Souvenir book of the General Assemblies, Atlanta, Georgia, May 14-25, 1913 / prepared by Committee on Souvenir Book, Lucian Lamar Knight, chairman, [for] The Presbyterian Church in the U.S.A., 125th Assembly, The Presbyterian Church in the U.S., 53d Assembly, The United Presbyterian Church of North America, 55th Assembly

Of

:ral

t-

Atlanta,
14=25, 1913

by fflmnmttttr an SOUVENIR BOOk
Uttcfah Uamar
CHAIRMAN
.*. .

.1
4$

WOODROW WILSON, President of United States and Ruling Elder In the Presbyterian Church.

SOUVENIR BOOK
of
The General Assemblies
ATLANTA. GEORGIA MAY 14-25
1913// /
PREPARED BY COMMITTEE ON
SouVEN i R BOOK
LUCIAN LAMAR KNIGHT
CHAIRMAN Compiler of the Slate Records of Georgia
The Presbyterian Church in the U, S. A., 125th Assembly The Presbyterian Church in the U. S. 53d Assembly The United Presbyterian Church of North America, 55th Assembly
BYRD PRINTING COMPANY ATLANTA. T0T3

Contents
Greetings ................................................ 5 Presbyterian Presidents and Vice-Piesidents of the United
States ................................................ 6 Georgia's Presbyterian Land-Marks......................... 11 Georgia Items in Brief .................................... 29 Historic Atlanta: A Brief Eetrospeet....................... 35 Atlanta During the Civil War.............................. 40 Battles Around Atlanta in the Campaign of 1864............ 41 Behabilitation: Grady's Message to New England............ 47 Battle-Held Parks ........................................ 51 Shellman Heights: A Romance of Sherman's March.......... 55 Chickamauga and Kennesaw Mountains...................... 59 Items of Interest About Georgia's Capitol.................. 60 Georgia School of Technology ..............:............... 61 Agnes Scott College ....................................... 63 Georgia Military Academy ................................. 63 Korth Avenue Church Day School........................... 65 > acooehe'3 Institute ....................................... 67 Og'ethorpe University: The Alma Mater of Sidney Lanier to
be Refounded in Atlanta............................... 68 Christian Helper 7s League .'................................ 72 Atlanta as an Educational Center, for the Xegro Race in
America ............................................. 73
Places of Interest in Atlanta to Visit....................... 75 Atlanta's Presbyterian Churches .......................... 84
How the General Assemblies Came to Meet in Atlanta...... 87 The Historical Genesis .................................... 89 Joint Committee of the Assemblies.......................... 89 Local Executive Committee ................................ 91 Local Committee of Arrangements in Connection with the
"Woman's Board ....................................... 92 Retiring Moderators ...................................... 92
Stated Clerks ............................................ 92 Meeting Places of the General Assemblies.................... 93 "Woman's Board of Home Missions of the U. S. A. Church..
Headquarters for the Various Bodies........................ 97 The Communion ........................................... 97 Pre-Assembly Conferences ................................. 97 General Assemblies' Popular Meetings: Programs............ 99 Badges ................................................... 103 Receptions ................................................ 103 Docket of the U. S. A. Assembly ........................... 104 Gavels to be Presented to Moderators........................ 109

For the first time in the history of Presbyterianism on the continent of North America, the highest courts of three great branches of our Presbyterian Church meet simultaneously in annual session in the Capital City of Georgia. To this number must be added a fourth great body to be represented by a specially delegated com mission. The metropolis which phoenix-like in 1864 arose from the ashes of Civil War, not to remember the bitterness of the past but to embody the resurrection spirit of the New South, furnishes the logical arena for such a spectacle of Christian brotherhood. Without regard to differences of creed and irrespective of denomi national lines, the great commonwealth founded by the humane and gentle Oglethorpe greets the coming of the General Assemblies. Entwined with the patriotic colors in which the State bedecks her salutation is the old historic blue banner of the Covenant, while floating high and serene in the air above them both is the snow-white banner of the Prince of Peace. Over every door-post in Georgia is written a welcome to the conquering hosts who come to us in Immanuel's name and from every home circle there goes forth a message of fraternal greeting, warm from the fires of kindred hearts and fragrant with the vernal incense of the Southern May.

SOUVENIR BOOK
Jtesimieriatt Ifresitents anfc Bite-
of tlte Hntteir
UXDER the present administration of the govern ment, both the President and the Vice-President of the United States are ruling elders in the Presbyterian Church. Moreover, in the President's Cabinet, three of the most important portfolios are held by Presbyterians, one of them a ruling elder, viz. : Wm. J. Bryan, of Nebraska, Secretary of State; Wm. B. Wilson, of Pennsylvania, Secretary of Labor ; and Albert S. Burleson, of Texas, Postmaster-General. This signifi cant fact suggests the striking parallelism between the government of the Presbyterian Church and the govern ment of the United States, a resemblance entirely tooobvious to be dismissed as a mere coincidence or acci dental happening. Both embody the representative prin ciple. In other words, both are governed by the people,. through duly accredited representatives ; and the lawmaking bodies of the various States are called General Assemblies, a term borrowed from the Code of Presbyterianism. Both resolve themselves into an ascending series of legislatures or judicatories. The town council or local form of government is analogous to the Church Session or law making bod}- by which an individual Church is governed. The State government which represents a group of townships or counties is analogous to the Presbytery, or law-making body for a group of Churches. The Federal government which represents a Union of States is analogous to the Synods or General Assemblies, each of which is a union the component mem bers of which are Presbyteries. The resemblance in question is neither far-fetched nor fanciful. It can only be explained by the law of cause, and effect. There are-.

THE GENERAL ASSEMBLIES

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good parental. reasons for this likeness, which a little review of history will suffice to prove. Dr. John Witherspoon, the founder of Princeton College, then known as the College of New Jersey, was one of the founders of the American nation. On behalf of New Jersey he signed both the Declaration of Independence and the Articles of Confederation. The famous battle of Princeton was fought within sight of his home. The Continental Con gress, at one time during the Revolution, met in Nassau Hall, on the College Campus, at Princeton. Thomas Jefferson carried in his pocket for months, until literally worn thread-bare by constant use, a small hand book on Church government presented to him by Dr. Witherspoon ; and in the great constitutional convention of 1787 the influence of the New Jersey divine though he was not bodily present constituted a most powerful factor in shaping the organic law of the land and in fixing the structural form of the government. Emblematic of the part taken by Dr. Witherspoon in national affairs dur ing what may be called the formative period of our Republic's history, there was unveiled in 1909, on one of the central thoroughfares of Washington, D. C., a superb memorial statue to this illustrious patriot and scholar of the Revolution. Consequently, it is not a matter of marvel that a large percentage of the nation's chief executives some twelve in number, out of only twentyeight occupants of this office should have come from the ranks of the historic Church whose form of govern ment bore fruit in what Gladstone called the noblest document ever framed by the mind of man the Federal Constitution.

Dr. Wallace Radcliffe, pastor of the New York Avenue Presbyterian Church, known in Washington as the "Church of the Presidents," in response to an inquiry on the subject, has furnished the following authoritative

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statement which we are permitted to make public con cerning the Presbyterian Presidents. Says he: "Replying to yours of recent date, concerning the religious beliefs of certain presidents, I beg to say: 1. Some who were not Presbyterians in religious faith attended the Pres byterian Church in Washington, finding here no Church of their own connection, e. g., John Quincy Adams, a Unitarian, was both a pew holder and a trustee of the New York Avenue Presbyterian Church, and Franklin Pierce, a Congegationalist, was also a regular attendant. 2. With respect to. the others, I think the following is a correct account of their relations to the Church: William Henry Harrison, a communicant; Andrew Jackson, a communicant; James Buchanan, an adherent, who made a profession of faith after retiring from office; Abraham Lincoln, an adherent who, a short time prior to his tragic death, informed Dr. Gurley, that he intended to make a profession of faith and to join the Presbyterian Church; Andrew Johnson, an adherent; Benjamin Harrison, a ruling elder; Grover Cleveland, an adherent, who made a profession of faith after retiring from office; and Woodcow Wilson, a ruling elder. I trust this will give you -what you wish. If I can help you further, please com mand me."* In addition to the Presidents named by Dr. Radcliffe may be added two others: Martin Van Buren and Theodore Roosevelt. These were members of the Dutch Reformed Church; but the Dutch Reformed Church belongs to the Presbyterian family of faith. It is Calvinistic in doctrine and is governed by ruling elders. Dutch Reformers have not only been called to Presbyterian pulpits but to chairs of instruction in Pres byterian Theological Seminaries. The Vice-Presidents of the United States who have come from the ranks of Presbyterianism are as follows: John C. Calhoun, of South

Letter to Miss Mattle B. King, of Washington, T>. C., obtained for the author of this work.

THE GENERAL ASSEMBLIES .

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Carolina; Schuyler Colfax, of Indiana; William A. Wheeler, of New York; Thomas A. Hendricks, of Indiana; Adlai E. Stevenson, of Illinois and.Thomas F. Marshall, of Indiana. The list should also include Wm. P. Frye, of Maine, who succeeded James S. Sherman as President of the Senate under the last Republican admin istration. From this astounding inventory of the part taken in national affairs by the historic Church of John Calvin and of John Knox, it is evident that as a dis cipline for public life under the free institutions of America there is no better pabulum upon which the youth of this Republic can feed than the Shorter Catechism.

GEORGIA'S STATE CAPITOL. Showing the Gordon Monument.

THE GENERAL ASSEMBLIES

11.

A T the close of the American Revolution, the entire area of the State of Georgia was embraced within the Presbytery of South Carolina. On Novem ber 3, 1796, the region west of the Savannah River was organized into a separate jurisdiction known as the Presbytery of Hopewell. The first meeting of the new Presbytery was held at Liberty Church, in Wilkes County, Ga., on March 4, 1797, and the opening sermon was preached by the Rev. John Springer, a noted pioneer evangelist.
Mr. Springer was the first Presbyterian minister to be ordained in Georgia. He opened a school at Walnut Hill, where he taught the great Jesse Mercer, who after wards founded Mercer University ; and he also numbered among his pupils the illustrious John Forsyth, who negotiated with Ferdinand VII of Spain for the purchase of Florida. Liberty Church no longer exists as an organization by this name, but it survives in the Church at Woodstock, an organization into which it was merged. It was located nine miles west of the town of Washington, in the neighborhood of 'War Hill, where the Tory power in Upper Georgia was overthrown by a Presbyterianelder, Colonel Andrew Pickens, in the famous Revolu tionary battle of Kettle Creek.
One of the Presbyters at this first meeting was Dr. Moses Waddell. At Mount Carmel, near Appling, Ga., this pioneer educator opened an academy which became historic. Here he taught John C. Calhoun, of South Carolina, afterwards Vice-President of the United States ; and William H. Crawford, a distinguished statesman, who, while a candidate for the highest office in the nation's gift, was stricken with paralysis, a misfortune which alone prevented him from reaching, the White House. Mr. Crawford was Secretary of the Treasury ins

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the Monroe Cabinet and Minister to France during the First Empire; and the great Napoleon once said of him . that he was the only man at the French Court to whom he ever felt constrained to bow. The Emperor's reception of Mr. Crawford constitutes one of the most dramatic incidents in our diplomatic annals. Dr. Waddell also taught Hugh Swinton Legare, a Secretary of the Navy, in the Tyler Cabinet; George McDuffie, of South Carolina, an orator second only to the great Calhoun; and George R. Gilmer, afterwards Governor of this State. On account of Dr. Waddell's prestige as an educator he was called to preside over the University of Georgia, the old est State University in America, founded in 1785.
Rev. John Newton, another Presbyter whose name appears on the minutes of the first meeting, organized near Lexington what is probably the oldest Church in the Synod of Georgia Beth-salem. Dr. James Stacy, the accredited historian of our church, inclines to this opinion. Beth-salem still survives in the Presbyterian Church at Lexington.
In the course of time the Presbytery of Hopewell was subdivided into smaller units as population became more dense; and finally, at Macon, in the fall of 1845, these various Presbyteries were organized into an ecclesistical body known as the Synod of Georgia. Let us now trace the history of the church as disclosed in the light of some of the lingering land-marks.

Presbyterianism was first planted in Georgia by a Colony of Scotch Highlanders who settled at Darien, in 1736. Stationed here to guard the exposed frontier of the Province, these rugged followers of John Knox bore the brunt of the Spanish wars, and in the wasting cam paigns conducted by Oglethorpe against the Spaniards in St. Augustine, the pioneer church of our denomination

THE GENERAL ASSEMBLIES

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in Georgia was completely extinguished. There is no sadder chapter in our" Colonial history than the one
which records the fate of the brave little Scotch Darien. community at Darien; and while this chapter
. is written "in blood it breathes of a lofty and splendid heroism, worthy of the historic Banner of Blue. Nor was the martyrdom of these Scotch Calvinists, endured for liberty's sake, unavailing. In the decisive battle of Bloody Marsh, fought on St. Simon's Island, near
the old town of Frederica, on March 7, The Battle of 1742,. England and Spain wrestled for Bloody Marsh, supremacy on this continent; and ac
cording to no less a commentator than Thomas Carlyle, the result of this battle determined the future civilization of North America. It gave the whole upper half of the Western Hemisphere to the AngloSaxon.

Perhaps the most widely known land-mark of Presby-

terianism in Georgia is the 'famous Midway Church,

founded by the Dorchester Puritans, in 1752, in Liberty

County, on the Georgia coast. The ancestral home of

these Puritan Colonists was Dorchester, England; and

before coming to Georgia they founded towns both in

Massachusetts and in South Carolina upon which in each

case they bestowed the same favorite

Historic Old

name. The present edifice known as

Midway Church. Midway Church, though no longer

used for religious purposes, is more

than a century and a quarter old. It stands where the

road to Sunbury. intersects the old military road between

Savannah and Darien, one of the very oldest highways in

Georgia. It is a somewhat anomolous fact that while the

Midway Church became a center of Presbyterianism, it

was organized upon Congregational lines, and was never

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in organic connection with the Synod of Georgia. But,

with only two exceptions, it was served for a period of

one hundred and thirteen years by Presbyterian minis

ters ; and during this time it achieved a record to which

in some respects no parallel can be found in the eccles

iastical annals of America.

On the Declaration of Independence, Georgia was

represented by only three Signers. But two of these came

from the Midway settlement: Dr. Lyman Hall and Hon.

Button Gwinnett. Both in after years became Governors

of the State. Before the rest of the Province was pre

pared to act, the Parish of St. John took a bold stand for

liberty and dispatched a delegate, Dr. Lyman Hall, to the

Continental Congress; and for months Dr. Hall was

Georgia's only delegate in this high forum of patriots.

Five of the counties of Georgia bear

Midway's Roll Midway names: Baker, Gwinnett, Hall,

of Honor.

Screven, and Stewart, in addition to

which the County of Liberty commemo

rates the role played by the Midway patriots in the

historic drama of freedom. Two of the most renowned of

modern scientists, Drs. John and Joseph LeConte, were

natives of the Midway settlement. These men, by reason

of the distinguished contributions made by them to

science, were styled the "Gemini of the Scientific

Heavens". They were also the founders of the University

of California. The famous LeConte pear was named for

the father of these men, Dr. Louis LeConte, a celebrated

naturalist of the ante-bellum period. Georgia's senior

United States Senator, Hon. Augustus O. Bacon, is a

descendant of one of the pioneer settlers of Midway;

while Ex-President Theodore Roosevelt likewise traces

descent to this pious community on the Georgia coast.

Mrs. Woodrow Wilson, the present First Lady of the

Land, is a grand-daughter of one of the beloved pastors

of Midway. To summarize, the list includes also: two

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Generals of the Revolution, two Commodores, three United States Senators, four Governors of Georgia, six Judges of the Superior" Court, two University Chancellors, three Presidents of Female Seminaries, one United States Minister to China, six authors of note, including the famous Dr. Francis R. Goulding who wrote "The YoungMarocners," two historians, six editors, six foreign mis sionaries, and scores of successful business men, together with a host of notables including soldiers, statesmen, edu cators, inventors, doctors, lawyers, and ministers of the gospel. The profound religious life of the community is attested by the fact that eighty-two ordained clergymen have come from the Midway settlement. Fifty of these have been Presbyterians, seventeen Baptists, three Episcopalians, and thirteen Methodists, one of whom, Bishop James O. Andrew, attained to episcopal honors. Many of these are included among the descendants of one man : John Quarterman. Dr. Thomas Goulding, father of the noted author, was the first native born Presbyterian minister in Georgia. He was for years pastor of the historic old First Church of Columbus. The names most common in the Midway settlement are contained in the following couplet from the pen of Dr. W. P. McConnell, a noted wit:
"We have Hams and Dun-hams, Bacons and Greens, Manns and Quartexmans, a plenty of Ways, but no Means."

One of the earliest pastors of the Midway flock was the Rev. Abiel Holmes, D. D., a clergyman of very great distinction, who is best known to fame as the father of the celebrated New England poet, Dr. Oliver Wendell Holmes. Soon after receiving his diploma from Yale College, the elder Holmes accepted a call to the Midway

COTTON-PICKING DAYS ON THE SOUTHERN PLANTATION.

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Church and for six years minis-

Dr. Abiel Holmes:, tered to the needs of this congre-

Father of The

gation. The house of worship in

New England Poet: which he preached throughout his

entire pastorate was a structure

built of rough logs, occupying a floor space 40 by 30 feet

in dimensions. It was in fact little better than a bush

arbor, made by driving posts into the ground and rilling

the intermediate spaces with poles. But the congregation

could afford nothing better at this time, on account of the

recent severe ravages of war. On returning to New

England, Dr. Holmes married first a daughter of Dr.

Ezra Stiles, the President of Yale College, and, after her

death, a daughter of Dr. Oliver Wendell, of Cambridge,

Mass., from which union came the illustrious "Autocrat"

who has added such a piquant charm to American letters.

But Dr. Holmes was not the only divine associated with Midway Church whose name has been trumpeted by the heralds. One of the most beloved pastors of this little flock was Dr. I. S. K. Axson, the grandfather of Mrs. Woodrow Wilson, who today presides over the American White House in Washington. Dr. Axson was born in Charleston, S. C, on October 3, 1813. When a very young man, he served the Church as co-pastor, after which he became pastor in full charge. Here he remained for seventeen years. Later, he became pastor of the
Independent Presbyterian Church, Dr. I. S. K. Axson, of Savannah, where he remained for Grandfather of Mrs. the rest of his days. To quote the Woodrow Wilson, historian of Midway, "he always
brought beaten oil into the sanctu ary." Dr. Axson usually read his sermons from manu script, but the congregation was trained to this method

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of deliver}-, and he seldom lacked for rapt and eager listeners. He died on March 31,1891, in his seventy-ninth year, and was buried in Laurel Grove, at Savannah.

Directly across the highway from the old Church, is

the famous Midway burial ground, occupying an area of

two acres enclosed by a wall of brick. The little grave

yard is luxuriantly shaded by majestic live-oaks, some

of which are more than two centuries old; and from the

gnarled and twisted limbs of these ancient Druids trail

the long pendant mosses. In the centre of this little

bivouac of the dead, the United States government, at

a cost of $10.000. is erecting a superb monumental shaft

to commemorate two illustrious

The Stewart-

soldiers of the Revolution, both

Screven Monument, sons of old Midway, General James

Screven and General Daniel

Stewart. The former was killed near Midway Church,

Xovember 32. 1778, while engaged in reconnoitering.

The latter, an ancestor of Ex-President Roosevelt, was

only a lad when hostilities with England began, but he

distinguished himself in the struggle which followed.

The unveiling of the monument will probably occur either

in the late summer or in the early fall of 1013. In addi

tion to Former President Roosevelt, who is Honorary

Chairman of the Monument Commission, an invitation

has been extended to the present Chief-Executive, Hon.

Woodrow Wilson, to make an address on this occasion.

Evangelistic efforts for the uplift of the negro race in Georgia were first undertaken in the Midway settlement by Dr. Charles C. Jones, Sr., an eminent divine, who con secrated his rare powers of eloquence, with marvelous results, to this peculiar-work. Dr. Jones was the father

THE GENERAL ASSEMBLIES

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of Georgia's most distinguished archiologist, historian, and scholar, sometimes called the "'Georgia Macauley" the late Colonel Charles C. Jones, Jr., of Augusta. Dr. Jones began to preach to the negroes in 1831. and for more than a quarter of a century this man of large means, a scion of the State's nobility, bred in the aristo cratic purple, and characterized by the ripest Christian
culture remained a home missionEvangelistic Work ary among these lowly children of Among The Slaves. Africa. The Puritans of Midway
were at this time the largest owners of slave property in Georgia. They cultivated rich allu vial plantations, near the Georgia coast, devotee! chiefly to the production of rice: and on SOUK of these planta tions as many as five hundred negroes were employed. At the close of the Civil War, the blacks outnumbered the whites in Liberty County, by more than ten to one, in consequence of which the county was for years repre sented in the State Legislature by colored members. Malarial conditions were somewhat intensified by the reverses incident to the protracted struggle of arms; and it was not long after the surrender at Appomattox that an exodus of the white population from the Midway district brought the active career of the historic church to an end. Dr. Jones was instrumental in converting a vast multitude of negroes. These worshipped on the Lord's Day with the whites. The colored members, occupied seats in the galleries of the old church, reached by means of stairways from the outside: and on com munion Sabbaths master and slave partook of the sacra ment together. Today the famous old Church at Mid way is only a monument. Except on commemorative occasions, the building is seldom used; and those of its former members who are not sleeping underneath the live-oaks, in the little grave-yard across the road,.are scattered far and wide. For miles around there is

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scarcely a habitation; and today the old church stands amid the abandoned acres like a grim sentinel keeping ward and watch over a silent past, while upon it, from one Lord's Day to another, there broods the profound hush of an unbroken Sabbath.

Old Independent Though not in organic union with the

Church.

Synod of Georgia, the historic old In

dependent Presbyterian Church, of

Savannah, founded in 1755, is one of the most ancient

land-marks of our faith in this State. On the petition of

forty-eight free-holders, in the year mentioned, a lot was

granted by the King's Council whereon to erect a house

of worship for the use of such persons in the district of

Savannah as supported the doctrines of the Church of

Scotland. The first pastor of the church, Dr. John J.

Zubly, a native of Switzerland, represented the Colony of

Georgia in the Continental Congress. One of the most

beloved pastors of the Church was Dr. I. S. K. Axson,

the grandfather of Mrs. Woodrow Wilson, who today

presides over the White House in Washington as the

First Lady of the Land. Dr. Axson served the Inde

pendent Church as pastor for a period of thirty-four

years and died an octogenarian, revered by the whole

community, irrespective of religious creeds. During the

Revolution "Dr. Zubly's meeting house" was used as a

hospital, and at the time of the siege it was almost com

pletely demolished by the shells of the British. The

present handsome edifice, on Bull Street, was dedicated in

the spring of 1819, at which time President James Monroe

was a guest of the church and witnessed the impressive

ceremonies. During this visit, Mr. Monroe was a pas

senger on board the steamship "Savannah," when this

vessel made one of her trial trips in the harbor. The

"Savannah" was the first vessel propelled by steam to

cross the Atlantic Ocean.

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Where Bishop

In the old Independent Presby-

Heber's Great Hymix terian Church, at Savannah,

was First Sung.

Bishop Heber's celebrated hymn,

- "From Greenland's Icy Moun

tains," was first rendered in public as a solo, sung by

Miss Mary Howard, afterwards the wife of Dr. Francis

R. Goulding. While living in Savannah, Miss Howard

made the acquaintance of a young man named Lowell

Mason, then a clerk in one of the local banks. At her

request the latter, who possessed a most decided talent

for musical composition, set to music Bishop Heber's

renowned hymn; and Capt. B. L. Goulding, her son, owns

the original copy of the song, autographed in the quaint

handwriting of the afterwards noted Dr. Mason. Gifted

with a fine soprano voice, Mrs. Goulding sung the hymn

in the choir of the old Independent Presbyterian Church,

soon after the music was composed; and this is said to

have been the first presentation to the world of an air

which is now familiar to both hemispheres and is sung

by millions throughout the whole of Christendom. Dr.

Charles Wallace Howard, the father of Mrs. Goulding,

was a noted minister of the gospel who, in 1845, reorgan

ized the famous old Huguenot Church, in Charleston, S.

C. He was also one of the first investigators to discover

rich mineral deposits in the mountains of North Georgia.

According to the conditions of a legacy left to the old

Independent Church of Savannah by Miss Mary Telfair,

a daughter of one of Georgia's earliest Governors, there

are two features of the interior which cannot be altered:

the high Dutch pulpit and the galleries. The congrega

tion of this historic church is perhays the wealthiest in

Savannah. Dr. Rockwell S. Brank, the present pastor, is

a graduate of Princeton and a warm personal friend of

Dr. Woodrow Wilson.

STONE MOUNTAIN. Supposed to be the Largest Solid Mass of Granite In the World. Nearly 2,000 Feet In Height.

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Lexington Church. One of Georgia's most historic land marks is the old Presbyterian
Church at Lexington, in the sacred precincts -of which repose two illustrious Georgians for whom counties have been named: Governor George R. Gilmer and Hon. Stephen Upson. It was organized in l?8o, two years after the Revolution, by a noted pioneer evangelist, the Reverend John Newton; and, unless an exception be made of the Independent Presbyterian Church, of Savan nah never in organic connection with other religious bodies of this faith it is the oldest Presbyterian Church in the Synod of Georgia."' At Darien there was a Church prior to this time; but it suffered complete extinction during the Spanish wars. At Midway there was a center of Presbyterianism, but the church at this place was organized upon Congregational lines. Xew Hope Church near Danielsville, claims to be the oldest church in the Synod of Georgia; but according to Dr. James Stacy, the accredited historian of our church, this claim, while possibly correct, is not supported by documenta; proof. The name by which the church at Lexington was first known was Beth-salem; and at the time of organiza tion it was located some two miles distant from the present site. Mr. Newton, who was the first Presbyterian minister to preach the gospel on the frontier belt of Georgia, served the church as pastor for twelve years. "When he died, in 1797. he was buried in the old church yard ; but, one hundred years later, in 1807, his body was taken up and re-interred in the Presbyterian cemetery, at Lexington. Mr. George C. Smith, the present clerk of the session, assisted Mr. Newton's grandson in accomp lishing this removal. The original agreement between pastor and people, executed in 1785 when Mr. Newton first took charge, is still in the possession of the church.
* History of the Presbyterian Church in Georgia, by James Stacy, pp. 26-28, Westminster Co., Atlanta, Ga., 1912.

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The munificient salary which the pastor was to receive, according to the terms of this contract, was fixed at fifty pounds and twenty shillings per annum.
Mr. Smith is the custodian of a precious keep-sake in the nature of a little book, containing the texts from which this pioneer divine preached while pastor of Bethsalem Church, from 1785 to 1797; and he also treasures a record of baptisms, to which great value attaches. Both of these genuine relics of the early days of Presbyterianism in Upper Georgia were sent, through Mr. C. A. Row land, of Athens, to the Jamestown Centennial-Exposition, where they attracted much interest.
It was at Lexington, in 1828, that the Presbyterian Theological Seminary, now located at Columbia, S. C. was first established, and the house in which this famous school of the prophets was organized was still standing in 1912 after the lapse of eighty-four years. There will be found elsewhere in this work a statement to the effect that the first Presbyterian minister ordained in Georgia was the Reverend John Springer, whose ordination occurred in AYilkes, under the famous poplar. The ap parent contradiction may be easily explained. Mr. New ton preceded the latter into Georgia by at least six years; but he was already an ordained minister when he entered
the State, while Mr. Springer was not, until the dramatic scene in which he figured in 1791 occurred.

The Presbyterian In the town of Washington, Ga., there

Poplar.

stands a tree of mammoth propor

tions, under which the first Presby

terian minister ever ordained in Georgia was solemnly

commissioned to preach the gospel. The tree measures

155 feet in height. The circumference of the trunk is 28

feet, in diameter it is 9 feet, and the lowest branches of

the tree are 50 feet from the ground. To state the size of

THE GENERAL ASSEMBLIES

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this famous old land-mark somewhat differently, it is said that a man on horseback stationed behind it is" entirely screened from the view of persons on the side opposite. The tree is not only one of the largest but one of the very oldest specimens of the tulip-bearing poplar in the United States. On January 21, 1790, the spreading boughs of this magnificent forest giant formed the roof of God's first Presbyterian temple in the historic old County of Wilkes. The pioneer minister ordained on this occasion was the Rev. John Springer. Both mentally and physically, Mr. Springer was a giant, bearing no faint resemblance to the tree under which he stood. According to a number of accounts, he weighed four hundred pounds; but he died in the prime of his usefulness Mr. Springer was one of the most noted educators of his day in Georgia. He was also for several years pastor of Smyrna Church, a congregation which he organized on the frontier belt. The time-honored little house of worship stands today in a grove of pines, on the Augusta road, six miles from Washington. Matthew Talbot, an early Governor of Georgia, is here buried. Mr. Spring.er died soon after preaching the funeral sermon of the Governor's father, an elder in the church at Smyrna. On account of subsequent changes in the boundary lines to property in this neighborhood, the grave of Mr. Springer is supposed at the present time to underlie the main highway to Augusta.

Where an Ex-

On the banks of the Chattahoochee

President's Mother River, at Roswell, stands the little

Worshipped.

Presbyterian Church in which the

mother of Ex-President Theodore

Roosevelt worshipped when a girl. The maiden name of

Mr. Rosevelt's mother was Martha Bulloch. Her father.

Major James S. Bulloch, was for years Superintendent of

20

SOUVENIR BOOK 01?

the Presbyterian Sunday School at Roswell; and one Sabbath morning, while officiating at his post of duty, this devout layman was suddenly called into the presence of his Maker. But the Angel of the Lord found him ready for the change, his feet shod with the preparation of the Gospel of Peace. Bulloch Hall, in which a future mistress of the White House in Washington became the wile of Mr. Theodore Roosevelt, Sr., of Xe\v York, stands today in a splendid state of preservation. It is a magnificent old land-mark, surrounded by stately forest oaks. The wedding occurred here in the early fifties. It was during the Christmas holidays, when the season's wealth of mistletoe and holly added a rich touch to the festivities. Mrs. William E. Baker, one of the bridesmaids, is still living in Roswell. where she resides in the beautiful old home of her girlhood: Barrington Hall. It was her grandfather, Roswell King, who found ed the historic little town. One of the pastors of the church at Roswell was the famous Dr. Francis R. Goulding. whose romance of adventure entitled "The Young Marooners" is today one of the juvenile classics of the world, ranking with "Swiss Family Robinson" and "Robinson Crusoe." Dr. Goulding is buried in the little cemetery back of the Presbyterian church: and though his grave is marked by only a simple headstone, the man who sleeps here is one of the crowned immortals.

Where the Southern One of the most noted of Geor-

Church Was

gia's Presbyterian land-marks is

Organized.

the ancient house of worship

occupied by the First Presby

terian Church, of Augusta. Situated on Telfair street, in

one of the most beautiful of Southern cities, this time-

honored edifice is an object of universal interest. Here,

on December -i, 1861, the first General Assembly of the

THE GENERAL ASSEMBLIES

27

Presbyterian Church in" the United States convened with Dr. Benjamin M. Palmer, of New Orleans as -Moderator. From 1858 to 1870, the church was served by Dr. Joseph R. Wilson, the father of our present Chief-Magistrate; and Dr. Wilson was pastor of the church when the first General Assembly met in Augusta. He also held the office of stated clerk. Here the boyhood days of the republic's future President were spent. On the spacious church lawn may be seen the grave of a former pastor, Dr. Robert Irvine, who served the church for ten years, after the departure of Dr. Wilson for Columbia, S. C. The grave of Dr. Irvine is adorned with a superb mem orial statue of the lamented divine, who was one of the most eloquent men of his day in the Presbyterian pulpit. Ex-President Taft before entering the White House in Washington spent several weeks in Augusta; and on completing his term of office he left immediately for this historic town, here to enjoy an extended sojourn among countless admirers. While filling the office of President, Mr. Taft appointed a distinguished Augustan, Hon. Joseph R. Lamar, to the Supreme Bench of the United States.

HEADQUARTERS OF GENERAL JOHN B. HOOD, AFTERWARDS OCCUPIED BY GENERAL GEORGE H. THOMAS.
(To the Right l the Governor'1 Manilon.)

THE GENERAL ASSEMBLIES

29

Jtema in
G EORGIA was the youngest of the .original Thirteen Colonies. Her founder, James Edward Oglethorpe, " a distinguished humanitarian, soldier, and member of Parliament, was the most illustrious Englishman to cross the sea during the period of American colonization. The Province of Georgia originated in an impulse of humanity and the motto of Georgia's earliest coat-of-arms was "Non Sibi Sed Aliis." * * * * The oldest organized charity in America is the Orphan House at Bethesda, founded by the great Whitefield, in 1738. It is located nine miles from Savannah, on a bluff of land, near the ocean. Whitefield was a strong Calvinist in religious doctrine, though a Methodist in ecclesiastical polity. * * * * At Mulberry Grove, a plantation formerly belonging to the General Greene estate, fourteen miles above Savannah, Eli Whitney, in 1791, invented the Cotton Gin, one of the most important factors in shaping the future civilization of the South. Georgia was the only one of the English Colonies in America to put a ban upon slavery, but the necessities of competition led to the annulment of this measure ; while the invention of the Cotton Gin increased the demand for slave labor and committed Georgia to an institution which her founders repudiated. Half of the world's population is today clothed by King Cotton. Georgia's annual production of the royal staple aggre gates, in round numbers, 2,000,000 bales. * * * * In area Georgia is the largest State east of the Mississippi River. * * * * The first vessel propelled by steam to cross the Atlantic ocean sailed from the port of Savan nah, in 1819, and was named for the oldest of Georgia cities: "The Savannah." * * * * Sequoya, the famous Cherokee half-breed, who invented an alphabet for his
people, lived for many years in Georgia, near the line of

'30

SOUVENIR BOOK of

Alabama. The first Indian newspaper was published at New Echota in this State, in 1828. The Cherokees were the only Indians in North America, who organized them selves into a nation governed by Constitutional law. The colossal trees of California were named for the modern Cadmus of the American forest and in view of the almost complete extinction of the aboriginal tribes of the con tinent, there is some degree of poetic justice in the fact that the greatest of red-wood trees today bears the name of Sequoya, the greatest of red men. * * * * John Howard Payne, the author of "Home S'veet Home," was once imprisoned by the Cherokee Indians in a block house, while gathering scientific data in-the Cherokee nation, and Miss Mary Harden, a sweetheart of the poet, is buried on the banks of the Oconee River at Athens. She remained loyal to her poet-lover. In the grave with Miss Harden was placed a manuscript copy of the im mortal song. * * * * The first capture of powder during the Revolution was made at Tybee, near Savannah, in 1775. Some of this powder was sent to Boston where it was used in the celebrated battle of Bunker Hill. * * * * General Henry Lee, the famous "Light Horse Harry" of the first struggle for Independence, sleeps at Dungeness, on Cumberland Island, where he died in 1818 while a guest of the family of General Xathanael Greene, of the Revolution. The widow of General Greene is also buried here, but the great soldier himself, who ranked second only to Washington, is buried under the Greene monument in Savannah. General Lee was the father of the great Confederate military chieftain, Robert E. Lee. He also pronounced upon Washington the famous eulogium: "First in war, first in peace, and first in the hearts of his countrymen." Last fall the Virginia Legis lature appropriated $500 for the removal of General Lee's body to Lexington, where in the near future it will occupy a crypt, in the chapel of Washington and Lee University,

THE GENERAL ASSEMBLIES

31

beside the ashes of his renowned son. * * * * In the city of Savannah there are quite a number of fine monuments erected to Revolutionary heroes. Among those honored are General Nathanael Greene, Count Casimer Pulaski, and Sergeant Jasper. The last two fell in the disastrous siege of 1779. * * * * Nancy Hart, the famous heroine of the Revolution, was a Georgia woman, who lived on the frontier belt. At the point of her musket, she cap tured six Tories, a feat which she accomplished largely by reason of the fact that she was cross-eyed. Not a Tory dared to move, because each of them thought she was aiming her buck-shot at him. * * * * At the battle of Kettle Creek, near '\Yashington, Ga., Colonel Andrew Pickens, an elder in the Presbyterian church, at Long Cane, S. C, sounded the death knell of Toryism in Upper Georgia. * * * * The oldest State University in America, established by the Legislature of Georgia, in 1785, is the State University at Athens, chartered originally as Franklin College. * * * * The first institution of learning to confer a diploma upon a woman was "\Yesleyan Female College, at Macon, chartered in 1836. * * * * The city of Savannah is famous as the birth-place of Methodism and as the cradle of Sunday Schools. Here the noted Wesleys, who accompanied Oglethorpe on his second voyage to America, began to preach the doctrines which today form the creed of Methodism ; and here the young people of the church were first brought together for religious instruction, a departure antedating by at least fifty years the Sunday Schools organized by Robert Raikes, in Eng land. * * * * Dr. Francis R. Goulding. a Presbyterian minister, while residing at Bath, Ga., devised a sewing machine which antedated by several years the patent granted to Elias Howe. He also wrote "The Young Marooners," one of the greatest of juvenile classics. His father, Dr. Thomas Goulding, was the first native born Presbyterian minister in Georgia. * * * * William Long-

UNIV. OF GEORGIA LIBRARIES

32

SOUVENIR BOOK OF

street, a Georgian, whose Dutch ancestors helped to establish the Reformed Church of Holland, made success ful experiments with a crude steamboat on the Savannah River, as early as 1806. * * * * Dr. Crawford W. Long, a native Georgian, successfully employed sulphuric ether as an anaesthetic in extracting a tumor, as early as 1842; and from this operation dates the rise of modern surgery. He anticipated Wells by .wo years and Morton by four years. Dr. Long was the grandson of a Presbyterian elder, Samuel Long, one of the founders of New Hope Church, believed by some to be the oldest church in the Synod of Georgia. His father, James Long, was also a Presbyterian elder. * * * * Alexander H. Stephens, the distinguished Vice-President of the Southern Confed eracy, was a native of Georgia, and a member of the Presbyterian Church. His former home at Crawfordville, known as Liberty Hall, is one of the most noted land marks of the State. * * * * The two pre-eminently great Georgians to be honored with statues in Statuary Hall, according to a resolution adopted by the State Legis lature, are Dr. Crawford W. Long, the discoverer of anaesthesia, and Hon. Alexander H. Stephens, the Con federate Vice-President. The last meeting of the Con federate Cabinet was held in the old Heard House, at Washington, Ga.., on May 5, 1865, while Mr. Davis was en route from Greensboro, N. C. to his home in Missis sippi. * * * * The Confederate President was arrested in Irwin County, Ga., near the present town of Fitzgerald, on May 10. 1865. At the time of his arrest he was journeying homeward with the members of his immediate household, accompanied only by his military staff. He was not disguised and he carried no money on his person. * * * * James Ryder Randall, the renowned author of "Maryland, My Maryland," in the opinion of Dr. Oliver Wendell Holmes, the greatest of war lyrics, is buried at Augusta, Ga. * * * * Memorial Day was first observed

THE GENERAL ASSEMBLIES

33

in the United States, at Columbus, Ga., on April 26,1866. * * * * Georgia is the horiie of the famous Elberta .peach and of the equally celebrated LeConte pear. * * * * The marble quarries of this State are among the richest in America. * * * * Prior to the discovery of the yellow metal in California, in 1849, the richest gold mines in the country were at Dahlonega, Ga. * * * * Georgia's State capitol is one of the few public buildings in the United States built within the original appropriation. Several thousand dollars'were returned to the treasury of the State when the building was completed. * * * * The "Lone Star Flag of Texas." was designed by a Georgia woman, Miss Joanna E. Troutman. She afterwards became Mrs. Vinson. The body of this lady was recently exhumed from a country burial ground near Knoxville, Ga., and reinterred with impressive ceremonies in the State Cemetery at Austin, Texas. * * * * Hon. William G. McAdoo, the famous engineer, who built the first tunnel underneath the Hudson River and the present Secretary of the Treasury, in President Wilson's Cabinet, was born at Marietta, Ga. * * * * President Woodrow Wilson, himself an elder in the Presbyterian Church, spent most of his early life in Georgia, and was admitted to the Bar, while a resident of the city of Atlanta, in 1882.

BATTLE-FIELD MEMORIALS.

Monument to Gerv. Wm, H. T. Walker.

Monumerv. to Gen. James B. McPheraon.

THE GENERAL ASSEMBLIES
: .A |kte
SITUATED on the foot-hills of the Bine Ridge, at a point seven miles to the east of the Chattahoochee River, a stream which at this point is not open to navigation, Atlanta is an inland city in the most restricted sense of the term. But the high elevation of the town eleven hundred feet above the level of the sea its fine natural drainage and its splendid climate are compensating assets which more than neutralize this handicap. Such a thing as an epidemic has never been known in Atlanta, though her gates have always been opened to refugees from less favored latitudes. The gentle ridges on which the town is built form a watershed between the Atlantic Ocean and the Gulf of Mexico, and there are not a few lots so located that during a shower of rain the water falling in the front yard is destined to reach the Gulf, while the water falling in the rear is carried through a net-work of streams to an outlet on the Atlantic Ocean, in the harbor at Darien. However, the chief factors in Atlanta's phenomenal growth are the railway lines which converge at her civic center, there forming a web of steel, from the bi-focal points of which they radiate in every direction.
Georgia was one of the first States, of the Union to grasp the possibilities of the Iron Horse. As early as 1833, the Central Railroad was chartered by the Legis lature while at the same time two other lines were authorized; the Monroe and the Georgia. To connect these with the interior of the continent, the State of Geor gia herself, in a great convention held at Macon, decided to construct a line running northward, through the newly acquired country of the Cherokees; and, accordingly, on

36

SOUVENIR BOOK of

December 21, 1836, an act of the Legislature was duly approved by Governor Schley, authorizing a line to be surveyed from the Tennessee River, at Chattanooga, to the Southwestern bank of the Chattahoochee River, at a point best suited for running branch lines to various towns within the State. The survey of the proposed route was made in 1837 by Stephen H. Long, the engineer in chief. Finding- no point on either bank of the river
suited to the purpose, Mr. Long located the Terminus, terminus of the proposed line at a point seven
miles to the east of the stream. But with respect to the possibilities of the site he was always a skeptic. Xot a dollar of his own money went to purchase a lot; nor did he advise any of his friends to buy. How ever, there was a great political seer who, tarrying at the place one day, observed the topography of the landscape and predicted for the young village a future of wonderful growth. It was an instance of far-sightedness in keeping with the character of the illustrious statesman, who was none other than John C. Calhoun, of South Carolina. The earliest name given to the pioneer settlement which arose in the virgin forest at this point was Terminus. The only building of two stories in the place for quite a while was the wooden structure in which the chief-engineer's office was located. Here, in the capacity of a bookkeeper, then unknown to fame, was a young man of slender figure but of intellectual cast of features, destined to become the Chief-Justice of Georgia and to give his name to one of the great counties of the Commonwealth : Judge Logan E. Blecklev.

At first the growth of the settlement was slow. But with the progress of work on the various lines then creep ing slowly toward the foothills it became evident to many that some day a metropolis was destined to occupy

THE GENERAL ASSEMBLIES

37

this important strategic site. Scores of people flocked to the village, stores multiplied, churches arose, and
finally;- in 1843, the old name' -was disMarthasville. carded for Marthasville. Hon. Wilson
Lumpkin, an ex-Governor of the State, was at this time one of the commissioners appointed to supervise the building of the Western and Atlantic Railroad. The prominent part taken by Governor Lumpkin, in laying oft" the young town, created a senti ment in favor of naming the town for him ; but he dis couraged the movement. Nevertheless it was named for his youngest daughter, Martha.

Atlanta. With metropolitan prospects looming ahead another name was needed to meet the de
mands of the growing community; and, on December 29, 1847 an act was passed by the Legislature incorporating the "City of Atlanta." The postoffice was then in the little angle made by the intersection of what is now Eclgewood avenue with Decatur street, and it paid a salary of $(500. The first charter of Atlanta was drawn by Judge John Collier. The first house of religious worship in the town stood at the corner of Houston and Peachtree streets, in the neighborhood of what is now the Candler building, and was used as a day school during the week. Rev. John S. Wilson D. D., afterwards pastor of the First Presbyterian church, preached the earliest sermon to which the villagers listened, but the little building was not the property of any one particular de nomination. The first mayor of Atlanta was Moses W. Formwalt.
Origin of the Name. Concerning the origin of the name "Atlanta" there is quite a diver
gence of opinion. Some derive it from the middle name

The Qrady Monument.

MEMORIALS OF GEORGIA'S CAPITAL. The Gordon Monument.

The Peace Monument.

THE GENERAL ASSEMBLIES

39

of Martha Lumpkin. Others trace it to the heathen god dess who was fleet of foot.-. In fact there is quite a litera ture on the subject. But after carefully sifting the evi dence, gathered from various sources, the facts seem to be these: In 1S45, when the Georgia Railroad was first completed to Atlanta, Mr. Richard Peters, one of the earliest pioneers and one of the most substantial citizens of the town, approached Mr. J. Edgar Thompson, the chief engineer of the new road, requesting him to suggest a substitute for the name of Marthasville. His objection to the name was that it took too long to pronounce it; but the desire for a change was quite general, due to one reason or another, some contending that it was too sug gestive of village ways. Mr. Thompson promised to give the matter thought. In the course of time several letters were exchanged upon the subject, but at last the problem was happily solved by the following paragraph:
"Eureka!" wrote Mr. Thompson. "I have found it! Atlantic, masculine; Atlanta, feminine a coined word, but well adapted."
It caught the fancy of the whole town. At once the citizens began to use it, and, long before it was confer red by charter from the Legislature, it was applied to the depot. Mr. Peters, when still in vigorous health, was asked in 1887, to reduce to writing his recollection of the circumstances under which Atlanta was named, and he cited the foregoing particulars.
Martha Lumpkin, now Mrs. Compton, is still living, 1912. Her life has been wonderfully preserved; and, though verging upon the century mark, she is an active old lady with an . eye still bright. Long ago she expressed a desire to be buried in Atlanta, and when the end comes she will be laid to rest in Oakland cemetery, where a place has been reserved for her in the shadow of the Confederate monument.

40

SOUVENIR BOOK of

.Atlanta ^taring flte (fti&H War*
AT the outbreak of hostilities in 1861 the popula tion of the future capital of the State numbered some fifteen thousand souls. The town at this time possessed four converging lines and was already quite an important commercial market. The strategic importance of Atlanta \vas recognized early in the progress of hostilities. On account of the city's commanding position, it became one of the military centers and supply depots of the Confederacy; a citadel of strength. The manufacture of war implements and munitions was here conducted upon the most exten sive scale. In 186?, the city passed under martial law and became nt once the headquarters of Confederate Quartermasters and Commissaries. Several hotels, the Medical College, the Female Institute, and various other buildings, were converted into hospitals, where, from time to time, it is estimated that fully 75,000 Confederate sick and wounded, were placed under treatmen. These different enterprises required a large force of men and a heavy expenditure of money, the effect of which was to stimulate trade; and. due to the exigencies of the times, there was a constant influx of population to re coup the losses. But the elements of power which she pos sessed exposed her to the dangers which wrought her downfall. In the Federal army there was a man of blood and iron whose gaze was riveted upon her. With the trained eye of the soldier he preceived that she held the key to the situation, and with the compression of his lips her fate \\zs sealed. His name was 'William Teeumseh Sherman,

THE GENERAL ASSEMBLIES

41

JVrmmft ^Atlanta in
of
WHEN General Ulysses S. Grant was made Commander-in-Chief of the Union forces, General William T. Sherman succeeded him in com mand at the West; and, under General Sherman at this time, there were three splendid armies, commanded by three superb officers: the Army of the Tennessee, under McPherson; the Army of the Cumberland, under Thomas; and the Army of the Ohio, formerly under BurnsicLe, but now commanded by Schofield. At the beginning of May, IS64, this triple army of invasion covered a line some twenty miles in length, a little south of Chattanooga ; McPherson on the right, with 25,000 men ; Thomas in the center, with 60,000, and Schofield on the left, with 15,000, in all, 100,000 men, with 260 field guns. Opposed to this force was a Confederate army, under command of General Joseph E. Johnston, who, among the Southern Generals, ranked next in ability to Lee. It was generally understood by the public, according to Prof. John Fiske, of Cambridge, that Sherman's grand object in this campaign was the capture ' of Atlanta, the principal city of Georgia between the mountains and the sea-coast.*
Despite the masterful tactics of Johnston, in opposing the march of Sherman from Dalton to Atlanta, there was great dissatisfaction over what seemed to be the failure of the former to accomplish definite results; and, on July 17, 1864, when the two hostile armies stood before Atlanta, Mr. Davis felt constrained to relieve him of the command, appointing in his stead an intrepid soldier: John B. Hood, who was expected to conduct an aggres-
* The Mississippi Valley in the Civil War, by John Fiske, pp. 324-325. Houghton, MifEHn & Co., Boston, 1900.

TOMB OF JOEL CHANDLER HARRIS.

TOMB OF HENRY W. GRADY.

THE GENERAL ASSEMBLIES

43

sive campaign. His reputation as a fighter was well established and his appointment carried with it the under standing that defensive tactics were to be abandoned. It is said that General Sherman, on learning of the change, remarked: Heretofore the fighting has been as Johnston pleased, but hereafter it will be as Sherman pleases. When the news reached the Union army, it undoubtedly formed the subject of some conversation between Sher man and McPherson, as they sat on the steps of the porch of a country house. In allusion to the incident, General Sherman himself says in his "Memoirs": "We agreed that we ought to be unusually cautious and pre pared for hard fighting, because Hood, though not deemed much of a scholar, was undoubtedly a brave, determined, and rash man." General O. O. Howard, in "Battles and Leaders of the Civil 'War." comments thus: "Just at this time, much to our comfort, Johnston was removed and Hood put in command of the Confederate army." In the light of subsequent events the judgment of Mr. Davis in making the change is at least open to criticism. Sub sequent to the battle of Atlanta, General Johnston was reinstated: but his restoration to command came too late to check the tide of disaster which was fast hastening toward Greensboro and Appomattox.

On July 20, 18G4, Hood attacked the Federal army at Peachtree Creek, near Atlanta, at which point began the struggle for the grand prize of war. There followed a week of desultory fighting, in which he lost perhaps 8,000 men. Says Prof. Joseph T. Derry :* "Through bad man agement, the attack was not made as promptly as Hood desired, nor with as good results; for the Confederates were repulsed with heavy loss." On July 22, occurred one of the most terrific engagements of the Civil War. Both sides fought with grim determination. It was
* Story of the Confederate States, by Joseph T. Derry, p. 351. B. F. Johnson Co., Richmond, Va., 1893.

44

SOTJVEXIR BOOK of

Hood's plan to drive Sherman back toward the Tennessee line, but at the close of the day he was still where the morning found him. Six days later, an attempt on the part of General Sherman to turn the Confederate left, brought on the battle of Ezra Church. Unable to rout the Confed erates from this position, he finally withdrew; but on the neighboring hills, he instantly began to unloose the fires of Pandemonium. The bombardment lasted for more than four weeks. Xor was it until after the battle of Jonesboro, when the Federals seized the track of the Central of Georgia, separating the Confederate army from its base of supplies, that the city 3-ielded. Then it was that General Hood evacuated the Confederate citadel. The subsequent destruction of Atlanta by General Sher man, after giving non-combatants due notice of his inten tion, was a course justified in the eyes of the great leader by the iron necessities of war. His idea was to put a speedy end to the struggle; and the terms of surrender subsequently proposed by General Sherman at Greens boro and accepted by General Johnston were so mag nanimous in character that they were promptly repudia ted by the Secretary of War, Edwin M. Stanton.

Battle-Field Memorials. Two of the ablest commanding officers of the Civil War fell on
July 22, 1864, in the heat of the renowned engagement, subsequently called by this tragic date. Major General James B. McPherson was killed while making a reconnoisance near the skirmish line of the Confederates, to the east of the city of Atlanta. He was ordered to surrender; but, raising his hand as if to return a salute, he wheeled about and galloped off. Instantly a volley of muskets was discharged, and the brave officer fell from his horse to the ground, bleeding from several wounds. Both Sherman and Grant placed the highest estimate upon his

THE GENERAL ASSEMBLIES

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abilities. The other distinguished soldier who was num bered among the slain in. this battle was Major-General William H. T. Walker, a Georgian. He was gallantly leading an attack upon the Federals, who occupied the crest of the hill, when he was shot in the thigh. As he fell to the ground, he was caught by an officer who, in the act of leaning toward him, was shot in the head. The body of General Walker was sent to Augusta for burial; but the spot on which he fell, some two miles to the east of Atlanta, has been appropriately marked. The memorial consists of a cannon mounted upon a pedestal of granite and surrounded by an iron railing. At each corner of the base is a pyramid of cannon-balls. In like manner, the place where General McPherson fell has been marked. It is perhaps half a mile distant, on the same tragic field. The monument was erected by the United States government. In honor of the Federal officer, who lost his life in the battle of the 22nd of July, the local military post bears the name of Fort McPherson.

JOINT COMMITTEE OF THE GENERAL ASSEMBLIES.

Rev. Dunbar H. Ogden.

Rev. Hugh K. Walker.

Rev. Richard Orme Flinn, Chairman.

' Rev. Jere A. Moore, Secretary.

Rev. A. G. Wallace.

. B. The four remaining members of the Committee are groupea elsewhere.

.

THE GENERAL ASSEMBLIES .

47

f0

T HERE is nothing in the annals of American cities to surpass Atlanta's phenomenal record in emerging from the fiery furnace of Civil War. At the close of hostilities in 18G5, the famous Con federate citadel was literally a "parched desert." The very streets were obliterated by the ruins; and there were not a dozen structures left standing within half a mile of the old car shed. It was a picture of desola tion upon which the returning veterans of Lee's army looked; and, when added to the pathus of defeat, it was well calculated to subdue the stoutest heart. But, instead of brooding over the ashes, these gray knights turned with resolute and hopeful faces to the future, bent upon retrieving with the implements of pro gress the disasters of the sword. Today, with a popula tion of 200,000 souls, the chief city of a great Empire State and the trade emporium of a vast region of country, she constitutes in very truth a splendid sequel which the Xew South has written to the Appomattox of the Old.
Never was Atlanta more thoroughly democratic than during the period of rehabilitation. Distinctions of rank, like the public highways, were wiped out of existence. There was no time for idleness. The need of the hour was not for Jeremiahs to mourn in sackcloth, but for Nehemiahs to rebuild the walls. Men of note in the com munity, like Capt. Evan P. Howell, Mr. Thos. G. Healy, Colonel Robert F. Maddox, Judge George Hillyer, Mr. Julius A. Hayden, Mr. Reuben Cone, Major Campbell Wallace, Colonel Robert J. Lowry, Mr. Walker P. Inman, and others, worked side by side with the laborers,

48

SOUVENIR BOOK OF

As early as 1865, General Alfred Austell, a generous sup porter of the Presbyterian -Church, organized the pioneer national bank of the Southern States. Mr. John H. James, some two years later, built the first palatial home on Peachtree, a residence which he afterwards sold to the State of Georgia for a Governor's mansion; block after block of splendid buildings arose; and from every part of the South came sturdy men of affairs to share in the fortunes of the new metropolis. There also came at this time quite an influx of population from the North, includ ing Mr. H. I. Kimball, who built the famous hotel. Without crediting General Sherman with any benevolent intentions, the havoc wrought by him in the city's destruc tion was overruled for good. The burning of Atlanta served to advertise the strategic and commercial impor tance of the town, causing not a few of the General's own followers to locate here. There was no perpetuation or revival of strife in this new Atlanta which arose like a phoenix from the ruins of war. Purified by the flames, there awaited her a ministry of healing for which she was providentially prepared by her baptism of fire.

It was the spirit of this new order of things which in spired the great peace-maker and evangel of the New South, Henry W. Grady, a distinguished citizen of At lanta, when he made his celebrated New England speech in 1886. As the result of this speech, it was said of him that he "leaped from a banquet revelry into national fame." He was only a private citizen. Death overtook him before his fortieth year was reached. But every sec tion of the Union helped to build his monument, into the granite face of which this legend is carved: "And when he died he was literally loving a nation into peace." Mr. Grady voiced the local sentiment when in his own charm ing way he said in the course of this speech, turning to

THE GENERAL ASSEMBLIES

49

a great Federal General who was present at the banquet: "I want to tell General Sherman, who is considered an able man in our parts though kind o' careless about fire, that from the ashes which he left us in 1864 we have built a brave and a beautiful city, that, somehow or other, we have caught the sunshine in the brick and mortar of our homes, and have builded therein not one ignoble pre judice or memory."

General John B. Gordon, one of the most illustrious soldiers of the Civil War, was also an influential factor in establishing national fraternity between the North and the South. His great lecture on "The Last Days of the Confederacy" was in some respects the most pow erful plea for brotherhood to which the past generation listened. It was delivered to enthusiastic multitudes, with equal effect on both sides of the line. General Gordon commanded half of Lee's army at Appomattox. He subsequently became a Governor of this State and a United States Senator. At the time of his death he was an elder in the Kirkwood Presbvterian church.

RETIRING MODERATORS OF THE GENERAL ASSEMBLIES AND THE SYNOD.
Rev. Mark A. Matthews, D.D., U.S.A. Rev. Thos. S. Clyce, D. D., U. S. Rev. J. H. Pressly, D. D., A. R. P. Rev. Hugh H. Bell, D. D., U. P.

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llattlefielh
T WO handsome parks today memorialize- the historic field on which the sanguinary battle of the 22nd of July, 1864, was fought: Pied mont Park, on the north side, and Grant Park, on the south side, both favorite places of resort, not only for residents of the community but for visitors. Piedmont Park, for more than a quarter of a century, has been consecrated to the sentiment of peace. It furnished a site for the famous series of Piedmont Expositions, the first of which was held in 1887, when President Grover Cleveland was the city's guest of honor. The initial achievement of Mr. Grady's constructive genius was registered in the success of this project. Here, in 1895, the Cotton States and International Exposition was held, an enterprise of colossal magnitude, which placed Atlanta in the metropolitan class of cities. Here, too, the Daughters of the American Revolution have deepened and intensified the national sentiment by estab lishing permanent Chapter homes and here, on October 10, 1911, at the main entrance to the park, on Fourteenth street, was unveiled Atlanta's Peace Monument, an artistic memorial in bronze commemorating the mission of peace undertaken in 1879 by the Gate City Guard, Atlanta's oldest military organization.
Unlike Piedmont Park, which memorializes the senti ment of peace, Grant Park, on the south side, is an exten sive museum, rich in historic souvenirs and relics of the Civil War. It was on the wooded heights to the east of the park that two distinguished Major-Generals fell on opposing sides: General William H. T. Walker, on the Confederate, and General James B. McPherson, on the Federal. Both sites have been marked by appropriate memorials. The area of ground within the park is lit erally rjdged with breast-works, over which time has

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SOUVENIR BOOK OF

deftly woven a mantle of verdure, while up and down the trenches great oaks have risen from the acorns which fifty years ago took root in the soft earth which was here watered by the blood of expiring heroes. At the western entrance to the park stands the Cyclorama of the Battle of Atlanta. Here, depicted on canvass, may be found some of the most dramatic scenes and incidents connected with the great battle which was here fought upon these hills. Directly across the park, on an eminence, near the east side, is Fort Walker, an earthwork, built circular in form and named for the noted Confederate officer, who was killed while leading a charge, in this neighborhood. The exact spot on which General Walker fell is perhaps a mile distant. Behind the ramparts have been planted a number of heavy guns, gathered together from various sources and here preserved as relics. The fort is of postbellum construction.
To the south of Fort Walker stands the famous "Texas", an engine which fieured in one of the most thrilling episodes of the Civil War period. It was this nluckv little ensrine that overtook and captured the famous "General." a locomotive seized in 1862 by a party /of raiders, under the command of Captain James And rews. Had this bold exploit on the part of the Federals been crowned with success, the means of communication between Atlanta and Chattanooga would have been destroved. the Tennessee stronghold taken by the enemy,
and the territorv of Georsria instantly invaded, with the result that the Confederacy might have been overthrown
?nd the war ended, at least two vears earlier. It was Hon. John M. Slaton afterwards Governor who in 1910
while State Senator introduced the bill which provided for the preservation of the "Texas", then barely more than a mass of old iron encumbering the Western and Atlantic Railroad shops. But no legislative appropria-

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tion was made and the funds for making the necessary repairs were raised by public subscription.
To the north of Lake Abana a picturesque sheet of water there are some interesting: relics of the SpanishAmerican War and in the same area of ground stands a monument which has lately been erected by the city of Atlanta to Colonel Lemuel P. Grant, a Presbyterian elder who in 1883 deeded to the city one hundred acres of beautifully wooded land to be used for park pur poses. This distinguished engineer was one of the great railway pioneers and magnates of Georgia. Besides the historic relics to which reference has been made, the park contains an up-to-date zoological garden, is adorned with statues and fountains, and is charmingly threaded by .ornamental walks and drivewavs.

STATED CLERKS OF THE GENERAL ASSEMBLIES. Rev. A. S. Rogers, D. D., A. R. P. Rev. Thos. H. Law, D. D., U. S. Rev. Wm. H. Roberts, D. D., LL. D., U. S. A. Rev. D. F. McGill, D. D., U. P.

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Heigfys: A Jfomattte of
jifyermatt's
O N January 11, 1911, there fell a prey to the devouring flames a splendid old mansion on the Etowah, near Cartersville, Ga., known as Shellman Heights. It crowned an eminence overlooking the river and represented an investment of several thousands of dollars, not a penny of which, for lack of insurance, could be recovered by the owner. Little survives to mark the spot ; but associated with it there is a romance of the Atlanta campaign surpassing anything to be found in the melodramas. Shellman Heights was built in 18C1 by Captain Charles Shellman, and the first mistress of the mansion was one of the famous belles of Bartow. As Miss Cecilia Stovall, she spent her summers at West Point, on the Hudson; and there she became a prime favorite of the young cadets at the famous military school. Within the circle of her most devoted admirers were Joseph Hooker and William Tecumseh Sherman, both of whom were enthralled by the charms of this bevvitchingly beautiful Southern girl. They were both handsome young men, and both destined to attain to high honors in the iron days of battle which were soon to dawn upon the nation. But she married a man from her own beautiful land of sunbeams, much to the chagrin of her disappointed worshippers.

Years elapsed. In the spring of 1864, General Sher man and General Hooker both halted at Shellman Heights, on the Etowah, en route to New Hope Church in this State, where one of the great battles of the campaign was afterwards fought. On approaching the mansion,

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which he was about to ransack, General Sherman was attracted by the pathetic wails of an old negro servant who sat at the front entrance and, in accents hysterical with grief and fear, repeatedly sobbed:
"O, Lawd, what's Miss Cecilia gwine ter do now!" Catching the sound of a name which was once charm ingly familiar to his ear, there flashed across the old soldier's mind a vision of West Point, and in a tone of inquiry which betrayed some touch of tenderness he asked: "What is the full name of your mistress? Come, answer me quick!" "Miss Cecilia Stovall Shellman," replied the distrac ted servant. "Why, that's my old sweetheart!" exclaimed the man of blood and iron. Tearing a leaf from his note-book, the grim warrior hastily scratched the following lines, addressed to Mrs. Cecilia Stovall Shellman:
"My dear Madam You once said that you pitied the man who would ever become my foe. My answer was that I would ever protect and shield you. That I have done. Forgive all else. I am but a soldier.
W. T. SHERMAN.

Orders were immediately given to the soldiers to replace what they had taken, while a guard was stationed about the mansion to protect it from further molestation. Even iron will melt in the heat of a blaze fervent enough to soften it; and for the sake of an old love affair of his youth, the grim soldier spared Shellman Heights. Sentiment often crops out in unexpected places. Now and then we find violets growing in the clifts of volcanic rocks. Sherman moved on. Later came Hooker, who learning the same particulars in regard to the ownership of the mansion issued the same order to his troops.

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It is said that another unsuccessful suitor for the hand of this beautiful Southern woman was gallant Dick Garnett, a young West Pointer, in charge of the arsenal j at Augusta, then the girlhood's home of Miss Stovall. i To the handsome youth's proposal of marriage, the fair | object of his affection was by no means indifferent. But the young girl's father did not favor this match. The lovers were forbidden to meet and the obstinate lass was finally sent to visit relatives in South Carolina. There was probably no objection to the young man himself. The best Virginia blood rippled his veins; but his pro fession was hazardous and his income small. Mr. Stovall wished to see his daughter wedded to a lord of many acres. In this whim he was gratified. While visiting the Palmetto State, Miss Cecilia smiled on the suit of a gentleman to whom her father interposed no objection and whose means enabled him to build for his bride the beautiful old home on the Etowah. But the young officer whose suit she was forced to decline always remained true to his first love. He never married; and when he fell on the battle-field of Gettysburg, in 1863, the image of sweet Cecilia Stovall still ruled the heart of General Richard B. Garnett, one of the bravest soldiers in the Army of Northern Virginia.

LOCAL EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE GROUP A.

J. K. Orr, Chairman.

L. L. Knight, Souvenir Book.

T. B. Gay, Auditorium.

Dr. M. M. Hull, Hospitality.

W. E. Newill, Treasurer.

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(Eftkfeatrowga attft J^tttmesattt Jftotmtahi
I N the fall of 1863 one of the greatest battles of the Civil War was fought on Georgia soil, just a few miles south of the Tennessee State line, between the two western armies. Says Prof. John Fiske, of Cambridge: "The name 'Chickamauga' has been said to mean 'Valley of Death', in allusion, perhaps, to some wholesale Indian slaughter of long ago. However, that may have been, the place has now fairly earned such a sombre epithet. The battle of Chickamauga was the greatest battle fought by our western armies, and one of the greatest of modern times. In our Civil War, it was exceeded only by Gettysburg and the Wilderness; in European history one may compare it with such battles as Neerwinden, or Malplaquet, or Waterloo."* In 1895, this historic field was purchased by the United States government for memorial purposes. Today it forms a magnificent battle field park, threaded with beautiful driveways and em bellished with superb monuments, commemorating alike the heroism of both the Blue and the Gray.

One of the best known battles of the famous Atlanta campaign was the battle of Kennesaw Mountain fought in the late spring of 18C4. This mountain which stands just to the west of the Louisville and Nashville Railway line, is one of the most conspicuous landmarks in the State, dominating the region for miles around. On Pine Moun tain, not far distant, Lieutenant-General Leonidas Polk, was killed by a cannon-ball, while reconnoitering. General Polk was a Bishop in the Episcopal Church.
'The Mississippi Valley in the Civil War, by John Fiske. Houghton, Mifflin & Co., Boston.

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of ^Interest <Atowt
(Capital.
Population, 185,000. Area, 26.66 square miles. Altitude, 1050 above sea level. Bank deposits, $30,000,000. Bank capital $5,700,000. Bank clearings, $692,000,000. Assessed value of property, $155,000,000.
Churches, 254. Public schools, 58. Paved streets, 197 miles.
Sewers, 240 miles. Telephones in use, 25,514. Postoffice receipts, $1,260,195,000. Invested in factories, $25,000,000. Value of manufactured products, $53,000,000. Wage earners in factories, 13,700.
Wages paid, $5,000,000. Drainage unsurpassed. Greatest automobile depot in the Southern States. Greatest insurance center in the Southern States. Electric railway lines, 200 miles. Steam railway lines converging in Atlanta, 12 in num ber, making Georgia's capital the great railway metropolis of the South. As an educational center, Atlanta is rapidly acquiring a recognized prestige among Southern cities. There are 22,344 pupils enrolled in the public school and over 8,000 students in our technical, literary, scientific, commercial and religious institutions.

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of

One of the greatest industrial schools in America is located in Atlanta: the Georgia School of Technology. The total enrollment for the present term falls little short of 1,000 students. In response to a practical need of the time for hometaught men to superintend our factories and to engineer our works of construction, Hon. Nathaniel E. Harris, of Bibb, in the summer of 1882, introduced a resolution in the Georgia Legislature authorizing the appointment of a committee to gather statistical information looking to the establishment of a school of Technology in Georgia. The resolution passed both houses and the committee appointed thereunder visited numerous institutions throughout the North and East. As the result of this legislative inquiry, a school was recommended on the general plan of the Worcester Institute. But the Legislature was not ready to act.' The idea was new and the necessity for retrenchment in expenditure was argued as a reason for postponement. Colonel Harris was not discouraged. He inagurated at once a campaign of education. He took the stump. In the State elections he made it an issue ; and finally by dint of the Herculean efforts exerted by this far-sighted Georgian, a bill was enacted into law creating the Geor gia School of Technology. This was in 1885. Colonel Harris is rightfully regarded as the founder of this great institution and in recognition of his eminent service to the State, he was given the degree of Doctor of Laws by his alma mater, the University of Georgia. The first executive head of the institution was Dr. Isaac S. Hopkins, a former president of Emory College, under whom the new methods of instruction started in a small way experimentally on the campus at Oxford. He gave the initial impetus to the work of organization. Captain

LOCAL EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE GROUP B.

John J. Eagan, Vice-Chairman. S. W. Carton, Welcome.

Samuel M. Inman, Reception. Jacob W. Patterson, Finance.

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Lyman Hall, a man of wonderful administrative-talent succeeded him, but he died in harness while the institu tion was enjoying the rich fruit of his labors, to be in turn succeeded by the present official head, Dr. K. G. Matheson, an elder in the North Avenue Presbyterian Church, of Atlanta. The Georgia School of Technology constitutes an important part of the University system.

Agnes Scott College, at Decatur is the pride of the Southern Presbyterian Church. Though less than a quarter of a century old it is today one of the foremost institutions in the South for the higher education of women. Established in 1889 by the munificent liber ality of Colonel George \Y. Scott, an elder in the Pres byterian Church, at Decatur, it is governed by a selfperpetuating board of trustees. To say that it ranks with the best schools of the North and East is to employ no extravagant figure of speech. The United States Bureau of Education includes Agnes Scott in the first group of American Colleges for women and gives it a parity of rank with -such institutions as \Yellesley, Bryn Ma\vr and Vassar. It possesses a plant valued at $1,000,000; maintains an admittedly high standard of scholarship; and draws an increasingly large patronage from more than a score of States. The president of the institution is Dr. F. H. Gaines, an accomplished educator. Included among the benefactors of the college, besides Colonel Scott, may be mentioned: Andrew Carnegie, of Pittsburg, Pa., Samuel M. Inman, Robert J. Lowry, Joseph K. Orr, John J. Eagan, and many others. Though under denomi national control, it is conducted upon broad and liberal lines of policy, and is in no sense sectarian. On the

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grounds of Agnes Scott College a reception will be ten dered to the general assemblies on Saturday afternoon, May 17, from 3:30 to 5:30 o'clock.

At College Park, eight miles from Atlanta, on the line of the West Point Railroad, is located a school for boys, known as the Georgia Military Academy, over which a Presbyterian elder presides. There is not in the South an institution of this character in which a higher standard of discipline is maintained. The moral tone which per vades the student body is proverbial. Some time ago, without any suggestion from the faculty but inspired by the well-defined ideals for which the institution stands, the boys took vigorous measures to suppress the vicious habit of cigarette smoking, practiced by some of them in violation of rules. Such a positive sentiment was created along this line that resistance to it became a badge of disgrace which not a boy was willing to wear. In like manner, they took the initiative in other measures of reform. Today it is doubtful if there can be found anywhere in the land a lot of boys whose lives are pitched upon a higher plain of manliness. There are no weak spots in the armor which Colonel Woodward here forges for his boys no mere effort to polish at the expense of the true metal. His purpose is to make them strong in body, vigorous in mind, resolute in spirit, and pure in heart. The motto of his school is "Every Opportunity for Every Boy," nor is this motto merely a phrase with which to juggle. It is an index of his policy as an educa tor of youth; and when President Wilson was inaugura ted in March last he took them to Washington to see a Presbvterian elder made President of the United States.

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They marched in the inaugural parade and, at one^of the best hotels in Washington, a day never to be forgotten found an appropriate climax in a superb banquet. The Georgia Military Academy was founded by Colonel Woodward in 1890: It possesses an excellent faculty, a campus of some sixteen acres, a quota of military sup plies furnished by the U. S. War Department, and a well equipped, modern, educational plant.

(Eljwrtlr -Bag J
Born in prayer. Launched by faith. Blessed of God. This is the brief history of the North Avenue Presby terian Church Day School. It grew out of a desire to make the Bible a part of the daily school curriculum, and for a system of education which would develop, rather than cram, the mind of the child. The idea was sugges ted to one of the elders on his knees; it was adopted by the session, and launched by a board of trustees appoin ted by that body, the board assuming personally all finan cial responsibility. The school has paid its own expenses and accumulated each year a surplus all of which it has used for improvements to the property of the church.
When the school was launched there were but twelve pupils enrolled, and it required at least sixteen to pay the expenses. There were 21 before the year closed, and eight other applications had been refused for lack of accommo dations. The second year there were 53 and 3 teachers, the third, 131 and 8 teachers, the fourth 175 and 9. teach ers. Eleven teachers have been engaged for next year.
The aim of the school is the symmetrical development of the child mental, physical, social and spiritual. Its text is Lnke 2:52. The special features for accomplish ing this aim are (a) small classes, to allow individual in-

LOCAL EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE--GROUP C.

W. Woods White, Music. T. C. Harris, Buildings.

Chas. A. Stokes, Ushers. John K. Ottley, Entertainment.

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67

struction; (b) departmental instruction, with each depart ment under a specially trained teacher; (c) open air school rooms, physical examinations, and daily physical instruc tion ; (d) government and entertainment (not socials) to teach the pupils their relation to one another and to the community; and (e) daily Bible study, carefully graded. This consists, in the elementary school, largely of memory work; in the high school, of other lines of teaching as well. A nominal charge is made each child to pay the expenses. This school's history can be repeated in many churches of this country, to the benefit of the church, the good of the child, and the glory of God .

Under the personal supervision of the Rev. John K. Coit, a consecrated minister of the gospel, the Presby terians of Georgia have started a splendid school at Sautee for the mountain boys and girls. The school over looks the far-famed valley in which the great Chattahoochee River is cradled. The atmosphere is saturated with Indian traditions, and in the background looms the imperial brow of Mount Yonah. If environment plays any part in the formation of character there is here afforded an unsupassed gymnasium for developing the youth of Georgia in the finer things of the spirit. Our church is doing a most effective work in the Georgia mountains, but the possibilities of the field are restricted by lack of means. The purest blood of the American Revolution ripples the veins of these mountain children. Here lies the republic's best hope; and today, when the menace of foreign immigration is threatening our country, iL is the policy of wise statesmanship as well as the humane task of an undented religion to rescue this im perilled element of our population and to make effective for our defence this virile Anglo-Saxonism of the hills.

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Alma *Hatic of j>'jjfcimi ^."anicr in b*
in .Atlanta.
C OINCIDENT with the meeting in Atlanta of the four great American branches of our Presbyterian family of churches, is the movement to revive here an institution once famous throughout the nation: historic old Oglethorge University. If this mighty gather ing of the hosts of Presbyterianism serves no other purpose than to stimulate the quickening forces today at work in this direction, it will embalm itself in the gratitude of future generations. Incidentally, there could be no finer monument to memorialize the splendid spirit of fraternity embodied in this great national reunion thah the reestablishment, upon a bed-rock and secure basis, of this ancient seat and citadel of learning, named for the illustrious founder of the Colony of Georgia. When Oglethorpe University, was founded, in ISoS, it was the sole beacon light of our faith, in an educational way, for the whole lower half of the North American continent and it occupied a field of service, stretching in undeveloped but marvelous possibilities from Cape Hatteras to Los Angeles.- No institution was ever born under a brighter star; and, to the nation's Hall of Fame, no college on this continent, for the same period of time, contributed a catalogue of names more resplendent.
It was a Georgian of the highest distinction after wards an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of this State whose report to the Presbytery of Hopewell, in 183-5, furnished the inspirational suggestion in which the future college was cradled Hon Eugenius A. Nisbet. It was a distinguished colleague on this same exalted bench known in after years as the "Great Chief-Justice of Georgia" who delivered the corner-stone oration when

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the main building was started, in 1837: Hon. Joseph lienry Lumpkin. For twenty-five years, Dr. Santuel K. Talmage, an uncle of the noted Brooklyn divine, was the executive head of this famous school; and today there is not a fold of the Blue Ridge mountains in which the name of this pioneer apostle of culture is not revered. Scores of ministers of the gospel, some of them eminent in the councils of the church, went forth from the walls of this institution to scatter broadcast the seed of the Kingdom. But it served not the Church only but the State also. Georgia's present Chief-Magistrate, Hon. Joseph M. Brown, is a distinguished graduate of Oglethorpe. The well-known historian of Georgia, Col. Isaac W. Avery, received his diploma from Oglethorpe. The renowned scientist, Dr. Joseph LeConte, was here at one time a professor. But the bright particular star of this famous school was a child of the muses; and today, wherever the English language is spoken by scholars or read by lovers of literature the world over, there is linked with Tennyson's the name of Sidney Lanier.
With such a shining bead-roll of immortals, it is one of the mysteries of Divine Providence that a school like Oglethorpe was ever permitted to perish; but the Pres byterian Church of the South is pledged in honor and in self-respect to revive this historic plant, and she can never regain her lost prestige in the eyes of the world until she erases this unfortunate stigma from her banners. Oglethorpe University was founded at Midway, a college settlement near Milledgeville, in 1835. During the Civil War, this portion of the State lay within the belt of hostilities; and, when the tide of invasion receded, in 1SG4, the institution was a mass of blackened ruins. Some few years later, the remnants of Oglethorpe were brought to Atlanta. But the resources of Georgia's capital were not sufficient at this time to nourish the feeble spark of life and it soon flickered out in darkness. More than half

ATLANTA'S ARMORY-AUDITORIUM. Where the Great Popular Man-Meeting* will be Held. Seating Capacity 8,000.

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a century later in the spring of 1912 a movement was inaugurated to refound Oglethorpe University in Atlanta. At the present moment, the prospects of success for this enterprise are most flattering. Some one hundred and fifty men, each representing a gift of not less than $1,000, today constitute a board of founders, which, operating through an executive committee, will control the destinies of the institution. The City of Atlanta is expected to add $250,000 to the funds already pledged, a site on Peachtree Road, of 137 acres of land, inclnding an 82 acre lake, the whole valued at $100,000, has been donated outright for this purpose; and, from various other sources, something like half a million dollars is expected. The largest con tribution yet made by an individual member of the board of founders is $33,000. There are representatives on the board from Virginia to Texas; and, under the stirring appeals of the board's secretary, Mr. Thornwell Jacobs, there has been an outburst of generosity, on the part of churches visited by him, seldom if ever surpassed in America. Not a congregation has failed to respond to the call of Oglethorpe.
But much remains to be clone before our Presbyterian phoenix can emerge from the ashes. In the meantime, it behooves us to remember that we are living in an age the motto upon whose intellectual banners is the bid fiat of Genesis: "Let there be light!" Ever since John Calvin founded the University of Geneva at the foot of the Alps and planted the seed of modern democracy in the free soil of Switzerland and sent John Knox back to Edin burgh, an evangel of fire, to wrestle in prayer to God for Scotland, Presbyterianism has been the school-master of reformed Christendom. It has battled not only for an educated pulpit but for an educated pew: and it cannot afford at this late day, when knowledge is power, to relinquish the palm which for more than four centuries it has lifted high and serene in the very forefront of Immanuel's marching columns.

UNIV. OF GEORGIA LIBRARIES

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CIttristiart
During the sessions of the General Assemblies every commissioner in attendance is invited to visit the Christian Helpers' League at Number lOoVa Decatur Street. Here will be found one of the model plants of the South for rescue work. Every thing is open to inspection. The rooms are commodius, the linen white, the kitchen neat and the dining room attractive. Beds and baths are provided in a style modern and up to date. The hall for religious services is used also for a reading room.
Every man, no matter how depraved, degraded, ragged or loathsome, and no matter what his past, is given assistance. If diseased, he receives medical attention ; if ragged, clothing; if merely hungry and tired, food and lodging, and with it all, a hearty welcome, and an oppor tunity to make a man of himself.
This work has been in existence about five years and during that time untold good has been done. It is con ducted by the Presbyterian men of Atlanta in the name of Christ and all helped are pointed to Him as their real friend and Saviour. Prayer services are held every even ing except Sunday, and preaching services every Sunday afternoon.
This is one of the most practical and successful methods of bringing the gospel to the attention of men who will not attend the regular church services, but who, having tasted the bitterness of sinful pleasure, realize their need of the Saviour and are responsive to the offer of salvation.
Christianity Applied. This is the term which fittingly expresses the practical work of this unique beneficence. To show what the League is actually accomplishing, this brief paragraph is reproduced from a recent report covering a period of nine months. The report reads: During the nine months, we have served 10537 meals, of

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which 917 were donated as charity to worthy recipients. Our beds have been used 4,980 times, of which 444'were in charity. We have cared for 188 strangers stranded in our city, of whom 100 were assisted in securing work and are doing well. We have received 55 men from the courts, of whom 30 have made good. Medical attention has been given to 11 men, and clothing has been furnished to 42. Our religious services have had a total attendance of 5,699 persons. * * * * Every man's dollar placed in this channel makes possible the expenditure of nearly $ 2.50 in rescue work, the remainder of the fund coming from the person helped.

as an ^Jwtational (Hcttfer for
Jlate in
There are not less than six great institutions of learn ing in Atlanta for the intellectual uplift of the negro race in America, a showing which confers upon Atlanta the primacy in this respect among the educational centers of the world. The exact figures showing to what extent these schools are endowed cannot be given but the esti mated values of the various plants are as follows :
Atlanta University .............. .$ 300,000.00 Atlanta Baptist College. .......... 200,000.00 Spellman Seminary .............. 300,000.00 Gammon Theological Seminary. . . . 700,000.00 Clark University ................ 400,000.00 Morris-Brown College ........... 200,000.00
Total ...................... .$2,100,000.00
Religious statistics disclose the existence of forty distinct church organizations among the colored people in Atlanta and in the largest of these churches there are

TABERNACLE BAPTIST CHURCH. Where the Seiilons of the U. S. A. General Assembly Will Be Held.

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not less than 5,000 members. The First Congregational Church of which the Rev. H. H. Proctor, D. D., is pastor, is the only well equipped institutional church in the South among the negroes. It includes a home for work ing girls and represents an invested capital of $150,000. There are 760 enrolled communicants. The Radcliffe Memorial Church is the only Presbyterian Church in this negro group; but there are several colored missions tinder the care of the Southern Presbyterian Church.

ces of interest in ^Atlanta to
Georgia's State Capitol. One of the few public build ings in the United States erected within the original appropriation: $1,000,000.
The Gordon Monument. On the north-east corner of the Capitol grounds, at the intersection of Washington and Hunter streets, stands the noble equestrian statue of General John B. Gordon. At Appomattox, this illus trious soldier commanded half of Lee's army. He was afterwards Governor of the State, United States Senator, Commander-in-Chief of the United Confederate Veterans, and one of the principal factors in promoting brotherhood between the sections. General Gordon was an elder in the Kirkwood Presbyterian Church.
The Ben Hill Monument. In the north wing of the Capitol, near the foot of the marble stairway, on the first floor of the building, stands a handsome statue of former United States Senator Benjamin H. Hill, one of the greatest of Georgia's public men. Mr. Hill was the personal representative of Mr. Davis in the Confederate Senate. It was in a celebrated tilt with Mr. Blaine in 1876 that he used the famous expression: "We are in the house of our fathers and we are here to stay, thank God!"

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Grant Park. Occupying a part of the famous battle field of July ?2, !Sfi4. this beautifi'l park covers an area of 100 acres, luxuriantly wooded. It is on the south side of the city and is reached by a number of car lines, including the Woodward Avenue and the Fair street line?. Here mav be seen the Cyclorama of the Battle of Atlanta, near the west entrance. At Fort Walker, on the opposite side of the Park, may be seen a locomotive engine called the "Texas." This engine was instrumental in the capture of the "General." in the famous Andrews' "Raid, of ISfi?. one of the most dramatic episodes of the Civil War. Grant Park was named for Colonel Lemuel P. Grant, an elder in the Central Presbyterian Church, of Atlanta.
Piedmont Park. This also occupies a part of the historic field on which the battle of Atlanta was fought, but since the war. Piedmont Park has been consecrated to the sentiment of peace. Here the Piedmont Exposi tions were held, beginning- in 1S87. Here the great Cotton States and International Exposition was held in 180.x Here the Daughters of the American Revolution have built a superb Chapter House: and here the Pied mont Driving Club is most exquisitely housed. At the we?t entrance to the grounds may be seen Atlanta's monument of reconciliation, better known as the Peace Monument, commemorating a famous tour of the North ern States made in 1879 bv the Gate City Guard, Atlanta's oldest military organization.
The Grady Monurrent. On Marietta street, opposite the citv Hall, stands a handsome bronze statue, of heroic size, erected to the memory of the South's great evangel of peace. Henrv Woodfin Grady. This monument was erected bv means of contributions received from nearly even.- ^tate in the Union, at a cost of approximately $-70.000. Mr. Gradv held no office in the gift of the Ameri can people: but, when he died at the age of forty, in the

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full maturity of his powers, "he was literally loving a nation into peace." For years, Mr. Grady edited the famous "Atlanta Constitution," a paper today headquar tered in a handsome building: at the corner of Alabama . and Forsyth streets.
The Spencer Monument. On the plaza, directly in front of the Terminal Station, stands a bronze statue of the South's great railway king, Mr. Samuel Spencer. The statute, heroic in size, is mounted upon a pedestal of solid granite. It portrays Mr. Spencer, seated in his chair, looking upon the animated scene produced by the converging lines of the great Southern Railway system which his constructive genius called into existence, and of which he became the first President.
The Confederate Home. Reached by the Soldier's Home car line this beautiful home erected for Georgia veterans of the Civil War, is situated in a grove of forest oaks, some four miles to the south-east of Atlanta. To the brilliant initiative of Air. Grady, is due this home for the old soldiers. It represents the response made by the people of Georgia to one of the characteristic edi torials of this gifted magician of the pen.
The Burns Cottage. In the immediate neighborhood of the Soldier's Home, stands one of the most unique memorials in the world to the immortal peasant-bard of Scotland, Robert Burns. It is an exact reproduction in granite of the Burns Cottage in Ayrshire, where the renowned poet was born and is the only memorial of this kind in existence to Scotland's poet. The handsome structure was built in 1911 by the Atlanta Scots, a large percentage of whom are Presbyterians.
Fort McPherson. Between Atlanta and West Point, reached by two lines of railway, the West Point and the Central of Georgia, is located Fort McPherson, a military post maintained at this point by the United States gov-

CENTRAL PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH. Where the Sessions of the U. P. General Assembly Will Be Held-

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eminent. At the present time, it is only a regimental post, but steps have already been taken to make it a brigade post. Fort McPherson was named in honor of Major-General James B. McPherson, who fell in the Battle of Atlanta, on July 22, ISG-t.

Gen. Hood's Headquarters. On Peachtree Street, be tween the Governor's Mansion and the home of the University Club, stands the famous Leyden House. For some time prior to the evacuation of Atlanta, this hand some old home, built upon the classic model, was the headquarters of General John B. Hood, then in command of the Confederacy's western army. It subsequently be came the headquarters of a distinguished Union officer, Major General George H. Thomas, otherwise known" as the "Rock of Chickamauga." This is one of the few surviving land marks of the Civil War Period to be found in Atlanta.

Battlefield Monuments. One mile to the east of Grant Park, reached by the Soldier's Home line, are the famous battlefield monuments marking the spots where two distinguished officers were killed on July 22d, 186-t, Gen. James B. McPherson, a Union officer and Gen. Wm. H. T. Walker, a Confederate officer.

Westview Cemetery. Four miles west of Atlanta lies Westview Cemetery, one of the most extensive burial grounds in the State, beautifully adorned with memorial structures, and threaded with winding driveways. It is reached by the Westview car line. Here the worldrenowned Joel Chandler Harris, the creator of Uncle Remus, sleeps under a handsome granite boulder. Here too in a handsome marble vault reposes Henry W. Grady; while at the foot of a neat granite shaft rest the remains of Lieutenant Thomas M. Brumby, a gallant naval officer, who served under Admiral Dewey as flag

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lieutenant and who first hoisted the Stars and Stripes over the Philippines.

Oakland Cemetery. This is the oldest of Atlanta's silent- cities, opened for burial purposes in 1850. It is located well within the city limits and contains 86,000 graves. More than 3,000 Confederate soldiers, killed on the battlefields around Atlanta, are here buried. General John B. Gordon, General Clement A. Evans, Joseph E. Brown, Georgia's famous War Governor, after wards United States Senator; Benjamin H. Hill, a United States Senator, Osborne A. Lochrane and Logan E. Bleckley, former Chief-Justices of- Georgia ; and a host of other distinguished citizens of the State, are entombed in Oakland.
First Presbyterian Church. On Marietta street, be tween Cone and Spring, stands the pioneer c'.:nrch of our denomination in Atlanta, the- historic old First Presby terian Church, organized in 1848. Dr. John S. Wilson, one of the most distinguished pioneer educators and min isters of the State, was the first pastor. It is served at the present time by Dr. Hugh K. Walker, recently of Los Angeles, Calif.

North Avenue Presbyterian Church Day School. Started as an experiment, this school has become one of the established institutions of Atlanta. It is widely known throughout the South and is doing a splendid work along entirely new lines. Do not fail to visit this school. It occupies a part of the Church House on Peachtree Street, near the Corner of Xorth Avenue.

Christian Helpers' League. At lOoVk Decatur Street, the commissioners to the General Assemblies will find one of the model plants of the South for rescue work. It is conducted by the Presbyterian men of Atlanta; and though less than five years old it is accomplishing won-

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ders for the moral and social betterment of Atlanta. Visit this place by all means-.

Harris Street Presbyterian Church. On Harris street, at the corner of Spring, is located the Harris Street Pres byterian Church. It enjoys the unique distinction of being the only church in Atlanta, belonging to the Gen eral Assembly of the Presbyterian Church in the United States of America. It was organized in 1902 as the Cumberland Presbyterian Church; but after the union of the two General Assemblies it acquired the designa tion by which it is today known. Here the official head quarters of the College Board will be established, while the General Assembly is in session. Rev. Jere A. Moore, the pastor of this church, is also the secretary of the joint committee of the General Assemblies.
Snap Bean Farm. The home of Joel Chandler Harris, Georgia's most distinguished man of letters, is located at \Yest End, on the outskirts of the city of Atlanta. As the renowned creator of "Uncle Remus," Mr. Harris is one of the best known and one of the most beloved of American authors. His famous folk-lore tales of the Southern plantation have belted the globe, and into seventeen different languages his various books have been translated. Snap Bean Farm has recently been acquired for memorial purposes. Ex-President Theodore Roosevelt and Mr. Andrew Carnegie were large contri butors to the fund for purchasing Snap Bean Farm.
Central Congregational Church. On Ellis street, at the corner of Carnegie Way, is located the Central Con gregational Church, where the Woman's Board of Home Missions, in connection with the General Assembly of the U. S. A. will meet. In the Sunday School rooms of this church an exhibit will be made by the WomanV Board of literature, maps, charts, handiwork, etc.

NORTH AVENUE PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH. Where the Sessions of the U. S. General Assembly Will Be Held.

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The Federal Prison. On the outskirts of'the city, reached by the Pry.or Street line is located the great Federal prison, an institution the material cost of which was considerably in excess of $1,000,000 while the present value of the plant will fall little short of $2,500,000. Here the famous Wall Street banker, Charles W. Morse, was imprisoned for several months until released in the sum mer of 1912. Julian Hawthorne, a writer of note and a son of the renowned author, Nathaniel Hawthorne, is at present an inmate of the Federal Prison.
The Atlanta Postoffice. On Forsyth street and Walton, stands the handsome new Federal building erec ted by the United States government in 1910 at a cost of $1,000,000. But the phenomenal growth of the Gate City has already made the spacious quarters of this superb structure inadequate and the government in the near future will either add two stories to the present building or erect new quarters.
Negro Colleges and Universities. See p. 73.
Ansley Park.
Druid Hills.
Capitol City Club.
Piedmont Driving Club.
University Club.
Governor's Mansion.

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JVtlsmfa's
First Presbyterian Church. Organized in 1848. Rev. Hugh K. Walker, D. D., pastor. Marietta street, near the corner of Spring. The oldest church of our denomi nation in Atlanta.
Central Presbyterian Church. Organized in 1858. Rev. Dunbar H. Ogden, D.D., pastor. Washington street, opposite State Capitol.
North Avenue Presbyterian Church. Organized in 1898. Rev. Richard Orme Flinn, D. D., pastor. Peachtree street, corner North Avenue.
Westminister Presbyterian Church. Organized in 1901. Rev. A. A. Little, D. D., pastor. Boulevard, corner Forrest Avenue.
Moore Memorial Church. Organized in 1874. Rev. A. R. Holderby, D. D., pastor. Luckie street, between Simpson and Latimer.
West End Presbyterian Church. Organized in 18S7. Rev. W. E. Hill, pastor. Gordon street, corner Ashby.
Inman Park Presbyterian Church. Organized in 1S?M. Rev. J. B. Ficklen, pastor. Euclid Avenue, corner Druid Circle.
Georgia Avenue Presbyterian Church. Organized in 1S90. Pulpit at present vacant. Georgia Avenue, corner Grant.
Harris Street Presbyterian Church. Organized in 1902 as the Cumberland Presbyterian Church. Pastor, Rev. Jere A. Moore. Harris street, corner Spring. This is the only Presbyterian Church in Atlanta belonging to the U. S. A, Assembly.

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South Pryor Presbyterian Church. Organized in 1902. Rev. S. R. Preston, pastor. S. Pryor street, corner Vassar.
Associate Reformed Presbyterian Church. Organ ized in 1891 by Rev. D. G. Caldwell, with 17 members. Rev. S. W. Reid, pastor. 418 Whitehall street.
Druid Park Presbyterian Church. Organized in 1883 as the Fourth Presbyterian Church. Rev. T. E. Con verse, D. D., pastor. Highland avenue, near Ponce de Leon.
Barnett Presbyterian Church. Organized in 1891. Pulpit vacant.
Gordon Street Presbyterian Church. Organized in 1912. Combined with Wallace Church, organized in 1888 Pulpit vacant.
Ormewood and Center Hill Churches. Combined in one pastorate, under Rev. Wm. Duncan.
Besides these, the following churches are within a radius of eight miles: Decatur, Kirkwood, Hapeville, Col lege Park, and Rock Springs.

Colored.
Radcliffe Memorial Presbyterian Church. Rev. Milton Thompson.

Pastor,

NORTH AVENUE PRESBYTERIAN DAY SCHOOL,

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|fflttr tfye (fkneral ^Assemblies Olame ta
Jleetin .Atlanta in
R EV. Thornwell Jacobs, editor of the Westminister Magazine, in the columns of which periodical the novel idea was first suggested of inviting the various General Assemblies to meet this spring in the capital city of Georgia, tells the following unique story of how these several august bodies came to receive Atlanta's invitation. Says he: "The conception of holding this now world famous Assembly of Assemblies in Atlanta origina ted in a local affair of large interest. There are some score of Presbyterian churches in Atlanta, including the imme diate vicinity; and these for years had lived so separately in their church lives that, in many cases, they felt more closely related to a neighboring Baptist or Methodist Church, than to their brethren of other Presbyterian folds. Now it happens that in the city of Atlanta there is one of the finest auditoriums of the nation, and in it, the Atlanta Music Festival Association has placed one of the finest pipe-organs in the world, and the oppor tunity offered by such a situation, was too superb not to be used.
"So it was proposed to the Presbyterian Ministers' Association of Atlanta that once each year all the local Presbyterian organizations should consolidate their morning services into one gigantic mass meeting. When this plan was adopted its inspirational value was tremen dous and thereafter it was an easy cry to an Assembly of Assemblies. First it was proposed to bring the Thornwell Orphanage over to one of these gatherings and when this was done with fine results, to bring Columbia Semi nary. The effort was made to have the Synod of Geor gia in Session at the same time and when that failed, the thought of the Assemblies came naturally to mind. The

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proposition was made first in the Westminister Magazine and then endorsed unanimously by the Presbyterian Ministers' Association, and thereafter by Atlanta Pres bytery, and thereafter by the Southern Assembly, and thereafter by the Northern Assembly, and thereafter by the United Presbyterian Assembly, and thereafter by the A. R. P. Synod.
"As a consequence, the most unique and interesting and important Presbyterian gathering that our generation has known, convenes at this time in Georgia's Capital. From the beginning the effort has been made to have one point clearly understood. This is not a sub-rosa attempt to stampede the Assembly into any form of organic union. Those of us who are most thoroughly convinced that organic union should and will come, are the men who hope most earnestly that in May nothing will be said concerning it. This is a case of cardiacal, not of organic, union and it will be a season of fine fel lowship and unrestrained good feeling. While there will be a great many ministers present, it is no fit occasion for a wedding. It may as well be admitted however that May is an awfully nice time for courting in Atlanta.
"Perhaps the most remarkable fact connected with the bringing of the Assemblies to Atlanta was the unanimity of their action. When the matter was first proposed in the Presbyterian Ministers Association of Atlanta it was favored unanimously. All the Atlanta Sessions approved it without a dissenting vote, as did also the Atlanta 'Presbytery. Then Drs. Flinn and Ogden presented the invitation to the Southern Assembly and it was accepted unanimously. Drs. Walker and Moore presented the invitation to the U. S. A. Assembly and it was again unanimously accepted. And finally when Dr. Hugh K. Walker crossed the continent to Seattle to invite the U. P. Assembly equal unanimity met him on the far slopes of the Pacific."

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ftyc ftisiorical (genesis.
But the real genesis of the movement to bring the various General Assemblies to Atlanta in a great family reunion dates back to the Spring of 1883, when the Southern General Assembly convened in the First Pres byterian Church of Atlanta. On this historic occasion, Rev. A. W. Pitzer, D. D., pastor of the Central Presby terian Church, of Washington, D. C., offered the follow ing resolution.*
"Resolved, that a committee of three be appointed to bear our cordial Christian greetings to the Assembly (U. S. A.) in session at Springfield, 111., and to express our willingness to co-operate with that body as far as practicable in the work of Home and Foreign Missions."
Fraternity was established at this time between the two great branches in question.. As early as 1S73 the U. S. A. General Assembly took the initial step in this direction, looking toward harmonious relations; and the first response was made by the Central Presbyterian Church, of Washington, D. C., in asking the Presbytery of the Chesapeake to overture the Southern Assembly to appoint a committee to meet with tihe Northern Assembly on these subjects.f

Joint Committee of tltc ^.ssctubliea. Composed of nine members appointed by the General Assemblies, each of which bodies is represented by three members thereon. Chairman, Rev. Richard Orme Flinn, D. D.Atlanta, Ga. Secretary, Rev. Jere A. Moore............Atlanta, Ga. U. S. A. Rev. Mark A. Matthews. D. D.. Seattle, Wash.
Rev. W. H. Roberts, D. D., LL. D., Philadelphia, Pa.
Rev. Jere A. Moore ..............Atlanta, Ga.
Christian Observer, issue of March 2, 1S9S. tLetter from Dr. A. W. Pitzer to the writer, March 14, 1913.

FIRST PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH. Organized in 1848.
The Mother Church of Presbyterianism in Atlanta.

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U. P. Rev. H. H. Bel], D. D...... .San Francisco, Calif. Rev. D. F. McGill, D. D.......... Ben Avon, Pa. Rev. A. G. Wallace, D. D........ .Sewickley, Pa.
U.S. Rev. Richard Orme Flinn, D. D.... .Atlanta, Ga. Rev. Dunbar H. Ogden, D. D.......Atlanta, Ga. Rev. Hugh K. Walker, D. D....... .Atlanta, Ga.

At a meeting of this committee held in the fall of 1912 officers were chosen as above indicated.
To this joint committee of nine has been entrusted the arrangements pertaining to the popular meetings connected with the sessions of the General Assemblies in Atlanta; and for the purpose of deciding any question which may relate both to the Assemblies and to the city an executive committee has been appointed composed of the aforesaid nine members, together with the general officers and heads of the various sub-committees of the local committee of entertainment, to which is added the name of Dr. T. H. Law, the Southern Assembly's stated clerk.

(Committee,
Mr. J. K. Orr............................... Chairman Mr. John J Eagan ...................... Vice-Chairman Rev. Jere A. Moore ......................... Secretary Mr. W. E. Nevvill ..........................Treasurer Mr. S. M. Inman.... .Chairman Committee on Reception Dr. M. M. Hull.... .Chairman Committee on Hospitality Mr. J. W. Patterson. . . .Chairman Committee on Finance Mr. S. W. Carson.... .Chairman Committee on Welcome Mr. T. C. Harris..... .Chairman Committee on Buildings Mr. T. B. Gay..... .Chairman Committee on Auditorium Mr. J. K. Ottley. .Chairman Committee on Entertainment

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Mr. C. A. Stokes........Chairman Committee on Ushers Mr. John A. Brice... .Chairman Committee on Publicity Rev. H. K. Walker, D. D.............Chairman
Committee on Evangelical Mass Meetings Rev. R. O. Flinn, D. D................Chairman
Committee on Pulpit Supply Rev. D. H. Ogden, D. D.............. Chairman
Committee on Joint Communion Mr. W. Woods White. .Chairman Committee on Music Mr. Lucian L. Knight..........................
Chairman Committee on Souvenir Book Dr. W. S. Kendrick...................Medical Adviser

fatal Committee of ^Arrangements in Connection toitlf %
Woman's floarb.
Mrs. George S. Moffett............'......... .Chairman Mrs. G. M. Shepherd...................... Registration Mrs. J. A. Moore .............................. Hotels Mrs. J. H. McCauley....................... Decoration Miss May Hudson............................. Ushers Miss Edna Bartholomew ........................Music Mrs. John W. Grant........................ Reception Mrs. Arnold Broyles ...................... Hospitality

U. S. A. Rev. Mark A. Matthews, D. D... .Seattle, Wash. U. S. Rev. Thomas S. Clyce, D. D... .Sherman, Texas U. P. Rev. Hugh H. Bell, D. D. .San Francisco, Calif. A. R. Rev. J. H. Pressly, D. D......Statesville, N. C.

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&tatci (Elerka.
U. S. A. Rev. W. H. Roberts, D. D., LL. D., Philadelphia, Pa.
U. S. Rev. T. H. Law, D. D........ Spartanburg, S. C. U. P. Rev. D. F. McGill, D. D........ Ben Avon, Pa. A. R. Rev. A. S. Rodgers, D. D..... .Rock Hill, S. C.

^fleeting places of the (general .Assemblies fat
pusiness Sessions.
The General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church in The United States of America (Northern) will meet in the Tabernacle Baptist Church, on Luckie Street, between Spring and Bartow. Reached by the Luckie Street, Marietta street and River lines. The General Assembly will be called to order by the Retiring Moderator, Rev. M. A. Matthews, D. D., of Seattle, Wash., at 10 o'clock, a. m., central time, Thursday, May 15, 1913. Here the business sessions of- the General Assembly will be held daily, and on Friday afternoon at 4 o'clock the joint com munion of the assemblies will be observed. In the base ment there will be exhibits representing the work of the various Boards of which there are eight in number. The auditorium of the Tabernacle Baptist Church is the lar gest in the city for exclusively religious purposes. Dr. L. G. Bronghton, founder of this church, accepted a call in 1912 to the pastorate of Christ Church in London, Eng., a pulpit made famous by the renowned Roland Hill. Dr. Broughton established a great institutional work here. The Bible Conferences held annually at the Tabernacle Baptist Church are world-famous.
The General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church in The United States (Southern) will meet in the North Avenue Presbyterian Church, on the corner of Peachtree Street and North Avenue. Reached by the Peachtree

HARRIS STREET PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH. Headquarters of the College Board, U. S..A. Only U. S. A. Church in Atlanta.

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Street, the Ponce de Leoh Avenue, the Piedmont Avenue, and other lines. The General Assembly will -be called to order by the Retiring Moderator, Rev. Thomas S. Clyce, D. D., of Sherman, Texas, at 10 o'clock, A. M. central time, Thursday May 15, 1913. Here the business sessions of the General Assembly will be held daily. This church was organized in 1898 by the Rev. Richard Orme Flinn, D. D., with 116 members. The corner stone of the church was laid by the Moderator of the Southern General Assembly, in 1899, the assembly adjourning for this purpose. The church was dedicated free of debt by the late distinguished Dr. Benjamin M. Palmer of Xew Orleans, who moderated the first General Assembly at Augusta in 18(51. Since the time of organization there has been only one pastorate. The North Avenue Church School is unique among the educational institutions of the South.
The General Assembly of the United Presbyterian Church cf North America will meet in the Central Pres byterian Church, on Washington Street, between Hunter and Mitchell, opposite the State Capitol. Reached by the \Yoodward Avenue, the Washington street, the Capitol Avenue, and the Grant Park lines. The General Assemb ly will be called to order by the retiring Moderator, Rev. Hugh I-I. Bell, D. D., of San Francisco, Calif., at 8 o'clock, P. M. Central Time, Wednesday, May 14,1913. Here the business sessions of the General Assembly thereafter will be held daily. On Sunday afternoon, May 18, at 3 o'clock, in this church a Sunday School mass meeting will be held in the interest of missions. The Sabbath School of this church, under the superintendency of Mr. John J. Eagan, is one of the largest in the United States. From the pul pit of the Central Presbyterian Church, two distinguished pastors, Dr. G. B. Strickler and Dr. Theron H. Rice, have been called to chairs in Union Theological Seminary in Richmond. This church, whose membership is one of the

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SOUVENIR BOOK OF

largest in the Southern Assembly, was organized in 1858. Rev. Dunbar H. Cgden, D. D., is the present pastor.
The Associate Reformed Synod of the South will not be officially in session at this time, but will participate in the popular meetings to be held in the Auditorium in the evenings, at which time the various kindred members of our common family will meet together in a great Assembly of Assemblies to discuss the present-day worldproblems, in which all evangelical Christians are profoundlv interested.

Woman's IJoarb of fEjomc JQissians of t\\e U, ?, <A.
^Jrcsbjrtcrian (Church.
At the Central Congregational Church, on the corner of Carnegie Way and Ellis Streets, one block from Peachtree, will be held the annual sessions of the .Woman's Board of Home Missions, in connection with the General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church in the U. S. A. This will be the thirty-fourth annual meeting of the Board. In the Sunday School rooms of the church there will be an interesting exhibit of the work which this great organization is doing in the home field. It will in clude specimen copies of the literature used by the Board, articles made by pupils in the various schools of instruc tion, and also charts and maps showing the vast extent of the Board's activities throughout the United States. The work of the Woman's Board is not restricted to the great centers of population, but extends to the sparsely settled rural districts; and among the classes of people lifted to higher planes of living by the work of the Home Board may be mentioned: the Indians, the Mormons, the Alaskans, the Mexicans and the mountain whites. Over half a million dollars is raised annually by the Woman's Board of Home Missions, of which Mrs. Wm. S. Bennett,

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of New York, wife of a distinguished former member of Congress, is president.
The Woman's Foreign Missionary Society, of the U. S. A. Presbyterian Church is also expected to meet here, during the sessions of the General Assembly; and on Sunday afternoon, May IS, at 3 o'clock, there will be held in the Central Congregational Church a popular massmeeting for ladies under the direction of the Woman's Board.

for tljc flarimis
Presbyterian Church, U. S. A..........Piedmont Hotel Presbyterian Church, U. S............ Georgian Terrace United Presbyterian Church............ Kimball House Woman's Board, U. S. A.............. Georgian Terrace Woman's Council, U. S........X. A. Presyterian Church

Communion.
On Friday afternoon, May 1(5, at 4 o'clock, there will be held in the Tabernacle Baptist Church, on Luckie Street, a joint Communion Service, at which time the various bodies in attendance will gather around the table of our common Lord and Master, to commemorate His sacrificial death. The Incoming Moderator of the Pres byterian Church in the United States (Southern) will preside at this service, assisted by the Moderators of the other General Assemblies and the Synod.
Conferences, IHcimcslmw, <fftair 14, 1913.
Conference of College Presidents, U. S. A., 10 a. m., 2 p. m. and 8 p. m., Harris Street Presbyterian Church.
Conference on Theological Seminaries, U. S. A., 10 a. m. and 2 p. m., Central Congregational Church.

CENTRAL CONGREGATIONAL CHURCH. Where the Woman's Board Will Meet.

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Conference on Education, U. S. A., 10 a. m. and 2 p. m., Baptist Tabernacle; U. S., 10 a. m. and 2 p. m., First Baptist Church; Joint Conference, 8 p. m., Harris Street Presbyterian Church.
Conference on Missions, U. S. A., 9 a. m. and 2 :15 p. m., Harris Street Presbyterian Church; Joint Confer ence, 8 p. m., First Presbyterian Church.
Conference on Missions, U. S., in connection with the Layman's Missionary Movement, 10 a. m. and 2 p. m., First Presbyterian Church.
Conference on Evangelism, Joint, 10 a. m., 2 p. m. and 8 p.m., North Avenue Presbyterian Church.
X. B. The U. P. Church is not represented in these Conferences, since the Assembly of this Church convenes on Wednesday.

Assemblies' popular <itteettnj}st "Eliursbay, JttaB Kttlt.
Fellowship Meeting Auditorium 8 :00 P. M.
Presiding Officer Rev. R. O. Flinn, D. D. A Word of Welcome Mr. J. K. Orr. Fraternal Greetings (8 minute addresses) Rev. T. S. Clyce, D. D., U. S. ; Rev. J. H. Pressly, D. D., A. R. P. ; Rev. Hugh H. Bell, D. D., U. P.; Rev. Mark A. Mat thews, D. D., U. S. A. Address, "The Church and the Nation'' Hon. James A. MacDonald, Toronto, Canada.
FRIDAY, MAY 16th.
Union Communion Service Baptist Tabernacle 4 P. M. Under direction of Rev. Dunbar H. Ogden, D. D. ;
conducted by the Moderators of the four Assemblies. Evangelism Auditorium 8:00 P. M.
Presiding Officer Rev. A. L. Phillips, D. D., U.S., Richmond, Va.

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Sabbath School Evangelism--Rev. Hugh W. Rank-in, U. S. A.
Pastoral Evangelism--Rev. John R. Davies, D. D., U. S. A.
Individual Evangelism--Rev. W. E. McCullock, D. D., U. P.
SATURDAY, MAY 17th.
Christian Social Service--Auditorium 8:00 P. M. Presiding Officer--Rev. Chas. R. Stelzle, D. D. Address--Rev. Chas. R. Stelzle, D. D. Christian Citizenship and the Social Evil--Mr. Marion Jackson. The Church and its relation to Industrial and Social Conditions--Hon. James A. MacDonald, LL. D.

SUNDAY, MAY 18th. 11:00 A. M.
City Pulpits Supplied by Commissioners.
Mass Meeting of Sunday School Workers--Central Presbyterian Church 3:00 P. M.
Presiding Officer--Rev. A. L. Phillips, D. D., U. S. Program of Demonstration of Missionary Methods in Sabbath School. Under Auspices of the Mission Boards of U. P., U. S. A. and U. S. Churches.
Mass Meeting of Women--Central Congregational 5:00 P. M.
Presiding Officer--Mrs. M. J. Gildersleeve. Under Auspices of the Woman's Board of Home Mis sions, Presbyterian Church, U. S. A. Mass Meeting on "Church and Country Life"--Baptist
Tabernacle 3:00 P. M. Presiding Officer--Rev. Warren H. Wilson, Ph. D., U. S. A.

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Under the auspices of the Home Mission Boards and Special Committees of U. S. A., U. P. and U. S.- Churches.
Mass Meeting For Men--Auditorium 4:00 P. M. Presiding Officer--Rev. Hugh K. Walker, D. D., U. S. Evangelistic Address--Hon. James A. MacDonald, Toronto, Canada.
8:00 P. M. Atlanta Pulpits Supplied by Commissioners. Four Special Meetings.
Ministerial Relief and Sustentation--Harris Street Church 8:00 P. M.
Presiding Officer--Rev. W. H. Foulkes, D. D., U. S. A.
Under Auspices of Boards of U. S. A., U. P. and U. S. Churches.
College Boards--Baptist Tabernacle 8:00 P. M. Presiding Officer--Rev. Robt. McKenzie, D. D., LL. D. Under Auspices of Joint Boards of U. S. A., U. P., and U. S. Churches.
Brotherhood Rally--Central Congregational 8:00 P. M. Presiding Officer--Rev. Walter Getty, D. D., U. P. Temperance Rally--Wesley Memorial 8:00 P. M. Presiding Officer.
MONDAY, MAY 19th.
"Work Among Colored People"--Auditorium. Presiding Officer--Rev. J. G. Snedecor, D. D. Fifty Years of Educational Missions Among Negroes --Rev. Edward P. Cowan, D. D., U. S. A. The Southern Presbyterian View-Point and At tempted Solution of the Negro Religious Problem--Rev. J. S. Lyons, D. D., U. S. Practical Plans of Co-operation in Religious Work Among the Negroes--Rev. R. W. McGranahan, D. D., U. P.

HOME OF JOEL CHANDLER HARRIS. "Uncle Remui."

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TUESDAY, May 20th. Home Missions--Auditorium 8:00 P. M. Presiding Officer--Hon. Hoke Smith, U. S. Senator from Georgia. Interdenominational Co-operation in Home Mission Work--Rev. A. MacF. Alexander, D. D., U. S. Home Missions and Exceptional Population--Rev. Chas. L. Thompson, D. D., U. S. A. Home Missions in Our Nation's Life--Rev. J. Knox McClurkin, D. D., U. P.
WEDNESDAY, MAY 21st. Foreign Missions--Auditorium 8:00 P. M. Presiding Officer--Mr. Geo. Innes, U. P. The Far East--Rev. Arthur Judson Brown, D. D., U. S. A. Africa--Rev. James I. Vance, D. D., U. S. Islam--Rev. Chas. R. Watson, D. D., U. R.
The Church and Public Education--Auditorium THURSDAY, MAY 22nd. 8:00 P. M.
Presiding Officer--Rev. S. R. Lyons, D. D. The Church and the University, or Higher Institu tions of Learning--Rev. John Balcom Shaw. The Church's Ideal in Education--Rev. R. M. Russell. Education and Christian Leadership.
BADGES. Each Commissioner to the General Assemblies will be given a badge, to which the colors of his particular General Assembly will be attached. For example, the emblematic color of the U. S. A. Assembly is blue; of the XT. S., red: of the U. P., white; and of the A. R-. P., yellow. By these distinctive colors the separate organizations will be known.
RECEPTIONS. On Saturday afternoon, May 17, from 3:30 to 5:30 P. M., a reception will be tendered the Commissioners to the General Assemnlies and visiting guests on the spacious lawn of Agnes Scott College, at Decatur. Quick schedules and ample accommodations for this trip will be furnished by the street railway authorities. Take the cars at the corner of Edgewood Avenue and North Pryor Street. On Friday at noon. Rev. Thbrnwell Jacobs, editor of the Westminster Magazine, will compliment the visiting newspaper men of the church with a lunch at the Capital City Club.

10-1

SOUVENIR BOOK op

Bnrkrt of Ojt
($nt ifuniirrtt anft Qfofentg-JTiftlf (general nf % ^abgterian (JUpirrlj in 11;? 11 &, A.

Philadelphia, Pa. 1789.

Atlanta, Ga. 1913.

(Subject to change by General Assembly)
Meeting Place--Baptist Tabernacle--Luckie Street, near Spring Street, where all the Business Sessions will be held.

DOCKET.
Thursday, May 15th, 1913. 10:30 A. M. Opening Sermon by the Retiring Moderator,
Rev. Mark A. Matthews, D. D. Constitu tion of the Assembly with prayer. Recess.
2 :30 P. M. Report, Committee of Arrangements. Call ing of the Roll. Election of Moderator. Selection of Standing Committees.
5:00 P. M. Adjournment.
S :00 P. M. Fellowship meeting, in the Auditorium, of the General Assemblies of the Presbyterian Church in the U. S., the United Presbyterian church, the Presbyterian Church in the U. S. A., and the Commission of the Associate Re formed Presbyterian Synod of the South.
Friday, May 16th, 1913.
9:00 A. M. Devotional Services.
9 :30 A. M. Minutes, Presentation of Docket, Blue Book, Overtures, Reports of Members of Standing Committees, etc.
10:00 A. M. Report Committee on Evangelistic Work.
11 ;QQ A. M. Report Executive Commission.

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12:00 M. ' Reports of other Committees.
12:30 P.M. Recess. 2:30 P. M. Report o Committee on Christian Life and
Work. 3:00 P. M. Report Committee on Church Co-operat : o:i
and Union. 4:00 P. M. Union Communion Service of the Three
Assemblies and the Synod. Assemblies and the Synod. Adjournment. 8:00 P.M. Union Meeting in the Interest of Evangelism in the Auditorium.
Saturday, May 17th, 1913. 9:00 A. M. Devotional Services.
9:30 A. M. Report, Standing Committee on Bills and Overtures. Report, Judicial Committee.
10:00 A.M. American Bible Society. Report on Over tures.
10:30 A.M. Report, Committee on Religious Education. 11:30 A. M. Report of the Special Committee on Sab
bath Observance. 12:30 P. M. American Tract Society. 1:00 P. M. Adjournment.
8:00 P.M. Union Meeting in the interest of Christian Social Service, in the Auditorium.
Monday, May 19th, 1913.
9 :00 A. M. Devotional Services.
9:30 A. M. Report, Committee on Bills and Overtures. Miscellaneous Business.
10:00 A.M. Report, Standing Committee on Ministerial Relief.

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11:30 A. M. Report, Special Committee on Intermediate Catechism.

12 :30 M. Report, Standing Committee on Education.

4:00 P. M. Report, Special Committee on Union Theo logical Seminary.

5:00 P. M. Adjournment.



8:00 P.M. Union meeting, in the Auditorium, in the interest of the work among Colored People.

Tuesday, May 20th, 1913.
9:00 A. M. Devotional Services. 9:30 A. M. Report, Committee on Bills and Overtures.
Miscellaneous, Business. 10:00 A.M. Report, Standing Committee on Freedmen. 11:30 A. M. Report, Standing Committee on Narrative,
including Vacancy and Supply. 12:30 P. M. Recess. 2 :30 P. M. Report, Standing Committee on Colleges. 4:00 P. M. Report, Standing Committee on Temperance.
5:30 P. M. Adjournment. 8 :00 P. M. Union Meeting in the interest of Home
Mission, in the Auditorium.

Wednesday, May 21st, 1913.
9:00 A. M. Devotional Services.
9:30 A. M. Report, Committee on Bills and Overtures, Miscellaneous Business.
10:00 A. M. Report, Standing Committee on Home Mis sion.
12:00 M. Report, Standing Committee on the Presby terian Brotherhood.

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107

12:30 P.M. Recess..
2:30 P. M. Report, Standing Committee on Publication and Sabbath School Work.
4:00 P. M. Report, Special Committee on Graded Les' sons.

5:00 P. M. Adjournment.
8:00 P. M. Union Meeting in the interest of Foreign Missions, in the Auditorium.
Thursday, May 22nd, 1913.
9:00 A. M. Devotional Services.
9:30 A. M. Report, Standing Committee on Polity. Miscellaneous Business.
10:00 A.M. Report, of the Standing Committee on Foreign Missions.
12 :00 M. Report of Special Committee on work in Europe.
12:30 P.M. Recess.
2:30 P. M. Report, Standing Committee on Church Erection.
4:00 P.M. Report, Standing-Committee on Correspond ence and Reception of Delegates from other Churches.
5:30 P.M. Adjournment.
8:00 P. M. Union Meeting in the interest of the Church and Education, in the Auditorium.
Friday, May 23d, 1913.
9:00 A. M. Devotional Services.
9:30 A.M. Miscellaneous Business.
10:00 A. M. Report, Special Committee on Legal Matters connected with Reunion.

GEORGIAN TERRACE.
Headquarters of the U. S. Presbyterian Church and the Woman's Board, U. S. A.

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109

10:30 A. M. Reports, Standing Committees--Theological Seminaries, Mileage, Finance.
12:30 P. M. Recess.
2:30 P. M. Report, Committee on Synodical Records. Report, Committee of Canvass of Overtures. Elections by Ballot for members of the Board of Church Erection and the Trustees of the General Assembly. Report, of Stated Clerk as to Reports of Boards, etc. Report, Committee on place of next meeting. Orders for publishing the Annual Minutes, payments of bills and salaries and routine resolutions as to distribution of Minutes, etc. Report, Standing Committee on Leave of Absence. Discharge of Standing Committees. Final Roll-Call. Approval of Final Minutes. Resolutions of Thanks. Dissolution of the Assembly.
8:00 P.M. (Evening Session, if necessary.)
N. B. Dockets for the U. S. and the U; P. General Assemblies have not been furnished.

to be ;J3rcscnteJt to
Four gavels of unique workmanship are to play an important part in the meetings of the General Assemb lies. Three of these are to be presented to the incoming Moderators while a fourth is to be used in the popular meetings at the Auditorium. Great pains have been taken in the making of these gavels to obtain the mater ials from historic localities and they will each possess

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a value far beyond the intrinsic cost represented. Rev. George A. Beattie, who has been active in procuring the gavels for the General Assembly meetings in Atlanta has kindly furnished the following information in regard to them.

GAVEL FOR THE U. S. A. MODERATOR.
This gavel was made from wood of the old First Pres byterian Church of Xewburyport, Mass., founded by the eminent Evangelist, George YVhitefield, where he preach ed and under whose pulpit his remains are buried. The head of the gavel is veneered with wood from a tree that grew on the historic ground near Savannah, where "Whitefield's Bethesda stood. The gold band on which is inscribed the date and place of this assembly, is pure Georgia gold presented by Mr. R. K. Reeves of Athens, Ga.. through the courtesy of Hon. S. W. McCallie. State Geologist. The wood was obtained and presented by Dr. H. C. Hovey. pastor of the church for 16 years, and the gavel was made by Major Alexander Perkins, whose ancestors were among the founders of the church and who vouches that this wood dates back to 1756.

GAVEL FOR THE U. P. MODERATOR.
This gavel is made from wood of what is claimed to be the first theological seminary in America, located at Service, Pa. This wood was secured by Dr. W. G. Moorehead and Dr. S. S. Wilson of Xenia, Ohio, and was made by one of the boys, Pat. Miller in the Tech High School of Atlanta under the direction of Prof. S. W. Holt.

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GAVEL FOR THE U. S. MODERATOR.
The head of this gavel is made of a piece of wood from the old poplar tree at Washington Ga., under which the first Presbytery in Georgia was held, and where John Springer was first ordained. Inserted in the head is a piece of wood from Thalian Hall, Oglethorpe University, from the room occupied by the poet Lanier. This piece of wood was presented through the courtesy of Dr. H. D. Alien, of Milledgeville, Ga.
Another piece comes from a tree on the campus plant ed by President Talmage, an uncle of the famous Brook lyn divine. Another piece is from the old Midway church in Liberty County that has given so many eminent men to the church and state. This wood was obtained and presented by W. D. Ellington, of Washington. Another piece of wood in this gavel is from the First Presby terian Church of Augusta, Ga., presented by the pastor Dr. J. R. Sevier, where the first U. S. Assembly was held and whose stated clerk was Dr. J. R. Wilson, 'the father of our president, Woodrow Wilson. The gold band on which is inscribed the date and place of meeting of this assembly is pure Georgia gold presented by Mr. R. K. Reeves, of Athens, Ga., through the courtesy of Hon. S. W. McCallie, State Geologist. This band and the gavel was made by Dr. Montague Tuttle, a dentist of Atlanta.

SEMINARY GAVEL FOR AUDITORIUM.
The wood in this gavel comes from the oldest theological seminary buildings of the four branches of the Presbyterian church. Through the courtesy of Dr. W. G. Moorehead, president of the theological seminary of the U. P. church at Xenia, Ohio, we have a piece of wood from Service, Pa., where the first theological seminary on this continent was founded. Through the

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courtesy of Dr. John Grier Hibben, president of Princeton University, we have a piece of wood from Alexander Hall, the first building erected for a seminary-. From Dr. H. T. Graham, president of Hamden-Sidney college we have a piece of wood from the college building at Hampden-Sidney in which the first class of the theological seminary now at Richmond, was taught by Moses Hoge. Another piece, presented by Dr. G. G. Parkinson presi dent of the theological seminary at Due "West, S. C., is from the original Clarke and Erskine seminary building. The arrangement of this historic wood was largely due to the shape, size and material sent, yet it is significant. The head of this gavel is from Princeton, the largest seminary that has trained more than 5,000 men for the ministry, with pieces from Richmond and Due West incorporate, while the handle is from the United Pres byterian seminary. The three seminaries are all joined in one head, handled by the United Presbyterian, which is very appropriate, if in the providence and the grace of God this gavel should be prophetic. The gold band ou which is inscribed the date and place of meeting is Geor gia gold, presented by Mr. R. K. Reeves, of Athens, through the courtesy of Hon. S. W. McCallie State Geologist, and was made by Dr. Hart Montague Tuttle, a dentist of Atlanta.

Fix is