GEORGIA STATE DIVISION OF CONSERVATION DEPARTMENT OF MINES, MINING AND GEOLOGY GARLAND PEYTON, Director THE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Bulletin Number 52 GEOLOGY AND GROUND-WATER RESOURCES OF THE COASTAL PLAIN OF EAST-CENTRAL GEORGIA By PHILIP E. LAMOREAUX United States Geological Survey Published in cooperation with the Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior, Washington, D. C. ATLANTA 1946 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL Department of Mines, Mining and Geology Atlanta, May 7, 1946 To His Excellency, Ellis Arnall, Governor Commissioner Ex-Officio of State Division of Conservation Through The Hon. Nelson M. Shipp, Assistant Commissioner Sir: I have the honor to submit herewith Georgia Geological Survey Bulletin No. 52, "The Geology and Ground Water Resources of the Coastal Plain of East-Central Georgia," by Philip E. LaMoreaux, Geologist, U. S. Geological Survey. It was the experience of the Georgia Geological Survey during the war years to receive many requests for strategic ground water information for a number of localities in the State. It has become evident to us of the growing importance of grouiid water supplies for private, municipal, and industrial demands. A water supply is necessary to even the smallest development. The information in this report should serve to answer the problems concerning ground water in the Coastal Plain area of east-central Georgia. The report covers the major portion of the hard and soft kaolin mining district of the State. This industry, and many new future industries, will demand large quantities of ground water. Therefore, a knowledge of the ground water resources of this area is of importance for future development in the region. Included with the ground water data is supplemental economic information on fuller's earth, kaolin, and limestone. It is especially desired to invite your attention to the geologic map of the area covered by this report. This map is considered an outstanding feature of the report, since it portrays the different formations in color and, in addition, designates the location of the producing mines and other economic features. Very respectfully yours, GARLAND PEYTON Director III CONTENTS Page ABSTRACT """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 1 INTRODUCTION Purpose and scope of investigation --------------------------------------- 3 Location and extent of the area ---------------------------------------------- 3 Field work ------------------------------------ --------------------------------------------- 3 Previous investigations ___________------------------------------------------------- 5 BibIiography ---------------------------------------------------------------------c---------- 6 Acknowledgments --------------------------------~------------------------------- 8 .GEOGRAPHY Physiographic divisions ---------------------------------------------------------- 9 Sand Hills ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 10 Red Hills -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 10 Tifton Uplands______________________________________________________________________ 12 Drainage --~------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 12 Transportation ----------------------------------------------------~------------------- 13 Population ------------------------------- ----------------------2------------------------- 14 Agriculture ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- .15 Natural resources and industries ------------------------------------------- 15 Climate ------~-----:_______________________________"___________________,. _________(____________ 17 Temperature --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 18 Precipitation -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 18 OUTLINE OF GEOLOGY--------------------------------------------------------------------- 22 GENERAL GROUND WATER CONDITIONS-----------------------.--------------- 23 Source of ground water------------------------------------------------------------ 23 Storage and movement of the ground water ________________________ 25 v C ONT.E NTS Page WATER TABLE---------------~--------------------------------------------~--~---- 27 ARTESIAN CoNDITI0 NS ---------------,---------,-------"----------------------------- 27 RECOVERY---------------------------------------------------------------------~------------- 29 General features-----------------------~-------------------------------------------- 29 Dug wells --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 30 Bored wells --------------------------------------------------------------------" 30 Drilled wells -------------------------------------------"---------------------------"- 31 Rotary well rigs --------------------------------------------------------------- 31 Cable-tool rigs --------------------------------------~---------------------------- 32 Jetted wells -------~-------------------------------"-----------------------~"---- 32 Driven wells --------------------------------------------------"----------""------- 34 Springs -----------------------------------------------------"~-------------'~-~~-- 34 QuALITY oF GROUND WATER Introduction -------------------------------~----------------"----------------""-~~"-"- 35 Chemical constituents in relation to use---------------------------- 35 Silica---------------------------------------------------------------"----------------- 35 Iron_______________________+-------~-----~c""-------"~------------------------~------- 36 Calciurn and magnesiurn_________________________________________________ 36 Sodiurn and potassiurn_____________________""--------------------------~--- 36 Carbonate and bicarbonate______________________________________________ 37 Sulfate ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 37 Chioride -----------------------------------------------------------------"------------ 37 Fluoride -----------------------------------------~------------------------------------ 37 Nitrate -----------------------~---------------------------"-------------------------- 38 Total hardness ------------------------------------------------------------------- 38 VI CONTENTS Page GEOLOGIC FORMATIONS AND THEIR WATER-BEARING PROPERTIES________________________________________________ 38 Pre-Cretaceous rocks ---------------------------------------------------------------- 38 Water supply ------------------------------------------------------------------ 40 Quality of water influenced by crystalline rocks________ 41 Cretaceous system (Upper Cretaceous)-----"-------------------------- 42 Tuscaloosa formation ___c__~----------------------------------------------------- 42 Kaolin and bauxite________________________________________________________ 44 Water supply ------------------------------------------------------------------ 45 Quality of the water----------------------------------------------------- 47 Eocene Series (Upper Eocene)------------------------------------------------ 48 Channel sands__________________________________________________________________________ 48 Water supply ------------------------------------------------------------------ 51 Barnwell formation ---------------------------------------------------------------- 51 Twiggs clay member__________________________________________________________ 53 Fuller's earth ------------------------------------------------------------------ 56 Limestone ------------------------~--------------------------------------------- 56 Ground water ------------------------------------------------------------------ 56 Quality of water______________ ------------------------------------------------ 57 Irwinton sand member----------------------------------------------------- 57 Limestone _________________________________j____________________________________ 60 Water supply ------------------------------------------------------------------ 69 Quality of water-------------------------------------------------------------- 62 Upper sand member--------------------------------------------------------- 63 Water supply----------------------------------------------------------------- 65 Oligocene and Miocene series __________________________________________________ 65 VIr Page Residu um____________________________________"---------L-~-------~----"-"---c-ccc____"_ . 65 Water supply ----------------------------~----------------------------------- 66 Quaternary ------------------------------------------------------------------~--------~---- 67 Alluvium and undifferentiated terrace deposits---------~- 67 Water supply ------------------------------------------------------------------ 67 COUNTY DESCRIPTIONS ---------------------------------------------------------------- 67 Baldwin County ---------------------------------------------------------~--------- 68 Geography --------------C-----------------------------~------------------C----------- 68 Geology ------------------------+----------------------------------------~--------~-- 69 Ground water ________________------------------------------------------------------ 71 Quality of ground water------------------------------------------------- 71 Local supplies---------------------------------------------------~------~--------- 71 Hancock County___________________________________________________________________ 77 Geography ______________________________________________c_____________________________ 77 G.Ieology -------------------------~--------------------------------------------------- 78 Ground water__ ------------------------------------------------------------------ 79 Quality of ground water-------------------------------------------------- 80 Local supplies________________________________~-----c---------~------------------ 80 Jones County ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 84 Geogra:phy_________.:____________________________________________________________84 . Geology ______,_______-\-_________,__________;__________________________________________ 86 Ground water -------------------------------------------------------------------- 88 Quality of ground waterc----------------------------------------------- 88 Local supplies_______________=--~---------------------------------~---------------- 89 Twiggs CountY-------------------------------------------~------------------------ 93 ;Geography-----~------------------------------------------------------------------ 93 VIII CO:NTENTS Page Geo1ogy ------r-----------------------_---------------------------------------------- 94 Ground water ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 98 Quality of water----------------~----------------------------------------------- 99 Local supplies---------------------------------------------------------------------101 Washington County---------------------------------------------------------------116 Geography ----------------------------------------------------------------------------116 Geology -----+------------------'------------,----------------------------~-----------118 Ground water---------------------------------------------------------------------122 Quality of water ----------------------------------------------------------------123 Local supplies______________________________________________________________________124 Wilkinson County--------------------------------------------------------------------146 Geog ra p hY---------------:-----------------------------------------------------------146 Geo1ogy --------------------------------------~--------------------------------------147 Ground viTater ----------------------------------------------------------------------150 Quality of water------------------------------------------------------------------153 Local supplies______________________________________________________________________154 INDEX -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------171 IX ILL US T RAT. i:O N S Plate Page 1. Geologic map of the Coastal Plain .of east-central Georgia (in pocket). 2. Map of east-central Georgia showing locations of wells for which data are included in this report ----------------------- _______________________________c_______________173 Figure 1. Index map of Georgia showing area covered by this report --------------------------------------------------------------- 4 2. Physiographic divisions of east-central Georgia 11 3. Climatic summary for Milledgeville and _Harrison, Georgia______________________________________________________________ 19 4. Generalized section of the geologic formations in east-central Georgia______________________________________________ 21 5. Diagram showing divisions of subsurface water 24 6. Diagram showing several types of rock interstices and the relation of rock texture to porosity 26 7. Diagram showing artesian and non-artesian conditions ---------------------------------------------------------------- 28 8. Small hand powered auger used to bore wells in Wilkinson County ________________________________________________"___ 31 9. Small hand cable-tool rig used in Wilkinson County -------------------------------------------------------------------- 33 10. Road cut on old Sandersville Road, southeast bank of Buck Creek (Baldwin County) ______________ 39 11. Road cut on Stevens Pottery-Milledgeville Road 1.8 miles northeast of Coopers School (Baldwin County)--------------------------------------------------------"---- 41 12. General Refractories Kaolin Mine, Carrs Station, Hancock County ---------------------~----------------------------~-- 45 13. Stevens Pottery Kaolin mine, 5.7 miles north of Gordon on Stevens Pottery-Gordon road (Wilkinson County) ---------------------------------------------------------- 46 X ILLUSTRATIONS Page 14. Exposure in road cut 1 mile east of Black Springs Church on Georgia Highway 22 (Baldwin County) ----------------------------------------------------------- 49 Figure 15. Railroad cut at Mountain Springs on Central of Georgia Railway (Jones County)----------------------- 50 16. Gully formed by a small branch of Buffalo Creek 0.8 miles south on a dirt road from the bridge over Buffalo Creek on Georgia Highway 24________ 61 17. Sandersvilfe limestone quarry 1.6 miles southwest of Sandersville on old Oconee road____________ 62 18. East view across Piedmont from the Devereux outlier in Hancock County-------------------------------------- 78 19. Log and construction details of well at Huber Kaolin Company (Sgoda Corp.), Huber, Ga.______104 20. Test well 65 in flood-plain of Buffalo Creek 11f2 miles south of Deepstep -----------------------------------------133 21. Well 62 at west end of Balls Ferry Bridge, Wilkinson County ------------------------------------------------------------151 XI GEOLOGY AND GROUND-WATER RESOURCES OF THE COASTAL PLAIN OF EAST-CENTRAL GEORGIA* By PHILIP E. LAMOREAUX Abstract This report covers an area of about 1,881 square miles in east-central Georgia, including the southern one-third of Jones, Baldwin and Hancock Counties and all of Twiggs, Wilkinson, and Washington Counties. The area is bounded by the Ocmulgee River on the west, the Fall Line on the north, the Ogeechee River on the east and the southern county lines of Twiggs, Wilkinson and Washington Counties on the south. A third river, the Oconee, has a north-south drainage basin in the east-central part of the area. A major part of the hard and soft kaolin mining district of the State is embraced by this area, and during the period 194143 Georgia produced an average of 76.6 percent of the kaolin produced in the United States for filler and ceramic uses. The kaolin industry and lumber milling exert the greatest manpower demand in the area other than farming. Also of importance to the region are its natural resources of limestone, fuller's earth, sand, and gravel. The area in which a study of the ground water and geology was made is within the Coastal Plain Province, where the strata slope gently to the southeast. Underlying the sedimentary formations of the Coastal Plain are the crystalline basement rocks. The maximum relief in the Piedmont area in northern Baldwin, Jones, and Hancock Counties is about 350 feet and is similar to the relief in the northern part of the Coastal Plain Province in the area of the "Sand Hills" and "Red Hills." South of the "Red Hills" the upland plain tends to be a gently rolling surface which has a maximum relief of about 50 feet, except near the larger rivers where a relief of 150 feet occurs at some places. The area lies in three major drainage basins, which are, in order from east to west, the Ogeechee, Oconee, a~d Ocmulgee. * Prepared under the direction of the United States Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Georgia Geological Survey. 2 GEORGIA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY -. :. -~ The oldest rocks in the area are the metamorphic and igneous rocks, most of which are of pre-Cambrian age, and which crop out in Jones, Hancock, and Baldwin Counties. These crystalline rocks underlie the Cretaceous and Tertiary formations of the Coastal Plain in this region. The Tuscaloosa formation of Upper Cretaceous age is overlapped by deposits of Jackson age through-:. out much of the area. Rocks of Paleocene, and lower and middle Eocene age are not represented in east-central Georgia. During late Eocene time, approximately 150 feet to 200 feet of sand, clay, marl and limestone of the Barnwell formation were deposited in a shallow marine sea. Overlying the Barnwell formation in southern Twiggs, Washington and Wilkinson County is a thin residuum of former Oligocene and Miocene formations. The thick sand and gravel beds of the Tuscaloosa formation are the best source of ground water. Wells in this area range from 15 to 872 feet in depth and yield from a few gallons to as much as 800 gallons of water a minute. The water is used for domestic, stock, municipal and industrial supplies. Many flowing wells have been developed in this aquifer in the flood-plain of the Ocmulgee and Oconee Rivers and their tributaries where topographic and geologic conditions are favorable for artesian flow. Throughout the outcrop area of the Barnwell formation in east-central Georgia the Irwinton sand member furnishes small supplies of ground water to shallow dug and drilled wells. The primary value of this aquifer is that it is an available source of ground water that may be recovered at a low cost to supply the many small rural, domestic, and stock demands of the area. The Twiggs clay member of the Barnwell formation becomes calcareous in central and western Washington County. Drilled wells penetrating solution channels in this member recover up to 250 gallons of water a minute. Water from this aquifer generally contains over 200 parts per million dissolved solids. It ranges from 82 to 303 parts per million bicarbonate, and 75 to 252 parts per million total hardness. The local geographic, geologic, ground-water and quality of water conditions are described in separate sections for each county. Also included in each section are descriptions of representative privately, industrially, and municipally owned wells in the area. Tables of ground-water analyses, well logs, and well data are given in each county section. --------- GEOLOGY AND GROUND-WATER RESOURCES 3 INTRODUCTION Purpose and Scope of Investigation The present report on the geology and ground-water resources of the Coastal Plain area in east-central Georgia is the first report of a series of systematic investigations that are to be made on the ground-water resources of that part of Georgia in which the Cretaceous deposits are at or near the surface. Bulletin 49, "Artesian Water in Southeastern Georgia," and Bulletin 49A, "Artesian Water in Southeastern Georgia, Well Records," by M. A. Warren, were published in 1944 and 1945. These reports furnish information on the geology, quantity, quality and occurrence of the ground-water resources. Studies by S. M. Herrick of the ground-water resources of the northern half of Georgia are also in progress. These investigations are being made in cooperation between the Department of Mines, Mining and Geology, Georgia State Division of Conservation and the Geological Survey, U. S. Department of the Interior. The work is under the general supervision of 0. E. Meinzer, Geologist in charge of the Division of Ground Water of the Geological Survey, and Captain Garland Peyton, Director of the Department of Mines, Mining and Geology of the Georgia State Division of Cons~rvation. Location and Extent of the Area The area described in this report includes the southern onethird of Jones, Baldwin, and Hancock Counties and all of Twiggs, Wilkinson and Washington Counties. The area is bounded on the east by the Ogeechee River, and on the west by the Ocmulgee River. It is approximately 55 miles long and 20 miles wide, and covers 1,881 square miles. See figure 1. Field Work The field work for the report was begun April 1944 and was completed in January 1945. Well records were obtained for 401 wells that furnish water supplies for municipal, industrial, domestic and farm use. These records were compiled from field observations and interviews with well owners and drillers. No attempt was made to obtain records of every well in the area, but attention was given to every town and village supply, and 4 GEo!lGrA _GJ;:oLoGrcAL STJRVEY representative well records were ,obtained throughout the area. Considerable time was spent in re-mapping the geology of the area covered by this report, using as a nucleus the "Strategic Minerals Investigations Preliminary Maps," for the bauxite and kaolin deposits of Twiggs, Washington, and Wilk!nson Counties, published by the Geological Survey, U. S. Department of the Interior in 1943. A major part of the time in the field was devoted to the study of the water-bearing formations. Water EXPLANATION ~ Area cover~ by this rl ~ port Arto covtrtd by ~ Bulletln~e . ~ Artuion Water in SoUth... eastern Gtora Figure 1. Index map of Georgia showing area covered by this report and area for which cooperative ground-water reports of this series have been published. GEOLOGY AND GROUND-WATER RESOURCES 5 samples were collected from 81 wells, and from these, 12 complete chemical analyses and 69 partial analyses were made by Evelyn Holloman, G. W. Whetstone, Wesley M. Noble and W. L. Lamar in the laboratory of the U. S. Geological Survey. Supplementary data on kaolin, limestone, and fuller's earth were collected for the area and included in the report. Limestone, fuller's earth and kaolin deposits were plotted on plate 1 in the area in east-central Georgia not included in the Strategic Minerals Investigations Maps. Previous Investigations The results of the first studies of the geology and groundwater resources of east-central Georgia were published in 1898 by McCallie in a preliminary report on the artesian-well system of Georgia. In it data on eight artesian wells in Washington and Wilkinson Counties were given. In 1909 a second report relating to the ground water of the whole State was published by McCallie. Six years later, in 1915, U. S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 341, by L. W. Stephenson and J. 0. Veatch, on the ground waters of the Coastal Plain of Georgia, included information on all six of the counties in the area of this report. Water-Supply paper 912, by William L. Lamar, published in 1940, included data on the industrial quality of water used for the public supplies at Milledgeville, Baldwin County, and Sandersville, Washington County. An early report on the geology of the area was prepared by Veatch and Stephenson and published in Bulletin 26 of the Georgia Geological Survey in 1911. Cooke and Shearer, in 1918, made a study of the deposits of Claiborne and Jackson age in Georgia, which was published as U. S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 120. In 1943 another report on the geology of the Coastal Plain of Georgia by C. Wythe Cook was published as U. S. Geological Survey Bulletin 941. The Strategic Minerals Investigations Preliminary Maps of Twiggs, Washington, and Wilkinson Counties, Georgia, by W. C. Warren and R. M. Thompson were published in 1943 by the U. S. Geological Survey. As a basis for locating wells and plotting the geologic and hydrologic features of the area, the county highway maps prepared in 1939 and 1940 by the State Highway Board of Georgia in cooperation with the Federal Works Agency, Public 6 GEORGiA GEOLOGICAL SURvEY Road Administration, were used. These maps were supplemented by information from the Milledgeville and Irwinton quadrangles, U. S. Geological Survey topographic maps, and by aerial photo~ graphs of parts of Washington, Hancock, and Baldwin Counties. The following bibliography lists some of the reports that contain information on the geology, geography, and groundwater of east-central Georgia. Specific references are cited at the appropriate places in the text. Bibliography Cooke, C. Wythe, Geology of the Coastal Plain of South Carolina: U. S. Geological Survey Bull. 867; 196 pp., 18 pls., inc. gebl. maps, 2 figs., 1936. Cooke, C. Wythe, Geology of the Coastal Plain of Georgia: U. S. Geological Survey Bull. 941, 119 pp., 1 fig., 1 pl., 1943. Cooke, C. Wythe, and Shearer, H. C., Deposits of Claiborne and Jackson age in Georgia: U. S. Geol. Survey, Prof. Paper 120, 41-81, map, 1918. Climatological data obtained from the climatological report on the "Georgia Section", by R. L. Cornelius and A. J. Knarr, U. S. Department of Commerce, Weather Bureau, vol. 48, Nos. 1-13, 1944. Cushman, Joseph A., A Foraminiferal Fauna from the Twiggs Clay of Georgia, Contributions from the Cushman Laboratory for Foraminiferal Research, vol. 21, Part 1, No. 265, ~arch 1945. Dean, H. T., Chronic endemic fluorosis: Jour. Amer. Med. Assoc., vol. 107, pp. 1269-1272, 1936. Fenneman, Nevin M., Physiography of Eastern United States: xiii, 714 pp., illus., inc. geol. maps, New York, McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., 1938. Harper, Roland M., Phytogeographical explorations in the Coastal Plain of Georgia in 1904. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, vol. 32, pp. 451-465, .Sept. 1905. Harper, Roland M., A Phytogeographical sketch of the Altarhaha Grit region of the Coastal Plain of Georgia: Ann. N. Y. A cad. Sci., vol. 17, pp. 1-414, 28 pls., Nov. 1906. GEOLOGY AND GROUND-WATER RESOURCES 7 Harper, Roland M., Development of Agriculture in upper Georgia from 1850 to 1880, The Georgia Historical Quarterly, vol. 6, p. 6, March 1922. Harris, G. D., Eocene outcrops in central Georgia: Bull. Am. P,al. (no. 16), 7 pp., 1902. Josephson, G. W., Linn, A., U. S. Bureau of Mines, Mineral Market Report No. 1163, April 17, 1944. LaForge, Laurence; Cooke, C. Wythe; Keith, Arthur; and Campbell, Marius., Physical Geography of Georgia with an introduction by S. W. McCallie: Georgia Geol. Survey Bull. No. 42, 189 pp., 6 figs., 43 pis., 1925. Lamar, William L., Industrial Quality of Public Water Supplies in Georgia: U. S. Geol. Survey Water Supply Paper 912, 83 pp., 1 fig., 1940. . Loughridge, R. H., Report on the cotton production of the State of Georgia: Cotton Production of the State of Georgia, Tenth Census, vol. 6, pp. 259-307, 1884. McCallie, S. W., A preliminary report on the artesian-well system of Georgia: Georgia Geol. Survey, Bull. 7, 207 pp., 6 pls., 1898. McCallie, S. W., A preliminary report on the underground waters of Georgia: Georgia Geol. Survey, Bull. 15, 360 pp., 5 figs., -24 pis., 1 map, 1908. Meinzer, 0. E., Outline of ground-water hydrology: U. S. Geol. Survey Wa,ter Supply Paper 494, 71 pp., 35 figs., 1923. Meinzer, 0. E., The occurrence of ground water in the United States with a discussion .of principles: U. S. Geol. Survey Water Supply Paper 489, 321 pp., 110 figs., 31 pis., 1923. Sloan, Earle, Geology and mineral resources: Handbook of South Carolina, pp. 77-145, map, 1907. Smith, Richard W., Sedimentary kaolins of the Coastal Plain of Georgia: Geol. Survey of Georgia Bulletin No. 44, 474 pp., 1929. Stephenson, L. W., and Veatch, J. 0., Underground waters of the Coastal Plain of Georgia: U.S. Geol. Survey Water Supply Paper 341, 531 pp., 4 figs., 21 pis., 1915. 8 Thompson, Raymond; M,, Kaoli;n, deposits. of Twiggs, Qop.nty; Georgia: U. S. Geol .Survey; Strategic Minerals Investiga tions Preliminary Maps, 1943. . ... Thompson, Raymond M., Kaolin deposits of Washington County, Georgia: U.S. Geol. Survey, Strategic Minerals Investigations Preliminary Maps, 1943. Veatch, Otto, ;:~,nd Stephenson, L. W., Preliminary report on the geology of the Coastal Plain of Georgia: Georgia Geol. survey Bull. 26, 466 pp., maps, 1911. Warren, Walter C., and Thompson, R. M., Bauxite and kaolin deposits of Wilkinson County, Georgia, U. S. Geol. Survey, Strategic Minerals Investigations Preliminary Maps, 1943. White, George, Statistics of the State of Georgia, pp. 624, with folded geological map, Savannah, 1849. Acknowledgments The writer is indebted to Captain Garland Peyton, State Geologist, for helpful suggestions and assistance in the preparation of the report; also to his staff in furnishing technical help and information bearing upon the area. This report would not have been possible without the cooperation of well drillers, well owners, and superintendents of the town water works throughout the area. The information made available by these persons has been most valuable in the interpretation and understanding of the ground-water conditions of east-central Georgia. The writer is especially indebted to W: S. Beiser, Layne-Atlantic Company, Savannah, Georgia, for furnishing information on pumping tests; well installations, well logs and well samples for wells in Washington County. Acknowledgment is also due well drillers Walter Smith, of Tennille; Mark Hall, of Bartow; Barney Dean, of Toomsboro; 0. D. Tindall, of Mcintyre; and Will Hammock, of R. F. D. 4, Macon. 0. D. Holliman, master mechanic for Edgar Brothers, at Mcintyre, was very helpful in supplying information on the Company's well field in Wilkinson County. A. R. Mohr, plant superintendent, assisted in giving well data for the Edgar Brothers processing plant at Gardners, Washington County. L. H. Ledford, County Sanitarian, furnished much information on the water supply systems at the public schools in Washington County. E. G. GEOLOGY AND GROUND-WATER RESOURCES 9 Dallmus, Chief Maintenance Engineer, supplied the data on the Georgia Kaolin Company's well field at Dry Branch, Georgia. Among the many citizens of the area who helped in this study are: R. W. Culpepper, J. W. Boone, and T. A. Brundage of Irwinton; Georg,e Rawlings and E. P. Wood, of Sandersville; G. E. Mertz, of Tennille; W. C. Wilson, of Davisboro; Frank Lawson, of Huber; and E. R. Hamrick, of Jeffersonville. Constructive help was received from 0. E. Meinzer, V. T. Stringfield, C. W. Carlston, H. H. Cooper, Jr., C. Wythe Cooke, F. S. MacNeil, and S. M. Herrick, of the U. S. Geological Survey; R. W. Smith, of the U. S. Bureau of Mines; and R. M. Harper, of the Alabama Geological Survey. GEOGRAPHY Physiographic Divisions The area described by this report lies within the Coastal Plain and is bounded on the north by the Piedmont Province. In Georgia where the streams descend from the resistant preCambrian crystalline rocks of the Piedmont to the less resistant sands and clays of the Coastal Plain, a zone of falls is present in the courses of the streams. This transition zone, or zone of falls, is called the Fall Line. It ranges from 5 to 10 miles in width and forms a very irregular boundary between the Coastal Plain and the Piedmont. Otto Veatch1 in 1911 first used the terms "Fall Line Hills" in reference to two types of liilly upland at the northern edge of the Coastal Plain, the "Sand Hills" and the "Red Hills," which form a northeast-southwest belt across the State at the northern part of the Coastal Plain. In 1884 R. R. Loughridge2 used the term "Sand Hills" and "R~d Hills" in a report on the cotton production of the State of Georgia. Later, in 1922, R. M. Harper3 used the same terms on 1 Veatch, Otto, and Stephenson, L. '\V., Preliminary report on the geology of the Coastal Plain of Georgia: Georgia Geol. Survey Bull. 26, pp. 28-30, Hlll. 2 Loughridge, R. H., Report on the Cotton production of the State of Georgia, Tenth Census, vol. 6, pp. 259-307, 1884. 3 Harper, Roland M., A new method of mapping complex geographic features, illustrated by some maps of Georgia: School Science and Mathematics, vol. 18, pp. 699-702, November, 1918. 10 GEoRGIA G'EoLOG~CAL Sl!RVEY a regional map of the southeastern United States to Q.esig1;1~te the two physiographic divisions included by Veat.ch4 ih tb:e: :;!\~II Line Hills" region in Georgia. The same terminology is used in this report, and the Coastal Plain Province in east-central Georgia is subdivided into three physiographic divisons based on topography, underlying geologic formations, and soil. The divisions are: the "Sand Hills," "Red Hills," and the "Tifton Upland." The areal extent of these divisions is shown in figure 2. Sand Hills The Sand Hills represent the area in which the Tuscaloosa formation crops out in east-central Georgia. These hills form a belt 2 to 8 miles wide along the northern margin of the Coastal Plain except where the Eocene deposits overlap the Tuscaloosa formation. At the place ~f this overlap, the "Red Hills" project across the Sand Rills tq the Piedmont. This makes the Sand Hills area discontinuous at places in Jones, Baldwin, and Hancock Counties. The relief in the Sand Hills area rarely exceeds 100 to i5b feet, and the broad rolling hills with gentle slopes present no sharp topographic features. The soils are light-colored sand ahd sandy loams which are productive if properly fertilized. The drainage is to the southeast and southwest in the Sand Hills area, and the drainage pattern is dendritic. Red Hills The Red Hills are typically develpped in Washington, Wilkinson, and Twiggs Counties, forming a belt of hills about 20 miles wide across east-central Georgia. In southern Jones, Baldwin, and Hancock Counties the Red Hills project across the Sand Hills area to the Piedmont, forming long outliers of Jackson age, which extend as far as 12 miles into the Piedmont Province. The Red Hills are typically a series of hills, remnants of a former upland plateau, capped by brilliant red sand and sandy loams, a residual product of weathering from Eocene rocks. In the northern part of the Red Hills area the former upland plateau has been cut by; streams into a series of elongated north- 4 Veatch, Otto, and Stephenson, L. W., Preliminary report on the geology of the Coastal Plain of Georgia: Georgia Geol. Survey Bull. 26, pp. 28-30, 1911. GEOLOGY AND GROUND-WATER RESOURCES 11 east-southwest and northwest-southeast trending hills, on which little of the original surface remains. In the southern part of . the Red Hills area some of the upland surface remains and the bills broaden out, losing their elongated characteristics. In the central and southern part of the area where the three members of the Barnwell formation are present, a clay bed ranging in thickness from four to six feet in the top of the Irwinton sand member tends to hold up the original surface of the Eocene rocks. Where this clay bed is cut by erosion the high altitude of the upland plain above the rivers and streams and the weak character of the Irwinton sand member make ideal conditions for deep gullying. Gullies of 100 feet in depth occur at several localities in the Red llills south of Georgia Highway 24 in Washington County. D ~ Ill l.... """ Cootlol AeciHIIIl Ploln Prorinca Tifton UPIOIId ' : . , -_ _ : , _ " : , . : " ' . . . . . . : . . . . . . : Figure 2. Physiographic divisions of east-central Georgia. 12 In east-central Georgia the relief in the Red Hills rar('ll:y: exceeds 200 feet, although in southeastern Wilkinson and south.! western Washington Coi.mti"es 250 feet of relief occurs at a few " places. The drainage in the Red Hills is to the southeast aiit:i southwest, and the drainage pattern is dendritic. Tifton Upland The Tifton Upland" is south of the Red Hills. The topography consists chiefly of gently rolling hills with broad, rounded summits originally covered with forests of long-leaf pine. There is no parallelism of ridges as exhibited by the Red Hills and the relief rarely exceeds 50 feet. There is little dissection by streams, and it is only near the larger rivers that. the slopes .beco:m,e steeper. In southwestern Georgia the northern limit of the Tifton Upland forms an inland-facing escarpment which is 150 feet high in Decatur County. Eastward in southern Twiggs, Wilkinson and Washington Counties' this escarpment is not present because the Oligocei,J.e and Miocene deposits form only a thin cover over the underlying Eocene rocks. Aerial photographs of eastern Georgia show many shallow ponds and sinks along the northern margin of this area, possibly indicating that underlying Eocene limestones are near the surface. The residuum of Oligocene and Miocene formations that forms the Tifton Upland consists of sand and sandy clay, the weathering of which has produced a gray or yellowish-gray sandy soil with many scattered red ferruginous nodules at the surface. The light gray-yellow soil of the Tifton Upland is easily distinguished from the coarse red sandy soil of the Red Hills to the north. Drainage The Ogeechee River, which forms the eastern boundary of the area described in this report flows approximately southeast. Its channel is the eastern county line for most of Washington and Hancock Counties. In this area it has low swampy banks and is about 100 feet wide. Two southeast flowing tributaries .of the Ogeechee are the Little Ogeechee, which drains northern Washington and southeastern Hancock Counties, and Williamson Swamp Creek, which drains diagonally across eastern Wash- ucooke, C. W., Physical Geography of Georgia, Georgia Geol. Survey, Bull. 42, pp. 36, 37, 192.5. - - - ---- -------- --------- GEOLOGY AND GROUND-WATER RESOURCES 13 ington County. The Ogeechee flows southeast across Georgia from south-central Washington County into St. Catherine's Sound and the Atlantic Ocean about 25 miles south of Savannah. Although the Oconee River is not the largest river in the area covered by this report, it exerts the greatest drainage influence, because its entire drainage basin lies almost entirely therein. This river is about 200 feet wide and has low swampy banks. At some places in eastern Wilkinson and western Washington Counties the Oconee River flood plain is 5 to 6 miles wide. Southwest-flowing tributaries of the Oconee River in southwestern Hancock and western Washington Counties are Town, Gumm, Bluff, and Buffalo Creeks. Of these four, Buffalo Creek is the largest. Two large southeast-flowing tributaries, Commissioners and Big Sandy Creeks, flow into the Oconee River and drain all of Wilkinson, Baldwin, southeastern Jones, and northeastern Twiggs Counties. The Oconee joins with the Ocmulgee to form the Altamaha River about 45 miles to the south of this area. The Ocmulgee River forms the western boundary of the a:r:ea studied in this report and forms the western Twiggs and Jones County lines, except for a portion of Bibb County east of Macon. The main tributaries of the Ocmulgee River in Twiggs County are, from north to south, Dry Branch, Flat, Savage, and Crooked Creeks. Flat and Savage are the most important because they flow southwest diagonally across Twiggs County, and, therefore, exert the greatest drainage influence. The Ocmulgee is comparable in size and nature to the Oconee which it joins to the south to form the Altamaha River. Its wide swampy flood plain in western Twigg County is ideal fDr growing timber. Transportation The area is served by five railroads. The Southern Railway runs parallel to the Ocmulgee River across the western half of Twiggs County. The main line of the Macon, Dublin and Savannah Railroad connects Macon, Dry Branch, Jeffersonville, and Allentown in Twiggs and southwestern Wilkinson Counties. The main line of the Central of Georgia Railway passes through Macon, Griswold, Gordon, Mcintyre, Toomsboro, Oconee, Tennille, and Davisboro, furnishing transportation east-west through the central part of the area. A branch of the Georgia 14 GEORGIA GEOLOGICAL .SURVEY ' Railroad runs northeast from Macon; and connects James, 1\(Hlledgeville, Devereux and Sparta, furnishing railroad transpottation along the northern margin of the region. The Sltndersville Railroad connects Sandersville with Tennille and Wrightsville, and the Tennille Railroad passes through Harrison and makes connections to the south with the Mac.on, Dublin, and Savannah line in Dublin and with the Souther!). Railway system at Empire.. The area is fairly well covered by a network of paved highways. U. S. Highway 80 and Georgia Highway 19 link Allentown, Danville and Jeffersonville with Macon and other outside points. The Cochran Short Route (Georgia Highway 87) traverses western Twiggs County and connects Macon to the 'librth with Cochran to the south. Georgia Highway. 22 extends northeast to Macon, Milledgeville, Devereux, Sparta and points northeast. Georgia Highway 24 passes through Milledgeville, Sandersville, and Davisboro, and Georgia Hlighway 29 completes the paved network by connecting Milledgeville with Mcintyre, Irwinton, and Dublin. Graded roads connect all other towns . within the area, although in rainy weather some of the rural roads become nearly impassable in places. Population According to the federal census of 19406, the six counties had a total population of 89,657 and an average density of population of only 33.8 inhabitants per square mile, as compared with 53.4 for the entire State. Washington County leads the area with a total population of 24,230 inhabitants, although Baldwin County is most densely populated, having 91.3 persons per square m1le. Jones County is the most sparsely populated county in the area. Milledgeville is just north of the Fall Line in central Baldwin County, and has a population of 6,778. Sandersville, in central Washington County, with 3,566 inhabitants, is the largest town in the Coastal Plain in east-central Georgia. Only three other towns in the six counties have a population of more than 1,000; they are in order of their size : Sparta, Tennille, and Gordon. r. All 1940 population figures and agricultural statistics obtained from U. S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Census, Sixteenth Census of the U. S. 1940. GEOLOGY AND GROUND-WATER RESOURCES 15 Agriculture Approximately 65 percent of the total land area in the six counties was devoted to farm land in 1940. Washington and Baldwin Counties ranked first and second with 78 percent and 74 percent of their total area in farms, and Jones last with 53.3 percent in farm land. General farming and dairying are the leading occupations in the area, but much poultry farming is carried on in Washington, Hancock, and Wilkinson Counties. The principal crops of the area are corn and cotton, but legumes, sugar cane, winter wheat and oats are also of importance. Cattle raising is gaining importance in the area, and the older herds are being improved by the introduction of better breeds. The dairy farms of Baldwin and Washington Counties produced over two million gallons of milk in 1939. Natural Resources and Industries East-central Georgia is well endowed with natural resources. It has a plentiful artesian water supply, hard and soft kaolin, fuller's earth, limestone, bauxite, sand, gravel, and timber. The coarse sand and gravel beds of the Tuscaloosa formation constitute the most productive aquifer in the area. Nearly all the large private, industrial, and municipal wells in the area draw water from this source. Of greatest importance to the rural inhabitants of this area is the Irwinton sand member of the Barnwell formation, because its shallow water-bearing sands provide water to many shallow drilled and dug wells throughout the area. The calcareous facies in the upper part of the Barnwell formation yields quantities of water high in total hardness to many wells in east-central Washington County. The upper sand member of the Barnwell formation furnishes some water to shallow dug wells in the southern part of the area. During the period 1941-43 .Georgia produced an average of 76.6 percent of the China clay or kaolin sold or used by producers in the United States. In 1943, 732,590 short tons, or 78.8 percent of the national output of kaolin was mined in Georgia, a major portion of which was from mining operations in Washington, Wilkinson and Twiggs Counties. Of this national output of kaolin, 59 percent was consumed as a filler by the paper industry, 16 percent by refractories, 9 percent for pottery, and the 16 remainder was used in rubber, paints, cement, high-grade tile, linoleum, kiln furniture, and other productsJ Fuller's earth is mined at Pikes Peak, Twiggs County, by the General Reduction Company, and intermittently near Irwinton, Wilkinson County, at the Carswell Estate. The fuller's earth from east-central Georgia is mined from the Twiggs clay member of the Barnwell formation, which ranges in thickness from 25 feet in Washington County to nearly 89 feet in the Pikes Peak area. Most of the fuller's earth of the Twiggs clay is used in bleaching animal and vegetable oils.8 Two great demands for limestone are for the manufacture of Portland cement and as an agricultur.al lime. Previous to_ this date little limestone has been mined from the six counties within the scope of the report, although there are within the area two localities at which limestone of sufficient calcium and magnesium carbonate content is overlain by so little overburden as to be commercially valuable. A favorable area for prospecting lime- stone can be found in the uplands just east of Georgia Highway 87 south from Huber to Tarversville in Twiggs County. L. H. Turner, Chemist for the Department of Mines, Mining and Geology of Georgia, made an analysis of a sample of limestone from a quarry 2.1 miles southwest of Sandersville, Washington County, Georgia. This sample contained 92.56 percent calcium carbonate and 1.07 percent magnesium carbonate, and meets the usual specifications for an agricultural lime. In 1943 the U. S. Geological Survey made a detailed study9 of the bauxite deposits of Wilkinson County, Georgia. This study estimated bauxite reserves of commercial grade at 25,000. tons and possible reserves of 500,000 tons of material containing 45 per cent or more of Al20 3 and 30 percent or less of Si02 The bauxite in Wilkinson County occurs in small- and medium-sized kaolin lenses in the upper 20 feet of the Tuscaloosa formation. The most favorable area for prospecting was found to be in the vicinities of Cowpen, Lindsey and Water Ford Branches in the lower part of Big Sandy Creek, and along Dry Branch, Edmonds 7 Josephson, G. W., and Linn, A., U. S. Bureau of Mines, Mineral Market Report No. 1163, April 17, 1944. s Mineral resources of Georgia, Geol. Survey of Georgia, 1938. owarren, W. C., and Thompson, R. M., Bauxite and kaolin deposits of Wilkinson County, Georgia: U. S. Geol. Survey Strategic Minerals Investigations Preliminary Maps, 1943. GEOLOGY AND GROUND-WATER RESOURCES 17 Branch and in the area of Toomsboro, Georgia, along the lower part of Commissioners' Creek. No large deposits of sand and gravel are developed in eastcentral Georgia, although enough for local supplies can be found at several localities in Twiggs, Wilkinson, and Washington Counties. Fair-sized deposits of light gray, medium- to coarsegrained sand are found along Big Sandy Creek three miles south of Irwinton, Wilkinson County, and in northern Twiggs County. Throughout this area there are other deposits of sand and gravel, although lack of easy transportation makes their development impractical for any large-scale operations. Excellent timber-growing conditions exist in the area and large tracts of timber grow in the flood plains of the Ocmulgee, Oconee and Ogeechee Rivers, and in the uplands in the Red Hills and Sand Hills area in e?-st-central Georgia. Climate East-central Georgia is in an area characterized by a humid, temperate climate with rainfall normally adequate at all seasons. The climate of the area is favorable to the growth of many varieties of crops. Following the winter rains is a drier period during the spring and early summer when cotton and other crops need warmth and little rainfall. The summer rains fall during July and August, at a time when moisture is needed for the growing crops. The lowest rainfall is during September, October, and November, in the fall of the year at harvest time. A graphic summary of the climate of the Middle Division of Georgia, showing data collected by the United States Weather Bureau at Milledgeville, Baldwin County; and Harrison, Washington County, is presented in Figure 3. In the. upper part of the chart three curves. represent the average monthly, average highest, and average lowest monthly temperatures in the atmosphere over a 53-year period, 1892-1944. Below the curves two straight lines represent the average length of the growing season at Milledgeville and Harrison, Georgia. The length of these lines is determined by the earliest and latest date in the year on which the temperature was recorded below 32 degrees Fahrenheit. The bar graphs at the bottom indicate the highest, lowest, 18 "GEORGIA GEOLOGICAL StiRVEY' and mean precipitation for each month, based on data from 1892 to 1944.10 Temperature In the middle climatic division of Georgia the annual mean temperature of the atmosphere is 61.1F. The lo:west temperature during 1944 at Milledgeville, Georgia, was for December, 44.4F., a departure of -2.9F. from normal. The highest monthly temperature was for June, 79.6F., a departure of +0.6F. from normal. The highest temperature at Milledgeville during 1944 was 100F.J recorded on June 24, 1944. The lowest, 15F., was recorded on December 3 and 15, 1944. The frost-free, or average growing, season at Milledgeville is from March 20 to November 8, or 233 days long; and at Harrison, the average growing season is from March 29 to November 3, or 219 days long. The longer average growing season at Milledgeville may be explained by the shorter period over which the Harrison Weather Bureau station has been in operation. Precipitation The average annual precipitation in 1944, recorded at both Milledgeville and Harrison, Georgia, was 47.32 inches. At Milledgeville in 1944 the greatest monthly rainfall was 10.90 inches during March, and the least monthly rainfall, 1.68 inches, fell in November. During 1944, the Milledgeville weather station recorded 49.93 inches of rainfall, showing a slight increase in precipitation above the average for 1943. The driest year recorded over a 53-year period from 1892 to 1944 for the middle climatic division of Georgia was 1904 when only 33.81 inches of rainfall was recorded for the year. The greatest annual pre~ cipitation for this same period was 71.82 inches recorded during 1929. Table 1 shows the rainfall data for the middle climatic division of Georgia by five-year periods, 1892-1944. This table shows: the five-year mean rainfall; cumulative rainfall average from September 1 to November 30, the three driest months; and the cumulative rainfall averages from December 1 to March 31, the 1 Climatological data obtained from the climatological report on the "Georgia Section," by R. L. Cornelius, and A. J. Knarr, U. S. Department of Commerce, Weather Bureau, vol. 48, no's, 1-13, 1944. 110 '_~.-.\.~ -53 ,.4.. p 100 ~ :;..;--- _,_-j..\~ ~ 90 eo 70 t "' 60 w .. .. ""' "~' 50 ."w.'. 40 ::E v ", ~ 30 20 "" 10 ~ ~.?" _.,'!> tE~R 0 ERJnn l~~~ ~ ,_.. ~~'Y~- ~ ....,_:: ,, ~ ~ -'~ ~ ~ _,-<.' ~,)~ 1.~~...~~~ -...o-'-,- ~r--- ~ ""'--. "'-. t-- AVERAGE GROWING SEASON HARRISON, GEORGIA 0 I March 29 to November 3 I 1 March 20 to a November I AVERAGE GROWING SEASON MILLEDGEVILLE, GEORGIA 14 13 ,-- 12 I .--- 10 9 - ,-- .--- 7 r-- r-- 6 z 0 E I~ ii: (j I~ ~~ w.a.:. 4 V/./.l ~~ 3 ' I 1"::%""''"""''~ I~ I~ I~ I~I~ I~ I~ I~ ~ ~~ I~ ~ ~ v~ ~ ~-- , , ; . D Highest "" "" Mean~ Lowest - Figure 3. Climatic summary for Milledgeville and Harrison, Georgia. Records precipitation, temperatur-e, growing season for 53-year period, 1892 to 1944. Based on records of the Milledgeville and Harrison stations of the U. S. Weather Bureau. ---~Din 20 GEORGIA GEOLOGIC~ SuRYEY GOI four months period in which this area receives ,,'its greatest precipitation. This period of winter rains may be regarded as the time in which the ground-water supply is 'most rapidly recharged. The winter precipitation consists for the most ~art of gentle, steady rainfall, seldom exceeding 1.5 inches a day' and occurring during 8 to 15 days out of each of the four winter months. In this area the soil is seldom frozen for any great length of time in the winter and because of the nature of the winter rainfall the precipitation tends to soak into the soil and penetrate downward into underlying formations, replenishing the ground-water resources. Most of the summer rains during July and August' are a result of the warm, moist, tropical Gulf air, which is highly unstable, being deflected upward by convectional currents caused by solar heating of the land :Surface. These summer rains are more torrential in nature, 2 and 3 or more inches of precipitation often falling 'in a day, and instead of penetrating to the soil and underlying formations, a large part of it leaves the area through surface channels. Table 1. Precipitation Data for Middle Division By Five-Year Periods, 1892-1944 I .:::=: ."s0 1'1 C1l P-< C"1'l ..ci Q) 0~.0 C1l ~ ~~~A .!...>Q')-..'J:"i '~' o:.i s~~"<:l~ 8~P.'.l.:.li''""~''."~s' ~'~"' C1l ~ Q)0~.0 0'-' > .:.!:~.j..=>3~:~,'f-__,'10l="1~.U,'QP1'3<) s~ .-o o.s ::I'Hco o o ~'~;:::z P=iPl~~~ Q) 0.0 tCil~lf~."lp'.~, ~~~ ~:=:~1-:J+' 1:!~ o:;.:!r-1 C- ::::>0:0: O~~ l .8l 0:: SYM BOL SECTION THICK NESS CHARACTER OF ROCKS - b'-.=-.-=::''"""'--cc-:::-.c-:::<.-:~ Undifferentiated terrace and alluvial deposits consislinv of sll, a 0 -ov 1 cloy, sand and vrovel. Pmk, ton, and 'ilroy mottled sandy cloy. Probably represents a residuum .c I so~ of former Oligocene and Miocene formations. In southern Washington 1- County - coarse onvulor sand and fine grovel in a green clayey matrix. ~g~ ="> E Red ond brown coorst quartz sand, contains many flat rounded 25'~ beach pebbles scattered olonv bose of bed. >- 0: ~ cr- =aaw.. c 0 0:: 0 E 2 10: w w z w 0 l 1- 0 w c0 o :""ffb+;"-, j50'! ~ ~J~I;j~'"~~~T~~M 45' ~~:j~:t;~-:; ~~~;~~'-'IV Gray wo11y cloy mottled red. Bed ronvu from 2-4 feet thick. Light gray and yellow line to coarse quortz sond Interbedded with thin layers of vroy and yellow cloy. May meroe into Sandersville limestone member of tha Barnwell formation in central WashinQton County. Pole t;~run hockly fullers earth cloy with thin white omt~ulor quortt sand ilrenks. Becomes calcareous m eastern Washington County. and may orode upward into Sonders.vllo hmestone1 member of the Bornwell formation. Gray, hockly sandy marl. Very fossiliferous. Ocala limestone {Tivolo tonQue) ioterlinQers from west. 4- _ Yellow calcareous sand, Channel sands, pink and while medium to coarse quartz sand with many scattered kaolin particles. WATER BEARING PROPERTIES Supplies ground water to many shaiiOVt du'il, dnven and drilled wells in the flood-ploln orto of the Ocmuloee, Oconu and OQ . .che.e rivers ond their tributaries. Furnishes very limted supplies of vround water to shallow dUQ wells in southern Washington, Wilkinson and TwiQ'iJS Cou,.ntin. Suppllu o lew dUQ well' in the soUthern port of lht oreo covered by this report with o limited supply of 2 to I~ vollons of water o minute. Many sholloVt duQ ond drllled wells in ana covered by this rtporl rtcovtr small domntlc and stock supplitt from litis oquifer. Thes wells product from 3 to 15 oollons of water a minute. Water of oood quality. In central ohd eastern W.oshinoton County many drilled wells penetrate 1olution covilin In this member and recover up to 250 oollons of water o minute. Water from this aquifer Is relatively hi9h in dissolved solids and total hardness. No record of wells produclnt;~ from !hill bed. Ouv wells recover limited suppllu of 2 to 6 vallons of water o minute from this oqulflr. Water of low mineral conttnt. 6(/) V> g ~ ~ ~ <( C1. ~ r w =>w Ct: 0: 0 0 ~ C ~ ~ g ~ .2 en 1- :::J 1- I .!:t (/) ooW.:I.o-wo::::o:wo> .J ~w 5~..~.J Alternoling beds of light colored wt)ite, Qroy, ton, purple fine to coarse micaceous sand, sandy cloy, ond cloy. Scattered stringers of grovel and lenses of kaolin, Supplies many duQ wells in tht outcrop area ol tht formation. Furnishes up to BOO vattans a minute to domtstlc, municipal ond industrial "ells in southern half of east ctntrol Gtorg!o. Wottr of oood quality. Schist, biotite Qntiss and granite vnein of probable pre-Cambrian aoe, and porphyritic, muscovite and biotite granite of Paleozoic ove injected at some localities by dolerite di~es of Triassic ave. Supplies small pr.ivote, Industrial and municipal w1ll1. Individual wells rarely product aver 50 gallons 0 minute. Figure 4. Generalized section of the geologic formations in east-central Georgia. 22 GEoRGIA G:Eoi.dGICAL SURVEY . \ OUTLINE OF GEOLQGY of A generalized section of the geologic.forfnations east-central Georgia and a generalized statement with regard to the groundwater conditions existing for each formation are sho~n in Fig. 4. The oldest rocks exposed iii east-central Georgia bordering the area of this report on the north are the metamorphic and igneous rocks of pre-Cretaceous age, which are present in the Piedmont Province in the northern three-quarters of Jones, Baldwin, and Hancock Counties. The contact of the crystalline rocks with the overlying Coastal Plain sediments and the Coastal Plain formations was mapped. Following the final metamorphism and uplift of the crystalline rocks a long period of erosion took place throughout all but the last or the Upper Cretaceous epoch of the Mesozoic era. During this time the surface of the crystalline rocks was reduced to a peneplane. The Tuscaloosa formation of Upper Cretaceous age lies unconformably on the peneplaned crystalline rocks and crops out in a discontinuous belt from 2 to 8 miles wide along the northern margin of the Coastal Plain. Throughout most of east-central Georgia the beds of clay, sand and grav~l of the Tuscaloosa formation are overlapped by deposits of upper Eocene age, for rocks of Paleocene .and early, middle, and lower Eocene age are not present in much of the area. During late Eocene time, approximately 150 to 200 feet of sand, clay, marl, and limestone were deposited in a shallow marine sea. These upper Eocone deposits which lie unconformably on the Tuscaloosa formation represent the Barnwell formation, which contains the basal Twiggs clay member, the Irwinton sand member, and a thin overlying sand bed, tentatively included as the upper sand member This sand bed may prove to be of Oligocene age. The basal Twiggs clay member of the Barnwell formation is typically composed of pale green hackly clay which grades into gray marl and calcareoussand. The Irwinton sand member is composed of light-gray and yellow loose sand with thin interbedded clay layers. The upper sand member is a thin bed of coarse angular sand with flat polished beach pebbles, present in the upper 10 to 15 feet of the Eocene deposits in this area. GEOLOGY AND GROUND-WATER RESOURCES 23 The Irwinton sand and Twiggs clay members of the Barnwell formation are represented by less distinctive deposits in the Barnwell formation farther east. The Twiggs clay may be equivalent to the Santee limestone of South Carolina. The Irwinton sand together with the Twiggs clay merges laterally into the upper part of the Ocala limestone in the western half of Georgia. Undifferentiated deposits of Miocene and Oligocene age lie uncomformably on beds of Jackson (upper Eocene) age in southern Washington, Wilkinson, and Twiggs Counties. GENERAL GROUND-WATER CONDITIONS Source of Ground Water Ground water is the water below the land surface that issues from or may be pumped from springs or wells. In east-central Georgia ground water l.s derived almost entirely from precipitation in the form of rainfall, supplemented by an occasional light snowfall during the winter. Atmospheric water in the form of rain or snow falling on the earth's surface begins a hydrologic cycle. After leaving the atmosphere and falling on the earth, some of the water runs off the surface in the form of creeks and rivers, and eventually reaches the ocean. Some of the water falling on the earth's surface seeps into the soil and begins to percolate downward below the land surface. A classification11 of divisions of subsurface water is shown in figure 5. Suspended water, or vadose water, is the water in the zone of aeration which lies between the land surface and the zone of saturation. The water passing below the surface into the zone of aeration tends to percolate down into the zone of saturation due to the force of gravity. Counteracting the downward force of gravity in the zone of aeration are the molecular forces which tend to hold the vadose water in suspension and retard its progress toward the zone of saturation. The hydrologic cycle may be shortened by the evaporation or transpiration of surface water or subsurface water and its return to the atmosphere before it reaches the zone of saturation. Some of the water, however, percolates down to the zone of saturation and becomes ground water. 11 Meinzer, 0. E., Outline of ground water hydrology, U. S. Geol. Survey Water Supply Paper 494, pp. 11-30, 1923. 24 GEORGIA GE:oi:.oG!6Ai. Su:Rv:EY The term ground water is used to designate the water in the zone of saturatjon. The upper surface of the zone is calle'cf'the water table. The ground water feeds the springs, which maintain the fair-weather flow of the streams. Although wells may ----- Belt of soil water Land surface Soil water - _.,r,fJ;r;,""' ' c -~ ~., 0 Intermediate Intermediate vadose water 0 ., .. c 0 "' N ~ ~ " -""e"" 0., belt Capillary fringe ----- Water table Fringe water c 0 N c -~ ~ :::1 Ground water 0 "' ~ ., I c 0 N - "'"' 0 0 !1: .,2 c- No""u" 0 0: lnter.,al water i I Figure 5. Diagram showing divisions of subsurface water (After 0. E. Meinzer, Figure 2, U. S. Geological Survey, Water Supply Paper 494). GEOLOGY AND GROUND-WATER RESOURCES 25 penetrate materials which contain suspended or vadose water, water will not be yieldeduntil the zone of saturation is reached. Storage and Movement of the Ground Water12 There are many kinds of rocks that form the earth's crust, and they differ greatly in the number, size, shape, and arrangement of their interstices. These spaces or interstices are the openings through which the liquids and gases, such as water, oil, natural gas or air, are transported. Therefore, the occurrence of water in the rocks of any region is determined by the character, distribution, and structure of the rocks, or in other words, by the geology of that region. Some rocks are characterized by numerous interstices of very small size, others by a few large openings such as fractures or solution channels. The porosity of a rock is its property of containing interstices. The porosity of a sedimentary deposit depends on the shape, arrangement, degree of assortment, cementation and compaction of the constituent particles since deposition, the removal of mineral matter through solution by percolating waters, and the fracturing of the rock, resulting in joints and other openings. The porosity of a rock determines only :Qow much water a given rock will hold. A rock is said to be saturated when all of its interstices are filled with water. The best yields of water in east-central Georgia are from sand strata. Water is contained in these beds in the pore spaces between the sand grains. Other openings containing ground water in the rocks in this area are: solution channels or caverns in limestone, and the joints, crevices and open bedding planes which have resulted from the fracturing of the rocks. See figure 6. The permeability of a rock is its capacity for transmitting water under pressure and is measured by the rate at which water is transmitted through a given cross section under a given difference of pressure per unit distance. Coarse sand and gravel, if well-sorted, are very permeable and will transmit water readily. Finer sediments, such as silt and clay, may have as high porosity as sand, but because of the small size of the 12 For a detailed treatment of ground water, see Meinzer, 0. E., The occurrence of ground water in the United States with a discussion of principles: U. S. Geol. Survey Water Supply Paper 489, pp. 2-3, 28, 1923. 26 GEORGIA GEOLOGICAL ,SURVEY interstices they have only low permeability or may be practically impermeable. 8 E c F Figure 6. Diagl'am showing several types of rock interstices and the relation of rock texture to porosity; A, well-sorted sedimentary deposit having a high porosity; B, poorly sorted sedimentary deposit having low porosity; C, well-sorted sedimentary deposit consisting of pebbles that are themselves porous, so that the deposit as a whole has a very high porosity; D, well-sorted sedimentary deposit whose porosity has been diminished by the deposition of mineral matter in the interstices; E, rock rendered porous by solution; F, rock rendered porous by fracturing. (After 0. E. Meinzer, U. S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 489.) GEOLOGY AND GROUND-VVATER RESOURCES 27 Water Table The upper surface of the zone of saturation is called the water table, except where this surface is confined by a bed of clay or other relatively impervious material. The water table is rarely a stationary surface, but fluctuates in response to variations in the rate of water withdrawn by pumpage in an area, and by daily, seasonal, and yearly variations of climatic conditions. Usually there is only one zone of saturation, but at some places in the downward percolation of subsurface water through the zone of aeration its downward progress is arrested by an impervious layer. This causes an upper zone of saturation separate from the true or main ground water body, and the area of this zone of saturation is called a perched water table. Artesian Conditions In east-central Georgia the formations of the Coastal Plain consist chiefly of alternating beds of permeable sand and gravel interbedded with more or less impermeable clay and marl. The strata dip to the southeast at the rate of about 15 feet per mile. The principal aquifers are the beds of sand and gravel. In the area of outcrop of these aquifers water from the surface percolates down into the zone of saturation, and under the force of gravity it moves down-dip until it becomes confined between impermeable beds. The weight of the water at higher levels in a confined aquifer exerts a pressure, and when a well penetrates such an aquifer down dip from the intake area, water will rise in the well above the bottom of the confining bed. Wells of this type are called artesian wells. The pressure of ground water due to the weight of water at higher levels in the same zone of saturation is called the hydrostatic pressure. The head of water at a given point in an aquifer may be expressed as the height of a column of water that can be supported by the hydrostatic pressure. The imaginary surface to which artesian water will rise in wells is called the piezometric surface. Flowing wells result when the head is high enough or the surface is sufficiently low to allow artesian water to overflow at the surface. An area of artesian flow is an area in which the piezometric surface is higher than the land or water surface. Figure 7 -is a diagram showing artesian and non-artesian conditions. 28 (::-EORGIA (::-EOLOGI<;JA:f.. $URVEY .,; ~ 0 :;ajj ~ 0 <:) . !=: .foill :; ..<.J.,) ~ ~ ~ 0 !=: j '<:j !=: ol .;!=s: ....,112 ~ " (Analyzed by A. T. Ness and Evelyn Holloman. Parts per million. Numbers at heads of columns correspond to numbers in table and in plate 2) Number 2 3 7 11 12 15 17 20 a Geologic horizon Channel Crystalline Tuscaloosa Tuscaloosa Tuscaloosa Crystalline Crystalline Tuscaloosa Surface and rocks & rocks & rocks & Water Tuscaloosa Tuscaloosa Tuscaloosa - SIriolinca(F(Se)i_0_2_)_-_-_-_-_--_-_-_-_-_- ------.0-9--- ------------ .39 ------.0--2-- ------.2--2-- ------.0-2--- -------.7-6---- ------------ 5.8 ------.3--2-- Calcium (Ca) _________ Magnesium (Mg) ______ Sodium & Potassium ------------------- ------------ ------------ ------------------- ------------------- ------------------- ---------------------- .------------ ------------ ------------------- 15 : .10 4.8: 2.4 0 ~ ~ ~: Q ~ ~ (Na+K) ___ --------Carbonate (C03) ______ Bicarbonate (HCOa) ___ -------------4--.0---- --------6-i-i-_-_-__-_-_- ---------- -----5-.0---- ------------------- 1.0 ------------------- 3.0 ------6-4--_-__-_-_-_- --------8-5- -__- - 7 --- ___ ---------- ---1-6------ 6.7" 0 ~ 29 d 1: 0~,, Sulphate (SO,) ________ 2 4 4 1 1 11 Chloride (Cl)__________ 3 3 2 2 10 2 7 2 2 3 3.0"' 3.1: e ~ ~ Fluoride (F) ____ ------ .0 .3 .0 .0 .0 .2 .3 .0 .()3 ~ Nitrate (N03)--------- 5.6 .1 ' .1 6.5 32 .1 0.2 10 .60 Dissolved Solids_______ Total Hardness________ .---------8 ----4-0------- ---------- 8 ---------- 6 ---1--6----- -----------30 ----5-7------- ---1--6----- 51 22 : f Date of collection, 1944_ 11-8 Temperature, F.______ 65 11-24 63 11-6 66 11-6 65 11-10 67 11-6 67 11-4 66 11-6 :Jan, 1938* 64 ------ -- -- * *Composite 10-day sample--Oconee River-raw water. :~{ GEOLOGY AND GROUND-WATER RESOURCES 77 Hancock County [Area 485 square miles. Population 12,764] Geography Hancock County lies in the northeast corner of the area described in the report. The population is largely rural and averages 26.3 inhabitants per square mile. During the period 1930-40 the population increased by 2.3 percent. Sparta, the county seat, has a population of 1,872 inhabitants. In the Piedmont area in the northern two-thirds of this county are the villages of Sparta, Powelton, Mayfield, Jewel, Culverton, and Granite Hill. In the southern third, or Coastal Plain area, are the villages of Devereux, Carrs, and Linton. In 1940 the county had 211,606 acres, or 68.2 percent of the area, in farmland. On the 1,679 farms in the county, 34,663 acres were cultivated in corn and 13,241 acres in cotton. Winter wheat and oats were also of agricultural importance. The poultry farms of the county raised 82,636 chickens in 1940. During the same period there were 24 manufacturing establishments in the area whose annual products were valued at $798,421. Natural resources of major importance are timber, building stone, and kaolin. The northern two-thirds of Hancock County is in the Piedmont Province. This area has a maximum relief of 350 to 400 feet and is characterized by deep-red residual soils. There is little break in the surface features between the Piedmont and the Coastal Plain Provinces, and the relief and topographic features are similar in the two regions except that land forms in the Coastal Plain or the southern one-third of the county are more rounded and smooth, whereas the Piedmont is more dissected by rain gullies and small ravines. Outstanding in this region is the relief exhibited in the area of overlap of the Eocene deposits in the vicinty and to the west of Devereux. This relief is caused by a tongue of Eocene material extending 14 miles north from the Washington-Hancock County line (see fig. 18). The remainder of the Coastal Plain sediments form a discontinuous belt across the southern part of the county. The maximum relief of this area is about 200 feet. 7 GEoRGIA GEoLOGICAL SuRVEY The Oconee River forms most of the western Hancock County boundary line and with its tributaries, Buffalo, Town, and Shoulderbone Creeks, drains all the central and western part of the area. The Ogeechee River forms the eastern county boundary line and with its tributaries, Little Ogeechee ltiver Powell and Fulsome Creeks, drains the eastern third of th~ area. - Figure 18. East view across Piedmont from the Devereux outlier in western Hancock County Geology The northern two-thirds of Hancock County is in the area of outcrop of pre-Cambrian granite gneiss, biotite gnei s, and schist intruded at some places by dolerite dikes of Triassic age. Also present in this area are three narrow east-west trending belts of slate, quartzite and volcanics. Overlying the crystalline metamorphic and igneous rock of the Piedmont in the southern one-third of the county are the unconsolidated rocks of the Coastal Plain. In the western part of the county in the vicinity of Carrs and Devereux the Tuscaloosa formation does not exceed 50 feet in thickness, and consists of white kaolinitic clay, light-colored sands, and gravel. GEOLOGY AND GROUND-WATER REsoURcEs 79 With the exception of the Mayfield outlier and several thin exposures of Cretaceous rocks in the vicinity of Carrs, Devereux, and Linton, the entire section of Coastal Plain sediments in the southern third of Hancock County is represented by the over. lapping deposits of Eocene age. The Eocene deposits are represented by the pink and white coarse kaolinitic channel sands overlain in the southeastern and south-central parts of the county by the Twiggs clay and Irwinton_ sand members of the Barnwell formation. The entire thickness of these beds rarely exceeds 75 to 100 feet in this area. A section showing the lithology and stratigraphic relationship of these units in eastern Hancock County is as follows: Section exposed in a road cut 3.3 milessouth on dirt road from Jewell, -Hancock County Thickness. (Feet) Eocene (upper Eocene) Barnwell formation Irwinton sand member 4. Sand, brownish-tan, fine to medium-grained, cross-bedded, and with thin clay streaks and clay balls near base. 35 Twiggs Clay member 3. Clay, yellow, tough, plastic, fine sandy, micace- ous. 6 Channel sand 2. Sand, orange, cross-bedded, angular, coarse, arkosic. Bed contains many scattered kaolin particles and gravel up to 3 inches in diameter. 8 Uncomformity Pre-Cambrian 1. Granite, highly weathered. 10 Ground Water In the northern two-thirds of Hancock County shallow wells 20 to 60 feet deep in the residual clayey soils of the Piedmont provide enough water for small domestic and stock supplies. Most of these shallow dug wells produce about 1 to 3 gallons a minute, and a few produce as much as 5 gallons a minute. 80 Drilled wells in.the ,crystalline ar~a .yielt~:;uf~icient; g;r,cn;rp.d water for small municipal and industri.al de;mandi;!, but ra,:r;~ly,rqo drilled wells in this area-produce more than 50 gailons a ;r;ninu~e.. Because of the complexity or the crystalline rocks, no generaliz~d statement of ground-water conditions can be given for th~:area. In southwestern and southeastern Hancock County the southeastward sloping surface of the crystalline rock is buried beneath thin deposits of clay, sand, and gravel of the Coastal Plain except where exposed by stream erosion. The Coastal Plain sediments do not exceed 200 feet in thickness at any lo- cality in the area, and therefore only limited amounts of ground water can be recovered {rom them:. These sand and gravel beds . of the Coastal Plain. form part of the intake area of the. Tusca- loosa and Barnwell formation, and have developed little or no artesian pressure. Quality of Ground Water Water samples were collected from five wells in the Coastal Plain area in southern Hancock County. Well 8 at Linton, is 150 feet deep and recovers its entire water supply from the crystalline rocks. Comparison of water from this well with the other 4 well waters collected from the Tuscaloosa formation and the channel sands in this area indicates a slightly higher mineral content for water in the crystalline rocks than for water from unconsolidated deposits far up the dip along the northern margin of the Coastal Plain' Province. Local Supplies Sparta (population 1,872) has a municipally owned and operated water works, originally installed in 1912. Three drilled wells furnish ground water from the crystalline rocks. The wells have individual capacities of 30, 70 and 70 gallons a minute, although the two 70-gallon wells are located so near each other that when their pumps are operated simultaneously their combined yield does not greatly exceed 70 gallons a minute. These wells are pumped into a 93,000-gallon reservoir. From the reservoir the water is pumped into an 80,000-gallon elevated tank by two electrically driven centrifugal pumps with capacities of 500 and 200 gallons a minute. From the tank, water is distributed to the town through 8-inch, 6-inch, and 4-inch mains: GEOLOGY AND GROUND-WATER RESOURCES 81 The average daily consumption for all purposes at Sparta is about 70,000 gallons. A maximum daily consumption of about 80,000 gallons occurs during the summer months. To facilitate discussion of the ground water in the Coastal Plain in southern Hancock County, a unit is made of the southeastern half of the County east of Buffalo Creek, and another unit west of Buffalo Creek. The seven wells in southeastern Hancock County for which data were collected range from 29.6 to 192 feet in depth. All but two of these wells are dug wells, recovering ground water from the channel sands and the Irwinton sand member of the Barnwell formation. Four of these five wells recovering water from the Barnwell formation use a bucket and hand windlass as a method to recover water from the well, therefore no estimate could be made as to their capacity. Well 4 had an electric pump and could be pumped at the rate of 3.6 gallons a minute. Weill, drilled in 1936 to a depth of 192 feet, recovers water from both the Tuscaloosa formation and the crystalline rocks, and has a capacity of 7.5 gallons a minute. The driller's log of this well is as follows : Log of well 1 at Mayfield, Hancock County, Georgia (Authority, E. R. Whaley, owner) Top soil Red clay Fine white sand Depth (feet) 0-3 3-52 52-90 Rock Fine white sand Rock Depth (feet) 90-132 132-142 142-192 In the western part of southeastern Hancock County another w:ell, drilled in 1932 to a depth of 90 feet, probably recovers water from a thin bed of sand and gravel in the Tuscaloosa formation. The 10 feet of screen in this well is set from 80 to 90 feet, and the capacity of the well is 1.5 gallons a minute. In southwestern Hancock County well data were 'collected for 14 wells, all but two of which were dug wells ranging in depth from 27 to 82 feet. These shallow dug wells obtained water from the Tuscaloosa formation, the channel sands, and Irwinton sand member of the Barnwell formation. The coarse 82 GEOI!.GIA GEOLOGICAL SUilVEY Records of Wells in 1. Measured depths of wells given in feet and tenths; reported depths given in feet. 2. Pumps: C, cylinder; F, natural flow; N, none; P, pitcher; T, turbine; B, windlass (bucket); 3. D, domestic; I, industrial; N, none; P3, public supply; S, stock; RR, Railroad. 4. M. P ., measuring point: ' Well No. Plate 2 Location Owner or Name Depth of Well (Ft.) (1) Diam- Depth to eter which of well is Well cased (ln.) (Ft.) Geologic Horizon 1 NW 3 mi. from Mayfield_ E. R. Whaley ____ 2 NW 2.9 mi. from Jewell_ W. T. Frasier_ ___ 3 SE 4.4 mi. from Culver- Will Hataway____ ton. 4. S 4.3 mi. from Jewell____ B.H. Yardborough 5 S 1.9 mi. from wellS ____ Jefferson Std. Bank Ins. Co. 6 7 S 0 .4mi. from well 7 ____ W. L. Wilson ____ SE 6. 2 mi. from Sparta__ J. H. Archer_ ____ 8 Linton, Ga ____________ J. H. Trawick____ 9 SW 4.1 mi. from Linton_ S. E. Blizzard____ 10 S 1. 2 miles from well1L_ 2nd. Beulah Church. 11 SE 1.4 mi. from well12__ Mrs. T. L. Brown_ 12 S 3. 2 mi. from Devereux_ H. L. Kennedy___ 13 14 S. 1 mi. from Devereux__ R. L. Waddell ___ Devereux______________ Charles Coleman_ 15 W 0 . 8 mi. from Dever- Mrs. Katie Nelson eux. 16 W. 1. 7 mi. from Dever- W. E. Bass ______ eux. 17 NW 2. 8 mi. from Dever- Mamie Warren___ eux. 18 N 0. 7 mi. from well17___ Warren Chapel Jr. High Scl. 19 S 1.4 mi. from well16 ___ A.O.Hutchings ___ 20 NW 1. 3 mi. from Carrs__ C. C. Pounds ____ 21 S 0. 9 mi. from Carrs _____ James H. Arnold_ 192 6 34.4 36 63.2 48 142 Tuscaloosa & crystalline rocks. 25 Channel sand __ 60 Irwinton sand__ 39.5 48 8 Channel sand __ 44.9 48 44 Channel sand __ 29.6 90 48 2 -------80 Irwinton sand__ Tuscaloosa ____ 150 3 150 Crystalline rocks. 65 82 48 2 -------77 Irwinton sand__ Channel sand __ 38.6 48 38 Chamiel sand __ 58 36 25 Tuscaloosa ____ 50.7 63 -------48 -------62 Tuscaloosa ____ Tuscaloosa ____ 46.6 48.3 48 -------- Tuscaloosa____ 36 48 Tuscaloosa ___ 82 48 77 Channel sand __ 42.5 48 3 Channel sand __ 72.5 48 27 36 50.9 48 65 Tuscaloosa ____ 27 Tuscaloosa ____ 3 Tuscaloosa ____ sand of the Tuscaloosa formation appears to be the most productive ground-water aquifer in this region. Wells 15, 16, and 19 yield approximately 4 gallons a minute, well 13 yields 6 gallons a minute, and well 14 yields 7 gallons a minute from this aquifer. Because the Coastal Plain sediments in this area are in the form of outliers and tongues overlapping the Piedmont GEOLOGY AND GROUND-WATER RESOURCES 83 Hancock County Pow~r: E, electric motor; G, gasoline engine; H, hand; W, wind. Meth- Use od of of Lift Water (2) (3) Measuring Point Description Height above Height (+)or above below sea (-)land level surface (ft.) (ft.) Depth to Date Water of Level Measure- Below ment M.P. (ft.) (4) Remarks- (Yield of nonflowiilg wells and discharge of flowing wells given iu gallons a minute) CE DS Land surface____ 0.0 -------- -65 11-10-44 Partial analysis. Discharge 7 .5. BH BH DS Top well curbing DS Top well shelf___ +2.8 +2.0 --------------- -32 -59.2 11-24-44 11-24-44 T--. -6-4---F-.-------------- CE DS Top wood curb- +1.2 -------- -27.3 11-11-44 T. 65 F. ing. BH DS Top well shelf___ +3.5 -------- -37.8 11-11-44 T. 65 F. BH cw DS Top well shelf___ DS Land surface____ +3.6 -------- -26.3 11-24-44 T. 64 F. 0.0 -------- -75 11-24-44 Screen set 80-90 ft. Dis- charge 1.5. CE DS Land surface____ 0.0 -------- -45 11-2-44 Partial analysis. Dis- charge 8. BH DS Top wood curb __ +2.9 503 CH PS Top cement curb + .1 480 -53.5 -65 11-24-44 11-24-44 S--c-re-e-n--s-e-t -7-7---8-2--ft-.--D-i-s-- charge 3. CG DS Top well shelf_ __ +2.8 -------- -34.8 11-24-44 Discharge 8. T. 64 F. BH DS Top well shelf___ +2.6 611 CE CE DS Top cement curb DS Land surface____ + .6 0.0 620 64 -52.6 -50.2 11-24-44 11-24-44 D- -is-c-h-a-r-g-e- -6-. - - - - - - - - - - - -59 11-24-44 Partial analysis. Dis- charge 7. CE DS Top wood shelf__ +4.3 -------- -38.2 11-24-44 Discharge 4. cw DS Top of tile curb__ +3 619 -43.3 11-24-44 Discharge 4. CH DS Top cement curb + .2 635 -76 11-24-44 Partial analysis. Screen set 77-82 ft. BH PS Top well shelf___ +3.1 -------- -34.4 11-24-44 T. 64 F. TE DS Top well shelf___ +3.3 600 BH DS Top well shelf___ +3.0 500 BH DS Top well shelf ___ +3.2 563 -69 11-24-44 Discharge 4. -20.7 -49.1 11-24-44 11-24-44 P--a-rt-i-a-l---a-n-a-l-ysi-s-.- --- -T. 63 F. rocks, little or no artesian pressure is built up, and therefore flowing wells from the Coastal Plain sediments in Hancock County are not probable. 84 GEORGIA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Analyses of Ground Waters from Hancock County.. (Analyzed by Evelyn Holloman. Parts per million. Numbers at heads of columns correspond to numbers in table a:o.d in plate 2) Number 1 8 14 17 21 Geologic horizon Tu~caloosa Crystalline Tuscaloosa Cham:iel Tuscaloosa & crystal" rocks sand line rocks Silica (Si02)---------- ---------- --------~- ---------- ---------- ---------- Iron (Fe)_____________ .85 11 .16 7.0 .57 Calcium (Ca) _________ ---------- ---------- ---------- __________ ---------- Magnesium (Mg) ______ ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- Sodium & Potassium ' c~~~n;tte~Bo~)====== Bicarbonate (HCOa)--- =====4=4==== =====4=6 ==== ======6=.=0== ======7=.=0== =====3=3==== Sulphate (804)-------- 7 12 1 2 2 Chloride (Cl)_________ 2 3 7 26 1 Fluoride (F)---~------ ' .2 .2 .0 .0 .0 Nitrate (NOa)_________ .0 .1 11 22 .1 Dissolved Solids_______ --------------~----------------------------------- Total Hardness_______ 30 32 12 22 27 Date of collection, 1944_ 11-10 12-2 11-24 11-24 11-24 Temperature, F.______ 65 63 64 65 63 Jones County [Area 402 square miles. Population 8,331] Geography Jones County forms the northwestern corner of the area covered by this report. It is bounded on the west by the Ocmulgee River, on the north by Jasper and Putnam Counties, on the east by Baldwin County, and on the south by Twiggs County. Jones is the most thinly populated county in the area described, having only 20.7 inhaqitants per square mile. During the period 1930-1940 there was a 7.4 percent decrease in its population. Agriculture is the leading occupation in the area, and in 1940 approximately 53 percent, or 137,112 acres, were devoted to farmland. On the 740 farms of the county, 34,663 acres were cultivated in corn and 13,241 acres in cotton. Poultry farms raised 46,536 chickens during the same period, and winter wheat, oats, and cattle' also rank high in agricultural value. Slightly more than the northern three-quarters of Jones County is in the Piedmont Province. The principal towns of this GEOLOGY AND GROUND-WATER RESOURCES 85 area are: Gray, population of 698; East Julliette, population 300; and three other small villages-James, Haddock, and Way,side. Almost the entire western quarter of the area is included in the Piedmont National Wildlife Refuge and the Chattahoochee National Forest. There are no towns or villages in the Coastal Plain area in the southern one-quarter of Jones County, although there are several small concentrations of inhabitants near McWilliams, Van Buren, and Postell stations on the Central of Georgia Railway. The relief of the Piedmont in this area probably does not exceed 350 feet. The development of the present land surface of the Piedmont has been brought about almost entirely by the action of stream erosion, which has slowly worn down the land surface to almost a plane. This region has deep red clayey soils which gully rapidly when the vegetation is removed. There are two physiographic subdivisions in the Coastal Plain area in southern Jones County, the Sand Hills and the Red Hills (see figure 2). The Sand Hills parallel, from east to west, Commissioners, Slash, and Big Sandy Creeks, and represent the area of outcrop of the Tuscaloosa formation. In the southwestern part of the area the Tuscaloosa formation is not overlapped by younger beds of upper Eocene age, and the Sand Hills are adjacent to the Piedmont. The Sand Hills are broad rolling hills with gentle slopes and light-colored sandy soils, and the maximum relief of the area is about 100 to 150 feet. In the Red Hills or uplands between the stream valleys, the soils are generally bright red sandy loams derived from the sand, sandy clay, and clay of the Barnwell formation. Little original surface or flat land remains at the summit level in this area along .the northern margin of the Fall Line, because the streams have cut into these deposits, leaving only narrow hills paralleling the streams of the area. The relief of the Red Hills area is about 200 feet. Nearly all of southern, eastern, and central Jones County is drained to the southeast by Big Sandy, Commissioners, and Big Cedar Creeks, which are tributaries of the Oconee River. The western and northwestern parts of the county are drained to the southwest by Falling and Walnut Creeks, which flow into the Ocmulgee River. 86 l GEORGIA. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY,' Geology The crystalliiie metamorphic and igneous rocks of the Piedmont crop out in the 'area to the north of the Coastal Plaiii in Jones County. These rocks consist of granite gneiss, biotite gneiss, and schist of probable pre-Cambrian age injected at some localities by dolerite dikes of Triassic age. In northwestern Jones County, in the vicinity of East Julliette, hornblende gneiss of probable pre-Cambrian age crops out. The surface of the cryst~lline rocks slopes to the. southeast and in the southern quarter of the county is covered by the Coastal Plain deposits. The sedimentery deposits of the Coastal Plain attain a maximum thickness of about 200 feet in southwestern Jones County. The, Tuscaloo'sa formation thickens to the southeast from a few feet along the Fall Line to a maximum of 120 feet of alternat~ng clays, sand, and gravel at the southern Jones County line, and constitutes the best water-bearing formation in the county. The channel sands in this area consist of light-colored coarse cross-bedded quartz sand with scattered kaolin balls. These deposits are not persistent throughout the area, and where present range from a few inches to 20 feet in thickness. The Twiggs clay melnber of the Barnwell formation, where not eroded away by streams, is about '40 feet thick and consists of pale-green blocky clay, of the fuller's earth type, which grades down into a basal 10 feet of olive-green fossiliferous clay with scattered lime nodules. The Irwinton sand member of the Barnwell, up the dip in Jones County, changes in lithology from a sand with thin clay layers to alternating beds of sand and clay. A section far up dip in the area in which the Cretaceous beds are just beginning to come out from under the overlap in southwestern Jones County, shows the Irwinton sand to be composed of alternating beds of clay and sand. GEOLOGY AND GROUND-WATER RESOURCES 87 Section exposed in road cut from Pitts Chapel corners west to top of hill at Mixon's store, which is 1.3 miles northeast of Postell, Georgia on Georgia Highway 49, Jones County Thickness (Feet) Eocene (upper Eocene) Barnwell formation Irwinton sand member 6. Quartz sand, fine yellow and gray, sub-angular with thin clay streaks and scattered fine dark angular particles. Grades down into 21 feet of fine sandy gray clay and fine sand. 45 Twiggs clay member 5. Clay, pale gray-green, blocky, waxy, of the fuller's earth type, with thin, fine sandy streaks. Grades down into a basal 10 feet of olive green blocky very fossiliferous clay with many white lime nodules and tan glauconitic, fossiliferous sand streaks. 41 Channel sand 4. Sandy clay, mottled red, brown and green-gray. Grades down into coarse.sand with clay streaks and many bauxitic kaolin boulders up to 21/2 feet in the basal 4 feet. 14 Unconformity Upper Cretaceous Tuscaloosa formation 3. Clay, mottled gray, purple and red, containing many scattered angular quartz grains (continue section in road cut east to creek .1 mile from Pitts Chapel corners). 20 2. Arkosic sand, brown and tan, with much angq.- lar gravel. A 4-foot bed of dark gray clay at base. 19 Unconformity Crystalline rocks 1. Granite, light gray-green and yellow, highly weathered. 10+ 88 Ground Water Wells that recover ground water from the complex cfystalline rocks of the Piedmont in northern Jones County are of two types. Wells of the first type, which furnish most of the rural ground-water supplies, are the shallow dug wells with large infiltration surfaces along which ground water may percolate from the weathered upper part of the crystalline rocks and be recovered from the well. Wells of the second type, drilled wells, range from 2 to 6 inches in diameter, and from 60 to not more than 300 feet in de!Jth. These drilled'wells penetrate sufficient water-bearing fractures or joints in the crystalline rocks to produce ground water for small municipal, domestic, and livestock requirements. Ground-water supplies in the Coastal Plain Province in Jones County come mainly from two aquifers, the Tuscaloosa formation and the channel sands. The supply obtained from either of these aquifers is small because the beds are thin and the intake area is small in this region along the Fall Line. The clay, sand, and gravel of the Tuscaloosa formation does not exceed 120 feet in thickness and the channel sands range from a few inches to a maximum of 20 feet in this area; The ground water contained in these aquifers is recovered from shallow dug and ',drilled wells and is used to supply small domestic and stock demands. The 'yields from the shallow dug wells in the channel sands range from lj2 to 3 gallons a minute, while the dug and shallow drilled wells in the Tuscaloosa formation produce up to 20 gallons a minute. Well 17.at Mixon's store was dug to a depth of 52.2 feet and yields water from the Irwinton sand member of the Barnwell formation. This well was dug to the top surface of the Twiggs clay member. Many springs issue from the top of the Twiggs clay member in this vicinity and to the south and southwest of well 17. Quality of Ground Water :The ground water from the Tuscaloosa formation, channel sands, and Irwinton sand member of the Barnwell formation is very low in total dissolved solids. The ground water in this part of the Coastal Plain is low in mineral content because southern Jones, Baldwin, and Hancock Counties are in the area of out.:. GEOLOGY AND GROUND-WATER RES.OURCES 89 crop, or intake area, for these aquifers. In other words, atmospheric and surface water entering the ground in this area just begins its downward percolation in the rocks. Recovery of this water takes place before the percolating ground water comes in contact with and takes into solution much mineral matter. Analyses of 6 water samples from wells in this area showed a range from 9 to' 15 parts per million of total hardness, 8.0 to 14 parts per million of bicarbonate, 2 to 19 parts per million of chloride, .05 to 12 parts per million of iron, less than 5 parts per million of sulfate and nitrate, and no fluoride. Local Supplies In southeastern Jones County the channel sands nearly everywhere overlap the Tuscaloosa formation to the Piedmont. The combined thickness of the sedimentary deposits generally does not exceed 50 feet in the vicinity of the Fall Line and dug wells 20 to 50 feet deep yield up to 5 gallons of water a minute for small rural demands. Along the southern Jones County line the intake area for the Tuscaloosa formation has increased and the water-bearing beds have thickened sufficiently so that properly constructed wells should yield from 20 to 30 gallons of water a minute from this aquifer. Wells 4 and 5 are examples of shallow drilled wells penetrating water sands of the Tuscaloosa formation in this area. These two wells are 97 and 108 feet deep respectively. Wells deeper than 120 feet in this area .. would enter the basement crystalline rocks. The Tuscaloosa formation crops out in an area parallel to Commissioners, Crooked, Slash, Sandy and Swift Creeks. Many shallow wells range from 15 to 50 feet in depth, and recover from 3 to 10 gallons of water a minute for domestic and stock supplies. Well 23 in southwestern Jones County is 85 feet deep. It was dug to the top of the Twiggs clay member of the Barnwell formation and recovers its supply from the Irwinton sand member of the formation. Well 25 is only 29.2 feet deep and obtains ground water from a perched water table in the Irwinton sand member. Drilled well 24 in this area was originally 208 feet deep. The water from this well, as reported by its owner, always contained an excessive amount of iron. At present the well is not in use. 90 ll;lecpr,ds of Wells 1. Measured depths of wells /P.veh iii. feet' and t~ntlis; reported depths given in feei. 2. Pumps: C, cylinder; F, natur.al flow; N, none;P, pitcher; T, turbine; B, windlass (bucket); 3. D, domestic; I, industrial; N, none; PS, public supply; S, stock; RR, Railroad. 4. M.P., measuring point. Well No. Plate 2 Location Owner or Name Depth of Well (Ft.) (1) Diam- Depth to eter which of well is Well cased (In.) (Ft.) Geologic Horizon I On StateHgy. 49 0.9 mi. J. C. Bivins______ W of Baldwin Co. 2 SE 2. 9 miles from James J. B. Moore, Jr. ___ on old Gordon Rd. 3 SE 4. 6 miles from James H. A. Crockren___ on new Gordon Rd. 4 S 0.5 mi. from well3 __.___ J. L. Lieb ______ 5 ' SE I ,4. mi. from Moun- J. B. McCook____ tain Springs. 6 SW 2 .I mi. from well3 __ R. F. Effidge_____ 7 S 1.2 mi. from James____ Mand Griffin_____ 8 W 1.3 mi. from well 7___ G. E. Eldridge ___ 9 SW 1.9 mi. from well7 __ C. L. Balkcom___ IO SE 0.5 mi. from well9 ___ A. E. Balkcom___ II On N side of road, Moun- Morgan Siler_____ tain Springs. I2 McWilliams ___ -------" D. T, Sterling____ 13 14 Griswold ______________ D. T. Sterling____ Griswold ______________ SchooL _______ c_ . 25.8 25.9 40.0 108 97 4l.I 28.3 31.5 65 64 25.7 96 63 54 I5 Griswold ______________ Charlie H~ris____ 134 I6 Nw 2 mi. from Mountain I. A. Parker_ _" "" 65. Springs. I7 Mixon's Store near Pitts 0. C. Mixon_____ 52.2 Chapel. I8 W. 0.3 mi. from well17__ A. L. Roberts____ 44.8 I9 PostelL _______________ J. C. Wells ______ 20 Postell________________ J. W. Watson____ 2I NE I. 2 mi. from well22_ M. E. Wells _____ 60 31.2 72 22 On State Hgy. 49 at Bibb R. R. Durrett____ no Co. Line. 23 E. of Bibb Co. line 1 mi. C. B. Washburn __ 85 on State Hgy. 57. 24 E 0.2 mi. from well23 ___ 0. R. Kitchens ___ 208 25 E 0.4 mi. from well23 ___ 0. R. Kitchens ___ 29.2 36 -------- Channel sand __ 36 -------- Channel sand __ 46 -------- Channel sand__ 2 108 Tuscaloosa ____ 2 92 Tuscaloosa ____ 48 41 Tuscaloosa ____ 36 28 Channel sand__ 48 31 Channel sand __ 36 2 Channel sand__ ~------- 59 Tuscaloosa ____ 36 -------- Tuscaloosa____ 2 91 Tuscaloosa ____ 48 63 Tuscaloosa ____ 3 44 Tuscaloosa~ ___ 2 129 Tuscaloosa ____ 48 -------- Tuscaloosa____ 48 52 Irwinton sand__ 48 -------- Tuscaloosa____ I8 60 Tuscaloosa ____ 36 31 Tuscaloosa ____ 2 67 Tuscaloosa ____ 2 105 Tuscaloosa __ ~_ 36 85 Tuscaloosa ____ 2 203 Tuscaloosa ____ 48 -------- -------------- GEOLOGY AND GROUND-WATER RESOURCES 91 in Jones County Power: E, electric motor; G, gasoline engine; H, hand; W, wind. Meth- Use od of of Lift Water (2) (3) Measuring Point Description Height above Height (+)or above below sea (-)land level surface (ft.) (ft.) Depth to Date Water of Level Measure- Below ment M.P. (ft.) (4) Remarks- (Yield of nonflowing wells and discharge of flowing wells given in gallons a minute) CE DS Top tile curb ____ +3.2 -------- -22.9 12-8-44 Partial analysis. Discharge 2. CE DS. Top well shelL __ +2.6 500 -22.8 12-8-44 Discharge 3. T. 64 F. BH DS Top well shelL __ +3.4 530 -38.3. 12-8-44 Discharge 2. T. 64 F. CE DS Land surface____ 0.0 475 -30 12-16-44 Partial analysis. T. 63 F. CH DS Top cement +.6 -------- -84 11-30-44 Screen set 92-97 feet. cover. T. 64 F. BH DS Top well shelf___ +3.5 480 -38.6 12-5-44 T. 64 F. CE DS Top tile curb ____ +.4 585 -23.5 12-8-44 Discharge 3. CE DS Top well shelf ___ +2.4 585 -27.5 12-9-44 T. 64 F. CE DS Top cement curb 0.0 520 -60 11-30-44 Discharge 3. T. 64 F. CH DS Top cement curb +.3 500 -48 11-30-44 Partial analysis. Screen set 59-64 ft. BH DS Top brick curb __ +.52 465 -20.8 12-5-44 T. 64 F. CH DS Top pump base__ +.2 500 -54.2 12-5-44 Discharge 3. Screen set 91-96 feet. CE DS Top cement curb +.35 443 -24.2 12-5-44 Discharge 5. TE DS Land surface____ 0.0 470 -32 12-5-44, Partial analysis. Dis- charge 20. Screen set 44-54 feet. CH DS Land surface____ CH DS Land surface ____ 0.0 -------- -97 0.0 -------- -25 12-9-44 Discharge 3. 12-8-44 Discharge 2. T. 64 F. CH DS Top well shelL __ +2.8 570 -44.8 12-5-44 Partial analysis. T. 65 F. BH DS Top well shelf___ +2.9 575 -39.3 12-5-44 Partial analysis. Dis- charge 6. CG DS Land surface____ 0.0 572 -55.5 12-2-44 Discharge 3. CE DS Top well shelf_ __ +5.2 549. -28.9 12-5-44 Discharge 3. T.~64 F. CE DS Top casing ______ +.4 -------- -60 12-5-44 Screen set 67-72 ft. Dis- c DS Land surface____ 0.0 -------- -90 charge 8. 12-5-44 Screen set 105-110 ft. CE DS Top brick curb __ +1.5 -------- -82.5 12-9-44 Discharge 4. c CE N Land surface____ 0.0 -------- -35 ------ --------------- -------- -------- -26.4 12-9-44 12-9-44 D--i-sc-h-a-r-g-e--6-. -T--.-6-3---F-.-- 92 GEORGIA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Log of well 24 in southwestern Jones County (Authority 0. R. Kitchens) Light sandy soil Sand and thin clay layers Blue clay Depth (feet) 0-6 6-85 85-105 Coarse white sand and gravel Hard rock layer Sand Depth (feet) 105-115 ? 115-209 The Coastal Plain sediments have thinned to about 40 feet in the vicinity of Postell on the Central of Georgia Railway in the northern part of southwestern Jones County. Ground water from this area probably comes from thin sand ahd gravel beds in the Tuscaloosa formation, and because the intake area is small, the thin water-bearing beds only carry small amounts of ground water. Analyses of Ground Waters from Jones County (Analyzed by Evelyn Holloman and G. W. Whetstone. Parts per million. Numbers at heads of columns correspond to numbers in table arid plate 2). Number Geologic horizon 1 4 10 ,, Channel Tusca- Tuscasand loosa loosa 14 17 18 Tusca- Irwinton Tuscaloosa sand loosa SIriloicna(F(eSi)0_2_)_-_-_-_-_-_-_~_-_-_-_-_- ------.3--4 ---1--2--- ---6--.6--h- ------.0-5- ------.0-6- ------.3-2Calcium (Ca) ___________________________ -----~-- ________ ------"" _______ _ Magnesium (Mg) _______________________________ -------" -----"-" -~"----~ + Sodium & Potassium (Na K) _______________ ---"---- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- Carbonate (C03) ________ -"------ -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- Bicarbonate (HC03)_____ 8. 0 13 10 14 10 8. 0 Sulphate (S04)--------- 3 2 1 1 2 2 Chloride (Cl)___________ 19 2 3 2 4 6 Fluoride (F)____________ .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 NDiistsraotlvee(dNS0o3l)i_d_s____________________2__.9________.5______2_.4________2_.1_______3_._8______4_._4 _ Total Hardness_________ 9 14 12 15 15 12 Date of collection, 1944__ 12-8 12-8 11-30 12-5 12-5 14-5 Temperature, F._______ 61 63 64 65 65 64 Sample turbid when collection. . b Includes iron in sediment present at time of collection. c Slightly milky when collected. GEOLOGY AND GROUND-WATER RESOURCES 93 Twiggs County [Area 365 square miles. Population 9,117] Geography Twiggs County is in the southwestern corner of the area of this report, near the exact center of the State of Georgia. The population is largely rural and averages about 25 persons per square mile. During the period 1930-1940 it had an increase in its total population of 8.9 percent. Jeffersonville is the county seat and the largest town. Other small centers of population and trade are: Da11ville, Dry Branch, Fitzpatrick, Bullard, Huber, and Adams Park. Agriculture is the important occupation in the county with about 55 percent of the total area in farmland. Of the 1,014 farms of the county 25,374 acres were devoted to corn and 8,473 acres to cotton in 1940. The growing of legumes, sugar cane, and the raising of cattle are gaining in agricultural importance to the area. Twiggs, with its kaolin mining centers of Dry Branch and Huber, is one of three counties which produce approximately 75 percent of the national output of kaolin. Deposits of limestone and fuller's earth may also prove to be of greater commercial value to the region in the future. Limestone has been mined on the Lawson property 2 miles west of Huber, and limestone beds of high enough quality to be used as an agricultural lime, and sufficient thickness are to be found south of Huber in the Red Hills area east of Georgia Highway 87 (Cochran short route). The Twiggs clay member of the Barnwell formation attains its maximum thickness near Pikes Peak where it is mined for use as a bleaching clay. The Twiggs clay beds to the south along U. S. Highway 80 in the vicinities of Fitzpatrick and Ripley are a possible source of fuller's earth. The Red Hills and Sand Hills areas become more rugged and exhibit a greater relief east of the Ocmulgee River than in western Georgia. Formerly the land surface of this area was an upland plain with a gently undulating surface. Streams, the tributaries of the Ocmulgee and Oconee Rivers, began to cut into this plain dissecting it in long southeastward and southwestward-trending patterns. U. S. Highway 80 and Georgia 94 .GEORGIA. GEOLOGICA:!! iilURVEY" Highway 19 generally follow the dri:tinage divide between these two river systems. The surface of the upland plain not yet dissected stands 560 feet above sea 'level at Fitzpatrick and slopes gently down to about 450 feet above sea level at Danville in southeastern Twiggs County. The major streams of the area have cut through the Eocene sand and clay and into the under-, lying Tuscaloosa formation. The minimum elevation in the floodplain of the Ocmulgee River in southwestern Twiggs County is about 210 feet above sea level, therefore, the maximum relief for the county does not greatly exceed 350 feet. A marked change is noted as one passes from the red soils and parallel hills of the Red Hills into the gently rolling hills with broad rounded summits and. light yellow sandy loams of the Tifton upland. This area has few gullies and the hills are generally not higher than 50 to 60 feet. The surface of the Tifton upland slopes to the southeast at about 5 to 6 feet per mile. In the south-central part of the county sinks and ponds are not uncommon. These ponds are shallow, usually elongated or elliptical depressions ranging from less than an acre to many acres, and are. generally overgrown with cypress and other plants. Eastern Twiggs County is drained by Big Sandy and Turkey Creeks, which flow to the southeast into the Oconee River. C~ntral and western Twiggs County is drained by Dry Branch, Flat, Savage, and Shellstone Creeks, which flow to the southwest into the Ocmulgee River.. Geology All of Twiggs County is south of the Fall Line in the Coastal Plain Province. The crystalline rocks are buried several hundred feet under deposits of the Tuscaloosa formation of Upper Cretaceous age and where present, under the Barnwell formation of Eocene age. Only two wells (25, 27) penetrate through the Tuscaloosa formation to the underlying crystalline rocks in this area. The Tuscaloosa formation crops out over one-quarter of the land surface area in the northern half of the county, and is ex. posed in northwest-southeast trends along Big Sandy, Ugly, Alligator, and other creeks tributary to the Oconee River. In the northwestern and western parts of the county, Savage, Flat, Dry Branch and other tributaries of the Ocmulgee River, I GEOLOGY AND GROUND-WATER RESOURCES 95 are working headward in a northeastern direction, stripping away the overlying younger deposits and exposing. the Tuscaloosa formation in long northeast-southwest bands. The Tuscaloosa formation consists of approximately 250 to 300 feet of clay, sand, and gravel in the northern part of the county. It thickens rapidly down the dip to the southeast to possibly 800 or 900 feet at the southern county line. The log of well 19, owned by Georgia Kaolin Co:rp.pany at Dry Branch, shows typical lithology encountered in wells drilled in the Tuscaloosa formation in this area. Log of well 19, Georgia Kaolin Company, Dry, Branch, Georgia (Authority, E. G. Dallmus) Depth (feet) Overburden, trash and fill 0-8 Sand 8-16 Red clay 16-20 White clay 20-23 Cream clay, sand and mica 23-27 Dark colored sand 27-28 Fuller's earth and sand 28-30 White sand mica, very little clay 30-75 White sand 75-120 Gravel 120-127 Cream-colored fine sand 127-135 Sand and cream clay 135-145 Coarse sand 145-170 Sand and gravel 170-180 Depth (feet) White sand White sand about the size of rice White sand Yellow clay, iron stained Red and white stained clay White sand Pink clay White sand Pink clay White sand, a little gravel Pink clay White sand and gravel Pink clay 180-200 200-203 203-215 215-225 225-237 237-265 265-269 269-279 279-285 285-295 295-303 303-310 310-313 The Barnwell formation overlies the Tuscaloosa formation and crops out over three-quarters of the land area in Twiggs County. In southeastern and south-central Twiggs County the Barnwell formation is in turn overlain by a residuum of Oligocene and Miocene formations. In northern Twiggs County the Twiggs clay member of the Barnwell formation overlies the Tuscaloosa formation unconformably and consists of 35 to 45 feet of pale-green fuller's earth clay with thin sand pockets scattered throughout. Overlying the Twiggs clay member with apparent conformity, the Irwinton sand member of the Barnwell consists of light-gray and yellow fine-grained quartz sand with thin beds of tough plastic clay. 96 GEORGIA GEOLOGICAl) SURVEY In north-central and western Twiggs County the Twiggs clay member of the Barnwell becomes more calcar~ous and changes in part from a pale-green hackly ~lay to, a gray hackly fossilif- erous marl. Westward the Twiggs clay becomes more calcareous and merges laterally into the Ocala limestone. A section showing this transition is exposed at Georgia Kaolin Pit No. 1 about 3 miles east of Dry Branch in north-central Twiggs County. Section at Georgia Kaolin Company Pit No. 1 Eocene (upper Eocene) Thickness (Feet) Barnwell formation Upper sand member 14. Sand, firm, massive, coarse, gritty, mottled gray and somewhat pebbly in lower half, brownish-red in upper half. 6 Irwinton sand member 13. Clay, gray, purple, waxy, mottled red. 2-5 12. Sand, loose, white and yellow, fine-grained, interbedded with thin layers of purple clay. 20 11. Clay, light gray, bento:q.itic. 8 10. Sand, pink, buff and gray, in a fine clay matrix. 6 Twiggs clay member 9. Marl, gray, fossiliferous, blocky. 6 8. Gr~enish gray nodular lime ledge. l j2 7. Marl, buff and gray, medium hard, sandy fos- siliferous. 4 6. Greenish-gray nodular lime ledge. l j2 5. Marl, bluish-gray, massive, blocky, fossilifer- ous. 25 4. Clay, hackly pale green. 4 Ocala limestone 3. Limestone, cream-colored, very fossiliferous, massive, becomes sandy in lower part. Con- tains Periarchus pileus-sinensis (Ravenel), abundant in lower part; bryozoa abundant in upper part. Pecten spillmani and Ostrea sp. 18 2. Sand, buff, medium-grained. 12 GEOLOGY AND GROUND-WATER RESOURCES Unconformity Upper Cretaceous Tuscaloosa formation 1. Kaolin, white, massive, blocky. 97 Thickness (Feet) 14+ In Twiggs County the Ocala limestone thickens to the south and west. In a limestone quarry on Weatherly's Farms in Bleckley County, near the southwestern corner of Twiggs County, it attains a thickness of 30 feet, and 10 miles due west of the Weathe:dy's Farms Quarry, at Clinchfield, it thickens to nearly 60 feet. In north-central and western Twiggs County the Irwinton sand ranges from 35 to 40 feet in thickness, and is more clayey than elsewhere, consisting of interbedded fine micaceous quartz sand and light-colored tough clay. In central and southeastern Twiggs County the Twiggs clay is typically pale green, hackly blocky clay of the fuller's earth type, ranging from 30 to 50 feet in thickness. The Irwinton sand caps many of the hills in this area and ranges from 35 to 40 feet in thickness. A typical section for this area is exposed in a road cut on the south bank of Ugly Creek in east-central Twiggs County. Section exposed in road cut 2.2 miles south of Myricks Mill, south bank of Ugly Creek Thickness (Feet) Eocene (upper Eocene) Barnwell formation Upper sand member 5. Sand, red, coarse, clayey, and with typical curv- ilinear quartz pebbles along base. 35 Irwinton sand member 4. Clay, red, waxy, sandy, mottled gray. 4 3. Sand, yellow-gray and tan, cross-bedded, finegrained and with many thin clay partings. 35 Twiggs clay member 2. Clay, pale.green, of the fuller's earth type, with thin fine white sand streaks and lime nodules near base. 45 Unconformity Upper Cretaceous Tuscaloosa formation 1. Sandy clay, light gray-white, micaceous. 15+ 98 The undifferentiated Miocene and Oligocene deposits overlie unconformably the Barnwell formation in the south-ce.ntral and southeastern one-fifth of the county. The soils of this area are light-yellow sandy clays containing many scattered ~eddish brown iron pellets. The undifferentiated Miocene and Oligocene deposits consist of mottled pink, gray, and white clayey sands and sandy clays. Nowhere do they exceed 50 fet::t in thickness in this area. Ground Water One well (27) in Twiggs County is reported to recover ground water from the crystalline basement complex. This well was drilled in 1919 on the Frank Lawson property at. Huber. to supply ground water for an army camp. It is 1000 feet deep and has a natural artesian flow of 75 gallons a minute. The water is clear, has a slight taste of sulphur and ranges in temperature from 66 to 67 Fahrenheit. The sand and gravel beds of the Tuscaloosa formation are unquestionably the most productive sourc!'lS of ground water in the area. The public water supply at Jeffersonville is ob-: tained from this aquifer, as are many of the local domestic and rural supplies throughout the county. The largest and most productive wells drawing from the Tuscaloosa formation are the industrial wells at the Georgia Kaolin plants near Dry Branch and at the Sgoda Corporation at Huber. These wells range from 8 to 20 inches in diameter, from 158 to 313 feet in depth, and produce from 300 to 500 gallons a minute. The ground water from the Tuscaloosa formation in northern Twiggs County is fairly low in dissolved minerals. In west-central and southwest Twiggs County in the flood plain of the Ocmulgee River, at Adams Park and Westlake stations on the Southern Railway, drilled wells (68, 69, 72) penetrating water sands in the Tuscaloosa formation at depths of 98 to 300 feet have natural artesian flows of 20 to 60 gallons a minute.. Well 40 is the source of water for the public supply at Jeffersonville. This well is 533 feet deep and was drilled through approximately 200 feet of sediments of the Barnwell formation and 333 feet into the Tuscaloosa formation. It is pumped at the rate of 50 gallons a minute. In the Uplands, or Red Hills, area of Twiggs County in the area of outcrop of the Irwinton sand and upper sand members GEOLOGY AND GROUND-WATER RESOURCES 99 of the Barnwell formation, most of the local ground water supplies are for small domestic and farm use. Adequate quantities of ground water to meet these demands can be obtained by means of shallow dug wells ranging from 20 to 60 feet deep. Typical examples of wells in this area are 2, 16, 20, 35, and 37, in northern central and eastern Twiggs County. Where the res~duum of the Oligocene and Miocene formations forms a thin cover over the Eocene deposits in southern Twiggs County, many shallow wells penetrate the upper sand member of the Barnwell formation. Dug wells in this aquifer produce from 1 to 10 gallons of water a minute. In the vicinity of Huber, Georgia, and south in the flood plain of the Ocmulgee River, many shallow dug, driven and drilled wells obtain ground water from the river alluvium. Wells 24, 28, 29, and 30 in the vicinity of Huber range in depth from 22 to 40 feet and produce from 1 to 6 gallons of water a minute. Well 29 is 33 feet deep and penetrates a water sand below a thin clay bed. This well flows about 1 gallon a minute. At Bullard station on the Southern Railway, a large dug well 10.9 feet deep is used to supply a water tank. Quality of Water Well 27 at Huber is reported to recover ground water from the crystalline basement complex in this area. The analysis of water from this well shows a relatively small amount of dissolved mineral content, and 21 parts per million of total hardness. Bicarbonate and sulfate were 21 parts and 6 parts, respectively. This water contained only 0.1 part per million ot fluoride as against 0.3 part per million of fluoride in most of the ground water analyzed from wells developed in the crystalline rocks in Baldwin, Jones, and Hancock Counties. The temperature and chemical analysis of this water would suggest that its main source is the Tuscaloosa formation. In discussing the quality of water from the Tuscaloosa formation in Twiggs County, the depth and location of the well witn regard to the dip of the formation must be considered. Most of the shallow wells drawings from the Tuscaloosa formation recover ground water of very low mineral content. .The Tuscaloosa water from wells under 100 feet 'deep, generally contains less than 1 part per million of iron (exceptions to this 100 GEORGlA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY are wells 22, 82, and 84), 5 to 28 parts per million of bicarbonatt less than 2 parts per million of sulfate, 1 to 10 parts per mil lion of chloride, 0.1 to 9.2 parts per million of nitrate, .0.1 or less part per million of fluoride, and has 6 to 21 parts per million of total hardness. The water from wells more than 100 feet deep in the Tuscaloosa formation in Twiggs County averaged slightly higher in dissolved minerals than the water from the wells less than 100 feet deep in the same formation. The total hardness of the deep well water averaged 49.7 parts per million as compared with 12.4 parts per million in the shallow well water. The water in the deeper wells averaged 52.5 parts per million of bicarbonate as compared with 11.8 parts per million in the shallow wells. Sulfate in the deep well waters averaged 5.6 parts per million as compared with 1.4 parts per million in the shallow well waters. The chloride and nitrate content of water in the deeper wells averaged slightly less than that in the shallow wells. Ground water from the Irwinton sand member of the Barnwell formation is of great importance to the rural areas throughout most of Twiggs County. The water from this bed contains very little dissolved mineral matter. It generally has less than 1 part per million of iron, less than 1 part per million of sulfate, from 2 to 3 parts per million of chloride, 0.1 part per million or less of fluoride, and, unless contaminated, .3 parts per million or less of nitrate. The bicarbonate and the total hardness of water from this aquifer vary considerably with regard to the location of the welL In northern, western, 'and central Twiggs County the water from this aquifer has a low total hardness and contains small amounts of bicarbonate. In soutlieastern Twiggs County the Irwinton sand contains a few thin siliceous limestone layers. Wells 42 and 46 obtain water from the Irwinton sand in this area. Analyses of water from these wells show an average of 47 parts per million for total hardness and 180.5 parts per million for bicarbonate. In southern Twiggs County several shallow wells yield small amounts of water of good quality from the upper sand member of the Barnwell formation. This water is very low in dissolved mineral content, averaging less than 0.7 part per million of iron,' 23 parts per million of total hardness, 4.3 parts per million of GEOLOGY AND GROUND-WATER RESOURCES 101 .bicarbonate, 2 parts per million of sulfate, 11.3 parts per million of chloride, and 0.07 part per million of :fluoride. The nitrate content of a sample of water from each of wells 51 and 45 was 8.4 parts and 56 ,parts, respectively. High nitrate content often indicates organic contamina:tion. In the flood plain of the Ocmulgee in the Huber area many wells recover ground water from shallow water sands in the river alluvium. An analysis of water from well 88 yielding ground water from the alluvium 'showed the water to be very low in total dissolved solids. Local Supplies Jeffersonville, Danville, Dry Branch, Fitzpatrick, and Tarversville are all supplied with ground water..Jeffersonville has the only municipally owned water supply system in the county, but well 20 at Dry Branch furnishes ground water to Twisco Heights, a housing project of the Georgia Kaolin Company. Privately owned wells furnished ground water to the other small villages in the area. Jeffersonville (population 804) is supplied entirely from one drilled well (Twiggs 40) owned by the town. The water is pumped into a 'reservoir and tower tank and from there distributed under pressure into the mains. The well was drilled in 1924 by the Gray Artesian Well Company to a depth of 533 feet. It obtains water from the Tuscaloosa formation, supplemented possibly by a water-bearing sand in the Barnwell formation. The static water level in this well is 200 feet below land surface. An electric two-stroke reciprocating pump furnishes approximately 60,000 gallons of water per day during the summer months, and 30,000 gallons per day during the winter months. Danville (population in Twiggs County 160) is in the southeastern corner of Twiggs County. Part of the village is in Wilkinson 'County. The village has no centralized public water system and domestic and stock requirements are supplied by privately owned dug and drilled shallow wells. The drilled wells in the vicinity penetrate water sands in the Irwinton sand member at depths of 90 to 150 feet. Well 46 is 4 inches in diameter, 190 feet deep and is pumped at the rate of 7 gallons a minute. The static water level in this well is 40 feet 102 GEORGIA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY below land surface and after 24 hours pumping at 7 gallons. a minute the reported drawdown is 4 feet. The shallbw wells in this area range from 25 to 40 feet in depth and the. quantity of ground water that can be obtained from these wells is very small. Well 47 has a small electric, piston pump and can only be pumped for 30 minutes at the rate of 3 gallons a minute before the supply is depleted. Dry Branch is in the north-central part of the County on the Twiggs-Bibb County line. It is unincorporated and has no centralized water sunply system. Many shallow drilled wells in the Dry Branch area penetrate water-bearing sands in the Tuscaloosa formation at depths of from 35 to 100 feet below land surface. These wells range in capacity from 4 to 10 gallons a minute. Wells 17, 18, 19, 20, and 23 in the same vicinity belong to the Georgia Kaolin Company. They all have casings 10 inches or more in diameter, range from 158 to 313 feet in depth, and penetrate water-bearing sands in the Tuscaloosa formation. Well 17 at the Georgia Kaolin Plant No. 1 is 291 feet deep. This well is equipped with a 3-stage turbine which has a capacity of 500 gallons a minute. After pumping at the rate of 500 gallons a minute for a 24-hour period, it has a drawdown of 13 feet. Therefore, the specific capacity of the well is 38.5 gallons a minute per foot of drawdown. The log of well 17 at the Georgia Klaolin Company is as follows : Log of Georgia Kaolin Well 17, Dry Branch, Georgia (Authority, E. G. Dallmuss) Depth (feet) Depth (feet) Clay Sand White sand Clay Water sand Clay 0-25 25-30 30-60 60-65 65-135 135-145 Water sand Water sand Hard rock Water sand Rock-water 145-180 180-190 190-220 220-240 240-291 Well 18 at the Georgia Kaolin plant is 306 feet deep, 10 inches in diameter and has a capacity of 300 gallons a minute. The land surface elevation at well 18 is 14 feet higher than that at well 17 and the static water levels of both wells stand GEOLOGY AND GROUND-WATER RESOURCES 103 346 feet above sea level. The log of the Georgia Kaolin well No. 18 i.s as follows : Log of Georgia Kaolin Well 18 at Dry Branch, Georgia (Authority, E. G. Dallmuss) Mixed soil Chalk Yellow clay Fine sand Sandy clay Sand Kaolin Depth (feet) 1-10 10-19 19-24 24-44 44-48 48-88 88-92 Sand Soft clay Sand Red clay Sand Red clay Sand Depth (feet) 92-130 130-140 140-202 202-226 226-274 274-289 289-306 Well 20 at Twisco Heights, a housing project of the Georgia Kaolin Company at Dry Branch, Georgia, was drilled in April 1941 to a depth of 238 feet. It was drilled through approxi- mately 150 feet of sand and clay of the Barnwell formation and penetrated 50 feet of gray water-bearing sand in the Tusca- loosa formation. The initial water level of the well was report- ed to stand at 170 feet below land surface. The well was originally pumped at the rate of 42.5 gallons a minute and had a drawdown of 43 feet. The present pumping rate is 30 gal- lons a minute. Fitzpatrick and Ripley on U. S. Highway 80 in north-central Twiggs County have similar ground water conditions. Both are in the uplands in the area of outcrop of the upper sand member of the Barnwell formation. Shallow dug wells 40 to 55 feet deep recover small domestic and stock supplies up to 3 gallons a minut.e from the Irwinton sand member of the Barnwell formation. A drilled well, owned by J. C. Soloman at Fitzpatrick (34) is 252 feet deep and recovers ground water from solution channels in the Ocala limestone, which wedges in from the west at the base of the Twiggs clay member of the Earnwell formation in this area. A sample of water from this well contained 303 parts per million of bicarbonate and 252 parts per million of total hardness. For ground water supplies greater than 15 gallons a minute in this vicinity, it would be necessary to drill wells 300 to 700 feet deep to water-bearing sands in the Tuscaloosa formation. 104 Soil :3' Red and yellow cloy WELL 25 Fine red sand Bottom of 18 inch outer casing . Coarse sand and grovel Cloy sand and grovel White cloy White quartz sand with alternating streaks of hard white cloy 8 inch inne~ casing 1Zl~~0rl'"-- Grovel pocking in annular space between 8 inch inner and 18 inch outer walls Screen settings , opposite best water- bearing material 92.5.:0122 132-157.7 167.7-189 189-194 Concrete plug Figure 19. Log and construction details of Huber Kaolin Co. (Sgoda Corp.) well at Huber, Ga. GEOLOGY AND GROUND-WATER RESOURCES 105 In the vicinity of Huber and Reeds on the Southern Railway in northwestern Twiggs County most of the ground water for domestic and stock use comes from small shallow drilled and driven wells 20 to 54 feet deep in the alluvium of the Ocmulgee River. These wells have capacities of from 2 to 8 gallons of water a minute. The largest demand for ground water in the Huber area is for the Sgoda Kaolin plant and the surrounding office and housing units belonging to the company. Well 25 was drilled in October 1938 to a depth of 194 feet, and furnishes this entire supply. This well is an example of good well construction in sand and gravel aquifers, the log and construction details of which are shown in figure 19. A summary of the construction of this well is briefly as follows: An 18-inch hole was drilled to a depth of 194 feet, a record being kept of the types of material penetrated. Inside the 18-inch hole, 8-inch screens, to which were attached sections of blank 8-inch casing, were set opposite the most productive water-bearing sands and gravels. These screens were set from 38-48 feet, 92.5-122 feet, 132-157.7 feet, 167.7-189 feet, and 189-194 feet. The bottom well screen was closed with a concrete plug. Carefully selected clean gravel of uniform size was placed into the space between the 18-inch hole and 8-inch string of casing and screens, filling the entire space. A pumping test was run on the well October 18, 1938. The static water level was 6 feet 4 inches below land surface. The pumping water level was 14 feet 3 inches below the land su:rface when the well was pumped at a rate of 465 gallons a minute. Well 25 is now being pumped at the rate of 550 gallons a minute. Westlake and Adams Park are small stations on the Southern Railway in southwestern Twiggs County in the flood plain and river terrace area of the Ocmulgee River. Three flowing wells have been drilled in the Tuscaloosa formation in this area. Well 72 at Adams Park was drilled in 1909 to a depth of 360 feet. This well is reported to have flowed 60 gallons a minute when drilled, but the flow had decreased to about 3o gallons a minute on No- vember 9, 1944. Well 60 was reported to be 98 feet deep and to have a hydrostatic head of 20 feet above the land surface. This well has since been plugged with a wooden plug, the casing has corroded, and the water now flows up around the outside of the casing. Well 68 at Westlake is 300 feet deep a~d flows 106 GEORGIA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Records of Wells 1. Measured depths of wells given in feet and tenths; reported d'epths given in feet. .. 2. Pumps: C, cylinder; F, natural flow; N, none; P, pitcher; T, turbine; B, windlass (bucket); 3. D, domestic; I, industrial; N, none; PS, public supply; S, stock; RR, Railroad. 4. M.P., measuring point. Well No. Plate 2 Location Owner or Name Depth of Well (Ft.) (1) Diam- eter of Well (In.) Depth to which well is cased (Ft.) Geologic Horizon 1 NW 0. 7 mi. from Big C. H. Kitchens ___ 69.5 Sandy Creek Bridge on State Hgy. 57. 2 NE 1.5 mi. from wellS __ W. B. Smith_____ 85 3 NE 0 . 5 mi. froin Big A<;ldie Ward____ _: 40 Sandy Creek Bridge on S. Hgy. 57. 4 E l. 6 mi. from Bibb Co. Morgan Moore___ 76 on State Hgy. 57. 5 E 0. 2 mi. from Big Sandy W. J. Hammock __ 25 bridge on State Hgy. 57. 6 SE 0.4mi from well5 ___ J. E. Cannon ____ 16 7 SW 0. 8 mi. from Big Dan Gardner ____ 34 Sandy Bridge on State Hgy. 57. 8 At house next to New Lizzie Mae Crosby 85 Haven Church. 9 SE 0.6mi. from well8 ___ Lizzie Mae Crosby 104.5 10 S 0 . 8 mi. from well9 ____ Lizzie Mae Crosby 52 11 SE l. 7 mi. from well 5~- Ed Chambers ____ 82 12 SE 2 mi. from well1L __ Steve Ethridge___ 49 13 SE 1.2 mi. from well10_ H. E. Cannon____ '60 14 Myricks Mill, Ga_______ C. C. Humphries_ 76 15 N 5 . 2 mi. from J effer- D. Y. Caleb _____ 20.3 sonville. 16 NE 2 mi. from Fitzpat- F. H. Mercer__~- 51.6 rick. 17 East Well, plant l, Dry Ga. Kaolin Co ____ 291 Branch. 18 E 500 yds. from well17 __ Ga. Kaolin Co.____ 306 19 E 50 ft. from welll8_____ Ga. Kaolin Co.____ 313 20 Twisco Hgts., Dry Ga. Kaolin Co. ___ 238 Branch. 21 Dry Branch_____ ----.-- T. J. Johnson ____ 37 22 S 0. 7 mi. from well2L __ A. J. Land, Jr. ___ 85 23 Plant 2, Dry Branch____ Ga. Kaolin Co. ___ 158 24 S 0.7 mi. on S Hgy. 87 Geo. E. Ray_____ 22 from Bibb Co. line. 25 Huber, Ga. ____________ Sgoda Corp. _____ 194 48 69 Tuscaloosa____ 18 85 Irwinton sand__ 48 -------- Channel sand__ 2 71 Tuscaloosi:J. ____ 2 20 Alluvium______ 48 4 Alluvium______ 3 29 Tuscaloosa ____ 2 80 Tuscaloosa 2 99.5 . Tuscaloosa ____ 3 47 Tuscaloosa ____ 2 77 Tuscaloosa ____ 2 44 Tuscaloosa ____ 2 55 Tuscaloosa ____ 3 66 Tuscaloosa ____ 48 20 Tuscaloosa ____ 48 50 Irwinton sand__ 10 240 Tuscaloosa ____ 10 306 Tuscaloosa ____ Hi 307 Tuscaloosa ____ 10 238 Tuscaloosa ____ 2 32 Tuscaloosa ____ 2 80 Tuscaloosa ____ 10 158 Tuscaloosa ____ 48 -------- Alluvium______ 18-8 194 Tuscaloosa ____ GEOLOGY AND GROUND-WATER RESOURCES 107 in Twiggs County Power: E, electric motor; G, gasoline engine; H, hand; W, wind. Meth- Use od of of Lift Water (2) (3) Measuring Point Description Height above Height (+)or above below sea (-)land level surface (ft.) (ft.) Depth to Date Water of Level Measure- Below ment M.P. (ft.) (4) Remarks- (Yield of nonflowing wells and discharge of flowing wells given in gallons a minute) BH DS Top well shelf_ __ +2.6 -------- -68.5 12-9-44 T. 64F. CH DS Top cement +.8 -------- -72 12-9-44 Discharge 3. T. 63F. cover. BH DS Top well .shelf___ +3.1 460 -28.5 12-9-44 T. 65F. CH DS Land surface____ 0.0 442 -49 12-9-44 Screens set 71-76 ft. T. 66F. CE s Land surface____ 0.0 393 -12 12-9-44 Partial analysis. Discharge 15. BH CH D Top well shelf __ . DS Land surface____ +4 -------- -12.1 0.0 -------- -18 12-9-44 12-9-44 ---------------------- ---------------------- CH CH CG CH CH CH CE BH BH TE TE ------ TE CE CE TcEs TE D Land surface____ DS Land surface____ D Land surface____ D Land surface____ D Land surface____ D Land surface____ I Land surface ____ DS Top well shelL __ DS Top well shelf___ I Land surface____ I Land surface____ N Land surface____ PS Land surface____ D Land surface____ D Land surface ____ I Land surface ____ I Land surface____ IP Land surface____ 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 +2.9 ---------------------_-_-_-.-_ -_-__-_--------------- 360 -65 -85 -37 -62 -41 -42 -36 -18.5 12-9-44 Partial analysis. Discharge 6. 12-9-44 Discharge 6. T. 61 F. 12-9-44 Screen set 47-52 ft. Discharge 6. 12-9-44 T. 6e F. 12-9-44 T. 61 F. 12-9-44 T. 60 F. 12-9-44 Screen set 66-76 ft. Discharge 10. 12-16-44 T. 64 F. +3.0 520 -4-9.5 12-16-44 Discharge 2. T. 64 F. 0.0 411 -65 3-25-37 Complete analysis. Dis- charge 500. 0.0 425 -79 12-31-44 Discharge 300. T. 65 F. 0.0 415 -69 0.0 -------- -170 3-25-44 1-4-45 P--a-rt-i-a-l-a-n-a-l-y-si-s-.-------- 0.0 -------- -17 12-23-44 Partial analysis. Discharge 7. 0.0 -------- ...:.78 12-22-44 Partial analysis. Discharge 4. 0.0 -------- -------- 12-22-44 Discharge 150. 0.0 -------- -15 12-22-44 Discharge 6. T. 62 F. 0.0 272.2 -6.4 10-18-38 Partial analysis. Discharge 465. 108 Well No. Plate 2 Location '" Owner or Name ''!;) ! ,, j ~. ,, 1 1 ' i>ji Depth of Well (Ft,) (1) Diam- Depth to eter which of well is Well cased (In.) (Ft.) Geologic Horizon 26 Huber, Ga. ____________ Mrs. Mamie Den- 35 son. 27 S 500 yds. from well26 ___ Frank Lawson_ ~ _ 1000 28 SE 1 mi. from Huber, Ga. Frank:;Lawson___ 40' 29 S1.6mi. fromHuber,Ga. Frank Lawson___ 33 30 SE 1. 6 mi. from Huber, Frank Lawson___ 54 Ga. 31 N 4 mi. from Bullard M.D. Durden___ 138 32 swSch4o.2ol'. mi. from Fitz- Sam King _______ 26.8 patrick, Ga. 33 Fitzpatrick, Ga. ________ J. C. Soloman.. c .. ~ 90 34 Fitzpatrick, .Ga.________ J. C. Soloman____ 252 35 Ripley, Ga-------~---- Mrs. John Day___ '49 36 SW 2. 5 mi. from well 35 _ James Shannon___ 80 37 N 3 .9 mi. from J effersbri- Mrs. Whitiker____ ville, Ga. 38 N 2 .1 mi. from J effersoli' Ross M. Horn____ 39 ville, Ga. NE 1.6 mi. from sonville, Ga. Jeffer,,- Nash R' obert_ ____ ,, 40. Jeffersonville W at e'i: Jeffer~.onville, Ga, Works. 41 E 1.2 mi. from Jeffet- C. A..Duggan____ sonville, Ga. 42 E 1.2 mi. from Jeffer- C. A. Duggan.... c.. sonville, Ga. 43 SE 2.1 miles from well42 J. M. Getty ____ c 36.1 39.3 49.5 ,, " " 533' 1 I '50 110 48:3' 44 NW 4.2 mi. from Dan~ M. U.Holliday___ 31.9 ville, Ga. 45 NW 1. 8 mi. from Dan- J. V. Terry ______ 40.9 ville, Ga. 46 Danville, Ga. _________ c C. R Faulk ______ 190 47 Danville, Ga. __________ M. H. Stevens___ 32.6 48 sw 1. 4 mi. from Dan- D. C. Howell ____ 368 49 swvill1e.,6Gma.i. from Dan- Emmet Stevens__ 28 ville, Ga. 50 E 3. 7mi. from well 54___ Thomas Lee_ .. __._ 65 ' ,. 51 sw 6.2 mi. from Dan- V. B. Sanders ____ 25 ville, Ga. 52 S 2.3 mi. from well 54 ___ Mercer Burns____ 38 2 30 Alluvium____ ~~ 10-8 2 1000 Crystalline rocks &Tuscaloosa. 35 I Alliivium__c:~-~ 2 28 . Alluvium______ 2 49 Alluvium______ 2 133 Tuscaloosa____ 48 4 Channel sand __ 2 85 Irwinton sand__ 3 247 Tuscaloosa ____ 48 2 -------75 Irwinton Irwinton s a n d __ sand__ 48 -------- Irwinton sand__ 48 39 Irwinton sand__ 48 4 Irwinton sand__ 8 533 Tuscaloosa __ '-_, 36 44 Irwinton sand__ 3 ITO' Irwinton sand__ 48 4 Upper sand member. 48 4 Upper sand member. 48 40 Upper sand member. 4 90 Irwinton sand__ 48 32 Upper sand member. 2 368 Tuscaloosa ____ 48 4 Upper sand member. 2 65 Upper sand member. 48 -------- Upper sand member. 48 14 Upper sand membPr. GEOLOGY AND GROUND-WATER RESOURCES 109 Twiggs County-Cont'd. Meth- Use od of of Lift Water (2) (3) Measuring Point Description Height above Height (+)or above below sea (-)land level sunace (ft.) (ft.) Depth to Date Water of Level Measure- Below ment M.P. (ft.) (4) Remarks- (Yield of nonflowing wells and discharge of flowing wells given in gallons a minute) ------ N Top of casing ___ F DS Land surface____ 0.9 272 0.0 271 -4.9 12-22-44 Screen set 31-35 ft. T. 66 F. +12 12-23-44 Partial analysis. Dis- charge 75. CH DS Top pump base__ +1.2 270 -11.2 12-22-44 Partial analysis. Screen set 35-40 ft. F s Land surface____ +O.O 263 +1.4 12-22-44 Screen set 23-33 ft. Dis- charge 1. CH DS Top pump base __ 0.0 234 -20 12-22-44 Screen set 49-54 ft. Dis- charge 7. CE DS Land surface____ 0.0 390 -113 12-22-44 Screen set 133-133 ft. Discharge 7. BH DS Top well shelf___ +2.4 -------- -22.3 12-22-44 T. 61 oF. CE DS Land surlace____ 0.0 564 -32 12-16-44 Partial analysis. Screen set 35-90 ft. cw DS Land surface____ 0.0 555 -142 12-16-44 Partial analysis. Dis- charge 2.5. BH DS Top well shelf___ +3.0 545 -45.6 12-19-44 T. 64 F. CH DS Top pump base__ +.3 -------- -65 12-22-44 Partial analysis. Screen set 75-30 ft. BH DS Top well shelf___ +2.6 -------- -24.1 12-16-44 T. 64 F. BH DS Top well shelf___ +3.1 545 -33.4 12-15-44 T. 64 F. BH DS Top well shelf___ +3.0 536 -47.6 12-15-44 T. 64 F. CE PS Land surface____ 0.0 523 -200 12-15-44 Complete analysis. Discharge 50. BH DS Top well shelL __ +3.2 -------- -37.9 12-21-44 T. 6P F. TE DS Land surface____ 0.0 -------- -31 12-23-44 Partial analysis. Dis- charge 7. BH DS Top well shelf___ +3 500 -45.9 12-19-44 T. 60 F. BH DS Top well shelf___ +2.8 465 -30.9 12-19-44 T. 59 F. BH DS Top well shelf___ +5.3 500 -37.7 12-19-44 Partial analysis. T. 61 F. CE DS Land surface____ 0.0 458 CE DS Top well shelL __ +6.5 452 -40 12-19-44 Partial analysis. Discharge 7. -32.6 12-19-44 T. 60 F. cw N Land surface____ 0.0 430 -150 12-20-44 T. 63 F. CE DS Land surface ____ 0.0 450 -3.8 12-20-44. Discharge 3. T. 61 F. CE DS Land surface ____ 0.0 495 -35 12-20-44 Discharge 5. T. 61 F. CE DS Top cement cover. BH DS Top well shelf___ 0.0 470 0.0 440 -21 12-20-44 Partial analysis. Discharge 5. -20 12-20-44 Discharge 1. T. 61 F. 110 GEORGIA GEOLOGiCAL .StJ:Rv:Ei' Records of Wells in .. Well No. Plate 2 Location Owner or Name Depth of Well . (Ft.) (1) Diam- Depth to eter which of well is Well cased (ln.) (Ft.) Geologic Horizon 53 S 0. 9 mi. from well 54___ J. H. Vaughn_____ 54 NE 5 .4 mi. on State Hgy. H. J. Waters_____ 127 from Tarversville. 55 E . 2 mi.froin well 54 ___ J. S. Lucas ______ 51.4 32.3 16.7 56 SW 1. 2 mi. from well 57_ F. Y. Stokes _____ 31.8 57 W 1.6 mi. from well ,14 __ Prospect Metho- 35 dist Church., 58 SE 1. 6 mi. from J effer- C. J. Carmmonie_ 32.5 sonville, Ga. 59 S 2 . 5 mi. from Jefferson- T. B. Jones______ 51.9 ville. 60 S 3 . 9 mi. from Jefferson- J. W. Faulk _____ 95 ville. 61 SW 2. 3 mi. from well60 _ F. M. Getty's ____ 50 62 W. 25 yds. from well6L J. M. Getty's_____ 300 63 NE 0.4 mi. from well64_ Mt. Olive Jr. High School. 64 NE l. 3 mi. from well 65 _ Joe Faullc ______ 23.9 43.6 65 NE 0. 2 mi. from well66_ F. C. Taylor_____ 41.1 66 NE 2. 5 mi. from Tarvers- F. C. Taylor_____ 76.5 ville, Ga. 67 S l mile from Tarversville, M. W. Hendricks_ 37.2 Ga. 68 N 0 . 3 mi. from Westlake Jessie McElrath __ 300 station. 69 In field across RR tracks Irvin Fitzpatrick_ 98 1.5 mi. N well 68. 70 N 4. 4 mi. from Westlake, Mark Fitzpatrick_ 43 Ga. 71 N 1. 2 mi. from well 70 ___ W embley SchooL 48 72 Adams Park, Ga. _______ Miller Hendrick __ 360 73 S 2. 7 mi. from Bullard H. G. Faulk _____ 67 School. 74 NE 2. 5 mi. from Adams T. W. Hooks _____ 85.5 Park. 75 NE 3 mi. !rom Adams T. W. Hooks _____ 82 Park. 76 NE 2. 7 mi. from Adams T. W. Hooks_____ 92 Parle 77 S 0. 6 mi. from well 78 ___ D. F. Johnson____ 82 48 6 Upper sand member. 48 4 Upper sand. member. 48 3 Upper sand member. 48 -------- Upper sand member. 4-8 -------- Upper sand member. 48 -------- Upper sand member. 48 50 Upper sand member. 2 90 Irwinton sand__ 3 -------- Irwinton sand__ 3 80 Calcareous Twiggs clay. 48 23 Upper sand member. 48 43 Upper sand member. 48 -------- Upper sand memb.er. 48 76 Irwinton sand__ 48 Irwinton sand__ --~----- 3 300 Tuscaloosa____ 4 98 Tuscaloosa ____ 2 38 Tuscaloosa ____ 2 43 Tuscaloosa____ 6 360 Tuscaloosa____ 2 62 Brown massive sand (Lower Jackson age). 2 80 Brown massive sand (Lower Jackson age). 2 77 Brown massive sand . (Lower .Jackson age). 2 87 Tuscaloosa ____ 2 77 Brown massive sand (Lower Jackson age). GEOLOG:i AND GROUND-WATER RESOURCES Ill Twiggs County-Cont'd. Meth- Use od of of Lift Water (2) (3) Measuring Point Description Height above Height (+)or above below sea (-)land level surface (ft.) (ft:) Depth to Date Water of Level Measure- Below ment M.P. (ft.) (4) Remarks(Yield of nonflowing wells and discharge of flowing wells given in gallons a minute) TE DS Top well shelL __ +5.6 -47.8 12-20-44 T. 63 F. BH DS Top well shelf__ _ +3.3 -30.6 12-20-44T. 6P F. BH DS Top curb ______ _ +2.7 500 -13.8 12-20-44T. 61 F. BH DS Top well shelL __ +2.2 -20.9 12-20-44T. 61 F. CH PS Land surface___ _ CE DS Top cement curb 0.0 490 0.0 -23 12-19-44 Partial analysis. Dis- charge 7. -28.7 12-19-44 Discharge 6. T. 64 F. BH DS Top well shelf__ _ +4.9 505 -48.7 12-20-44T. 60 F. CE DS Land surface___ _ 0.0 500 BH DS Toptilecurb ___ _ +2.8 CG DS Top pump base _ +.2 CH DS Top pump base__ +1.6 475 -30 12-19-44 Screen set 90-95 ft. Discharge 3. -53.3 12-20-44Dischargel. T.60F. -80 12-20-44 Partial analysis. Dis- charge 2. -22.2 12-20-44 T. 6PF. TE DS Top well curb___ +3.3 500 -41.8 12-20-44 Discharge 3. T. 61 F. TE DS Top well cover__ +1.3 475 -35.1 12-21-44 Discharge 3. T. 61 F. CE N Toppump base__ +.6 470 -52 12-21-44 T. 63F. BH DS Top cement curb +2.8 445 F N Land surface___ _ 0.0 285 F N Land surface___ _ 0.0 270 CH DS Pump base ____ _ .2 320 -36.9 12-21-44T. 61F. +40 12-21-44 Partial analysis. Discharge 60. +20 12-20-44 Partially plugged. Discharge 20. -12 12-21-44 T. 61 F. CH PS Land surface ___ _ 0.0 325 F DS Top of casing __ _ .9 259 CE DS Base of pump__ _ 0.0 360 -44 12-21-44 ---------------------+14 11-9-44 Complete analysis. Dis- charge 28. 8. -54 12-21-44 Screen set 62-70 ft. T. 63F. CH DS Land surface___ _ 0.0 345 -77 12-22-44 Screen set 80-85 ft. T. 62F. CH DS Land surface___ _ 0.0 343 -67 12-22-44 Screen set 77-82 ft. T. 62F. CH DS Land surface___ _ CE DS Land surface___ _ 0.0 323 0.0 380 -74 12-22-44 Partial analysis. T. 62F. -72 12-22-44 Discharge 5. T. 62F. 112 ~ GEoRGia G:EoLoarcAt .sunvEY. - Well No. Plate 2 Location Owner br Name Depth of, Well (Ft.) (1) Diameter of Well (In.) Depth to which well is cased (Ft.) ) Geologic Horizon 78 SW 1 mi. from Bullard A. V. White_"-~- 78 2 73 Brown massive $chool. sand (Lower Jackson age). 79 E 0 .3 mi. from Bullard L.A. Everett ____ 75 2 70 Brown massive School. sand (Lower . Jackson age.) 80 Bullard Station_______ ~ Sou'tliern Ry Co. __ 1.0,9 90-120 -------''- Alluvium______ 81 W 1.1 mi. from Bullard C. A. Little______ 160 2 -------- 'Tuscaloosa____ School. 82 w 1 mi. from Bullard R. W. Edwards __ 105 2 100 Tuscaloosa____ 83 School. Bullard High SchooL ___ School __________ 65 2 60 Brown massive sand (Lower Jackson Age) 84 E. 1. 5 mi. from Bullard J. T. McCormick_ 76 2 71 Tuscaloosa____ School. 85 N l. 8 mi. from Bullard 0. B. Fitzpatrick_ 200 3 18 Tuscaloosa ____ School. 86 SW 1.4 mi. from well36_ E. D. Ashley_____ 83 2 78 Tuscaloosa ____ 87 SW 0. 3 mi. from well 86 _ Marion BaptisL 63 2 58 Tuscaloosa ____ Church. (J,,I;' ) {:, GEOLOGY AND GROUND-WATER RESOURCES 113 Twiggs County-Cont'd. Meth- Use od of of Lift Water (2) (3) Measuring Point Description Height above (+)or below (-)land surface (ft.) Height above sea level (ft.) Depth to Date Water of Level Measure- Below ment M.P. (ft.) (4) Remarks(Yield of nonflowing wells and discharge of flowing wells given in gallons a minute) CE DS Land surface____ 0.0 370 -63 12-22-44 Screen set 73-78 ft. T. 62F. CE DS Land surface____ 0.0 380 -60 12-22-44 Screen set 70-75 ft. Discharge 7. cs I Land surface____ CH DS Land surface____ 0.0 263 0.0 376 -7.05 12-22-44 T. 64F. -89 12-22-44 Discharge 6. T. 63F. CH DS Land surface____ CE DS Land surface____ 0.0 375 0.0 365 -85 12-22-44 Screen set 100-105 ft. Partial analysis. -53 12-22-44 Screen set 60-65 ft. Discharge 5. CH DS Land surface ____ CE DS Land surface____ CG DS Land surface____ CH PS Land surface.~-- I 0.0 -------- -61 0.0 380 -150 0.0 -------- -63 0.0 -------- -48 12-22-44 Partial analysis. Discharge 7. 12-22-44 Partial anaylsis. Discharge 7. 12-22-44 T. 63F. 12-22-44 Screen set 58-63 ft. Dis- charge 4. I approximately 60 gallons a minute. This well was used by a lumber mill at Westlake, but is now abandoned. It now flows through breaks in the cas!ng near the land surface. Shallow driven and dug wells in this area penetrate shallow water sands in the Tuscaloosa formation at depths of 40 to 60 feet and yield up to 8 gallons of water a minute. In northeastern Twiggs County in the outcrop area of the Tuscaloosa formation along Big Sandy Creek and its tributaries, many 2-, 3-, and 4-inch wells ranging from 25 to 105 feet in depth recover. ground water from shallow aquifers in the Tuscaloosa formation. Most of these wells were constructed to serve domestic and stock demands and consist of lengths of iron pipe casing with 5- or 10-foot screens attached at the bottom and set in the water-bearing sand. Small pitcher, turbine, and piston pumps recover from 4 to 15 gallons pf water a minute from these wells. Analyses of Ground Wate1s from Twiggs County ...to-' to-' (Analyzed by G. W. Whetstone and Evelyn Holloman. Parts per million. Numbers at heads of columns correspond to numbers in table and in plate 2) Number 5 8 17 20 21 22 25 27 28 33 Geologic horizon Tusca- Tusca- Tusca- Tusca- Tusca Tusca- Tusca- Crystalline Alluvium Irwinton loosa loosa loosa loosa loosa loosa loosa Rocks &Tus- sand -- loosa member SIriolinca(F(Se)i_0_2_)_-_-_-_--_-_-_-_-_- -----.1-2--- .72 Calcium (Ca)_________ Magnesium (Mg) _____ Sodium & Potassium --------- --------- --------- --------- (Na+K) ______._____ Carbonate (COa) ______ Bicarbonate (HCOa) ___ -----------5--.0---- --------- ---6~0--- SCuhllpohriadtee ((CS10)4_)_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_Fluoride (F) __________ 1 1 .0 1 2 .o Nitrate (NOa)-~------ 9.2 .5 Dissolved Solids_______ Total Hardness _______ --------- 9 ---6------ Date of collection,1944_ 12-9 12-9 18 .02 15 1.1 1.1 0 45 3.1 2.1 .1 ., . 1.1 68 42 11-9 ---1--.2---- -----.2--0-- --3-0-A----- -----.0-7--- -------. -03---- -----.4-3--- -----9--.9----- ----------------- ----------------- ----------------- ------------------ ----------------------- ----------------- ----------------------- ----------2-2------ --------- ---7--.0---- --------- ---------14 -----------3-2------. ---------------2-1------- ----i-6--_-__-_-_- --------2--7-------------- 2 2 2 1 6 1 1 2 4 2 3 3 3 2 .0 .1 .0 .0 .1 .1 .1 .8 --2-4------ 6.5 --------- 9 --i5_.1____ --331_.9____ .1 ----2-1------- --25i_.6____ 1.2 ----2-4------- 12-23 12-23 12-22 12-22 12-23 12-22 12-16 ~ ~ ~ gr g so C)' ~ w ~ ~ >ility -------------------------------25-26 Peyton, Captain Garland____________3, 8 Piedmont Province____________!, 9-10, 117 Piedmont National Wildlife Refuge ------------------------------- 85 Piezometric Surfa<;e ------------------------27 Pikes Peak__________________l6, 53-54, 93 Porosity ----------------- 25 Postell ----c-----------------------------85, 92 Powell Creek ____________________________78 Powelton --------------------------------------- 77 INDEX 173 R Rawlings, George ------------------------9 Red Hills ---------------------------------9-12 Riddleville ---------------------------------- 132 s Sand and graveL______________________1, 2 Sandersville________5, 9, 14, 16, 29, 42, 45-46, 48, 56, 59, 66, 121, 124 Sand Hills ------------------------------------9-10 Santee limes.tone_________________________23, 56 Savage Creek________________________________13, 94 Shearer, H. C,_______________________5, 52, 53 Shephard, E. M., welL_____________129 Shinholser, J. W.__________________________73 Shoulderbone Creek _____________________78 Smith, E. A.__________________________________42 Smith, R. W,_______________:__________________9 Smith, Walter----------------------------------8 Sparta___________________________________14, 77, 80 Specific capacity ___________________________29 State Highway Board of Georgia____5 Stephenson, L. W.____5, 44, 50-51, 53 Stevens Pottery____________________________68, 72 Stevens Pottery mine________________________46 Strategic Minerals Investigation!! Preliminary Maps_____________________4, 5 Stringfield, V. T.--------------------------------9 Sun Hill -------------------------------------------145 Suspended water______________________23, 24 T Tarversville ----------~----------------------- 16 Tennille____9, 13-14, 63, 121, 123, 126 Tertiary____2, 21, 40, 52, 55, 58-59, 64 Thompson, R. M._________________5, 44, 50 Tifton Uplands___________________________10, 12 Tindall, 0. D,___________________________________33 Toomsboro______.. 13, 17, 30-31, 52, 155 Town Creek________________________________13, 78 Turkey Creek -----------------------------------94 Turner, L. H.____________________________16, 60 Tuscaloosa formation____________2, 21-22, 42-48 Twiggs clay member____2, 21-23, 53-57 Twiggs County____________________1-3, 93-116 Twisco Heights -----------------------------103 u Ugly Creek____________________________________94, 97 United States Weather Bureau ------------------------------------- 17-19 Upper sand member____2, 21-22, 63-65 v Van Buren --------------------------------------85 Veal, M. M,______________________________________l18 Veal, J. P ---------------------------------------130 Veatch, 0. J,________________5, 9-10, 51, 53 w Walnut Creek ___________________:.____________85 War Department Exploratory Test Wells ____________________________130-132 Warren, M. A,_________________________________3 Warren, W. C,____________________________5, 45 Warthen ----------------------------------------- 133 Washington County__________1-3, 116-146 Water table --------------------------------------24 Wayside ------------------------------------------ 85 Weatherly's Farms _______________________97 Westlake______________________________46, 105, 112 Whaley, E. R-----------------------------------81 Whetstone, G. W.________________________________5 Wilkinson County___________1-3, 146-170 Williamson Swamp Creek________12, 57, 117, 128 Wilson, W. C----------------------------------9 Wilson, W. C., welL______________________l28 Wood, E. P-----------------------------------9 Wood, L. A.____________________________________l31 z Zone of saturation________________23, 25, 27 GEORGIA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY I .,. ~-- )(PLANATION D G"''"' P.r. ..,.,,. " .,. 1.J $tcot9 1< ~'"""" "'""OOIO" P"' ~ OOtj ....... U.l. UUI09I