Savannah and its surroundings : with maps and illustrations / by G.A. Gregory

With Maps and Illustrations.

SAVANNAH
AND
ITS SURROUNDINGS,
BY
G-, R, GREG-DRY,
WITH MAPS AND ILLUSTRATIONS.
GENERAL LIBRARY
UNIVERSITY OF GEORGIA
MOORE PURCHASE, 1936

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SAVANNAH, GA. :

TV

PRESS OF THE MORKlXG SEU'S.

1890.

PAGE. Savannah.............................. -...... ..................................................................... 9 Savannah As It Is................................................................... .................... ... 1'J Greene Monument............................................................................................. 24 Pulaski Monument............................................................................................. 25 Jasper Monument.............................................................................................. 27 Confederate Soldiers' Monument.............................................. ...................... SI Gordon Monument............................................................................................. 33 Georgia Historical Society................................................................................ 35 Academy of Arts and Sciences...................................................................... 39 The Theater ....................................................................................................... 42 City Kxchnnge...............................................'.........,........................................... 43 Public Buildings and Localities....................................................................... 45 Churches.............................................................................................................. 51 AsyVums and Homes......................................................................................... SO Hospitals.................................................................................... ....... ................. CS Cemeteries............................................................................................................ B4 The Military........................................................................................................ 67 The Old Fortifications....................................................................................... 70 Resorts.................................................................................................................. 77 Bonaventore........................................................................................................ 70 Thunderbolt......................................................................................................... 82 Gvcenwk-h Pavk.................................................................................................. 82 Tybea Bench........................................................................................................ S3 Isle of Hope........................................................................................................ S7 Montgomery....................... ................................................................................ 87 Beaulieu................................................................................... ........................... 83 White Bluff......................................................................... .............................. 88 Commercial Savannah................................................ ..................................... 90 Climate of Savannah......................................................................................... 92 The Morning Xews............................................................................................ 94 Guide to Points of Interest.............................................................................. 104 Historical Summary.......................................................................................... 109
LIBRARY
UNIVERSITY OF GEORGIA
MOORE PURCHASE, 1936

OF ILLUSTRATIONS.*

PAGE.

Map of Savannah..............................................................................Frontispiece.

Bird's Eye View of Savannah, the Cotton Exchange, and Park................... 12

Jasper Monument............................................................................................... 15

Oglethorpe........................................................................................................... 17

Forsyth Park...................................................................................................... 21

General Nathaniel Greeue................................................................................. 23

Pulaski Monument............................................................................................ 25

Jasper at Fort Moultrie..................................................................................... 28

The Rescue at Jasper Spring............................................................................ 30

Confederate So'diers* Monument.................................................................... 31

Gordon Monument............................................................................................ 33

Tomo-Chi-Chi and His Xepbew..................................................................... 34

Greene Residence............................................................................................... 36

Historical Society Library................................................................................ 3C

Bull Street........................................................................................................... 36

Telfair Academy of Arts and Sciences........................................................... 38

Telfair Academy, main corridor....................................................................... 40

The Old Theater................................................................................................ 42

Chatham Connty Court House........................................................................ 44

Custom House.................................................................................................... 46

A Hall Street Residence................................................................................... 48

First Baptist Church......................................................................................... 50

A Bail Street Residence................................................ ................................ 50

Christ Church..................................................................................................... 52

Cathedral of St. John the Baptist.................................................................. 54

Mickva Israel Synagogue.................................................................................. 56

Bethesda Orphanage.......................................................................................... 59

Telfair Hospital.................................................................................................. 62

Bonaventure......................................!................................................................. 65-

Washington Guns.............................................................................................. 68

De Solo Hotel.................................................................................................... 71

Scene on the Savancah.................................................................................... 74

Map of Savannah and Vicinity....................................................................... 78

Scene on Green Island........................................................................... ......... 81

Tybee Beach....................................................................................................... 84

Along the Tybee Railway ................................................................................ 86

On Vernon River............................................................................................... 89 Morning Xews Building .................................................................................. 94
Wesley Monumental Church........................................................................... 103

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SAVANNAH.

HISTORY of Savannah began with the settlement of Georgia in 1733. In that year Oglethorpe landed on Yamacraw bluff and founded the youngest of the original thirteen colonies. There is scarcely a more romantic chapter in history than that which deals with the. little colony planted upon the banks of the Savan nah. Its early existence was one of privation and hardship. The difficulties and sufferings of the colonists were such that it seems marvelous that they did not abandon their new home, but they were a hardy people, and, struggling against the vicissitudes of a pioneer life, the erratic impulses of savage neighbors, and weighted with all the depressing influences of isolation, a permanent establishment was maintained. The philosophy of its foundation and fortunes belongs to the ex amples and facts of history. The country South and Southwest, between the Savannah River and Florida, was, prior to 1733, a wilderness held by Indians, and claimed both by England and Spain. To secure it, Oglethorpe obtained from George II. "a grant for twenty-one years in trust for the poor," of the country between the Savannah and Altamaha Rivers, and westward to the Pacific Ocean. Oglethorpe's plan was to occupy the disputed territory by providing in it an asylum for the poor of England, and the Protestants of all nations,

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C'0883

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Savannah and Its Surroundings.

where former poverty would be no reproach, and where all might worship God without fear of persecution. The grant from England was the great instrument which lay at the political foundation of Georgia. Its provisions were com mensurate with its design: and its privileges were as ample as the benevolence which suggested it. It gave to those over whom it stretched its fostering care the privileges of free-born Britons; the privileges of English law, and, with one exception, the privileges of religious liberty^ N"one but those who would take the oath of transubstantiation could become colonists. Roman Catholics, consequently, were ex cluded, and were not admitted until Georgia became a Royal Province thirty years later.
Oglethorpe's first visit was in 1732, when he selected the site for the town and concluded a treaty with Tomo-Chi-Chi, chief of the Indian nation occupying the country. Febru ary 1,1733. he landed with one hundred and fourteen colo nists. Four tents were pitched on the bluff overlooking the river, one for each tithing, the municipal divisions into which thecolonists had already been divided. This was the first occu pation of Georgia and the birth of Savannah. The little set tlement in time grew to the proportions of a town and was laid off with open squares and streets crossing each other at right angles. The land was divided, under a strict agrarian law, into two hundred and forty freeholds. The town land coveTSd twenty-four square miles. Every forty houses (.the houses being located} on tracts of land exactly the same size) made a ward. Each ward had a constable, and under him were four tithing men. Every ten houses made a tithing; and to each tithing was a square mile di vided into twelve lots. Every freeholder of the tithing had a lot. or farm of forty-five acres.
3s"ot long after the colony was founded the religious perse cutions in Germany began. The Salzburgers were driven out. and they sought new homes in Georgia. Oglethorpe and his people generously welcomed the little baud of Protestants who sought their protection and their freedom

Savannah and Its Surroundings.

11

of conscience. A settlement twenty miles west of Savannah on the banks of the river was assigned to them, and they called it Ebenezer in. commemoration of their final deliver ance from their enemies. The exile of the Salzburgers is one of the most stirring incidents of the civil and religious his tory of Germany, and the little settlement at Ebenezer is to-day one of the most revered places among the Luther ans of this country.
years later John and Charles Wesley arrived, and the founder of Methodism preached his first sermon in America in Savannah. The mission of the Wesleys proved, however, unfortunate and brief. Their religious zeal outran discretion and they were soon embroiled in conflicts with the authorities and the people, whom they did not under stand. Both returned to England before they had been in America two years. The next year George Whitefield ar rived,Wnd having more tact than the Wesleys, and, from his parentage and early associations, being better fitted to cope with the rude minds of the colonists, he succeeded where they failed, and laid in Savannah the foundation of his subsequent reputation. Ilis great work was the found ing of the Bethesda Orphan House.
Hardly had the town been laid out before a colony of Israelites arrived. True to their ancient faith, they no sooner landed than they founded a synagogue, to which they gave the name Mickva Israel.
At the end of the first decade of its existence, when Oglethorpe left America finally for England, Savannah had grown to a village of three hundred and fifty houses. The government of Oglethorpe had been military, but after his departure it devolved upon the trustees in England. The colony, never very strong, languished under their chimerical views and injudicious management. Agriculture did not flourish, commerce was not thought of, silk culture, which Oglethorpe had tried to establish, failed, the colonists were deserting to Carolina and the other American possessions or were returning home, and at last in 1752, the trustees, in

BIRD'S EYE VIEW OF SAVANNAH.

FOUNTAIN IN PARK.

THE COTTON EXCHANGE.

Savannah and Its Surroundings.

IS

despair, resolved on account of their utter inability to sup port the colony, to make an absolute surrender of the char ter. The resolution was carried into effect, and Georgia be came a Koyal Province. Under the more liberal and the wiser protection and patronage of the crown, Savannah sur vived and became in time the prospering foster-mother of Georgia.
Among the early excitements of Savannah was the trouble with the Spaniards in Florida, which finally culminated in open war. Spain, with her wonted arrogance, had firmly bidden the Georgians quit their newly established homes; but Spanish bravado did not frighten them. Anglo-Geor gian and Hispano-Floridian fortified against each other; the. same Spanish intrigue, which was at work among the thou sands of negroes in South Carolina, was active among the Indians of Georgia. When at last E upland and Spain went to war, Oglethorpe and his colonists played an important part. They penetrated to the very walls of St. Augustine, but did not succeed in taking it.
The colonists were naturally an independent people, and the " Stamp Act" put the same fever into their blood that stirred the pulses of their cousins in Massachusetts. It is curious to note, in view of later events, that Savannah sent to the Old Bay State much of the powder used in the de fense of Bunker Hill.
Although the last settled of the original thirteen colonies, neither Georgia or her chief city were backward in ac cepting the issues of the Eevolution. A Georgia schooner was the first commissioned American vessel, and made the first capture of the war off Tybee 16,000 pounds of powder. Savannah revolted against its royal Governor early in 1776, and imprisoned him; the next year the conven tion which framed the State Constitution met here. Toward the close of 1778, the British, after a savagely disputed battle, captured the city; a brutal soldiery shot and bayonetted many citizens in the streets and imprisoned others on board the English ships. British rule, with all the rigor of military

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Savannah and Its Surroundings.

law. was enforced until an evacuation was rendered expedi ent by the success of American arms elsewhere.
There is one picture which the memory of Savannah's trials during the Revolution brings to mind a picture which has in it the sparkle of French color, and which is a noble memorial to French gallantry and generosity. In the dull and dreadful days of 1779, when English rule had become all but intolerable, a superb fleet, one day in September, an chored off Tybee, and the amazed English saw the French colors displayed above twenty ships of the line and sixteen frigates, commanded by Count D'Estaing, sent by the King of France to aid the struggling Americans. Five thousand of the best soldiers of the French army, united with such as the American Government could muster, laid vigorous siege to the town; troops were landed and the combined forces attacked the British positions; a strong bombardment was kept up for some time, and an assault was made on the town on the 9th of October, but the besiegers were finally compelled to withdraw, leaving the city to the mercies of the enraged English. In this long and brave assault, which lasted nearly two months, the chivalrous Pulaski sealed his devotion to liberty with his life on the spot where the Cen tral Railroad passenger depot now stands. Near by fell the gallant Jasper, who had repeatedly illustrated his valor in the cause of the colonies. The city was evacuated shortly before the close of 'hostilities. The exiled citizens returned, ousted the interlopers, who had acquired the traffic of the town by protection of the enemy, repaired the damages that war had wrought, to resume once more with ardor their pursuits, and to enjoy the relaxations of peace.
Savannah was, in its early history, one of the most patri otic of American towns. It not only produced men re nowned for bravery and true chivalric qualities, but the peo ple took every occasion to demonstrate their faith in the Union. The new President, Washington, was received with joyous enthusiasm. Lafayette was given an overwhelming welcome, and, during his visit, he laid the corner-stones

THE JASPER MONUMENT.

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Savannah and Its Surroundings.

of two handsome monuments, which are to-day counted among the city's treasures those to Pulaski and General Greene.
In the war between the States Savannah was the key to the Georgia coast, and it was closely watched by the Federal forces. The ordinance of secession was framed in Savan nah, and it was here that the flag of the Confederate States was first hoisted in Georgia. The port was closed to com merce from 1861 to 1865. The most important events of the war occurring in the vicinity were the capture of Fort Pulaski, April 10. 1862, and the reduction of Fort McAllister, December 12. 1864. Pulaski, situated so as to command both channels of the entrance-way from the sea, had been built with great care, and it was believed to be impregnable, but rifled cannon, then a novelty in warfare, and the superior resources of the Federal forces, accomplished its surrender in twenty-seven hours. After the fall of Pulaski there were numerous encounters on land and sea, but there was no general engagement of the hostile armies until Shennan in vested the city. December 11. 1864, after his famous "march to the sea," with 60,000 infantry, 6.000 cavalry, and numer ous batteries of siege guns. Along the coast was a fleet of ironclads, and other war vessels, awaiting the establishment of communication with Sherman's forces to co-operate with him in the siege. Opposed to these General Hardee had, within the city and its defenses, 10,000 men. Fort McAllister had withstood three attempts to silence it and it had to be taken. Sherman cautiously enveloped the defenses of the city so as to completely isolate the fort, and then sent nine regiments to take it. The fort was held by a garrison of 150 men. It was captured after a desperate fight and through the superiority of overwhelming forces. The cap ture of McAllister was the conquest of Savannahx'The city was evacuated December 20. 1864, and was formally surren dered the next day. Sherman's regime, although brief, was rigorous in the extreme. Shortly after the fall of the city Lee and Johnston surrendered, and the war ended. Savan-

Savannah and Its Surroundings.

17

nah's progress since then has not been less remarkable than that of the whole State.

JAMES EDWARD OGLETHORPE.
James Edward Oglethorpe, the founder of Savannah, was born in London, December 21, 1688. At the age of sixteen he was admitted a student of Corpus Christ! College, but did not finish his studies, war having more charms for him than literary pursuits. His first commission was that of ensign. After the death of Queen Anne he entered the service of Prince Eugene. He was elected to Parliament at the age of twenty-four, and continued a member thirty-two years. He established the colony at Savannah in 1733. In 1743 he re-

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Savannah and Its Surroundings.

turned to England. He was offered the command of the British forces in America operating against the Americans under Washington, but declined to accept it. He was soon afterward placed in command of an army operating against the forces of Charles the Pretender. His Christian forbear ance toward the unfortunate followers of the Stuarts caused him to be charged with sympathy with their cause. A court-martial declared the charges groundless and malicious, and Oglethorpe's prosecutor was dismissed from the service. In 1744 Oglethorpe was appointed one of the field officers under Field Marshal, the Earl of Stair, to oppose the invas ion of the French, He died in England, July 1, 1785.

SAVANNAH AS IT IS-
1890 Savannah has a population of 60,000. The city covers 4.000 acres, and has a valuation of nearly $40,000,000 and a commerce of $110,000,000. It has 106 miles of streets, sixty-five acres of public parks, fifteen miles of street railway and five miles of wharves. Geographically, it is at the head of ship navigation on the Savannah River, eighteen miles from the ocean, on a plateau fifty feet above the level of the sea. It is in 32 and some minutes north latitude, with the gulf stream just issuing from the tropics at no great distance to the eastward. It is near the isothermal line of 70 temperature, which marks the northern limit of the tropics. The city is nearly square, and most of the streets are broad and run at right angles with each other. The plan of the city proper was designed by Oglethorpe, and once commenced it was adhered to for its regularity, beauty, and comfort. All of the streets in the city are named, and the lanes take the name of the street north of them. The plan of the outskirts differs materially from that of the city proper. Bay street is the great commercial thoroughfare, and is lined with mercantile houses, banks, and business offices. The Custom-House, the City Exchange, Post-Omce, and the Cotton Exchange are on " The Bay." Congress and Broughton are the principal retail business streets. Bull street is the great promenade, and extends from the City Exchange, overlooking the river, to the park, and beyond to

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Savannah and Its Surroundings.

the southern limits and the "White Blaff shell road. It re ceived its name from Colonel William Bull, who assisted Oglethorpe in laying out the city. The street passes through five squares, in which are the Greene, Gordon, Jasper, and Pulaski Monuments, and leads to the main entrance of the park. It is the most picturesque street in the city. Upon it are some of Savannah's handsomest residences and gar dens, and most imposing public buildings. Liberty and South Broad streets, the latter the original southern limit of the city, with their three and four rows of magnificent oaks interlacing their foliage and forming almost an arched ave nue on either side of a broad grass plat, are two of the finest residence streets.
Forsyth Park, almost in the heart of the city, was laid off in 1853. Its plan is similar to that of the Grand Park in the City of Mexico. The park proper contains ten acres with an addition of twenty acres, used by the military as a parade ground. The main entrance is from Bull street by a broad avenue guarded by sphinxes. In the center of the park is a magnificent fountain designed from the model which was awarded the prize in the first International Exhi bition in London in 1844. and similar to the grand fountain in the Place de la Concorde in Paris. Radiating from the fountain in all directions are broad, winding walks. The park is filled with trees, and their foliage is one of its chief charms. The walks are bordered with lawns, and clumps of roses, coleas. cacti and ivy and climbing plants grow luxuriantly among the native pines. In the center of the parade ground, or park extension, stands the Confederate
monument. To the fortunate early arrangement of the town by Ogle
thorpe. Savannah owes much of its beauty to-day. No other American city has such wealth of foliage, such charm ing seclusion and such sj'lvan perfection, so united with all the convenience and compactness of a great commercial city. The squares which were originally intended as places of refuge for the colonists, in time of attack, are now the

FORSYTH PARK.

Savannah and Ids Surroundings.
lungs of the city the breathing spots and play grounds for children. Many of the squares are adorned with statues, fountains and mounds, gigantic oaks and magnolias, with here and there catalpas and banana trees. Among the Cowers the most beautiful are the rose and the cameliajaponica which bloom luxuriantly in mid-winter in the open air.
But its natural beauty is not all that Savannah boasts. Its architecture is varied and striking; much of it in the quaint fashion of by-gone days, but with those characteris tics that the art of the present day is eager to counterfeit. It is rich in historic memories; its schools are unsurpassed; its society is cultured; art is patronized, and all the influences exist which make the city attractive.

GENERAL NATHANIEL GEEENE.

Savannah and Its Surroundings.
THE GREENE MONUMENT.
In 1825 the Marquis de Lafayette visited Savannah and laid the corner stone for two monuments one in Chippewa square, to be erected in honor of Count Pulaski, and one in Johnson square to commemorate the eminent services to the South of General Greene. The Greene monument was fin ished, except the inscription, in 1829. The fund was not then sufficient to erect the monument to Pulaski, and the shaft in Johnson square was known for many years as "the Greene and Pulaski monument," in commemoration of Lafayette's visit, as well as in memory of the heroic dead, whose military careers and reputations are intimately associated with the history of Savannah. In 1886 a bronze inscriptional tablet was placed on the north face of the monument, and on the south face an alto relievo portrait of General Greene, in bronze. The unveiling of the tablets was a part of the centennial celebration of the Chatham Artillery. Hon. Jefferson Davis, who was a guest of the city at the time, was present and took part in the ceremonies.
In the war of the Revolution General Greene won undying fame in the Southern campaigns, and as a mark of appre ciation of his services the Georgia Legislature granted him a large tract of land near Savannah. He settled upon this tract, known as Mulberry Grove, in 1783. He died in 1786 from a sunstroke, and his remains were buried with military honors in the old burying ground on South Broad street. The vault in which the remains were placed was not desig nated, and when, in 1820, a search was made for them they could not be found. Their resting place is to-day unknown. Tradition says that the remains were buried in the vault of the Graham family, which having been dispossessed of its lands and rights, owing to the disloyalty of Governor Gra ham. secretly removed the body and buried it in an un marked spot.

Savannah and Its Surroundings.

THE PULASKI MOmjMENT.

The Pulaski monument

in Monterey square, in

memory of Brigadier-Gen

eral Count Casimer Pulas

ki, is the last work of the

famous German sculptor,

Launitz. The corner stone

of the monument was laid

in Chippewa square in

1825, with the corner stone

of the Greene monument,

but was removed to Mon

terey square in 1853. The

monument is of Italian

marble and is about fifty

feet high and surmounted

by a statue of Liberty

holding the banner of the

"Stars and Stripes." It

is seen at a glance that

the monument is intended

for a soldier who is losing

his life while fighting;

wounded, he falls from his

horse still grasping his

sword. The date, October

9, 1779, is recorded above

the subject. The coats of

arms of Poland and Geor

gia, surrounded by branch

es of laurel, ornament the

cornice on two sides, while

THE PULASKI MONTTMENT.

the eagle, emblem of liber ty, courage and independ

ence, and the symbolic bird of Poland and America, rests

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Savannah and Its Surroundings.

upon both. The reversed cannon on the corners of the die are emblematic of military loss and mourning, and give the monument a strong military character.
Count Pulaski fell mortally wounded in the siege of Sa vannah near the spot now occupied by the Central Railroad passenger depot. He was born in 1746, and was leader of a band of patriots confederated to relieve their native land from Russian oppression. In the struggle Austrian and Prussian troops were hurried to the assistance of the Rus sian forces in Poland. Against these overwhelming odds, Pulaski and his little band bravely contended, but they were overpowered and the severest punishments were inflicted upon those who were captured. Pulaski fled to France. There he learned of the struggle of the Americans for inde pendence and tendered his services, which were accepted by Congress, and the rank of Brigadier-General was conferred upon him. After having distinguished himself in several engagements he resigned bis commission and organized the famous " Pulaski Legion." After he had fallen wounded by a cannon shot in the battle of Spring Hill he was placed on a ves sel to be sent to Charleston. The vessel had hardly sailed out of the harbor before he died and his body was buried at sea. There is a tradition that he was buried at Greenwich, about three miles from Savannah; but an account written by one of Pulaskrs staff, who was also wounded and was on board the vessel, says that he died at sea and his body was con signed to the depths. The funeral services were held in Charleston, where the death of the brave Pole caused, as it did throughout the American colonies, the most intense grief.

Savannah arid Its Surroundings. .

27

THE JASPER MONUMENT.
The Jasper Monument and statue, in Madison Square, is one of the finest monuments in Savannah. It was erected by the Jasper Monument Association. The corner-stone was laid October 9. 1879, the centennial anniversary of Sergeant Jasper's death, in the siege of Savannah. The monument was completed and unveiled February 22, 1888, President Cleveland taking part in the ceremonies. The base of the monument and the pedestal are of granite. The bronze statue of Jasper, which surmounts the pedestal, is fifteen feet high and represents a sturdy specimen of man hood. The left hand clutches at arm's length a battle-worn banner. The right hand, holding an upturned sabre, is pressed tightly over a bullet wound in his side. The piece is strong in all its lines. On the face is an expression of in tense suffering, held in subordination to a resolute purpose. The details of the work are clear. The fatal bullet-hole is plainly seen; upon the ground is the soldier's bullet-rid dled hat, and his hair is waving in the smoke of battle. The most artistic part of the statue is the ragged banner flutter ing in the wind. The statue was designed by the celebrated sculptor, Alexander Doyle, of New York. Upon the four faces of the pedestal are bas-relief panels of bronze; that on the north side is the inscriptional tablet; on the east side is a representation of Jasper standing upon the ramparts of Fort Moultrie with the rescued colors held aloft. The pict ure on the south side is a representation of the scene at Jas per Spring, where the prisoners were rescued, and the west side represents Jasper's death; the surgeon is beside his prostrate form, sponging the wound in his breast, among a group of comrades with sorrowful faces.
Sergeant Jasper, it is said, was of Irish descent, his family having emigrated from Ireland some years before the Eevolution. and settled in South Carolina. At the beginning of the war for independence he enlisted and gave the first proof of his gallantry in the attack of the British fleet upon Fort Moultrie in 1776. The flag-staff of the Americans had been

JASPEK AT FORT MOVLTRIE.

Savannah and Its Surroundings.
shot away. Jasper took up the flag, fastened it. to a spongestaff, and planted it defiantly upon the ramparts, under a heavy fire from the -enemy's vessels. For this he was pre sented a sword and was offered a commission. He accepted the sword, but modestly declined the commission. His ex ploit in rescuing a number of American prisoners from a British guard, at a spring two miles from Savannah, where the party had halted for refreshment, was a daring act of cool courage. The story, as told by White in his Historical Collections, is as follows :
" Learning that a number of American prisoners were to be brought from Ebenezer to Savannah then occupied by the British for trial, Jasper determined to release them at all hazards. With Newton as his companion, at a spring two miles from Savannah and about thirty yards from the main road, he awaited the arrival of the prisoners. When the escort, consisting of a sergeant, corporal and eight men, and the prisoners in irons stopped to refresh themselves at this spring, two of the guard only remained with the cap tives. The others leaned their gnns against the trees, when Jasper and Newton sprang from their hiding place, seized the guns and shot down the two sentinels. The remaining six soldiers were deterred from making any effort to recover their guns by threats of immediate death, and were forced to surrender. The prisoners we: e released, and Jasper and Newton, with their redeemed friends and captive foes, crossed the Savannah River and joined the American army at Purysburgh."
The spring has been known ever since as " Jasper Spring." and is a resort of interest. It is a short distance from the Augusta road, near the Ten-Broeck race course. In the dis astrous siege of Savannah by the allied American and French forces under General Lincoln and Count D'Estaing, the gallant Jasper lost his life in an attempt to replace his regimental colors within the British lines, where they had been carried by an assault. In memory of this brave, non-

'WE EKSCUK AT JASl'EB SPRING.

Savannah and Its Surroundings.

SI

commissioned officer, thus identified with the city, the monu ment was erected.
THE CONFEDERATE MONUMENT.

The Confederate Sol diers' monument in the parade ground was erect ed by the Ladies' Memo
rial Association to the memory of the Confeder ate dead. The monument
stands upon a raised ter race, and is capped by a
bronze statute of a Con federate soldier at "pa rade rest." On the die of the monument is the dedication:
"Come from tlie four winds, O breath,
And breath upon these claln That they may live."
"To THE CONFEDERATE DEAD, 1861-1865."
The monument was built from a design by Robert Reid, of Montreal, Canada. In style it is modern Italian. It stands about fifty feet in bight from the base to the crown of the figure by which it is surmounted. On the base of the pilasters are appropriate mottoes. The north panel on the first stage shows a figure in alto relievo, a prostrate woman representing the South in mourning; from her left hand she lets fall a branch of laurel. In one corner of the panel is a group of weeping willows with their drooping branches. The reverse panel is left vacant, although the de-

S2

Savannah, and Its Surroundings.

sign provides for its occupany by a figure, also alto relievo, of a military character. Above the panels is a rich cornice. The next stage was originally an open canopy supported on pilasters, underneath which was a marble statue of Silence, but this was removed and the space filled with stone to strengthen the structure. Above this is another stage, deeply recessed and moulded, and ornamented with draped banners, guns and sabres. The topmost panel is exquisitely moulded and forms the base upon which rests the crowning figure. The corner stone of the monu ment was laid June 16, 1875, and the monument was un veiled in May, 1876. The bronze statue is a work of art. Ease, grace and manliness distinguish the figure, and the musket, worn hat, and tattered clothing are true to the life, reproducing with wonderful exactness the rents, patches, darns and rude sewing that betray the deprivations and hardships which the Confederate soldiery had to endure in their gallant, but painful, struggle of four years of unsuccess ful warfare.

Savannah and Its Surroundings.

THE GORDON MONUMENT.

The Gordon monu

ment, in Court House

square, was erected in

1883 by the Central Kail-

road and Banking Com

pany in memory of Will

iam W. Gordon, the first

President of the road.

The monument is not only

a tribute to the memory

of the man to whom it

was erected, but it illus

trates the spirit of prog

ress and the advance of

internal improvement in

Georgia since the Central

Railroad was inaugu-

ated,in!834. The design

of the monument is beau

tiful and suggestive. The

north face bears the name

"Gordon." The eastern

face is a bas-relief repre

senting a locomotive and

train of cars emerging

from a tunnel and ap

proaching a viaduct, be

THE GORDON MONUMENT.

yond which, in the dis-

tance, are the tall spars of shipping, The soutb face bears

the inscription:

In memory of William Washing-ton Gordon.
Born June 17, 1798. Died March 20, 1842.

The pioneer in works of internal improvement in his native State, and President of the Central Kailroad and Banking Company of Georgia, to which he gave his time, his talents and, finally, his life.

Savannah and Its Surroundings.
TOMO-CHI-CHI A>1) HIS NEPHEW.
The remains of Tomo-Chi-CM, the famous Indian chief tain, are supposed to have been buried iu Court House square, in the vicinity of the Gordon monument. TomoChi-Chi died in 1738. At his own request he was buried among his friends, the white men, with the pomp and cir cumstance due to his 1'igh rank and staunch friendship, and within the compass of the colonists. Oglethorpe assisted as pall-bearer; the burial v/as in what was then Percival square- Minute guns were fired during the march of the procession, and as the body was lowered three volleys of musketry were fired over it.

Savannah and Its Surroundings.

So

THJG GEORGIA HISTORICAL SOCIETY.
The Georgia Historical Society was organized in 1839. Its library, numbering 20,000 volumes, is one of the finest col lections in the South. The Society was chartered " for the purpose of collecting, preserving, and diffusing informa tion relating to the State of Georgia in particular, and of American history generally." The Georgia Medical Society is a part of the Historical Society. Hodgson Hall, the library building, at Whitaker and Gaston streets, fronting the park, was erected by Mrs. Margaret T. Hodgson and Miss Mary Telfair, the widow and sister-in-law of William B. Hodgson, in his memory. These ladies bequeathed over one-half of their large estate to the fostering and sustenance of the cause of literature, science and art in Savannah. The His torical Society, in which they felt a deep interest, has, through their liberality, been most munificently endowed. Miss Telfair, carrying out the wishes of her sister, which were in consonance with her own, bequeathed the Society the family mansion on Telfair place with all the furniture, pictures, works of art, etc., and 8100,000 of railroad stock, to estab lish and maintain an Academy of Arts and Sciences. It is therefore not to be wondered at that the names of these ladies are held in such high esteem and reverence by the Historical Society and by the people of Savannah. The building was de signed by Detlef Lienau, of New York, the architect who later designed the Telfair Academy annex. The exterior of the building is plain, its architecture being adapted to the con venience and comfort of the library. The front, however, is ornamental, being chiefly of brown stone. The entrance is by massive stone steps and portico. The frieze of the portico bears, in relief, the inscription, "W. B. Hodgson Hall." Upon the building is similarly inscribed, "Georgia Historical Society."
If the exterior is plain, the interior of the library hall is strikingly attractive. The hall contains several fine portraits of members of the Society, and of men prominent in the

GENERAL LIBRARY
UNIVERSITY OF GEORGIA KOCRE PURCHASE, 1936

(iKEEN RESIDENCE.

KVIJ. STREET.

GF.ORUIA. HISTORICAL SOCIETY LIBRARY.

Sarannah and Its Surroundings.

B7

history of Georgia and the South, and an interesting collec tion of historical relics. Fronting the entrance is a platform, or rostrum. Above this is an admirable portrait of Mr.
Hodgson, one of the earliest members of the Society, and for over twenty-five years one of its curators. The picture was painted by Carl L. Brandt, the present Director of the Telfair Academy. It represents Mr. Hodgson in his library, standing by a table, in the act of turning the leaves of a book. On the table are books and papers and a scroll cov ered with Arabic characters, symbolic of Mr. Hodgson's studies. The features, dress and attitude of the figure give a life-like appearance, and. with a brilliant light and the faithful reproduction of the appurtenances of a library, be token the genius of the artist. Beneath the picture is a marble slab with this inscription:

In Memory of WILLIAM BROWN HODGSO3T,
this building- is erected by MARGARET TELFAEtt HODGSON,
Anno Domini 1873.
The building was dedicated to the Historical Society in 1876. The library is open to members and visitors. The library hours are 10 A. M. to 9 P. M.

THE ACADEMY OF ARTS AND SCIENCES.

Savannah and Its Surroundings.

39

THE TELFAIR ACADEMY OF AETS AND SCIEXCES.
The Telfiiir Academy of Arts and Sciences, on Telfair Place, is the art gallery of the South. It was founded through a bequest of Miss Mary Telfair, who, upon her death, bequeathed the Telfair family mansion and $100,000 for the purpose of founding an art museum and academy. The bequest was under the trusteeship of the Georgia Historial Society, and the Academy was opened in 1885. A writer in the Magazine of Art says that the Academy is like nothing so much as a bit of Munich strayed from the banks of the Iser to the new world. It is the Glyptothek and Pinakothek in one. In front of the building are five heroic size statues of Eubens, Raphael, Michael Angelo, Phideas and Eembrandt, modeled for the Academy by Viennese sculptors and carved in white Marzina stone. The entrance hall of the Academy is lined with photographs, forming part of a series which is continued in the large picture gal lery. It includes reproductions of the masterpieces of ancient and modern art, from the best European photograph publish ers. Beyond the entrance hall is a collection of plaster re lief heads. The Director of the Academy is Carl L. Brandt, ET. A. He is director, teacher and curator. The Academy is the embodiment of his ideas, and his classic Munich tend encies are revealed everywhere in the building, which is one of the finest bits of architecture in the country. At the left of the entrance corridor is an old room hung with old masters and copies. On the north side of the corridor is the Phideas room. Here are some of the finest of the Farthenian marbles, forming part of one of the most satisfac tory collections of antique casts in the United States. The east pediment of Parthenon is here complete.
The large sculpture hall has in its center that group so seldom seen in its entirety the " Tauro Farnese," of the Naples museum. It is the second cast ever obtained di rectly from the original and was made expressly for the Tel fair Academy. It was shipped to America in twenty-one

ACADKMY OF AKTS AND SCIENCES--KNTRAJfCE CORRIDOR.

Savannah and Its Surroundings.
cases, containing one hundred and twenty-six sections, and arrived broken into a thousand pieces. It required months of patient work by the director to put this monument of ancient art together, and as it stands to-day, it shows no trace of the experience through which it passed. The statuary hall also contains a fine copy of the famous Gaeta vase.
The picture gallery is a beautiful example of classic deco ration ; the pervading color is Pompeiian red, which is largely used throughout the building. At the top of the room, form ing a wide frieze all around it, are superb mural paintings, simulating tapestries, by Director Schraudolph, of Stuttgart. They are forty-four feet in length and nine feet high, and present allegorical representations of the different arts. Among the chief pictures in the gallery are those of the Munich and Dusseldorf schools. The great picture of the gallery, both in size and masterful execution, is Kaulbach's "Peter Arbues of Epila." The picture was finished in 1870, and is the last work of the famous artist. It is sixteen feet long by thirteen feet high. "Bin Gefecht," by Josef von Brandt, a Polish artist of Munich, next to Kaulbach's, is the pride of the gallery. The picture is what its title im plies--a calvary attack. It is a large canvas and occupies a place on the west wall of the gallery. The subject is a fight between the Poles and the allied Swedes and Brandenburgers in the days of the battles before Warsaw. A half destroj'ed village is occupied by a small detachment of the allied troops, which is attacked by a superior squadron of the "dreaded mailed Lancers," who, with furious force, fly to the combat of the ususpecting enemy. The attack of the rattling lines, the wild confusion of the hand to hand fight, is represented with most convincing truthfulness and won derful pictorial power and art. The picture was se cured from the Munich Exposition in 1888. Next to "Ein Gefecht" is Szymanowski's " Dispute of Russian Mount aineers," which was secured from the Paris Exposi tion in 1889. In character and literary interest "The

Savannah and Its Surroundings.
Relics of the Brave," by Arthur Hacker, is one of the masterpieces of the gallery. Julian Story's "The Black Prince," secured from the Paris Exposition, is one of the largest pictures, and one of the most striking.
The upper rooms of the Academy are a series of galleries. The famous Parthenon frieze surrounds the entrance hall, and in the adjoining rooms are the archaeological and pre historic art collections, arrow heads an d flints, and photographs of ancient ruins and edifices. The gallery also contains an interesting collection of Japanese embroideries, bronzes and Italian wood engraving. The Academy is open to visitors daily, except Sundays, from 10 A. M. to 5 p. M. Sundays from .1 to 5 p. M.

,

THE QUO THEATRE.

The Savannah Theatre, on Bull street, fronting Chippewa

Square, is the oldest theatre in the United States. It was

built in 1818, and was opened December 4th of that year, and

Savannah and Its Surroundings.
for nearly three-quarters of a century has been the chief place of amusement in Savannah. Since it was built many changes have been made in its interior, but the exterior has undergone little change. It has witnessed the rise, progress and decadence of the drama in America. Its walls have resounded with the sonorous tones of the elder and the younger Booths, of McCready, Vandenhoff, the Kembles, father and daughter; the Coopers, Forrest, and hosts of other tragedians and melo-dramatists, and have echoed the comicalities of Finn, Hilson, the two Placides, and Hackett, and absorbed the melting tones and artistic roulades and trills of Kelly, Hughes, Russell, and the stars of oper atic music. The voices of past generations and of the pres ent are blended in the silence of its venerable walls. The history of the Savannah Theatre is a record of the stage in the United States, and critical were the audiences, in the days of the legitimate drama, which criticised the perform ances upon its boards.
THE CITT EXCHANGE.
The City Exchange--the city hall--at the foot of Bull street, was built in 1799, and is a type of the architecture of that time. It was built by a stock company and was intended for a Merchants' Exchange. The site was leased for ninetynine years and the building cost $20,000. The city was a member of the company, and, by successive purchases of stock, it became, in 1812, the possessor of the property and converted it into a city hall, which it still is, though the original name, "Exchange," is retained. The lower part of the building is occupied by business offices. The second and third stories contain the Council Chamber and the vari ous departments of the City Government. In the " Long Boom " is a life-size painting of General Robert E Lee-- pronounced tho finest portrait of Lee extant. In the Ex change steeple are the venerable city clock and fire bell, which have hung there for more than three-quarters of a century. The old clock bears the inscription, "Built by

V
CHATHAM COtlKTY COVRT HOTJSK.

Savannah and Its Surroundings.
John Thwaites, Clerkenwell, London, 1803." From the steeple a splendid view of the city is obtained. Bull street, with its squares and monuments, extends south to the park, and is lined with public buildings and residences. Piercing the foliage is the tall spire of St. John's, and rising up in front,the Ionic proportions of Christ Church, and the lofty roof of the Cathedral of St. John the Baptist, are clearly seen. The visitor at once realizes the appropriateness of the title " Forest City," in its application to Savannah, as the city can scarcely be seen for the trees--only the spires, steeples, and the roofs of the houses rising above the foliage. From the balcony of the Exchange the military reviews take place, and from it Sherman reviewed the Federal army at the close of his famous " march to the sea." The " Long Room " has been the scene of many historic events. It waj here, in 1886, that Jefferson Davis held his last public reception.
PUBLIC BUILDINGS AND LOCALITIES.
THE COUNTY COUBT HOTJSE, on Court House square, is one of the finest public buildings in the State. It is built upon the site of the old court house, which was demolished in 1889, and cost $160,000. The corner stone was laid July 31, 1889. The first court house was at the northeast corner of Bull street and Bay lane. Just before the Revolution a brick court house was erected upon the site of the present building. During the siege of Savannah it was occupied by the British troops as a headquarters and was damaged by shells thrown from the American and French batteries. Upon the re-occupation of the city the building was restored and was used until 1831 when it was torn down to make room for the recent structure which was completed in 1833.

46

Savannah and Its Surroundings.

THE UNITED STATES CUSTOM HOUSE, at Bay and Boll streets, con tains the customs offices, Internal Revenue office, United States Marine Hospital Surgeon's of fice, the Branch Hydroi graphic office, and the United States Courts, District Attorneys and United States Marshal's and Commissioners' and Shipping Commissioners' offices and the offices of Inspectors of Steamboats. The building was erected in 1850. There is no record of the first custom house, although such a building existed as early as 1763. In 1789 the customs office was in Commerce Row west of the City Exchange. From there it was removed to a building which stood on the site of the old Georgia Historical So ciety building on Bryan street, and afterwards to the City Exchange until the present Custom House was built. The building is open to visitors. THE MORNING NEWS BUILDING, on WMtaker street, is one of the largest and finest buildings in Savannah. It was erected in 1876 and was enlarged in 1886. It is six stories high, and its tower, nearly one hundred feet above the street, commands a magnificent view of the city and the surround ing country. The entire building is occupied by the Morning Kews Printing House. MASO:N-IC TEMPUB, at Liberty and Whitaker streets, was built by Solomon's LodgeNo. 1, the oldest lodge of Freemasons in this country. There is little but tradition concerning the early history of Freemasonry in Georgia. The records of Solomon's Lodge previous' to the Revolution of 1776 were destroyed during the occupancy of the city by the British. The present records go back to 1784. According to the rec ords of the Grand Lodge of England the lodge was organized

Savannah and Its Surroundings.
in 1735 under a charter from that body. Solomon's Lodge is not only the mother lodge of Georgia, which gave the present Grand Lodge its existence, but it is the oldest work ing body of Masons in America. Among its archives is a Bible presented by Oglethorpe.
THE ODD-FELLOWS' BUILDING, at Barnard and State streets, is on the site of the building burned in 1889. "When Washington visited Savannah in 1791 he was entertained in the house that formerly occupied this site. The new building is a handsome structure, and is the meet ing place of five lodges, an encampment and a uniformed canton of the order. Oglethorpe Lodge, No. 1, is the mother lodge of Odd-Fellows in Georgia. It was organized in 1842. The Grand Lodge of Georgia was organized in Savannah in 1844.
THE COTTON EXCHANGE was organized in 1872. Its build ing, on Bay street, at the foot of Drayton, is one of the finest in the city. Visitors are admitted to the floor of the Ex change through introduction by members.
THE BOARD OF TRADE, organized as the Savannah Naval Stores Exchange in 1882, was reorganized as the Board of Trade in 1883, its original purpose and scope having been enlarged to include other branches of trade than naval stores. It is supported by the naval stores, rice, grain, flour, and provisions, and fertilizer interests.
THE CHATHAM ACADEMY, at Bull, South Broad and Drayton streets, was incorporated in 1788, and is the oldest educational institution in Georgia. The first free school in Savannah was established in 1816. The Chatham Academy building was erected by the Chatham Academy Trustees and the Union Society in 1818. In 1886 the interest of the lat ter was purchased and the building was remodeled. It con tains the High School, the Chatham Academy Grammar School, and offices of the Superintendent of Schools and the Board of Education.
THE GREEN RESIDENCE, on Bull street, fronting Madison Square, was General Sherman's headquarters during his

A HALL STREET RESIDENCE.

Savannah and Its Surroundings.
occupancy of the city after the Confederate evacuation in 1864, and it has since been known as " Sherman's Headquarters."
The residence is on the English style of architecture, and its occupancy by Sherman has made it a point of historical interest.
THE PUBLIC MARKET, in Market Square, is to strangers a point of special interest. The market building covers an entire square. It was built in 1872. The roomy basement, half underground, and the market above it, are the great food supply center of the city. A Saturday night visit to the Market affords one of the most interesting sights in Savannah.
THE POLICE BARRACKS, at South Broad and Habershaui streets, is the headquarters of the Police Department. The building contains the Police Court-room, officers' quarters and barracks-rooms, and City Jail. It was erected in 1868.
THE COUNTY JAIL, on Habersham street, south of the Police Barracks, was built in 1887 at a cost of $50,000. It is of brick and iron, with iron cells, and Sheriff's residence.
THE COTTON COMPKESSES are among the principal objects of interest to visitors. The Gordon presses are at the Ocean Steamship Company's wharves, and the Upper Hydrau lic Presses are at the foot of Montgomery street. A bale of uncompressed cotton averages 381 cubic feet, with an average of 12% pounds per cubic foot. After the bale has been compressed it averages 18 cubic feet, with an average of 28 pounds per cubic foot. The pressure in compressing a bale is from 1,500 to 2,000 tons. In no city in this country has the attention been paid to compressing cotton that there is in Savannah.
THE EICE MILLS of Savannah are interesting, from the fact that, except those in South Carolina and Louisiana, they are the only mills in this country. There are three mills-- the Upper Mills, on Eiver street, near Farm; the Planters'
Mill, on River street, near Ann, and the Savannah Mill, on Eiver street, at the foot of East Broad.

A BULL STRKKT RESIDENCE.

FIRST BAPTIST CHURCH.

Savannah and Its Surroundings.

51

SAVANNAH'S CHURCHES.

CHRIST CHURCH, on Bull street, fronting Johnson Square, is the mother church of the Episcopal Communion in Geor gia. Christ Church parish was founded soon after the set tlement of Savannah. The first edifice was begun in 1743, but was not completed until 1750. In 1796 it was destroyed by fire and was rebuilt upon an enlarged plan in 1803. The next year it was partly demolished by a hurricane and was not rebuilt until 1810. In 1838 the corner-stone of the present edifice was laid, the old church having beeA/torn down, and the building was completed in 1840. /The founder of Christ Church was Rev. Henry Herbert, who came over from England with Oglethorpe. John Wesley was its third rector, and on the site of the present edifice stood the rude chapel, in which he ministered as Chaplain to the colonista The late Bishop Stephen Elliott was rector of the church from 1861 until his death, in 18,66, and in the chancel is a beautiful window to his memory/ The interior of the church is interesting. The chancel rafiling, table and stalls are handsomely carved, and the memorial lectern and font are works of art. The exterior presents a singular architectural appearance. Its style, partly Ionic, is rather financial than ecclesiastic, and the church is a solid and, not altogether, unimposing structureJ/ It was in Christ Church that the first Sunday-school was established by John Wesley, nearly fifty years before Kobert Eaikes, who is honored as the founder of Sunday-schools, originated the scheme of Sunday instruction in Gloucester, England, and eighty years before the first Sunday-school in America, on the Kaikes plan, was established.
ST. JOHX'S EPISCOPAL CHUKCH, on Bull street, fronting Madison Square, is. architecturally, one of the finest churches in the city. It is on the English style of Gothic, with rich,

CHRIST CHURCH.

Savannah and Its Surroundings.

S3

stained glass windows. The brass lectern, from which the design for the lectern in St. James Cathedral, Toronto, was taken, is an interesting work of art. The church was built in 1853. The parish was founded in 1841. Its first house of worship was on South Broad street, between Barnard and Jefferson. St. Matthews Episcopal Church, at Duffy and Barnard streets, is a mission of St. Johns.
THE EVANGELICAL LUTHERAN CHUKCH OF THE ASCENSION, on Bull street, fronting Court-House Square, is the third edi fice on the same site. The congregation was organized in 1750. The early records of the society are lost, but it is sup posed to have been founded by two German preachers-- Rubenhorst and "Wottman. The present church was built in 1877.
THE INDEPENDENT PJKESBTTEEIAN CHUEOH (rebuilding), at Bull and South Broad streets, will, when completed, be the finest church in the city, next to the Roman Catholic Cathe dral. The first Presbyterian society in Savannah was or ganized in 1755 by Rev. John Zubly, D. D. The first church was on Market Square. It was destroyed in the fire of 1796 and another building was erected on Whitaker street, between President and York, where the Hanley building now stands. The steeple of the church was blown down and the building was partly demolished in the gale of 1804. It was repaired and used until 1819, when it was torn down and the congregation removed to the church at Bull and South Broad streets, which, up to its destruction in the fire of April, 1889, was one of the finest churches in the South. It is now being rebuilt upon exactly the same plan as the original church, and, when completed, will have cost $115,000. The burned edifice was begun in 1817 and was dedi cated May 9,1819. President James Monroe, who was vis iting Savannah at the time, assisted, with his suite, in the ceremonies. The corner-stone for the present edifice was laid January 13, 1890.
THE FIKST PRESBTTEKIAW CHUBCH, on Bull street, front ing Monterey Square, is the second Presbyterian Church in

CATHEDRAL OF ST. JOHN THE HAPTIST.

Savannah and Its Surroundings.
Savannah. The congregation was organized in 1827. The first church was on Broughton street, between Barnard and Jefferson. The present edifice was begun in 1856, but it was not completed until after the war.
THE FIRST METHODIST PREACHER sent to Savannah was Brierly Alien, who arrived in Georgia in 1785. The first Methodist society was organized in 1806, and services were held at the houses of the members. The first church was begun in 1813 at the corner of Lincoln and South Broad streets, and was completed in 1816. It 'was called Wesley Chapel and still remains, but is occupied as residences.
WESLEY MONUMENTAL CHURCH, on Abercorn street, front ing Calhoun square, was begun in 1875 and was com pleted in 1889. The church, as its name indicates, is a monu ment to the great founder of Methodism.
TRINITY METHODIST CHURCH, or "Old Trinity," as it is sometimes called, because of its associations with the early history of Methodism in Savannah, is on Barnard street fronting Telfair place, and is the leading Methodist church in Savannah. The edifice is comparatively modern, having been built in 1848.
THE FIRST BAPTIST CHURCH, on Chippewa square, is the leading Baptist church in Savannah. It was built in 1833. The first Baptist society in Savannah was organized in 1795. A church was built in Franklin square, on the site of the present First African Baptist church, and was dedicated in 1800. It was occupied until the present church on Chippewa square was built thirty-three years later. The Dufiy Street Baptist church is a mission of the First Baptist church.
THE ROMAN CATHOLIC RELIGION was established in Savan nah during the latter part of the last century, after Georgia became a Royal Province. The first church was built in Liberty square, but was torn down in 1838. The Cathedral of St. John the Baptwt, the domus of the Roman Catholic See of Savannah, on Abercorn street, fronting Lafayette square, is one of the finest ecclesiastical structures in the South. It originated with Bishop Ignatius Persico, now a

MICKVA ISRAEL SYNAGOGUE.

Savannah and Its Surroundings.

57

member of the papal household, who took the initial measures for its erection. The corner stone was laid in 1874 and the Cathedral was dedicated under the episcopacy of Bishop Gross, the present Archbishop of Oregon, in 1876. The architecture is French gothic, in the style of the great Xotre Dame Cathedral of Paris, with nave and transepts. The interior is lofty and imposing; the triple rows of groined arches meeting at their apices, sixty-five feet above the floor, supported by columns of bronze exquisitely capped with original compositions. The sanctuary is fifty feet deep and its rail is ninety-nine feet in length. The main altar is of white marble. The principal side altars are to the Sacred Heart and to the Virgin and to St. Joseph. Above the altar to the Virgin is a copy of Murillo's " Immaculate Concep tion." Adjoining the Cathedral and connected with it by cloisters is the episcopal residence.
THE CONVENT OF ST. VINCENT DE PAUL is north of the Cathedral. The buildings consist of the convent cloisters and chapel and school rooms, covering the entire block fronting Liberty straet between Abercorn and Lincoln streets. The convent was founded in 1842 by Eev. J. F O'Neill, the pioneer priest of Georgia. It is the mother house of the Sisterhood of Mercy in the diocese. The convent possesses a number of interesting works of art. In the chapel is a representation in wood carving of the " Dead Christ" supported by the Virgin Mary. The work is a copy of the famous group executed for the Bishop of Minster in Westphalia. In the convent garden is a terra cotta statue of St. Benedict.
ST. PATRICK'S PAEISH was founded in 1865. Its church at West Broad and Liberty streets is a handsome structure. Adjoining it is the pastor's house.
THE FIRST HEBREW CONGREGATION in Savannah was es tablished by a colony of Israelites which came over shortly after Oglethorpe arrived. The congregation was called Mickva Israel. Its early history, however, is uncertain, as there are no records prior to its charter, which was granted

58

Savannah and Its Surroundings.

in 1790. The corner stone of the present Mickva Israel Synagogue on Monterey square was laid in 1876, and the building was completed in 1878. The first synagogue was built in 1820 at the corner of Liberty and Whitaker streets. In 1829 it was destroyed by fire and a new edifice was built on the same site in 1841. The congregation B'Nai Brith Jacob has a synagogue at the corner of State and Montgom ery streets, and the Chebrah Talmud Torah congregation worships in a house on Broughton street.
A SOCIETY OF SVTEDE:S-BORGIANS has existed in Savannah for many years, but until the Park New-Church, at Drayton and Huntingdon streets, fronting the park, was completed in 1889, the society was without a church edifice.
THE YOUNG MEN'S CHRISTIAN ASSOCIATION, at Bull and Jones streets, has a free reading room and amusement roome, with evening classes and a gymnasium for the use of its members. The Association occupies its own building, which is open from 8 A. M. to 10 P. M.
THE COLORED CHinicHEs of Savannah number about twenty. The Baptist and Methodist are the strongest denominations numerically. The colored Baptists have seven churches, one of which, the First African Baptist church in Franklin square, has over five thousand communicants. The Metho dists have four churches, the Episcopalians two, Presbyterian and Congregational two, and Roman Catholic one.

Samai-naJi and Its Surroundings.

59

ASYLUMS AND HOMES.
...itOii...
Savannah is rich in charitable and benevolent institutions. The oldest are the orphanage at Bethesda and the female Orphan Asylum at Bull and Charlton streets.
BETHESDA is tea miles from Savannah by the public roads and eight miles by rail. The City and Suburban Railway runs regular trains to Bethesda station, and a walk of a third of a mile brings one to the historic place where Eev.

George Whitefield established his orphan house in 1740- The original buildings, towards the erection of which the people of two continents, aroused by the eloquent appeals of the great preacher for aid, gave with unbounded liberality, and the first bricks of which were laid by Whitefield's own hands, were struck by lightning and burned a short time after his death, which occurred in 1770. They were re
built, but were left in ruins when the British army evacuated the State. Lady Huntingdon, Whitefield's friend, labored with Christian zeal to forward the interests of Bethesda. At her death, which occurred in 1791, the school which she established was discontinued, and the State government, as successors to the trust, claimed the property. An unsuccess ful attempt was made to establish Bethesda as a State insti-

CO

Savannah and Its Surroundings.

tution. but in 1805 a fire damaged the Orphanage and a hur ricane destroyed the outbuildings and the plantation. The Legislature ordered the property sold and the proceeds dis tributed among several charitable institutions, one of which \vas the "Union Society. This society was founded in 1750, and its good works included the care of orphans and desti tute children. Forty-five 3'ears after the sale and division of the Bethesda estate, the Union Society purchased one hundred and twenty-five acres of the property, which in cluded the original site of "Whitefield's Orphan House. Suita ble buildings were erected, and the boys under the charge of the society were removed from Savannah to this historic spot. Bethesda was thus restored. During the civil war, owing to the proximity of the orphanage to the coast, the boys were removed and Confederate soldiers occupied the buildings. Upon the occupation of the country by the Federal army a detachment of Federal soldiers was stationed at Bethesda. Shortly after the close of the war the orphan house was re-established. In 1870 the main building of the present orphanage was built, and ten years later the western wing was added. The eastern wing is still unbuilt. Through the liberality of one of its members the society was enabled to build and equip a technological department. There are one hundred boys now under the charge of the society. All have the benefits of the school, and the larger boys are instructed in the mechanical arts. In addition to these instructions they are required to assist in farm work. The discipline is positive but gentle, conforming more to that of a family than to that of a semi-public insti tution. The boys, although bound to the society until they arrive at the age of eighteen, are allowed to leave at any time, provided there are satisfactory reasons for their doing so. The orphan house is supported by a small income ob tained from rentals of city property and the yearly dues of the members of the society. Bethesda is open at all times to visitors. The President of the society is Colonel J. H. Estill, who has had charge of the interests of Ihe Bethesda

Savannah and Its Surroundings.

61

Orphanage longer than any person except its founder, George Whitefield.
THE FEMALE ORPHAN ASYLUM had a commoa origin with the Union Society in 1750, for the care and education of orphan and destitute children in general, who enjoyed its charities, without distinction of sex, until December 17, 1801, when the sexes were separated. The Female Orphan Asylum began then a distinct existence, the boys remaining with the Union Society. It is one of the many venerable institutions of which the city boasts.
THE AJBRAMS WIDOWS' HOME, at East Broad and Broughton streets, was founded through the generosity of a nobJehearted Christian woman of that name. As its name sug gests, it is a home for indigent widows. Unsectarian in its character its benefits are enjoyed by all sects, and its kindly charities are poured out without reference to the distinctions of society.
THE EPISCOPAL ORPHANS' HOME, at Liberty and Jefferson streets, was founded in 1854. It is under the patronage of the Episcopal church. The present asylum building was erected in 1886.
THE INDUSTRIAL RELIEF SOCIETY and the Home for the Friendless, at Dray ton and Charlton streets, was incorporated in 1849, and was organized in 1875. It is a refuge for indi gent women.
ST. MAKY'S ORPHANS' HOME, at Habersham and St. Paul streets, is a Roman Catholic institution for the care of or phan girls, and is under the patronage of the Female Or phan Benevolent Society.
THE LITTLE MINNIE MISSION, a home for waifs, at Jones and Lincoln streets, was established through the charity of Mrs. Charles M. Green.
THE WIDOW'S HOME, at West Broad and President streets, was founded by Miss Mary Telfair.
THE ASYLUM of THE LITTLE SISTERS OF THE POOR, at Drayton and Perry streets, established in 1890, is the first institu-

TKLFAIR HOSPITAL AND GROUNDS.

Savannah and Its Surroundings.

CS

tion of the Sisterhood in the South. It is under the patron age of the Roman Catholic church.
THE SACRED HEART ORPHANAGE, for colored children, on St. James street, is under the patronage of the Iloinau Catho lic church.

THE HOSPITALS.
THE SA.VASTS-AH HOSPITAL, at Huntingdon and Drayton streets, was incorporated in 1835. It is not a municipal charity, but a private corporation. It receives from the city, however, an annual appropriation for the treatment of the poor. The hospital building and grounds are among the finest in the South. The visiting days are Wednesdays and Sundays from 2 to 6 o'clock p. M.
ST. JOSEPH'S INFIRMARY, at the corner of Taylor and Habersham streets, is the hospital of the Sisters of Morcjr. It was organized in June, 1875, and is supported by volun tary contributions and pay patients. Its charities are ex tended without distinction of creed. Visitors are received at any time.
THE TELFAIR HOSPITAL FOR FEMALES, at New Houston and Drayton streets, was founded in 1883 through a bequest by Miss Mary Telfair. It is one of the best arranged hospitals in the South. The visiting days are Tuesdays and Fridays from 3 to 6 o'clock p. M.
THE GEORGIA INFIRMARY for colored people on Sixth street, is supported by an appropriation by the city and by contributions.

Savannah and Its Surroundinqs.
CEMETERIES.
LATJREL GROVE is the principal burial place of Savannah. It is nearest to the city of any of the suburban cemeteries, and although not as famous for its scenery as Bonaventure, it is one of the most interesting places around Savannah. It is within fifteen minutes ride by horse car of the hotels. The cemetery was established in 1852, and the first inter ment was in October of that year. It is situated on high ground surrounded by native forests and is a picturesque and beautiful spot. Its establishment was rendered neces sary by the crowded condition of the old cemetery on South Broad street, which has been a burial place for more than a century. The Confederate soldiers' lot in Laurel Grove is one of the most interesting spots in the ceme tery. Here repose nearly fifteen hundred heroes of the civil war, whose remains were gathered from the distant battlefields on which they fell and were given a soldier's burial. The noble work was accomplished by the Ladies' Memorial Association of Savannah, which, with sacred care, has watched over their graves, and on Memorial Day decor ates them with the bright flowers of spring. A marble statute of "Silence." which was originally one of the statues of the Confederate monument in the parade ground, keeps guard over this " bivouac of the heroic dead." Each grave is marked by a neat marble headstone.
THE JEWISH CEMETEEY is a part of Laurel Grove. The Jews' old burying grounds are on the western limits of the city, and are small enclosures shut in by high brick walls. One of them, the ruins of which only remain, was a burying ground before the Revolution, and within its walls was the rallying place of the American and French forces after their repulse at the battle of Spring Hill in 1779. The other

IN BOJfA VENTURE.

66

Savannah and Its Surroundings.

burying ground is a few yards south. Neither has been
used for many years. THE CJLORED BCTRYHTG GROUND is a part of Laurel Grove,
and is just beyond the main enclosure. To a stranger it is
worth a visit. THE CATHEDRAL CEMETERY, the Roman Catholic burial
place, is on the Thunderbolt shell road and the Coast Line rail road, two miles from the city. The cemetery was founded in 1852, and contains forty-five acres. It is handsomely laid off and contains many fine mounds. It is the burial place of Bishops Barry, Baron and Gartland. Before the Cathe dral cemetery was founded the Roman Catholic burial place was a part of the old cemetery on South Broad street.
THE OLD BTTRTTNG GBOtiND on South Broad street is one of the oldest cemeteries in America. It was closed in 1852. The ancient vaults and tombs still remain, although they are rapidly crumbling away. The history of the cemetery is obscure. It was originally the burial place for Christ church parish. Up to 1763 it contained about half an acre of ground, but in that year it was enlarged. Savannah had been settled thirty-one yeai-s before it required an acre of ground in which to bury its dead. In 1768 the cemetery was made a public burial place. It is surrounded by a high brick wall and the interior is grown up with weeds and briers. It con tains the tombs of many of the early colonists of Georgia. The oldest graves, in what was the original burying ground, are midway between the South Broad street gate and the Abercorn street gate. The inscriptions on many of the old slabs are so worn away that they are scarcely legible. The graves of three of Christ church's early rectors--Bartholo mew Zouberbuhler, died September, 2, 1766, rector of the parish twenty-one years; Samuel Frink, died October 4,1771 ; Edward Ellington, died 1795--are marked with broad stone slabs and are objects of interest. General Nathaniel Greene was buried here, and the cemetery contains the graves of many heroes of the Revolution whose names are familiar to history. Sir Patrick Houston, baronet, president of His

Savannah and Its Surroundings. '

67

Majesty's Council of Georgia, who died in 1762, and Lady Houston, who died in 1775. are also buried here.
EVERGBKEN CEMETERY ^Bonaventure) is four miles from the city on the Thunderbolt shell road and the Coast Line railroad, on the banks of the Thunderbolt River. Its natural beauty, with its historic associations, render it one of the most interesting places near Savannah. It contains one hundred and forty acres, seventy of which are enclosed. The cemetery was established in 1869.

THE MILITARY.
Savannah is pre-eminently a military city. Nowhere in the South is the military esprit du corps maintained with such ardor and enthusiasm. The chivalric spirit has always been high. The earliest picture of Savannah represents a few scattered houses surrounded by a wall of forest with a battery of cannon commanding the river. The colony was planted upon ground claimed by the Spaniards, and within easy reach of the strong fortress of St. Augustine, from which the land and naval forces of Philip V were hurled against the little handful of Englishmen. A regiment was one of the first of Oglethorpe's necessities, and from the beginning the colonists felt that the safety of their altars and firesides depended upon stout arms and brave hearts. The spirit then born has never since died. The soldiery which Savannah sent to four wars has illustrated the prowess of Southern chivalry. During the civil war Savannah furnished over three thousand troops to the confederate service. Its leading military organizations--the First Volunteer Regi ment of Georgia, the Chatham Artillery, Savannah Volun teer Guards and the Georgia Hussars--antedate the civil war by more than half a century.

68

Savannah and Itg Surroundings.

THE CHATHAM ARTELLEBY, the oldest artillery company bufc one in the United States, was organized May 1, 1786, its birth being coeval with the termination of the Revolution. The company bears to Savannah the same relation that the Ancient and Honorable Artillery of Massachusetts does to Boston. A month after its organization, it discharged its first mournful duty at the funeral of General Nathaniel Greene, and it fired minute guns at Washington's funeral. During the war of 1812 it formed a part of the garrison of Fort Jackson. "When the corner stones of the Pulaski and Greene monuments were laid in 1825 it participated in the ceremony and fired a salute in honor of Lafayette. During the civil war it served at Fort Pulaski and other points around Savannah, and took a conspicuous part in the bat tles of Olustee and Battery Wagner, and served with the western army until its surrender. Its connection with the military service of the Confederacy began with the occupa tion of Fort Pulaski in 1861 and continued until the last gun of the war had been fired. The company took part in the Torktown centennial in 1876, and celebrated its own centennial in 1886. It is an interesting fact that during the civil war the Chatham Artillery furnished from its member ship to the confederate and state service more than fifty commissioned officers.

The Washington guns, so-called from their having been presented to the Chatham Artillery by General Washington,

Savannah and Its Surroundings.

69

shortly after his visit to Savannah in 1791, are relics around which cluster the memories of many historic events. They were nsed against the Continental army during the Revo lution, and -were surrendered by Lord Cornwallis at Yorktown. Their possession by the Chatham Artillery has always been guarded with jealous devotion. "When the Confederate army evacuated Savannah, to prevent their falling into the hands of the enemy they were buried under the armory. Many efforts were made by the Union soldiers to find them. The armory yard and beneath the basement were even probed with iron rods. So securely were the guns hidden that after the war they were with great difficulty re covered.
THE GEORGIA HUSSARS, which were a part of the famous " Jeff Davis Legion" during the civil war, were organized shortly after the war of 1812, by the consolidation of the Chatham Hussars and the Chatham Light Dragoons, the lat ter of which was an organized command as early as 1781, and officiated with the Chatham Artillery at the funeral of General Greene in 1786. The troop was constantly on duty with the Chatham Artillery, the Savannah Volunteer Guards, the Republican Blues and other companies of which no record is in existence, during the war of 1812. The Hussars are now a part of the First Georgia Regiment of Cavalry.
THE SAVANNAH VOLUNTEER GUARDS is the oldest infantry corps in Georgia. In consequence of the loss of its early records and the inaccessibility of other sources of accurate information, if such are still in existence, the history of the corps prior to 1818 is obscure. It was organized in 1802, and one of its first parades was during the visit of VicePresident Aaron Burr to Savannah. It was on duty during the war of 1812, and a part of the corps was sent to Florida on an expedition againt St. Augustine. Later on in 1819 it took part in the reception of President Monroe and in 1825 it paraded in honor of Lafayette. It took a conspicuous part in the civil war, and surrendered with Lee at Appomat-

70

Savannah and Its Surroundings.

tox. It is now composed of three companies. Its temporary armory is on Madison square.
THE FIRST VOLUNTEER REGIJIEXT OF GEORGIA, whose his tory as a part of the militia organization goes back to the .Revolutionary war, is composed of five companies--the Republican Blues, organized in 1808, the Irish Jasper Greens in 1843. the German Volunteers in 1846, the Oglethorpe Light Infantry in 1856 and the Savannah Cadets in 1861. The regimental armory is at Abercorn and Hunting don streets.
TEE COLORED MILITARY, also a part of the state forces, numbers about five hundred men, and is composed of the First Georgia Battalion of six companies, organized in 1878, the Georgia Artillery and the Savannah Hussars.

THE OLD FORTIFICATIONS.
The defenses of Savannah during the civil war still re main, except where they have been leveled to make room for the city's growth. Four lines of defense were adopted, but only three were built. The first, or exterior line, was built early in the war to protect the coast from attacks by the Federal navy and to prevent the landing of troops. It extended from Causton's Bluff, four miles east of Savannah, to the Ogeechee River, and embraced Greenwich Park, Thunderbolt, Isle of Hope and Beaulieu. Detached works were built on Wbitmarsh, Oatland, Skidaway and Green Islands, but these were only occupied a portion, of the time, and towards the close of the war were abandoned. The general character of the works was water batteries, con structed of earth, and reveted with sand bags, sods and fascines, and with traverses.

THE DK SOTO HOTEL.

Savannah and Its Surrozmdings.
The river batteries at and around Fort Jackson were in tended for the protection of the main water approach. Fort Bartow, through which the Tybee railroad now runs, was the most important of these works and was the largest and most complete fortification on the coast. It was a bastioned work enclosing an area of seventeen acres, with glacis, moat, curtains, bomb proofs and surgeons' rooms under ground, and with advanced batteries and rifle pits in front, near the water. The ruins of the fortification, although overgrown with trees and bushes, are worth visiting.
Fort McAJlister, on the south bank of the Ogeechee Biver at Genesis Point, was an enclosed work of about an acre, detached and isolated, irregular in form, bnt compactly built, and adapted to its condition and surroundings. The armament was heavy, and the gallant and successful de fenses it repeatedly made against the Federal iron dads, and Sherman's corps from the land side, have given it a name and place in the history of Savannah's defenses. Though an insignificant earth work, it was, by location and circum stances, called upon to act a giant's part.
The second line was what was known as the interior line of defense. This was almost semi-circular in contour, and distant from the city an average of three-fourths of a mile; its left resting at Fort Boggs; its right resting at a point a little south of Laurel Grove cemetery, and on the low lands of the Springfield plantation. The line was to resist any direct assault upon the city, should a force succeed in pass ing the exterior line. It consisted of detached lunettes at regular intervals, constructed with mutual flank defense, and having sectors of fire, covering the entire space in front of the line, all growth having been cut for half a mile in ad vance. The curtains were not of the same heavy character as the lunettes, but consisted of rifle pits and covered ways for direct communication. Abattis were constructed in front of the many lunettes. No portion of this line was ever subjected to attack.

Savannah and Its Surroundings.

73

Fort Boggs, oil the left of the line, was a bastioned work about an acre and a half in area. Fort Brown, near the Catholic cemetery, was a point of some importance, more, however, from its early location and construction than any special merit. The earthwork crosses the Thunderbolt shell road just beyond the cemetery and the fort is near by.
It was not until the early part of 1864, when Sherman's army was gradually approaching the coast, that it was thought necessary to fortify Savannah inland. At this juncture a line of defense was adopted and constructed on the west of Savannah. The right of the line rested on the Savannah River, four miles from the city; the left rested on Salt Creek, about seven miles from the city. The defense consisted of detached works, continuously connected with rifle pits. The natural defense was very great; the swamps and low lauds on the front of the line in many places being impenetrable and making it difficult of ap proach. This was the line upon which the defense of Sa vannah was made for eight days and maintained successfully against Sherman's forces, and which a picket's guard held while the city was evacuated.
lu the war of 1812 the city's line of defense extended from the foot of Broughtoii street to the west side of Lafay ette square, and crossed the site of the present Cathedral of St. John the Baptist. It then diverged and followed the present line of Liberty street lane across Bull street, where the Da Soto now stands, to Spring Hill, occupied by the Cen tral railroad passenger depot, and thence to the foot of Farm street. The ruins of these defenses have long since disappeared.

FORT PtTLASKI.
Fort Pulaski is the principal object of interest at the en trance to the harbor. It is on Cockspur Island, fourteen miles from the city, and commands both entrances to the river. It was named after Count Pulaski. Its siege and capture are a memorable event in the history of the civil

SCBN1S ON SAVANNAH BIVKK.

PALMETTO AND SPANISH BAYONET.

Savannah and Its Surroundings.

75

war. The fort was begun in 1831, and was sixteen years in building and cost over a million of dollars. Its walls contain over thirteen millions of brick. It has five faces and is casemated on all sides. The walls are seven and a half feet thick and rise twenty-five feet above the water. The fort was built for an armament of one hundred and forty guns. The gorge is covered with an earthwork of bold relief. The main work and the demilune are both surrounded and di vided by a wide ditch.
The fort was taken possession of by Georgia troops early in 1861, and was occupied until after the capture of Tybee Island and the advance of the Federal batteries. Its bombardment April 10, 1862, was from King's Landing on Tybee Island, three-quarters of a mile distant. Early on the morning of the bombardment Major General Hun ter, of the Federal army, dispatched an officer in an open boat, bearing a flag of truce, with a summons to the commanding officer in the fort to surrender. To this Colonel Charles H. Olmstead, the commandant, la conically and heroically replied: " I am here to defend the fort, not to surrender it." Upon the receipt of this reply by the Federal commander, orders were issued for the com mencement of the bombardment, which lasted for twentyseven hours. The second day at noon all but two of the casemate guns bearing on Tybee were dismounted, and but two of the barbette guns were left; the outer walls of two of the casemates had been shot away, and others were in a crumbling condition; the moat was bridged over by the ruins of the walls; most of the traverses were riddled; the officers' quarters were damaged; the magazine was in momentary danger of being exploded, and all avenues of escape for the garrison being cut off, a surrender was de termined upon and the fort capitulated. After the Federal forces took possession, the damages to the casemates were repaired. The garrison was withdrawn shortly after the close of hostilities and only a sergeant was left in charge. The fort is in full view of steamers entering the harbor and is an

76

Savannah and Its Surroundings.

object of interest to strangers. It is reached only by special boats, which land through permission from the United States army engineers' office in Savannah.
Three miles below the city on the south bank of the river is Fort Oglethorpe, formerly known as Fort Jackson, after Governor James Jackson. It was originally a small brick work projected in 1808, and occupied during the war of 1812-15, since which time it has been rebuilt, and is now an important element in the river defense of Savannah.

SAVANNAH'S RESORTS.
LVAKN'AH abounds in beautiful resorts, famous for their situation, scenery and historic interest. Thunderbolt, Warsaw beach, Greenwich Park, Bonaventure, Isle of Hope, Montgomery, Beanlieu, White Bluff and Tybee beach are the principal resorts, each with its own attraction. The country around Savannah is attrac tive for its peculiarities of landscape. The scenery is char acteristic in its beauty. The principal drives are over the Thunderbolt and White Bluff shell roads, magnificent roadways, lined with majestic oaks and towering pines and rich farms of unlimited fertility. A visit to Savannah without a drive over its shell roads is incomplete. In mid winter wild roses and jasmine bloom among the hedges, mingled with the hanging moss, and magnolias and the tall sycamore form avenues of beauty nowhere else to be found. An afternoon drive under the stately oaks of Bonaven ture, with a view of the great salt marshes, and along the riyer bluff to Greenwich Park, and back to the city in twi light, is one of the most charming features of a day's sight seeing. At sunset Bonaventure presents a scene unequaled in picturesqueness. The wide solemn avenues, with here and there a marble shaft penetrating the shadows, the phan tom-like arms of the dark broad-spreading oaks with their motionless pendants of pale gray moss, form a picture of weird and wonderful beauty. The country east of Savannah to the Thunderbolt river is

SAVANNAH AND VICINITY.
fl H X X, T

Savannah and Its Surroundings.

79

occupied by farms; beyond is a great expanse of salt marshes between the main land and the sea islands. To the north is Hutchinson's Island, between the Savannah River and Back River. The island formerly belonged to South Carolina, but was purchased by the city several years ago, and a part of it is occupied by rice plantations. "West of the city are rich farms and to the south are thousands of acres of fertile land. The principal rice plantations are along the Savannah and Back Rivers, above and below the city, and on the Ogeechee River some some distance south of Savannah. Savannah's resorts on the salts are beyond the immediate suburbs with farms intervening. The seaside resorts are within easy reach by rail or boat.

BONAVENTURE.
Bonaventnre has long been famous among the places of interest around Savannah, for its natural beauty and its historic and romantic associations. There are many fine monuments in the cemetery, but no marble can vie in beauty and grandeur with the mighty yet graceful oaks which spread their arched boughs and superb foliage over the wide avenues. The cemetery is reached by a drive of four miles over the Thunderbolt shell road, or by the Coast Line railroad. It derives its name from the original tract of land of which it formed a part. The corporate name of the cemetery is Evergreen.
The place was first settled about 1760 by Colonel John Mulryne, who came to this country from England and re moved from South Carolina to Georgia. By marriage the property passed into the possession of the Tattnall family, and it was here that Governor Tattnall was born in 1765. The first house built by Colonel Mulryne was upon the high ground overlooking Thunderbolt River and facing the center walk of the old garden which extended in terraces from the plateau to the river. This house was destroyed by fire in the latter part of the last century, during a dinner entertainment. The roof taking fire first, all hope of saving the building wa<

so

Savannah and Its Surroundings.

abandoned and the dinner was removed to the trees and there finished. The marriage of Colonel Mulryne's daughter, Mary, and Josiah Tattnall is of peculiar interest in the his tory of Bonaventure, since from it date the avenues of mag nificent trees which form the pride and chief feature of in terest of the place. The trees were planted about that time, and tradition has it, in the forms of the letters M and T, the initials of the Mulryne and Tattnall families. A second honse, built by Governor Tattnall, was also destroyed by lire. This house stood in the open space in the rear of the site occupied by the first, and its location is marked by a large cedar tree, nourished by the ashes of the burnt hearth.
In 1847 the property passed into the hands of Captain P. Wiltberger, who had long associated the quiet and peace of the place, its patriarch trees, and their deep, solemn shade, its calm and seclusion, with a cemetery. With him origi nated the idea of devoting Bonaven .tre to its present and final use, and his remains sleep under the foliage of its trees. Circumstances prevented for a time the execution of Capt. Wiltberger's plans, but they were taken up by his son, Major W. H. Wiltberger, and the formation of the Evergreen Ceme tery Company, in 1S69, was the result of his efforts. The first pei-son buried at Bonaventure was the wife of Governor Tatt nall, who died there in 1803, and who was shortly afterward followed to the grave by her honored husband. Amongst the historical incidents of the place is the rescue of Governor Wright, by Colonel Mulryne, during the revolutionary war. Colonel Mulryne, a staunch tory, disapproved of the Declara tion of Independence, and when the patriots confined Gov ernor Wright in Savannah, Mulryne hastened to his res cue, and conveyed him to Bonaventure until he could be placed on board an English man-of-war lying in the river. Colonel Mulryne left the country with the Governor, and died at Xassau, Ifew Providence. It i also historic that the French, after their unsuccessful attack on Savannah, fell back to Bonaventure and thence' re-embarked many of their wounded, burying a number of their dead on the place.

CABIN ON GREEN ISLAND.

Savannah and Its Surroundings.

THUNDERBOLT.
Thunderbolt, on Thunderbolt River, four miles from Sa vannah. is one of its most popular resorts. It is the termi nus of the Coast Line railroad and of the Thunderbolt shell road. There is nothing peculiarly striking about the place, other than its invigorating sea breezes, fine oaks, delightful shade, good salt bathing and excellent fish and oysters. It is the main source of the fish and oyster supply for the Sa vannah market. It is the headquarters of the Savannah Yacht Club, whose handsome club house and grounds occupy a charming site on the bluff just north of the village, in full view of Greenwich Park and Bonaventure and commanding a magnificent view of the river and the marshes, and of the sea islands. All of the regattas under the auspices of the Savannah Yacht Club are sailed over the Thunderbolt course. The Thunderbolt race track is just west of the village. According to local tradition, the place received its name from the fall of a thunderbolt and the gushing forth of a spring from the spot where the bolt struck. Whether the tradi tion be founded on fact or not, it is nevertheless believed to be true, and the spring is pointed out with faith and pride by old inhabitants as the Thunderbolt spring.
Warsaw beach is reached in the summer by steamers from Thunderbolt. It is a magnificent bathing ground and is a popular resort.

GREE3TWTCH PAEK.

Greenwich Park is Q

occupying a

bluff _on_lhe__ThujxdgrMlt^ river, a short distance east of

Bonaventure, and commanding a magnificent view of the

surrounding country. It is reached by a shell road branch

ing from the Thunderbolt road at Bonaventure. A branch

of the Coast Line railroad runs to the park entrance.

The grounds are handsomely laid out. On the bank of the

river is the dancing pavillion and back of it are the bowling

alleys. The military rifle range is a short distance beyond.

The park is the headquarters of the Savannah Kifle Associa-

/Savannah and Its Surroundings.
tion, and most of the military contests take place there. The place possesses some historic interest, from the fact that it was in the line of the city's defenses during the civil war, and in the attack of the French forces upon Savannah in 1779 Count Pulaski and a part of the French army encamped there on the march against the city.
TYBEE.
Tybee Island, the great seaside resort of the South, is at the mouth of the Savannah River. The greater part of the island is owned by the Tybee Beach Company. It is reached by a fifty minutes' ride over the Savannah and A-tlantic rail way. The route is for the greater distance in full view of the harbor and open to the free sweep of the ocean breezes. Twickenham, Bruton Hill, Deptford, Causton's Bluff and Mackey Point plantations present conspicuous attractions to the tourist. The magnificent stalwart oaks of Deptford, with their mammoth limbs, beautifully and gracefully draped with soft moss, constitute a grove equaling, in grandeur the avenues of Bonaventure. Tybee beach, which has been pronounced superior to that of Cape May, extends a distance of five miles, and is a magnificent and solid roadway commanding a complete view of Tybee roads and the ocean. The surf bath ing is unsurpassed. During the bathing season the beach presents a scene rivaling in a measure the panoramas of life and beauty which render Long Branch, Newport, Cape May and Nantucket renowned. It is lined with hotels, cottages and club houses from North End to the new Hotel Tybee at South End. The railroad runs within full view of the beach. The island is also accessible by steamers which land at North End.
Tybee is the most important link in the chain of islands which fringe the South Atlantic coast from Charleston to Fernandina. The most careful research has failed to fix definitely the exact time of its settlement, but from the best information it was occupied a short time previous to the set tlement of Savaanah by people from the neighboring South

TYBKE BKACII.

/Savannah and Its Surroundings.

SJ

Carolina islands. One of the most interesting nnd note worthy incidents in connection -with its history is that upon its soil John. Wesley landed and uttered his first prayer in Georgia. As early as 1733 a lighthouse was huilt on the island by Oglethorpe, and a plate of the tower is in the Pub lic Record office in London. The first fortification of anjT importance was built by the British. It was an earthwork, covered now by the site purchased by the United States government for a heavier defensive work, and was designed to guard the entrance to the Savannah River.
One of the most notable and conspicuous objects on the island, which is viewed with much interest by visitors, is the Martello Tower on the north beach in proximity to the lighthouse. It was built in the latter part of the last cen tury by the United States government. It is a curious look ing structure of a concrete of oyster shells and lime.
Among the historic memories which cluster around Tybee, is that of its being the scene of the first capture of a British vessel by an American commissioned man-of-war, in the struggle of the colonists. The first bombardment ever heard on the island was in September, 1779, when the Eng lish garrison at Fort Tybee was dislodged by the French. During the civil war the island was again fortified and occu pied by a garrison, the Confederate troops taking possession April 13, 1861. It remained garrisoned until November 13th, when it was evacuated, the move being hastened by the capture of Port Royal by the Federal army, rendering the position of the garrison insecure and liable at any time to capture or isolation. Some time after the Confederate evacuation of Tybee, the island was occupied by the Federal forces and was made the base of their operations in forcing the surrender of Fort Pulaski. From its earliest history Tybee has been a conspicuous factor in the military annals of the State and Union, and its importance as the key to the defenses of the coast and river approaches has always been recognized. Its development as a seaside resort is the result of Savannah enterprise and capital. It has already

RAILROAD TRACK ON TYBEE,

Savannah and Its Surroundings.

87

become the favorite resort of the South, and in 1889 the hotels were inadequate to the demands for accommodation, in the season's hight. The Savannah and Atlantic Railway was built in. 1887 through the enterprise of D. G. Purse, Esq.? the present president of the company, who has been, and is, largely interested in the development of the island. The Hotel Tybee is the finest seaside hotel on the South Atlantic coast.
ISLE OF HOPE.
Isle of Hope is the terminus of the main line of the City and Suburban railway, six miles from Savannah. It is charmingly situated on the banks of the Skidaway River. It was settled in 1737, four years after Savannah was founded. In the London Journal of 1744 an English tourist published an interesting account of his travels through Geor gia, specially noting a visit to Isle of Hope and describing in vivid language the charming beauty of the place and the fortified residence of one of the early settlers, the ruins of which yet remain. The village is in the form of a horse shoe, and the visitor has from almost any point a sweeping view. From a straggling settlement it has grown to a pretty village, and is the summer home of many Savannabians. In an air line Isle of Hope is four miles from the ocean, and is directly opposite Skidaway Island. In the vicinity are numerous points of interest, among them the ruins of the fortified residence at "Wormsloe;" at the southern ex tremity of the island is a battery erected during the civil war and manned by the Confederate troops assigned for the protection of the coast. Not only as a place of visitation, but as a winter residence, Isle of Hope is one of the most charming and beautiful rural retreats on the coast.
MONTGOMERY.

Montgomery is the terminus of the Montgomery branch of the City and Suburban line, on the Vernon Eiver, nine miles from Savannah. It was settled in 1801, and is one of Savannah's most picturesque suburban resorts. The ocean is in full view from the bluff overlooking the river, along

88

Savannah and Its Surroundings.

which are beautiful avenues shaded by rows of magnificent oaks. Its healthfulness and the picturcoqueness of its sur roundings have made it a favorite spot: The waters in the vicinity abound, as they do at Isle of Hope, with fish, oysters, crabs and shrimp.
BEATJLDEU.
Beaulieu is a charming resort on the Vernon Kiver within view of Montgomery, and a few minutes' walk of the Mont gomery terminus of the City and Suburban railway. It was settled in 1739 by William Stephens, the first president of Georgia. He gave it its present name on account of the fancied resemblance of the place to Beaulie, a manor of the Duke of Montgomery. By some the name was spelled Biewly. How it was change! to Beaulieu is not known. During Stephens' occupation of the place the settlers were constantly annoyed by predatory attacks by the Indians and Spaniards, and were compelled to fortify their homes in order to retain possession. During the Revolutionary war it was occupied by a small force of British troops. In Sep tember. 1779, a command of one thousand two hundred men, sent from the fleet of Count D'Estaing, in long boats, lauded at Beanlieu and the British troops retired upon their ap proach. Several skirmishes between the opposing forces subsequently took place in the vicinity. The place is de lightfully located, and is the site of a number of beautiful residences. It is about seven miles from the ocean.
WHITE BLUFF.
White Bluff, on the Vernon River, nine miles from Savan nah, is the terminus of the White Bluff shell road, and is a popular place of resort. It is the summer home of a num ber of Savannahians. The village is on the bluff command ing a beautiful view of the river and the surrounding country. The fishing is excellent. The place is lacking in historical interest. A small Dutch settlement occupied the Bluff in 1740. The drive from the city is one of the most picturesque around Savannah. Two hours is ample for the drive and a rest at the village.

SCENE ON VEKNON KIVER.

COMMERCIAL SAVANNAH,
AYAXXAH has always held a prominent place among the seaport cities of America on account of its commercial importance, because of its being the chief naval stores port of the world, and the second largest cotton port in America. It is the headquarters of five lines of ocean steamships, four lines of river steamers and of the two great railway systems of the South--the Central and Plant systems. The harbor, which extends eighteen miles from the city to the ocean, is filled with ves sels from all parts of the world. The first steamship that ever crossed the Atlantic sailed from Savannah in 1819. The first cotton exported from Georgia was shipped from Savannah in 1788 by Thomas Miller, who afterwards became known under the sobriquet "Cotton Miller." In 1825, the first year in which there is any record of cotton exports, they were 64.000 bags. In 1889 they were over 800,000 bales. The cotton industry was of slow growth, however. Cotton growing bad been experimented with for many years before Miller's venture,, but it was many years later ere Sa vannah figured in the quotations as a cotton market. From 1821 Georgia took the lead in cotton production. The exports of cotton in 1872, amounting to 458,435 bales, of the value of $34.226.847. were increased in 1889 to 820,830 bales, of the value of $40,139,016. [Receipts of cotton the present season will probably be one million bales. The ex ports of naval stores in 1880, the first year's business,

Savannah and Its Surroundings. .

91

amounting to 46,321 barrels spirits of turpentine and 231,242 barrels of rosin, of the value of $1,249,833, were increased in 1889 to 173,863 barrels of spirits and 610,302 barrels of rosin, of the value of $4,353,054. The total values of ex ports moved by water transportation alone have been in creased from $34,266,847 in 1872 to $45,423,271 in 1889, and to a still larger figure in 1890. The value of importations in the same while has grown from $32,849,056 in 1872 to $55,062,710 in 1889. Among the exports from Savannah in 1753, according to the Historical Record, were 2,996 barrels of rice. At that early day, twenty years after the first settlement, rice was successfully cultivated. The rice ex ports from Savannah in 1889 were 45,000 barrels. The an nual value of the exports of timber and lumber within the last fifteen years has risen from less than $500,000 to more than $1,400,000; that of fruits and vegetables from less than $500,000 to over$2,500,000; thatof pigiron from about$25,000 to nearly $1,500,000; while that of cotton seed oil, a manufac turing industry not yet three years old at this port, reached last year a value of $850,000. The movement of commer cial fertilizers by the great railway lines from Savannah will this year amount to 215,000 tons. Of this amount more than 50,000 tons have been manufactured in Savannah. The value of real estate and improvements has increased from a little over ten million dollars in 1865 to twenty million dol lars in 1890, with corresponding increase in other values. The sections of country made tributary to Savannah by railway lines are among the richest in the United States in agricul tural and mineral wealth, the latter as yet in the first stage of development, and its volume of increasing products will demand more extended facilities for movement.
For the establishment and support of a great trade center, the question of transportation is paramount to all other con siderations. Savannah is well favored in this respect. It is the headquarters of two great railway systems, controlling over 3,500 miles of road--the Central railroad and the Plant systems.

92

Savannah and Its Surroundings.

Its steamship lines are the Ocean Steamship Company's and the New England and Savannah Steamship Company's lines between Savannah, Philadelphia, New York and Bos ton, and the Merchants' and Miners' Transportation Com pany's Savannah and Baltimore line. Other lines of trans portation, less conspicuous, contribute to Savannah's com merce, but they are none the less important in their channels. The steamboats operating on the Savannah river between Augusta and Savannah, those engaged in the coasting trade south of Savannah, touching at Darien, and plying the St. Marys and St. Johns rivers, all, in a greater or less'degree, add to the commerce of the port.
THE CLIMATE QF SAlTANNfiH.
The average annual temperature of Savannah is 66: ap proximating the temperature of Bermuda, which is 68; Gibraltar, Spain, 64; Palermo, Sicily, 66; Shanghai, China, 66: Montevideo, South America, 66; Cape Town, Africa, 66, and Sydney. Australia, 65. It is seldom that the tem perature exceeds 85 in May, 90 in June, and 92 in August and September, although on rare occasions the mercury has gone higher. The highest temperature on record for Savan nah is 105, which occurred July 12, 1879. The lowest temperature known is 12, which occurred January 12. 1886. The average date of killing frosts is November 28th. The weather is usually clear, the average number of cloudy days during the year being ninety. The summer comprehends more than one-half of the year; it begins in May and may be said not to end before November. A remarkable fea ture of the climate of Savannah is the cool nights, produced by the ocean breezes, which arise in the late afternoon. It is seldom that a hot night is experienced. The temperature is equable; from February to December it ranges from 70 to 92, and this variation of 22 is seldom sudden, rather easy and gradual
The following table of the highest, lowest, and average temperature, and the rainfall of Savannah, from 1870 to 1890,

Savannah and Its Surroundings.

93

was compiled by L. A. Densoa, observer IT. S. Sigual Corps, from the records of the Signal Bureau:

OBSERVATIONS COVERING NINETEEN YEARS. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. Jun. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec.
Average Temp...51 54 59 66 74 80 81 80 76 67 58 52 Highest Temp. ..80 81 87 89 9S 100 105 100 96 92 83 80 Lowest Temp......l2 19 27 33 48 50 65 63 4S 37 22 15 Rain (inches)..,..3.75 3.13 3.97 4.27 2.91 7.16 5.23 8.01 5.42 3.54 2.31 3.34

(December..:..... Winter-; January...........
I February ........ f March .............. Spring^ April................ I May .................
Summer-;(JJuulnye..................................... >
(August ...... .......) (September............ i Autumn-i October................. i (.November............ J Annual.................... ..............

Average Temperature.
52 66 81 67

Rain (iu inches.)
10.22 11.15 20.43 11.27 53.07

THE MORNING NEWS.
Savannah has had a newspaper since 1763. In April of that year the G- orgia Gazette was established, and it lived through the days of the colonial government and those of the revolutiouary period down to the closing years of the last century. From that time to the present there have been more than a score of newspapers published in this city. The most prominent of these defunct papers were the Republican, the Georgian, the Courier, the Mirror, the Journal, the Eve ning Express, and the Advertiser. The MORNING NEWS was a contemporary of all those mentioned, and is the only sur vivor of the newspapers of ante-bellum days. Leaving out those that died previous to 1861 we mention only those pa pers which are remembered by the present generation. The Republican, which was established in 1S04. survived until 1874, when it was consolidated with a younger rival, the Advertiser, under the name of the Advertiser Republican. The new venture was not a success, and the rights and franchises of the concern were transferred to the MORNING NEWS, the consideration being the fulfillment of its contracts.
Savannah has always given a liberal support to its news papers. Four morning papers and two afternoon papers have existed at one time, and there has never been a time within the past fifty years that the city has not had at least two daily papers--either two morning papers, or a morning and an afternoon paper.
THE MORNIKG NEWS made its appearance before the pub lic in January, 1850, It was issued from No. Ill Bay street.

96

Savannah and Its Surroundings.

where it had its quarters until it moved to where it is now published. It was a vigorous paper from the first, main taining then, as it does to-day, the standard of honest Democ racy, independent of the dictation of politicians. It passed through the great struggle of 1861-65, and came out, like all other Southern newspapers, in a rather dilapidated condi tion. In June, 1867, the present proprietor, Col. J. H. Estill, purchased an interest in the MORNING NEWS, and the following year he bought out the other owners, since which time he has retained the sole control.
Through the trying years, from 1865 to 1870, the MORNING NEWS maintained its position as a defender of the rights of the people, then threatened by carpet-baggers. It battled against those Kadical leaders and their negro cohorts, who, with the aid of Federal bayonets, had seized the governments of the Southern States. It never compromised itself by in any way indorsing the rule of those plunderers or by recognizing their leaders. With the restoration of the government of the Southern States to the control of their people, Georgia became prosperous, and at once took her position as the Empire State of the South. In addition to its political course it was a newspaper without a rival as a news-gatherer. No other paper in the South had as yet awakened to the import ance of furnishing live news. It organized the first system of special correspondents, and, for several years, was the only Southern paper that kept a regular correspondent at Wash ington and New York the year round. The MOKNING NEWS has never turned aside from its line of duty as a newspaper to engage in personal controversies, but has never hesitated to defend the right or attack the wrong. It has always been its aim to furnish the latest news in the most acceptable form to its readers, and discuss all matters open to discussion in a fair and impartial manner. It has never believed that a news paper was a place wherein any and every man should be permitted to vent his undigested and often prejudiced views on important public questions, but has asserted its right tobe its own judge of what should go in its columns and what

Savannah and Its Surroundings. '

97

should not. In this progressive age there is probably no business that has undergone such great changes or has so much improved within the past twenty years as that of pub lishing a daily newspaper. A few years since a journal in the South that was provided with what is technically called a fast single-cylinder printing machine, of a capacity of 1,600 to 1,800 sheets per hour, was considered a well-equipped establishment. But few were provided with a machine for folding papers. In 1869 the MORNING NEWS introduced the first folding machine ever put to work in a daily paper office in Georgia, and it was considered by many a piece of reck less extravagance. Now the humblest of the dailies in the South folds ios issues by machinery. About the same time the machine for putting the addresses of subscribers on pa pers was introduced into the MORNING NEWS office. This was the first mailer used in Georgia, if not in the entire South.
Fifteen years ago many morning papers "closed up" their forms by 10 to 12 o'clock in the evening, except on extra im portant occasions. One or two columns of telegraph news was considered a full service. With many it was supposed the zenith of newspaper publishing--at least in the smaller cities--had been attained. It was generally supposed that the limit of judicious expenditure had been reached. It had been with many newspapers. There was a remarkable de crease in the number of papers in the principal cities. The increased expenses could not be met by an augmented in come, and the question was solved by the death of many oldtime journals. The "fittest survived." The demand for later news caused the single-cylinder presses to give way to the double-cylinders. Provision was made against accidents, and duplicate presses, folding machines, engines and boilers added to the costly equipments. The telegraph service in creased gradually from 1,800 words per day until it reached 6,000. These improvements were gradual. Five years ago, with one step almost, an immense advance was made on Southern journalism. This change was necessitated by the

98

Savannah and Its Surroundings.

fast mails, which placed the large dailies of the North and West on the news-stands in many of the Southern cities some time during the day after their publication.
The newspapers had been improving, but the people's de sire for news was still ahead of the supply. The first move to meet the new state of affairs was an increase in the service of the Associated Press. The quota of words per day was increased to almost double what it had been, and a better system of gathering news established and 4 o'clock in the morning became the closing hour. Here another difficulty presented itself--that of how to begin printing the edition of a morning paper at that hour and deliver it to all of its sub scribers at the usual time. Everybody wants the latest news, and wants it at as early an hour as possible. A paper must not only be printed on time, but delivered on time, for the aver age reader of city papers would as soon go without his break fast as without his favorite paper. The question of pur chasing new and expensive machinery to overcome the time lost in waiting for the latest news was the next to present itself to the newspaper people. Some were in doubt as to the wisdom of investing a large sum of money in a perfecting press, which might scarcely be put in operation before a better one was invented. The price of the improved ma chines ranged from 30.000 to $50.000. The increasing cir culations of the papers of the Northern and Western cities had long since developed the necessity for faster machines even than the immense eight and ten cylinder presses then used to print the metropolitan dailies, and as " necessity is the mother of invention," the perfecting press was evolved from the thoughts of many brains. The Web Perfecting Press developed new and presumably undreamed-of facili ties. The smaller newspapers looked on amazed at the in creasing demands upon their capital to meet the expense of perfecting presses. The price simply placed them beyond reach. The few newspaper men of this class who had enough money to buy one were more inclined to retire from busi ness than to spend their all for a press. However, their

Savannah and Its Surroundings.

99

hopes of a cheaper perfecting press, one suitable to the wants of the lesser dailies", were realized when ten years ago Hoe & Co. invented the perfecting press to print from movable type. This machine, costing about $30,000, was at once put into a number of offices. In 1884, however, the same firm invented a new machine, to print from stereotype plates, of much more simple mechanism. But three of these presses had been built when one was ordered from Messrs. Hoe & Co. for the MORNING NEWS. The introduction of the web perfecting press marked a new era in the nev/spaper business in Savan nah.
The MORNING NEWS building is six stories high (with a well-lighted basement), and is surmounted by a two-story tower. The first floor is used exclusively for the business department. The space in front of the counter is paved with colored tiles. A neat iron railing encloses two-thirds of the floor, and inside is divided into the cashier's, the sub scription clerk's and the advertising clerk's departments. In the rear is the proprietor's private office and another room for business purposes.
The MORNING NEWS consists of two distinct business establishments, under one name and cue management, namely: The MORNING NEWS newspaper and the MORNING NEWS Steam Printing House. One-half of the building is almost exclusively used for the purpose of publishing and printing the DAILY AND WEEKLY MORNING NEWS, while the other half is entirely devoted to book and job printing, litho graphing and blank book manufacturing.
The room next to the business office is the headquarters of the job departments. Speaking tubes connect this floor with each workroom, and an Otis passenger and freight ele vator gives ready communication with the floors above and below. Speaking tubes also give ready means of communi cation between the counting room and the editorial, reportorial and newspaper composing rooms.
The second floor above the counting room contains the editorial and reportorial rooms. The composing rooms are

100

Savannah and Its Surroundings.

on the sixth floor. The press rooms and stereotyping rooms are in the basement. The old-time pressman--not one so far back in the past as the days of the hand-press, but of later days--would not recognize as a familiar place the press room of to-day. The immense printing machines, almost endowed with human intelligence, are inventions of late years. The forms of type as they come from the composing room in the sixth story are here stereotyped and the plates prepared for the press. After the plates are delivered to the pressman the press is ready to start in one minute. Two engines--one for driving the electric light dynamos, and the other for the perfecting press--occupy part of the ad joining room. The mail and delivery clerk has his head quarters in the basement. He is fenced out from the crowd of newsboys and newsmen who swarm about the office dur ing the early hours of the morning, but is in such a position that no papers can go out without his knowledge. The de partments other than those of the newspaper are well worthy of description. In no other establishment south of the Potomac river is to be found the same facilities for doing work as in the MORXIXG NEWS Printing House. It is as complete in all its details as it is possible for it to be without going be yond the bounds of what is legitimately connected with the "art preservative." and its kindred arts of lithography and book-binding. It would be an impossibility to minutely de scribe every little thing that contribute to make up the outfit of such an establishment. On the second floor is the lithographic press room. Lithography is a combination of chemistry and mechanics. It is a system of artistic printing in which the antagonism of oil and water are made to sub serve a positive purpose in art. Lithography, or the art of producing impressions from stone, was accidentally discov ered by Senefelder. a poor German musician and composer, who, because of his poverty, was unable to have his music engraved and printed. In his experiments to find a substi tute for letter-press printing or copper or steel-plate en graving, he used a piece of oolitic limestone on which to

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101

distribute his ink." One day in copying a washing list for his mother, having no paper handy, he wrote on this stone what was required with the thick ink which he had ready for his experiments. He accidentally discovered that this writing gave forth an impression, and the idea occurred to him that by reducing that part of the surface of the stone on which there was no ink he might bring out the writing in relief, and thus print from it. He applied aquafortis to the stone, and in a few minutes the uninked surface was reduced to the ex tent of the thickness of a sheet of paper. The art of lithog raphy was thus established. Senefelder continued his ex periments, and lived to see the art established, dying in ISS-i, the recipient of a pension from his King. The art of en graving on stone, transferring designs, and other methods now commonly in use, were discovered within the last third of a century. The steam presses now found in all complete lithographic establishments were even a more recent inven tion, only coming into general use about thirty years ago. This department of the MORNING NEWS does as good work as any place of the kind in the United States. The facilities are appreciated by the business men of the South, as is evidenced by the large amount of work bearing the office imprint to be found in every city and town. Among its best patrons are some of the largest cotton mills in Geor gia and the Carolinas, while the tobacco men of Kentucky and Virginia, and the iron manufacturers of Georgia and Alabama contribute a liberal share of work.
On the fourth floor, north, is the job, book and press room. The place to see next is the book and job composing room. This adjoins the press room on the fourth floor, south. There are over 500 fonts of job type alone in this room, to say noth ing of the hundreds of pounds of leads, rules, borders, etc., wood type, galleys, stones, and the hundred and one things that make up a complete printing office in which can be printed a visiting card or circus poster, or a ball programme or the Bible.
The bindery, which embraces the ruling, folding, forward-

102

Savannah and Its Surroundings.

ing and finishing departments, occupies the entire width and length of the fifth floor. It has a number of ruling, cutting, or trimming machines, and the steam embosser and the pagers. There are machines for perforating checks, and oth ers for putting in eyelet holes, cutting out round labels (such as barrel labels printed in the lithographic room), pasteboard cutter, backing machines, dry presses, etc. Along the walls are shelves filled with leather and papers used in covering books, twines, threads, inks and other material for binders' use.
The next floor is the newspaper composing room, and above that the tower--a two-story mansard structure--the top being just a little over 110 feet from the pavement below. If the weather is clear, and it usually is, there is a magnificent view of the city and surrounding country. In the distance can be seen Tybee light; the Atlantic Ocean, &c.

WESWEY MONUMENTAL CH0BCH.

104

Savannah and Its Surroundings.

eir)<<a

HOTELS.

De Soto. corner Liberty and Bull, I Screven, corner Bull and Congress,

.Madison Suare. I

Johnson Square.

Pulaskl, corner Bull and Bryan,

Marshall, Broughton between Aber-

Johnson Square corn and Drayton.

Harnett, corner Barnard and Bryan, Market Square,

FOSTOETTCE. Bav, corner Drayton. General Mall Deliverv open 7 A. M. until 6 r. M.
Aloney Order Office open 9 A. M. until 6 P. M.

TELEGRAPH COMPANIES. Western Union, Main Office, Bull, corner Bay lane, opposite Custom House.
Branch offices:--Cotton Exchange Building ana De Soto Hotel. Postal Telegraph and Cable Company, main office Postoffice building, No. 90
Bay Street. Southern Bell Telephone Co., Central Office, Sorrel Building, Bay and Bull.

DEPOTS. Central Railroad of Georgia, West Broad and Liberty. Take Belt Line vellow cars, or any red car, and transfer to West Broad Street line. Savannah, Florida and Western Railway and Charleston and Savannah Kailroad (Atlantic Coast Line), Liberty and East Broad. Take Belt Line yel low cars, or anv red car, and transfer to Liberty Street line. City and Suburban Railway (Isle of Hope and Montgomery lines), Whitaker and Second. Take any red car and transler toAbercorn and whitaker Belt line. Savannah and Atlantic Kailway, President and Randolph. Belt Line yellow cars pass within a block, or take any red car and transfer to Liberty Si reel line. The City and Suburban Kailway and the Belt Line have branch lines to the depot which are operated during the summer. Coast Line Railroad (Bonaventureand Thunderbolt Dummy I'.ne), Bolton and East Broad. Belt Line yellow cars pass within a block, or take any red car and transfer to Habersbam Street line.

"WHARVES. Ocean Steamship Company, Boston. New York and Philadelphia lines, foot of River Street. Take Belt Line yellow cars to loot of Indian Street, or omnibus from hotels. Merchants' and Miners' Transportation Company, Baltimore line, foot of Bay Street. Take Belt Line yellow cars to Bay and East Broad. Georgia and Florida Inland Steamboat Company, Florida line, foot of Lincoln. Augusta Steamboat line foot of Drayton. Savannah, Florida and Western Railway, naval stores and lumber wharves, foot ot Bay. Take Belt Line yellow cars to Bay and East Broad.

STREET CAR LINES. Abercorn and Whilaker Sueet Belt line, red cars, every ten minutes, round trip thirty minutes, passing City Exchange, Custom House, Postoffice, Cotton Exchange, Firemen's headquarters, old cemetery, Roman Catholic Cathedral, Savannah Hospital, Regimental Armory, through southern su burbs, around Forsyth Park and parade ground, with views of Confederate Soldiers' Monument, Georgia Historical Society Library, Masonic Temple and Morning News building, nearall botels, and connecting at Second and Whitaker Streets with suburban line to Isle 01 Hope and Montgomery. Fare five cents. Liberty Street line, red cars, leave city market every ten minutes, through Barnard Street to Liberty, passing Odd Fellows' Hall. Telfair Academy of Arts and Sciences, Masonic Ball, De Soto Hotel, St. Vincent de Paul Convent, within a block of Cathedral, Charleston and Savannah and Savannah, Florida and Western Railway depots, to Tybee Railway depot. Fare five cents.

Savannah and Its Surroundings.

105

West Broad Street line, red cars, leave city market every ten minutes

through Barnard Street to Liberty, passing Odd Fellows' Hall, Telialr

Academy, Episcopal Orphans' Home and Central Railroad depot to Laurel

Grove Cemetery. Fare five cents.

Belt line, circling the city, yellow cars, every ten minutes, round trip six

miles, passing City Exchange, Custom House. Postoffice and Cotton Ex

change, with view of the harbor from Bay Street, passing the Charleston

and Savannah and Savannah, Florida and Westeru Railway depots and near

Tybee Railway depot, through southern suburbs of city over high bridge, past

Concordia Park and Riesling's Gardens, and through 12th and Montgomery

Streets, past Central Railroad depots ana general offices, near alljlown town

hotels, with transfer cars to the Ocean Steamship Company's wharves, Cen

tral and Gordon cotton presses and works and brewery. Fare five cents.

Planter's

and

Upper

Rice

mills,

ice

Coast Line, red cars, leave Broughton and West Broad Streets every ten

minutes, passing the principal retail stores on Broughton Street, through

Habersham Street, past police barracks, county jail and St. Joseph's Infirm

ary to Bolton Street junction, connecting with dummy line to Cathedral

Cemetery, Bonaventure, Greenwich Park and Thunderbolt. Fare five cents

to junction; junctiou W> Thunderbolt and return twenty-five cents.

DBIVBS. To Thunderbolt over shell road, passing the Cathedral Cemetery, Bona venture and Greenwich Park, with views of Thunderbolt River and the salt marshes, returning by direct road, four miles. Out Bull Street, passing monuments and principal churches, around Forsyth Park and the military parade ground, passing- Savannah Hospital, First Volunteer Kegiment's Armory and Telfair Hospital on Drayton Street, over the White Bluff shell road, any distance, returning through Whitaker Street past the Georgia Historical Society Library to Bull Street. To naval stores wharves below the city, alone; Bay Street past the Postoffice, Cotton Exchange, Custom House and City Exchange to the Ocean Steamship Company's wharves, passing cotton presses and warehouses, re turning through River Street past the rice mills una through West Broad Street by Central Railroad depots and offices to Liberty Street--four miles.

SUBURBAN EXCURSIONS. To Thunderbolt and Bonaventure, four miles, take Coast Line cars on Broughton or Habershara Streets to Bolton Street junction. Dummy trains make four trips datly to Thunderbolt. Fare round trip twenty-five cents. To Isle oi Hope six miles, Betbesda Orphan House eight and one-half miles, and Montgomery nine miles. Take Abercorn and Whitaker Street Belt line to Second Street depot. Suburban trains make trips daily. Fare round trip to Isle of Hope thirty cents; Bethesda and Montgomery fifty cents. To T.vbee Beach eighteen miles. Take Belt Line yellow cars or any red car and transfer to Liberty Sti eet line 10 Tybee Railway depot foot of Presi dent Street. Two trains daily to the beach in winter and six in summer, passing naval stores and lumber wtarx-es below the city, the overgrown earth works of FortBartow one hundred acres in area, skirting rice fields and salt marshes with view of Thunderbolt River, along the banks of Savannah River south channel, passing at a distance Forts Oglethorpe and Pulaskl, with a view of shipping at quarantine and in Tybee Roads, across Tybee Island and along the beach in full view of the ocean to South End. Fare round trip fifty cents.
THEATER.
Savannah Theater, Chippewa Square,Bull between Hulland McDonough. Box office, corner Bull and Congress.

ART OAT.T.KBY. Telfair Academy of Arts and Sciences, Telfair Place, Barnard between State and President; open daily 10 A. M. until 5 p. M. Admission twentyfive cents.
LIBRARIES. Georgia Historical Society, Whltflkerand Gaston; open to members and non-resideuls. Library hoars 10 A. M. to 9 P. St. Catholic Library Association, Drayton, between McDonough and Perry. For members. Young Men's Hebrew Association, (Masonic Temple), Liberty and Whita ker. For members.
8

106

Savannah and Its Surroundings.

Yoang Men's Christian Association reading rooms and gymnasium, Bull and Jones. Free reading room, open S A. M. until 10 p. M.
Savannah Port Society free reading rooms for sailors, Bay and Abercorn Street. Open daily S A. M. until 10 P. M.

POINTS OF VIEW.

City Exchange tower, Bay footof Bull. Solarinm of De Soto Hotel.

Morning New building. Bay ana Electric light towers. Permission from

Whitaker. Court House tower.

Superintendent, of Brush Electric Light Works.

HALLS.

Masonic Hall. Liberty and Wbitakor. Armory Hall, Court House Square,

Catholic Library Hall, Drayton, be- Bull between State and President.

tween Perry and McDonousjh.

] Metropolitan Hall, Wbitaker and

Odd Fellows' Hall, Telfair Place, Bar-1 Pr, sident.

nard and Slate.

j Turner Hall BroughtonandJeflerson.

Mozart Hall, St. Julian & Whitaker. | Yonge's Hal), Whitaker and Dufly.

MONUMENTS.

PCuoinafsekdie.rMateonStoelrdeiyerSs,quPaarrea.de Ground. GG"--roer-- ednoe-n,,J*Coho' nnrs-to-H-n-o-S-u-qsueaSrqe.uare.

Jasper, Madison Square.

Gettysburg, Laurel Grove Cemetery.

BANKS. Merchants' National, St. Julian and Drayton. Southern Bank of the State of Georgia, Drayton between Bryan and St. Julian. Savannah Bank and Trust Company, Pay and Drayton. Central Railroad Bank, Bay between Bull and Drayton. National Bank of Savannah ana Oglethorpe Savings and Loan Company, Bryan Street, between Bull and Drayton. Citizens' Bank, Drayti n and Bryan. C. H. Olmstead & Co's Banking House, Johnson Square between Bryan and St. Julian. Title Guarantee and Loan Company,'savings department, Congress be tween Bull and Whitaker. Gennania Bank, Bryan and Abercorn. Chatham Dime Savings Bank, Bull between Congress and Broughton.

PUBLIC BUILDINGS.

City Exchange, Bay foot of Bull.

Telfair Academy of Arts and Sciences,

Custom House, Bay and Bull.

Telfair Place.

Postoffiee, Bay and Drayton.

, County Jail, Habersham, between

Court House, Court House Square. . South Broad and Liberty.

Cotton Exchange, Bav foot of Drayton. Police Barracks, fc'outh Broad and

Georgia Historical Society Library, Habersham.

Gaston and Whitaker.

i city Market, Market Square.

ARMOHEES. First Volunteer Regiment of Georgia, Abercorn and Huntingdon. Chatham Artillery, Court House Square, Bull between State and President. Savannah Volunteer Ouards Battalion, Madison Square, Bull between Harris ana Macon. Georgia Hussar*, Masonic Temple, Liberty and Whitaker.

NEWSPAPERS.

THE MORNING NEWS, daily, No. 3 Savannah Independent, weekly, No.

Whitaker street.

; o Drayton Street.

The Evening Times, daily, No. S3 : Savannah Local, weekly, No. l\ Bull

Bryan Street.

; Street.

Georgia Famiiien Journal, weekly,! Old Homestead, monthly, No. 42 and

No. (>9 Bay street.

, 41 Bull Street.

Savannah Tribune, (colored), weekly, No. 156 St. Julian Street.

CLUBS.

Oglethorpe Club, Bull and Brougnton. Harmonic Club, Jones and Bull. Catholic Library Association, Dray Savannah Volunteer Guards Battal
ton between McDonough and Perry. ion, Madison Square.

Young Men's Hebrew Association, Travelers' Exchange, Bull and Con

Liberty and Whitaker.

gress.

Savannah and Its Surroundings.

107

SCHOOLS. Chatham Academy, Bull and South Broad. Barnard Street School, Chatham Square, Barnard and Taylor. Massie School, Calhoun Square, Abercorn and Gordon. Cathedral School, Perry and Abercorn. St. Patrick's School, Liberty Square, Montgomery between President and

West Broad School, for colored children, West Broad foot of Congress. East Broad Str'et School, for colored children, East Broad and Gaston. St. Vincent do Paul Academy, Liberty between Abercorn and Lincoln. Oglethorpe Seminary, Jones and Whitafcer. Richmond's Commercial Institute, Perry between Bull and Wbitaker. School ft.r Boys, Macon between Bull and Drayton. Savannah Academy, Madison Square, Bull between Macon and Charlton. Haven's Industrial School, for colored girls, Anderson between Burroughs and Cemetery.

CONSULATES.

Argentine Republic--Rafael S. Salas, i Italy--L. Trapani, Consular Agent, 112

Vice Consul, 80 Bay.

1 Bay.

Austria-Hungary-- Edward Karow, Netherlands--W. dc Bruyn Kops, Con-

Vice Consul, 10<H Bay.

s*.u..l!, 7T6CK1 >/ BO.a,.y~.

'

Belgium -- Leopold Charrler, Consul, Nicaragua-KafaelS. Palas, FOBay.

80 Bay.

I Peru-Kalael S. Salas, Consul, SO Bay.

Brazil--W. H. Adams, Vice Consul, Portugal--A. V. Ivancich, Vice Con

114 Bay.

sul, 4 Bay.

British-Walter Robertson, Vice Con- Russia--Joseph J. Wilder, Vice Con

sul, 89^ Bay.

sul, 112 Bay.

Chill--R. B. Reppard, Consul, Gwin-; Spain--Nareisco Perez-Petlnto, Con-

nett, on Savannah, Florida and I sul, 120 Bay.

Western Railway.

! Sweden and Norway--C. M. Hoist,

Denmark--C. M. Hoist, Vice Consul,' Vice Consul, 120 Bay.

120 Bay.

| Uruguay--Raiael S. Salas, Consul, 80

France -- Frederick Chastanet, Vice Bay.

Consul, 151 New Houston.

Venezuela --N. Frierson, Consul, 70

Germany--J. Rauers, Lonsul, 108)^ Bay.

Bay.

HOSPITALS. Savannah Hospital, Huntingdon between Drayton and Abercorn. St. Joseph's Infirmary, Taylor and Habersham. Telfair Hospital for Females, New Houston and Draytrn. Georgia Inflmary for colored people, Sixth between Abercorn and Lincoln.

ASYLUMS. Female Orphan Asylum, Madison Square, Bull and Charlton. Episcopal Orphan's Home, Liberty and Jetterson. Home of the Friendless, Charlton and Drayton. Abram'sHome, Broughton and East Broad. Bethesda Orphanage, Bethesda, eight and one-half milf s from city. Widow's Home, President and West Broad. Little Minnie Mission, Jones and Lincoln. St. Mary's Orphan Home, Habersham and St. Paul. Little Sisters of the Poor, Drayton and Perry. Sacred Heart Orphanage, for colored children, Habersham and St. James.

CEMETERIES. Bonavcnture, Thunderbolt shell road. Take Coast Line cars and Dummy line, or drive over Thunderbolt shell road. Laurel Grove, Andersen Street. Take Barnard and West Broad Street red cars. Cathedral Cemetery, Thunderbolt shell road. Take Coast Line cars and Dummy line. Old Cemetery, South Broad and Abercorn. Permission to visit from police headquarters.

108

Savannah and Its Surroundings.

DISTANCES FKOM SAVANNAH.

NORTH AND WEST.

Miles. '

Mile*.

Boston.......... .............................. ......1146 Toledo............................................... 970

New York......................................... 917 Detroit............................................. 1035

Philadelphia................................:... 826 Chicago.................. .................. .........1028

Baltimore........................................ 730 St. Paul....... . ...................................1557

Washington.................................................. 6S8 Cincinnati........................................ 768

Pittsburg................. ......_................ 990 St. Louis........................................... 904

Buffalo.......... .................................... 1195 Kansas City........ .............................. 1232

Cleveland.... ...................................... 1012 Denver....... ....................................... 1871

sours.

Miles. \

Mile*.

Memphis.......................................... 745 Atlanta............................................. 294

Nashville.......................................... 586 Macon.... ................ ........................... 191

Chattanooga..................................... Columbus.......................................... 21

Knoxville ......................................._ 558 Montgomery.................................... 385

Richmond........ ................................ 572 Birmingham.................................... 448

\Vilmington......................... ............ 327 Mobile............................................... 464

Charleston........................................ 115 New Orleans.............................. ..... 666

Asheville.. ....... ................................. 360 Thomasville..................................... 200

Aiken................. ............................... 140 Brunswick....................................... 100

Augusta............................................ 132 Waycross.......................................... 96

FLORIDA.

Miles. \

Miles.

Jacksonville..................................... 172 I Sanford......................._.................... 296

St. Augustine..................TM.............. 208 ' Altamonte........................................ 309

Tallahassee....................................... 301 I Winter Park.................................... 314

Pensacola.......................................... 420 ' Orlando.--........................................ 318

Monticello........................................ 224 ' Suwanee Springs.............................. 172

Femandina...................................... 205 Kissimmee....................................... 336

Magnolia.......................................... 201) Bartow.............................................. 381

Green Cove Springs...............TM..... 201 SilverSprings.................................. 27S

Palatka............................................. 228 ' Ocala................................................. 278

De Land........................................... 282 ' Homasassa...................................... 335

Enterprise....................................... 294 Gainesville....................................... 249

Rock Ledge...................................... 344 Tampa............................................... 411

Titusville......................................... 331 Punta Gorda.................................... 457

Savannah and Its Surroundings.

109

HISTORICAL SUMMARY OF SAVANNAH.

1733--Oglethorpe landed with the colo 1791--Washington visited Savannah,

nists February 1.

May 12.

The town laid off and the first 1796 -The first destructive fire occurred

house begun October 9.

November. Two hundred and

1734--Arrival of the Salzburgers March twenty-nine houses burned.

12.

1799--The City Exchange built,

1736--John and Charles Wesley arrived J802--Vice-President Aaron Burr vis

February.

ited Savannah May 20.

_,

1737--George Whitefleld arrived May. 1804--Great storm; over 100 negroes

1738--Tomo-Chi-Chi died.

drowned on Hutchinson's Island,

1740--The flrst Christ church begun.

September 8.

Bethesda Orphan House founded 1810--First census taken, Savannah's

March 25.

population 5,195.

1743--Oglethorpe left the colony finally 1814--Capture of British brig-of-wnr

July 11.

"JKpervier" by American eloop-of-

1744--The first commercial house es

war "Peacock" May.

tablished by James Habersham 1819--President James Monroe visited

and Charles Harris.

Savannah and participated In the

1751--The first colonial assembly met dedication of the Independent

January 15.

Presbyterian church May.

1752--Georgia becamearoyal province.

The first steamship to cross the

1754--Governor Reynolds, the first gov Atlantic sailed from Savannah

ernor, arrived October 29.

May 20.

1758-The Church of England estab 1820--The second great fire, destroying

lished by law.

460 houses, January 11.

1759--The first wharf built.

1825--Lafayette visited Savannah

1763--The first printing press estab

March 18.

lished and the "GeorgiaGazette," 1854--President Fillmore visited Sa

the first newspaper, published vannah April 22.

April 7.

1S61--Occupation of Fort Pulaski by

1764--Robert Bolton, the first post

Confederate forces January 3.

master appointed.

Confederate State convention

1775--First meeting ofProvincial Con

met in Savannah and ordinance of

gress January 18.

secession framed March 7.

1776--First attack by the British on 1862--Bombardment and capture of

Savannah March 3.

Fort Pulaski, by iederal forces,

Capture of the first British vessel April 10.

In the Revolutionary war by an 1864--The city fnvested'by Sherman's

American schooner, off Tybee, army.; fter the march to the sea,

July 10.

Dece- -ber 13.

1777--The State Constitution formed

Fort McAllistercaptured Decem

and Christ Church Parish named ber 11.

Chatham County after the Earl of

Kvacuation of Savannah by the

Chatham.

Confederate army December 20.

1778--The city captured by the British

The city formally surrendered

December 29.

December 21.

1779--Battle of Spring Hill and death 1879--Corner stone of Jasper monu

of Count Pulaski and Sergeant ment laid October 9.

Jasper October 9.

1881--Great storm and tidal wave

1783--The city evacuated by the British August 28.

forces July 11.

1883--TheSesquiCentennlatof thecity

1784--The first legislature assembled celebrated February 14.

January.

Third great fire occurred October

1786--The Chatham Artillery organ 31,365 houses in YamacraWburned.

ized May I.

1886-The Chatham Artillery's centen

General Nathaniel Greene died nial celebrated May 1.

June 19.

Savannah shaken by earthquake

1788--The first cotton exported from August 31.

Savannah.

1888-Prestdent Cleveland visited Sa

The Chatham Academy incor

vannah and the Jasper monument

porated.

unveiled February 22.

1789--The city incorporated.

_-9-Fourth great fire April 6.

1790--John Houston elected the first 1890-Corner stone of Independent

Mayor.

Presbyterian church relald Jan. 13.

JOHN FtANNERY, President.

JAMES SULLIVAN,

HORACE A. CRANE, Vice-Presi-lent,

SOUTHERN BANK
OP- THE STATE OK GEORGIA.
Drajfeoq j&fort, between Bfl[an j&. Julian
SAVANNAH, OA.
Jupplus, fl>0,(
DEPOSITORY OF THE STATE OP GEORGIA.

SEMI=ANNUAL STATEMENT

At Close of Business December 3ist, 1889.

Loans and Discounts.....................$2,220,410 03 Capital Stock.............$800,000 00

Bonds and Stocks....................._..

692,065 00

Surplus Fund............ 500,000 00 Undivided Profits....... 127,930 98-SU27.930 9S

Banking House and other Renl

Dividend No. 37 uu-

Estate...................... .................. Furniture and Safes......................

72,603 26 2,000 00

pitiil......................... Dividend No. 3S. pay
able Jan. 1st, 1390....

90 00 30.00000-

30,090 00

Due by Banks and Banker?.......... 63,378 29

Protest Account............................ Cash..................... ................. ......

4 75 3<8.67:> 10

Due Depositors............................. 1,953.633 5S Certified Checks............................ 13.292 43 Due Banks and Bunkers............... 222.792 29

Due Treasurer State ot Georgia... 06,397 70

SU04.137 03

3,404,137 03

EUGENE KEIXY, of Eugsne Kelly & Co., New York. JOHN FLAN-VERY, of John Flannery & Co., Savannah, Ga. S. B. PALMER, of Palmer Brothers, Savannah, Ga. E. A. WEir* of Meinhard Bros. & Co., Savannah, Ga. HORACE A. CRANE, Savannah Ga. J. B. DUCKWORTH, of Duckworth, Turner & Co.,Savannah, Ga. tEE ROY MYERS, of Lee Roy Myers & Co., Savannah, Ga. HORACE P. SMART, Pres. Amoskeag Lumber Co., Savannah, Ga.

.

PURCHASERS OF REAL ESTATE
INSURE YOUR TITLES!

OOOOOOOO

O

OOOOOOOO

^Ito Titk Grate &ni Lou

O

O

O

O

O

O

O

O

O

OOOOOOOO

Will Insure Titles to Real Estate, for the benefit of Purchasers or Mortgagees, and protect all parties interested against loss by reason of Defects in Titles.

The Company assumes the defense of all suits involving property insured by it, without cost to the insured, and will pay any losses that may be sustained.

-^INSURANCE PERPETUAL^
And Only a Single Premium Required to be Paid.

GEORGE H. SXONE, President.

E. I.. HACKETT, Treasurer.

ISAAC BECKETT, Secretary.

K. K. RICHARDS, Advisory Counsel.

Office: 135 Congress Street.

Abstracts of Titles.
vnth great care prepared from the records a correct ABSTRACT of the TITLES to all lands within the City of Savannah and County of Chatham from THE SETTLEMENT OF GEORGIA to date, I am prepared to furnish memoranda of th same ivith PULL INFORMA TIOX AS TO THE IN TEGRITY AND SUFFICIENCY OF TITLES.
My Abstracts are exclusively used by the Title Guarantee and Loan Company of Savannah. Office :--135 Congress Street.
ISAAC BECKETT.

94 BAY STREET,
SAVANNAH, ----- OEORGIA.
Property Bought and Sold Strictly on Commission.
CALL AND SEE ITS BEFORE INVESTING.
-DEALER IN-

SAVANNAH,

Z-t/
GEORGIA.

THE CITIZENS' BANK
OK SAVANNAH, GEORGIA.
Corner Drayton and Bryan Streets.

paid Up Capital, : ::::::: : $2OO,OOO.OO Authorized Capital, ::::::: : 5OO,OOO.OO

WILLIAM ROGERS, President.

CHARLES H. DORSETT, Vice-President.

GEORGE C. FREEMAN. Cashier.

ROGERS, I). R. THOMAS, \V. G. COOPEK,

CHARLES H. DORSETT, J. H. ESTILL, HEXRY C. CUXNJNOHAM,

GEOR9E N. NlCHOLS,
JOHN R. YOUNG. DAVID WELLS.

NEW YORK CORRESPONDENT: IMPORTERS' AND TRADERS' XATIOXAL BAXK.

--gOpened January 3, ISSS.g--

-OF* THE-
Central Railroad & Banking Company of Georgia.

SAVANNAH, GA.

E. P. ALEXANDER, President.

T. M. CCJOrtSfGHAM, Cashier.

A. C. ULMKK, Assiitant Cathier.

Capital, $7,500,000. Bank Capital, $500,000.

--A GENERAL BANKING BUSINESS TRANSACTED.--

NEW YORK CORRESPONDENTS:

Hanover National Bank.

Mercantile National Bank.

E. P. ALEXANDER, \V. S. CH:SHOLM, .T. K. GARNETT, E. M. GREEX.

ABRAHAM VETSBURG, JOSEPR HULL, C. H. PHIXIZY, PAT. CALHOL-N, JAMES SWAXX.

JOHN C. CALHOOX, S. M. I.VMAX, H. T. I>'MAX, E. P. HOWELL,

THOSE WHO HAVE OPERATED IM
STATE
IN SAVANNAH AND CHATHAM COUNTY THROUGH /Jf^l TM5HT inns. 4SfmTmG^i'8^!l 11531! l^jl'filPI

^ -^Congress:*- ^Street
HAVE REALIZED THE TRUTH OF THE ABOVE AXIOM.
ALWAYS TO TF. HAD THROUGH HIM:
Residence and Business Property, Farms, Suburban Lands for Sub-Division, c
Manufacturing Sites, Etc.

Correspondence is solicited with Home or Forciyn syndicates desiring to purchase local industries.

0000000

0000000

C. JP.

131 Congress Street,

Savannah, Georgia.

5 DEALER IX ',.

Buys and Sells on Commission All Classes of Real Estate.

A Large List of Choice Residences, Building Lots, Factory Sites, Truck Farms and Acres suitable for lotting.

ESTATES MANAGED, =/?-.

3TAXES PAID.*S*

7 and 8 per cent, net on First Mortgages Guaranteed Investors. Interest payable in Xe\v York Exchange.
Refers to Merchants' Rational Dank by permission.

CORRESPONDENCE SOLICITED.

ROOM 6, SOUTHERN BANK,
SA.VAVNAH, = = = = = GEORGIA.

Treasurer Oylethorpe Real Estate Company. Promoter of Land Companies.

LOANS NEGOTIATED.

-S-f- ORDERS EXECUTED ON NEW YORK -+

--------- ---------->

STOCK EXCHANGE

j^ecurity

i= BATTERSBY BUILDING,
Girja - -Wrenyfor). freefs, -

on commission all classes of stocks and bonds.

**^x

Negotiates Loans on marketable

securities.

-New Yorl; quotations furnished by private tickerfifteen minutes.

Real Estate
SECRETARY AXD TRKASUREK
Chatham Real Estate and Improvement Company.
, witd mi
\2O Bryan Street
Buys and sells on commission all classes of securities. Special attention given to purchase and sale of Beal Estate.

HC.VRV

X, President.

JOHX it. HOOA.V, Cashier.

N. W. Sor. Bryac acd Aberconz Sts., SAVANNAH, GA.

T2ASSA5IS A SZXE2AL BAK2IHS BCSBTESS. INTI2EST AT 4 PEE OEHT., ESB aiIA2rE2L?, ON BEPCSITS IS ITS SATCT3S EEPASTilElTr.
--BUYS AND SEIA.S--------------------------1 1 1

D

Sovereigns,

20 Marks,

20 Francs,

Spanish Reals and Pesetas,

Mexican 20 Pesos,

10 Guilders Holland.

SILVER--Uncurrent, Domestic and Foreign.

Bank of England, Reichs -Harks, Frencb Bank Xotes, Holland Guilders, Etc., Etc.
Checks on all cities in Germany, France England, Italy, Austria and other countries of Europe, also on cities in Asia, Africa and Australia.
Merchants? National Bank.
(DESIGNATED U. S. DEPOSITORY.)
SAVA.KXAH, - - - - GEORGIA.

CAPITAL, $500,000. , & SURPLUS, $250,000.

New York Correspondent; NATIONAL BANK OF THE REPUBLIC.

John L. Hammond, President.

S. P. Hamilton, Vice-President.

Thomas Gadsen, Cashier.

^=& O IR ECTO RS I;

JOHN' L. HAMMOXD.

S. GUCKEXHEIMER,

L. T. TCEXEK,

F. D. BLOODWORTH,

S. HERMAN-.

S. P. HAMILTON, M. MACLEAX,

THE SAVANNAH LINK
U(IPi
-A.ND-
For NEW YORK, BOSTON, PHILADELPHIA,
------------ AND ALL ------------
^EASTERN POINTS-}^_

THE FLEET.

Kansas City....................4,000 tons
City of Augusta............3,000 tons Tallahassee.....................3,OOO tons Cnattahoochee...............3,OOO tons Nacoocb.ee.......................3,OOO tons

City of Birmingrnam....3,OOO tons
City of Savannah-.......2,100 tons City of Macon................2,100 tons Gate City........................2,100 tons Dessoug ..........................1,5OO tons

LEA. -VE SA
FOR NEW YORK
Mondays, Wednesdays, Fridays arid Saturdays.
Passengers for Philadelphia connect with Bound Brook Route.
For BOSTON,. ------ EVERV FOUR DAYS. For PHILADELPHIA, ( For0^Jight) EvERy TEN DAVP.

G. 91. SORREL, General Manager. C. G. AKDERSON, Agent.

SAVANNAH, GA.

SAVANNAH, GA.

^TRANSPORTATION

The Steamships of this Company Ply Regularly Between
Savannah and Baltimore, Baltimore and Boston Baltimore and Providence.

Close connections at Savannah with the CENTRAL, RAILROAD, the S., F. & W. R'y, and the different Steamboat Lines.

Savannali for Baltimore every Five Days, and from Baltimore for Savannan
on Same Days.
The Baltimore Route is the most direct bet-ween the South and West. It is also the most economical and quickest.
The Steamers are first-class in every respect, with excellent accommoda tions for passengers. Reduced rates of passage to emigrants from Baltimore and all points West and Southwest.
This Company's Steamers are especially arranged for the transportation of fruit and vegetables, the Savannah, Florida and Western Railway tracks running on Steamer's wharves, and Through Bills of Lading at low rates will be issued.

A. L. HUGGINS, Agent,
Baltimore, Hd.

W. E. GUERAKD, Agent,
56 Bay Street, Savannah.

**"GATE CITY" ROUTED
ACKOSS THE STATE FROM
ST. JOHN'S RIVER TO THE GULF OF MEXICO.

Through Line, carrying U. S. Mail between New York and West Indies. ------ ..HOI""----

PULLMAN PARLOR CARS,

PULLMAN BUFFET CARS,

ux> <&> NEW YORK TO PORT TAMPA, <* vx.

PASSISG THROUGH THE
Richest Orange Belt of Florida.

SCENERY UNSURPASSED,
At PORT TAMPA, the deep water terminus of this line, connection is made with theelegantsteamersof the

---- FOR ----
WEST AND HAVANA>-
The trains run direct to the ship's side at fort Tampa. For full information, time cards, etc., address
WILEUR MoCOY, Q. T. A., Sanford, fla.

COAST LINE RAILROAD.
THE ONLY RAIL LINE TO
BONAVEIMTURE, THUNDERBOLT. GREENWICH PARK *ND FOR WARSAW BEACH.
TWENTY i MINUTES * RIDE * FROM * THE * CITY.
A delightful trip through charm ing scenery, passing the CATHEDRAL CEMETERY and the OLD FORTIFICATIONS.

COMFORTABLE CARS. -.- STEEL RAIL TRACK.
4S*Tako Habersham Street cars to COAST LINK DEPOT twenty minutes before depart tire of suburban trains, or take Liberty Street cars in front of the L'eSotoand transferal Habeithnm Street.
Special Cars for Cbarter for Excursions.
CITY AND SUBURBAN RAILWAY.

-THREE TRAINS DAILY TO-

Isle of Hope, Beaulieu,

Montgomery, Betliesda.

iTHIRTY MINUTES RIDE!
Over smooth track along a charming route to Savannah's Famous

r^esorfs or)

alfs Ay pisioric

let.

Abercorn. and Wh'.laker Direct Curs direct (o Depot on Second Street.

THE FAVORITE STOPPING PLACE FOR TOURISTS.

Accommodations for 250 Guests.

TAe PL'LASKl it in the center of *! tli business portion of the city, fronting Jiull Street, the favorite promenade, and Johnson Square. An entire South
ern Exposure. The most delightful loca tion in the city.

'* I

The hotel has been remodeled and enlarged; another story has JIOTH built ;

fifiy room? have been added; the dining

room doubled in size, and reception

and reading rooms added with were and

elegant furnishinjs.

Electric Lights, Otis Hydraulic Elevator, and Artesian Water, Hot and Cold Baths.

--:-- The Cuisine and Sen-ice Unsurpassed in the South. --:--
Every Convenience and Luxury for if % * ^s : ***** the Comfort and Enjoyment of Guests.
All lines of horse cars within one minute's walk of the Hotel. Omnibus nt all Trains and Steamers. Rooms secured by telegraph. ADDRESS

SAVANNAH, GA.

Savannah & Atlantic R'y.
**TYBEE ISLANDS*
-WITH ITS-
Grand Beacb, Magnificent Surf Bathing, and Pure Air.
THE GREAT SUMMER AND WINTER SEASIDE RESORT OF THE S00TH ATLANTIC.
FIFTY MINUTES' RIDE FROM BHVHNNAH
Over a Smooth Road FREE from Dust and Cinders, Swept by Ocean Rreezes Neaily its Entire Length.

COMFORTABLE COACHES,

A[fi-

^>

COl'KTBOCS CONDUCTORS,

^?

^

s^fc

^^

AND FJBKFECT ORDEK

^

^

MAI.NT/UXED OX AM. TRAINS.

-\n Excursion Rontsatall times safe for Unattended Ladies and Children.

(ROUND TRIP,) OO

FAMILY EXCURSIONS-Tuesdays and Fridays.
Family Excursion Days, fare, round trip, ADULTS.. .................. ..........35 CENTS CHILDREN, 5 to 12 years.. ................................................................ ........ .90 CENTS

TV'C on!ij HtroHih Hue running lo Hie Ocean without connecting

z

slca.mlio't.tx, lermliiatla-ya'. tlic Finest Beaclion the Atlantic Coast

for surf bathiit:;, and/or seven miles affording amyynificcnt drive.

FINE HOTELS.

SPACIOUS PAVILIONS.

ARTESIAN WELLS.

The road newly equipped with fast trains.

All street car lines lead to the depot In'the city.

H. H. WOODRUFF,
4enral

D. G. PURSE,
President and manager.

-T-

-SOTANNAH, GR,--

-#

Xist, X88O.

JOHN*JUBHKER+&tCO.,<-Proprietors.

E SOTO was built in 1889, and is the most luxuriously appointed Hotel in ihe South. It is in the center of the city, occupying an entire square, front ing the principal promenades and drives, and is near all public buildings and libraries and points of interest. It is richly furnished, lighted with electricity, heated throughout with steam and open fire places; is provided with hydraulic elevators, artesian water baths, and every appointment which tends to the perfect enjoyment of its guests.

*8-|TS CUISINE AND SERVICE UNSURPASSED.-^*

A * MAGNIFICENT -> TOURISTS' > HOTEL

Addreu

Witb Every Luxury Obtainable.
ets CO.

Saratoga ? Springs I
THE OLDEST SUMMER RESORT IN AMERICA.
rai

Tenth Season.

?"-

Opens June 1st.

= ACCOMMODATIONS FOR 30O GUESTS.=

CT7llK AMKKIC'AX is THE TEST LOCATED HOTEL AT $AKATOr.A SrEiNos: on Broadway, I between the United State;-and Grand Union, it presents views ami attract! ^ns unsnrj. passnl by any. ITS FiNECOsiMASDiNr, PIAX/.AS OITER SPLEXPID OPPOKTVSITIES FOR SIGHT-
SEEIM;. The Pattor?on, Hathorn. Hantilton, Consrea3 and other faDioiis Springs arc uear and cnnvpoifnt to the Hotel, ami Congreas SprinTM Park is within two minutes' walk.
Thoroughly renovated, anil with many improvements, THE AMEKICAN oiTers to visitors everv attraction and comfort to be found in a well and completely appointed hott-1.
Steam heat pn.-vents tlie di^comfo^Is of chilly mornings or evening:;, while an OTIS BROS.' IMPROVED PASSENOF.R KLF.VATOR render* each floor of easy and almost equal access.
As in the pasr. the proprietor will maintain a table fully equal to any in Santoga. Special rates t-iven for .June and Si-ptc-mber.

For tenns anil rooms, address

GEORGE A. FARNHAM,

Free coaches at this hotel to and from all depots.

Owner and Proprietor.

j&vannali, Florida and We^em R'fl. (WAYCROSS SHORT LINE.) L ------The Dir-t and Most Popular Route to All Points
M 3XB,

--^JACKSONVILLE &
gUfantci,

St. onb,

----AND--

"Jfrtfabefpfiict.,

DOUBLE DAILY TRAINS BETWEEN JACKSONVILLE AND NEW ORLEANS.
Route of the Famous New York ;ind Florida PuIIm;in Vestibuled Train (Limited).

II. N. JIAI>ES. <jeneral 3I:ma2or.

C n. OWEX.V
Traffic Jtiinag

.11. OAVIDNOX,
General Pass. Agent.
Jarknonville. fin.

-*fflK

ADJOINING THE PULASKI HOUSE.

All orders for Liveries and Transfers Promptly Filled.

ii

Double and Single ----in the City.----

OMNIBL'S 1IXES HETWJEEN ALL HOTELS, ,-**.

DEPOTS AND STEAMSHIP WHARVES.

5*^

^ ^* J

Elegant Turnouts for drives to Thunderbolt, Bonaventure, White Bluff, and all Suburban Resorts.

,W I*1

f-JA

TRANSFER AND UAGGAGE EXPRESS WAGONS

^*^

AT EVERY TRAIN AXD STEAMER.

Telephone Orders promptly responded to at all hours.
UNTO. 13.
Tourist Patronage a Specialty.

. C.
PROPRIETOR.

Ludden & Bates

For 20 Years the Leading Southern Dealers. in ----------------
OR6AN&
ALWAYS REPKESEXTIXG THE

Each Siame a Cnarantee or Excellence.

f^aion

The Lesitimate Stnndnnl of tho Over T< ,.'iOO in use.

World.

: .

"Tiie

Greatest Improvements in Ilalf a Century."

in Pianos

Silver-Toned. The Piano for a Lifetime.

High Grade Instruments at a Low Gradu Price.

Maian i* Hamlin Qraan6.

~"
Sterling .Organ*.

" LeadCerosaAtelsvt.si.ys.JBesVt iacntodrCs laictanpitl-sWt. orld's

Best

Medium Beautiful

Price Styles

Oixnn Produced. at .Small Cost.

! i

NOTICE
Onr One Price SyMtexu. Fifteen Daj Text Trial. All Freight Paid. Complete Outfit Free. Six Yean Cnarantee.

NOTICE
Our Exchange Pri i Bent Inlrumen<H 3f awle.
I^owext Prices Known, Ksiwj Inxtallnient I'lantt, Fair JBnine 3felho<lK.

CORRESPONDENCE INVITED. CATALOGUES FREE.
4

AM ENVIABLE
RECORD
BASED ON
True * Merit
# THE UNPRECEDENTED SUCCESS
OF--

As a Cure for every variety of that most com mon of all physical ailments,

-SHEADACHE.fc-

and the immense favor which lias greeted it

from all quarters proves its acceptability to the

i

public, and at once establishes it as one of

the few

HONEST AND RELIABLE REMEDIES.

' ' /A\nniifm 1 mig1OrTdQi1rinC<=" CponntalinnsejnoCAMnotirpiay,rcinoec,aMinoer,-
or other poisonous drugs or chemicals, and can be taken freely with out fear of serious or unpleasant after effects. It is not a Cathartic, does not disarrange the stomach. It is Perfectly Safe and in action it is always Sure 'and Speedy.

MACOX, GA., August 12,18S9. i

SAVANNAH, GA., June 3, ISSfl.

The Aitimif/r'iine Comrnnu.

Tlic Anlimi-rrtiiM' C"mmoiif.

GEXTXEMEX:-- I have been using GENTLEMEN:--It affords me no lit

"Antimigraine" for nervous si "K tle pleasure to add my testimonial to

headache, and hnve given it to several the indorsement of your Headache

of my friends who join me in stating that "Antimigraine is the best medi

cure "Antimigraine,'' for it has never failed to give'me instant relief, with

f

cine for headaches we have ever taken no unpleasant after effects that are and the only one which gives us quick generally brought about by so-called and permanent relief without leaving headache remedies.

unpleasant after effects.

Very truly yours,

Yours verv truly,

REV. JAMES L. GlLMORE,

MRS. W. F. ADAMS. I

Chaplain to Seamen.

^_-'>Tj[Icl.AMNIl TI iImMiIUGnRHAllIlNCPItosathbeeatausttiefu, lpwuitneupcoilnorbedotltilqeusidc,opnlteaatnsainnst

Twelve Full Doses. Sells for 5O Guaranteed to Cure all Headaches.

Cents

by

all

Druggists,

and

GARDNER'S
3Di Bull Street,
??-*--JJ^>-^iC^T>^

------AN"D HEAQr.4KTERS FOK------
CURIOSITIES,

Orange Walking Canes,

^^

Live and Stuffed Alligators,

Alligator and Boars' Teetb Jewelry,

^f ~^7

Shells, Ornamental Grasses.

-^FLOWER * and * gRASS * SEEDS.. * BULBS,* PLANTS,!^

FLOWER POTS AND PLANT FOOD.

AGENT FOR

QXXE=L=S=C=H==IG=='S0

M I liU==R=S=-E.-- R-- Yo

Cut Flowers, Floral Designs and Baskets? or All Descriptions Beautifully Hade I p.
Camdia Flower* Packed and Shipped in Season a Specialty.

BIRDS, CAGES, MOCKING BIRD FOOD, BIRD SEEDS, MEDICINES AND TONIC.
J. GARDNER, Agent.

57

PERRY

STREET, '

U^TNeE ar Trhe,iiTM iur. .,,)

SAVANNAH.

GEORGIA.

BOOKKEEPING, SHORTHAND,

TYPEWRITING, PENMANSHIP.

----

PAINTING AND DRAWING,

TELEGRAPHING.

^ /^

4 /(

*B.tH.tLEYY T &rBRO.*

159 Congress Street.

^P1leir1jirjq |l"9louse. i-r) ir1)e Qoulr1j

Gentlemen's Furnwhiny Goods a Specialty.

Business Suits and Youth's and Boys' Clothing in the Latest Styles.
-3jf AGENTS + FOR * FINE + HATS ,
The Leading Clotbiers In Savannah.

THE NEW YORK t SOUTH.

AI?

the largest and most pros- ! i o<r-s perous city on the South Atlantic ; Coast; has more railroads than any other Coast j S

TSTi

city, and in two years will double its present \3 number. It has the best deep water facilities j jj of any Southern city, and is the largest naval .'

stores depot in the world.

; ;J

._______......_.__.___._.........,,....'.?.

POPIIL,ATIOJV O,OOO,

THE CITY'S PRESENT GBOWTH AVD PKOGKESS POINT TO 20O.OOO POPULATION IN 19OO.
Property that sold two years ago for $50 an acre is now selling for 8500 per acre and in two years will sell for 5,000 per acre more.

MarmoR, Walker & IcSarrie,
SAVANNAH'S LEADING
REAL ESTATE FIRM
No. 156 Broughton Street,
Buys, sells and handles Real Estate stridly on commission. As we are not speculating we are in a position to advise our customers on this subject We will not sell or handle property held at an unreasonable price. If you wish a home, a Jarm, business prop erty, mineral or tinHier lands we cm supply you. None can yet say they made a mistake by purchasing through us.
BUSINESS TRANSACTED FOR NON-RESIDENTS.