-1944. This table shows: the five-year mean rainfall; cumulative rainfall average from September 1 to November 30, the three driest months; and the cumulative rainfall averages from December 1 to March 31, the

1 Climatological data obtained from the climatological report on the
"Georgia Section," by R. L. Cornelius, and A. J. Knarr, U. S. Department of Commerce, Weather Bureau, vol. 48, no's, 1-13, 1944.

110

'_~.-.\.~

-53 ,.4.. p

100

~ :;..;---
_,_-j..\~

~

90
eo
70
t "' 60
w
.. .. ""' "~' 50
."w.'. 40
::E
v ", ~ 30
20
"" 10

~ ~.?"

_.,'!> tE~R 0 ERJnn

l~~~ ~

,_.. ~~'Y~- ~
....,_::

,, ~ ~

-'~ ~

~

_,-<.'
~,)~ 1.~~...~~~
-...o-'-,-

~r---
~
""'--.
"'-. t--

AVERAGE GROWING SEASON HARRISON, GEORGIA

0

I March 29

to

November 3 I

1 March 20

to

a November I

AVERAGE GROWING SEASON MILLEDGEVILLE, GEORGIA

14

13
,--
12

I
.---
10

9

-

,--
.---

7

r--

r--

6

z

0

E

I~

ii:

(j

I~ ~~ w.a.:. 4 V/./.l

~~

3

' I 1"::%""''"""''~ I~

I~
I~ I~I~
I~ I~ I~
~ ~~
I~

~
~
v~ ~

~-- , , ; . D Highest

"" ""
Mean~

Lowest -

Figure 3. Climatic summary for Milledgeville and Harrison, Georgia. Records precipitation, temperatur-e, growing season for 53-year period, 1892 to 1944. Based on records of the Milledgeville and Harrison stations of the U. S. Weather Bureau.

---~Din

20

GEORGIA GEOLOGIC~ SuRYEY

GOI

four months period in which this area receives ,,'its greatest precipitation. This period of winter rains may be regarded as the time in which the ground-water supply is 'most rapidly recharged. The winter precipitation consists for the most ~art of gentle, steady rainfall, seldom exceeding 1.5 inches a day' and occurring during 8 to 15 days out of each of the four winter months. In this area the soil is seldom frozen for any great length of time in the winter and because of the nature of the winter rainfall the precipitation tends to soak into the soil and penetrate downward into underlying formations, replenishing the ground-water resources. Most of the summer rains during July and August' are a result of the warm, moist, tropical Gulf air, which is highly unstable, being deflected upward by convectional currents caused by solar heating of the land :Surface. These summer rains are more torrential in nature, 2 and 3 or more inches of precipitation often falling 'in a day, and instead of penetrating to the soil and underlying formations, a large part of it leaves the area through surface channels.

Table 1. Precipitation Data for Middle Division By Five-Year Periods, 1892-1944

I

.:::=:

."s0
1'1 C1l
P-<

C"1'l ..ci

Q) 0~.0

C1l ~

~~~A .!...>Q')-..'J:"i '~' o:.i

s~~"<:l~

8~P.'.l.:.li''""~''."~s' ~'~"'

C1l ~
Q)0~.0 0'-'
> .:.!:~.j..=>3~:~,'f-__,'10l="1~.U,'QP1'3<)
s~ .-o
o.s ::I'Hco o o ~'~;:::z
P=iPl~~~

Q)

0.0

tCil~lf~."lp'.~,

~~~

~:=:~1-:J+'

1:!~
o:;.:!r-1

C<l

"r0.0:;

"'
:o;:.!o

o~..~.,~p.C.ll~

~ ~
Ql'H ~.s
~~
~~
-~ ~ Q):;:!
~~ ~"0 'H

1892-1896

18.25

7.51

12.48

47.66

1897-1901

18.83

8.92

11.21

49.74

1902-1906

18.64

7.74

10.23

46.04

1907-1911

16.17

9.00

9.43

46.80

1912-1916

16.74

9.73

11.13

48.26

1917-1921

17.65

9.01

11.61

48.06

1922-1926

21.03

8.26

7.98

49.42

1927-1931

18.37

9.80

10.11

50.1:9

1932-1936

17.20

8.35

9.87

46.43

1937-1941

16.57

5.45

11.09

45.04

1942-1944

22.19

7.64

9.34

51.87

GENERALIZED GEOLOGIC SECTION OF ROCKS IN EAST CENTRAL GEORGIA AND THEIR WATER BEARING PROPERTIES

SYSTEM
ctz>-
::::>0:0:
O~<l

SERIES
1z -
~
h
~o9z ~
o<l
:i :0::J

FORMATION
bE
<=-l >~
l
.8l
0::

SYM BOL

SECTION

THICK NESS

CHARACTER OF ROCKS

- b'-.=-.-=::''"""'--cc-:::-.c-:::<.-:~

Undifferentiated terrace and alluvial deposits consislinv of sll,

a 0

-ov 1 cloy, sand and vrovel.

Pmk, ton, and 'ilroy mottled sandy cloy. Probably represents a residuum

.c

I so~ of former Oligocene and Miocene formations. In southern Washington

1-

County - coarse onvulor sand and fine grovel in a green clayey

matrix.

~g~ ="> E

Red ond brown coorst quartz sand, contains many flat rounded 25'~ beach pebbles scattered olonv bose of bed.

>-
0: ~

cr-
=aaw..

c
0 0:: 0
E
2

10:
w

w z
w
0

l

1-

0 w

c0 o

:""ffb+;"-, j50'!
~ ~J~I;j~'"~~~T~~M 45' ~~:j~:t;~-:;
~~~;~~'-'IV

Gray wo11y cloy mottled red. Bed ronvu from 2-4 feet thick. Light gray and yellow line to coarse quortz sond Interbedded with thin layers of vroy and yellow cloy. May meroe into Sandersville limestone member of tha Barnwell formation in central WashinQton County.
Pole t;~run hockly fullers earth cloy with thin white omt~ulor quortt sand ilrenks. Becomes calcareous m eastern Washington County. and may orode upward into Sonders.vllo hmestone1 member of the Bornwell formation. Gray, hockly sandy marl. Very fossiliferous.

Ocala limestone {Tivolo tonQue) ioterlinQers from west.

4- _

Yellow calcareous sand,

Channel sands, pink and while medium to coarse quartz sand with many scattered kaolin particles.

WATER BEARING PROPERTIES Supplies ground water to many shaiiOVt du'il, dnven and drilled wells in the flood-ploln orto of the Ocmuloee, Oconu and OQ . .che.e rivers ond their tributaries. Furnishes very limted supplies of vround water to shallow dUQ wells in southern Washington, Wilkinson and TwiQ'iJS Cou,.ntin.
Suppllu o lew dUQ well' in the soUthern port of lht oreo covered by this report with o limited supply of 2 to I~ vollons of water o minute.
Many sholloVt duQ ond drllled wells in ana covered by this rtporl rtcovtr small domntlc and stock supplitt from litis oquifer. Thes wells product from 3 to 15 oollons of water a minute. Water of oood quality. In central ohd eastern W.oshinoton County many drilled wells penetrate 1olution covilin In this member and recover up to 250 oollons of water o minute. Water from this aquifer Is relatively hi9h in dissolved solids and total hardness. No record of wells produclnt;~ from !hill bed.
Ouv wells recover limited suppllu of 2 to 6 vallons of water o minute from this oqulflr. Water of low mineral conttnt.

6(/)

V>
g

~

~ ~

<(

C1. ~

r w

=>w
Ct:

0:

0

0

~ C
~ ~
g ~
.2 en 1-
:::J
1-

I .!:t (/) ooW.:I.o-wo::::o:wo>

.J ~w
5~..~.J

Alternoling beds of light colored wt)ite, Qroy, ton, purple fine to coarse micaceous sand, sandy cloy, ond cloy. Scattered stringers of grovel and lenses of kaolin,

Supplies many duQ wells in tht outcrop area ol tht formation. Furnishes up to BOO vattans a minute to domtstlc, municipal ond industrial "ells in southern half of east ctntrol Gtorg!o. Wottr of oood quality.

Schist, biotite Qntiss and granite vnein of probable pre-Cambrian aoe, and porphyritic, muscovite and biotite granite of Paleozoic ove injected at some localities by dolerite di~es of Triassic ave.

Supplies small pr.ivote, Industrial and municipal w1ll1. Individual wells rarely product aver 50 gallons 0 minute.

Figure 4. Generalized section of the geologic formations in east-central Georgia.

22

GEoRGIA G:Eoi.dGICAL SURVEY . \

OUTLINE OF GEOLQGY
of A generalized section of the geologic.forfnations east-central
Georgia and a generalized statement with regard to the groundwater conditions existing for each formation are sho~n in Fig. 4.
The oldest rocks exposed iii east-central Georgia bordering the area of this report on the north are the metamorphic and igneous rocks of pre-Cretaceous age, which are present in the Piedmont Province in the northern three-quarters of Jones, Baldwin, and Hancock Counties. The contact of the crystalline rocks with the overlying Coastal Plain sediments and the Coastal Plain formations was mapped.

Following the final metamorphism and uplift of the crystalline

rocks a long period of erosion took place throughout all but the

last or the Upper Cretaceous epoch of the Mesozoic era. During

this time the surface of the crystalline rocks was reduced to a

peneplane.



The Tuscaloosa formation of Upper Cretaceous age lies unconformably on the peneplaned crystalline rocks and crops out in a discontinuous belt from 2 to 8 miles wide along the northern margin of the Coastal Plain.

Throughout most of east-central Georgia the beds of clay, sand and grav~l of the Tuscaloosa formation are overlapped by deposits of upper Eocene age, for rocks of Paleocene .and early, middle, and lower Eocene age are not present in much of the area. During late Eocene time, approximately 150 to 200 feet of sand, clay, marl, and limestone were deposited in a shallow marine sea. These upper Eocone deposits which lie unconformably on the Tuscaloosa formation represent the Barnwell formation, which contains the basal Twiggs clay member, the Irwinton sand member, and a thin overlying sand bed, tentatively included as the upper sand member This sand bed may prove to be of Oligocene age. The basal Twiggs clay member of the Barnwell formation is typically composed of pale green hackly clay which grades into gray marl and calcareoussand. The Irwinton sand member is composed of light-gray and yellow loose sand with thin interbedded clay layers. The upper sand member is a thin bed of coarse angular sand with flat polished beach pebbles, present in the upper 10 to 15 feet of the Eocene deposits in this area.

GEOLOGY AND GROUND-WATER RESOURCES

23

The Irwinton sand and Twiggs clay members of the Barnwell formation are represented by less distinctive deposits in the Barnwell formation farther east. The Twiggs clay may be equivalent to the Santee limestone of South Carolina. The Irwinton sand together with the Twiggs clay merges laterally into the upper part of the Ocala limestone in the western half of Georgia.
Undifferentiated deposits of Miocene and Oligocene age lie uncomformably on beds of Jackson (upper Eocene) age in southern Washington, Wilkinson, and Twiggs Counties.

GENERAL GROUND-WATER CONDITIONS

Source of Ground Water
Ground water is the water below the land surface that issues from or may be pumped from springs or wells. In east-central Georgia ground water l.s derived almost entirely from precipitation in the form of rainfall, supplemented by an occasional light snowfall during the winter. Atmospheric water in the form of rain or snow falling on the earth's surface begins a hydrologic cycle. After leaving the atmosphere and falling on the earth, some of the water runs off the surface in the form of creeks and rivers, and eventually reaches the ocean. Some of the water falling on the earth's surface seeps into the soil and begins to percolate downward below the land surface. A classification11 of divisions of subsurface water is shown in figure 5.
Suspended water, or vadose water, is the water in the zone of aeration which lies between the land surface and the zone of saturation. The water passing below the surface into the zone of aeration tends to percolate down into the zone of saturation due to the force of gravity. Counteracting the downward force of gravity in the zone of aeration are the molecular forces which tend to hold the vadose water in suspension and retard its progress toward the zone of saturation. The hydrologic cycle may be shortened by the evaporation or transpiration of surface water or subsurface water and its return to the atmosphere before it reaches the zone of saturation. Some of the water, however, percolates down to the zone of saturation and becomes ground water.

11 Meinzer, 0. E., Outline of ground water hydrology, U. S. Geol. Survey Water Supply Paper 494, pp. 11-30, 1923.

24

GEORGIA GE:oi:.oG!6Ai. Su:Rv:EY

The term ground water is used to designate the water in the zone of saturatjon. The upper surface of the zone is calle'cf'the water table. The ground water feeds the springs, which maintain the fair-weather flow of the streams. Although wells may

-----
Belt of soil water

Land surface

Soil water

-
_.,r,fJ;r;,""' '

c -~
~.,
0 Intermediate

Intermediate vadose water

0
.,
.. c 0
"' N
~
~ "
-""e""
0.,

belt

Capillary fringe
-----

Water table

Fringe water

c
0 N

c

-~

~
:::1

Ground water

0

"'

~

.,

I

c

0

N

-

"'"'
0
0 !1:
.,2 c-
No""u"
0
0:

lnter.,al water
i
I

Figure 5. Diagram showing divisions of subsurface water (After 0. E. Meinzer, Figure 2, U. S. Geological Survey, Water Supply Paper 494).

GEOLOGY AND GROUND-WATER RESOURCES

25

penetrate materials which contain suspended or vadose water, water will not be yieldeduntil the zone of saturation is reached.

Storage and Movement of the Ground Water12
There are many kinds of rocks that form the earth's crust, and they differ greatly in the number, size, shape, and arrangement of their interstices. These spaces or interstices are the openings through which the liquids and gases, such as water, oil, natural gas or air, are transported. Therefore, the occurrence of water in the rocks of any region is determined by the character, distribution, and structure of the rocks, or in other words, by the geology of that region. Some rocks are characterized by numerous interstices of very small size, others by a few large openings such as fractures or solution channels.
The porosity of a rock is its property of containing interstices. The porosity of a sedimentary deposit depends on the shape, arrangement, degree of assortment, cementation and compaction of the constituent particles since deposition, the removal of mineral matter through solution by percolating waters, and the fracturing of the rock, resulting in joints and other openings. The porosity of a rock determines only :Qow much water a given rock will hold. A rock is said to be saturated when all of its interstices are filled with water.
The best yields of water in east-central Georgia are from sand strata. Water is contained in these beds in the pore spaces between the sand grains. Other openings containing ground water in the rocks in this area are: solution channels or caverns in limestone, and the joints, crevices and open bedding planes which have resulted from the fracturing of the rocks. See figure 6.
The permeability of a rock is its capacity for transmitting water under pressure and is measured by the rate at which water is transmitted through a given cross section under a given difference of pressure per unit distance. Coarse sand and gravel, if well-sorted, are very permeable and will transmit water readily. Finer sediments, such as silt and clay, may have as high porosity as sand, but because of the small size of the

12 For a detailed treatment of ground water, see Meinzer, 0. E., The
occurrence of ground water in the United States with a discussion of principles: U. S. Geol. Survey Water Supply Paper 489, pp. 2-3, 28, 1923.

26

GEORGIA GEOLOGICAL ,SURVEY

interstices they have only low permeability or may be practically impermeable.

8

E

c

F

Figure 6. Diagl'am showing several types of rock interstices and the relation of rock texture to porosity; A, well-sorted sedimentary deposit having a high porosity; B, poorly sorted sedimentary deposit having low porosity; C, well-sorted sedimentary deposit consisting of pebbles that are themselves porous, so that the deposit as a whole has a very high porosity; D, well-sorted sedimentary deposit whose porosity has been diminished by the deposition of mineral matter in the interstices; E, rock rendered porous by solution; F, rock rendered porous by fracturing. (After 0. E. Meinzer,
U. S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 489.)

GEOLOGY AND GROUND-VVATER RESOURCES

27

Water Table
The upper surface of the zone of saturation is called the water table, except where this surface is confined by a bed of clay or other relatively impervious material. The water table is rarely a stationary surface, but fluctuates in response to variations in the rate of water withdrawn by pumpage in an area, and by daily, seasonal, and yearly variations of climatic conditions.
Usually there is only one zone of saturation, but at some places in the downward percolation of subsurface water through the zone of aeration its downward progress is arrested by an impervious layer. This causes an upper zone of saturation separate from the true or main ground water body, and the area of this zone of saturation is called a perched water table.

Artesian Conditions
In east-central Georgia the formations of the Coastal Plain consist chiefly of alternating beds of permeable sand and gravel interbedded with more or less impermeable clay and marl. The strata dip to the southeast at the rate of about 15 feet per mile. The principal aquifers are the beds of sand and gravel. In the area of outcrop of these aquifers water from the surface percolates down into the zone of saturation, and under the force of gravity it moves down-dip until it becomes confined between impermeable beds. The weight of the water at higher levels in a confined aquifer exerts a pressure, and when a well penetrates such an aquifer down dip from the intake area, water will rise in the well above the bottom of the confining bed. Wells of this type are called artesian wells. The pressure of ground water due to the weight of water at higher levels in the same zone of saturation is called the hydrostatic pressure. The head of water at a given point in an aquifer may be expressed as the height of a column of water that can be supported by the hydrostatic pressure. The imaginary surface to which artesian water will rise in wells is called the piezometric surface.
Flowing wells result when the head is high enough or the surface is sufficiently low to allow artesian water to overflow at the surface. An area of artesian flow is an area in which the piezometric surface is higher than the land or water surface. Figure 7 -is a diagram showing artesian and non-artesian conditions.

28

(::-EORGIA (::-EOLOGI<;JA:f.. $URVEY

.,;

~ 0
:;ajj

~ 0 <:)

. !=:
.foill

:; ..<.J.,)
~

~

~

0
!=:

j '<:j
!=:
ol

.;!=s:

....,112

~

<J)

;..,

ol

0.0 !=: ~

0
..<:I
112


;..,
l 0.0 ol
:; i=i
. .; <J)
I =;.., 0.0
1.:
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l .:

GEOLOGY AND GROUND-WATER RESOURCES

29

The areas of artesian flow in east-central Georgia are shown in plate 2. At the time the field work for this report was completed, January 8, 1945, there were 27 flowing wells; 13 in Washington, 8 in Wilkinson, 5 in Twiggs, and 1 in Baldwin County. These flowing wells ranged from 33 to 1000 feet in depth. No flowing wells were recorded in Jones or Hancock Counties.

RECOVERY
General Features
In the six counties included in this report all but one of the municipal water supplies are obtained from drilled wells. At Milledgeville the public water supply comes from Fishing Creek. Most of the municipal and industrial wells produce ground water from water-bearing sands in the Tuscaloosa formation. Dug wells fu~nish about 80 per cent of the ground water for rural, domestic, and livestock demands. The rest of the ground water in the area is obtained from springs and drilled wells.
When water is withdrawn from a well the water table or piezometric surface in the vicinity of the well approximates the form of an inverted cone with its apex at the well. (See figure 7.) As the pumping rate increases the drawdown of the water level in the well becomes greater, and the cone of depression becomes larger. Heavy pumping of wells may influence water levels within many hundreds of feet or in some cases several miles. In an artesian aquifer the cone of depression exists only as an imaginary cone whose apex is at the well. (See figure 7.)
The specific capacity of a well is the rate of yield per unit drawdown. The new City water well (Washington 52) at Sandersville was pumped at the rate of 400 gallons per minute, which produced a drawdown of 10 feet. Therefore the specific capacity of this well is 40 gallons a minute per foot of drawndown.
The water level in a well usually drops rapidly at the beginning of a pumping test and declines more slowly during the advanced stage. The decline may continue for many hours or days. Therefore, in making pumping tests to determine the water-bearing capacity of a formation it may be necessary to continue the test for 24 hours or more. When pumping is stopped the process is reversed. The water level in the well

30

GEORGIA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

rises rapidly at first and more slowly in the later. stages. of recovery.

Dug Wells
Dug wells furnish a large proportion of the rural ground water consumed in the area. A dug well is a large-diameter well excavated with hand tools. It may or may not have a curbing from top to bottom, depending on the character of the sediments dug through. If a well is dug through a partially cemented material, such as clay or sandy clay, to a water-bearing sand, often all that is used is a sand box at the bottom of the well to keep the sand from caving. If the sediments dug through are composed of loose material, such as sand or gravel, a casing from top to bottom is necessary. Most of the dug wells are lined with wood, brick, stone, cement, or tile curbings, and ~re from 20 to 60 feet deep. In southwestern Washington County, however, a dug well (123) with a cement curbing is 103 feet deep.
The purpose of the dug well is to furnish an adequate supply of water from a shallow source at a low cost. The large diameter of a dug well produces a reservoir which permits the storing of fairly large quantities of water. Dug wells of 36 and 48 inches in diameter generally furnish an adequate supply for small farming and domestic uses. Well 12 at the Colony Farm, 51/2 miles south of Milledgeville, Baldwin County, is a combination dug well and spring. This well has a capacity of 50 gallons per minute. The Southern Railway water tank at Bullard, Twiggs County, is supplied with ground water from well 80. This well is 7% feet wide, 10 feet long, and 10.9 feet deep.

Bored Wells
Wells that are constructed with hand or power augers are called bored wells. They generally range from 20 to 60 feet in depth. Some bored wells are cased with metal pipe which has been perforated opposite the water bearing formation. They are most practical in areas of unconsolidated sediments where no hard rocks are encountered.
Figure 8 shows the simple hand equipment used in drilling a shallow bored well at Toomsboro. There are few such wells in the flood plain areas of the Ocmulgee and Oconee Rivers and Big Sandy and Commissioners Creeks.

GEOLOGY A D G ROUN D-WATER R ESOUR CES

31

Drilled Wells

Of major importance to this area are the drilled wells that supply most of the industrial and public ground-water supplies. There are also many 2- to 4-inch drilled wells that furnish ground water for domestic and livestock demands.

Figure 8. Simple hand auger equipment used by "Doc" Bostick, at Toomsboro, Wilkinson County, to bore shallow wells. Upon penetrating a water sand a well point is driven into the aquifer, and water is recovered by a
hand pump.
Rotary Well Rigs.-The rotary well-drilling method has been used to drill nearly all of the large industrial and municipal water wells more than 4 inches in diameter in this area. The rotary drilled wells are from 100 to 900 feet deep and yield as much as 800 gallons a minute by pumping. The artesian wells that over-

32

GEORGIA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

:flow at the surface yield as much as 125 gallons per minute by natural :flow.
The hydraulic rotary well-drilling equipment consists of a derrick, cables, and reels for handling tools and casing; a rotary table for rotating the drill pipe and bit, and a pump to circulate the drilling mud. The drilling mud circulates down through the drill pipe, and out the opening in the bit, carrying the drill cuttings up and out of the hole. The drilling mud also prevents the hole from caving until the casing and screens are set.

The cuttings brought up by the drilling mud represent the type of material penetrated. A record of the thickness an<~ character of this material should be kept and samples collected at intervals of a few feet. The samples may then be analyzed and the grain size of the water-bearing sand or sands determined. After determining the grain size the most efficient type and size of screen can be chosen for the well. Sometimes the screens are gravel packed, that is they are in an envelope of carefully selected uniform-sized gravel. Gravel packing is sometimes used in finegrained sediments to increase the yield of a well.

Cable Tool Rigs.-Most of the wells of small diameter used to furnish water for domestic and farm supplies in this area were drilled by hand or by small power-driven cable-tool or percussion outfits. This type of rig consists of a tripod, pulley, cable, drilling tools, and bailer. In the larger percussion rigs, or churn drills, a walking beam rocks the cable up and down. The tools in smaller rig_s are raised and dropped either by hand or by a power-driven drum. The cuttings are lifted to the surface with. the aid of a bailer. Figure 9 shows a small hand cabletool rig used in Wilkinson County and nearby locations.

Jetted wells.-The relatively unconsolidated sediments in the Coastal Plain afford ideal conditions for jetted wells, although in the area covered by this report jetted wells are not common. The process of jetting a well consists of loosening material and elevating it to the surface by water pressure. Water is forced down a pipe inserted inside the casing, and out through the perforations in the end of the bit. The cuttings are washed upward and out of the casing at the surface by the force of water. When a hard layer is encountered with a jetting rig that layer is penetrated by using a drill bit on the drill pipe which is raised and dropped to strike blows, as in the cable-

GEOLOGY A o G1wu o-'V ATER HE o 1\CE

33

tool percussion equipment. The jetting pipe inserted in the casing is turned slowly, as the drilling proceeds downward so as to insure a straight hole. The casing is usually sunk as fast as the drilling proceeds.

Fig ure 9. Simple hand driven cable tool rig used by 0. D. Tindall of McIntyre, Wilkinson County. Well of this type are drilled into an aquifer, and screen is set opposite the water-bearing sand. This type of equipment is also used in exploratory test drilling for kaolin lenses in the Coastal Plain
of Georgia.
In all drilled wells where screens are set opposite the waterbearing sands care must be taken in choosing the correct type and ize of screen. Improperly slotted casings, or home-made screens, often clog up after a few years, reducing the yield, increasing the drawdown, and therefore increasing the cost of recovery.

34

GEORGIA GEO:LOGICAL SURVEY

Driven Wells

The drive-point or driven wells are usually in valleys or other areas underlain by unconsolidated .deposits, in which the water table is within 25 feet of the land surface so that a pitcher pump or other types of suction pumps can be used. A driven well generally consists of a 114-inch pipe with a screen-covered drive point at the bottom. A post hole digger or auger is usually used in boring a preliminary hole about the same diameter as the well casing. The 11,4-inch pipe with the drive point is then placed in the auger hole and driven into the permeable sand bed. In order to use a pitcher pump the water level in the well has to be within about 25 feet of the land surface because the suction of the pump cannot raise water from a greater depth.
The advantages of a driven well are: (1) Often almost anyone can drive a well using this method, and (2) the equipment necessary is widely distributed and easily acquired in almost any hardware or plumbing establishment.
The disadvantages are: (1) yields are small, (2) the impact of driving may cause couplings to buckle, joints to leak, and sometimes injures the mesh on the drive point, (3) the method is slow and laborious when tough clays or sand clays are (:)ncountered, and (4) this type of well is especially subject to surface pollution if it is not properly located.

Springs
Many springs in the area of the Red Hills are a result of water percolating downward under the force of gravity to the upper surface of the impervious Twiggs clay member of the Barnwell formation. The water then moves laterally along the top of the Twiggs clay to an outcrop where it discharges at the surface in the form of springs. Springs of this nature whose water does not issue under artesian pressure, but which are due to an outcrop of the water table are called "gravity springs."
Seepage springs occur under similar conditions in the area in which the Tuscaloosa and Barnwell formations crop out Kaolin and sandy clay lenses in the Tuscaloosa formation and the 3 to 4 feet of clay at the top of the Irwinton sand member

GEOLOGY AND GROUND-WATER RESOURCES

35

of the Barnwell formation are both impervious layers responsible for many small gravity springs.
Nearly all of these springs yield from 3 to 5 gallons of water a minute and many furnish water for small domestic and stock uses. Many springs are intermittent and flow only part of the year, depending on the storage capacity of the catchment area.

Quality of Ground Water
Introduction
Analyses of 81 samples of water from wells in this area show no excessive or harmful amounts of fluoride. The fluoride content ranged from 0.0 to 0.5 part per million, and averaged highest in water samples collected from wells in the crystalline rocks.
Water samples collected from solution channels in the limey facies of the upper part of the Barnwell formation had the highest average calcium, bicarbonate, and sulfate content, and the highest average hardness. The hardest water in the area comes from this aquifer.
The nitrate content of the samples varied greatly from well to well. The sample from the shallow dug wells as a rule contained the greatest amount of nitrate. Water from dug well 45 in Twiggs County contained 56 parts per million of nitrate, and water from eight other wells in the area covered by this report had a nitrate content ranging from 10 to 32 parts per million. Of these nine wells, 4 were shallow dug wells, 3 were shallow drilled wells, and 2 were drilled wells over 100 feet deep. Although nitrate is a comparatively unimportant mineral constituent of waters, it may in some cases indicate contamination by surface wash, sewage, or other organic matter.
Chemical Constituents in Relation to Use13
Silica.-(SiO.J is dissolved from practically all rocks. The extent to which silica is dissolved in water depends upon the conditions of the silica in the rock material, composition of the water, and time of contact. Alkaline waters take more silica

13 Adapted in part from Lamar, W. L., Industrial quality of public water supplies in Georgia: U. S. Geol. Survey, Water Supply Paper 912, pp. 7-15, 1940.

36

GEoRGIA GEoLOGICAL SuRVEY

in solution than less alkaline waters. Silica in water is troublesome in causing boiler scale in high-pressure boiler plants, but it is believed to have little or no effect on the use of water for other purposes.
Iron.-(Fe) is dissolved fro:m practically all rocks and soils. It is a common constituent of ground water, but should not exceed 0.2 part per million when furnished to consumers. Water containing in excess of 0.2 part per million iron is not suitable on account of the appearance of "red water," or reddishbrown sediment caused by the oxidation of the iron. Water of this nature causes staining on white porcelain fixtures and clothing, and is unsuitable for industrial laundering, beverages, food, paper, ice, and other manufacturing purposes.
The simplest method of removing most of the iron from water is by a process of aeration, followed by coagulation and filtration. This process is practiced at many water purification plants,

Calcium and magnesium.-(Ca) and (Mg) are dissolved from many rocks. Water percolating through the soil generally takes into solution carbonic or organic acids. When water containing these acids comes in contact with limestone, which is essentially calcium carbonate, some of the limestone is dissolved. Calcium sulfate-gypsum-is also a source of calcium in ground water.
Magnesium occurs in lesser amounts than calcium in the ground waters of the area. It may be dissolved from dolomitic limestones.
Hardness in water is caused by both of the elements calcium and magnesium.
Sodium and potassium.-(Na) and (K) are dissolved from practically all rocks and soils. They make up only a very small part of the dissolved mineral content of the ground waters of this area. Ground water recovered from the deeper aquifers is likely to contain more sodium than water from the shallow water-bearing formations, although moderate quantities of sodium and potassium have little or no effect on the suitability of water for domestic and most industrial uses. Soda ash (sodium carbonate), used in the treatment of a few of the waters, increases the sodium content of the finished water.

GEOLOGY AND GROUND-WATER RESOURCES

37

Carbonate and bicarbonate.-(C03) and (HC03) in natural waters result from the solution of limestone and other carbonate rocks through the chemical reaction of carbonic and organic acids in waters. Carbonate (C03) is not generally present in appreciable quantities in the ground water of east-central Georgia. The bicarbonate (HC03 ) content in water samples collected inthis area ranged from 1 to 303 parts per million, being highest in waters from solution cavities in the calcareous facies of parts of the Barnwell formation in eastern Washington County. The bicarbonate in waters in this area has little effect on the use of the water.
Sulfate.-(S04 ) is dissolved from rocks and soils and from material CO!ltaining gypsum (CaS04 2H20). Some sulfate is derived from the oxidation of sulfides. Sulfate-hard water will form a hard boiler scale and may influence the choice of the method of treatment for water used in boilers: Calcium and magnesium in hard water may also influence the choice of a method of water softening, and these elements combined with sulfate will also add to the cost of softening the water. Magnesium, and sodium sulfate if present in sufficient quantities, impart a bitter taste, although sulfate itself has little effect on the general use of a water.
Chloride.-(Cl) In east-central Georgia chloride is dissolved in small quantities from rock materials through which ground water has percolated. The chloride content of waters in this area is very low, ranging. from 0.2 to 26 parts per million. Chloride has little effect on the suitability of water, except when it is contained in large enough quantities to give the water a salty taste. Appreciable quantities of chloride in equilibrium with calcium or magnesium may increase the corrosiveness of a water.
Fluoride.-(F) is dissolved from fluoride-bearing minerals in rocks. H. T. Dean14 of the United States Public Health Service and other investigators report that water that contains 1.0 part per million or more of fluoride is. known to be associated with the dental defect known as mottled enamel if the water is used for drinking or cooking during the calcification or _formation of the teeth. No well-water sample collected in the

14 Dean, H. T;, Chronic indemic fluorosis: Jour. Amer. Med. Assoc., vol. 107, pp. 1269-1272, 1936.

38

GEOR(l!A GEOLOG:ICAL SURVEY '

area covered by this report contained as much as 1.0 part per million :fluoride. Deep-we.ll waters and sodium bicarbonate waters are more likely to contain harmful quantities of :fluoride than calcium bicarbonate waters.

Nitrate.-(N03) in ground water is generally considered a final oxidation product of nitrogeneous organic material. Nitrate, if contained in large quantities, may indicate the presence of sewage, surface wash, or other organic matter in the water. For most of the water supplies analyzed the nitrate content was less than 1 part per million, although in the samples from . a few wells it ranged from 1 to 10 parts per million, and water from 7 wells in the area contained over 10 parts per million.

Total hardness.-The hardness of a water is commonly recognized by its soap-consuming power or the amount of soap required to make a permanent lather. The constituents that cause hardness, generally calcium and magnesium, are the same active agents that cause boiler scale. Water having a hardness of less than 50 parts per million is considered soft. Water having a hardness of 50 to 150 parts per million consumes more soap, and softening is profitable for soap-using industries.

GEOLOGIC FORMATIONS AND THEIR WATER-BEARING PROPERTIES
The areal distribution of the formations underlying the Coastal Plain of east-central Georgia described below is shown on the geologic map in plate 1. A description of the lithology, correlation and water-bearing properties of these formations follow.

Pre-Cretaceous Rocks
Complex crystalline rocks, consisting of weathered biotite gneiss, granite gneiss, and schist of pre-Cambrian age lie beneath and to the north of the sedimentary deposits in the area of this report. Intruded into the pre-Cambrian rocks at some places are dolerite dikes of Triassic age and large bodies of porphyritic granite that are regarded as of late Paleozoic, age. In northern Baldwin and Hancock Counties quartzites, slates and volcanics of pre-Cambrian or possibly of Paleozoic age 15

15 A. S. Furcron-personal correspondence, Dec. 7, 1945.

GEOLOGY

o GRou o-WATER REsouRCES

39

crop out in a long narrow southwest-northeastern belt just north of the Fall Line. Following the development of the crytalline rocks, a long period of erosion, which took place prior to the last, or Upper Cretaceous, epoch of the Mesozoic era, reduced the surface of the crystalline rocks to a peneplane. In the latter part of the Mesozoic era, submergence of the land surface took place and the Cretaceous shore line approached near the present-day Fall Line. During the Upper Cretaceous epoch the clays, sandy clays, sand, and gravels of the Tuscaloosa formation were deposited on the crystalline basement complex (see figs . 10 and 11).

Figure 10. Road cut on old Sandersville Road, southeast bank of Buck Creek (Baldwin County) showing the Tuscaloosa formation unconformably
lying on quartzites and weathered slates of pre-Cretaceous age.
The crystalline rocks are very highly weathered and the exposed slate, gneiss, granite, and schist are generally soft and friable. A section showing the contact of the Tuscaloosa formation with the underlying crystalline rocks is exposed in a cut
at Carrs on the Georgia Railroad.
Section in cuv of Geo'rgia Railroad at Atlantic Ref-ractories Fire Brick Company, 0.4 mile southwest of CaT1'S, Hancock County, Ge01gia

40

GEoRGIA GEoLOGICAL SuRVEY

Thickness Feet

8. Soil, buff-yellow pebbly.

2

Tertiary (upper Eocene) Channel sands

7. Quartz sand, coarse, angular and sub-angular,

arkosic, with many kaolin particles 2 to 4

inches in diameter.

5

6. Kaloin stringer.

1f2

5. Sand, orange, coarse, sub-angular, arkosic,

with many scattered kaolin particles, oval ka-

olin balls up to 12" in diameter.

12

Unconformity Cretaceous (Upper Cretaceous)
Tuscaloosa formation

4. Kaolin lens, gray-white (kaolin lens mined at

Atlantic Ref. Co.)

6-25

3. Quartz sand, gray-white, medium-grained,

cross-bedded, and micaceous. Grades down in-

to 6 feet of orange arkosic coarse sand- and

gravel with scattered kaolin particles.

26

2. Sand, purple, coarse and fine gravel, very mi-

caceous in a kaolinitic matrix. This material

fills small fissures running down into under-

lying crystalline rocks.

1-2

Unconformity

Pre-Cambrian (elevation 505 feet) .

1. Highly weathered granite-gneiss, gray white

with streaks of purple.

8

Information reported by the Layne-Atlantic Well Drilling Company on five water wells drilled to the crystalline rocks, Washington County wells 17, 18, 51, 64, 65, indicate the crystalline surface has a southeast slope of 55 feet per mile.
Water Supply.~The crystalline rocks in the Piedmont area, because of their complexity, do not have the continuity of water-bearing beds of those of the Coastal Plain. Finding adequate large supplies of ground water in the outcrop area of these rocks presents a problem, as only rarely do individual

GEOLOGY AND GRo o-WATER R EI!IOURCES

41

wells produce sufficient ground water for industrial or mumclpal demands. At many localities in the Piedmont, supplies for small towns, villages and industries are obtained from a series of two, three, or more wells.

Figure 11. Road cut in Stevens Pottery-Milledgeville Road 1.8 miles northeast of Coopers School (Baldwin County) showing sand and gravel of the Tuscaloosa formation lying unconformably on deeply weathered micaceous
schist of pre-Cretaceous age.
Quality of Water Influenced by Crystalline Rocks.-Six samples of water were collected along the northern margin of the Coastal Plain in Baldwin, Twiggs, and Hancock Counties from wells passing through the sedimentary deposits of the Coastal Plain and penetrating the crystalline rocks beneath. Some of the water in these wells was from the sedimentary deposits, but the quality of every sample was influenced slightly by the crystalline rocks.
Water from the Tuscaloosa formation or overlying channel sands which generally are in contact with the crystallines in this area is low in bicarbonate, fluoride, and total hardness, whereas water from the six wells influenced by the crystalline rocks is slightly higher in mineral content, ranges from 21 . to 85 parts per million bicarbonate, 21 to 57 parts per mil-

42

GEORGIA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

lion total hardness, and averages .21 part per million fluoride, 3.1 parts per million iron, and 7.8 parts per million sulfate.

Cretaceous System
(Upper Cretaceous)
Tuscaloosa Formation
In 1887 Smith and Johnston 16 named the Tuscaloosa formation after the town, river, and county of the same name in Alabama. The Tuscaloosa formation in Alabama consists of some 800 feet of light-colored irregularly bedded sands, clays, and gravels, and includes a recently recognized marine zone in its lower half. Earlier workers on the Cretaceous stratigraphy of Georgia who questioned the correlation of the Upper Cretaceous of Georgia with the Tuscaloosa formation of Alabama, assigned the name Middendorf to these beds. In 1936 the name was discarded in favor of Tuscaloosa 17 for the deposits of Upper Cretaceous age in Georgia. At the present time basal Upper Cretaceous beds from North Carolina to Mississippi, and northward into Tennessee are referred to as the Tuscaloosa formation.
In east-central Georgia the Tuscaloosa formation crops out in a belt ranging from 2 to 8 miles in width along the northern margin of the Coastal Plain. This belt of outcrop is made discontinuous by the progressive overlap of younger beds of Jackson age. Typical of this area of outcrop of the formation are broad rolling Sand Hills with gentle slopes and light-colored sandy loam soils. The Tuscaloosa formation also crops out in the valleys of southeastern and southwestern streams where the overlying younger sediments have been stripped away.
In the southern part of the area of this report the Tuscaloosa formation has a maximum thickness of 700 or 800 feet. It thins progressively to the northwest, up dip, to the Fall Line. In a water well drilled for the town of Sandersville, Georgia, at an ele- vation of 470 feet, the crystalline basement, which was encountered at a depth of 872 feet, is overlain by 605 feet of Tus-

16 Smith, E. A., and Johnston, L. C., Tertiary and Cretaceous strata of the Tuscaloosa, Tombigbee, and Alabama Rivers. U. S. Geol. Survey Bull. 43, pp. 95-116, 1887.
17 Cooke, C. W., Geology of the Coastal Plain of South Carolina: U. S. Geol. Survey Bull. 867, p. 17, 1936.

GEOLOGY A.l'<D GROUND-WATER J}ESOURCES

43

caloosa sediments. Well cuttings and outcrops in this area show the Tuscaloosa to be composed of cross-bedded sand and gravel, and lenses of clay and sandy clay. The sands are predominately light colored, buff, yellow, and gray, micaceous and cross-bedded, and interlensed with light-colored red, purple, gray, and white clay and sandy clay. lenses. Some of the clay lenses are as much as 35 or 40 feet thick. Zones of sub-angular to sub-rounded quartz gravel up to 1% inches in diameter are common in the massive cross-bedded sand. The basal Tuscaloosa formation at the contact with the crystalline rocks contains large angular and sub-angular gravel, cobbles, and boulders 6 and 8 inches in diameter. A section showing typical lithology of the Tuscaloosa formation is exposed in a cut at Mountain Springs flag stop on the Central of Georgia Railway in Jones County, Georgia.
Section exposed in Central of Georgia Railway cut and dirt road cut at Mountain Springs, Jones County, Georgia

Thickness (Feet)

Eocene (upper Eocene-Beds of Jackson age)

Barnwell formation

6. Sand, brownish-red, sub-angular, coarse, clay-

ey. Thin beds of ironstone near base with many flat rounded polished beach pebbles up to

11/2 inches in diameter. '

12+

5. Clay, gray-green, blocky, waxy, and mottled

red.

4+

4. Buff to gray-white soft nodular lime ledge with

green clay partings.

%,

3. Sand, yellow, loose fine sub-angular, with many

dark sub-angular particles and scattered highly polished rounded quartz granules. Grades down

into brownish green medium-grained glauconi-

tic quartz sand in clayey matrix.

15

Channel sand

2. Quartz sand, buff, medium-grained, and many

rounded beauxitic kaolin balls up to 4 feet in

diameter.

1-8

44

GEORGIA GEOLOGiciAi; SuRvEY

Unconformity

Thickness

Upper Cretaceous

(Feet)

Tuscaloosa formation (elevation of contact 489 feet

above sea level)

1. Quartz sand, light-colored, gray-white, fine to

coarse sub-angular, cross-bedded, micaceous

and interbedded with thin layers of sandy kao-

lin and kaolin up to 1 foot thick.

20+

The sand, sandy clay, and clay of .the Tuscaloosa formation in this area apparently is of continental origin. These deposits are composed of erosional products of the ancient crystalline rocks of the Piedmont, which accumulated in fresh water bodies or possibly near the shore of a shallow marine Cretaceous sea. Because of the scarcity of fossil plants or animal remains in the Tuscaloosa formation it is difficult to determine its exact age. A few poorly preserved plant remains were collected by Stephenson and Thompson 18 from a lens of sandy carbonaceous clay overlain by 19 feet of kaolinitic clay at one of Martin's abandoned clay mines, 1 mile south of Gordon, Wilkinson County. From this. collection R. W. Brown recognized a species resembling Phyllites asplenoides Berry, fragments of dicotyledonous leaves, and unidentified fruits or seeds. On the basis of a probable specimen 6f P. asplenoides Brown believes this to be a collection of Upper Cretaceous plants.
The Tuscaloosa formation iii this area strikes northeastsouthwest and dips southeastward about 15 feet per mile. It is overlain uncomformably by the younger Eocene beds which locally, in Jones, Baldwin, and Hancock Counties, entirely overlap the Cretaceous deposits and rest directly on the crystalline rocks.
Kaolin artd Bauxite.-In 1943 about 78 percent of the Kaolin produced in the United States was mined in Georgia. Most of this came from weste:rn Washington, central and western Wilk- . inson, and northern Twiggs Counties, but a small amount came from Hancock County near Carr's Station. The entire production from this area is from kaolin lenses in the Tuscaloosa formation (see figs. 12, 13). Bauxite has also. been mined in

18 Stephenson, L. W., and Thompson, R. W., Notes on Cretaceous and adjacent Eocene formations in central and west-central Georgia, pp. 29-30, unpublished.

GEOLOGY o Gno u 'D-\VATEn H E ouncEs

45

this area, and Warren 19 states that bauxite bodies ranging from a few inches to 10 feet in thickness and from a few square feet to five acres in extent are present in small-and-mediumsized kaolin len es lying in the upper 20 feet of the Tuscaloosa formation.

F igure 12. General Refractorie Kaolin Mine, Carrs Station, Hancock County. White kaolin of the Tusca loosa formation overlain by pink coarse
sand with many scattered kaolin particles.
Water Supply.-The thick sand and gravel beds of the Tuscaloosa formation are the best source of ground water in eastcentral Georgia. Many shallow dug wells along the northern margin of the Coastal Plain and to the southwest and southeast along the streams in the area of outcrop of the Tuscaloosa formation yield ground water from this aquifer. Wells drilled to water-bearing sands in the Tuscaloosa formation furnish as much as 800 gallons a minute for domestic, municipal, and industrial use at Sandersville, Deepstep, Oconee, Mcintyre, Huber, Jeffersonville, and other nearby localities.
10 Warren, Walter C., Bauxite and kaolin deposits of Wilkinson County, Georgia: U. S. Geol. Survey, Strategic Mineral Investigations Preliminary Maps, 1943.

46

GEoR GI A GEOLOG I CA L Su R VE Y

Northwest of a line connecting Sandersville, Mcintyre, and Huber, Georgia, the Tuscaloosa formation becomes thinner to the Fall Line, therefore as the sand and gravel beds thin out up the dip and the catchment area decreases, progr~sively less water should be expected from wells producing from these beds. Southeast of a line connecting Sandersville and Huber Georgia, supplies of 500 gallons a minute or more may be o~ tained from the water-bearing beds of the Tuscaloosa formation.

Figure 13. Stevens Pottery ka olin mine, 5.7 miles north of Gordon on Stevens Pottery-Gordon road (Wilkinson County) . White kaolin of the Tuscaloosa formation overlain unconformably by 40 feet of calcareous sa nd and
clay of the Barnwell formation.
Where topographic and geologic conditions are favorable, wells penetrating water-bearing sands in the Tuscaloosa forma tion will overflow. Conditions are favorable for flowing wells

GEOLOGY AND GROUND-WATER RESOURCES

47

in the flood plains of the Ocmulgee and Oconee Rivers, and in the valleys of their tributaries to the point of outcrop of the piezometric surface. (See area of artesian flow, plate 2). At Westlake and Adams Park in southeastern Twiggs County, in the flood plain of the Ocmulgee River, wells penetrating the Tuscaloosa formation have natural :flows up to 60 gallons a minute. In the flood plain of the Oconee River flowing wells have been drilled on Indian Island, southern Baldwin County; at Balls F!erry, east-central Wilkinson County; in the Oconee and Gardner area, Washington County; and in the flood plain of the Oconee River in the southeastern corner of Wilkinson County. The northern limit offlowing wells in the flood plain of Buffalo Creek is just north of Deepstep, Georgia, north of Washington County well 64 and south of Washington County well 18. Three :flowing wells near Deepstep and two wells at Brooks Springs, in the northern half of the flood plain of Buffalo Creek in Washington County have natural flows of from 30 to 125 gallons a minute. The northern limit of the area of :flowing wells in the :flood-plain area of Commissioners Creek in Wilkinson County is at Toomsboro. Flowing wells in the :flood plain of Big Sandy Creek are possible to a point about 2.5 miles northwest of Big Sandy Creek Bridge on Georgia Highway 29.
Quality of the Water.-In general, waters from the Tuscaloosa formation are low in dissolved mineral content. Analyses of 43 samples of water from the Tuscaloosa formation, chosen to show chemical variations "down dip", along the strike, and at various depths, usually showed a range of 1 to 30 parts per million of bicarbonate, 1 to 10 parts per million of chloride, 0.1 part per million or less of fluoride, 1 to 17 parts per million of sulfate, and less than 6 parts per million of nitrate.
An exception to the general statement is seen in the analyses of five samples of water from well 126 Washington County and Wells 60, 62, 65 and 102 Wilkinson County. These five water samples appear to have been taken from the same aquifer in the Tuscaloosa formation. They had a range from 37 to 96 parts per million of total hardness, and from 53 to 99 parts per million of bicarbonate. They contained from 8 to 17 parts per million of sulfate, 1.9 to 5 parts per million of chloride, and 0.1 part per million or less of fluoride.
Nine analyses were made of water collected from wells penetrating the Tuscaloosa formation at Sandersville (51), Deepstep

48

GEORGIA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

(65), Gardner (126), Gordon (24), Dedrich (36), Balls Ferry (G2), Dry Branch (17), Jeffersonville (40), and Adams Park (72). Water from these wells contained no carbonate, 1.7 parts per million or less of magnesium, and from 1.1 to 9.1 parts per million of sodium and potassium combined. The silica content of these samples was 9 to 24 parts per million, and calcium, with one exception (Twiggs 40), 1 to 32 parts per million. The Jeffersonville municipal well (Twiggs 40) contained relatively large amounts of bicarbonate, silica, calcium, total hardness, and dissolved solids. The high hardness of water from this well might be explained by an unreported screen set in a calcareous sand in the Eocene deposits which overlie the Tuscaloosa formation at t~is locality.

The iron content in some artesian water from the Tuscaloosa formation is great enough to cause a reddish stain to form on the sanitary fixtures and clothing, where the water is used for domestic or public supplies. This is the case with the new City water well at Sandersville (well 51).
As water moves down dip in the aquifers of the Tuscaloosa formation it usually dissolves and takes into solution additional chemical constituents. A good example of this is seen by comparing the analysis of the water from well 65 located 3 miles south of Irwinton, with well 102 which is 12 miles southeast, down-dip from well 65. Water from well 65 contained 1.5 parts per million of iron, 64 parts per million of bicarbonate, 8 parts per million of sulfate, 4 parts per million of chloride, and had a total hardness of 63 parts per million. The sample of water from well 102 contained 2.8 parts per million of iron, 99 parts per million of bicarbonate, 17 parts per million of sulfate, 5 parts per million of chloride, and had a total hardness of 96 parts per million.

Eocene Series
(Upper ( ?) Eocene)
Channel Sands
At many localities along the Fall Line in east-central Georgia where the Eocene strata overlap the Tuscaloosa formation and lie on the crystalline rocks, the sedimentary deposits of the Coastal Plain are represented by a pink and white kaolinitic quartz sand that fills channels in the crystalline rocks of the

GEOLOGY A N D GROUN D-WATE R R ESOURCES

49

piedmont (see fig. 14). In northern Twiggs, Wilkinson, and Washington Counties, and at many places in southern Jones, Baldwin, and Hancock Counties, similar channel sands overlie the Tuscaloosa formation unconformably.

Figure 14. Exposure in road cut 1 mile east of Black Springs Church on Georgia Highway 22 (Baldwin County) showing pink coarse sand filling
a channel in deeply weathered granite.
The channel sands, where they are present, range in thickness from a few inches to 25 feet, and consist of light-pink, gray, and white fine to coarse and gravelly cross-bedded sand through which many white rounded kaolin balls are scattered. In southern Jones County in a section exposed by a cut on the Central of Georgia Railroad at Mountain Springs, and other localities in Wilkinson and Twiggs Counties, rounded pisolitic kaolin boulders as much as 4 feet in diameter are scattered along the base of the channel sand at the contact with the Tuscaloosa formation. (see fig. 15)
The channel sands consist of coarse sand, gravel, and kaolin fragments eroded from the older crystalline rocks and the Tuscaloosa formation. This material was carried in suspension or rolled along stream beds and deposited near shore in a marine sea during Eocene time.

50

GEoRGIA GEOLOGICAL SuRVEY

On the north side of Georgia Highway 57, about 0.7 mile west of the Irwinton, Georgia, courthouse, a borrow pit and drainage ditch expose 15 feet of coarse pinkish-gray channel sand overlying unconformably the gray sandy kaolin of the Tusca. loosa formation. At this locality and others in this aNa, the channel sands contain borings of Halymenites, indicating a shallow marine origin. In some sections the channel sands appear to grade upward into the overlying sands which are of definite Jackson age, whereas at other places they are overlain by a

Figure 15. Railroad cut at Mountain Springs on Central of Georgia Railway (Jones County) showing rounded bauxite clay boulders scattered along
base of the channel sands.
bed of coarse pebbly sand suggesting an unconformable relationship with the overlying bed. L. W. Stephenson and R. M. Thompson 20 suggest that the channel sands may be remnants of older Eocene deposits, possibly even of pre-Jackson age, such remnants having escaped destruction by the advancing Jackson sea because of their position in channel-like depressions below the level of cutting. As the channel sands locally contain reworked boulders of bauxite, it appears that they were deposited
20 Stephenson, L. W., and Thompson, R. M., Notes of Cretaceous and adjacent Eocene formations in central and west-central Georgia, pp. 26-28, unpublished.

GEOLOGY AND GROUND-WATER RESOURCES

51

subsequent to the bauxite-forming period, though conceivably bau~itization might have altered the kaolin cobbles and boulders after they were incorporated in the sands. The channel sands, where present, were mapped with the deposits of Jackson age because of their small extent and because of the possibility of their being of upper Eocene age. The progressive overlap exhibited by these and other units of upper Eocene age suggest their close relationship.
Water Supply.-Because of the discontinuous character of the channel sands, and because of the cementation of the quartz grains in the kaolinitic matrix, these deposits are a poor aquifer for ground water. Along the northern margin of the Coastal Plain in the area of outcrop of the channel sands a few shallow dug wells produce from these deposits, but they furnish supplies that are barely adequate for small domestic and farm use.
The water from this aquifer is very low in dissolved mineral content. Three well water samples were collected; one each from northwestern Hancock (well 17), northeastern Baldwin (well 2) , and north-central Wilkinson Counties (well 16). These samples averaged 14.7 parts per million of total hardness, 6.7 parts per million of bicarbonate, 1.7 parts per million of sulfate, 10.7 parts per million of chloride, no :fluoride, 10.4 parts per million of nitrate, and 2.5 parts per million of iron.

(Upper Eocene)
Barnwell Formation
The term Barnwell "buhr sands" or Barnwell "phase" was first used by Sloan 21 in 1907 for material consisting of silicified shells and red ferruginous sands that were typically exposed in Barnwell County, South Carolina. Sloan classified these sands as middle Eocene. In 1911 Veatch and Stephenson 22 used the term "Barnwell sand" for the same deposits in Georgia and included the Barnwell with the McBean in the Claiborne group.

21 Sloan, Earle, Geology and mineral resources: Handbook of South Carolina, Chapter 5, p. 90, 1907.
22 Veatch, Otto, and Stephenson, L. W., Preliminary report on the geology of the Coastal Plain of Georgia: Georgia Geol. Survey Bull. 26, pp. 285296, 1911.

52

GEORGIA GEOLOGICAL Sl,JRVEY

Cooke and Shearer 23 later found that most of the fauna upon which the Claiborne age of the Barnwell was based also. occurred in deposits of Jackson age, so reclassified the :Barnwell as of Jackson age.

The Barnwell formation of east-central Georgia has a diverse lithology, and, for convenience of discussion, it has been divided into three members; the basal or Twiggs clay member, the Irwinton sand member, and an unnamed, thin upper member of coarse red sand with flat rounded beach pebbles, tentatively assigned to the Barnwell.

A section exposed in a road cut 1.1 miles southeast of Toomsboro along Georgia Highway 57 on the southeast side of Camp Creek exhibits well the lithology and stratigraphic relationship of the members of the Barnwell formation.

Section exposed in road cut 1.1 miles southeast of Toomsboro on Georgia Highway 57

Thickness (Feet)

Tertiary (upper Eocene)

Barnwell formation

Upper sand member

10. Sand, red coarse-grained, with scattered :flat

rounded pebbles at base.

4

Irwinton sand member

9. Clay, pale greenish-gray, waxy, mottled red. 4

8. Quartz sand, yellowish-tan, massive fine to

medium-grained sub-angular with many fine

dark angular particles scattered throughout

and many thin gray clay partings. Near base

of bed clay layers increase in thickness to 6

or 8 inches.

50

23 Cooke, C. W., and Shearer, H. K., Deposits 'of Claiborne and Jackson age in Georgia: U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 120, pp. 41-81, 1918.

GEOLOGY AND GROUND-WATER RESOURCES

53

Twiggs clay member

Thickness (Feet)

7. Clay, pale green-gray, hackly, blocky, of fuller's

earth type, with fine sand streaks. In basal 15

feet the clay becomes more sandy and contains

a few poorly preserved pelecypod molds.

42

6. Sand, brown and gray mottled, clayey. Part-

ings of green waxy clay.

8

5. Tan, gray indurated nodular lime ledge.

1!2

4. Sand, buff-yellow, medium-grained, clayey, cal-

careous, and fossiliferous.

8

3. Pale greenish-gray indurated fossiliferous

nodular lime ledge.

1;2

2. Clay, pale greenish-gray, hackly, blocky, fos-

siliferous, and with many white lime nodules

scattered throughout.

3

1. Sand, buff-yellow, very fossiliferous, argillace-

ous, calcareous and glauconitic.

6

Unconformity Cretaceous

(Elevation of Tertiary-Cretaceous contact approximately 230 feet above sea level.)

Tuscaloosa formation not exposed in section.

[Twiggs clay member]

The type locality of the Twiggs clay member of the Barnwell formation is at Pikes Peak station on the Macon, Dublin, and Sava~nah Railroad in Twiggs County.

The Twiggs clay was formerly considered to be of Claiborne age, and was called the Congaree clay member of the McBean formation by Veatch and Stephenson 24 Cooke and Shearer 25 later found fossil evidence indicating the Jackson age of the Congaree clay which they renamed "Twiggs clay" and made a member of the Barnwell formation. In a later report Cooke 26

24 Veatch, Otto, and Stephenson, L. W., Preliminary report on the Coastal Plain of Georgia: Georgia Geol. Survey Bull. 26, p. 265, 1911.
25 Cooke, C. W., and Shearer, H. K., Deposits of Claiborne and Jackson
age in Georgia: U. S. Geol. Survey, Prof. Paper 120, pp. 41-81, 1918. 26 Cooke, C. Wythe, Geology of the Coastal Plain of Georgia: U. S. Geol.
Survey Bull. 941, pp. 61-62, 1943.

54

GEORGIA GEOLOGICAL SuRvEY

adopted the same usage, except that he restored part of the socalled Congaree clay to the McBean formation, and stated that this restored part may be an upper Eocene deposit, intermediate between the Barnwell and McBean.

It was found during this investigation that no part of the so-called Congaree clay or Twiggs clay in east-central Georgia was of Claiborne age, and that the base of the Barnwell formation in this area is the base of the Twiggs clay member, which rests unconformably on the Tuscaloosa formation except where the channel sands are present.

In northern Washington and southern Jones, Baldwin, and Hancock Counties, the Twiggs clay me;rnber of the Barnwell formation consists of about 25 feet of pale-green hackly clay, of the fuller's earth type, but to the south and southwest in western Washington and Wilkinson Counties it thickens gradually, and locally includes 20 to 40 feet of green hackly clay which grades down into 10 feet of gray marl, which in turn grades at some localities into 15 feet of calcareous sand at the base of the member. Near the type locality at Pikes Peak station in Twiggs County, the Twiggs clay member attains its maximum thickness of nearly 80 feet.

All of these lithologic types of the Twiggs clay member of the Barnwell formation were probably deposited in a shallow sea, and the various facies within such a short distance of each other resulted because of slight changes in depth, temperature, and various conditions of deposition. As is to be expected, a slightly different fauna is present in each of the facies. The pale-green hackly. clay contains a very few poorly preserved pelecypod and gastropod molds. The gray and brownish gray marl zone of the Twiggs, however, is rich in both macro-fossils and foraminifera. A section showing the stratigraphic relationship and lithology of the Twiggs clay member in northern Washington County is seen in a road cut in the south bank of Kleg Creek, 4.2 miles southeast of Deepstep, Georgia, on the Sandersville-Deepstep road.

GEOLOGY AND' GROUND-WATER RESOURCES

55

Section in a road cut 4.2 miles southeast of Deepstep on the Sandersville-Deepstep road Thickness
(Feet) Tertiary (upper Eocene)

Barnwell formation

Upper sand member

7. Sand, red, coarse sub-angular with fine gravel

in a thin clay matrix. Scattered highly polished

curvilinear pebbles at base.

12

Irwinton sand member

6. Clay, pale green, waxy with red mottling.

6

5. Sand, yellow, fine to medium-grained, cross-

bedded, mealy, with thin clay streaks up to

5 inches thick near base.

38

Twiggs clay member

4. Clay, of fuller's earth type, pale green, mas-

sive, blocky, finely micaceous, with thin fine

sand streaks. Lower 20 feet becomes more

sandy, fossiliferous and contains many white

lime nodules.

46

3. Marl, gray-tan, highly fossiliferous. Contains

Panope and other pelecypod molds, Pecten sp.,

Cardium sp., Venericardia sp., Turritella sp.,

and gastropod molds.

1

Channel sands

2 Quartz sand, green coarse, sub-angular, and

glauconitic.

4

Unconformity

Cretaceous

Tuscaloosa formation

1. Kaolin, gray-white, mottled yellow, and iron-

stained. Slightly micaceous and with scat-

tered angular coarse quartz grains.

40

The Twiggs clay member of the Barnwell formation is conformably overlain by the Irwinton sand member, and in east-

56

GEORGIA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

central Georgia dips southeast about 15 feet per mile. West of the Ocmulgee River it becomes more calcareous and merges laterally into the Ocala limestone; east of the Ogeechee River it tongues into the lower part of the Barnwell formation of eastern Georgia, and may be equivalent to the Santee limestone of South Carolina.
Fuller's Eal'th.-The fuller's earth mined from the Twiggs clay member of the Barnwell formation in east-central Georgia is used in bleaching animal and vegetable oils. Near Pikes Peak station in Twiggs County the Twiggs clay attains its maximum thickness of about 80 feet and has been mined by the General Reduction Company. In central Wilkinson County 1 mile north of Irwinton, Georgia, a .bed of fuller's earth has been mined intermittently on the Carswell estate. Thick exposures of fuller's earth were also observed: (see plate 1) in the area north of Georgia Highway 57, .east of Little Sandy Creek in Twiggs. County, near Fitzpatrick in Twiggs County, in the vicinity of Stevens Pottery kaolin pit in northwestern Wilkinson County, in the vicinities of Big Sandy, Porters Branch, and Maiden Creeks west of Georgia Highway 29 in Wilkinson County, and in northern Wilkinson County exposed in creek beds on both sides of the Toomsboro-Milledgeville road between the Homer Jones and Leo Stubbs properties. There are also thick exposures of fuller's earth in western Washington County south of Deepstep and east of Buffalo Creek.

Limestone.-In western Twiggs County in the area along Georgia Highway 87 (Cochran Short Route) limestone outcrops were observed. These outcrops are exposures of the Ocala limestone which interfingers from the west with the Twiggs clay member of the Barnwell formation. In northwestern Twiggs County two samples of limestone from the Lawson property 2 miles east of Huber, Georgia, contained an average calcium carbonate equivalent to 92.3 percent.

Ground Water.-In the Sandersville area and to the. east toward Davisboro the Twiggs clay member of the Barnwell formation becomes more calcareous, and grades upward into the Sandersville limestone. Ground water percolating through these beds in the upper half of the Barnwell formation has dissolved some of the calcareous material, and channels and sink holes have thus been formed. Wells penetrating the solution cavities

GEOLOGY AND GROUND-WATER RESOURCES

57

yield supplies of ground water up to 150 gallons a minute, but the water from this aquifer is high in hardness and dissolved solids, and is unsuitable for use without treatment in boilers and for laundering.
Flowing wells from this aquifer are possible in the flood plain of Williamson Swamp Creek and its tributaries in east-central Washington County. Well 90 at Sun Hill is 80 fe~t deep, flows 3 gallons a minute, and has a hydrostatic head of 4.5 feet above land surface. Due east 7 miles from well 90 near the bridge over Williamson Swamp Creek at Davisboro two wells, 34 and 36, are both 90 feet deep and each flows 6 gallons a minute from the same aquifer. Well 35, drilled in 1894 27 south 100 yards across Williamson Swamp Creek from well 34, on the B. L. Brown property, was recorded as flowing 5 gallons at that time. It was. flowing 3 gallons a minute on April 4, 1944.
In Twiggs, Wilkinson, Baldwin, and Jones Counties the clay facies of the Twiggs consists of the more typical pale green fuller's earth type of clay and is not a source of ground water, although a few wells recover very limited water supplies from
a basal ~alcareous sand of the Barnwell formation in this area.
Quality of Water.-Eleven samples of water from the calcareous beds in the upper half of the Barnwell formation in Wilkinson, Washington, and Twiggs Counties were relatively high in dissolved solids. The bicarbonate ranged from 82 to 303 parts per million, and the hardness from 75 to 252 parts per million. Complete analyses were made of water samples from two wells, 54 and 55, of the City of Sandersville. The samples from these two wells contained an average of 29.5 parts per million of silica, 70 parts per million of calcium and 4.1 parts per million of sodium and potassium combined. The sulfate content of the eleven samples ranged from 2 to 27 parts per million.

[Irwinton sand member]
During this investigation it was noted that many dug wells throughout the "Red Hills" area obtained their water from a persistent bed of fine to coarse unconsolidated sand, the Irwin-

27 McCallie, S. W., A preliminary report on the artesian well system of Georgia: Geol. Survey of Georgia Bull. 7, p. 136, 1898.

GEORGIA GEOLOGIQAL SURVEY

ton sand member of the Barnwell formation, which lies conformably on the Twiggs clay member. It was also noted that the sand capped many of the uplands in the northern half of the area of outcrop of deposits of Jackson age (see Plate 1). The sand bed ranges in thickness from about 10 feet along the northern margin of the outcrop area of the Barnwell formation to a maximum of 52 feet in the vicinity of Irwinton.

Several good exposures of the Irwinton are present at the type locality in gullies on the Hatfield property 150 yards west of a cemetery which is 0.3 mile south of the courthouse at Irwinton along Georgia Highway 29.

Section exposed in gullies on old Hatfield Place, Irwinton, Georgia Thickness
(Feet)

Colluvium

4. Red coarse clay.

14+

Tertiary (upper Eocene)

Barnwell formation

Irwinton sand member

3. Clay, gray, waxy, mottled red.

3

2. Sand, yellow and gray, loose, fine to medium-

grained, interbedded with many tough yellow

clay layers. Many fine dark particles scattered

throughout sand.

41

Twiggs clay member

1. Clay, pale-green, hackly, of fuller's earth type,

and with thin beds qf fine angular quartz

sand.

20+

In southern Washington, Wilkinson, and Twiggs Counties in the area where the coarse red sandy clay residuum of Oligocene and Miocene formations caps the hills, thick sections of yellow and light gray fine to medium cross-bedded sand (Irwinton) can be seen in road cuts and gullies. As in the gully exposure at the type locality, the Irwinton sand member of the Barnwell formation in Washington, Wilkinson, and Twiggs Counties consists of light-colored yellow, gray, and white fine to mediumgrained micaceous quartz sand interbedded with thin gray and

GEOLOGY AND GROUND-WATER RESOURCES

59

yellow clay layers, and an occasional bed of coarse white sand with carbonaceous zones. Up the dip the Irwinton sand thins to about 15 to 20 feet, becomes coarse-grained at some localities, and has an increasing number of clay beds. In southern Jones, Baldwin, Hancock and northern Washington Counties it contains about equally thick alternating beds of fine, medium or coarse sand and yellow and gray clay layers. In east-central and southern Washington County the Irwinton sand contains thin siliceous limestone layers. A soft white limestone called the Sandersville limestone member of the Barnwell 28 is exposed in a quarry and several sink holes three-fourths of a mile southwest of the .courthouse at Sandersville. This limestone contains an abundance of Periarchus quinquefarius (Say), a Pecten sp., and many pelecypod and gastropod molds. The Sandersville limestone member is believed to be equivalent in part to the Irwinton sand member, but possibly represents a still younger bed of Jackson age.

A section showing the Irwinton sand member of the Barnwell formation in west-central Washington County is exposed in a small creek gully 0.8 mile south on a dirt road from the bridge over Buffalo Creek on Georgia Highway 24. The gully runs nearly parallel to and is about 150 yards east of the dirt road.

Section in creek gully just east of Buffalo Creek. West of

Sandersville (air line) 8 miles

Thickness

(Feet)

Colluvium

10. Medium and coarse red sandy clay.

20

Tertiary (upper Eocene)

Barnwell formation

Irwinton sand member

9. Clay, gray, waxy, mottled red.

4

8. Sand, light-colored, yellow, white, and gray,

loose, fine coarse, sub-angular, containing thin

beds of tough yellow plastic clay scattered

throughout. Occasional thin streaks of car-

bonaceous matter.

34

28 Cooke, C. Wythe, Geology of the Coasta-l Plain of Georgia: U. S. Geol. Survey Bull. 941, p. 62, 1943.

60

GEORGIA G:EoLOGicA.i. SuR~EY,

Twiggs clay member

Thickne-ss

(Feet)

7. Clay, pale-green, hackly, blocky, of fuller's

earth type, with thin beds of white fine al).gu-

lar quartz sand.

22

6. Marl, tan, fine sandy.

5

5. Marl, gray, blocky, fossiliferous.

10

4. Marl, buff, blocky, fossiliferous.

4

3. Sandy clay, brownish-gray, blocky, fossilifer-

ous, grades upward into green sandy clay.

5

2. Sandy clay, dark greenish-gray, hackly~

11

Unconformity

Cretaceous

Tuscaloosa formation

1. Kaolin, white, massive, blocky, contains many

scattered angular quartz grains.

15+

The gully in which the above section was measured is typical of many gullies developed in the loose Irwinton sand (see fig. 16.)
, The Irwinton sand member of the Barnwell formation lies conformably on the Twiggs clay member, and is in turn overlain, with possible unconformity, by a coarse red sand containing scattered rounded, flat, polished beach pebbles. (the upper sand member of the formation). East of the Ogeechee River the Irwinton sand member is represented by less distinctive deposits in the Barnwell formation. West of the Ocmulgee River the Irwinton s~nd member, together with the Twiggs clay, probably grades laterally into the upper part. of the Ocala limestone in western Georgia.

Limestone.-On the old Oconee road 1.6 miles southwest of the Courthouse at Sandersville, and directly under the power line half a mile southwest of the Champion Clay plant, is an abandoned quarry in the Sandersville limestone. (see fig. 17) Three samples of this limestone, analyzed by Lawrie H. Turner, Chemist, Georgia Department of Mines, Mining and Geology, had an average calcium carbonate equivalent of 93.2 percent.
Water Supply.-The Irwinton sand, because of its loose and well-sorted nature, serves as an excellent aquifer for ground water in east-central Georgia. It is underlain by the more im-

GEoLOGY AND G no uNn-WATEn JlEsou ncEs

61

pervious Twiggs clay member which stops the downward percolation of ground water and forces it to move laterally through the Irwinton sand. The Irwinton sand member of the Barnwell formation is not a large producer, but it does yield an adequate supply for domestic and stock use to many shallow wells in the Red Hills area. Many springs issue at the base of the Irwinton sand from the top of the Twiggs clay in this same area.

Figure 16. Gully formed by a small branch of Buffalo Creek 0.8 mile so uth on a dirt road from the bridge over Buffalo Creek on Georgia Highway 24.
The following are examples of wells producing from the Irwinton sand (see plate 2): Twiggs County well 2 is 85 feet deep and has a capacity of 3 gallons a minute; Twiggs County well 16 is 51.6 feet deep and has an approximate capacity of 2 gallons a minute; Wilkinson County well 55 is 92 feet deep and has

62

GEOR GIA GEOLOG ICAL HV EY

a capacity of 3 gallons a minute; Wilkinson County well 71 is 59.8 feet deep and has a capacity of 2.5 gallons a minute. Many of the wells of the above type are dug into the Twiggs clay, and the part of the well dug into the clay is used as a storage basin. Most of the wells are cased with wood, brick, cement, an~ terra cotta tiling, but a few have only a sand box built into the lower few feet of the well to keep the loose sand from caving.

Figure 17. Sa ndersville limestone quarry 1.6 miles southwest of Sandersville on old Oconee road.
Down the dip from the outcrop area of the upper Eocene deposits, in southern Washington, Wilkinson, and Twiggs Counties, drilled wells that penetrate the Irwinton sand yield quantities of ground water large enough to furnish small industrial and municipal demands. The Tennille public water supply is furnished by wells 82 and 83, both of which are 125 feet deep. These wells are equipped with turbine pumps and have reported capacities of 225 and 300 gallons a minute from this aquifer.
Quality of Water.-Analyses of samples from representative wells ranging from 52 to 130 feet deep show that water from this aquifer is low in dissolved solids, generally containing less than 30 parts per million of bicarbonate, 2 parts per million of

GEOLOGY AND GROUND-WATER RESOURCES

63

sulfate, 6 parts per million of chloride, 0.1 part per million of fluoride, and 30 parts per million of total hardness.
Wells 82 and 83 at Tennille recover water from the Irwinton sand. Water from well 82 contained only 7.0 parts per million of bicarbonate, 3 parts per million of sulfate, 0.1 part per million of fluoride, 5.4 parts per million of nitrate, and had a total hardness of 16 parts per million.
Thin beds of calcareous sandstone in the Irwinton sand member of the Barnwell formation crop out in the vicinity of Buck Creek in southwestern Wilkinson County. Further evidence possibly indicating an originally calcareous nature of this aquifer in southwestern Wilkinson and southeastern Twiggs Counties is reflected in the character of the water as shown by the analysis of a water sample from Twiggs County well 42. Water from this well is reported to come from a sandy limestone bed in the Irwinton sand at a depth of 110 feet. The sandy limestone is underlain by blue-gray Twiggs clay. The water from this well had 186 parts per million of total hardness, and contained 225 parts per million of bicarbonate, 0.22 part per million of iron, 6 parts per million of sulfate, 0.1 part per million of nitrate, and no fluoride.

[Upper sand member]
In the southern and central half of the area of outcrop of upper Eocene deposits, a coarse red sand overlies the thin clay bed at the top of the Irwinton sand member of the Barnwell formation. Characteristic of this bed in the area of the report are the flat polished beach pebbles scattered along the base of the bed. These pebbles are believed to be derived from flat fragments of the many resistant quartz veins in the weathered schist and gneiss of the Piedmont north of the Coastal Plain in eastern Georgia. The pebbles range from :1;4 inch to 2 inches in diameter, and were probably rounded by wave action along a beach.
The upper coarse pebbly sand is nearly everywhere highly weathered, and seldom exceeds 20 feet in thickness, although in its southern area of outcrop near the contact of the deposits of Jackson age with the undifferentiated Oligocene and Miocene residuum, it may thicken to a maximum of 25 or 30 feet. The exact thickness of this bed is hard to determine because of the residual nature of both the upper coarse red sand and the younger beds above. The member may have originally been an

64

'GEORGIA GEOLOGICAL' SB:Rv:E

upper Eocene limestone whiCh is n:ow represented only by a weathered coarse red angular quartz sand. Becauseits Iith6logy is similar to the typical Barnwell formation of eastern Georgia and South Carolina, it is believed that this bed probably represents a thin upper member of the Barnwell formation in eastcentral Georgia.

A section exposed in a tramway and road cut 1.8 miles southwest of Gordon, 0.1 mile east of the intersection of Georgia Highways 18 and 57 shows the relationship of the upper sand member with the rest of the Barnwell formation, and its characteristic lithology of coarse red sand with scattered flat rounded beach pebbles.

Section in Gordon Cla,ys Tramline cut on Georgia Highway 57,

and continued in a road cut on Georgia Highway 18

about 1.8 miles southwest of Gordon

Thickness

(Feet)

Colluvium (exposed in tramway cut)

8. Reddish brown coarse sub-angular sandy clay

with scattered brown iron pellets.

4

Tertiary (upper Eocene)
Barnwell formation
Upper sand member
7. Sand, pink, cross-bedded coarse and granular, sub-angular to sub-rounded, interbedded with thin gray clay stringers. At the base of the bed are found many flat rounded highly polished quartz pebbles as much as 2 inches in diameter, and stringers of fine gravel.
Irwinton sand member
6. Clay, alternatingly bedded with thin beds of buff-yellow fine-grained quartz sand. Clay weathers into purple flakes. The sand beds thicken and grade downward into bed below. (Offset 0.1 mile east to road cut on Georgia Highway 18).
5. Sand, red, coarse, grades downward into 31 feet of yellow cross-bedded fine-grained quartz sand with thin gray clay partings which become thicker near base of bed.

122 5 46

GEOLOGY AND GROUND-WATER RESOURCES

65

Twiggs clay member

Thickness (Feet)

4. Clay, pale green, hackly, blocky, of fuller's

earth type, with fine sand streaks. (Offset

down gully 20 yards west of tramway cut).

Clay contains more fine and medium-grained sand in basal 20 feet. Tan gray-green and fos-

siliferous at base.

42

3. Clayey sand, mottled red, brown, and gray,

with scattered granules and sub-angular gravel

up to %, inch in diameter.

10

(Upper ( ?) Eocene)

Channel sands

2. Sand, pink and white, cross-bedded, fine to

coarse, with clay balls up to 2 inches in di-

ameter.

12

Unconformity

Cretaceous

Tuscaloosa formation

1. Sandy kaolin, gray, blocky, overlying gray-

white cross-bedded micaceous coarse quartz

sand.

25+

Water Supply.-Because of the thinness and highly weathered nature of the upper sand member in this area only a small amount of water is obtained from this aquifer. Most of the wells penetrating these sands are shallow dug wells in the southern part of the outcrop area of the Barnwell formation. These wells generally produce from 2 to 10 gallons a minute. Samples of water collected and analyzed from the upper sand member had 36 to 108 parts per million of total hardness, and contained 51 to 136 parts per milliQn of bicarbonate, and minor amounts of iron, nitrate, fluoride, chloride, and sulfate.

Oligocene and Miocene series Residuum

Residuum of Oligocene and Miocene formations overlies rocks of Eocene age in the south-central part of Washington County, near Nicklesville and Allentown in Wilkinson County, and in the southern part of Twiggs County. This residuum consists of mottled pink and gray coarse sandy clay that weathers

66

GEORGIA G:EoLoGicAL SuRVEY

into grayish-yellow sandy soil with scattered , red ironstone nodules along the surface.
The exact location of the contact between the Barnwell formation and the residuum of Oligocene and Miocene formations, formerly mapped as Hawthorn and Flint River formations, 20 is hard to ascertain because of the highly weathered nature of the residuum and the underlying upper sand member of the Barnwell. Up dip along the northern margin of the area of their outcrop the Oligocene and Miocene deposits form a thin layer covering Eocene beds, and in places fill sink holes in those beds. Mapping of the contact between these units is; therefore, generalized and can be done only by obs(lrving changes in the soil and topography, and noting, where exposed, the up7 per sand member of the Barnwell.

The new Sandersville public water well (51) drilled by LayneAtlantic in 1944, at the City reservoir 1.6 miles south of Sandersville, penetrated 60 feet of mottled pink, gray, white, and pale green sandy clay of Oligocene and Miocene age overlying the Barnwell formation. The Miocene and Oligocene deposits thicken to a maximum of 70 or 80 feet in southern Washington County.
In southern Washington County in the vicinity of Harrison many road cuts expose beds of coarse angular quartz sand in a pale-green clayey matrix. These beds weather into lightcolored sandy soils with scattered white quartz granules and fine angular gravel. Previously this material was named the Altamaha grit 30 and the "rolling wire grass area" in which the beds crop out was called the Altamaha grit region.31

Water Supply..:._The undifferentiated deposits of Oligocene and Miocene formations consist mainly of sandy clay in the area of this report and therefore are not a good aquifer. A few shallow dug wells obtain water from thin sand beds in this unit, but the supply is very small and furnishes barely enough for small domestic and stock use.

""Cooke, C. w., Geology of the Coastal Plam of Georgia: U. S. Geol.
Survey Bull. 941, pp. 77, 84-89, 1943. 30 Dall, H., and Harris, G. D., the Neocene of North America, U. S. Geol.
Survey Bull. 84, pp. 81, 82, 1892. 31 Harper, R. M., A Phytogeographical sketch of the Altamaha Grit Re-
gion of the Coastal Plain of Georgia: Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci., vol. 17, part 1, pp. 18-19, Sept. 1906.

GEOLOGY AND GROUND-WATER RESOURCES

67

Quaternary

Alluvium and undifferentiated terrace deposits

In east-central Georgia alluvium and undifferentiated terrace

deposits lie unconformably on older rocks in the vicinities of

the Ocmulgee, Oconee, and Ogeechee Rivers and their tribu-

taries. These deposits consist mainly of unconsolidated silt,

clay, sand, and gravel, which have been derived from the adjac-

ent older crystalline rocks of the Piedmont and deposits of the

Coastal Plain.



Most of the terrace and flood-plain areas in this region are

swampy and subject to overflow in times of heavy rainfall. They

are areas of oxbow lakes and wide meandering streams. The

relief does not exceed 20 feet.



Water Supply.-Only shallow wells in the flood-plain area recover ground water from these beds. The sand and gravels of recent age are good ground-water aquifers and furnish medium quantities of water of low mineral content.

COUNTY DESCRIPTIONS
In the pages that follow, the geography, geology, and groundwater conditions are described by county in alphabetical order. The public, industrial, and local supplies in the Coastal Plain area of this report are described in detail, and tables of representative wells, chemical analyses, and well logs are given. Little time in the field was given to the study of the geology and ground water of the Piedmont in northern Baldwin, Hancock, and Jones Counties, and only a generalized statement on the resources of the crystalline area is given. '
The wells for which data were collected are consecutively numbered by counties; the well tables follow the individual county descriptions. The number of each well in the well tables corresponds with the well numbers in plate 2. The wells are numbered in order from the northeast corner of a county to the west and back to the east. The well numbers in the well tables and in plate 2 correspond to the numbers used in the chemical analysis tables and in the text of the report. A well number in plate 2 followed by the letter C or P signifies that a complete or a partial analysis, respectively, for that well can be found in the tables of chemical analyses in the county descriptions.

os

-
GEQRGJA GEO:f,.O~JCAL SVRVEY .

If information concerning the .ground-water conditions of a particular locality is desired, plate. 2 will show the number of the wells for which data may be found in the tabulated records in the individual county descriptions. If there are no wells shown in the vicinity of the desired locality or if additional information on the geology and ground water of a locality is needed, reference may be made to plate 1 to determine what geologic formations underlie the locality in question. Reference can then be made to the sections on water-bearing formations in that locality, for general information on the ground-water conditions and to the section on Quality of Water for the general chemical content of the ground water.'

Baldwin County
[Area 265 square miles. Population 24,900]
Geography
Baldwin County is in tb~ north-central part of the area described in this report. Approximately 72 percent of the population is rural and in 1940. the county had an average of 91.3 inhabitants per square mile. During the period 1930-1940 the population increased 5.7 percent. Milledgeville, the county seat, is located near the Fall Line, in the Piedmont province. Only two small towns, Stevens Pottery and Coopers, are located iri the Coastal Plain in the southern one-third of the area.
Agriculture is the principal industry, and 74 percent, or 125,539 acres were in farmland in the county in 1940. On these farms 19,907 acres were cultivated in corn and 6,188 acres in cotton during this same period. Winter wheat and oats are also of agricultural importance to the area. According to the Federal census of 1940, there were 16 manufacturing establishments in the county, whose annual products were valued at $1,946,147.
The northern two-thirds of Baldwin County lies within the Piedmont Province, while the southern third of the county is south of the Fall Line in the Coastal Plain. The maximum relief for the entire area is about 400 feet. The greatest land surface elevation is in the northeastern part of the county in the: area where the Eocene deposits overlap the igneous rocks of the Piedmont, whereas the lowest elevation is in the southeastern part of the area in the floodplain of the Oconee River.

GEOLOGY AND GROUND-WATER RESOURCES

69

In the Piedmont area the soils are typically deep red residual clays and the more angular topography of this area is in sharp contrast to the broad rolling hills with gentle slopes and the light-colored sandy soils of the Coastal Plain. The relief of the Sand Hills area in southern Baldwin County does not exceed 150 feet.

The Oconee River flows from the north central to the southeast corner of Baldwin County and with its tributaries, Little River, Fishing, Town, and Gumm Creeks it drains the entire area. The flood-plain deposits of the Oconee River widen from less than a mile in central and north-central Baldwin County to nearly 5 miles in the southwestern corner of the county.

Geology
The rocks that underlie the northern two-thirds of the county are the old metamorphic and igneous rocks of the Piedmont. In a few places these rocks are overlain by narrow tongues of sand and clay, which belong to the Barnwell formation of Eocene age (see map, plate 1). The crystalline rocks in this area are biotite gneiss and schist of the Carolina. gneiss, and slates and quartzites of pre-Cambrian or possible early Paleozoic age.' Injected into these rocks at some localities are dolerite dikes of ';I'riassic age.32
The rocks of the Piedmont are deeply weathered, and only the more resistant of these rocks remain at the surface. The rest are weathered into a fairly deep residual soil. The complex nature of the crystalline rocks makes difficult any generalized statement on its geologic nature or characteristic waterhearing properties.
The Tuscaloosa formation, of Upper Cretaceous age, crops out almost everywhere south of the Fall Line in Baldwin County. The Tuscaloosa formation thins to a few feet of coarse irregularly bedded clay, sand, and gravel along the northern margin of the Fall Line. It thickens to the southeast, down the dip, to a maximum of about 200 feet along the southeastern Baldwin County line.

32 Geologic Map of Georgia: Georgia Division of Mines, Mining and Geology, 1939.

70

yEORGIA GEOLOGICAL SuRVEX

Thin outliers qf the Barnwell formation overlap the Tuscaloosa formation and in two places extend over the crys~alline rocks of the Piedmont. These outliers consist of cross7bedded kaolinitic channel sand and the bedded sand and clay of th~ Irwinton sand and Twiggs clay members of the Barnwell formation. Their entire thickness rarely exceeds 75 feet in this county.
A section showing the lithology of the channel sands, Tuscaloosa formation, and underlying crystalline rocks is exposed in a road cut on the southeast bank of Buck Creek 5.1 miles (air line) southeast of Milledgeville, Baldwin County.

Section in road cut of old Sandersville Road 5.1 miles (air line) southeast of Milledgeville
Thickness (Feet)

Eocene (upper Eocene)

Channel sands

5. Sand, pinkish-red, fine to medium-grained,

cross-bedded with thin white clay layers and

rounded clay balls up to 1 inch in diameter.

24

Unconformity (poorly exposed contact)

Upper Cretaceous

Tuscaloosa formation 4. Sandy clay, mottled red, gray and yellow, with

scattered sub-angular to sub-rounded quartz

gravel 1;8-to :Y2-inch in diameter.

10

3. Quartz sarid, gray, pink, and white, medium to

coarse-grained, cross-bedded, micaceous, and

with many gravel stringers. Interbedded lenses

of purple, red, and gray, finely sandy micaceous

clay.

79

2. Sandy clay, light-gray, micaceous, grades down

into basal bed of angular to sub-angular

quartz sand.

2

Unconformity

Pre-Cambrian

Crystalline rocks

1. Gray, tan, and yellow alternating hard quartz-

i'tes and soft highly weathered slates.

33

GEOLOGY AND GROUND-WATER RESOURCES

71

Ground Water
Most of the water supplies in the Piedmont area are obtained from shallow dug wells in the residual soils. These wells yield relatively small supplies. The public supply of Milledgeville is taken from Fishing Creek. In the Coastal Plain area nearly all the water supplies are obtained from the sands and gravels of the productive Tuscaloosa formation. Small supplies of ground water are recovered from shallow dug wells in this formation in the vicinity of the Fall Line, but down the dip in the southern part of Baldwin County, where the Tuscaloosa formation thickens to about 200 feet, larger supplies are obtained from drilled wells. The drilled wells at Stevens Pottery and Indian Island yield up to 150 gallons a minute from this aquifer.
The Barnwell formation furnishes sufficient ground water to shallow dug wells for small domestic and stock supplies in the northeastern and southwestern part of the county. The yield from these dug wells rarely exceeds 3 gallons a minute.

Quality of Ground Water
In Baldwin County 8 well-water samples were collected for analysis. Sample "a" is an analysis of a composite 10-day sample collected from the Oconee River, and is included for comparison (see table at end of section on Baldwin County).
The water samples from 4 wells in the Tuscaloosa formation and 1 well in the Barnwell formation were very -low in dissolved mineral matter and hardness. They had only 16 parts per million or less of total hardness, 4 parts per million or less of sulfate, 0.3 or less part per million of iron, and 3 parts per million or less of chloride. The samples of water from wells 3, 15, and 17, situated along the Fall Line, apparently are mixtures of water from the Tuscaloosa formation and the crystalline rocks. The analyses of these waters showed higher quantities of fluoride, and bicarbonate and greater degrees of hardness than normally are present in the waters from the Tuscaloosa or Barnwell formation in this County.

Local Supplies
Milledgeville (population 6,778) has the only public water supply system in Baldwin County. It is in the southern margin of the Piedmont province and takes its entire water supply

72

GEORGIA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

from Fishing Creek. During 1945 the combined public supply, plus the water supply used by the Naval Ordnance plant and the Reynolds Corporation, slightly exceeded 27,000,000 gallons a month.
To facilitate discussion of the ground water of the Coastal Plain area of Baldwin County the area has been divided into southwestern, southeastern, and northeastern sections.
The southwestern section includes the area in the Coastal Plain in Baldwin County west of the Oconee River.
Stevens Pottery and Coopers, the two villages in this section, do not have a centralized public water supply. In the vicinity of Stevens Pottery much of the water for private use is taken from a well installed for industrial use at the General Refractories Company. This well (17) is 240 feet deep and appears to yecover water from both the crystalline rocks and the Tuscaloosa formation. It originally produced 200 gallons a minute in. 1938, but the yield has since dropped to i50 gallons a minute. A log of well 17 was not available, but information given by the Company superintendent indicates that the basement crystalline rocks are at a depth of 120 feet below a land surface which is 465 feet above sea level.
Another well in the vicinity (15) at Cooperville School is 210 feet deep and also appears to recover water from both the crystalline rocks and the Tuscaloosa formation. This well is only pumped at the rate of 6 gallons a minute, which is a large enough supply to meet the demands for school consumption.

Well 18 in the southwestern part of the section was drilled to a depth of 53 feet and is believed to recover water from the channel sands, which are nearly 20 feet thick in the vicinity of the well. The yields of this well and of shallow dug wells drawing ground water from the channel sands in this area rarely exceed 3 gallons a minute.
Most of the other of the ground water supplies in the Stevens Pottery-Coopers area are obtained from shallow dug wells penetrating water-bearing sands in the Tuscaloosa formation.
The southeastern quarter of Baldwin County includes all the Coastal Plain area east of the Oconee River and south of Geor-
gia Highway 24. In the northeastern part of southeastern Bald-
win County (see plate 1) the Tuscalqosa formation is overlain

-~-- - - - - - - - - - - -- -- ------- -

GEOLOGY AND GROUND-WATER RESOURCES

73

by thin deposits of the Barnwell formation. Shallow dug wells 20 to 50 feet deep in this area provide domestic and stock supplies. Well 9, on the old Sandersville road, is 192 feet deep and can be pumped at the rate of 6 gallons a minute for 24-hour periods. Well 7 is 250 feet deep and has a natural artesian flow of 27.7 gallons a minute. It has a hydrostatic head of 10 feet above land surface. This well is located on Indian Island in the :flood plain of the Oconee River. It yields water from-the Tuscaloosa formation, and formerly furnished the water supply for a swimming pool. The whole southeastern corner of the county is in the area of outcrop of the Tuscaloosa formation and the alluvium of the Oconee River. Many shallow dug wells yield from 3 to 8 gallons of water a minute from these deposits.

Log of well 7 located on Indian Island (Authority J. W. Schinholser, owner)

Surface soil Blue gummy clay

Depth (feet)
0-6 6-85

Depth (feet)
Medium gravel and sand 85-150 Sand and thin beds of clay 150-250

The northeastern quarter of the county includes an area in which the Eocene deposits overlap the Tuscaloosa formation to the Piedmont. The rural water supplies are from shallow dug wells in the Irwinton sand member of the Barnwell formation and the channel sands. The wells range in depth from 25 to 50 feet and have yields of 1 to 3 gallons a minute. Two dug wells, 4 and 6, and a drilled well, 5, draw water supplies from the Tuscaloosa formation. These wells range in depth from 20 to 76 feet, and furnish rural domestic and stock requirements.

74

GEORGIA GEOLOGICAL SURvEY

Records of Wells 1. Measured depths of wells given in feet and tenths; reported depths given in feet; 2. Pumps: C, cylinder; F, natural flow; N, none; P, pitcher; T, turbine; B, windlass (bucket);
3. D, domestic; I, industridal; N, none; PS, public supply; S, stock; RR, Railroad. 4 M P ., measurino,.-.. point

Well
No. Plate
2

Location

Owner or
Name

Depth
of Well (Ft.)
(1)

Diam- Depth to eter which of well is Well cased (In.) (Ft.)

Geologic Horizon

1 On StateHgy. 22, 2.4___ Tom Robinson___ 37.80 mi S of Town Creek.
2 NE 1. 5 mi. from inter- J. E. Christian___ 33.7 section State Hgy. 2224.
3 NW of Gumm Creek 6. 8 Union Power 190 mi. on State Hgy. 24. School.
4 N 1.4 mi. from wellS ___ J. E. Berry______ 35 5 N. 1. 7 mi. from well6 ___ F. I. Wilkinson___ 76 6 N. 1. 4 mi. from Gumm W. E. Hodges____ 20
Creek bridge on State Hgy. 24. 7 Indian Island, S. E. Bald- J. W. Schinholser_ 250 win Co. 8 NW 1. 6 mi. from Town J. W.Schinholser_ 44 Creek bridge on State Hgy. 24. 9 NW 3. 5 mi. from well 8 Grady Butler ____ 192 on old Sandersville Rd. 10 S 4. 4 mi. on Vinson Hgy. Carl Vinson______ 110 from State Hgy. 29. 11 S 1.1 mi. ofwell10 ______ Luther Herrin__ ~_ 86
12 Colony Farm ___ ------- State of Ga._"_~- 12.3

13 sw .7 mi. on Stevens W. B. Richards___ 50

Pottery rd. from State

Hgy. 29.

14 15

SCWoop2e.r9sm__i_. _fr_o_m___w_e_l_l1_3___

J. R. Commanie__ Cooperville ______

96 210

16 Stevens Pottery________ General Refrac- 45 tories.
17 Stevens Pottery________ General Refrac- 240 tories ____ -- ____
18 SW 2.1 mi. from Stevens J. F. HalL ______ 65 Pottery.
19 W. 2.3 mi. from Stevens R. W. Ivey______ 42.3 Pottery.
20 S .6 mi. from well19 ___ Elizabeth Ivey___ 96 21 NW 2 mi. from Stevens W. T. Weaver ___ 24.4
Pottery. 22 SW .7 mi. from well 2L _ W. T. Weaver ___ 45 23 .4 mi. E of well 24_____ Richard Vinion___ 25 24 E. 0. 6 mi. on State Hgy. Lawrence Hill____ 32.4
"49 from Jones County.

48

38 Channel sand __

48

33 Channel sand __

2

190 Tuscaloosa &

rcorcykss _ta__ll_i_n__e

48 2

-------74

Tuscaloosa ____ Tuscaloosa ____

48 -------- Tuscaloosa ____

2i 250 Tuscaloosa ____

48

40 Tuscaloosa ____

2

140 Tuscaloosa ____

2

110 Tuscaloosa ____

2

81 Tuscaloosa ____

96

12.23 Tuscaloosa __ "_

2

45 Channel sand __

48

96 Tuscaloosa ____

2 -------- Tuscaloosa & crystalline

rocks _______

24

36 Tuscaloosa ____

6

184 Tuscaloosa &

crystalline rocks _______

2

61 Channel sand __

48

8 Tuscaloosa ____

2

91 Tuscaloosa____

36

24 Tuscaloosa____

36

45 Tuscaloosa____

48

25 Crystalline

'

rocks _______

48

14 Channel sand __

GEOLOGY AND GROUND-WATER RESOURCES

75

in Baldwin County

Power: E, electric motor; G, gasoline engine; H, hand; W, wind.

Meth- Use
od of of Lift Water (2) (3)

Measuring Point

Description

Height
above Height (+)or above below sea (-)land level surface (ft.)
(ft.)

Depth

to

Date

Water of

Level Measure-

Below ment

M.P.

(ft.) (4)

Remarks-
(Yield of nonflowing
wells and discharge of flowing wells given in
gallons a minute)

BH DS Top of shelf_____ +.2 572 -35.3 4-24-45 Discharge 3. T. 65F.

BCE DS Top of shelf ____ + 3.2 548

-31.4 11-8-44 Discharge 3. Partial analysis.

TE PS Top of curb _____ +.4 413

-65 11-24--44 Discharge 8. Partial analysis.

CE DS Land surface ____ 0.0 390 -31 11-5-44 Discharge 3. T. 64 F. CH DS Land surface____ 0.0 330 -54 11-5-44 T. 64F. BCE DS Top of shelf_ ___ +2.9 315 -16 11-5-44 Discharge 3. T. 68 F.

F

s Top of casing___ +.6 255

+10

11-6-44 Partial analysis. Dis-

charge 27. 7.

TE DS Land surface____ 0.0 302 -40 11-6-44 Discharge 3. T. 65 F.

CE DS Land surface____

0.0 459

~65

11-6-44 Discharge 6. T. 65F.

CE ID Land surface____ 0.0 403 -69 11-6-44 Discharge 8.

CE DS Land surface____ CE J?S Top of "curb_____
CH DS Land surface____

0.0 387 .82 381
0.0 510

-65 11-6-44 Partial analysis. Discharge 8.
-5.38 11-8-44 Partial analysis. Combination spring and dug well. Discharge 50.
-26 11-6-44 Screen set 45'-50'. T.
65F.

CH DS Top of curb _____ +3.9 489 -90.1 11-6-44 T. 65F. CH PS Land surface____ 0.0 407 -195 11-6-44 Partial analysis. Dis-
charge 6.

BH DS Top tile curb____ +3.2 465 -34.2 11-6-44 T. 65F.

TE IPS Land surface____

0.0 465 -165

11-6-44 Partial analysis. Discharge 150.

CG DS Land surface____ 0.0 465 -53 10-14-44 Discharge 3. T. 67F.

BH DS Top of curb _____ +2.3 480 -40.3 11-6-44 T. 64F.

CE DS Land surface____ BH DS Land surface____

0.0 495 -74 0.0 -------- -20

11-6-44 Partial analysis. Dis-
charge 4. 11-6-44 T. 65F.

CE DS Land surface____ . o.o -------- -30 11-6-41 Discharge 3. T. 66F.

BH DS Top of curb_____ +3.1 -------- -20.1 11-6-44 ----------------------

BH DS Land surface____ 0.0 -------- -22.4 11-6-44 T. 64F.

Analyses of Ground Waters f~om Baldwin County

' "a">"

(Analyzed by A. T. Ness and Evelyn Holloman. Parts per million. Numbers at heads of columns correspond to numbers in table and in plate 2)

Number

2

3

7

11

12

15

17

20

a

Geologic horizon

Channel Crystalline Tuscaloosa Tuscaloosa Tuscaloosa Crystalline Crystalline Tuscaloosa Surface

and

rocks &

rocks &

rocks &

Water

Tuscaloosa

Tuscaloosa Tuscaloosa

-

SIriolinca(F(Se)i_0_2_)_-_-_-_-_--_-_-_-_-_-

------.0-9---

------------
.39

------.0--2--

------.2--2--

------.0-2---

-------.7-6----

------------
5.8

------.3--2--

Calcium (Ca) _________ Magnesium (Mg) ______ Sodium & Potassium

-------------------

------------
------------

-------------------

-------------------

-------------------

----------------------

.------------
------------

-------------------

15 : .10
4.8:
2.4

0
~ ~ ~:
Q
~ ~

(Na+K) ___ --------Carbonate (C03) ______ Bicarbonate (HCOa) ___

-------------4--.0----

--------6-i-i-_-_-__-_-_-

----------
-----5-.0----

-------------------
1.0

-------------------
3.0

------6-4--_-__-_-_-_-

--------8-5-

-__-

-
7

---
___

----------
---1-6------

6.7" 0 ~ 29

d
1:
0~,,

Sulphate (SO,) ________ 2

4

4

1

1

11

Chloride (Cl)__________ 3

3

2

2

10

2

7 2

2 3

3.0"' 3.1:

e ~
~

Fluoride (F) ____ ------

.0

.3

.0

.0

.0

.2

.3

.0

.()3

~

Nitrate (N03)--------- 5.6

.1

' .1

6.5

32

.1

0.2

10

.60

Dissolved Solids_______ Total Hardness________

.---------8

----4-0-------

----------
8

----------
6

---1--6-----

-----------30

----5-7-------

---1--6-----

51 22

: f

Date of collection, 1944_ 11-8 Temperature, F.______ 65

11-24 63

11-6 66

11-6 65

11-10 67

11-6 67

11-4 66

11-6 :Jan, 1938*

64

------ -- --

*

*Composite 10-day sample--Oconee River-raw water.

:~{

GEOLOGY AND GROUND-WATER RESOURCES

77

Hancock County

[Area 485 square miles. Population 12,764]

Geography
Hancock County lies in the northeast corner of the area described in the report. The population is largely rural and averages 26.3 inhabitants per square mile. During the period 1930-40 the population increased by 2.3 percent. Sparta, the county seat, has a population of 1,872 inhabitants. In the Piedmont area in the northern two-thirds of this county are the villages of Sparta, Powelton, Mayfield, Jewel, Culverton, and Granite Hill. In the southern third, or Coastal Plain area, are the villages of Devereux, Carrs, and Linton.
In 1940 the county had 211,606 acres, or 68.2 percent of the area, in farmland. On the 1,679 farms in the county, 34,663 acres were cultivated in corn and 13,241 acres in cotton. Winter wheat and oats were also of agricultural importance. The poultry farms of the county raised 82,636 chickens in 1940. During the same period there were 24 manufacturing establishments in the area whose annual products were valued at $798,421. Natural resources of major importance are timber, building stone, and kaolin.
The northern two-thirds of Hancock County is in the Piedmont Province. This area has a maximum relief of 350 to 400 feet and is characterized by deep-red residual soils. There is little break in the surface features between the Piedmont and the Coastal Plain Provinces, and the relief and topographic features are similar in the two regions except that land forms in the Coastal Plain or the southern one-third of the county are more rounded and smooth, whereas the Piedmont is more dissected by rain gullies and small ravines.
Outstanding in this region is the relief exhibited in the area of overlap of the Eocene deposits in the vicinty and to the west of Devereux. This relief is caused by a tongue of Eocene material extending 14 miles north from the Washington-Hancock County line (see fig. 18). The remainder of the Coastal Plain sediments form a discontinuous belt across the southern part of the county. The maximum relief of this area is about 200 feet.

7

GEoRGIA GEoLOGICAL SuRVEY

The Oconee River forms most of the western Hancock County boundary line and with its tributaries, Buffalo, Town, and Shoulderbone Creeks, drains all the central and western part of the area. The Ogeechee River forms the eastern county boundary line and with its tributaries, Little Ogeechee ltiver Powell and Fulsome Creeks, drains the eastern third of th~ area.

-

Figure 18. East view across Piedmont from the Devereux outlier in western Hancock County
Geology
The northern two-thirds of Hancock County is in the area of outcrop of pre-Cambrian granite gneiss, biotite gnei s, and schist intruded at some places by dolerite dikes of Triassic age. Also present in this area are three narrow east-west trending belts of slate, quartzite and volcanics.
Overlying the crystalline metamorphic and igneous rock of the Piedmont in the southern one-third of the county are the unconsolidated rocks of the Coastal Plain. In the western part of the county in the vicinity of Carrs and Devereux the Tuscaloosa formation does not exceed 50 feet in thickness, and consists of white kaolinitic clay, light-colored sands, and gravel.

GEOLOGY AND GROUND-WATER REsoURcEs

79

With the exception of the Mayfield outlier and several thin exposures of Cretaceous rocks in the vicinity of Carrs, Devereux, and Linton, the entire section of Coastal Plain sediments in the southern third of Hancock County is represented by the over. lapping deposits of Eocene age. The Eocene deposits are represented by the pink and white coarse kaolinitic channel sands overlain in the southeastern and south-central parts of the county by the Twiggs clay and Irwinton_ sand members of the Barnwell formation. The entire thickness of these beds rarely exceeds 75 to 100 feet in this area. A section showing the lithology and stratigraphic relationship of these units in eastern Hancock County is as follows:

Section exposed in a road cut 3.3 milessouth on dirt road from Jewell, -Hancock County

Thickness. (Feet)

Eocene (upper Eocene)

Barnwell formation

Irwinton sand member

4. Sand, brownish-tan, fine to medium-grained,

cross-bedded, and with thin clay streaks and

clay balls near base.

35

Twiggs Clay member

3. Clay, yellow, tough, plastic, fine sandy, micace-

ous.

6

Channel sand

2. Sand, orange, cross-bedded, angular, coarse, arkosic. Bed contains many scattered kaolin

particles and gravel up to 3 inches in diameter.

8

Uncomformity

Pre-Cambrian

1. Granite, highly weathered.

10

Ground Water
In the northern two-thirds of Hancock County shallow wells 20 to 60 feet deep in the residual clayey soils of the Piedmont provide enough water for small domestic and stock supplies. Most of these shallow dug wells produce about 1 to 3 gallons a minute, and a few produce as much as 5 gallons a minute.

80

Drilled wells in.the ,crystalline ar~a .yielt~:;uf~icient; g;r,cn;rp.d water for small municipal and industri.al de;mandi;!, but ra,:r;~ly,rqo drilled wells in this area-produce more than 50 gailons a ;r;ninu~e.. Because of the complexity or the crystalline rocks, no generaliz~d statement of ground-water conditions can be given for th~:area.

In southwestern and southeastern Hancock County the

southeastward sloping surface of the crystalline rock is buried

beneath thin deposits of clay, sand, and gravel of the Coastal

Plain except where exposed by stream erosion. The Coastal

Plain sediments do not exceed 200 feet in thickness at any lo-

cality in the area, and therefore only limited amounts of ground

water can be recovered {rom them:. These sand and gravel beds

. of the Coastal Plain. form part of the intake area of the. Tusca-

loosa and Barnwell formation, and have developed little or no

artesian pressure.



Quality of Ground Water
Water samples were collected from five wells in the Coastal Plain area in southern Hancock County. Well 8 at Linton, is 150 feet deep and recovers its entire water supply from the crystalline rocks. Comparison of water from this well with the other 4 well waters collected from the Tuscaloosa formation and the channel sands in this area indicates a slightly higher mineral content for water in the crystalline rocks than for water from unconsolidated deposits far up the dip along the northern margin of the Coastal Plain' Province.

Local Supplies
Sparta (population 1,872) has a municipally owned and operated water works, originally installed in 1912. Three drilled wells furnish ground water from the crystalline rocks. The wells have individual capacities of 30, 70 and 70 gallons a minute, although the two 70-gallon wells are located so near each other that when their pumps are operated simultaneously their combined yield does not greatly exceed 70 gallons a minute. These wells are pumped into a 93,000-gallon reservoir. From the reservoir the water is pumped into an 80,000-gallon elevated tank by two electrically driven centrifugal pumps with capacities of 500 and 200 gallons a minute. From the tank, water is distributed to the town through 8-inch, 6-inch, and 4-inch mains:

GEOLOGY AND GROUND-WATER RESOURCES

81

The average daily consumption for all purposes at Sparta is about 70,000 gallons. A maximum daily consumption of about 80,000 gallons occurs during the summer months.
To facilitate discussion of the ground water in the Coastal Plain in southern Hancock County, a unit is made of the southeastern half of the County east of Buffalo Creek, and another unit west of Buffalo Creek.
The seven wells in southeastern Hancock County for which data were collected range from 29.6 to 192 feet in depth. All but two of these wells are dug wells, recovering ground water from the channel sands and the Irwinton sand member of the Barnwell formation. Four of these five wells recovering water from the Barnwell formation use a bucket and hand windlass as a method to recover water from the well, therefore no estimate could be made as to their capacity. Well 4 had an electric pump and could be pumped at the rate of 3.6 gallons a minute. Weill, drilled in 1936 to a depth of 192 feet, recovers water from both the Tuscaloosa formation and the crystalline rocks, and has a capacity of 7.5 gallons a minute. The driller's log of this well is as follows :

Log of well 1 at Mayfield, Hancock County, Georgia (Authority, E. R. Whaley, owner)

Top soil Red clay
Fine white sand

Depth (feet)
0-3 3-52 52-90

Rock Fine white sand Rock

Depth (feet)
90-132 132-142 142-192

In the western part of southeastern Hancock County another w:ell, drilled in 1932 to a depth of 90 feet, probably recovers water from a thin bed of sand and gravel in the Tuscaloosa formation. The 10 feet of screen in this well is set from 80 to 90 feet, and the capacity of the well is 1.5 gallons a minute.
In southwestern Hancock County well data were 'collected for 14 wells, all but two of which were dug wells ranging in depth from 27 to 82 feet. These shallow dug wells obtained water from the Tuscaloosa formation, the channel sands, and Irwinton sand member of the Barnwell formation. The coarse

82

GEOI!.GIA GEOLOGICAL SUilVEY

Records of Wells in

1. Measured depths of wells given in feet and tenths; reported depths given in feet.



2. Pumps: C, cylinder; F, natural flow; N, none; P, pitcher; T, turbine; B, windlass (bucket);

3. D, domestic; I, industrial; N, none; P3, public supply; S, stock; RR, Railroad.

4. M. P ., measuring point: '

Well No. Plate
2

Location

Owner
or Name

Depth of
Well (Ft.) (1)

Diam- Depth to eter which of well is Well cased (ln.) (Ft.)

Geologic Horizon

1 NW 3 mi. from Mayfield_ E. R. Whaley ____

2 NW 2.9 mi. from Jewell_ W. T. Frasier_ ___ 3 SE 4.4 mi. from Culver- Will Hataway____
ton. 4. S 4.3 mi. from Jewell____ B.H. Yardborough

5 S 1.9 mi. from wellS ____ Jefferson Std.

Bank Ins. Co.

6 7

S 0 .4mi. from well 7 ____ W. L. Wilson ____ SE 6. 2 mi. from Sparta__ J. H. Archer_ ____

8 Linton, Ga ____________ J. H. Trawick____

9 SW 4.1 mi. from Linton_ S. E. Blizzard____ 10 S 1. 2 miles from well1L_ 2nd. Beulah
Church.

11 SE 1.4 mi. from well12__ Mrs. T. L. Brown_

12 S 3. 2 mi. from Devereux_ H. L. Kennedy___

13 14

S. 1 mi. from Devereux__ R. L. Waddell ___ Devereux______________ Charles Coleman_

15 W 0 . 8 mi. from Dever- Mrs. Katie Nelson eux.
16 W. 1. 7 mi. from Dever- W. E. Bass ______ eux.
17 NW 2. 8 mi. from Dever- Mamie Warren___ eux.
18 N 0. 7 mi. from well17___ Warren Chapel Jr. High Scl.
19 S 1.4 mi. from well16 ___ A.O.Hutchings ___ 20 NW 1. 3 mi. from Carrs__ C. C. Pounds ____ 21 S 0. 9 mi. from Carrs _____ James H. Arnold_

192

6

34.4 36 63.2 48

142 Tuscaloosa & crystalline
rocks. 25 Channel sand __ 60 Irwinton sand__

39.5 48

8 Channel sand __

44.9 48

44 Channel sand __

29.6 90

48 2

-------80

Irwinton sand__ Tuscaloosa ____

150

3

150 Crystalline

rocks.

65 82

48 2

-------77

Irwinton sand__ Channel sand __

38.6 48

38 Chamiel sand __

58

36

25 Tuscaloosa ____

50.7 63

-------48

-------62

Tuscaloosa ____ Tuscaloosa ____

46.6 48.3

48 -------- Tuscaloosa____

36

48 Tuscaloosa ___

82

48

77 Channel sand __

42.5 48

3 Channel sand __

72.5 48

27

36

50.9 48

65 Tuscaloosa ____ 27 Tuscaloosa ____
3 Tuscaloosa ____

sand of the Tuscaloosa formation appears to be the most productive ground-water aquifer in this region. Wells 15, 16, and 19 yield approximately 4 gallons a minute, well 13 yields 6 gallons a minute, and well 14 yields 7 gallons a minute from this aquifer. Because the Coastal Plain sediments in this area are in the form of outliers and tongues overlapping the Piedmont

GEOLOGY AND GROUND-WATER RESOURCES

83

Hancock County

Pow~r: E, electric motor; G, gasoline engine; H, hand; W, wind.

Meth- Use
od of of
Lift Water (2) (3)

Measuring Point

Description

Height above Height (+)or above below sea (-)land level
surface (ft.) (ft.)

Depth

to

Date

Water of

Level Measure-

Below ment

M.P.

(ft.) (4)

Remarks-
(Yield of nonflowiilg wells and discharge of flowing wells given iu
gallons a minute)

CE DS Land surface____

0.0 -------- -65 11-10-44 Partial analysis. Discharge 7 .5.

BH BH

DS Top well curbing DS Top well shelf___

+2.8 +2.0

---------------

-32 -59.2

11-24-44 11-24-44

T--. -6-4---F-.--------------

CE DS Top wood curb- +1.2 -------- -27.3 11-11-44 T. 65 F. ing.
BH DS Top well shelf___ +3.5 -------- -37.8 11-11-44 T. 65 F.

BH
cw

DS Top well shelf___ DS Land surface____

+3.6 -------- -26.3 11-24-44 T. 64 F. 0.0 -------- -75 11-24-44 Screen set 80-90 ft. Dis-

charge 1.5.

CE DS Land surface____ 0.0 -------- -45 11-2-44 Partial analysis. Dis-

charge 8.

BH DS Top wood curb __ +2.9 503 CH PS Top cement curb + .1 480

-53.5 -65

11-24-44 11-24-44

S--c-re-e-n--s-e-t -7-7---8-2--ft-.--D-i-s--

charge 3.

CG DS Top well shelf_ __ +2.8 -------- -34.8 11-24-44 Discharge 8. T. 64 F.

BH DS Top well shelf___ +2.6 611

CE CE

DS Top cement curb DS Land surface____

+ .6 0.0

620 64

-52.6 -50.2

11-24-44 11-24-44

D- -is-c-h-a-r-g-e- -6-. - - - - - - - - - - -

-59 11-24-44 Partial analysis. Dis-

charge 7.

CE DS Top wood shelf__ +4.3 -------- -38.2 11-24-44 Discharge 4.

cw DS Top of tile curb__ +3

619 -43.3 11-24-44 Discharge 4.

CH DS Top cement curb + .2 635 -76 11-24-44 Partial analysis. Screen set 77-82 ft.
BH PS Top well shelf___ +3.1 -------- -34.4 11-24-44 T. 64 F.

TE DS Top well shelf___ +3.3 600 BH DS Top well shelf___ +3.0 500 BH DS Top well shelf ___ +3.2 563

-69 11-24-44 Discharge 4.

-20.7 -49.1

11-24-44 11-24-44

P--a-rt-i-a-l---a-n-a-l-ysi-s-.-

---

-T.

63 F.

rocks, little or no artesian pressure is built up, and therefore flowing wells from the Coastal Plain sediments in Hancock County are not probable.

84

GEORGIA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

Analyses of Ground Waters from Hancock County..
(Analyzed by Evelyn Holloman. Parts per million. Numbers at heads of columns correspond to numbers in table a:o.d in plate 2)

Number

1

8

14

17

21

Geologic horizon

Tu~caloosa Crystalline Tuscaloosa Cham:iel Tuscaloosa

& crystal" rocks

sand

line rocks

Silica (Si02)---------- ---------- --------~- ---------- ---------- ----------

Iron (Fe)_____________

.85

11

.16

7.0

.57

Calcium (Ca) _________ ---------- ---------- ---------- __________ ----------

Magnesium (Mg) ______ ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ----------

Sodium & Potassium

'



c~~~n;tte~Bo~)======
Bicarbonate (HCOa)---

=====4=4====

=====4=6 ====

======6=.=0==

======7=.=0==

=====3=3====

Sulphate (804)--------

7

12

1

2

2

Chloride (Cl)_________

2

3

7

26

1

Fluoride (F)---~------

' .2

.2

.0

.0

.0

Nitrate (NOa)_________

.0

.1

11

22

.1

Dissolved Solids_______ --------------~-----------------------------------

Total Hardness_______ 30

32

12

22

27

Date of collection, 1944_ 11-10

12-2

11-24

11-24

11-24

Temperature, F.______ 65

63

64

65

63

Jones County
[Area 402 square miles. Population 8,331]
Geography
Jones County forms the northwestern corner of the area covered by this report. It is bounded on the west by the Ocmulgee River, on the north by Jasper and Putnam Counties, on the east by Baldwin County, and on the south by Twiggs County. Jones is the most thinly populated county in the area described, having only 20.7 inhaqitants per square mile. During the period 1930-1940 there was a 7.4 percent decrease in its population.
Agriculture is the leading occupation in the area, and in 1940 approximately 53 percent, or 137,112 acres, were devoted to farmland. On the 740 farms of the county, 34,663 acres were cultivated in corn and 13,241 acres in cotton. Poultry farms raised 46,536 chickens during the same period, and winter wheat, oats, and cattle' also rank high in agricultural value.
Slightly more than the northern three-quarters of Jones County is in the Piedmont Province. The principal towns of this

GEOLOGY AND GROUND-WATER RESOURCES

85

area are: Gray, population of 698; East Julliette, population 300; and three other small villages-James, Haddock, and Way,side. Almost the entire western quarter of the area is included in the Piedmont National Wildlife Refuge and the Chattahoochee National Forest.
There are no towns or villages in the Coastal Plain area in the southern one-quarter of Jones County, although there are several small concentrations of inhabitants near McWilliams, Van Buren, and Postell stations on the Central of Georgia Railway.
The relief of the Piedmont in this area probably does not exceed 350 feet. The development of the present land surface of the Piedmont has been brought about almost entirely by the action of stream erosion, which has slowly worn down the land surface to almost a plane. This region has deep red clayey soils which gully rapidly when the vegetation is removed.

There are two physiographic subdivisions in the Coastal Plain area in southern Jones County, the Sand Hills and the Red Hills (see figure 2). The Sand Hills parallel, from east to west, Commissioners, Slash, and Big Sandy Creeks, and represent the area of outcrop of the Tuscaloosa formation. In the southwestern part of the area the Tuscaloosa formation is not overlapped by younger beds of upper Eocene age, and the Sand Hills are adjacent to the Piedmont. The Sand Hills are broad rolling hills with gentle slopes and light-colored sandy soils, and the maximum relief of the area is about 100 to 150 feet.

In the Red Hills or uplands between the stream valleys, the soils are generally bright red sandy loams derived from the sand, sandy clay, and clay of the Barnwell formation. Little original surface or flat land remains at the summit level in this area along .the northern margin of the Fall Line, because the streams have cut into these deposits, leaving only narrow hills paralleling the streams of the area. The relief of the Red Hills area is about 200 feet.
Nearly all of southern, eastern, and central Jones County is drained to the southeast by Big Sandy, Commissioners, and Big Cedar Creeks, which are tributaries of the Oconee River. The western and northwestern parts of the county are drained to the southwest by Falling and Walnut Creeks, which flow into the Ocmulgee River.

86

l GEORGIA. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY,'

Geology

The crystalliiie metamorphic and igneous rocks of the Piedmont crop out in the 'area to the north of the Coastal Plaiii in Jones County. These rocks consist of granite gneiss, biotite gneiss, and schist of probable pre-Cambrian age injected at some localities by dolerite dikes of Triassic age. In northwestern Jones County, in the vicinity of East Julliette, hornblende gneiss of probable pre-Cambrian age crops out. The surface of the cryst~lline rocks slopes to the. southeast and in the southern quarter of the county is covered by the Coastal Plain deposits.

The sedimentery deposits of the Coastal Plain attain a maximum thickness of about 200 feet in southwestern Jones County. The, Tuscaloo'sa formation thickens to the southeast from a few feet along the Fall Line to a maximum of 120 feet of alternat~ng clays, sand, and gravel at the southern Jones County line, and constitutes the best water-bearing formation in the county. The channel sands in this area consist of light-colored coarse cross-bedded quartz sand with scattered kaolin balls. These deposits are not persistent throughout the area, and where present range from a few inches to 20 feet in thickness. The Twiggs clay melnber of the Barnwell formation, where not eroded away by streams, is about '40 feet thick and consists of pale-green blocky clay, of the fuller's earth type, which grades down into a basal 10 feet of olive-green fossiliferous clay with scattered lime nodules. The Irwinton sand member of the Barnwell, up the dip in Jones County, changes in lithology from a sand with thin clay layers to alternating beds of sand and clay.

A section far up dip in the area in which the Cretaceous beds are just beginning to come out from under the overlap in southwestern Jones County, shows the Irwinton sand to be composed of alternating beds of clay and sand.

GEOLOGY AND GROUND-WATER RESOURCES

87

Section exposed in road cut from Pitts Chapel corners west to top of hill at Mixon's store, which is 1.3 miles northeast of Postell, Georgia on Georgia Highway 49, Jones County

Thickness

(Feet)

Eocene (upper Eocene)

Barnwell formation

Irwinton sand member

6. Quartz sand, fine yellow and gray, sub-angular

with thin clay streaks and scattered fine dark

angular particles. Grades down into 21 feet of

fine sandy gray clay and fine sand.

45

Twiggs clay member

5. Clay, pale gray-green, blocky, waxy, of the fuller's earth type, with thin, fine sandy

streaks. Grades down into a basal 10 feet of

olive green blocky very fossiliferous clay with many white lime nodules and tan glauconitic,

fossiliferous sand streaks.

41

Channel sand

4. Sandy clay, mottled red, brown and green-gray. Grades down into coarse.sand with clay streaks

and many bauxitic kaolin boulders up to 21/2

feet in the basal 4 feet.

14

Unconformity

Upper Cretaceous

Tuscaloosa formation

3. Clay, mottled gray, purple and red, containing many scattered angular quartz grains (continue

section in road cut east to creek .1 mile from

Pitts Chapel corners).

20

2. Arkosic sand, brown and tan, with much angq.-

lar gravel. A 4-foot bed of dark gray clay at

base.

19

Unconformity

Crystalline rocks

1. Granite, light gray-green and yellow, highly

weathered.

10+

88
Ground Water
Wells that recover ground water from the complex cfystalline rocks of the Piedmont in northern Jones County are of two types. Wells of the first type, which furnish most of the rural ground-water supplies, are the shallow dug wells with large infiltration surfaces along which ground water may percolate from the weathered upper part of the crystalline rocks and be recovered from the well. Wells of the second type, drilled wells, range from 2 to 6 inches in diameter, and from 60 to not more than 300 feet in de!Jth. These drilled'wells penetrate sufficient water-bearing fractures or joints in the crystalline rocks to produce ground water for small municipal, domestic, and livestock requirements.
Ground-water supplies in the Coastal Plain Province in Jones County come mainly from two aquifers, the Tuscaloosa formation and the channel sands. The supply obtained from either of these aquifers is small because the beds are thin and the intake area is small in this region along the Fall Line. The clay, sand, and gravel of the Tuscaloosa formation does not exceed 120 feet in thickness and the channel sands range from a few inches to a maximum of 20 feet in this area; The ground water contained in these aquifers is recovered from shallow dug and ',drilled wells and is used to supply small domestic and stock demands. The 'yields from the shallow dug wells in the channel
sands range from lj2 to 3 gallons a minute, while the dug and
shallow drilled wells in the Tuscaloosa formation produce up to 20 gallons a minute.
Well 17.at Mixon's store was dug to a depth of 52.2 feet and yields water from the Irwinton sand member of the Barnwell formation. This well was dug to the top surface of the Twiggs clay member. Many springs issue from the top of the Twiggs clay member in this vicinity and to the south and southwest of well 17.
Quality of Ground Water
:The ground water from the Tuscaloosa formation, channel sands, and Irwinton sand member of the Barnwell formation is very low in total dissolved solids. The ground water in this part of the Coastal Plain is low in mineral content because southern Jones, Baldwin, and Hancock Counties are in the area of out.:.

GEOLOGY AND GROUND-WATER RES.OURCES

89

crop, or intake area, for these aquifers. In other words, atmospheric and surface water entering the ground in this area just begins its downward percolation in the rocks. Recovery of this water takes place before the percolating ground water comes in contact with and takes into solution much mineral matter. Analyses of 6 water samples from wells in this area showed a range from 9 to' 15 parts per million of total hardness, 8.0 to 14 parts per million of bicarbonate, 2 to 19 parts per million of chloride, .05 to 12 parts per million of iron, less than 5 parts per million of sulfate and nitrate, and no fluoride.

Local Supplies
In southeastern Jones County the channel sands nearly everywhere overlap the Tuscaloosa formation to the Piedmont. The combined thickness of the sedimentary deposits generally does not exceed 50 feet in the vicinity of the Fall Line and dug wells 20 to 50 feet deep yield up to 5 gallons of water a minute for small rural demands. Along the southern Jones County line the intake area for the Tuscaloosa formation has increased and the water-bearing beds have thickened sufficiently so that properly constructed wells should yield from 20 to 30 gallons of water a minute from this aquifer. Wells 4 and 5 are examples of shallow drilled wells penetrating water sands of the Tuscaloosa formation in this area. These two wells are 97 and 108 feet deep respectively. Wells deeper than 120 feet in this area
.. would enter the basement crystalline rocks.
The Tuscaloosa formation crops out in an area parallel to Commissioners, Crooked, Slash, Sandy and Swift Creeks. Many shallow wells range from 15 to 50 feet in depth, and recover from 3 to 10 gallons of water a minute for domestic and stock supplies.
Well 23 in southwestern Jones County is 85 feet deep. It was dug to the top of the Twiggs clay member of the Barnwell formation and recovers its supply from the Irwinton sand member of the formation. Well 25 is only 29.2 feet deep and obtains ground water from a perched water table in the Irwinton sand member. Drilled well 24 in this area was originally 208 feet deep. The water from this well, as reported by its owner, always contained an excessive amount of iron. At present the well is not in use.

90
ll;lecpr,ds of Wells
1. Measured depths of wells /P.veh iii. feet' and t~ntlis; reported depths given in feei.
2. Pumps: C, cylinder; F, natur.al flow; N, none;P, pitcher; T, turbine; B, windlass (bucket); 3. D, domestic; I, industrial; N, none; PS, public supply; S, stock; RR, Railroad. 4. M.P., measuring point.

Well
No. Plate
2

Location

Owner
or Name

Depth of
Well (Ft.)
(1)

Diam- Depth to eter which of well is Well cased (In.) (Ft.)

Geologic Horizon

I On StateHgy. 49 0.9 mi. J. C. Bivins______ W of Baldwin Co.
2 SE 2. 9 miles from James J. B. Moore, Jr. ___
on old Gordon Rd. 3 SE 4. 6 miles from James H. A. Crockren___
on new Gordon Rd. 4 S 0.5 mi. from well3 __.___ J. L. Lieb ______

5 ' SE I ,4. mi. from Moun- J. B. McCook____ tain Springs.
6 SW 2 .I mi. from well3 __ R. F. Effidge_____ 7 S 1.2 mi. from James____ Mand Griffin_____ 8 W 1.3 mi. from well 7___ G. E. Eldridge ___ 9 SW 1.9 mi. from well7 __ C. L. Balkcom___ IO SE 0.5 mi. from well9 ___ A. E. Balkcom___

II On N side of road, Moun- Morgan Siler_____ tain Springs.
I2 McWilliams ___ -------" D. T, Sterling____

13 14

Griswold ______________ D. T. Sterling____ Griswold ______________ SchooL _______ c_

. 25.8
25.9
40.0
108
97
4l.I 28.3 31.5 65 64
25.7
96
63 54

I5 Griswold ______________ Charlie H~ris____ 134
I6 Nw 2 mi. from Mountain I. A. Parker_ _" "" 65.
Springs. I7 Mixon's Store near Pitts 0. C. Mixon_____ 52.2
Chapel. I8 W. 0.3 mi. from well17__ A. L. Roberts____ 44.8

I9 PostelL _______________ J. C. Wells ______ 20 Postell________________ J. W. Watson____ 2I NE I. 2 mi. from well22_ M. E. Wells _____

60
31.2 72

22 On State Hgy. 49 at Bibb R. R. Durrett____ no
Co. Line. 23 E. of Bibb Co. line 1 mi. C. B. Washburn __ 85
on State Hgy. 57. 24 E 0.2 mi. from well23 ___ 0. R. Kitchens ___ 208 25 E 0.4 mi. from well23 ___ 0. R. Kitchens ___ 29.2

36 -------- Channel sand __

36 -------- Channel sand __

46 -------- Channel sand__

2

108 Tuscaloosa ____

2

92 Tuscaloosa ____

48

41 Tuscaloosa ____

36

28 Channel sand__

48

31 Channel sand __

36 2

Channel sand__

~-------
59

Tuscaloosa ____

36 -------- Tuscaloosa____

2

91 Tuscaloosa ____

48

63 Tuscaloosa ____

3

44

Tuscaloosa~ ___

2

129 Tuscaloosa ____

48 -------- Tuscaloosa____

48

52 Irwinton sand__

48 -------- Tuscaloosa____

I8

60 Tuscaloosa ____

36

31 Tuscaloosa ____

2

67 Tuscaloosa ____

2

105 Tuscaloosa __ ~_

36

85 Tuscaloosa ____

2

203 Tuscaloosa ____

48 -------- --------------

GEOLOGY AND GROUND-WATER RESOURCES

91

in Jones County

Power: E, electric motor; G, gasoline engine; H, hand; W, wind.

Meth- Use
od of of Lift Water (2) (3)

Measuring Point

Description

Height above Height (+)or above below sea (-)land level surface (ft.) (ft.)

Depth

to

Date

Water of

Level Measure-

Below ment

M.P.

(ft.) (4)

Remarks-
(Yield of nonflowing wells and discharge of flowing wells given in
gallons a minute)

CE DS Top tile curb ____ +3.2 -------- -22.9 12-8-44 Partial analysis. Discharge 2.
CE DS. Top well shelL __ +2.6 500 -22.8 12-8-44 Discharge 3. T. 64 F.

BH DS Top well shelL __ +3.4 530 -38.3. 12-8-44 Discharge 2. T. 64 F.

CE DS Land surface____ 0.0 475 -30 12-16-44 Partial analysis. T.

63 F.

CH DS Top cement +.6 -------- -84 11-30-44 Screen set 92-97 feet.

cover.

T. 64 F.

BH DS Top well shelf___ +3.5 480 -38.6 12-5-44 T. 64 F.

CE DS Top tile curb ____ +.4 585 -23.5 12-8-44 Discharge 3.

CE DS Top well shelf ___ +2.4 585 -27.5 12-9-44 T. 64 F.

CE DS Top cement curb 0.0 520 -60 11-30-44 Discharge 3. T. 64 F.

CH DS Top cement curb +.3 500 -48 11-30-44 Partial analysis. Screen

set 59-64 ft.

BH DS Top brick curb __ +.52 465 -20.8 12-5-44 T. 64 F.

CH DS Top pump base__ +.2 500 -54.2 12-5-44 Discharge 3. Screen set

91-96 feet.

CE DS Top cement curb +.35 443 -24.2 12-5-44 Discharge 5.

TE DS Land surface____ 0.0 470 -32 12-5-44, Partial analysis. Dis-

charge 20. Screen set

44-54 feet.

CH DS Land surface____ CH DS Land surface ____

0.0 -------- -97
0.0 -------- -25

12-9-44 Discharge 3. 12-8-44 Discharge 2. T. 64 F.

CH DS Top well shelL __ +2.8 570 -44.8 12-5-44 Partial analysis. T.

65 F.

BH DS Top well shelf___ +2.9 575 -39.3 12-5-44 Partial analysis. Dis-

charge 6.

CG DS Land surface____ 0.0 572 -55.5 12-2-44 Discharge 3.

CE DS Top well shelf_ __ +5.2 549. -28.9 12-5-44 Discharge 3. T.~64 F.

CE DS Top casing ______ +.4 -------- -60 12-5-44 Screen set 67-72 ft. Dis-

c

DS Land surface____

0.0 -------- -90

charge 8. 12-5-44 Screen set 105-110 ft.

CE DS Top brick curb __ +1.5 -------- -82.5 12-9-44 Discharge 4.

c
CE

N Land surface____ 0.0 -------- -35
------ --------------- -------- -------- -26.4

12-9-44 12-9-44

D--i-sc-h-a-r-g-e--6-. -T--.-6-3---F-.--

92

GEORGIA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

Log of well 24 in southwestern Jones County (Authority 0. R. Kitchens)

Light sandy soil Sand and thin clay layers Blue clay

Depth (feet)
0-6 6-85 85-105

Coarse white sand and gravel
Hard rock layer
Sand

Depth (feet)
105-115 ?
115-209

The Coastal Plain sediments have thinned to about 40 feet in the vicinity of Postell on the Central of Georgia Railway in the northern part of southwestern Jones County. Ground water from this area probably comes from thin sand ahd gravel beds in the Tuscaloosa formation, and because the intake area is small, the thin water-bearing beds only carry small amounts of ground water.

Analyses of Ground Waters from Jones County
(Analyzed by Evelyn Holloman and G. W. Whetstone. Parts per million. Numbers at heads of columns correspond to numbers in table arid plate 2).

Number Geologic horizon

1

4

10

,,

Channel Tusca- Tuscasand loosa loosa

14

17

18

Tusca- Irwinton Tuscaloosa sand loosa

SIriloicna(F(eSi)0_2_)_-_-_-_-_-_-_~_-_-_-_-_- ------.3--4 ---1--2--- ---6--.6--h- ------.0-5- ------.0-6- ------.3-2Calcium (Ca) ___________________________ -----~-- ________ ------"" _______ _

Magnesium (Mg) _______________________________ -------" -----"-" -~"----~

+ Sodium & Potassium (Na K) _______________ ---"---- -------- -------- -------- -------- --------

Carbonate (C03) ________ -"------ -------- -------- -------- -------- --------

Bicarbonate (HC03)_____ 8. 0 13

10

14

10

8. 0

Sulphate (S04)--------- 3

2

1

1

2

2

Chloride (Cl)___________ 19

2

3

2

4

6

Fluoride (F)____________

.0 .0

.0

.0

.0

.0

NDiistsraotlvee(dNS0o3l)i_d_s____________________2__.9________.5______2_.4________2_.1_______3_._8______4_._4 _

Total Hardness_________ 9

14

12

15

15

12

Date of collection, 1944__ 12-8 12-8 11-30 12-5 12-5 14-5

Temperature, F._______ 61

63

64

65

65

64

Sample turbid when collection.

.

b Includes iron in sediment present at time of collection.

c Slightly milky when collected.

GEOLOGY AND GROUND-WATER RESOURCES

93

Twiggs County

[Area 365 square miles. Population 9,117]

Geography
Twiggs County is in the southwestern corner of the area of this report, near the exact center of the State of Georgia. The population is largely rural and averages about 25 persons per square mile. During the period 1930-1940 it had an increase in its total population of 8.9 percent. Jeffersonville is the county seat and the largest town. Other small centers of population and trade are: Da11ville, Dry Branch, Fitzpatrick, Bullard, Huber, and Adams Park.
Agriculture is the important occupation in the county with about 55 percent of the total area in farmland. Of the 1,014 farms of the county 25,374 acres were devoted to corn and 8,473 acres to cotton in 1940. The growing of legumes, sugar cane, and the raising of cattle are gaining in agricultural importance to the area.
Twiggs, with its kaolin mining centers of Dry Branch and Huber, is one of three counties which produce approximately 75 percent of the national output of kaolin. Deposits of limestone and fuller's earth may also prove to be of greater commercial value to the region in the future. Limestone has been mined on the Lawson property 2 miles west of Huber, and limestone beds of high enough quality to be used as an agricultural lime, and sufficient thickness are to be found south of Huber in the Red Hills area east of Georgia Highway 87 (Cochran short route). The Twiggs clay member of the Barnwell formation attains its maximum thickness near Pikes Peak where it is mined for use as a bleaching clay. The Twiggs clay beds to the south along U. S. Highway 80 in the vicinities of Fitzpatrick and Ripley are a possible source of fuller's earth.
The Red Hills and Sand Hills areas become more rugged and exhibit a greater relief east of the Ocmulgee River than in western Georgia. Formerly the land surface of this area was an upland plain with a gently undulating surface. Streams, the tributaries of the Ocmulgee and Oconee Rivers, began to cut into this plain dissecting it in long southeastward and southwestward-trending patterns. U. S. Highway 80 and Georgia

94

.GEORGIA. GEOLOGICA:!! iilURVEY"

Highway 19 generally follow the dri:tinage divide between these two river systems. The surface of the upland plain not yet dissected stands 560 feet above sea 'level at Fitzpatrick and slopes gently down to about 450 feet above sea level at Danville in southeastern Twiggs County. The major streams of the area have cut through the Eocene sand and clay and into the under-, lying Tuscaloosa formation. The minimum elevation in the floodplain of the Ocmulgee River in southwestern Twiggs County is about 210 feet above sea level, therefore, the maximum relief for the county does not greatly exceed 350 feet. A marked change is noted as one passes from the red soils and parallel hills of the Red Hills into the gently rolling hills with broad rounded summits and. light yellow sandy loams of the Tifton upland. This area has few gullies and the hills are generally not higher than 50 to 60 feet. The surface of the Tifton upland slopes to the southeast at about 5 to 6 feet per mile. In the south-central part of the county sinks and ponds are not uncommon. These ponds are shallow, usually elongated or elliptical depressions ranging from less than an acre to many acres, and are. generally overgrown with cypress and other plants.

Eastern Twiggs County is drained by Big Sandy and Turkey Creeks, which flow to the southeast into the Oconee River. C~ntral and western Twiggs County is drained by Dry Branch, Flat, Savage, and Shellstone Creeks, which flow to the southwest into the Ocmulgee River..

Geology
All of Twiggs County is south of the Fall Line in the Coastal Plain Province. The crystalline rocks are buried several hundred feet under deposits of the Tuscaloosa formation of Upper Cretaceous age and where present, under the Barnwell formation of Eocene age. Only two wells (25, 27) penetrate through the Tuscaloosa formation to the underlying crystalline rocks in this area.
The Tuscaloosa formation crops out over one-quarter of the land surface area in the northern half of the county, and is ex. posed in northwest-southeast trends along Big Sandy, Ugly, Alligator, and other creeks tributary to the Oconee River. In the northwestern and western parts of the county, Savage, Flat, Dry Branch and other tributaries of the Ocmulgee River,
I

GEOLOGY AND GROUND-WATER RESOURCES

95

are working headward in a northeastern direction, stripping away the overlying younger deposits and exposing. the Tuscaloosa formation in long northeast-southwest bands.
The Tuscaloosa formation consists of approximately 250 to 300 feet of clay, sand, and gravel in the northern part of the county. It thickens rapidly down the dip to the southeast to possibly 800 or 900 feet at the southern county line. The log of well 19, owned by Georgia Kaolin Co:rp.pany at Dry Branch, shows typical lithology encountered in wells drilled in the Tuscaloosa formation in this area.

Log of well 19, Georgia Kaolin Company, Dry, Branch, Georgia (Authority, E. G. Dallmus)

Depth (feet)

Overburden, trash and fill

0-8

Sand

8-16

Red clay

16-20

White clay

20-23

Cream clay, sand and mica 23-27

Dark colored sand

27-28

Fuller's earth and sand

28-30

White sand mica, very

little clay

30-75

White sand

75-120

Gravel

120-127

Cream-colored fine sand 127-135

Sand and cream clay

135-145

Coarse sand

145-170

Sand and gravel

170-180

Depth (feet)

White sand
White sand about the size of rice
White sand Yellow clay, iron stained
Red and white stained clay
White sand Pink clay
White sand Pink clay White sand, a little gravel Pink clay
White sand and gravel Pink clay

180-200
200-203 203-215 215-225 225-237 237-265 265-269 269-279 279-285 285-295 295-303 303-310 310-313

The Barnwell formation overlies the Tuscaloosa formation and crops out over three-quarters of the land area in Twiggs County. In southeastern and south-central Twiggs County the Barnwell formation is in turn overlain by a residuum of Oligocene and Miocene formations.
In northern Twiggs County the Twiggs clay member of the Barnwell formation overlies the Tuscaloosa formation unconformably and consists of 35 to 45 feet of pale-green fuller's earth clay with thin sand pockets scattered throughout. Overlying the Twiggs clay member with apparent conformity, the Irwinton sand member of the Barnwell consists of light-gray and yellow fine-grained quartz sand with thin beds of tough plastic clay.

96

GEORGIA GEOLOGICAl) SURVEY

In north-central and western Twiggs County the Twiggs clay member of the Barnwell becomes more calcar~ous and changes in part from a pale-green hackly ~lay to, a gray hackly fossilif-
erous marl. Westward the Twiggs clay becomes more calcareous and merges laterally into the Ocala limestone. A section showing this transition is exposed at Georgia Kaolin Pit No. 1 about 3 miles east of Dry Branch in north-central Twiggs County.

Section at Georgia Kaolin Company Pit No. 1

Eocene (upper Eocene)

Thickness (Feet)

Barnwell formation

Upper sand member

14. Sand, firm, massive, coarse, gritty, mottled

gray and somewhat pebbly in lower half,

brownish-red in upper half.

6

Irwinton sand member

13. Clay, gray, purple, waxy, mottled red.

2-5

12. Sand, loose, white and yellow, fine-grained,

interbedded with thin layers of purple clay.

20

11. Clay, light gray, bento:q.itic.

8

10. Sand, pink, buff and gray, in a fine clay matrix.

6

Twiggs clay member

9. Marl, gray, fossiliferous, blocky.

6

8. Gr~enish gray nodular lime ledge.

l j2

7. Marl, buff and gray, medium hard, sandy fos-

siliferous.

4

6. Greenish-gray nodular lime ledge.

l j2

5. Marl, bluish-gray, massive, blocky, fossilifer-

ous.

25

4. Clay, hackly pale green.

4

Ocala limestone

3. Limestone, cream-colored, very fossiliferous,

massive, becomes sandy in lower part. Con-

tains Periarchus pileus-sinensis (Ravenel),

abundant in lower part; bryozoa abundant in

upper part. Pecten spillmani and Ostrea sp.

18

2. Sand, buff, medium-grained.

12

GEOLOGY AND GROUND-WATER RESOURCES
Unconformity Upper Cretaceous
Tuscaloosa formation 1. Kaolin, white, massive, blocky.

97
Thickness (Feet)
14+

In Twiggs County the Ocala limestone thickens to the south and west. In a limestone quarry on Weatherly's Farms in Bleckley County, near the southwestern corner of Twiggs County, it attains a thickness of 30 feet, and 10 miles due west of the Weathe:dy's Farms Quarry, at Clinchfield, it thickens to nearly 60 feet. In north-central and western Twiggs County the Irwinton sand ranges from 35 to 40 feet in thickness, and is more clayey than elsewhere, consisting of interbedded fine micaceous quartz sand and light-colored tough clay.

In central and southeastern Twiggs County the Twiggs clay is typically pale green, hackly blocky clay of the fuller's earth type, ranging from 30 to 50 feet in thickness. The Irwinton sand caps many of the hills in this area and ranges from 35 to 40 feet in thickness. A typical section for this area is exposed in a road cut on the south bank of Ugly Creek in east-central Twiggs County.

Section exposed in road cut 2.2 miles south of

Myricks Mill, south bank of Ugly Creek

Thickness (Feet)

Eocene (upper Eocene)

Barnwell formation

Upper sand member

5. Sand, red, coarse, clayey, and with typical curv-

ilinear quartz pebbles along base.

35

Irwinton sand member

4. Clay, red, waxy, sandy, mottled gray.

4

3. Sand, yellow-gray and tan, cross-bedded, finegrained and with many thin clay partings. 35

Twiggs clay member

2. Clay, pale.green, of the fuller's earth type, with

thin fine white sand streaks and lime nodules

near base.

45

Unconformity

Upper Cretaceous

Tuscaloosa formation

1. Sandy clay, light gray-white, micaceous.

15+

98
The undifferentiated Miocene and Oligocene deposits overlie unconformably the Barnwell formation in the south-ce.ntral and
southeastern one-fifth of the county. The soils of this area are
light-yellow sandy clays containing many scattered ~eddish brown iron pellets. The undifferentiated Miocene and Oligocene deposits consist of mottled pink, gray, and white clayey sands and sandy clays. Nowhere do they exceed 50 fet::t in thickness in this area.
Ground Water
One well (27) in Twiggs County is reported to recover ground water from the crystalline basement complex. This well was drilled in 1919 on the Frank Lawson property at. Huber. to supply ground water for an army camp. It is 1000 feet deep and has a natural artesian flow of 75 gallons a minute. The water is clear, has a slight taste of sulphur and ranges in temperature from 66 to 67 Fahrenheit.
The sand and gravel beds of the Tuscaloosa formation are unquestionably the most productive sourc!'lS of ground water in the area. The public water supply at Jeffersonville is ob-: tained from this aquifer, as are many of the local domestic and rural supplies throughout the county. The largest and most productive wells drawing from the Tuscaloosa formation are the industrial wells at the Georgia Kaolin plants near Dry Branch and at the Sgoda Corporation at Huber. These wells range from 8 to 20 inches in diameter, from 158 to 313 feet in depth, and produce from 300 to 500 gallons a minute. The ground water from the Tuscaloosa formation in northern Twiggs County is fairly low in dissolved minerals.
In west-central and southwest Twiggs County in the flood plain of the Ocmulgee River, at Adams Park and Westlake stations on the Southern Railway, drilled wells (68, 69, 72) penetrating water sands in the Tuscaloosa formation at depths of 98 to 300 feet have natural artesian flows of 20 to 60 gallons a minute..
Well 40 is the source of water for the public supply at Jeffersonville. This well is 533 feet deep and was drilled through approximately 200 feet of sediments of the Barnwell formation and 333 feet into the Tuscaloosa formation. It is pumped at the rate of 50 gallons a minute.
In the Uplands, or Red Hills, area of Twiggs County in the area of outcrop of the Irwinton sand and upper sand members

GEOLOGY AND GROUND-WATER RESOURCES

99

of the Barnwell formation, most of the local ground water supplies are for small domestic and farm use. Adequate quantities of ground water to meet these demands can be obtained by means of shallow dug wells ranging from 20 to 60 feet deep. Typical examples of wells in this area are 2, 16, 20, 35, and 37, in northern central and eastern Twiggs County.
Where the res~duum of the Oligocene and Miocene formations forms a thin cover over the Eocene deposits in southern Twiggs County, many shallow wells penetrate the upper sand member of the Barnwell formation. Dug wells in this aquifer produce from 1 to 10 gallons of water a minute.
In the vicinity of Huber, Georgia, and south in the flood plain of the Ocmulgee River, many shallow dug, driven and drilled wells obtain ground water from the river alluvium. Wells 24, 28, 29, and 30 in the vicinity of Huber range in depth from 22 to 40 feet and produce from 1 to 6 gallons of water a minute. Well 29 is 33 feet deep and penetrates a water sand below a thin clay bed. This well flows about 1 gallon a minute. At Bullard station on the Southern Railway, a large dug well 10.9 feet deep is used to supply a water tank.

Quality of Water
Well 27 at Huber is reported to recover ground water from the crystalline basement complex in this area. The analysis of water from this well shows a relatively small amount of dissolved mineral content, and 21 parts per million of total hardness. Bicarbonate and sulfate were 21 parts and 6 parts, respectively. This water contained only 0.1 part per million ot fluoride as against 0.3 part per million of fluoride in most of the ground water analyzed from wells developed in the crystalline rocks in Baldwin, Jones, and Hancock Counties. The temperature and chemical analysis of this water would suggest that its main source is the Tuscaloosa formation.
In discussing the quality of water from the Tuscaloosa formation in Twiggs County, the depth and location of the well witn regard to the dip of the formation must be considered.
Most of the shallow wells drawings from the Tuscaloosa formation recover ground water of very low mineral content. .The Tuscaloosa water from wells under 100 feet 'deep, generally contains less than 1 part per million of iron (exceptions to this

100

GEORGlA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

are wells 22, 82, and 84), 5 to 28 parts per million of bicarbonatt less than 2 parts per million of sulfate, 1 to 10 parts per mil lion of chloride, 0.1 to 9.2 parts per million of nitrate, .0.1 or less part per million of fluoride, and has 6 to 21 parts per million of total hardness.

The water from wells more than 100 feet deep in the Tuscaloosa formation in Twiggs County averaged slightly higher in dissolved minerals than the water from the wells less than 100 feet deep in the same formation. The total hardness of the deep well water averaged 49.7 parts per million as compared with 12.4 parts per million in the shallow well water. The water in the deeper wells averaged 52.5 parts per million of bicarbonate as compared with 11.8 parts per million in the shallow wells. Sulfate in the deep well waters averaged 5.6 parts per million as compared with 1.4 parts per million in the shallow well waters. The chloride and nitrate content of water in the deeper wells averaged slightly less than that in the shallow wells.

Ground water from the Irwinton sand member of the Barnwell formation is of great importance to the rural areas throughout most of Twiggs County. The water from this bed contains very little dissolved mineral matter. It generally has less than 1 part per million of iron, less than 1 part per million of sulfate, from 2 to 3 parts per million of chloride, 0.1 part per million or less of fluoride, and, unless contaminated, .3 parts per million or less of nitrate. The bicarbonate and the total hardness of water from this aquifer vary considerably with regard to the location of the welL In northern, western, 'and central Twiggs County the water from this aquifer has a low total hardness and contains small amounts of bicarbonate. In soutlieastern Twiggs County the Irwinton sand contains a few thin siliceous limestone layers. Wells 42 and 46 obtain water from the Irwinton sand in this area. Analyses of water from these wells show an average of 47 parts per million for total hardness and 180.5 parts per million for bicarbonate.

In southern Twiggs County several shallow wells yield small amounts of water of good quality from the upper sand member of the Barnwell formation. This water is very low in dissolved mineral content, averaging less than 0.7 part per million of iron,' 23 parts per million of total hardness, 4.3 parts per million of

GEOLOGY AND GROUND-WATER RESOURCES

101

.bicarbonate, 2 parts per million of sulfate, 11.3 parts per million of chloride, and 0.07 part per million of :fluoride. The nitrate content of a sample of water from each of wells 51 and 45 was 8.4 parts and 56 ,parts, respectively. High nitrate content often indicates organic contamina:tion.
In the flood plain of the Ocmulgee in the Huber area many wells recover ground water from shallow water sands in the river alluvium. An analysis of water from well 88 yielding ground water from the alluvium 'showed the water to be very low in total dissolved solids.

Local Supplies
Jeffersonville, Danville, Dry Branch, Fitzpatrick, and Tarversville are all supplied with ground water..Jeffersonville has the only municipally owned water supply system in the county, but well 20 at Dry Branch furnishes ground water to Twisco Heights, a housing project of the Georgia Kaolin Company. Privately owned wells furnished ground water to the other small villages in the area.
Jeffersonville (population 804) is supplied entirely from one drilled well (Twiggs 40) owned by the town. The water is pumped into a 'reservoir and tower tank and from there distributed under pressure into the mains. The well was drilled in 1924 by the Gray Artesian Well Company to a depth of 533 feet. It obtains water from the Tuscaloosa formation, supplemented possibly by a water-bearing sand in the Barnwell formation. The static water level in this well is 200 feet below land surface. An electric two-stroke reciprocating pump furnishes approximately 60,000 gallons of water per day during the summer months, and 30,000 gallons per day during the winter months.
Danville (population in Twiggs County 160) is in the southeastern corner of Twiggs County. Part of the village is in Wilkinson 'County. The village has no centralized public water system and domestic and stock requirements are supplied by privately owned dug and drilled shallow wells. The drilled wells in the vicinity penetrate water sands in the Irwinton sand member at depths of 90 to 150 feet. Well 46 is 4 inches in diameter, 190 feet deep and is pumped at the rate of 7 gallons a minute. The static water level in this well is 40 feet

102

GEORGIA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

below land surface and after 24 hours pumping at 7 gallons. a minute the reported drawdown is 4 feet. The shallbw wells in this area range from 25 to 40 feet in depth and the. quantity of ground water that can be obtained from these wells is very small. Well 47 has a small electric, piston pump and can only be pumped for 30 minutes at the rate of 3 gallons a minute before the supply is depleted.
Dry Branch is in the north-central part of the County on the Twiggs-Bibb County line. It is unincorporated and has no centralized water sunply system. Many shallow drilled wells in the Dry Branch area penetrate water-bearing sands in the Tuscaloosa formation at depths of from 35 to 100 feet below land surface. These wells range in capacity from 4 to 10 gallons a minute.
Wells 17, 18, 19, 20, and 23 in the same vicinity belong to the Georgia Kaolin Company. They all have casings 10 inches or more in diameter, range from 158 to 313 feet in depth, and penetrate water-bearing sands in the Tuscaloosa formation.
Well 17 at the Georgia Kaolin Plant No. 1 is 291 feet deep. This well is equipped with a 3-stage turbine which has a capacity of 500 gallons a minute. After pumping at the rate of 500 gallons a minute for a 24-hour period, it has a drawdown of 13 feet. Therefore, the specific capacity of the well is 38.5 gallons a minute per foot of drawdown. The log of well 17 at the Georgia Klaolin Company is as follows :

Log of Georgia Kaolin Well 17, Dry Branch, Georgia (Authority, E. G. Dallmuss)

Depth (feet)

Depth (feet)

Clay Sand White sand Clay
Water sand Clay

0-25 25-30 30-60 60-65
65-135 135-145

Water sand Water sand Hard rock Water sand
Rock-water

145-180 180-190 190-220 220-240
240-291

Well 18 at the Georgia Kaolin plant is 306 feet deep, 10 inches in diameter and has a capacity of 300 gallons a minute. The land surface elevation at well 18 is 14 feet higher than that at well 17 and the static water levels of both wells stand

GEOLOGY AND GROUND-WATER RESOURCES

103

346 feet above sea level. The log of the Georgia Kaolin well No. 18 i.s as follows :

Log of Georgia Kaolin Well 18 at Dry Branch, Georgia (Authority, E. G. Dallmuss)

Mixed soil Chalk Yellow clay Fine sand Sandy clay
Sand Kaolin

Depth (feet)
1-10 10-19 19-24 24-44 44-48 48-88 88-92

Sand Soft clay Sand Red clay Sand Red clay Sand

Depth (feet)
92-130 130-140 140-202 202-226 226-274 274-289 289-306

Well 20 at Twisco Heights, a housing project of the Georgia

Kaolin Company at Dry Branch, Georgia, was drilled in April

1941 to a depth of 238 feet. It was drilled through approxi-

mately 150 feet of sand and clay of the Barnwell formation and

penetrated 50 feet of gray water-bearing sand in the Tusca-

loosa formation. The initial water level of the well was report-

ed to stand at 170 feet below land surface. The well was

originally pumped at the rate of 42.5 gallons a minute and had

a drawdown of 43 feet. The present pumping rate is 30 gal-

lons a minute.



Fitzpatrick and Ripley on U. S. Highway 80 in north-central Twiggs County have similar ground water conditions. Both are in the uplands in the area of outcrop of the upper sand member of the Barnwell formation. Shallow dug wells 40 to 55 feet deep recover small domestic and stock supplies up to 3 gallons a minut.e from the Irwinton sand member of the Barnwell formation. A drilled well, owned by J. C. Soloman at Fitzpatrick (34) is 252 feet deep and recovers ground water from solution channels in the Ocala limestone, which wedges in from the west at the base of the Twiggs clay member of the Earnwell formation in this area. A sample of water from this well contained 303 parts per million of bicarbonate and 252 parts per million of total hardness. For ground water supplies greater than 15 gallons a minute in this vicinity, it would be necessary to drill wells 300 to 700 feet deep to water-bearing sands in the Tuscaloosa formation.

104
Soil :3' Red and yellow
cloy

WELL 25

Fine red sand

Bottom of 18 inch outer casing .

Coarse sand and grovel
Cloy sand and grovel White cloy
White quartz sand with alternating
streaks of hard white cloy

8 inch inne~ casing
1Zl~~0rl'"-- Grovel pocking in annular space between 8 inch
inner and 18 inch outer walls
Screen settings , opposite best
water- bearing material
92.5.:0122 132-157.7 167.7-189 189-194

Concrete plug
Figure 19. Log and construction details of Huber Kaolin Co. (Sgoda Corp.) well at Huber, Ga.

GEOLOGY AND GROUND-WATER RESOURCES

105

In the vicinity of Huber and Reeds on the Southern Railway in northwestern Twiggs County most of the ground water for domestic and stock use comes from small shallow drilled and driven wells 20 to 54 feet deep in the alluvium of the Ocmulgee River. These wells have capacities of from 2 to 8 gallons of water a minute.

The largest demand for ground water in the Huber area is for the Sgoda Kaolin plant and the surrounding office and housing units belonging to the company. Well 25 was drilled in October 1938 to a depth of 194 feet, and furnishes this entire supply. This well is an example of good well construction in sand and gravel aquifers, the log and construction details of which are shown in figure 19. A summary of the construction of this well is briefly as follows: An 18-inch hole was drilled to a depth of 194 feet, a record being kept of the types of material penetrated. Inside the 18-inch hole, 8-inch screens, to which were attached sections of blank 8-inch casing, were set opposite the most productive water-bearing sands and gravels. These screens were set from 38-48 feet, 92.5-122 feet, 132-157.7 feet, 167.7-189 feet, and 189-194 feet. The bottom well screen was closed with a concrete plug. Carefully selected clean gravel of uniform size was placed into the space between the 18-inch hole and 8-inch string of casing and screens, filling the entire space. A pumping test was run on the well October 18, 1938. The static water level was 6 feet 4 inches below land surface. The pumping water level was 14 feet 3 inches below the land su:rface when the well was pumped at a rate of 465 gallons a minute. Well 25 is now being pumped at the rate of 550 gallons a minute.

Westlake and Adams Park are small stations on the Southern Railway in southwestern Twiggs County in the flood plain and river terrace area of the Ocmulgee River. Three flowing wells have been drilled in the Tuscaloosa formation in this area. Well 72 at Adams Park was drilled in 1909 to a depth of 360 feet. This well is reported to have flowed 60 gallons a minute when drilled,
but the flow had decreased to about 3o gallons a minute on No-
vember 9, 1944. Well 60 was reported to be 98 feet deep and to have a hydrostatic head of 20 feet above the land surface. This well has since been plugged with a wooden plug, the casing has corroded, and the water now flows up around the outside of the casing. Well 68 at Westlake is 300 feet deep a~d flows

106

GEORGIA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

Records of Wells
1. Measured depths of wells given in feet and tenths; reported d'epths given in feet. .. 2. Pumps: C, cylinder; F, natural flow; N, none; P, pitcher; T, turbine; B, windlass (bucket); 3. D, domestic; I, industrial; N, none; PS, public supply; S, stock; RR, Railroad. 4. M.P., measuring point.

Well No.
Plate 2

Location

Owner or
Name

Depth
of Well (Ft.)
(1)

Diam-
eter of
Well (In.)

Depth to which
well is cased (Ft.)

Geologic Horizon

1 NW 0. 7 mi. from Big C. H. Kitchens ___ 69.5 Sandy Creek Bridge on State Hgy. 57.
2 NE 1.5 mi. from wellS __ W. B. Smith_____ 85
3 NE 0 . 5 mi. froin Big A<;ldie Ward____ _: 40 Sandy Creek Bridge on S. Hgy. 57.
4 E l. 6 mi. from Bibb Co. Morgan Moore___ 76 on State Hgy. 57.
5 E 0. 2 mi. from Big Sandy W. J. Hammock __ 25 bridge on State Hgy. 57.
6 SE 0.4mi from well5 ___ J. E. Cannon ____ 16 7 SW 0. 8 mi. from Big Dan Gardner ____ 34
Sandy Bridge on State Hgy. 57. 8 At house next to New Lizzie Mae Crosby 85 Haven Church. 9 SE 0.6mi. from well8 ___ Lizzie Mae Crosby 104.5 10 S 0 . 8 mi. from well9 ____ Lizzie Mae Crosby 52
11 SE l. 7 mi. from well 5~- Ed Chambers ____ 82 12 SE 2 mi. from well1L __ Steve Ethridge___ 49 13 SE 1.2 mi. from well10_ H. E. Cannon____ '60 14 Myricks Mill, Ga_______ C. C. Humphries_ 76
15 N 5 . 2 mi. from J effer- D. Y. Caleb _____ 20.3 sonville.
16 NE 2 mi. from Fitzpat- F. H. Mercer__~- 51.6 rick.
17 East Well, plant l, Dry Ga. Kaolin Co ____ 291 Branch.
18 E 500 yds. from well17 __ Ga. Kaolin Co.____ 306 19 E 50 ft. from welll8_____ Ga. Kaolin Co.____ 313 20 Twisco Hgts., Dry Ga. Kaolin Co. ___ 238
Branch. 21 Dry Branch_____ ----.-- T. J. Johnson ____ 37
22 S 0. 7 mi. from well2L __ A. J. Land, Jr. ___ 85
23 Plant 2, Dry Branch____ Ga. Kaolin Co. ___ 158 24 S 0.7 mi. on S Hgy. 87 Geo. E. Ray_____ 22
from Bibb Co. line. 25 Huber, Ga. ____________ Sgoda Corp. _____ 194

48

69 Tuscaloosa____

18

85 Irwinton sand__

48 -------- Channel sand__

2

71 Tuscaloosi:J. ____

2

20 Alluvium______

48

4 Alluvium______

3

29 Tuscaloosa ____

2

80 Tuscaloosa

2

99.5 . Tuscaloosa ____

3

47 Tuscaloosa ____

2

77 Tuscaloosa ____

2

44 Tuscaloosa ____

2

55 Tuscaloosa ____

3

66 Tuscaloosa ____

48

20 Tuscaloosa ____

48

50 Irwinton sand__

10

240 Tuscaloosa ____

10

306 Tuscaloosa ____

Hi

307 Tuscaloosa ____

10

238 Tuscaloosa ____

2

32 Tuscaloosa ____

2

80 Tuscaloosa ____

10

158 Tuscaloosa ____

48 -------- Alluvium______

18-8 194 Tuscaloosa ____

GEOLOGY AND GROUND-WATER RESOURCES

107

in Twiggs County

Power: E, electric motor; G, gasoline engine; H, hand; W, wind.

Meth- Use od of of Lift Water
(2) (3)

Measuring Point

Description

Height
above Height (+)or above below sea
(-)land level surface (ft.)
(ft.)

Depth

to

Date

Water of

Level Measure-

Below ment

M.P.

(ft.) (4)

Remarks-
(Yield of nonflowing wells and discharge of
flowing wells given in gallons a minute)

BH DS Top well shelf_ __ +2.6 -------- -68.5 12-9-44 T. 64F.

CH DS Top cement +.8 -------- -72 12-9-44 Discharge 3. T. 63F. cover.
BH DS Top well .shelf___ +3.1 460 -28.5 12-9-44 T. 65F.

CH DS Land surface____ 0.0 442 -49 12-9-44 Screens set 71-76 ft. T. 66F.
CE s Land surface____ 0.0 393 -12 12-9-44 Partial analysis. Discharge 15.

BH CH

D Top well shelf __ . DS Land surface____

+4 -------- -12.1 0.0 -------- -18

12-9-44 12-9-44

----------------------
----------------------

CH
CH CG
CH CH CH CE
BH
BH
TE
TE
------
TE
CE
CE
TcEs
TE

D Land surface____ DS Land surface____ D Land surface____ D Land surface____ D Land surface____ D Land surface____ I Land surface ____ DS Top well shelL __ DS Top well shelf___ I Land surface____ I Land surface____ N Land surface____ PS Land surface____ D Land surface____ D Land surface ____ I Land surface ____ I Land surface____ IP Land surface____

0.0
0.0 0.0
0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
+2.9

---------------------_-_-_-.-_ -_-__-_---------------
360

-65
-85 -37
-62 -41 -42 -36
-18.5

12-9-44 Partial analysis. Discharge 6.
12-9-44 Discharge 6. T. 61 F.
12-9-44 Screen set 47-52 ft. Discharge 6.
12-9-44 T. 6e F. 12-9-44 T. 61 F. 12-9-44 T. 60 F.
12-9-44 Screen set 66-76 ft. Discharge 10.
12-16-44 T. 64 F.

+3.0 520

-4-9.5 12-16-44 Discharge 2. T. 64 F.

0.0 411 -65 3-25-37 Complete analysis. Dis-

charge 500.

0.0 425 -79 12-31-44 Discharge 300. T. 65 F.

0.0 415 -69 0.0 -------- -170

3-25-44 1-4-45

P--a-rt-i-a-l-a-n-a-l-y-si-s-.--------

0.0 -------- -17 12-23-44 Partial analysis. Discharge 7.
0.0 -------- ...:.78 12-22-44 Partial analysis. Discharge 4.
0.0 -------- -------- 12-22-44 Discharge 150. 0.0 -------- -15 12-22-44 Discharge 6. T. 62 F.

0.0 272.2 -6.4 10-18-38 Partial analysis. Discharge 465.

108

Well No. Plate
2

Location

'"
Owner or
Name

''!;) ! ,,

j ~.

,, 1 1 '

i>ji

Depth of
Well (Ft,)
(1)

Diam- Depth to eter which of well is
Well cased (In.) (Ft.)

Geologic Horizon

26 Huber, Ga. ____________ Mrs. Mamie Den- 35 son.
27 S 500 yds. from well26 ___ Frank Lawson_ ~ _ 1000

28 SE 1 mi. from Huber, Ga. Frank:;Lawson___ 40'

29 S1.6mi. fromHuber,Ga. Frank Lawson___ 33

30 SE 1. 6 mi. from Huber, Frank Lawson___ 54 Ga.
31 N 4 mi. from Bullard M.D. Durden___ 138
32 swSch4o.2ol'. mi. from Fitz- Sam King _______ 26.8 patrick, Ga. 33 Fitzpatrick, Ga. ________ J. C. Soloman.. c .. ~ 90

34 Fitzpatrick, .Ga.________ J. C. Soloman____ 252

35 Ripley, Ga-------~---- Mrs. John Day___ '49 36 SW 2. 5 mi. from well 35 _ James Shannon___ 80

37 N 3 .9 mi. from J effersbri- Mrs. Whitiker____

ville, Ga.

38 N 2 .1 mi. from J effersoli' Ross M. Horn____

39

ville, Ga. NE 1.6 mi. from
sonville, Ga.

Jeffer,,-

Nash

R' obert_ ____
,,

40. Jeffersonville W at e'i: Jeffer~.onville, Ga,

Works.

41 E 1.2 mi. from Jeffet- C. A..Duggan____

sonville, Ga.

42 E 1.2 mi. from Jeffer- C. A. Duggan.... c..

sonville, Ga.

43 SE 2.1 miles from well42 J. M. Getty ____ c

36.1
39.3
49.5
,, " "
533' 1
I
'50
110
48:3'

44 NW 4.2 mi. from Dan~ M. U.Holliday___ 31.9 ville, Ga.
45 NW 1. 8 mi. from Dan- J. V. Terry ______ 40.9 ville, Ga.
46 Danville, Ga. _________ c C. R Faulk ______ 190

47 Danville, Ga. __________ M. H. Stevens___ 32.6
48 sw 1. 4 mi. from Dan- D. C. Howell ____ 368 49 swvill1e.,6Gma.i. from Dan- Emmet Stevens__ 28
ville, Ga. 50 E 3. 7mi. from well 54___ Thomas Lee_ .. __._ 65 '
,.
51 sw 6.2 mi. from Dan- V. B. Sanders ____ 25 ville, Ga. 52 S 2.3 mi. from well 54 ___ Mercer Burns____ 38

2

30 Alluvium____ ~~

10-8 2

1000 Crystalline rocks &Tuscaloosa.
35 I Alliivium__c:~-~

2

28 . Alluvium______

2

49 Alluvium______

2

133 Tuscaloosa____

48

4 Channel sand __

2

85 Irwinton sand__

3

247 Tuscaloosa ____

48 2

-------75

Irwinton Irwinton

s a n d __ sand__

48 -------- Irwinton sand__

48

39 Irwinton sand__

48

4 Irwinton sand__

8

533 Tuscaloosa __ '-_,

36

44 Irwinton sand__

3

ITO' Irwinton sand__

48

4 Upper sand

member.

48

4 Upper sand

member.

48

40 Upper sand

member.

4

90 Irwinton sand__

48

32 Upper sand

member.

2

368 Tuscaloosa ____

48

4 Upper sand

member.

2

65 Upper sand

member.

48 -------- Upper sand member.

48

14 Upper sand

membPr.

GEOLOGY AND GROUND-WATER RESOURCES

109

Twiggs County-Cont'd.

Meth- Use od of of Lift Water
(2) (3)

Measuring Point

Description

Height above Height (+)or above below sea (-)land level
sunace (ft.) (ft.)

Depth

to

Date

Water

of

Level Measure-

Below ment

M.P.

(ft.) (4)

Remarks-
(Yield of nonflowing wells and discharge of
flowing wells given in gallons a minute)

------ N Top of casing ___ F DS Land surface____

0.9 272 0.0 271

-4.9 12-22-44 Screen set 31-35 ft. T.
66 F. +12 12-23-44 Partial analysis. Dis-
charge 75.

CH DS Top pump base__ +1.2 270 -11.2 12-22-44 Partial analysis. Screen

set 35-40 ft.

F

s Land surface____ +O.O 263

+1.4 12-22-44 Screen set 23-33 ft. Dis-

charge 1.

CH DS Top pump base __ 0.0 234 -20 12-22-44 Screen set 49-54 ft. Dis-

charge 7.

CE DS Land surface____ 0.0 390 -113 12-22-44 Screen set 133-133 ft.

Discharge 7.

BH DS Top well shelf___ +2.4 -------- -22.3 12-22-44 T. 61 oF.

CE DS Land surlace____ 0.0 564 -32 12-16-44 Partial analysis. Screen set 35-90 ft.
cw DS Land surface____ 0.0 555 -142 12-16-44 Partial analysis. Dis-
charge 2.5.
BH DS Top well shelf___ +3.0 545 -45.6 12-19-44 T. 64 F.
CH DS Top pump base__ +.3 -------- -65 12-22-44 Partial analysis. Screen
set 75-30 ft.
BH DS Top well shelf___ +2.6 -------- -24.1 12-16-44 T. 64 F.

BH DS Top well shelf___ +3.1 545 -33.4 12-15-44 T. 64 F.

BH DS Top well shelf___ +3.0 536 -47.6 12-15-44 T. 64 F.

CE PS Land surface____ 0.0 523 -200 12-15-44 Complete analysis. Discharge 50.
BH DS Top well shelL __ +3.2 -------- -37.9 12-21-44 T. 6P F.

TE DS Land surface____ 0.0 -------- -31 12-23-44 Partial analysis. Dis-

charge 7.

BH DS Top well shelf___ +3

500 -45.9 12-19-44 T. 60 F.

BH DS Top well shelf___ +2.8 465 -30.9 12-19-44 T. 59 F.

BH DS Top well shelf___ +5.3 500 -37.7 12-19-44 Partial analysis. T. 61 F.

CE DS Land surface____ 0.0 458 CE DS Top well shelL __ +6.5 452

-40 12-19-44 Partial analysis. Discharge 7.
-32.6 12-19-44 T. 60 F.

cw N Land surface____ 0.0 430 -150 12-20-44 T. 63 F.

CE DS Land surface ____ 0.0 450

-3.8 12-20-44. Discharge 3. T. 61 F.

CE DS Land surface ____ 0.0 495 -35 12-20-44 Discharge 5. T. 61 F.

CE DS Top cement cover.
BH DS Top well shelf___

0.0 470 0.0 440

-21 12-20-44 Partial analysis. Discharge 5.
-20 12-20-44 Discharge 1. T. 61 F.

110

GEORGIA GEOLOGiCAL .StJ:Rv:Ei'

Records of Wells in
..

Well No.
Plate 2

Location

Owner or
Name

Depth of
Well . (Ft.)
(1)

Diam- Depth to eter which of well is
Well cased (ln.) (Ft.)

Geologic Horizon

53 S 0. 9 mi. from well 54___ J. H. Vaughn_____
54 NE 5 .4 mi. on State Hgy. H. J. Waters_____ 127 from Tarversville.
55 E . 2 mi.froin well 54 ___ J. S. Lucas ______

51.4 32.3 16.7

56 SW 1. 2 mi. from well 57_ F. Y. Stokes _____ 31.8

57 W 1.6 mi. from well ,14 __ Prospect Metho- 35 dist Church.,
58 SE 1. 6 mi. from J effer- C. J. Carmmonie_ 32.5 sonville, Ga.
59 S 2 . 5 mi. from Jefferson- T. B. Jones______ 51.9 ville.
60 S 3 . 9 mi. from Jefferson- J. W. Faulk _____ 95 ville.
61 SW 2. 3 mi. from well60 _ F. M. Getty's ____ 50 62 W. 25 yds. from well6L J. M. Getty's_____ 300

63 NE 0.4 mi. from well64_ Mt. Olive Jr. High School.
64 NE l. 3 mi. from well 65 _ Joe Faullc ______

23.9 43.6

65 NE 0. 2 mi. from well66_ F. C. Taylor_____ 41.1

66 NE 2. 5 mi. from Tarvers- F. C. Taylor_____ 76.5 ville, Ga.
67 S l mile from Tarversville, M. W. Hendricks_ 37.2 Ga.
68 N 0 . 3 mi. from Westlake Jessie McElrath __ 300 station.
69 In field across RR tracks Irvin Fitzpatrick_ 98 1.5 mi. N well 68.
70 N 4. 4 mi. from Westlake, Mark Fitzpatrick_ 43 Ga.
71 N 1. 2 mi. from well 70 ___ W embley SchooL 48 72 Adams Park, Ga. _______ Miller Hendrick __ 360
73 S 2. 7 mi. from Bullard H. G. Faulk _____ 67 School.
74 NE 2. 5 mi. from Adams T. W. Hooks _____ 85.5 Park.
75 NE 3 mi. !rom Adams T. W. Hooks _____ 82 Park.
76 NE 2. 7 mi. from Adams T. W. Hooks_____ 92 Parle
77 S 0. 6 mi. from well 78 ___ D. F. Johnson____ 82

48

6 Upper sand

member.

48

4 Upper sand.

member.

48

3 Upper sand

member.

48 -------- Upper sand member.

4-8 -------- Upper sand member.

48 -------- Upper sand member.

48

50 Upper sand

member.

2

90 Irwinton sand__

3 -------- Irwinton sand__

3

80 Calcareous

Twiggs clay.

48

23 Upper sand

member.

48

43 Upper sand

member.

48 -------- Upper sand memb.er.

48

76 Irwinton sand__

48

Irwinton sand__
--~-----

3

300 Tuscaloosa____

4

98 Tuscaloosa ____

2

38 Tuscaloosa ____

2

43 Tuscaloosa____

6

360 Tuscaloosa____

2

62 Brown massive

sand (Lower

Jackson age).

2

80 Brown massive

sand (Lower

Jackson age).

2

77 Brown massive

sand . (Lower

.Jackson age).

2

87 Tuscaloosa ____

2

77 Brown massive

sand (Lower

Jackson age).

GEOLOG:i AND GROUND-WATER RESOURCES

Ill

Twiggs County-Cont'd.

Meth- Use od of of Lift Water
(2) (3)

Measuring Point

Description

Height above Height (+)or above
below sea (-)land level surface (ft.)
(ft:)

Depth

to

Date

Water of

Level Measure-

Below ment

M.P.

(ft.) (4)

Remarks(Yield of nonflowing
wells and discharge of
flowing wells given in gallons a minute)

TE DS Top well shelL __ +5.6

-47.8 12-20-44 T. 63 F.

BH DS Top well shelf__ _ +3.3

-30.6 12-20-44T. 6P F.

BH DS Top curb ______ _ +2.7 500 -13.8 12-20-44T. 61 F.

BH DS Top well shelL __ +2.2

-20.9 12-20-44T. 61 F.

CH PS Land surface___ _
CE DS Top cement curb

0.0 490 0.0

-23 12-19-44 Partial analysis. Dis-
charge 7. -28.7 12-19-44 Discharge 6. T. 64 F.

BH DS Top well shelf__ _ +4.9 505 -48.7 12-20-44T. 60 F.

CE DS Land surface___ _ 0.0 500
BH DS Toptilecurb ___ _ +2.8
CG DS Top pump base _ +.2
CH DS Top pump base__ +1.6 475

-30 12-19-44 Screen set 90-95 ft. Discharge 3.
-53.3 12-20-44Dischargel. T.60F. -80 12-20-44 Partial analysis. Dis-
charge 2.
-22.2 12-20-44 T. 6PF.

TE DS Top well curb___ +3.3 500 -41.8 12-20-44 Discharge 3. T. 61 F.

TE DS Top well cover__ +1.3 475 -35.1 12-21-44 Discharge 3. T. 61 F.

CE N Toppump base__ +.6 470 -52 12-21-44 T. 63F.

BH DS Top cement curb +2.8 445

F

N Land surface___ _ 0.0 285

F

N Land surface___ _ 0.0 270

CH DS Pump base ____ _

.2 320

-36.9 12-21-44T. 61F.
+40 12-21-44 Partial analysis. Discharge 60.
+20 12-20-44 Partially plugged. Discharge 20.
-12 12-21-44 T. 61 F.

CH PS Land surface ___ _ 0.0 325

F DS Top of casing __ _

.9 259

CE DS Base of pump__ _ 0.0 360

-44 12-21-44 ---------------------+14 11-9-44 Complete analysis. Dis-
charge 28. 8. -54 12-21-44 Screen set 62-70 ft. T.
63F.

CH DS Land surface___ _

0.0 345

-77 12-22-44 Screen set 80-85 ft. T. 62F.

CH DS Land surface___ _ 0.0 343

-67 12-22-44 Screen set 77-82 ft. T. 62F.

CH DS Land surface___ _
CE DS Land surface___ _

0.0 323 0.0 380

-74 12-22-44 Partial analysis. T.
62F. -72 12-22-44 Discharge 5. T. 62F.

112

~ GEoRGia G:EoLoarcAt .sunvEY.

-

Well No.
Plate 2

Location

Owner br
Name

Depth of,
Well (Ft.) (1)

Diameter of Well (In.)

Depth to which well is
cased (Ft.)

)
Geologic Horizon

78 SW 1 mi. from Bullard A. V. White_"-~- 78

2

73 Brown massive

$chool.

sand (Lower

Jackson age).

79 E 0 .3 mi. from Bullard L.A. Everett ____ 75

2

70 Brown massive

School.

sand (Lower

. Jackson age.)
80 Bullard Station_______ ~ Sou'tliern Ry Co. __ 1.0,9 90-120 -------''- Alluvium______

81 W 1.1 mi. from Bullard C. A. Little______ 160

2 -------- 'Tuscaloosa____

School.
82 w 1 mi. from Bullard R. W. Edwards __ 105

2

100 Tuscaloosa____

83

School. Bullard High

SchooL

___

School __________

65

2

60 Brown massive

sand (Lower

Jackson Age)

84 E. 1. 5 mi. from Bullard J. T. McCormick_ 76

2

71 Tuscaloosa____

School.

85 N l. 8 mi. from Bullard 0. B. Fitzpatrick_ 200

3

18 Tuscaloosa ____

School.

86 SW 1.4 mi. from well36_ E. D. Ashley_____ 83

2

78 Tuscaloosa ____

87 SW 0. 3 mi. from well 86 _ Marion BaptisL 63

2

58 Tuscaloosa ____

Church.

(J,,I;'

) {:,

GEOLOGY AND GROUND-WATER RESOURCES

113

Twiggs County-Cont'd.

Meth- Use od of of Lift Water (2) (3)

Measuring Point

Description

Height above (+)or below (-)land surface (ft.)

Height
above
sea level (ft.)

Depth

to

Date

Water of

Level Measure-

Below ment

M.P.

(ft.) (4)

Remarks(Yield of nonflowing wells and discharge of
flowing wells given in gallons a minute)

CE DS Land surface____

0.0 370

-63 12-22-44 Screen set 73-78 ft. T. 62F.

CE DS Land surface____

0.0 380

-60 12-22-44 Screen set 70-75 ft. Discharge 7.

cs I Land surface____
CH DS Land surface____

0.0 263 0.0 376

-7.05 12-22-44 T. 64F. -89 12-22-44 Discharge 6. T. 63F.

CH DS Land surface____ CE DS Land surface____

0.0 375 0.0 365

-85 12-22-44 Screen set 100-105 ft. Partial analysis.
-53 12-22-44 Screen set 60-65 ft. Discharge 5.

CH DS Land surface ____ CE DS Land surface____ CG DS Land surface____ CH PS Land surface.~--
I

0.0 -------- -61 0.0 380 -150 0.0 -------- -63 0.0 -------- -48

12-22-44 Partial analysis. Discharge 7.
12-22-44 Partial anaylsis. Discharge 7.
12-22-44 T. 63F. 12-22-44 Screen set 58-63 ft. Dis-
charge 4.
I

approximately 60 gallons a minute. This well was used by a lumber mill at Westlake, but is now abandoned. It now flows through breaks in the cas!ng near the land surface. Shallow driven and dug wells in this area penetrate shallow water sands in the Tuscaloosa formation at depths of 40 to 60 feet and yield up to 8 gallons of water a minute.
In northeastern Twiggs County in the outcrop area of the Tuscaloosa formation along Big Sandy Creek and its tributaries, many 2-, 3-, and 4-inch wells ranging from 25 to 105 feet in depth recover. ground water from shallow aquifers in the Tuscaloosa formation. Most of these wells were constructed to serve domestic and stock demands and consist of lengths of iron pipe casing with 5- or 10-foot screens attached at the bottom and set in the water-bearing sand. Small pitcher, turbine, and piston pumps recover from 4 to 15 gallons pf water a minute from these wells.

Analyses of Ground Wate1s from Twiggs County

...to-'
to-'

(Analyzed by G. W. Whetstone and Evelyn Holloman. Parts per million. Numbers at heads of columns correspond to numbers in table and in plate 2)

Number

5

8

17

20

21

22

25

27

28

33

Geologic horizon

Tusca- Tusca- Tusca- Tusca- Tusca Tusca- Tusca- Crystalline Alluvium Irwinton

loosa loosa loosa loosa loosa loosa loosa Rocks &Tus-

sand

--

loosa

member

SIriolinca(F(Se)i_0_2_)_-_-_-_--_-_-_-_-_- -----.1-2---

.72

Calcium (Ca)_________ Magnesium (Mg) _____ Sodium & Potassium

---------
---------

---------
---------

(Na+K) ______._____
Carbonate (COa) ______ Bicarbonate (HCOa) ___

-----------5--.0----

---------
---6~0---

SCuhllpohriadtee ((CS10)4_)_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_Fluoride (F) __________

1 1
.0

1
2 .o

Nitrate (NOa)-~------ 9.2

.5

Dissolved Solids_______ Total Hardness _______

---------
9

---6------

Date of collection,1944_ 12-9

12-9

18 .02
15 1.1
1.1 0 45 3.1 2.1
.1 ., . 1.1
68 42 11-9

---1--.2---- -----.2--0-- --3-0-A----- -----.0-7--- -------. -03---- -----.4-3--- -----9--.9-----

-----------------

-----------------

-----------------

------------------

-----------------------

-----------------

-----------------------

----------2-2------

---------
---7--.0----

---------
---------14

-----------3-2------.

---------------2-1-------

----i-6--_-__-_-_-

--------2--7--------------

2

2

2

1

6

1

1

2

4

2

3

3

3

2

.0

.1

.0

.0

.1

.1

.1

.8
--2-4------

6.5
---------
9

--i5_.1____

--331_.9____

.1
----2-1-------

--25i_.6____

1.2
----2-4-------

12-23 12-23 12-22 12-22

12-23

12-22

12-16

~
~
~ gr g
so
C)'
~
w
~ ~
><l

Temperature, oF---~- 66

61

65

64

65

66

66

66

66

64

'
a Includes iron in sediment present at time of collection.

Number

34

36

40

42

45

46

51

57

62

68

Geologic horizon

Calcareous , Twiggs
clay

Jrwinton sand

Tuscaloosa

Irwinton sand

Upper sand member

Irwinton sand

Upper Upper Calcareous

sand

sand

Twiggs

member member

clay

Tuscaloosa

Silica (SiO.) ___________ Iron (Fe) _____________ Calcium (Ca) _________
Magnesium (Mg) _____
Sodium & Potassium

---------------------------------------------

---------------------------------

24 .06

---------
.22

---------
.05

---------
.80

---------
.35

-----1--.8--

-------.2-4----

-----3--.0--

60 1.7

--------- --------- --------- --------- --------- ------------ ----------------- --------- --------- ~-------- --------- ------------ ---------

~
8

(Na +K) __________ Carbonate (C03) ______

------------
--------- --

---------
--------

Bicarbonate (HC03) ___

303

28

Sulphate (S0 4) _____ _: __

27

1

2.7 0
178

--------- --------- --------- --------- --------- ------------ -----------2-2-5---- -----4--.0-- ---1-3-6---- ------2-.0-- ------7-.0-- ----2-3-0------ ----8-4----

9.4

6

4

1

1

1

5

13

~
~

Chloride (Cl) _________

11

1

Fluoride (F) __________

.1

.0

Nitrate (N03) ________

.5

3.1

Dissolved Solids_______ Total Hardness _______

----2-5-2------

---------
27

Date of collection, 1944 12-16

12-22

Temperature, F. _____

62

63

4.6

2

24

3

3

7

3

3

.1

.0

.2

.1

.0

.0

.2

.1

.1

.1

56

.2

8.4

2.0

0.1

.1

197 157

---1-8-6----

---------
48

---------
108

----1--2---

---------
9

------------
174

----7-8----

11-9

12-23 12-17 12-19 12-20 12-19

12-20

12-21

66

63

61

63

62

61

65

65

~
~
J

~
rn
~
[;J
rn

1-' 1-'
"'

116

GEORGIA. GEOI;OGIC:A:i.) SUR:VEY. Jr),'. ). ; ; ~

. Analyses of Ground Waters from Twiggs County~Cont'd.

:

'

\

!

.

. )J

I

,,

!
:

Number Geologic horizon

84
Tuscaloosa Tuscaloosa Tuscaloosa Tuscaloosa Tuscaloos~

SIriolinca(F(Se)i_0_2_)_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_--_ Calcium (Ca) ________ _ Magnesium (Mg) _____ _
+ So(dNiuam & KP)o_t_a_s_s_iu_m___ _
Carbonate (COa)---,--Bicarbonate (HCOa)- __ SCuhllcpihriadtee ((CSl0) 4__)_-_----_-_-_--_ Fluoride (F) _________ _
DNiistsroalt:eve(dNSOolaid)-s-_-_-_-_-_-_--_ Total Hardness ______ _ Date of collection ____ _ Temperature, F. ____ _

10 .43
1.1 .5

______ _______ _ _______ ~--...:.--..,

...,_

----'"------ "".:.,

.85

6.1 a ------"---

2.9 0
0 8.9 1.2
.1 .0 27
5 11-9
68

28 1 1 .0
1.9
21 12-22
62

10 1
2 ,o
1.8
9 12-22
63

13 2 10
.0 4.3
18 12-22
63

7.0 2 1
.0 4.9
9 12-22
66

Includes iron in sediment at time of collection.

Washington, County
[Area 674 square miles. Population 24,230]
Geography
Washington County is the eighth largest county in the State and the largest of the six counties included in this repor't. The population is 85 percent rural; and averages 35.9 persons per square mile. Sandersville is the county seat and has a population of 3,566 inhabitants. Other .towns and villages, in qrder of their size, are: Tennille, Davisboro, Harrison, Deepstep, Riddleville, Warthen, Oconee, ,and Gardner.
Approximately 78 percent, or 1,136,506 acres of the county, is in farm land, and 11griculture is the leading occupation of the area. Of the 2,506 farms in the county in 1940, 80,328 acres were devoted to corn, 28,263 to cotton, and 477,324 acres to woodland. During the same year sweet potatoes were cultivated on: 1,423 acres, and legumes and sugar cane were also of considerable agricultural importance. Washington was one of 35 counties of the State which produced over a millio:n gallons of milk each in 1939. According to the Federal census of 1940 there were 34 manufacturing establishments in the county, of which 25 were related to the kaolin industry. The total annual prod-

GEOLOGY AND GROUND-WATER RESOURCES

117

ucts of these establisliments were valued in the census at $2,286,880.
A small area in the vicinity of Hamburg Mill Pond in the northern corner of the county is within the Piedmont Province. In this area the Ogeechee and Little Ogeechee Rivers have stripped away the thin overlying Coastal Plain sediments to expose the underlying crystalline basement rocks.
Most of central and northern Washington County is a dissected upland plain within the physiographic region designated as the Red Hills. Georgia Highway 15 follows the drainage divide between the Oconee River to the west and the Ogeechee River to the east. Buffalo Creek and its tributaries are cutting headward into the upland, eroding away the Barnwell formation and exposing the underlying Tuscaloosa formation in long north. east-southwest trending stream valleys. On the eastern side of the divide, Williamson Swamp Creek and other northwest-southeast trending tributaries of the Ogeechee River are cutting the upland into long strips. The area is for the most part hilly with a maximum relief of 250 to 300 feet. Where the upland is undissected by streams, as in the area just north of Sandersville, and in the vicinity of Warthen, the relief is much less, rarely exceeding 50 feet.

South of Sandersville in the Tifton upland, the topography is characterized by gently rolling hills, broad rounded summits and few gullies. The relief of this area rarely exceeds 50 feet except near Williamson Swamp Creek and its tributaries in the southeastern corner of the county. The maximum relief along the larger deep-cutting streams in the area is probably less than 150 feet. Sink holes and ponds are not uncommon in the Tifton upland. They are numerous in the upland area to the northeast and southwest of Davisboro. Generally circular, elongated, or ellipical in shape, they range from less than an acre to several acres in size. Some of the depressions in this area are dry, but a few are swampy and thickly overgrown with plants and trees.
The Oconee River and its tributary, Gumm Creek, form nearly the entire western county line, and with its other tributaries, Keg, Carter, Limestone, and Buffalo Creeks, it drains the entire western half of the county. The south-central part of the area is drained by the Ohoopee and Little Ohoopee Rivers which

118

GEORGIA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

flow to the south into the Altamaha River near Altamaha in Tattnall County.

Geology
The crystalline rocks are exposed in two places in northern Washington County: over a small area in the valleys of the Ogeechee and Little Ogeechee Rivers, and over a smaller area of two or three acres along Tiger Creek in the northwestern part of the county. The crystalline rocks consist of quartzites, biotite gneiss, and schists. By plotting on a base map the depth to the crystalline rocks in several water wells in northwestern and central Washington County, the crystalline surface was estimated to slope to the southeast at a rate of about 55 feet per mile.
The crystalline rocks are. overlain by the irregularly bedded clay, sand, and gravel of the Tuscaloosa formation of Upper Cretaceous age. Along the northern county line the Tuscaloosa formation, where exposed in the valleys of Buffalo Creek and the Ogeechee River, ranges from a few feet to 150 feet in thickness. Nearly the complete thickness of the Tuscaloosa formation in northwestern Washington County is represented in the log of a water well drilled on the property of Miss Mattie Mae Veal, three miles north of Deepstep and approximately 100 yards west of Buffalo Creek.

Log of Well 17 on the property of M. M. Veal, 3 miles north of Deepstep
(Authority, Layne Atlantic Well Drilling Company)

Top soil Tuscaloosa formation:
Yellow kaolin Coarse dark-yellow sand
Fine yellowish sand
Kaolin Coarse white sand Dark red sand (hard) Red and white sand and
kaolin

Depth (feet)
0-3
3-15 15-20 20-27 27-29 29-59 59-64
64-74

Depth. (feet)

Coarse white sand, hard

74-81

Coarse gravel

81-91

Hard kaolin

91-101

Coarse gravel and kaolin 101-106

Clay and gravel

106-111

Lime ( ?), sand and clay 111-122

Lime ( ?), sand-clay with

soft gray shale and cer-

tain amount of mica 122-129

Crystalline rock

120_____"--

The Tuscaloosa formation thickens rapidly southward to about 250 feet in the vicinity of Deepstep and to 605 feet at

GEOLOGY AND GROUND-WATER RESOURCES

119

Sandersville. It probably attains a thickness of 800 feet along the southern boundary of the county.

Deposits of course kaolinitic quartz sand and gravel fill channels in the Tuscaloosa formation at several places. These channel sands are irregularly deposited and are not persistent throughout the area.

Wherever the channel sands are absent the Twiggs clay member of the Barnwell formation unconformably overlies the Upper Cretaceous Tuscaloosa formation. In northern Washington County the Twiggs clay thins to about 20 feet. It thickens to the south and becomes more calcareous, so that in the central and southwestern parts of the county it contains beds of gray fossiliferous marl, interbedded with the typical hackly green fuller's earth clay. To the south in central and southeastern Washington County the Twiggs clay member appears to be even more calcareous. Moderate yields of hard water are obtained from solution channels in these beds and the overlying Sandersville limestone.

The Irwinton sand member of the Barnwell lies conformably on the Twiggs clay member. In northern Washington County it consists of gray and yellow fine to coarse angular quartz sand interbedded with thin tough gray and yellow clay beds. The Irwinton sand thickens southward to about 50 feet in the central and southwestern parts of the area. In east-central and western Washington County the Irwinton sand is equivalent in part to the Sandersville limestone.

The upper coarse sand member of the Barnwell formation forms a thin cover over the Irwinton sand member throughout most of the area in which the Barnwell formation crops out. An excellent section showing the thickness and relationship of these beds to each other is exposed in a road cut in the south bank of Keg Creek on the Deepstep-Sandersville road 4.3 miles southeast of Deepstep.

120

GEbRGIA G:E:OLOGICAi. SURVEY

Section on South Ba'nk o1 KeiJ .Creek, Washington County
Thickness (Feet)

Eocene (upper Eocene)

Barnwell formation

Upper sand member

7. Sand, red, coarse, subangular with highly

polished fine gravel near base.

10

Irwinton sand member

6. Clay, gray, waxy, mottled red.

3

5. Sand, yellow, gray, loose, fine to medium"'

grained with scattered coarse subangular quartz

sand. Thin interbedded yellow and green clay

layers.

38

Twiggs clay member

4. Clay, pale-green, hackly, blocky, of fuller's earth

type with thin quartz-sand streaks. Becomes

fossiliferous and contains white lime nodules

near base.

49

3. Marl, olive-gray, fossiliferous, fine sandy. Con-

tains Pecten sp., bryozoa, Cardium sp., Veneri-

cardia sp., Turritella sp., and Flabellum sp.

1112

Channel sand

2. Sand, light green, medium to coarse, sub-angu-

lar, glauconitic, in a fine clay matrix.

3

Unconformity

Upper Cretaceous

Tuscaloosa formation

1. Kaolin, gray-white with yellow iron streaks,

blocky with scattered fine to coarse angular

quartz grains.

15+

In southeastern and south-central Washington County deposits of undifferentiated Miocene and Oligocene age form a cover over the Barnwell formation. These deposits consist of light-gray,. white, and red mottled sandy clay and fine to coarse angular quartz sand in a pale-green silty matrix. They range in thickness from 2 or 3 feet along their northern margin of

GEOLOGY AND GROUND-WATER RESOURCES

121

outcrop to 40 feet in the vicinity of Tennille. They thicken slowly to the south to possibly 70 feet along the southern Washington County line.
The log of a water well drilled for the Town of Sandersville in 1944 shows the thickness and lithology of the undifferentiated Miocene and Oligocene residuum plus the total thickness and lithology of the underlying Barnwell and Tuscaloosa formations in central Washington County.

A sum.marized log of Sandersville Public Water Well 51, located at the city reservoir, 1..1. miles south of Sandersville Baptist Church

(The land surface at the well is 465 feet above sea level.)

Lithology

Depth (feet)

Residuum of Miocene and Oligocene formations Silty clay, mottled red and green. ________________________________ 0-18
Sandy clay, mottled pink, gray, white and pale-
green. -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 18-60 Eocene (upper Eocene)
Barnwell formation Sand, white, fine and medium sub-rounded, polished, becomes coarse with depth. Shell fragments, cherty chips and hard chert streaks____________________________60-79
Limestone, soft buff-white, fine sandy, and with shell fragments (bryozoa, Ostrea sp. ?) ,____________________ 79-94
Limestone, white, soft, with little sand. Contains Turritella sp., Ostrea sp., and Bryozoa. Becomes more sandy with depth. ________________________________________________94-120

Sand, white, medium-grained, polished, sub-angular. Shell fragments and chert chips. ________________________120-130
Sandy limestone, gray-white, contains: granules of quartz, fine gravel up to % inch in diameter, fossil fragments, and sharks teeth.__________________________130-134
Marl, light-gray. Contains scattered fine and medium quartz grains, Ostracods, Foraminifera, Ostrea sp., and Bryozoa-------------- .________________________________________134-160
Sandy marl, light-gray. Contains shell fragments. Becomes more sandy and brownish gray in lower 20 feet. Sandy limestone, light-gray to brownishgray. Contains fossil fragments, Foraminifera, and Ostracods. Becomes gravelly at base. ____________________207-266

122

GEORGIA GEOLOGICAL SURVE~

Depth "(feet)

tJpper Cretaceous

Tuscaloosa formation

Kaolin, light gray-white, fine sandy.

266-371

Sand, light-gray, medium-grained, sub-angular. Contains red and gray mottled clay particles.________371-403

Sand, light-gray, fine to very coarse, angular to

sub-angular with fine gravel up to ~ inch in

diameter. -----~---------------------------------------------------------------- 403-433 Fine gravel, light-gray-----------------~-----------------------------433-443 Sandy clay, light-pink and gray mottled, fine
sandy, with scattered quartz granules_________________A43-464

Gravel, light-gray. Very coarse sand and fine
gravel up to %, inch in diameter.________________________________464-539

Sand, gray-white, medium to very coarse-grained, in a fine clay rnatrix.________________________________________________539-599

Sandy clay, light-gray, waxy, with scattered quartz
granules. ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 599-627 Sand, light-gray, fine and medium, sub-angular, with scattered mica particles.__________________________________627-655 Sand, light-gray, coarse, sub-angular.____________________655-669 Sand, light-gray, fine and _medium-grained.____________669-714 Sand, light-gray, very coarse-grained.____________________714-738
Sand, white and gray, sub-angular, coarse-grained, interbedded with fine gravel and white kaolin_______738-871 Pre-Cambrian
Crystalline rock ----------------------------------------------------------871-872

Ground Water
The larger supplies of ground water used in Washington County come- from the coarse sand and gravel beds of the Tuscaloosa formation. This aquifer has been developed at Sandersville to furnish the public water supply; at Oconee, Gardner, and a place south of Deepstep to furnish industrial supplies for mining and processing kaolin; and in the vicinity of Deepstep to supply a proposed Army camp. These wells yield from 40 to 600 gallons of water a minute.
In the western half of the county in the valleys of the Oconee River, Buffalo Creek, and their tributaries, wells ranging from

GEOLOGY AND GROUND-WATER RESOURCES

123

2 to 4 inches in diameter and from 50 to 300 feet in depth yield moderate supplies of ground water for domestic, stock, and small indus,trial demands from water-bearing sands in the Tuscaloosa formation. Many of the wells i:q western Washington County in the lowland areas have natural artesian flows of from 3.5 to 150 gallons a minute.
In the central and east-central parts of the county between Sandersville and Davisboro and the area to the southeast of Sandersville, many drilled wells penetrate solution channels in a calcareous facies of the Twiggs clay member of the Barnwell and in the Sandersville limestone. Drilled wells in this area range from 80 to 150 feet in depth and yield from 8 to 100 gallons of water a minute each. The water from the calcareous facies of the Twiggs clay is relatively high in hardness and bicarbonate.
In the upland or Red Hills area. in the northern and western parts of the county where the Barnwell formation crops out, all the small rural domestic water supplies are obtained from shallow dug and drilled wells penetrating the Irwinton sand member. These wells generally yield from 1 to 3 gallons a minute, but a few will produce as much as 6 gallons a minute. Many springs issue from the Irwinton sand at the top of the Twiggs clay member. The springs have similar capacities to the wells in the Irwinton sand, flowing from 1 to 6 gallons a minute. The Irwinton sand in the vicinity of Tennille furnishes greater amounts of ground water of good quality. Two drilled wells 125 feet deep penetrate this aquifer and furnish the Tennille public water supply. Each has a capacity of about 250 gallons a minute.

In southeastern and south-central Washington County a few shallow dug wells recover water from sands i:h the residuum of Oligocene and Miocene formations, but most of the groundwater supply in this area comes from deeper dug or drilled wells in the upper. sand member or the Irwinton sand member of the Barnwell formation.

Quality of Water
Samples of water from wells drawing from the Tuscaloosa formation in this area were low in dissolved mineral content and hardness, ranging from 25 to 80 parts per million of dissolved

124

GEORGIA GEOLOGICAL SuRVEY

solids, and 15 to 46 parts per million of total hardness respectively. The bicarbonate did not exceed 54 parts per million. The fluoride, nitrate, and iron in the samples from this aquifer were 1.0 part per million or, less each, and the average sulfate in the samples was 7.2 parts per million. Because the Tuscaloosa fo:rmation yields relatively large quantities of water of good quality, it is an excellent source of supply for most uses.
The water from the calcareous facies of the Twiggs clay member of the Barnwell formation is relatively high in dissolved solids. .The total hardness ranges from 104 to 189 parts per million, the bicarbonate 122 to 214 parts per million, and the sulfate 2 to 9.5 parts per million. The iron, nitrate, and fluoride in the water averaged less than 1 part per million each, and the chloride less than 4 parts per million. A complete analysis of a sample of water from well 54 showed that the sample contained 73 parts per million of calcium, 1.7 parts per million of magnesium, and 10.2 parts per million of sodium and potassium combined.
Ground water from the Irwinton sand member of the Barnwell in this area is similar to that from the Tuscaloosa formation in that it contains only small amounts of dissolved mineral' matter. The water from the Irwinton sand generally has less than 28 parts per million of total hardness, and averages less than 28 parts per million of bicarbonate.

Local Supplies
Sandersville, Tennille, and Davisboro are the only communi'" ties in Washington County that have public water supply systems, and all are supplied by drilled wells. The other small villages of Harrison, Riddleville, Warthen, Oconee, and Deepstep have no centralized water system, although in each, privately owned drilled wells serve several families. Throughout the rural areas many shallow drilled and dug wells furnish domestic, stock, and small industrial supplies.
Sandersville (population 3,566). The first town water well was drilled in 1900 to a depth of 431 feet. It was 4% inches in diameter and was reported to have penetrated water-bearing sands at depths of 70, 120, 185, 325, and 425 feet. The static water level in this well, on its completion, was 134 feet below land surface, and the various aquifers were estimated to produce from 20 to 120 gallons per minute each, the deepest furn-

GEOLOGY AND GROUND-WATER RESOURCES

125

ishing the maximum amount. 33 In 1904 a second well was drilled within 200 feet of the first, but only to a depth of 195 feet. This well (55 of this report) was reported to yield 150 gallons a minute. In 1928, well 54 was drilled to a depth of 250 feet, and furnished the public water supply with an additional 100 gallons a minute. In 1939, another well (52) was drilled at the 80,000-gallon reservoir 1.5 miles south of Sandersville. During the period 1939 to 1944 the Sandersville water supply came from wells 52, 54, and 55, which ranged from 195 to 250 feet in depth and penetrated the calcareous facies of the Twiggs clay member of the Barnwell formation. These wells had capacities of 100 to 130 gallons a minute. The yield of water from this aquifer is fairly large but the water is rather high in total , hardness.

During 1944 the town found it necessary to increase its water supply, and drilled a well (51) 760 feet deep, which penetrated water sands in the Tuscaloosa formation. This well is pumped at the rate of 500 gallons a minute. The construction of the well was as follows: An 18-inch casing was set to 360 feet, a 10-inch casing and screens were set from 330 to 709 feet, and an 8-inch casing and screens were set from 709 to 760 feet. The 8- and 10-inch casings were set in an 18-inch hole and the annular space between the casing and the wall of the well was packed with graveL The screens were set at depths of 535-540 feet, 560-565 feet, 660-670 feet, 694-699 feet, 704-714 feet, and from 755-760 feet. The last screen was plugged with a steel plate. The static water level of the well is 220 feet below land surface, and the drawdown is from 10 to 12 feet when the well is pumped at the rate of 400 gallons a minute.
The town water system has two reservoirs having capacities of 120,000 and 87,000 gallons, and an elevated tank with a capacity of 110,000 gallons. Wells 54 and 55 are at the Sandersville waterworks pumping plant and are pumped into the 120,000-gallon reservoir. From this reservoir the water is pumped to the distribution system and the elevated tank. Wells 51 and 52 are 1.5 miles south of Sandersville on the Tennille road at the 80,000-gallon reservoir. These wells are pumped into the 80,000-gallon reservoir and from there through about a mile

33 McCallie, S. W., A Preliminary report on the underground waters of Georgia, Geological Su'I.'Vey of Georgia Bull. 15, pp. 185-187, 1908.

126

GEORGIA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY'

of single 8-inch main into the distributing system and the ele,., vated tank by means of a 500-galloh per minute booster pump;

Tennille (population 1,758). The first municipal well at Tennille was drilled in ~894 to a depth of 990 feet. This first drilling attempt was unsuccessful, although water-bearing strata were reported at 380 and 426 feet. It is reported that the water from the 380-foot aquifer rose to within 90 feet of the land surface, and that the water from the 426-foot aquifer rose to within 100 feet of the surface. In 1904 another well was drilled for the town, for which no records are available.34
The present Tennille water supply is furnished by two wells . (82, 83) owned by the town. The first of these wells (82) was
drilled in 1918 to a depth of 130 feet. An 8-inch casing was set in the well to 103 feet, but later was pulled back to 85 feet and the strainer set from 85 to 103 feet. In 1929, because of an increase in demand for water in Tennille, a new 10-inch well (83) was drilled by J. R. Connelly to a depth of 125 feet. The screens in this well were set approximately from 85 to 100 feet opposite a coarse white water-bearing sand. Both wells, 82, and 83, are producing water from the Irwinton sand member of the Barnwell formation. A composite log for the vicinity of the town wells was made from the report of J. R. Connelly, the driller of the Tennille wells, and from Walter Smith, local well driller in the Tennille area.
Log of material drilled through in the vicinity of the Tennille water supply system
(Aut~ority, Drillers J. R. Connelly and Walter Smith)

Sandy soil Mottled sandy clay Clay Sand Hard limestone ledge

Depth (feet)
0~5
5-22 22-32 32-45 45-48

Sand Hard limestone ledge Chalky lime rock White coarse sand Hard clay

Depth (feet)
48-55 55-58
58-78 78-103 ' 103-130

The Tennille wells 82 and 83 are equipped with electrically driven deep-well turbine pumps having capacities of 250 and 350 gallons a minute respectively. The wells have a combined ca-

34 McCallie, S. W., A Preliminary report on the underground waters of Georgia. Geological Survey of Georgia, Bull. 15, pp .. 187, 188, 1908.

GEOLOGY AND GROUND-WATER RESOURCES

127

pacity of 790,000 gallons per day. Water is pumped directly from the wells into the distributing system and into a 75,000gallon elevated tank at the pumping station. The business district of the town is served by 8-inch mains supplied directly from the elevated tank. Other sections of the town are served through 6-inch mains.
The average daily consumption of ground water for all purposes in Tennille is about 125,000 gallons, or approximately 60 gallons per capita. The maximum rate of consumption is during the summer when about 150,000 gallons per day are used.
Many privately owned wells in this area range from 2 to 4 inches in diameter and from 82 to 100 feet in depth. These wells produce from 4 to 6 gallons a minute from sand beds in the Irwinton sand member of the Barnwell formation. Most of these private wells have windmills as a means of power, and supply water for small domestic and farm use. Dug wells at Tennille range from 30 to 50 feet in depth, and have capacities ranging from 2 to 6 gallons a minute.
Davisboro (population 533.) In 1888 a well 2 inches in diameter and 325 feet deep was drilled for the community. This well was reported to have flowed 5 gallons a minute from a water-bearing sand between 88 and 100 feet deep. The water in the well rose to a height of 3 feet above the land surface. In 1894, T. L. Brown of Davisboro drilled a well (35 of this report) 100 feet deep which originally flowed 5 gallons a minute. 35 In 1944 it was flowing 3 gallons a minute.

A new municipal well (33) was completed on February 4, 1936, and a new water system was installed that year. The w-ell was drilled to a depth of 280 feet, and finished with 175 feet of 8-inch casing, 90 feet of 6-inch casing, and 30 feet of 6-inch strainer. On February 4, 1936 the well was pumped for ten hours at an average rate of 45 gallons a minute-the drawdown was 70 feet. Well 33 is equipped with an electric deep-well turbine pump which has a capacity of 100 gallons a minute. The pump discharges directly into the distributing system and into a 60,000-gallon eleva,ted tank. The distribution system consists of 8-inch mains serving the business district and 6-inch mains

35 McCallie, S. W., A preliminary report on the underground waters of Georgia, Geol. Survey of Georgia: Bull: 15, pp. 188-189, 1908.

128

GEORGIA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

for the rest of the town. The average daily consumption .is about 30,000 gallons for all purposes.

Two other wells (34, 36) besides the T.. L. Brown well (35) are in the flood plain Qf Williamson Swamp Greek within the town limits of Davisboro. All of these wells are between 80 arid 100 feet in depth and flow from 3 to 6.5 gallons a minute. The water from these wells and the town well (33) is comparatively high in total dissolved solids, and averages 151 parts per million in total hardness. A log of well 35 is as follows:

Log ofT. L. Brown Well (35) at Davisboro (Authority, Mr. T. L. Brown36)

Sand Brown clay with pebbles
Coarse white sand Dark greenish marl

Depth (feet)
0-20 20-40 40-60 60-80

Depth (feet)
Shell rock with sharks teeth 80-88 Water-bearing sand with
fragments of shells which grades down into quicksand at the bottom of well 88-100

Well 99on theW. C. Wilson Plantation southeast of Davisboro 3% miles was drilled in 1944 to a depth of 105 feet. This well yields 4 gallons a minute for domestic and stock supplies. Well 99 is rather typical of the drilled wells in the upland area in southeastern Washington County. A log of this well follows:

Log of W. C. Wilson well, 3% miles (airline) southeast of Davisboro
(Authority, Driller Mark Hall)

Depth

Depth

(feet)~--------~-~......:('-fe_e__.:...t)

Mottled pink and greenish clay 0-10

White sandstone

10-20

Rock, soft gray

20-75

Gray white soft rock White sand
Alternate layers of sand and rock

75-85
85~97
Q
100-105

Harrison (population 298) does not have a public water supply, but several families and stores use water from a drilled well 6 inches in diameter and 109 feet in depth which belongs to J, C. King. This well is equipped with a windmill and an electric pump, and is pumped at the rate of 30 gallons a minute. The water has 63 parts per million of total hardness, and contains 75 parts per million of bicarbonate, and small amounts of sulfate, chloride, fluoride, and nitrate.

sa McCallie, S. W., A preliminary report on the underground waters of Georgia: Geol. Survey of Georgia Bull. 15, pp. 188-189, 1908.

GEOLOGY AND GROUND-WATER RESOURCES

129

The Harrison Consolidated School is supplied by a drilled well 3 inches in diameter and 205 feet in depth. An electric pump and pressure tank supply water to the school.
Many other privately owned drilled wells ranging from 2 to 4 inches in diameter and from 53 to 153 feet in depth recover from 3 to 8 gallons a minute for domestic, stock, and small industrial demands in the town and vicinity of Harrison.

Shallow wells 25 to 50 feet deep recover from 1 to 3 gallons a minute for town and rural domestic and stock supplies in this area.
Oconee and Gardners stations on the Central of Georgia Railway (combined population, estimated, 275). The water supplies of this area are obtained entirely from privat~ly-owned wells. Oconee and Gardners are both in the flood plain of the Oconee River and its tributaries, Buffalo and Sandy Creeks. The land surface elevation is about 220 feet above sea level. Many wells ranging from 2 to 6 inches in diameter and from 72 to 156 feet in depth yield from 3 to 60 gallons a minute in natural flow from water-bearing sands in the Tuscaloosa formation. The water from these wells is low in dissolved mineral matter and is of excellent quality for domestic, stock, and industrial use.
The largest development of ground water in this area is for the processing of kaolin at the Edgar Brothers plant at Gardners. Five wells, four of which flow, furnish this supply. These wells draw water from a depth of about 125 feet. A log of flowing. well 131, belonging to E. M. Shephard, 0.4 mile north of the railroad tracks at Oconee, follows:

Log of E. M. Shephard well 131 at Oconee (Authority, Owner E. M. Shephard)

Soil Clay and sand streaks

Depth (feet)
0-4 4-50

Slick yellow sandy clay Water sand

Depth (feet)
50-65 65-72

Deepstep (population 174) has no centralized water system, but many privately owned drilled and shallow dug wells furnish water to the area. The well at the Deepstep High School is typical of the drilled wells in the area. It is 3 inches in diameter and 109 feet deep. It is equipped with an electric pump which

130

,GEORGIA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

pumps 7.6 gallons a minute into a 500-gallon pressure. tank from
which the water is distributed to the. seJ;wol. The wl:\,ter from the drilled wells at Deepstep is from the Tuscaloosa formation.

In 1942 the War Department ordered four exploratory test wells drilled in the area to the northeast, east, and southeast of Deepstep in the flood plain of Buffalo Creek. All four of these test wells (17, 18, 63, 65) were drilled through the Coastal Plain deposits to the underlying crystalline basement rock.

Well 17 is on the Miss Mattie Mae Veal property, 3 miles north of Deepstep and approximately 100 yards west of Buffalo Creek. The well is 24 inches in diameter from the surface to 108 feet, and 9% inches in diameter from 108 to 129 feet. It ended at a depth of 129 feet. It is screened between the depths of 25 to 60 feet, 83 and 93 feet, and 103 and 108 feet. A pumping test made on August 27, 1942, showed the well to yield 15 gallons a minute.

Well 18 is ll/2 miles north of Deepstep and 100 yards west of Buffalo Creek on the Julian P. Veal property. It is 171/2 inches in diameter and 178 feet deep, ending on the top of the crystalline basement rocks. It is screened with 8-inch screens from 36 to 41 feet, 54 to 69 feet, and 104 to 114 feet. Approximately 15 cubic yards of gravel were placed around the 8-inch string of casing and screens. The static water level of the well was 17 feet below land surface. The yield of the well was 210 gallons a minute with a drawdown of 55 feet, as indicated by a pumping test.

Log of Well 18 drilled for War Department, August, 1942, 11;2 miles north of Deepstep, approximately 100 yards west of Buf-
falo Creek on property of Julian P. Veal
(Authority, Layne Atlantic Company report)

Depth (feet)

Yellow sand Fine brown sand Fine yellow chalk Medium red clayey sand
Fine dark brown clayey sand Medium white sandy clay
Medium white sandy clay Medium white sand
Coarse white sand Coarse sand and gravel

3-8 8-13
13-18 18-33 33-34 34-44 44-54 54-64 64-69 69-98

Depth (feet)

Very coarse sand and gravel 98-108

Very coarse sand and

gravel with clay

108-138

Gravel, very coarse sand

and red clay

138-143

Gravel and red clay, very

little sand

143-148

Red clay and gravel

148-158

Missing

158-163

Granite in cuttings

163-178

GEOLOGY AND GROUND-WATER RESOURCES

131

Well 63 is on the L. A. Wood property 1 mile east of Deep-

step and about 100 yards east of Buffalo Creek. This well was

drilled 24 inches in diameter from the surface to 200 feet and

171;2 inches in diameter from 200 to 274 feet. Approximately

,

30 cubic yards of gravel were packed around the 8-inch casing

and screens. The screens were set in the intervals from 35 to

43 feet, 48 to 58 feet, 133 to 138 feet, and 190 to 200 feet. The

well flows 30 gallons a minute. On September 5, 1942, a 36-

hour pumping test was made on the weil. Pumping at the rate

of 230 gallons a minute lowered the water level in the well to

55 feet below land surface.

Log of Well 63 drilled for War Department during September, 1942, 1 mile east of Deepstep and about 100 yards east of Buf-
falo Creek on the L. A. Wood property

(Authority, Report of Layne-Atlantic Company)

Depth (feet)

Depth (feet)

Red ciay and kaolin

0-3

Coarse red sand and kaolin

3-5

Light yellow sand

5-8

Medium white sand

8-11

Fine white sand and kaolin 11-20%

Medium white sand

20%-36

Coarse white sand

36-44

White kaolin

44-46

White sandy kaolin

46-49

Coarse white sand

49-58

White sandy kaolin

58-61

White kaolin and gravel

61-72

White kaolin

72-76

White kaolin

76-86

Sand and kaolin

86-98

Pink kaolin

98-116

Pink sandy kaolin

116-122

Gravel and kaolin
Coarse white sand and kaolin
Hard white kaolin Sandy kaolin
Kaolin Sandy kaolin
Gravelly kaolin Red clay
Coarse white sand Red clay
Red clay and sand
Red clay
Blue and white clay
Red and white clay Red and white clay
White clay and gravel Blue clay

122-132
132-145 145-147 147-153 153-173 173-178 178-183 183-190 190-199 199-209 209-212 212-237 237-241 241-251 251-252 258-265 265-269

At 270 feet small pieces of granite began to appear along with some hard white and blue gravel with red clay. This steadily increased until at 274
feet it was decided to stop operations.

Well 65 is in the flood plain of Buffalo Creek 11/2 miles south
of Deepstep and 100 yards west of Buffalo Creek. This well penetrated the crystalline basement at a depth of 304 feet. It is 24 inches in diameter from the surface to 208 feet and 10 inches in diameter from 208 to 304 feet. Screens are set from 43 to 48 feet, 93 to 103 feet, 118 to 123 feet, 133 to 143 feet, 148 to 153 feet, and 193 to 203 feet. The well was reported to

132

GEORGIA GEOLOGICAL SuRvEY

yield 150 gallons a minute by natural flow, and 600 walloiis a minute by pumping with a drawdown of 30 feet.
Log of Well 65 drilled for War Department, September,. i942. Well located 1% miles south of Deepstep, about 100 yards west
of Buffalo Creek on property of Gilmore Hutchins
(Authority, Report of Layne-'Atlantic Company)

Depth (feet)

Fine red sand and clay

0-3

Medium white sand

3-13

Medium white sand and chalk 13-18

Medium white sand

18-36

Coarse white sand

36-44

Very coarse sand

44-50

Coarse sand and white chalk 50-55

Pink clay

55-60

Pink clay and white chalk 60-65

Pink and white chalk

65-90

Coarse white sand

90-98

Pink chalk and sand

98-100

Soft coarse sand

100-105

Soft coarse white sand

105-112

Hard pink chalk

112-116

Coarse gravel and sand 116-126

Hard pink chalk

126-131

Coarse sand

131-146

Coarse sand and chalk

146-148

Depth (feet)

Coarse white sand and gravel
Sand, gravel, and pink . chalk
Pink chalk and sand Pink chalk Pink chalk and clay Sand clay Soft coarse white sand Soft coarse white sand
and gravel Hard gravel Red clay
Clay and little sand Dark brown clay
Clay and sand Clay Gravel and clay Blue and red clay
and gravel Blue and red clay
and gravel
Solid granite

148-160
160-165 165-175 175-184 184-189 189-193 193-203
203-211 . 211-215
215-235 235-240 240-251 251-266 266-271 271-277
277-292
292-304 304

Riddleville (population 115). The water supply for private use in the vicinity of Riddleviile is taken from two types of wells: dug wells ranging from 20 to 45 feet and drilled wells ranging from 74 to 325 feet.
A good example of the dug wells of the area is one owned by the town of Riddleville. It is re);:lorted to have been dug in 1869, is 21.2 feet deep, and 36 inches in diameter.
A 4-inch drilled well at the Riddleville Con~olidated School is reported to be 325 feet deep with water-bearing sands at depths of 150 and 200 feet. It is equipped with an electric pump which pumps 6 gallons a minute into a pressure tank from which the water is distributed throughout the school. Other drilled wells in the area range in depth from 74 to 160 feet, and recover from 1 to 6 gallons of water a minute.

GEOLOGY AND G Ro o-WATER R ESOURcE

133

Warthen (population 120) has no public water supply system, although a well (14) owned by Macon Warthen furnishes several houses and at least one place of business. This well is 4 inches in diameter and 65 feet deep. It is equipped with a ~-horsepower electric motor and a cylinder pump which recovers 15 gallons a minute from the Irwinton sand member.

Figure 20. Tes t well 65 in flood-plain of Buffalo Creek 1 'h miles so ut h of Deepstep.
Well 13 at Warthen Junior High School is a dug well 42 feet deep. It is cased with cement and equipped with an electric shallow-well pump furnishing 3 gallons of water a minute to a 60-gallon pressure tank. From the tank the water is distributed to the school.
Well 12 on the T. R. Duggan property at Warthen, is 3 inches in diameter, 204 feet deep, and recovers water from the Tusca-

134

GEORGIA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

Records of Wells in
1. Measured depths of wells given in feet and tenths; reported depths given in feet. 2. Pumps: C, cylinder; F, natural flow; N, none; P, pitcher; T, turbine; B, windlass (bucket); 3. D, domestic; I, industrial; N, none; PS, public supply; S, stock; RR, Railroad. 4. M. P., measuring point.

Well No.
Plate 2

Location

Owner or
Name

Depth
of Well (Ft.)
(1)

Diam-
eter of
Well (In.)

Depth to which well is cased (Ft.)

Geologic Horizon

1 E 0.8 mi. from State E. B. Hawkins.. __ 50 Hgy. 102 from Sparta Rd.
2 S 2.2 mi. on State Hgy. E. M. Burgamy__ 40 102 from Hamburg Pond.
3 NW 5 mi. from Warth- C. H. Womle ____ 64.8 en, Ga.
4 NW 4. 6 mi. from Warth- J. W. Sparks_____ 18.6 en, Ga.
5 SE 2. 3 mi. on old Sparta- D. F. Walker_ ___ 27.5 Davisboro Rd. from Hancock Co.
6 NE 1.6 mi. from wellS __ D. F. Walker_ ...... 40.1 7 House on N side Cowpen Herman Snider___ 30
Creek on State Hgy. 102. 8 S 1 mi. from old Chalker_ J. C. Archer _____ 44.2 9 SE 3. 9 mi. from old Chal- J. C. Archer _____ 185
10 swker3. .1 mi. from old D. R. Warthern __ 39.3 Chalker. 11 NW 3 .1 mi. from May- Tom Hooks ______ 26.6
view Corners. 12 Warthen, Ga... _________ Mrs. T.R. Dugl\'an 204 13 Warthen, Ga. __________ Warthen Jr. High 42
School. 14 Warthen, Ga. __________ M. Warthern ____ 65
15 NW 2. 1 mi. from Warth- J. L. Brown______ 28.1 en, Ga.
16 At old Thena Post Office_ Fred Cook_______ 32.7 17 In floodplain Buffalo MattieM. VeaL __ 131
Creek 2.3 mi. NNE Deepstep, Ga. 18 In floodplain Buffalo J.P. Veal _______ 178 Creek 2 .1 mi. NE Deepstep, Ga. 19 S 2. 7 mi. from well16 .. __ Geo. Gladden____ 35 20 NE 4. 3 mi. from Deep- J. N. Renfroe ____ 40.1 step. 21 SE 1.8 mi. from well20 __ H. B. Avant _____ 85 22 NW 3. 6 mi. from San- Geo. Rawlings____ 40 ville, Ga. 23 Due N 4.5 mi. from Walter Brown____ 215 Sandersville, Ga.

48 -------- Channel sand.. _

48 -------- Channel sand ....

48

65 Irwinton sand __

48

18 Irwinton sand....

48

6 Irwinton sand__

48

8 Channel sand __

48

30 Channel sand __

48

42 Irwinton sand__

3

145 Tuscaloosa.. ___

48

8 Irwinton sand__

48 -------- Irwinton sanci__

3

90 Tuscaloosa ____

30

42 Irwinton sand__

4

65 Irwinton sand__

48

28 Irwinton sand__

48 -------- Irwinton sand__

8

108 Tuscaloosa.. ___

8

114 Tuscaloosa.. ___

48 48

---------------

Irwinton sand.. _ Irwinton sand__

3

85 Tuscaloosa.... _..

48 ------- Irwinton sand__

3

215 Tuscaloosa.. ___

GEOLOGY AND GROUND-WATER RESOURCES

135

Washington County

Power: E, electric motor; G, gasoline engine; H, hand; W, wind.

Meth- Use od of of Lift Water
(2) (3)

Me<~.suring Point

Description

Height above Height (+)or above below sea (-)land level surface (ft.) (ft.)

Depth

to

Date

Water of

Level Measure-

Below ment

M.P.

(ft.)(4)

Remarks-
(Yield of nonflowing wells and discharge of flowing wells given in
gallons a minute)

BH DS Top well shelf ___ 2.7 -------- -39.8 5~3-44 T. 64 F.

cw DS Land surface____ 0.0 -------- -12

5-3-44 T. 64 F.

BH DS Top of curbing __ +2.9 -------- -47.2 5-3-44 T. 64 F.
BH DS Top curbing____ +2.6 -------- -8.1 5-3-44 ----------------------
CH DS Top pump base__ +.9 -------- -23.7 5-3-44 Discharge 7. T. 64 F.

BH CE

DS Top curbing ____ DS Top curbing ____

+2.7 -------- -36.6
+.4 ------ -13.2

5-3-44 T. 64 F. 5-3-44 Discharge 5. T. 64 F.

BH CWG
BH
BH
CH CE
CE
cw
HB N

DS Top of shelf____ DS Land surface____ DS Top of shelf____ DS Top casing _____ DS Land surface____ PS Land surface____ p Land surface____ DS Top curbing ____ DS Top curbing ____ N Land surface____

------ ------ Land surface____

CWH BH
cw
BH
CH

DS Land surface____ DS Top curbing ____ DS Land surface____ DS Land surface____ DS Land surface____

+2.8 -------- -41.2
0.0 -------- -110

+2.9 -------- -38.4

+2.8 -------- -15.5

0.0 475 -20 0.0 480 -38

0.0 480 -25

+3.1 -------- -8.9

+2.5 -------- -27.9

0.0 280

-8

0.0 278 -17

0.0 -------- -29 +2.8 -------- -16.6
0.0 -------- -15 +3.2 -------- -30.1
0.0 -------- -65

5-2-44 T. 64 F. 5-2-44 Discharge 6. T. 66 F.
5-2-44 T. 65 F.
5-3-44 T. 64 F.
5-3-44 Discharge 7. T. 66 F. 5-4-44 T. 64 F.
5-3-44 Partial analysis. Discharge 4.
5-3-44 Discharge 3.
5-3-44 T. 67 F. 8-24-42 Screens 53-58, 81-91,
101-106 ft. Discharge 15. 8-30-42 Screens 36-41, 54-69, 104-114 ft. Discharge 225. 8-18-44 T. 64 F. 5-3-44 T. 65 F.
8-18-44 T. 66 F.
5-3-44 ---------------------5-3-44 ----------------------

136
Records Of Wells'fu

Well
No. Plate
2

Location

Owner or
Name

Depth of
Well
(Ft.) (1)

Diam- Depth to
eter which . of well is
Well cased (ln.) (Ft.)

Geologic Horizon

24 S 3 .5 mi. from Mayview Mrs. Forest Beam 80 Corners.
25 West 100 yds. from well Mrs. Forest Beam 105 24.
26 S 1. 5 mi. from Mayview T. W. Gilmore ___ 135 Corners.
27 At Mayview Corners ____ Mutual Benefit 48 ..1 Ins. Co.
28 E 2 .1 mi. from Mayview L .M. Amerson___ 253 Corners.
29 SW 0 .4 mi. from well 30 _ J. H. Taylor_ ____ 110
\
30 At corners 2.1 mi. SE E. E. Welch _____ 204 well28.
31 N 2.1 mi. from Halls A.E. Arrington___ 205 Corners.
32 N 1.8 mi. from Halls Kit Horton______ 45.2 Corners.
33 At Waterworks_j_______ City Davisboro ___ 288

34 Davisboro, Ga. _________ Mrs. Susie Parnell 90

35 Davisboro, Ga. _________ B. L. Brown______ 85

36 E 50 yds. from well34 ___ Mrs. Susie Parnell
37 SW 2 mi. from Davisboro Lee M. Happ ____
38 SW 0. 8 mi. from well37 ~ J. K. :Pate-----.~-

82
87 46.8

39 W 2. 4 mi. from Davis- Washington 75

boro.

Farms.

40 At Hall Corners________ E. A. Prince_____ 39.2

41 E 6 .4 mi. from Sanders- W. I. Jordan_____ 83 ville.
42 S 40ft. from well4L ____ W. I. Jordan_____ 45.5 43 NE 5. 6 mi. from San- Cecil Newsome___ 126
dersville. 44 NE 4. 3 mi. from San- Urquehart Well__ 95
dersville. 45 NE 2.3 mi. from Sand- W.W.Whiggins__ 115
ersville. 46 E 2 .6 mi. from Sanders- R. A. 'Jenkins____ 145
ville, Ga. 47 SE 2. 3 mi. from Sanders- F. W. Tanner____ 158.8
ville. 48 SE 2. 2 mi. from Sanders- M. N. Cummings_ 36.6
ville. 49 SE 1. 9 _mi. from Sanders- A.. L. Gimes _____ 150
ville.

3

80 Calcareous

Twiggs.

3

80 Calcareous

Twiggs.

3

90 Calcar eo us

Twiggs.

48.

48 Irwinton sand~-

3

253 Tuscaloosa ____

2

80 Tuscaloosa____

4

4 Calcarequs

Twiggs.

4

90 Irwinton sand__

36 -------- Upper sand member.

8

140 Twiggs & Tus-

caloosa.

3

20 Calcareous

Twiggs.

2

20 Calcar eo us

Twiggs.

3

20 Calcareous

Twiggs.

4

26 Irwinton sand__

48

6 Upper sand

member.

48

75 Irwinton sand__

48

6 Upper sand

member. .

4

80 Calcareous

Twiggs.

24

4 Irwinton sand__

3

80 Calcar eo us

Twiggs.

3

80 Irwinton sand__

3

90 Calcareous

Twiggs.

3

40 Calcareous

Twiggs.

3

90 Calcareous

Twiggs.

36

20 Upper sand

member.

3

80 Calcareous

Twiggs.

GEOLOGY AND GROUND-WATER RESOURCES

137

Washington County-Cont'd.

Measuring Point

Depth

.

Meth- Use od of of

Height

to Date

Remarks-

above Height Water of

(Yield of nonflowing

Lift Water

(+)or above Level Measure- wells and discharge of

(2) (3) Description below sea Below ment flowing wells given in

(-)land level M.P.

gallons a minute)

surface (ft.) (ft.) (4)

(ft.)

CH CH
cw
BH CG,
CH CH CH BH
TE
F
F
F CH CE
CWE BH CE BH CWE CH
cw cw cw
CE
cw

DS Land surface____ DS Land surface____ DS Land surface____ DS Top curbing ____ DS Top casing _____ DS Land surface____ DS Land surface____ DS Land surface____ DS Top well shelf ___ p Top casing_____
DS Lip of casing____ DS Lip of casing____ DS Top y.j" connect-
ion. DS Land surface____ DS Top wood casing DS Land surface____ DS Top curbing____ DS Top casing_____ DS Top curbing ____ DS Land surface____ DS Land surface____ DS Land surface____ DS Land surface____ DS Land surface____ DS T~p brick curb-
mg. DS Land surface____

0.0 -------- -50

0.0 -------- -60

0.0 480 -65

+2.8 -------- -41.6

.4 455 -190

0.0 335 -89

0.0 455 -85

0.0 -------- -60

+2.4 -------- -43.2

0.0 295 -10

+4.1 275 +10

+2.4 272

+8

+2.2 270 +12

0.0 -------- -45
+3.2 -------- -43.5

0.0 400 -65

+3.5 -------- -33.6

0.0 -------- -25 +2.6 -------- -37.8
0.0 -------- -60

0.0 465 -65

0.0 -------- -30
0.0 -------- -40

0.0 -------- -20 +1.2 -------- -4.4

0.0 -------- -40

5-2-44 T. 66 F.

5-2--44 T. 66 F.

5-2-44 Discharge 7. T. 66 F.

5-2--44 ----------------------
9-14--44 Screen 248-253 ft. Discharge 15.
5-14--44 Partial analysis. T. 65 F.
5-2-44 Partial analysis. T. 65 F.
5-2-44 T. 65 F.

5-1--44 T. 64 F.

4-29-44 .Partial analysis. Discharge 100.
4-29--44 Discharge 6. T. 65 F.

4-29-44 Partial . analysis. Discharge 3.
4-29--44 Discharge 6.5. T. 65 F.

7-14--42 5-4--44

D--i-sc-h-a-r-g-e--l-.---T-.--6-4---F-.

5-1-44 ----------------------
5-2--44 T. 63 F.

4--29--44 Discharge 3.3. T. 67 F.

4-29--44 T. 64 F. 5-1-44 Discharge 2. T. 66 F.

9-1-44 ---------------------5-2-44 ----------------------
4-29--44 Discharge 7. T 66 F.

5-1-44 T. 66 F.

5-1--44 Discharge 8. 3. T. 64 F.

4--29--44 T. 66 F.

138
Records of Wells in

Well No.
Plate 2

Location

Owner or
Name

Depth of
Well (Ft.) (1)

Diam- Depth to eter which of well is Well cased (In.) (Ft.)

Geologic Horizon

50 E City limits of Sanders- McElrath Lumber 165

ville.

Co.

51 At City reservoir 1. 5 mi. Sandersville, Ga, __ 760

S of Sandersville.

52 NE 200 ft. from well 51 __ Sandersville, Ga. __ 250

6

160

10

760

8

200

53 At SW corner of Sanders- Washington Go. 140

ville City limits.

Farm.

.

54 E 50 ft. from well 55_____ Sandersville,Ga. __ 250

3

140

8

200

55 At City Water Works, Sandersville,Ga. __ 195 Sandersville, Ga.
56 Sandersville, Ga. _______ J. J. McElrath ___ 106 57 N-NW 3.4 mi. from San- W. C. Murphy___ 200
dersville, Ga. 58 W 150 yds. from well 57_ B. F. Murphy____ 175

6

200

4

100

3

100

4

100

59 On Deepstep Rd. 4. 4 mi. Ben Tarbutton___ 220

4

200

NW of Sandersville.

60 W 4 mi. from Sanders- Sinclair Oil Sta- 53.3 48

52

ville.

tion.

61 S 2 mi. from Keg Creek Wm. Harris ______ 85

3

80

on Deepstep-Sanders-

ville Rd. 62 W 200 yds. from well 6L Wm. Harris ______ 125

3

100

63 E 1. 8 mi. from Deepstep, B. F. Chambers, 100

3

80

Ga.

Sr.

64 E 1 mi. from Deepstep L. A. Wood______ 274

8

200

Postoffice.

65 In floodplain junction of Gilmore Hutch- 304

10

304

of Deepstep & Buffalo ings.

Creeks.

66 E 1 mi. from Buffalo Brooks Springs___ 425 Creek bridge on State

-------- 425

Hgy. 24.

67 N 0. 8 mi. from Bluff Ck. Edgar Bro's. _____ 303

8

303

Bridge on State Hgy. 24. .

68 NW 100 yds. from well67 Edgar Bro's._____ 249

8

249

69 S 1. 6 mi. from well 70 __ - G. S. Garbutt____ 95

2

90

70 W 0. 9 mi. from Deep- T. J. Veal __ ~---- 41

3

41

step, Ga. 71 W 0. 8 mi. from Deep- T. J. Veal _______ 18

3

18

step, Ga.

72 Deepstep, Ga. __________ B. L. Helton_____ 110

73 74

NDe3empsit.efpro__m__D_e_e_p_s_t_e_p______

W. H. Arant_____ Deepstep Jr. High

.96 109

2

97

2

96

3

109

School. 75 W-SW 5.2 mi. from E. P. Wood______ 174

4

174

Deepstep (Old Butler

Place).

I

Calcareous Twiggs.
Tuscaloosa ____
Calcareous Twiggs.
Calcareous Twiggs.
Calcareous Twiggs.
Calcareous Twiggs.
Irwinton sand__ Calcareous
Twiggs. Calcareous
Twiggs. Tuscaloosa ____
Irwinton sand__
Tuscaloosa ____
Tuscaloosa ____ Tuscaloosa ____
Tuscaloosa ____
T u s c a l o o s a ____
Tuscaloosa ____
Tuscaloosa ____
J'uscaloosa ____ Tuscaloosa ____ Tuscaloosa ____
Tuscaloosa ____
Tuscaloosa ____ Tuscaloosa ____ Tuscaloosa ____
Tuscaloosa ____

GEOLOGY AND GROUND-WATER RESOill\CES

139

Washington County-Cont'd.

Meth- Use od of of Lift Water
(2) (3)

Measuring Point

Description

Height above Height (+)or above below sea (-)land level surface (ft.) (ft.)

Depth

to

Date

Water of

Level Measure-

Below ment

M.P.

(ft.) (4)

Remarks(Yield of nonflowing wells and discharge of
flowing wells given in gallons a minute)

JS TE TE CWE TE I TE

I Land surface____ PS Land surface____ PS Land surface____ PS Land surface____ PS Land sUrface____ PS Land surface____

0.0 -------- -15 0.0 465 -220 0.0 465 -70 0.0 - 6 5 -------~ 0.0 450 -70 0.0 450 -70

4-29-44 Discharge 5. T. 66 F.
7-4-44 Complete analysis. Discharge 500.
4-29-44 Complete analysis. Dis-
charge no.
5-2-44 Discharge 6. T. 67 F.
4-29-44 Complete analysis. Discharge 100.
4-29-44 Discharge 130. T. 66 F.

CE CWE
CWE
CH

D Land surface____ DS Land surface____ DS Land surface____ DS Land surface____

0.0 -------- -52 0.0 -------- -55 0.0 -------- -25 0.0 -------- -65

5-5-44 T. 66 F. 5-3-44 Discharge 6.6. T. 66 F.
5-3-44 Discharge 4.
5-4-44 Discharge 5.

BH DS Top curbing ____ +2.8 469 -51.2 5-2-44 T. 64 F.

CH N Pump base _____ +.4 255 -12

5-4-44 Screen set 80-85 ft. T. 67 F.

cCwH

DS Pump base _____ DS Pump base _____

+.6 +.5

255 265

-20 -10

5-4-44 T. 66 F. 5-4-44 T. 66 F.

F DS Lip of casing ____ +1.5 272

+4

F DS Lip of casing____ +1.4 270

+6

F DI Lip of casing____ +2.5 259 +17

5-4-44 Discharge; flow 35, pump 270.
5-4-44 Partial analysis. Dis-
charge; flow 150, pump 600. 5-4-44 Partial analysis. Discharge 30.

TE I Land surface____ 0.0

-100

-------~

5-4-44 Discharge 450. T.65F.

TE I Land surface ____
cw DS Land surface____ cw DS Land surface____

CH DS Land surface_____

cCwH

DS Land surface ____ DS Land surface ____

CE PS Land surface ____

CH DS Land surface ____

0.0 -------- -75 0.0 -------- -80 0.0 293 -13

0.0 270

-2

0.0 -------- -30 0.0 348 -15 0.0 358 -21

0.0 -------- -100

5-4-44 Discharge 250. T. 64 F. 5-4-44 T. 64 F. 5-4-44 Discharge 10.

5-4-44 Discharge 4.

5-5-44 5-5-44

T--. -6-5---F-.--------------

5-5-44 Discharge 7.5. T. 65 F.

5-4-44 ----------------------

140

GEORGIA GEOLQGiqAL SURVElY

Records of Wells in

Well No.
Plate 2

Location

Owner or
Name

Depth of
Well
(Ft.) (1)

Diam- Depth to eter which of well is
Well cased (In.) (Ft.)

Geologic Horizon

76 E 1. 9 mi. on State Hgy. 0. M. Ennis _____ 312 24 from Baldwin Co.
77 E 0.4 mi. on State Hgy. C. F. Fowler_ ____ 34.4 24 from Baldwin Co.
78 SE 2. 9 mi. from. well 77__ A. J. Hobbings ___ 450

79 SE 0.4 mi. from well78__ Harper Tucker___ 75 80 SE 3.4 mi. from well79 __ A. J. Carr_ __ ---- 244 81 S 0. 5 mi. from Tennille, G. E. Mertz _____ 82 82 BeGloaw. tower_ __________ Tennille,Ga. _____ 130

83 84

N 20 yds.from well82___ Tennille, Ga. _____ SE 0. 7 mi. from Tennille, Jim Kelly_______

130 109

Ga.

85 E 20 ft. from well 84_____ Jim Kelly ______ " 82

86 SE 0 .5 mi. from Tennille C. L. Mertz______ 100

87 NE 6. 4 mi. from Irwins Erwin Elton_____ 112

Corners.

88 SE 3. 9 mi. froni Tennille, H. F. Shurling___ 50

Ga.

89 E 3. 6 mi. from Tennille, Ed Holmes _____ " 160

Ga.

90 S side of store at Sun Hill Lela Thigpen____ 80

91 NW 2. 7 mi. from Riddle- L. E. Shepard~--- 160 ville, Ga.
92 NW 2.1 mi. from Riddle- B. G. Layton____ 94 ville, Ga.
93 NW 1. 8 mi. from Riddle- L. E. Shepard____ 110
ville, Ga.
94 Cement curbed well near Riddleville,Georgia 21.2
center of Riddleville. 95 In school yard __._______ Riddleville Cons. 210
School. 96 E 1 mi. from Riddleville_ T. 0. Glover_____ 74

97 NE 1. 4 mi. from Riddle- W. B. Francis, Jr. 60 ville.
98 Taylor Corners 3 mi. S T. R. Taylor_____ 60 of Davisboro.
99 E 1. 5 mi. from Taylors W. C. Wilson ____ 105 Corners.
100 E 50 yds. from well 99 __ W. C. Wilson ____ 49.8

101 N 2.9 mi. from well106_ Maggie Lewis ____ 155 102 E 3 .1 mi. from Taylors W. B. Francis____ 40
Corners. 103 N 0.5 mi. from well102_ Mrs. Eugene 250
Josey. 104 E 5. 7 mi. from Taylors Ed. Smith_______ 250
Corners.

4

312 Tuscaloosa ____

36 -------- Tuscaloosa____

4

450 Tuscaloosa~ ___

3

75 Tuscaloosa____

3

240 Tuscaloosa ____

3

80 Irwinton sand__

8

85 Irwinton sand__

10

85 Irwinton sand__

4

48 Irwinton sand__

4

77 Irwinton sand__

4

80 Irwinton sand__

3

90 Irwinton sand__

48 -------- Upper sand member.

3

40 Calcareous

Twiggs.

3

24 Calcareous

-

Twiggs.

3

110 Calcareous

Twiggs.

4

80 Irwinton sand__

4

80 Irwinton sand__

36

20 Undiff.. Mio. &

Olig.

4

200 CTawlcigagrse__o__u__s

4

74 Upper sand

member _____

36

30

Upper sand member _____

36

20 Upper sand

member _____

3

75 Irwinton sand__

48

6 UnOdliifgf.. __M__io_.__&_

3

75 Irwinton sand__

48

4 UnOdliifgf.. __M__i_o_. _&_

3

100 Calcareous

Twiggs.

3

110 Calcareou&

Twiggs.

GEOLOGY AND GROUND-WATER RESOURCES

141

Washington County-Cont'd.

Meth- Use od of of Lift Water
(2) (3)

Measuring Point

Description

Height above Height (+)or above below sea (-)land level surface (ft.) (ft.)

Depth

to

Date

Water of

Level Measure-

Below ment

M.P.

(ft.) (4)

Remarks(Yield of nonflowing
wells and discharge of
flowing wells given in gallons a minute)

CE DS Land surface____
cw DS Top casing _____

0.0 -------- -llO 5-4-44 ----------------------
.4 -------- -24.2 5-4-44 T. 64 F.

CG,
CH
cCwE

DS Land surface____ -------- -------- -20

DS Land surface____ 0.0 -------- -15

DS DS

Land Land

surface ____ surface ____

-------0.0

-------295

-50 -20

5-4-44 Partial analysis. Dis-

charge 13.3.

5-4-44
5-4-44 4-29-44

---------------------T--.-6-6---F-.--------------

TE PS Land surface____
cwTE PS Land surface____ DS Land surface ____

0.0 460 -30
0.0 460 -30 0.0 -------- -20

4-29-44 Partial analysis. Discharge 300.
4-29-44 Discharge 225. T. 66 F. 4-29-44 T. 66 F.

CE DS Land surface____
cw DS Land surface____
CE DS Land surface____

0.0 -------- -20
0.0 295 -20 0.0 -------- -53

4-29-44 Discharge 6. T. 65 F. 4-29-44 Discharge 4. T. 66 F.
5-4-44----------------------

BH DS Top curbing____ +3.1 -------- -7.3 5-1-44 T. 64 F.

CE I Land surface____ F DS Land surface____
cw DS Land surface____

0.0 -------- -2 0.0 -------- +4.5 0.0 -------- -35

9-4-44 Flowed 1 gpm at 53 ft. Discharge 8.
4-29-44 Partial analysis. Dis-
charge 3. 5-1-44 T. 64 F.

CE DS Land surface____ 0.0 -------- -30

5-1-44 Discharge 1.

CE DS Land surface____ 0.0 -------- -35

5-1-44 Discharge 1.

BH CE CWE

PS Top curbing ____ PS Land surface____ DS Land surface____

+2.7 -------- -5.6
0.0 -------- -45
0.0 -------- -32

5-1-44 ----------------------
5-1-44 Partial analysis. Discharge 6.
5-1-44 Discharge 3. T. 66F.

CE DS Top wood shelf _ +2.9 -------- -5

5-1-44 T. 64F. Discharge 3.3.

cw DS Top cement well +1.4 -------- -6.3 5-1-44 T. 64F. base. CE DS Top casing _____ +.9 -------- -33.2 5-1-44 Discharge 3.5.

BH DS Top curbing ____ +2.8 -------- -8.4 5-1-44 T. 64F.

TE DS Land surface____ 0.0 -------- -60

5-1-44< Discharge 5.

BH DS Top well shelf___ +3.1 -------- -14.4 5-1-44 T. 64F.

cw DS Land surface____
CE DS Land surface____

0.0 -------- -30
.0.0 -------- -50

5-1-44 Casing set in blue marl 100 ft. Discharge 6.
5-1-44 Casing set in blue marl llO ft. Discharge 6.

142

Well No.
Plate 2

Owner

Location

or

..

name

'.

Depth: .Diam-

of

eter

Well

of

(Ft.) Well

(1)

(In.)

~
Depth to which well is cased (.Ft.)

l
'Geologic Horizon

105 E 8. 9 mi. from Harrison, P. H. Wilson_____ 185

Ga.

106 SE 3. 1 mi. from Riddle- Stanley Estate ___ 49

ville, Ga.

107 SE 6 mi. from Harrison, Wm. Tompkins __ 98

Ga.

108 Pringle, Ga. __ --------- Green Harrison 68

Gin.

109 NE 3 mi. from Harrison, Oliver Jackson:;_c 35

no

Ga. Harrison,

Ga. __________

J.

C.

King _______

109

111 Harrison, Ga---~------ J. C. Waller _____ 135

112 Harrison, Ga. __________ Harrison Con. 205

School.

113 N 4.4 mi. from Harrison, Lewis Lindsey ___ 33.6

114

Ga. W 2 .1

mi.

from

Harrison

C.

J.

Lord_______

153

115

at store on S Hgy. 15. W 1.4 mi. from wellll4

C.

J,

Lord_______

92

at a store.

116 N 1 mi. from wellllS_~_ Leon Brantley __ ~ 70

117 N 1.2 mi. from well115-' Leon Brantley" __ 96 118 N 1. 9 mi. from welll15__ Geo. C. Young___ 53

119

W

1. 3 mi.

from

' welll15_

J,

C.

r
Hartley ____

7.6,

120 121

W. 0.9 mi. from wellll8 J, L. B;rantley____ W side road Irwins Cor- J. D. Orr---'---~-

13Q78;"3'

ners.

s 122

side road Irwins Cor- J. D, Orr__ "~"-~- 63

ners. 123 N 3.3 mi. from inter- T. Y. McBride___ 103

section State Hgys. 57

and 68. 124 At Gardners Sta. NW 50 Edgar Bro's. _____ 123

ft. from well 126. 125 S 100 yds. from SW c~r- Edgar Bro's._____ 123

ner of cement resevorr. 126 SE 40 ft. from SE cor- Edgar Bro's._____ 123
nerofcement reservoir. 127 SW 10 ft. from SW cor- Edgar Bro's. _____ 123
ner of cement reser-

128

N

voir. of cement

reservoir

50

Edgar

Bro's.

_____

82

yds. beside RR siding.

129 W 10 yds. from Negro English China 156 School-Gardner, Ga. Clay.
. 130 NW corner of crossroads E. M. Shephard__ 120 at Oconee, Ga. 131 N 0.4 mi. from crossroads E. M. Shephard__ 72
at Oconee, Ga.

3 -------- Calcareous Twiggs.

36

4 Undiff. Mio. &

Olig.

4

98 Upper sand

member.

6

68 Upper sand

member.

36

5 Undiff. Olig. &

Mio.

6

109 Irwinton sand__

4

135 Irwinton sand__

3

205 Calcareous

Twiggs.

36 -------- Undiff. Mio. &

Olig.

4

153 Irwinton sand__

4

92 Irwinton sand__

4

70 Upper sand

member.

4

96 Irwinton sand__

4

53 Upper sand

member.

4

76 Upper sand

inember

2

108 Irwinton sand__

48 ..,. 32" : Irwi:dton sand_"

48

63 Irwinton sand__

36

98 Irwinton sand__

2

120 Tuscaloosa ____

4

120 Tuscaloosa ____

4

120 Tuscaloosa ____

2

123 Tuscaloosa ____

6

80 - Tuscaloosa____

4

156 Tuscaloosa ___ "

2

120 Tuscaloosa ____

3

66 Tuscaloosa ____

GEOLOGY AND GROUND-WATER RESOURCES

143

Washington County-Cont'd.

Meth- Use
od of of Lift Water
(2) (3)

Measuring Point

Description

Height above Height (+)or above below sea (-)land level surface (ft.) (ft.)

Depth

to

Date

Water of

Level Measure-

Below ment

M.P.

(ft.) (4)

I

Remarks-
(Yield of nonflowing wells and discharge of
flowing wells given in gallons a minute)

CE DS Land surface____ 0.0 -------- -112

5-1-44 Discharge 15. T. 65F.

BH DS Top well shelf___ +3 -------- -6

5-1-44 T. 64F.

CH DS Land surface____ -------- -------- -35 CE DS Land surface____ 0.0 -------- -30

7-14-44 ---------------------5-1-44 ----------------------

BH DS Top cement curb +2.92 -------- -10.1 5-1-44 T. 64F.

CWE DS Land surface____

0.0 405

-65

CE DS Land surface ____ CE PS Land surface____

0.0 410 0.0 415

-70 -75

5-1-44 Partial analysis. Dis-
charge 30. 5-1-44 Discharge 3. T. 65F. 5-1-44 T. 65F.

HB DS Top well shelf_ __ +3.1 -------- -10.6 5-1-44 T. 64F.

CE DS Land surface____ CE DS Land surface____ CE DS Land surface____

0.0 -------- -54 0.0 -------- -22
o.o -------- -43

5-1-44 ---------------------12-42 ---------------------5-4-44 ----------------------

CH DS Land surface____ CE DS Land surface____

0.0 -------- -56 0.0 -------- -30

10-6-41 7-6-41

-------------------------------------------

CH DS Land surface__ ~- 0.0 -------- -43 7-14-42 ----------------------

cw
BH

Ds S

Land surface____ Top of curbing__

0.0 -------- -88 +2.5 -------- -28.3

1-1-45 Discharge 8. 1-2-45 Discharge 6.

TE D Top of curbing__ +2.5 -----'!...-- -37.3 1-2-45 Discharge 6.

BH DS Land surface____ 3.27 415 -91 4-25-45 Discharge 3.

F

I Lip of nipple ____ +3

225

+4.8 5-3-44 Discharge 10. Temp.

65F.

F

I Lip of L nipple__ +3

225

+7.2 5-3-44 Discharge 60. T. 65F.

F

I Lip of L nipple__ +3

224

+6

5-3-M Complete analysis. Dis-

charge 40.

F

I Lip of L nipple __ +3.8 225

+4.5 5-3-44 Discharge 5. T. 65F.

CE I Lip of casing____ -3

220

F

PS Lip of nipple ____ +1.9 220

F DS Top of casing ___ +1.9 220

F DS Top of casing ___ +1.8 227

-11.5 +10 +1 +3

5-4-44 Discharge 60. T. 64F. 5-4-44 Discharge 40. T. 65F. 5-4-44 Discharge 15. T. 64F. 5-4-44 Discharge 3 .5. T. 64F.

144

Analyses of Ground Waters from W:ae;h,ington .Go:nn:ty
(Analyzed by W. L. Lamar, Evelyn Holloman, and Wesley M; Noble. Parts per million. Numbers at heads of columns cm:respond to numbers in table and in plate 2)

Number Geologic horizon

14

30

33

35

51

52

Irwin- Calcare- Calcate- Calcare- Tusca- Calcare-

ton I ous

ous

ous loosa ous

sand Twiggs Twiggs Twiggs

Twiggs

clay clay clay

clay

SIriolinca(F(Se)i0__2_)_-_-_-_-_--_-_-_-_-_-_Calcium (Ca) ___________ Magnesium (Mg) _______

___ .{. ____ ----------------------

-----------------------------

-----------------------------

-----------------------------

22
.87" 16 1.5 ~'

14 .01
12
.9

+ Sodium & Potassium (Na K)----------- -------- -------- -------- .............................. 4.4

3.6

Carbonate (C03) ___ ---Bicarbonate (HCOa)-----

----6~0-

-------139

13 146

-------- 0 196 54

0 30

SCuhllpohriadtee ((CSl0)4_-_-_-__-_-_-_-_-_-_-

1 9

7 3

8 4

9

7.7

4 2.4

2.1 5.5

Fluoride (F) ____________ 0.1

0.0

0.1

0.0 .0

.5

Nitrate (NOa)---------- 11

.01 0.0

0.1 .0

4.8

Dissolved Solids ________ Total Hardness _________

-------26

-------118

-------141

-------162

80 46

63 34

Temperature, oF________ 65

65

65

65 64

66

Date of collection_______ 8-12-44 8-14--44 8-13-44 8-12-44 8-6-44 11-28-40

Number Geologic horizon

54

55

65

Calcare- Calcare- Tusca~

ous

ous loosa

Twiggs Twiggs

clay clay

66
Tuscaloosa

78
Tuscaloosa

82
Irwinton sand

SIriolinca((FSe)i0__2_)_-_-_-_--_-_-_-_-_-_-_Calcium (Ca) ___________
Magnesium (Mg) _______

26 ,01
73 1.7

26 .01

9.2 .05 b

--------
--------

--------
--------

-_-__--...;,-_-_-_-_

73 1.4 -------- --------- --------

l.7 .5 -------- .... --.---,-- --------

+ Sodium (Na

&

Potassium K) ___________

5.7

5.7 2.9

Carbonate (COa)-------- 0 Bicarbonate (HCOa) _____ 214

-------- 0

214

8.0

-------- -------- --------

-------- -------- --------

27

8.0

7.0

Sulphate (S04) _________ 9.5

9.5 2.6

15

1

3

Chloride (Cl) ___________ 10

10

1.8

4

3

6

Fluoride (F) ____________

.0

.0 .0

0.1

0.0

0.1

Nitrate (NOa)----------

.51

.51 .1

0.1

0.8

5.4

Dissolved Solids ________ 241 Total hardness__________ 189

241 25 189 16

-------- -------- --------

39

15

16

Temperature, oF________ 66

66 65

66

64

66

Date of collection_______ 1-19-38 1-19-38 8-13.-44 8-13-44 8-13-44 8-12-44

GEOLOGY AND GROUND-WATER RESOURCES

145

Analyses of Ground Waters from Washington County-Cont'd.

Number Geologic horizon

39

90

95

99

Calcare- Calcare- Calcare- Irwin-

ous

ous

ous

ton

Twiggs Twiggs Twiggs sand

clay clay clay

no
Irwinton sand

126
Tuscaloosa

Silica (Si02)------------ -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- 9.4

CIraolnci(uFme)(_C_a_)______________________-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-__-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_--_ Magnesium (mg) _______________________________________________ _

.63 c
13 1.0

So(dNiuam+& KP)o_ta_s_s_i_u_m____________________________________________ _ 9.1

Carbonate{COa) ________ -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- 0

Bicarbonate (HCOa)----- 162

192

122

22

75 53

Sulphate (S04)--------- 3

7

2

1

2

9.5

Chloride (Cl)___________ 3

4

4

4

3

1.9

Fluoride(F) ____________ 0.1

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.2 .1

Nitrate (NOa)__________ 0.0

0.1

0.1

.0

2.3

Dissolved Solids _______________________________________________ _

.l 66

Total Hardness_________ 136

153

104

23

63 37

Temperature (F)_______ 65

66

65

64

65 65

Date of collection_______ 3-13-44 3-12-44 3-13-44 3-12-44 3-13-44 9-12--44

Fe in solution .02, Fe in sediment .35. b Fe in solution .01, Fe in sediment .04. c Fe in solution .02, Fe in sediment . 60.
loosa formation at the rate of 7 gallons a minute. Water-bearing beds were reported at depths of 50 and 200 feet, and the static water level is 20 feet below land surface.
Log ofT. R. Duggan well 12 at Warthen
(Authority, Driller W. Smith)

Red sandy clay soil Coarse sand and clay Fine water sand, thin clay
layers

Depth (feet)
0-6 6-50
50-90

Hard blue marl Clay and sandy clay White coarse sand

Depth (feet)
90-120 120-200 200-205

Sun Hill station on the Central of Georgia Railway (population, estimated, 40). All wells in the vicinity of Sun Hill are privately owned. Well 90, 20 yards west of the store at Sun Hill on the property of Lela Thigpen, was drilled in 1924 to a depth of 80 feet, and has a natural flow of 3 gallons a minute. Well 89, at the. Holmes Canning Factory 1.5 miles southwest of

146

G:E:'dnGi:A GEo'Lbi:lfcAi. Suilv'EY

Sun Hill, was drilled to, a depth of 53 feet, from which it flowed
at the rate of 1 gallon a minute. Later the well was deepened to 177 feet. The natural flow stopped and the static water level now stands 2 feet below land surface. An electric pump recovers 8 gallons a minute for use in the canning. factory.

Log of E. Holmes well 89 which is 1.5 miles southeast of Sun Hill

(Authority, Owner E. Holmes)

Yellow sand
Rock Sand and gravel Rock

Depth (feet)
0-53 53-53% 53%-591/s 59lfa-60

Sand Rock
Blue clay Sand

Depth (feet)
60-70 70-70% 70%-160 170-177

Wilkinson County
[Area 458 square miles. Population 11,025]
Geography
Wilkinson County described in this report is the second largest in the area and has a density of population of 24 inhabitants per square mile. Gordon, the largest town in the county, has a population of 1,524 and Irwinton, the county seat, a population of 585. Toomsboro, Allentown, Mcintyre, and Danville are other centers of trade.
The population of the comity is rural, anci 195,027 acres of the
county are in farmland. According to the 1940 census there were 1,.092 farms in the area of which 30,629 acres were cultivated in corn and 8,352 acres in cotton. Cattle raising has increased in the area, and the older herds are being gradually improved by the introduction of new and better breeds of cattle. Gordon and Mcintyre are the kaolin mining a:nd procEpssing centers. In 1940 there were 13 manufacturing establishments in the county, nearly all of which were related to the kaolin mining and processing industry.
In the northern half of Wilkinson County, Big Sandy Creek, Commissioners Creek, and the Oconee River have stripped away the deposits of Tertiary age and exposed the sands, clays, and gravels of the Tuscaloosa formation. In this area the broad

GEOLOGY AND GROUND-WATER RESOURCES

147

rolling, gently sloping Sand Hills are well developed. The relief in the Sand Hills area does not exceed 250 feet. The highest hills in the area are those that are capped by channel sands or by a part of the Barnwell formation.

In the vicinity of Gordon, Mcintyre, Irwinton, and Toomsboro, the maximum relief is about 300 feet. Commissioners and Big Sandy Creeks follow southeastward-trending parallel valleys, traversing the central part of the county. What remains of the Upland surface is of fairly low relief, but over much of the Red Hills area many small streams are cutting headward into the Twiggs clay and Irwinton sand members of the Barnwell formation so that the upland adjacent to the larger streams and rivers has many V-shaped valleys that are over 100 feet below the upland. Nearly all of the roads in the area follow the ridges, and most of the early clearings and houses were built in the upland area. Following the development of kaolin mining and other industries in the area, a large part of the population has migrated to the valley of Commissioners Creek at Gordon, McIntyre and Toomsboro.

In southern Wilkinson County the upland surface is dissected by many streams flowing into the Oconee River that have cut many young V-shaped valleys. Gullies form rapidly in the loose Irwinton sand member, and gullies 50 to 75 feet deep are not uncommon in the area.

.Along most of the southern county line the topography is somewhat less rugged than it is elsewhere. In the area of outcrop of the residuum of Oligocene and Miocene formations (see plate 1) the land surface is characterized by gently rolling hills, except where streams have cut into the underlying upper Eocene deposits.

Wilkinson County lies entirely within the drain:age basin of the Oconee River which forms the eastern county boundary line. A large part of the drainage1 is carried in a southeasterly direction by two major tributaries of the Oconee, Big Sandy and Commissioners Creeks.

Geology
In the northern fifth of Wilkinson County the Tuscaloosa formation crops out everywhere except the top of a few hills which

148

GEORGIA: G:Eor;o~GICAL SuRVEY,

are capped with channel sand or a part of the Barnwell formation. Along the Baldwin-Wilkinson County line, the Tuscaloosa formation consists of 100 to 200 feet of irregularly bedded clay, sand, and gravel deposited on the underlying crystalline basement rocks. This formation thickens quite, rapidly to the southeast and is approximately 800 feet in thickness along the southern county line.
In the central and southern parts of the county the overlying younger deposits of the Barnwell formation crop out over an increasingly larger area and the Tuscaloosa formation of Upper Cretaceous age is exposed only in the larger stream valleys. The Twiggs clay member, Xrwinton sand member, and the upper coarse sand member of the Barnwell are fairly consistent in thickness and lithology throughout the County. The Twiggs clay is from 40 to 45 feet thick and consists of pale green ha~kly fuller's earth clay which becomes fossiliferous and calcareous ~near the base of the formation. The Irwinton sand member consists of about 50 feet of fine to medium-grained quartz sand containing thin layers of clay. In the southwestern part of the county, in the vicinity of Buck Creek, the Irwinton sand mem. ber contains a few layers of silicious limestone. The upper sand member with flat polished beach pebbles ranges .from 1 or 2 feet in thickness in the northern part of the area of outcrop of the Barnwell formation to about 25 feet in the southern part of the county. The members of the Barnwell formation thicken slowly to the south and the Barnwell formation probably attains a maximum thickness of 180 feet in southern Wilkinson County.
A section showing the thickness and lithology of the Barnwell formation, and its relationship to the underlying Tuscaloosa formation is exposed in a road cut 1.8 miles southwest of Gordon and 0.1 mile east of the intersection of Georgia Highways 18 and 57.

Section in Gordon clays Tramline cut at overpass on Georgia

Highway 57, 1.8 miles southwest of Gordon, continued in

a road cut on Georrgia Highway 18, 1.6 miles

south of Gordon

Thickness

(Feet)

Colluvium (exposed in tramway cut)

8. Sandy clay, reddish brown, coarse, sub-angular,

and with scattered brown iron pellets.

4

GEOLOGY AND GROUND-WATER RESOURCES

149

Thickness (Feet)

Eocene (upper Eocene) Barnwell formation

Upper sand member

7. Quartz sand, pink, cross-bedded, coarse and granular, sub-angular to sub-rounded, and with thin gray clay stringers. At base many flat rounded highly polished quartz pebbles as much

as 2 inches in diameter and stringers of fine

gravel.

12112

Irwinton sand member

6. Quartz sand, buff-yellow, fine-grained, interbed-

ded with thin layers of gray micaceous clay.

Clay weathers into purple flakes. The sand beds

thicken and grade downward into bed below.

5

(Off-set 0.1 mile east to road cut on Georgia

Highway 18)

5. Sand, red coarse. Grades downward into 31 feet of yellow cross-bedded fine-grained quartz sand with thin gray clay partings which become

thicker near base of bed.

46

Twiggs clay member

4. Clay, pale green, hackly, blocky, fuller's earth,

with thin fine sand streaks. (Off-set down gul-

ly 20 yards west to tramway cut). Clay contains

more fine and medium-grained sand in basal 20

feet. Tan gray-green and fossiliferous at base. 42

3. Sandy clay, mottled red, brown, and gray, with

scattered granules and sub-angular gravel up to

%, inch in diameter.

10

Channel sand (upper ? Eocene)

2. Sand, pink and white, cross-bedded, fine to

coarse, with clay balls up to 2 inches in diam-

eter.

6-2

Unconformity

Upper Cretaceous

Tuscaloosa formation

1. Kaolin, gray sandy, overlying gray-white cross-

bedded micaceous quartz sand.

25+

The undifferentiated deposits of Oligocene and Miocene age form a thin layer covering the upper Eocene formations along

150 I

GEORGI1 G~QLOGICAL StJ:RV'F;X

the southern Wilkinson County line. This residuum, all that
remains of former Oligocene and Miocene deposits, consists o.f red, pink, gray, and white mottled clayey ~and. These depbsits
are in the form of spotty outliers, and do not exceed. :30 ':feet in thickness in this locality. The land surface in the atea of
outcrop of these midifferentiated deposits is characterized by
gently rolling hills, and the relief does not exceed ?O feet. The
soil jn this 'area i-s typically a brown-yellow sandy loam.

Ground Water
In the northern fifth of Wilkinson County and iii the 'valleys
of Big Sandy and Commissioners Creeks, nearly all the dug and drilled wells recover ground water from one or more waterbearing sands in the Tuscaioosa format~on. "These wells range in size from small domestic wells producing from 1 to 15 gallons a minute to large industrial wells producing as much as 800 gallons of water a minute.
Along the northern county line the sand and gravel of the Tuscaloosa formation ranges from 100 to 200 feet in thickness, and correctly constructed drilled wells in this area could probably recover up to 250 gallons a minute from this aquifer. As the Tuscaloosa formation increases in thickness to the soath, more and more water could be expected to be recovered from wells penetrating these beds. Wells developed in the Tuscaloosa formation in the vicinity of Mcintyre, near the center of the county, range from 2 to 10 inches in diameter, 37 to 3'i5 feet in depth, and yield from 12 to 800 gallons of water a minute.
Flowing wells in the Tuscaloosa formation have been drilled in 'the flood plain of Commissioners Creek as far north as Toomsboro, in the flood plain of Big Sandy Creek as far north as the bridge over Big Sandy Creek on Georgia Highway 29, and in the flood plain of the Oconee River as far north as Indian Island in Baldwin County, near the Baldwin-Wilkinson County line. These wells yield as much as 30 gallons a minute by natural flow. A log of the flowing well (62) at Ball's Ferry in Wilkinson County 0.1 mile west of the bridge over the Oconee River on Georgia Highway 57 is as follows:

GEOLOGY AND GRO o-WATER RESO URCES

151

Log of Well 62, near Ball's Ferry Bridge, owned by Clarence Thompson
(Authority, Driller Barney Dean)

ToP soil Water sand Rock

Depth (feet)
0-7 7-21 21-21 %

Blue marl with thin indurated ledges
White clay Sand-Flow

Depth (feet)
21 %-42 42-72 73

Figure 21. Well 62 at west end of Ball's Ferry Bridge, Wilkinson County.
In the Red Hills area or uplands of Wilkinson County, farming is the leading occupation, and a dependable year-around ground-water supply is necessary for domestic and stock demands. The Irwinton sand member of the Barnwell is of rna-

152

GEORGIA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

jor importance as a water bearing bed in this area. It furnishes a small but adequate supply of ground water at a low recovery cost. Approximately 90 percent of the wells in this area are shallow dug wells 20 to 70 feet deep, from which watter is drawn with windlasses. A few of the shallow dug and drilled wells penetrating the Irwinton sand are equipped with hand or small electric pumps. The capacity of these wells ranges from 1 to 8 gallons a minute. Many dug wells in the Red Hills area are dug 2 feet or more into the top of the Twiggs. clay member. The part of the well in the clay is used as a catch basin or reservoir space. Well 51 on the Homer Jones property at a crossroads 4.2 miles northwest of Toomsboro is an example of this type of dug well.
Log of Well 51 owned by Homer Jones

Tan-gray sandy clay Red clay

Depth (feet)
0-1.5 1.5-30

Depth (feet)

Massive fine to coarse sand

and thin clay streaks

30-67

Clay

67-69

Many springs in this area occur on the sides of the Red Hills where the perched water table, caused by the impervious Twiggs clay member, crops out. These springs flow from 1 to 15 gallons a minute and furnish many rural water supplies.
In southern Wilkinson County the Irwinton sand is still a good water-bearing aquifer even though it contains a few thin siliceous limestone ledges. Several drilled wells that are about 100 feet deep recover as much as 12 gallons a minute from this aquifer. A log of well 112 on the J. Howell property 2 miles southeast of Nickelsville is as follows:
Log of Well 112 on J. Howell property
(Authority, Driller 0. D. Tindall)

Depth (feet)

Loose tan, medium-grained
sand
Red sand and sandy clay with clay streaks
Sand

0-5
5-60 60-63

Clay Fine water sand Lim~estbne rock

Depth (feet)
63-71 71-97 97

GEOLOGY AND GROUND-WATER RESOURCES

153

A few shallow dug wells in southern Wilkinson County in the outcrop area of the residuum of Oligocene and Miocene formations obtain ground water from the upper sand member of the Barnwell formation. Wells 30 to 40 feet deep in the vicinity of Allentown and Danville furnish from 5 to 30 gallons of water a minute from this aquifer.

Quality of Water
Water from the Tuscaloosa formation in Wilkinson County, as elsewhere, is generally low in dissolved mineral matter. The highest mineral content recorded for water from this formation was in a sample from well 102 in the flood plain of the Oconee River in the southeast corner of the county (see table of analyses at end of this county.) Well 102 is 136 feet deep and penetrates the Tuscaloosa formation at a point far down the dip in Wilkinson County. Wells 60 and 62 at Toomsboro and Balls Ferry are about 9 miles up the dip from well 102 and the water from them contained slightly smaller amounts of dissolved mineral matter. Still farther northwest, in the vicinity of Mcintyre, water from wells penetrating the Tuscaloosa for. mation contained only about half as much dissolved mineral matter as that from well 102. The mineral content of ground water from the Tuscaloosa formation in its area of outcrop is approximately one-third as great as that in water from well 102.
The ground water from the Irwinton sand member of the Barnwell is very low in dissolved mineral matter. The total hardness of the samples of water from this aquifer is generally lower than 35 parts per million, and the bicarbonate content ranges from 8 to 51 parts per million. Water from this aquifer contained less than 0.5 part per million of fluoride, 4 parts per million of chloride, 2 parts per million of sulfate, and less than 1.3 parts per million of iron.
Only one sample of water was collected from the upper sand member of the Barnwell formation in the southwestern part of the county. This sample, which comes from well 109, had 30 parts per million of total hardness, and contained 30 parts per million of bicarbonate, 2 parts per million of sulfate, and 2.7 parts per million of nitrate.

154

GEORGIA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

Local Supplies

Gordon and Irwinton have the only public water supply systems in the county. Toomsboro, the second largest town iii the area, has many privately owned wells, each furnishing water to several homes. This is likewise the case at Mcintyre, Danville, and Allentown.

Gordon (population 1,524). The first water well at Gordon, of which there is any record, was drilled just prior to 1896 from a surface elevation' of 355 feet above sea level to a depth of 365 feet. The water in this well rose. to within 19 feet of the surface.37

Since that time many other wells have been drilled in the area. In 1918 0. D. Tindall drilled a well (25)i at a paper mill in east Gordon on some property now owned by E. E. Miller. This well is 4 inches in diameter, and 175 feet deep. It is equipped with an electrically driven, centrifugal pump which recovers 60 gallons of water a minute from the Tuscaloosa formation, with a reported drawdown of 13 feet. The water is pumped into a 50,000-gallon elevated tank and from there distributed through 6-inch pipe to serve approximately 20 families in the eastern portion of town.

The municipal water supply at Gordon is from a well (24) drilled in 1938 to a depth of 146 feet. The construction details of this well follow: A 19-inch hole was drilled to a depth of 146 feet, a 19-inch casing was set from the land surface to a depth of 40 feet to keep surface contamination out of the well. A 6-inch casing, p~rforated from 40 to 140 feet, was then lowered into the 19-inch hole, and the annular space between the casing and the wall of the hole was packed with gravel. Water from this well is recovered by a 7%-horsepower electric deep-well turbine pump which pumps 65 gallons a minute with a drawdown of 15 feet. Water is pumped directly to an elevated tank and from there distributed through mains to the town. The average daily consumption from this system for all uses is 12,000 gallons, and the maximum daily consumption is 15,000 gallons during the summer months. A log of well 24 is as follows:

37 McCallie, S. W., A preliminary report on the artesian-well system of Georgia: Geol. Survey of Georgia, Bull. 7, p. 139, 1898.

GEOLOGY AND GROUND-WATER RESOURCES

155

Log of We1l 24, owned by the Town of Gordon (Authority, Gray Artesian Well Company)

Depth (feet)

Top soil

0-6

Gumbo

6-16

Water sand and kaolin beds 16-40

Depth (feet)

Kaolin

40-45

Water sand and thin clay

lenses

45-140

Kaolin

140-141

In the uplands 1 mile south of Gordon at the junction of Georgia Highways 57 and 18 a well owned by E. D. Vinson was drilled to a depth of 205 feet. The water rises in this well to within 175 feet of the land surface, and a small electric pump recovers 3 gallons a minute. Other wells in the upland area south and southeast of Gordon take their water from the Irwinton sand member of the Barnwell at depths of 50 to 80 feet.
Toomsboro (population 593). In 1882 a well was drilled from a land surface elevation of 237 feet above sea level to a depth of 320 feet. When finished, the well furnished about 8 gallons a minute in natural flow. The well is reported to have ceased flowing four years later, in 1886, because the casing had filled with sand.38
In September, 1944, there were three flowing wells at Toomsboro. These ranged from 80 to 100 feet in depth and flowed about 1.5 gallons a minute. On September 22, 1944, the water in these wells was approximately 3 feet above land surface, but no actual measurements could be made of the hydrostatic head because of damaged casings.
In the vicinity of Toomsboro small dug, auger, and drilled wells 15 to 30 feet deep recover up to 50 gallons a minute, each, from the stream alluvium of Commissioners Creek. The water level in these wells ranges from 10 to 22 feet below the land surface.
At the Toomsboro High School, and other localities in the uplands to the south of Toomsboro, shallow wells penetrate and recover ground water from the Irwinton sand member. The

as McCallie, S. W., A preliminary report on the artesian-well system of Georgia: Geol. Survey of Georgia, Bull. 7, p. 139, 1898.

156

GEoRGIA GEoLoGicAL SuRVEY

Toomsboro School well is 22 feet deep, is equipped wl.th an electric pump, and furnishes about 4 gallons. a minute.
Irwinton (population 589). Two drilled wells on the R. W. Culpepper property at the west side of Culpepper's General Store furnish about 80 percent of the water supply at Irwinton, Georgia. Well 69 is 4 inches in diameter and penetrates the Tuscaloosa formation at a depth of 250 feet. Well 70 is 3 inches in diameter and was drilled to a depth of 265 feet. Both wells are equipped with electric pumps and their combined capacity is 20 gallons a minute. Well 70 is the best of the two wells and can be pumped at the rate of 12 gallons a minute 24 hours a day. The static water level in each of the wells is 115 feet below a land surface elevation of 465 feet above sea level. Water is pumped from the wells into an elevated storage tank from which the water is distributed throughout the town. A log of well 70, which was, drilled by G. I. Warner in June, 1943, is as follows:
Log of Well 70 on the R. W. Culpepper property, Irwinton
(Authority, Owner R. W. Culpepper)

Depth (feet)

Red sandy clay Yellow fine sand, thin clay
streaks Green clay Rock Clay

0-25
25-90 90-97 97-98 98-103

Depth (feet)

Rock

103-104

Clay

104-144

Sandy clay and coarse sand 144-169

Alternating beds of sand

and clay

169-220

Water sands

220-265

The families not served by the Culpepper wells obtain their water supplies from dug wells that penetrate the Irwinton sand member of the Barnwell. The Irwinton sand at Irwinton is about 50 feet thick and furnishes an adequate ground water supply for small domestic and stock consumption. Well 71 is a typical example of a dug well developed in the Irwinton sand member in this vicinity. It is 59 feet deep and 36 inches in diameter. A cement casing keeps the loose sand from slumping into the well. An electric ;4-horsepower pump recovers sufficient water for domestic use and the demands of a small dairy farm. The bottom of the well is dug 8 feet into the Twiggs

GEOLOGY AND GROUND-WATER RESOURCES

157

clay member of the Barnwell, and this clay basin acts as a water-storage space.

Allentown and Danville (estimated combined population 480). All water used at Allentown and Danville, in the southwestern corner of Wilkinson County, comes from privately owned dug and drilled wells. The largest demand for ground water at Allentown is at the A. W. Daughtry Cotton Gin. A shallow dug well 30 feet deep, installed with an electric pump, has a reported capacity of 50 gallons a minute. From the well the water is pumped into an elevated storage tank and from there distributed throughout the gin. The water from this well is not used for drinking purposes.

Most of the privately owned water supply systems in the area are furnished ground water from shallow drilled and dug wells ranging from 20 to 100 feet in depth. The shallow wells, which are 20 to 40 feet deep, penetrate through the thin cover of residuum of Oligocene and Miocene formations to the underlying Upper sand member of the Barnwell formation. In this area wells recover from 7 to 50 gallons a minute from this aquifer. The deeper wells, which are 70 to 100 feet deep, penetrate the Irwinton sand member of the Barnwell and yield from 5 to 10 gallons a minute.

Mcintyre (population 209). No centralized public supply system furnishes water to the town of Mcintyre, but several large wells in the area furnish nearly the entire supply.

A drilled well 8 inches in diameter and 70 feet deep owned by the Wilkinson County Motor Company has an estimated capacity of 300 gallons a minute. The static water level in this well (41) is 15 feet below land surface, and an electric pump recovers the water required for industrial and domestic demands in the vicinity of the motor company.

At the G. M. Hall Lumber Company 0.8 mile east of Mcintyre a driven well (42) 37 feet deep recovers 12 gallons of water a minute from the alluvium of Commissioners Creek. This well is equipped with a small centrifugal pump and is used for fire protection.

The only extensive public water supply system at Mcintyre is owned by Edgar Brothers'. The system is near the top of a hill 0.7 mile south of Mcintyre at the company's housing unit.

158

GEORGIA GEoLOGICAL SuRVEY

Records o.f Wells in
l. Measured depths of wells given in feet and tenths; reported depths given in feet. 2. Pumps: C, cylinder; F, natural flow; N, none; P, pitcher; T, turbine; B, win9.1ass (bucket); 3. D, domestic; I, industrial;'N, none; PS, public supply; S, stock; RR; Railroad. 4. M. P ., measuring point.

Well No. Plate
2

Location

Owner
or Name

Depth
of Well (Ft.) (1)

Diam- Depth to eter which of well is Well cased (ln.) (Ft.)

Geologic Horizon

1 N l. 9 mi. from Napier I. F. Carr_ ______ 115

Pond.

2 W 0.3 mi. from well L __ W. G. Aycock____ 110

3 N 0.6 mi. from Napier J. E. Wood ______ 110

Pond.

4 E side of Riley home, Frank Riley _____ 28

Napier Pond.

5 S l. 4 mi. from Napier Clyde DanieL ___ 74

6

s

Pond. 0.5 mi.

from

Blood- D. A. Bloodworth

22

worth corners.
7 s 0.4 mi. from Blood- Bill McCook_____ 72

worth corners.

8 N 20 yds. from well 9___ J. T. Bloodworth_ 40

9 At Bloodworth corners J. T. Bloodworth_ 84

3. 7 mi. on State Hgy.

from Baldwin Co.

10 S 3 mi. on State Hgy. 29 C. R. Johns _____ 63

from Baldwin Co.

11 E 0.8 mi. from well 10 __ M. H. CounciL __ 12 NE 0. 7 mi. from well 10 V. C. Johns ______ "13 S 2.4. mi. on State Hgy. C. C. Johns ______

75 26
95.4

29 from Baldwin Co.

14 S l. 3 mi. on State Hgy C. C. Johns______ 24

29 from Baldwin Co. 15 NNW 7.9 mi. (airline) 0. B. Snow ______ 100

from Mcintyre Ga.

16 NNW 5.9 mi. (airline) F. M. Fountain __ 125

from Mcintyre, Ga.

17 S 20 yds, from well16___ F. M. Fountain__ 115 18 NW 5. 9 miles (airline) L. J. Dyer_ ______ 68

from Mcintyre, Ga.

19 NE 3. 6 mi. from Gordon, J. H. Hardie_____ 110

Ga.

20 NW 0.7 mi. from well 19 Mrs. Winnie 87

Youn~.

21 NW 2.8 mi. from Gor- James umphries 60 .

don, Ga.

22 NW 2.3 mi. from Gor- A. R. Cobb______ 48

don, Ga.

23 At intersection State E. L. Vinson_____ 205

Hgys. 57 and 18. 24 Below City water tower_ Gordon,Ga. ______ 146

25 Below water tower E 0 .5 E. E. Miller_ ____ 175 mi. from Gordon.

3

110 Tuscaloosa ____

2

100 Tuscaloosa ____

2

105 Tuscaloosa ____

36

25 Tuscaloosa ____

3

69 Tuscaloosa ____

48

22 Tuscaloosa ____

2

67 Tuscaloosa ____

48

16 Channel sand __

2

79 Tuscaloosa __

2 2 48 48 48
2
2 2 2
2 2 48
48 2 19-6 4

58 Tuscaloosa ____ 69 Tuscaloosa ____ 26 Tuscaloosa ____ -------- Tuscaloosa ____ 24 Tuscaloosa____ 95 Tuscaloosa ____
120 Channel sand __
110 Channel sand __ 63 Tuscaloosa ____ 105 Tuscaloosa ____ 82 Tuscaloosa____ -------- Tuscaloosa____ 40 Tuscaloosa ____ 200 Tuscaloosa ____
146 Tuscaloosa. ___ 165 Tuscaloosa ____

GEOLOGY AND GROUND-WATER RESOURCES

159

Wilkinson County

Power: E, electric motor; G, gasoline engine; H, hand; W, wind.

Measuring Point

Meth- Use

Height

od of of

above Height

Lift Water

(+)or above

(2) (3) Description below sea

(-)land level

surface (ft.)

(ft.)

---

CH DS Land surface____ 0.0 370

Depth to
Water Level Below M.P. (ft.) (4)

Date of
Measurement

Remarks(Yield of nonflowing
wells and discharge of flowing wells given in
gallons a minute~

-80 9-24-44 Screen set 110-115 ft.

CH DS Land surface____ CH DS Land surface____

0.0 365 0.0 290

cw DS Top brick curb__ + .9 248

-85 9-24-44 Screen set 100. -65 9-24-44 Partial analysis. T.
66F.
-12.6 9-24-44 Discharge 25.

CH DS Top cement +.1 300 -34 9-29-44 Discharge 3. Screen set

blocks.

69-74 ft.

BH DS Top well shelf___ +2.9 290 -18 9-24-44 ----------------------

CH DS Land surface____ 0.0 300 -22 9-24-44 Screen set 67-72 ft. T.

67F.

BH DS Top wood shelf__ +3.2 338

-39

9-24.-44 T.~65F.

------- N Land surface____ 0.0 338 -75 9-24-44 ----------------------

CG DS Land surface____ 0.0 341 CH DS Land surface____ 0.0 300 CE DS Land surface____ 0.0 301 BH DS Top well curb ___ +2.8 380

-56
-67 -22 -91.2

9-24-44 Screen set 58-63 ft. Discharge 5.
9-24-44 Screen set 69-75 ft. 9-24-44 Discharge 5 .8.
9-24-44 ----------------------

BH DS Land surface____ 0.0 300 -19 9-24-44 T. 64F.

CH DS Land surface____ 0.0 420 -52 9-27-44 Screen set 95-100 ft.

cw DS Land surface____ 0.0 415 -1,0
CG DS Land surface____ 0.0 415 -60 CH DS Top cement +.2 440 -32
block.
cw DS Top casing_____ +.2 -------- -82

9-27-44 Partial analysis. Discharge 4.
9-27-44 Discharge 3. T. 67F. 9-27-44 T. 67F.
9-29-44 ----------------------

CH DS Top cement +.2 -------- -39 block.
BH DS Land surface____ 0.0 420 -54

9-29-44 Discharge 2. T. 69F.
9-19-44 ----------------------

BH DS Top wood curb_ +3.5 -------- -38 9-19-44 ----------------------

CE DS Land surface____ 0.0 520 -175 9-19-44 Discharge 3.

TE PS Land (urface____ 0.0 340 -18 9-19-44 Complete analysis. Dis-

charge 65.

TE PS Land surface____ 0.0 325

-3 9-19-44 Discharge 60.

160

GEORGIA GEOLOGIC.A:L SURVEY .

Well No.
Plate 2

Location

Owner or
Name

Depth
of Well (Ft.) (1)

Diam- Depth to
eter which
of well is Well cased (ln.) (Ft.)

Geologic Horizon

26 E 2.5 mi. from Gordon, A. B. Brooks____ _ 65

2

Ga.

27 At back of Richardson W. B. Richardson 78

2

home, IVey, Ga.

28 lvey, Ga. ______________ J. B. Hornsby___ _ 32

36

29 W 2. 7 mi. from well 32_ E. M. McCook__ _ 64

2

30 W 2 mi. from well 32___ J. R. McCook: __ _ 86

2

31 NNW 4.9 mi. (airline) R. L. Hardie____ _ 85

2

from Mcintyre, Ga.

32 NNW 4. 7 mi. from Me- Mt.Carmel School 82

2

Intyre, Ga.

33 E 0.3 mi. from well 32__ W. L. CounciL __ 27.4 48

34 S Q.5 mi. from well32___ Edgar Bro's. *7 __ 295

10

35 SW 300 yds. from well36 Edgar Bro's *5 __ ~ 315

4

36 At reservoir at Edgar Edgar Bro's. *4__ 203

10

Bro's., Dedrich, Ga.

37 S side supply room at Edgar Bro's. *L_ 204

10

Edgar Bro's. Plant.

38 Below storage tank at Edgar Bro's. *3 __ 198

10

Plant at Edgars.

38a E 100 yrds. from well37~ Edgar Bro's..*2_ _ 185

10

39 At Edgar Bro's. tenant Edgar Bro's. *6_ _ 315

10

area 0. 6 mi. S Mcln-

Intyre.

40 S 0.3 mi. from Mcintyre, J. M. Shephard__ 121

2

Ga.

41 Ford Garage, Mcln- Wilkinson Co. 70

8

tyre, Ga.

MQtor Co.

42 Hall Lbr. Co., Mcin- J. M. Hall Lbr. 37

2

tyre, Ga.

Co.

43. Back of Steve's Place, J. T. Stevens____ 168

2

Mcintyre, Ga,

44 N 1. 9 mi. from Mcintyre J. T. Whitaker___ 40

48

on Ga. 29.

45 N 2.8 mi. on State Hgy. Mrs. Bertha Ar- 38.4 48

29.from Mcintyre,Ga. rygton.

46 N 3. 8 mi. from Mcin- H. C. Parker_____ 45

48

tyre, Ga.

47 N-NW 2.3 mi. fromW.C.Bentley___ 93

3

Wriley, Ga.

48 W10yds.fromwell47___ W.C.Bentley____ 45

48

65 Tuscaloosa ___ _ 78 Tuscaloosa ___ _ 32, Tuscaloosa ___ _ 49 Tuscaloosa ___ _ 81 Tuscaloosa ___ _ 80 Tuscaloosa __ 67 Tuscaloosa ___ _ 27 Channel sand __ 295 Tuscaloosa ___ _
300 Tuscaloosa___ _ 203 Tuscaloosa ___ _
204 Tuscaloosa ___ _ 198 Tuscaloosa ___ _
185 Tuscaloosa ___ _
315 Tuscaloosa ___ _
116 Tuscaloosa ___ _ 50 Tuscaloosa___ _ 32 AJluvium_____ _ 168 Tuscaloosa ___ _ 40 Channel sand __ 4 Irwinton sand__ 30 Irwinton sand__ 88 Tuscaloosa ___ _ 45 Channel sand __

GEOLOGY AND GROUND-WATER RESOURCES

161

Wilkinson County-Cont'd.

Meth- Use od of of
Lift Water (2) (3)

Measuring Point

Description

Height above Height
(+)or above below sea (-)land level surface (ft.) (ft.)

Depth

to

Date

Water of

Level Measure-

Below ment

M.P.

(ft.) (4)

Remarks(Yield of nonflowing
wells and discharge of flowing wells given in
gallons a minute)

CE DS Land surface____ 0.0 -------- -25 9-29-44 Discharge 3.

CE DS Top of casing___ +3.4 -------- -38

BH CH

DS Top tile curb ___ DS Land surface____

+1.9 -------- -32 0.0 340 -32

CH DS Land surface____ 0.0 305 -28

CE DS Land surface____ 0.0 360 -50

9-29-44 Partial analysis. Di!charge 3.
9-27-44 T. 65F. 9-27-44 T. 6rF. 9-27-44 Screen set 81-86 ft. T.
67F. 9-27-44 Discharge 7.

CH DS Top cement cas- +.2 400 ing.
BH DS Top wood shelf__ +2.8 420 TE I Land surface____ 0.0 270

JS

I La~d surface____ 0.0 285

TE I Land surface____ 0.0 290

TE I Land surface____ 0.0 260

-58 9-24-44 T. 67F.

-22.5 -45
-55 -36
-40

9-27-44 9-21-44

G--r-a-v-e-l-p-a-c-k-e-d---s-lo-t-t-e-d-c-a--

sing 40-295 ft. Dis-

charge 700.

9-21-44 Screen set 300-315 ft.

Discharge 40.

9-21-44 Complete a n a l y s i s.

Gravel packed-slotted

casing 40-203 ft. Dis-

charge 700.

9-21-44. Discharge 300. T. 66F.

TE I Land surface____ 0.0 260
TE I Land surface____ 0.0 260
TE I Land surface____ 0.0 285
CE D Land surface____ 0.0 290 CE PS Top of casing___ +2.8 265 CE I Land surface____ -------- 265
------- N Land surface____ 0.0 255
BH DS Top well shelf___ +3.1 445 BH DS Top well shelf___ +3.2 493

-48 -48 -95
-15 -168
-15

9-21-44 Gravel packed - slotted casing 40-198 ft. Dis-
charge 500. 9-21-44 Gravel packed - slotted
casing 40-185 ft. Dis-
charge 600. 9-21-44 Partial analysis. Gravel
packed-slotted casing 40-315 ft. Discharge
200. 9-19-44 Screen set 116-121 ft.
Discharge 12. 9-21-44 Partial analysis. Dis-
charge 500. 9-21-44 Discharge 12.

-3 -37 -36.4

9-21-44 Too high in iron for any use. Discharge 3.
9-24-44 ----------------------
9-24-44 T. 64 F.

BH DS Top wood shelf__ +3.1 442 -40 9-24-44 ----------------------
CH DS Land surface____ 0.0 397 -65 9-24-44 Screen set 88-93 ft.

BH DS Land surface____ 0.0 397

-5 9-24-44 ----------------------

162
Well No. Plate
2

Location

GEORGIA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
-

Records' of Wells in

Owner or
Name

Depth of
Well (Ft.) (1)

Diam- Depth to eter which of well is Well cased (In.) (Ft.)

Geologic Horizon

49 N 2. 6 mi. from Wriley H. E. Stephens ___ 60

2

60 Tuscaloosa ____

Sta.

50 SW 1.1 mi. from well 51_ J. W. Boone _____ 50.1 36

51 NW 4.2 mi. from Tooms- Homer Jones _____ 85

48

50.1 Irwinton sand__ 85 Irwinton sand__

bora, Ga. on Milledge-

ville Rd.

52 NNW from well5l,l mi._ C. M. Shephard__ 55

48

45 Irwinton sand__

53 NNW 1. 6 mi from well C. M. Bruner____ 30

48

6 Irwinton sand__

51. 54 NNE 3.7 mi. from Joe Boone_______ 100

4

100 Irwinton sand__

Wriley Sta.

.

55 SE 3 .4 mi. from Napier Mrs. Leo Stubbs__ 92

2

87 Irwinton sand__

Pond. 56 Toomsboro, Ga. ________ M. H. Hall _____ 110 57 Toomsboro, Ga. ________ M. H. HaiL ____ 28 58 Negro School, Tooms- Toomsboro Train- 88

1i 110 Tuscaloosa ____

4 2

28 88

Tuscaloosa ____ Tuscaloosa ____

bora, Ga.

ing School.

59 S side Cw;ry Store, L. L. Curry______ 18

li

18 Tuscaloosa ____

Toomsboro, Ga.

60 Toomsboro, Ga. ____ ___ Wilkinson Co. 85

2

85 Tuscaloosa ____

Lumber Co.

61 Toomsboro, Ga. ________ Toomsboro High 22

2

22 Irwinton sand__

School.

62 W side Balls Ferry Bridge Clarence Thomp- 87

3

87 Tuscaloosa ____

on State Hgy. 57.

son.

63 SW 0 .5ID;i: from well62_ Clarence Thomp- 85

2

60 Tuscaloosa ____

son.

64 SW 3.4 mi. from well62_ J. E. Mill.er___ c __ 55

36

45 Irwinton sand__

65 N 50 yds. from Bridge Nat Toller_______ 87 over Big Sandy Creek on State Hgy. 29.
66 NW. corner of intersec- M. B. Beal ---- 65
tion State Hgys. 29 & 27. 67 S 2. 4 mi. from Irwinton, L. W. Beck______ 117 Ga. on State Hgy. 29. 68 E 200 yds. from well67 __ L. W. Beck______ 195 69 At back of Culpepper R. W. Culpepper_ 250 Store, Irwinton, Ga. 70 SW 5 ft. from well69 ____ R. W. Culpepper_ 265

2

87 Tuscaloosa ____

2

68 Tuscaloosa ____

2

117 Tuscaloosa ____

2 4

195 250

Tuscaloosa ____ Tuscaloosa ____

3

250 Tuscaloosa ____

71 E 1 mi. from Irwinton, T. A. Brundage__ 59.8 36 Ga.

72 N 1. 7 mi. from Irwinton, Mrs. A. S. Boone_ 38

48

Ga.

73 W 2. 3 mi. from Irwin- L. W. Pennington 96

48

ton, Ga.

74 SW 3 .7 mi. from Irwin- L. W. Bell_______ 102

2

ton, Ga.

59 Irwinton sand__
38 Irwinton sand__ 18 Channel sand__ 102 Tuscaloosa ____

GEOLOGY AND GROUND-WATER RESOURCES

163

Wilkinson County-Cont'd.

Method of Lift . (2)
----
CH
CH BH

Measuring Point

Use

Height

of

above Height

Lift

(+)or above

(3) Description below sea

(-)land level

surface (ft.)

(ft.)

DS Land surface____ 0.0 410

DS Land surface____ DS Land surface ____

2.3 410 0.0 491

Depth
to Date Water of Level MeasureBelow ment M.P. (ft.) (4)

Remarks(Yield of nonflowing wells and discharge of
flowing wells given in gallons a minute)

-45 .9-24-44 ----------------------
-46.7 4-23--44 Discharge 3. -81.5 9-24-44 Partial analysis. T~
66 F.

cw DS Land surface____
BH DS Land surface____
cw DS Land surface____ cw DS Land surface____
CE N Land surface____ CE DS Land surface____ F PS La..""ld surface____

0.0 0.0

-------475

-50 -27

0.0 472 -40

0.0 476 -62

0.0 230 -22

0.0 230 -22

0.0 225

+4

9-24-44 9-24--44

--------------------------------------------

9-24-44 Discharge 10.

9-24-44 Partial analysis. Discharge 3.
9-24--44 Discharge 64. T. 65 F. 9~22-44 T. 67F. 9-23-44 Discharge 1.5. T. 67 F.

CE D Land surface____ 0.0 230 -14 9-23--44 Discharge 12. T. 67 F.

F PS Land surface____ 0.0 223

+2 9-22--44 Partial analysis.. Dis-

charge 2.

CE PS Land surface____ 0.0 305 -16 9-22--44 Discharge 4.

F

DS Land surface____ -------- 200

+40

9-22--44 Complete analysis. Discharge 30.

F DS Lip of casing____ +2.6 205 +35 9-23-44 Discharge 8. T. 67 F.

CE DS Top of cement +2.3 429 curb.
F DS Lip of casing____ +2.8 285

-53.9 9-29-44 ----------------------
+7 9-23--44 Partial analysis. Discharge 3.

F DS Lip of casing____ +2.6 275 +10.4 4-23-44 Discharge 0.5. T. 64 F.

CGH
CH CE
CE

DS Land surface ____ DS Land surface ____ PS Land surface____ PS Land surface____

0.0 293
0.0 343 0.6 458
0.6 458

CE DS Top cement curb +1.5 495

-20 9-23-44 Discharge 6. T. 68 F.

-60 -115

9-23-44 Discharge 5. T. 67 F. 10-3-44 Discharge 8.

-115

10-3-44 Partial analysis. Discharge 12.

-56.5 4-25-45 Discharge 2.

CE DS Land surface ____ 0.0 475

BH DS Top wood casing +2.3 465

cw DS Top cement base +3

425

-35 9-24-44 Discharge 4. -61.4 9-19-44 T. 64 F. -65 9-27-44 Discharge 2. 8. T. 67 F.

164

GEORGIA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

Records of Wells in

Well No. Plate
2

Location

Owner
or Name

Depth
of Well (Ft.) (1)

Diameter of
Well (In.)

Depth to which
well is cas'ed (Ft.)

Geologic Horizon.

75 SW 3 . 5 mi. from Irwin- Pennington & La- 60

ton, Ga.

vendar.

76 SW 5 . 3 mi. from Irwin- J. H. Lavendar ___ 81

ton, Ga.

77 E 0.3 mi. from well78 ___ Geo. Hatcher ____ 292

78 SSW 3.6 mi. (airline) Albert Sapp _____ 180

swfrom Irwinton, Ga.

79

4.9 mi. (airline) James Barlow____ 37.6

from Irwinton, Ga.

80 W 4.4 mi. on State Hgy. J. G. Hatfield____ 90

57 from Irwinton, Ga.

81 W 200 yds. from well 89 _ Mrs. Ida H. Pace_ 98

82 NW 0. 2 mi. from well83_ F. M. West______ 56

83 S 10.2 mi. from Gordon, W. H. McDonald_ 116

Ga.

84 S 0. 3 mi. from well83 ___ W. H. McDonald_ 86

85 SW 7. 7 mi. (airline) Ellen Smith______ 35

from Irwinton, Ga. 86 SW 8. 9 mi. from Irwin- J. R. Sims_______ 62

ton, Ga.

87 SW 8. 4 mi. from Irwin- Clint Sims_______ 24

ton, Ga.

88 NE 3 mi. on State Hgy. Frank Shephard__ 41

127 from Twiggs Co.

89 N 6.4 mi. (airline) from C. C. Hawkins ___. 70

Danville, Ga.

90 N 6 . 1 mi. (airline) from A. N. Burke_____ 80

Danville, Ga. 91 NE 5. 2 mi. on State W. H. Lee_______ 41

Hgy. 127 from Twiggs

Co. 92 SW 6. 9 mi. on State J. B. Payne______ 40

Hgy, 127 from Irwin-

ton, Ga.

93 S 5. 7 mi. on State Hgy. Willie Chatman__ 62

29 from Irwinton, Ga. 94 W 1. 2 mi. on dirt rd. J. F. Payne______ 70

from well 95.



/

95 N 3 .1 mi. on State Hgy. J. M. HalL _____ 48

29 from Nicklesville,

Ga.

96 W 2.5 mi. (airline) from John Collie ______ 50

Nicklesville, Ga. 97 Nicklesville, Ga. _______ R. Rozar________ 45

98 S 1. 8 mi. from Nickles- H. H. Dominy ___ 65.2 ville, Ga.
99 NE 5 . 8 mi. from Nickles- J. H. Lord_______ 30 ville, Ga.
100 SE 8.6 mi. (airline) from Pierce & Orr_ ____ 360 Toomsboro, Ga.

48

60 Tuscaloosa ____

2

76 Tuscaloosa ____

2

277 Tuscaloosa ____

2

165 Channel sand __

36

37 Irwtnton sand__

2

90 Irwinton sand __

2

93 Irwinton sand__

48 2

-

-----111

-

Channel sand __ Tuscaloosa ____

2

81 Tuscaloosa ____

48

6 Channel sand __

2

57 Tuscaloosa____

48

24 Channel sand __

36

18 Irwinton sand__

4

70 Irwinton sand__

2

80 Irwinton sand__

48

9 Irwinton sand__

.48

20 Irwinton sand__

48

62 Irwinton sand__

4

70 Irwinton sand__

36

45 Irwinton sand__

48 -------- Irwinton sand__

48

45 Upper sand

member.

36

65 Upper sand

member.

36

30 Irwinton sand __

2

360 Tuscaloosa __ '__

GEOLOGY AND GROUND-WATER RESOURCES

165

Willdnson County-Cont'd.

Meth- Use od of of Lift Water (2) (3)

Measuring Point

Description

Height above Height (+)or above below sea (-)land level surface (ft.) (ft.)

Depth

to

Date

Water of

Level Measure-

Below ment

M.P.

(ft.) (4)

Remarks.(Yield of nonflowing wells and discharge of
flowing wells given in gallons a minute)

BH DS Top well shelf___ +2.9 319 -54.5 9-27-44 ----------------------
CH DS Land surface____ 0.0 -------- -79 9-28-44 Discharge 3. T. 67 F.

CH DS Top cement base +.3 -------- -85 CH DS Top cement +3.1 -------- -60

9-27-44 Screen set 277-292 ft. 9-27-44 T. 67 F.

block.

BH DS Top tile curb ____ +2.1 -------- -33.7 9-27-44 T. 67 F.

CH DS Land surface____ 0.0 456 -75 9-27-44 T. 64 F.

cw DS Land surface____ 0.0 465 -78
BH DS Top wood shelf__ +2.1 -------- -51 CH N Land surface____ 0.0 -------- -62
CH DS Land surface____ 0.0 -------- -48
BH DS Top well shelf_ __ +2.5 -------- -25 CH DS Top cement base +.2 -------- -8 CH DS Land surface____ 0.0 -------- -4 BH DS Top wood curb __ +3.0 -------- -36 CH DS Top of casing___ +1.1 -------- -40

9-27-44 T. 64 F. 9-28-44 T. 66 F. 9-28-44 Screen set 111-116 ft.
Discharge 3. 9-28-44 Partial analysis. Dis-
charge 3.
9-27-44 ----------------------
9-27-44 Screen set 57-62ft. Discharge 3.
9-27-44 ----------------------
9-18-44 T. 64 F.
10-27-44 Partial analysis. T.65 F.

CH DS Top cement curb +1.1 -------- -42 9-27-44 T. 67 F.

BH DS Land surface_____ 0.0 -------- -45 9-18-44 T. 64F.

BH DS Land surface____ 0.0 -------- -35 9-19-44 ----------------------

BH DS Land surface____ 0.0 -------- -60 9-24-44 ---------------------BH DS Top tile curb ___ +1.5 -------- -62.5 9-23-44 ----------------------
BH DS Top cement surb +3.1 410 -44 9-22-44 T. 64F.

BH DS Land surface____ 0.0 -------- -45 9-23-44 T. 64F.

CE DS Land surface____ 0.0 -------- -35 9-23-44 Discharge 15.

TE

DS Top cement shelf

+5.6

I
--------

-62.2

9-29-44 Discharge 5. T. 66F.

CE DS Land surface____ 0.0 -------- -25 9-29-44 Discharge 5.

CH DS Land surface____ 0.0 -------- -40 10-2-44 ----------------------

166

GEoRGIA GEOLOGICAL' SuRvEY

Records,of Wells in

Well No.
Plate 2

Location

Owner or
Name

Depth
of Well (Ft.) (1)

Diam- Depth to eter which of well is
Well cased (In.) (Ft.)

Geologic Horizon

101 SE 30ft. from well100 __ Pierce & Orr_ ____ 42 102 SE 1.4 mi. from well100 Pierce & Orr_____ 136

103 SW 2 mi. from Nichles- J. B. Green______ 70

ville, Ga.

104 SW 2. 2 mi. from Nichles- M. B. Beal______ 101

ville, Ga.

105 N 5.2 mi. from Allen- H. B. Williams___ 63

town, Ga.

106 N 4 .1 mi. from Allen- Mrs. J. F. Wil- 61

107

town, Ga. Danville, Ga.

__

-------,-

R.IiAa.mLs.amb

_____

28.5

108 Allentown, Ga------"-- Sam King_______ 75

109 Allentown, Ga ___ ------ H. C. Melton ____ 31 110 Allentown, Ga. _________ A. T. Land ______ 40

111 Daughtry Gin, Allen- A. W. Daughtry__ 30

112

S

town. 0.5 mi.

from

well103_

J.

Howell________

97

48

42 Channel sand__

4

136 Tuscaloosa____

48

60 Irwinton sand__

2

96 Irwinton sand__

48

45 Irwinton sand__

2

56 Iriwnton sand__

36

27 Upper sand

member.

3

70 Irwinton sand__

2

26 Upper sand

member.

36

40 Upper sand

member.

48 -------- Upper sand
member.

2

92 Irwinton sand__

This well (39) was drilled from a land surface elevation of 280 feet above sea level to a depth of 315 feet. It is a 10-inch well with 40 feet of slotted pipe from 275 to 315 feet. The static water level in the well is 95 feet below land surface. An electriC/ deep-well turbine pumps 100 gallons of water a minute into an elevated tank from which the water is distributed to the tenants in the housing unit and to the company's office buildings.
At Edgars, 1 mile west of Mcintyre, three drilled wells, 37, 38, and 38a, furnish the industrial supply for the Edgar Brothers' kaolin plant. These wells range from 185 to 204 feet in depth, all have 10-inch casings, and all are equipped with electric turbines which pump the water throughout the plant and to an elevated storage tank. The wells have capacities of 300, 500, and 600 gallons a minute respectively. All three wells are drilled from approximately the same land surface elevation, 260 feet above sea level, and the static water level in each of

GEOLOGY AND GROUND-WATER RESOURCES

167

Willdnson County-Cont'd.

Measuring Point

Depth

Meth- Use

Height

to

Date

Remarks-

od of of

above Height Water of

(Yield of nonflowing

Lift Water

(+)or above Level Measure- wells and discharge of

(2) (3) Description below sea Below ment flowing wells given in

(-)land level M.P.

gallons a minute)

surface (ft.) (ft.)(4)

(ft.)

---

s BH DS Land surface____ 0.0 -------- -34

F

Top 4" casing___ +2 -------- +40

10-2-44 10-2-44

P--a-rt-i-a-l--a-n-a-l-y-si-s-.----D-i-s--

charge 60.

TE DS Land surface____ 0.0 -------- -66 9-22-44 Discharge 7. T. 64F.

TE DS Land surface____ CE DS Land surface____

0.0 420 -30 0.0 -------- -59

9-24-44 Partial analysis. Discharge 12.
9-19-44 T. 64F.

CE DS Land surface____ 0.0 -------- -44 9-18-44 Discharge 3.

CE DS Land surface____ 0.0 450 -24 9-19-44 Discharge 7. T. 64F.

CE D Land surface____ 0.0 445 -50 9-19-44 Screen set 70-75 ft. Discharge 7.
TE D Land surface____ 0.0 435 -17 11-9-44 Partial analysis.

CE DS Land surface____ 0.0 435 -32 9-19-44 Discharge 25. T. 64F.

CE I Land surface____ 0.0 425 -20 9-19-44 Discharge 30.

CH DS Land surface____ 0.0 410 -57 11-30-44 Discharge 5. T. 64F,

them is 48 feet below land surface. When pumped at the above rates the wells have a reported drawdown of 20 feet.
The most productive well (36) of the Edgar Brothers well field is located at Dedrich 2.3 miles west of Mcintyre at one of the Edgar Brothers' kaolin processing plants. This well was drilled in 1939 to a depth of 203 feet. A slotted 10-inch casing was set from 40 to 203 feet and packed with gravel. The well is equipped with a 40-horsepower electric turbine which is reported to pump 700 gallons a minute 7 hours per day into an elevated tank and a cement reservoir from which the water is distributed throughout the processing plant. The static water level in the well is 36 feet below land surface. A pumping test made in 1939 records a 20-foot drawdown after 24 hours pumping at the rate of 835 gallons a minute.
Well 34 is at the Edgar Brothers' Klondike mine, 3.7 miles north of Mcintyre. It was drilled in 1940 to a depth of 295 feet.

168

GEORGIA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

The land surface at well 34 is 270 feet above sea level, and the static water level in the well is reported to be 45 feet below land surface. The well is equipped with an electric. turbine which pumps 700 gallons a minute.
All of the wells in the Edgar Brothers' well field recover ground water from the sands and gravels in the Tuscaloosa formation.

Analyses of Water from Wilkinson County
Parts per million. Analyzed by Evelyn Holloman. (Numbers refer to numbers in table and plate)

Number Geologic Horizon

3
Tuscaloosa

16

24

Channel Tuscasand loosa

27
Tuscaloosa

34
Tuscaloosa

36
Tuscaloosa

SIriolinca(F(Se)i_0_2_)_-_-_-_--_-_-----_-_-_-

-------1.1

-------0.52

5.0 .11

-------.17

-------.03

12 66

Calcium (Ca) ___________ -------- -------- 1.9 -------- -------- 6.6

Magnesium (Mg)_ ------ -------- -------- 1.7 -------- -------- 1.1

+ Sodium & Potassium (Na K) ___________ -------- --------

6.0 -------- --------

3.2

Carbonate (COa)-------- -------- -------- 0 -------- -------- 0

Bicarbonate (HCOa)----- 50

9.0 2.0 25

7.0 11

Sulfate (S04)----------- 1

1

.5

1

3

14

Chloride (Cl) ___________ 2

3

5.2 4

3

2.6

Fluoride (F) ____________

.0

.0

.0

.0

.0

.1

Nitrate (NOa)-------~-- 2.2

3.7 19

4.3

.9

.6

Dissolved Solids ________ Total Hardness _________

-------45

-------14 \

40 12

-------27

---1-3----

21 21

Temperature (F)------- 66

67

66

67

68

66

Date of Collection______ 10-24-44 11-1-44, 11-1-44, 10-24.--44 10-24.--44 11-1-44

I

-- --

GEOLOGY AND GROUND-WATER RESOURCES

169

Wilkinson County-Cont'd.

Number

39

41

51

55

Geogolic Horizon

Tuscaloosa Tuscaloosa Irwinton Irwinton

sand

sand

Silica (Si02)------------------- ----------Iron (Fe)______________________ 1.1

----------- -----------

5.4

1.3

---:--1-.-4------

Calcium (Ca) __________________ --- _-- ____ _

Magnesium (Mg)------~-------- ------------

Sodium & Potassium (Na+K) ___ -----------

---i6 _____ _ Carbonate (COa) _______________ -----------

Bicarbonate (HCOa)____________ 80

----8~6---- ----8~6----

Sulfate (SO,)__________________ 14

3

2

1

Chloride (Cl) ______ ------------ 4

4

5

Fluoride (F)___________________

.0

.0

Nitrate (N0 )_________________

.1

3

2.0

Dissolved Solids ___ c ______ ---- _- ------ ____ _

.0

.0

1.6

1.6

Total Hardness________________ 78 Temperature ( F) __________ ____ 68

14

14

21

68

66

65

Date of Collection______________ 11-2-44

10-24-44 ll-2-44 11-2-44

Number Geogolic Horizon

60

62

65

70

Tuscaloosa Tuscaloosa Tuscaloosa Tuscaloosa

Silica (Si02)------------------- -------~---

Iron (Fe)______________________

.34

Calcium (Ca) __________________ -----------

Magnesium (Mg) _______________ --------- __

Sodium & Potassium (Na+K) ___ ----------Carbonate (CO,) _______________ -----------

Bicarbonate (HC03)____________

89

Sulfate (S04)------------------ 8

Chloride (Cl) ______ ------------ 3

Fluoride (F)___________________

.1

Nitrate (N0 )_________________

.0

3

Dissolved Solids________________ -----------

Total Hardness_ _ ______________ 84

Temperature (F) _____________ . 64

Date of Collection______________ 10-24-44

1

9.0
.33 . 32
1.4 3.3
0
85
16 4.4
.1 .0 112 86 67 11-1-44

1.4
64
8
4 .0
.0
63 64 11-4-44

1.7
82
9
4 0 0
.0
75 66 10-24-44

170

GEORGIA GEOLOGICAL 8-qRVEY

Willdnson County-Cont'd.

Number Geologic horizon

84

89

102

104

109

Tuscaloosa Irwinton Tuscaloosa Irwinton Upper,sand

sand

sand member

Silica (Si02)---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ----------

Iron (Fe)_____________

.30

.04

2.8

.06

.45

Calcium (Ca) _________ -------------------- ---------- ---------- ---------Magnesium (Mg) ______ ---------- --------~- ---~------ ---------- ----------
+ Sodium & Potassium (Na K) __________ ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ----------

Carbonate (COs)_----------------------------------- ---------- ----------

Bicarbonate (HCOs)--- 14

34

99

51

30

Sulfate(S04)---------

3

Chloride(Cl) _________ 10

1 2

1s7

1 3

2 3

Fluoride (F)__________

.0

.5

.0

.0

.0

Nitrate(NOa)--------- 20

1.7

.0

.0

2.7

Dissolved Solids_______ ---------------------"------------------ ----------

Total Hardness_______ 18

34

96

36

30

Temperature (F)_____ 66

64.5

66

64

65

Date of collection___ "_ 10-24-44 10-27-44 11-2-44 11-2-44 11-9-44

INDEX

171

A Adams Park_________c_______47-48, 93, 105 Allentown________________________14, 153, 157 Alligator Creek__________________________________94
Alluviurn -------------------------------------------21 AItamaha grit___________________________________66 Altamaha River__________________ 13, 118
Atlantic Refractories Fire Brick Company_______________________________39
B
Balls Ferry--------------------------------_47-48 Baldwin County___________________1-3, 68-77 Barnwell Formation____2, 21-23,51-65 Bauxite_______________________3, 5, 44, 45, 50
Beiser, W. S---------------------------------8 Bibb County_______________________________________13 Big Sandy Creek______________13, 16-17,
30-47, 85, 94 Bleckley County_____________________________97
Bluff Creek ------------------------------------13 Boone, J. W----------------------------------------9 Brown, R. W----------------------------------.44 Brown, T. L. welL_________________________128 Brundidge, T. A.________________________________9 Buck Creek_______________________________ 39, 63
Buffalo Creek____13, 47, 59, 78, 81, 117 Bullard_____________________________"____________ 30, 93
c
Camp Creek_______________________________________52 Carlston, C. W.___________________________________9 Carrs__________________________________39, 44, 77-79 Carswell Estate_________________________16, 56 Channel sands____________2, 21-23, 41-58 Chattahoochee National Forest_____85 Claiborne group____________________________51-53 Coastal Plain Province________1-3, 9-10 Co':mmissioners Creek________13, 17, 30,
47, 85 Congaree Clay___________________________53-54 Cooke, C. Wythe____________________5, 9, 12,
52-53, 59, 66 Cooper, H. H--------------------------------------9 Coopers________________________________________68, 72 Cowpen Branch_________________________________16
Cretaceous, Upper____2-3, 21-22, 42-48 Crooked Creek____________________________________13
Crystalline Rocks__________1-2 21, 38-42 Culpepper, R. W.________________________8, 156
Culverton ------------------------------------------ 77

D
Dall, H --------------------------------------------66 Dallmus, E. G.___________8-9, 95, 102-103 Danville________14, 93-95, 101, 153, 157 Davisboro________________________9, 13-14, 127 Dean, Barney_____________________________8, 151
Dean, H. T---------------------------------------37 Decatur County---------- _______________________12
Dedrich ------------------------------------------ 48 Deepstep________________45, 47, 55, 118, 129 Devereux________________________________14, 78-79 Dry Branch________________9, 13, 48, 93, 102 Dry Branch Creek____________________________13 Duggan, T. R. well_________________________145
E East J ulliette________________________________85-86 Edgar Brothers___________________8, 166-167 Edmonds Branch____________________________16 Eocene___________:________________2, 21-23, 51-65
F Falling Creek___________________________________85 Fall Line________________1, 9, 14, 39, 46, 68,
71, 85, 88-89, 94 Fall Line Hills___________________________9-10 Fishing Creek________________29, 69, 71, 72 Fitzpatrick___________________________93-94, 103 Flat Creek__________________________________13, 94 Flint River formation___________________66 Flowing wells____________________________2, 150 Fuller's earth____________________1, 15, 16, 56 Fulsome Creek________________________________78 Furcron, A. S.,__________________________________38
G Gardners_____________________8, 46, 48, 129 General Reduction Company__________56 Georgia Kaolin Company______9, 95-96,
101-103 Gordon________________________________48, 64, 154 Gordon, town of, welL__________________155
Gosport sand -------------------------------------51 Granite HilL_________________________________77
Gray -------------------------------------------------- 85 Griswold ------------------------------------------ 13 Ground water____________________________________24 Gumm Creek________________________________13, 69
H Haddock ---------------------------------------- 85 Hall ---------------------------------------------- 8

172

INDEX

Hamburg Mill Pond__________________117 Hamrick, E. R,_______________________9 Hammock, Will__________________________________8
Hancock CountY-----------"-------1-3, 77-84 Harper, R. M,__________________________9, 66 Harris, G. D,_______________________________66 Harrison_____________________l7-19, 66, 128 Hatfield Property___________________________58 Hawthorn formation__________________66
Herrick, S. M------------------------------3, 9 Holloman, Evelyn_____________________________5 Holloman, 0. D,_____________________________8 Holmes, E., welL_________________________l46 Howell, J., welL___________________________l54 . Huber______9, 16, 45-46, 56, 93, 100, 105 Huber Kaolin Company________________98 Hutchins, Gilmore_______________________l32
I Indian Island______________,_________71, 73 Internal Water___________________24 Irwinton______9, 14, 16-17, 50, 58, 156 Irwinton sand member______2, 21-23,
57-62
J James_________________________________________l4, 85 J effersonville________________9, 13, 14, 45,
58, 98, 101 Jewell ------------------------------------- 77 Johnston, L. C-------------------"------------_42 Jones County________________________l-3, 84-92 Jones, Homer, WelL______________..;l52
K Kaolin-------------------~-------:1, 3, 5, 15, 32,
44, 46, 93, 97, 146 Keg Creek__________________________________ll9-120 Klondike Mine_______________________________l67
L Lamar, W. L,__________________________________5 Lawson, Frank_________________________________g Lawson property______________________93, 98 Layne-Atlantic Well Drilling
Company___________AO, 66, 118, 130-132 Ledford, L. H.____________________________________8
Limestone ____!, 5, 15, 56, 59-60, 62, 93 Lindsey Branches _______________________16 Linton ____________:_______________________ 77, 79-80 Little Ogeechee River_____________l2 Little River______________________________________69
. Loughridge, R. H,_____________________________ 9

M. Macon.----------------------'";~-'-' 13-14 Martin's clay mine---~"~_,__44 Mayfield_________________-_.._.. ----"--;--;77, 81 Mayfield outlier____________._._79 McBean ________________:______--"-"-_,_,_._,_ , 51
7
McBean formation..~----------"-'53-54 McCallie, S. W----------~"~-~,~-----5 Mcintyre______________________14, 45; 41,i; 157 MacNeil, F. 8,___________________________ 9
MeWilliams ------------------------------ 85 Meinzer, 0. E,_________________3, 9, 24, 26 Mertz, G. E,__________________________________9
Mesozoic-------------------------------------~22, 39 Middendorf -------------------"------------' 42 Milledgeville________5, 14, 17-19, 29-30,
.. 68-71 Mississippi ______________________,___________:~-- 42 Mountain Springs__________________43, 49 Mohr, A. R--------------'"--'~----------8 Myricks MilL_________________,______________97
N Noble, Wesley M,__________~:_____________5
North Carolina--------------~-----------'-----_42
0 Ocala Limestone____23, 56, 60, 96-97,
. 103 Ocmulgee River_____,____l-3, 13, 17, 30,
47, 56, 67, 85, 93-94, 98 Oconee___________________l3, 45, 47, 129 Oconee River_______l-2, 13,'17, 30,
47, 67, 69, 72-73, 78, 93, 117, 147 Ogeechee River___l, 3, 12-13, 17, 56,
67, 78, 117-118 Oligocene-Miocene___2, 21-23, 65-67
p Paleocene_____________________________""-- 2, 22 Perched water table__________________27
Permea):>ility -------------------------------25-26 Peyton, Captain Garland____________3, 8 Piedmont Province____________!, 9-10, 117 Piedmont National Wildlife
Refuge ------------------------------- 85 Piezometric Surfa<;e ------------------------27 Pikes Peak__________________l6, 53-54, 93
Porosity ----------------- 25 Postell ----c-----------------------------85, 92 Powell Creek ____________________________78
Powelton --------------------------------------- 77

INDEX

173

R
Rawlings, George ------------------------9 Red Hills ---------------------------------9-12 Riddleville ---------------------------------- 132
s
Sand and graveL______________________1, 2 Sandersville________5, 9, 14, 16, 29, 42,
45-46, 48, 56, 59, 66, 121, 124 Sand Hills ------------------------------------9-10 Santee limes.tone_________________________23, 56 Savage Creek________________________________13, 94 Shearer, H. C,_______________________5, 52, 53 Shephard, E. M., welL_____________129 Shinholser, J. W.__________________________73 Shoulderbone Creek _____________________78 Smith, E. A.__________________________________42 Smith, R. W,_______________:__________________9
Smith, Walter----------------------------------8 Sparta___________________________________14, 77, 80 Specific capacity ___________________________29
State Highway Board of Georgia____5 Stephenson, L. W.____5, 44, 50-51, 53 Stevens Pottery____________________________68, 72 Stevens Pottery mine________________________46
Strategic Minerals Investigation!! Preliminary Maps_____________________4, 5
Stringfield, V. T.--------------------------------9 Sun Hill -------------------------------------------145 Suspended water______________________23, 24
T Tarversville ----------~----------------------- 16 Tennille____9, 13-14, 63, 121, 123, 126 Tertiary____2, 21, 40, 52, 55, 58-59, 64 Thompson, R. M._________________5, 44, 50 Tifton Uplands___________________________10, 12 Tindall, 0. D,___________________________________33
Toomsboro______.. 13, 17, 30-31, 52, 155 Town Creek________________________________13, 78
Turkey Creek -----------------------------------94 Turner, L. H.____________________________16, 60

Tuscaloosa formation____________2, 21-22, 42-48
Twiggs clay member____2, 21-23, 53-57 Twiggs County____________________1-3, 93-116
Twisco Heights -----------------------------103
u
Ugly Creek____________________________________94, 97 United States Weather
Bureau ------------------------------------- 17-19 Upper sand member____2, 21-22, 63-65
v
Van Buren --------------------------------------85 Veal, M. M,______________________________________l18
Veal, J. P ---------------------------------------130 Veatch, 0. J,________________5, 9-10, 51, 53
w
Walnut Creek ___________________:.____________85 War Department Exploratory
Test Wells ____________________________130-132 Warren, M. A,_________________________________3 Warren, W. C,____________________________5, 45
Warthen ----------------------------------------- 133 Washington County__________1-3, 116-146 Water table --------------------------------------24 Wayside ------------------------------------------ 85 Weatherly's Farms _______________________97 Westlake______________________________46, 105, 112
Whaley, E. R-----------------------------------81 Whetstone, G. W.________________________________5 Wilkinson County___________1-3, 146-170 Williamson Swamp Creek________12, 57,
117, 128 Wilson, W. C----------------------------------9 Wilson, W. C., welL______________________l28
Wood, E. P-----------------------------------9 Wood, L. A.____________________________________l31
z
Zone of saturation________________23, 25, 27

GEORGIA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

I .,.

~--

)(PLANATION
D G"''"' P.r. ..,.,,.
"
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cou~~
.- ___ .,----- c;~~-~1'1
-~

--- _,1
/
)

r
(
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't
I

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)

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83"00'

BULLETIN OZ PLATE I
-

1- - .....
"

I
,, )
'

GEOLOGIC MAP OF THE COASTAL PLAIN OF EAST CENTRAL GEORGIA

Georgia

P r epared by the
U. S. Geological Survey
In Co opera tio n with t h.
Division of Mines, Mining , and

Geology

1946

0

SCALE IN MILES
'' '

'

G- Mine of Georgia Kaolin Co. P- Mine of Marlin Gordon Cloys, Inc. E- Mine of Mallory Gordon Goaling Cloy Co. H- Mine of Huber (Sgodo) Corp. A- Mine of (old) American Cloy Co. T- Mine of B.D. Thorpe c - Mine of Champion Paper and Fib r e Co. EB-Mine of Edgar Brothers Ca. M- Mine of Moore and Munger U- Mine of Uni ted Clay Mines, Inc.

E XPLANATI ON
X Kaolin outcrop
'X' or 0 Kaolin mine
X B Ba1.uite exposure XL LimestonE! exposure
X F Fullers earth exposure (25' ') &B. M. Benet- Mork El. 450 Elevation (Aneroid) (450) Aneroid elevation of a
contact

*Qal

J.s.!

[
I

Thf

H r rf-

.I

Alluvium

}ji

Rf!siduum of Oligocene aod Miocene Formations
Sand and Cloy of Jackson
age (Includes channel sends

-" ~

oed lh Barn well formotion)

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Tuscaloosa 1ormotion

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pK

Crystalline rocks

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32"30'

83'00'

82" 30'