Ground-water quality in Georgia for 2011 [2015]

GROUND-WATER QUALITY IN GEORGIA FOR2011
John C. Donahue, Susan R. Kibler, and Anthony W. Chumbley
GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION DIVISION WATERSHED PROTECTION BRANCH
WATERSHED PLANNING AND MONITORING PROGRAM
ATLANTA 2015
CIRCULAR 12Y

GROUND-WATER QUALITY IN GEORGIA FOR 2011
John C. Donahue, Susan R. Kibler, and Anthony W. Chumbley
The preparation ofthis report was funded in part through a grant from the US. Environmental Protection Agency under the provisions ofSection 106 ofthe Federal Water Pollution Control Act of1972, as amended.
GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES Mark Williams, Commissioner
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION DIVISION Judson H. T1urner, Director
WATERSHED PROTECTION BRANCH James A. Capp, Branch Chief
ATLANTA 2015
CIRCULAR 12Y

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION...........................................................

1:1

1.1 PURPOSE AND SCOPE..............................................................

1-1

1.2 FACTORS AFFECTING CHEMICAL GROUND-WATER QUALITY.....

1-2

1.3 HYDROGEOLOGIC PROVINCES OF GEORGIA.............................

1-3

1.3.1 Coastal Plain Province............................................................

1-3

1.3.2 Piedmont/Blue Ridge Province.................... .. ...........................

1-5

1.3.3 Valley and Ridge Province.......................................................

1-6

1.3.4 Appalachian Plateau Province..................................................

1-6

1.4 REGIONAL GROUND-WATER PROBLEMS....................................

1-6

CHAPTER 2 GEORGIA GROUND-WATER MONITORING NETWORK......

2-1

2.1 MONITORING STATIONS.............................................................. 2-1

2.2 USES AND LIMITATIONS............................................................. 2-1

2.3 ANALYSES AND DATA RETENTION.............................................

2-3

CHAPTER 3 GROUND-WATER QUALITY IN GEORGIA.........................

3-1

3.1 OVERVIEW...................... ........................................................... 3-1

3.2 CRETACEOUS/PROVIDENCE AQUIFER SYSTEM............................ 3-3

3.2.1 Field parameters....................................................................... 3-3

3.2.2 Major Anions, Non-Metals, and Volatile Organic Compounds........

3-5

3.2.3 Metals by Inductively-Coupled Plasma Spectrometry (ICP)...........

3-5

3.2.4 Metals by Inductively-Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICPMS)........................... ..................... .. ... ..................................... 3-5

3.3 CLAYTON AQUIFER...................................................................

3-6

3.4 CLAIBORNE AQUIFER... ................... .......................................... 3.4.1 Field parameters............................. ....... ............................ ...... 3.4.2 Major Anions, Non-Metals, and Volatile Organic Compounds...... 3.4.3 Metals by Inductively-Coupled Plasma Spectrometry (ICP).......... 3.4.4 Metals by Inductively-Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICPMS). ... ... ... .. .... .. ..... ... ............ ... ... .... .. ... ........ ..... ....... ... ......... .... 3.5 JACKSONIAN AQUIFER.......................... .............. ..................... 3.5.1 Field parameters................................. ............................... .. ... 3.5.2 Major Anions, Non-Metals, and Volatile Organic Compounds...... 3.5.3 Metals by Inductively-Coupled Plasma Spectrometry (ICP)...... .... 3.5.4 Metals by Inductively-Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICPMS)................................................................. .. .... ...... ............. 3.6 FLORIDAN AQUIFER SYSTEM..................................................... 3.6.1 Field parameters..................................................................... 3.6.2 Major Anions, Non-Metals, and Volatile Organic Compounds...... 3.6.3 Metals by Inductively-Coupled Plasma Spectrometry (ICP).......... 3.6.4 Metals by Inductively-Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICPMS).................................................. .......... ..... ..... ........ ............ 3.7 MIOCENE/SURFICIAL AQUIFER SYSTEM...................................... 3.7.1 Field parameters................................................ .... ............. ..... 3.7.2 Major Anions, Non-Metals, and Volatile Organic Compounds...... 3.7.3 Metals by Inductively-Coupled Plasma Spectrometry (ICP).......... 3.7.4 Metals by Inductively-Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICPMS)................................................... ... ........ ..... .. ..................... 3.8 PIEDMONT/BLUE RIDGE AQUIFER SYSTEM......................... ...... ...
ii

3-6 3-8 3-8 3-10
3-10 3-10 3-10 3-12 3-12
3-12 3-13 3-15 3-15 3-16
3-16 3-17 3-19 3-19 3-19
3-20 3-20

3.8.1 Field parameters..................................................................... 3-21

3.8.2 Major Anions, Non-Metals, and Volatile Organic Compounds.....

3-23

3.8.3 Metals by Inductively-Coupled Plasma Spectrometry (ICP)........

3-23

3.8.4 Metals by Inductively-Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICPMS)......................................................................................... 3-24

3.9 VALLEY AND RIDGE/APPALACHIAN PLATEAU AQUIFERS...........

3-25

3.9.1 Field parameters..................................................................... 3-25

3.9.2 Major Anions, Non-Metals, and Volatile Organic Compounds......

3-27

3.9.3 Metals by Inductively-Coupled Plasma Spectrometry (ICP).........

3-27

3.9.4 Metals by Inductively-Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICPMS).......................................................................................... 3-27

CHAPTER 4 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS.....................................

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4.1 PRIMARY MCL VIOLATIONS FOR 2011.........................................

4-1

4.2 SECONDARY MCL VIOLATIONS FOR 2011............... .....................

4-4

4.3 VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS FOR 2011...............................

4-4

4.4 pH........................................ .. ................. ..................... ............

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CHAPTER 5 LIST OF REFERENCES................................................... 5-1

APPENDIX

Laboratory Data............................................................................... A-1

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1-1. The Hydrogeologic Provinces of Georgia..........................

1-4

Figure 3-1. The Major Aquifers and Aquifer Systems of the Coastal Plain Province.... .............................................................................. 3-2

Figure 3-2. Locations of Stations Monitoring the Cretaceous Aquifer System............................................................................................ 3-4

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Figure 3-3. Location of the Station Monitoring the Clayton Aquifer......

3-7

Figure 3-4. Locations of Stations Monitoring the Claiborne Aquifer.....

3-9

Figure 3-5. Locations of Stations Monitoring the Jacksonian Aquifer............. ...................................................... ........... .. ............................ 3-11

Figure 3-6. Locations of Stations Monitoring the Floridan Aquifer System................................... ....................... ...... ..... .... ........... ... ... . 3-14

Figure 3-7. Locations of Stations Monitoring the Miocene/Surficial Aquifer System..................................... ..... .. ... ........ ................... ...... 3-18

Figure 3-8. Locations of Stations Monitoring the Piedmont/Blue Ridge Aquifer System................ ................ .. ......... ..... .. ... ......... ..... .... 3-22

Figure 3-9. Locations of Stations Monitoring the Valley and Ridge/ Appalachian Plateau Aquifers................... .... ............. .. ...... ..... ... ..... .. 3-26

LIST OF TABLES

Table 2-1. Georgia Ground-Water Monitoring Network, Calendar Year
2011...................................................... ..... .. ...... ........ ... ....... .......... 2-2

Table 4-1. Pollution and Contaminant Incidents, Calendar Year 2011........................... .. .................................................................. 4-3

Table 4-2. VOC Pollution Incidents, Calendar Year 2011......................

4-6

Table A-1. Ground-Water Quality Analyses for Cretaceous/ Providence Stations......................................... ......... ....................... A-2

Table A-2. Ground-Water Quality Analyses for Clayton Stations..........

A-4

Table A-3. Ground-Water Quality Analyses for Claiborne Stations.......

A-6

Table A-4. Ground-Water Quality Analyses for Jacksonian Stations.....

A-8

Table A-5. Ground-Water Quality Analyses for Miocene/Surficial Stations....................................................................... .. ...... ... ......... A-1 0

Table A-6. Ground-Water Quality Analyses for Floridan Stations.......... A-12

iv

Table A-7. Ground-Water Quality Analyses for Piedmont/Blue Ridge Stations.........................................................................................
Table A-8. Ground-Water Quality Analyses for Valley-and-Ridge/ Appalachian Plateau Stations...........................................................
Table A-9. Analytes, EPA Analytical Methods, and Reporting Limits..........................................................................................
Table A-10. Analytes, Primary MCLs, and Secondary MCLs.................

A-18 A-22 A-23 A-27

v

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 PURPOSE AND SCOPE
This report, covering the calendar year 2011, is the twenty-fifth of the Circular 12 series. The first 19 reports, Circulars 12A through 12S, summarized the chemical quality of ground water statewide across Georgia and utilized a static array of sampling stations that were sampled periodically, typically on a semiannual, annual, or biennial basis. The next five reports, Circulars 12T through 12X, dealt with specialized chemical ground-water quality issues: water quality in the Coastal region, water quality available to small public water systems, water quality in the Piedmont/Blue Ridge physiographic province, ground-water uranium in Georgia, and ground-water arsenic in the Gulf Trough area of Georgia. With this report, monitoring the chemical quality of ground water returns to using a static array of stations sampled periodically.
These summaries are among the tools used by the Georgia Environmental Protection Division (EPD) to assess trends in the quality of the State's ground-water resources. EPD is the State organization with regulatory responsibility for maintaining and, where possible, improving ground-water quality and availability. EPD has implemented a comprehensive statewide ground-water management policy of anti-degradation (EPD, 1991; 1998). Four components comprise EPD's current ground-water quality assessment program:
1. The Georgia Ground-Water Monitoring Network. EPD's Watershed Protection Branch, Source Water Assessment Program, took over the Georgia Ground-Water Monitoring Network from the Regulatory Support Program when that program disbanded. The Monitoring Network is designed to evaluate the ambient ground-water quality of eight aquifer systems present in the State of Georgia. The data collected from sampling of the Ground-Water Monitoring Network form the basis for this report.
2. Sampling of public drinking water wells as part of the Drinking Water- Water Withdrawal Program (Watershed Protection Branch, Water Supply Section). This program provides data on the quality of ground water that the residents of Georgia are using.
3. Ground-water sampling at environmental facilities such as municipal solid waste landfills, RCRA facilities, underground storage tank sites, land application sites, and sludge disposal facilities. The primary agencies responsible for monitoring these facilities are EPD's Land Protection and Watershed Protection Branches.
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4. The Wellhead Protection Program (WHP), which is designed to protect areas surrounding municipal drinking water wells from contaminants. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) approved Georgia's WHP Plan on September 30, 1992. The WHP Plan became a part of the Georgia Safe Drinking Water Rules, effective July 1, 1993. The protection of public supply wells from contaminants is important not only for maintaining ground-water quality, but also for ensuring that public water supplies meet health standards.
Analyses of water samples collected for the Georgia Ground-Water Monitoring Network during the period March 2011 through December 2011 and from previous years form the database for this summary. The Georgia GroundWater Monitoring Network is presently comprised of 77 wells and springs. Thirteen of the stations are scheduled for quarterly sampling, and, the remainder is scheduled to be sampled yearly. Each sample receives laboratory analyses for chloride, sulfate, nitrate/nitrite, total phosphorus, 26 metals, and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Samples from the minerai spring and the main weii at Indian Springs State Park (stations P12A and P23) also receive analysis for fluoride. Field measurements of pH, conductivity, and temperature are performed on the sample water from each station. Field dissolved oxygen measurements are made on sample water from wells.
During the March 2011 through December 2011 period, Ground-Water Monitoring staff collected 99 samples from 71 wells and six springs. A review of the data from this period and comparison of these data with those for samples collected for preceding monitoring efforts indicated that ground-water quality at most of the 77 stations has remained good.
1.2 FACTORS AFFECTING CHEMICAL GROUND-WATER QUALITY
The chemical quality of ground water is the result of complex physical, chemical, and biological processes. Among the more significant controls are the chemical quality of the water entering the ground-water flow system, the reactions of the infiltrating water with the soils and rocks that are encountered, and the effects of the well-and-pump system.
Most water enters the ground-water system in upland recharge areas. Water seeps through interconnected pore spaces and fractures in the soils and rocks until discharged to a surface water body (e.g., stream, lake, or ocean). The initial water chemistry, the amount of recharge, and the attenuation capacity of soils have a strong influence on the quality of ground water in recharge areas. Chemical interactions between the water and the aquifer host rocks have an increasing significance with longer residence times. As a result, ground water
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from discharge areas tends to be more highly mineralized than ground water in recharge areas.
The well-and-pump system can also have a strong influence on the quality of the well water. Well plumbing, through compositional breakdown, can contribute metals (e.g., zinc from galvanized steel fittings) and organic compounds (e.g., tetrahydrofurans from PVC pipe cement) to the water. Pumps can aerate the water being drawn up and discharged . An improperly constructed or failing well can offer a conduit that allows local pollutants to enter the groundwater flow system.
1.3 HYDROGEOLOGIC PROVINCES OF GEORGIA
This report defines three hydrogeologic provinces by their general geologic and hydrologic characteristics (Figure 1-1 ). These provinces consist of:
1. The Coastal Plain Province of south Georgia;
2. The Piedmont'Biue Ridge Province, which includes all but the northwestern corner of north Georgia;
3. The combined Valley and Ridge and Appalachian Plateau Province of northwest Georgia;
1.3.1 Coastal Plain Province
Georgia's Coastal Plain Province generally comprises a wedge of loosely consolidated sediments that gently dip and thicken to the south and southeast. Ground water in the Coastal Plain flows through interconnected pore space between grains and through solution-enlarged voids in rock.
The oldest outcropping sedimentary formations (Cretaceous) are exposed along the Fall Line (Figure 1-1 ), which is the northern limit of the Coastal Plain Province . Successively younger formations occur at the surface to the south and southeast.
The Coastal Plain of Georgia contains a number of confined and unconfined aquifers. Confined aquifers are those in which the readily permeable layer of aquifer medium is interposed between two layers of poorly permeable material (e.g. clay or shale). If the water pressure in such an aquifer exceeds atmospheric pressure, the aquifer is artesian . Water from precipitation and runoff enters the aquifers and aquifer systems in their updip outcrop areas, where permeable sediments hosting the aquifer are exposed. Water may also enter the aquifers downdip from the recharge areas through leakage from
1-3

G) Appalachian Plateau Province
~ Valley and Ridge Province
Q) Piedmont/Blue Ridge Province @ Coastal Plain Province
Figure 1-1. The Hydrogeologic Provinces of Georgia 1-4

overlying or underlying aquifers. Most Coastal Plain aquifers are unconfined in their updip outcrop areas, but become confined in downdip areas to the south and southeast, where they are overlain by successively younger rock formations. Ground-water flow is generally to the south and southeast, in the direction of dip of the sedimentary layers.
The sediments forming the major aquifer systems in the Coastal Plain range in age from Cretaceous to Holocene. Horizontal and vertical changes in the sediment layers that form these aquifer systems determine the thickness and extent of the aquifer systems. Several aquifer systems may be present in a single geographic area forming a vertical "stack".
The Cretaceous and Jacksonian aquifer systems (primarily sands) are a common source of drinking water within a 35-mile wide band that lies adjacent to and south of the Fall Line. Southwestern Georgia relies on three vertically stacked aquifer systems plus the upper part of the Cretaceous aquifer system for drinking water supplies: the Clayton, the Claiborne, and the Floridan aquifer systems. The Miocene/Surficial aquifer system (primarily sands) is the principal shallow aquifer system occupying much of the same broad area occupied by the Floridan aquifer system. The system is unconfined over most of its inland extent, but becomes locally confined both in the coastal area and in Grady, Thomas, Brooks, and Lowndes County area of South Georgia.
1.3.2 Piedmont/Blue Ridge Province
Though the Piedmont and Blue Ridge Physiographic Provinces differ geologically and geomorphologically, the two physiographic provinces share common hydrogeological characteristics and thus can be treated as a single hydrogeologic province. A two-part aquifer system characterizes the PiedmonU Blue Ridge Province (Daniel and Harned, 1997). The upper part of the system is the regolith aquifer, composed of saprolite and overlying soils and alluvium. The regolith aquifer is unconfined, and, the water resides primarily in intergranular pore spaces (primary porosity). The lower aquifer in the PiedmonUBiue Ridge aquifer system is the bedrock aquifer. This aquifer is developed in metamorphic and igneous bedrock (mostly Paleozoic and Precambrian in age), and, the water resides largely in fractures (secondary porosity). Secondary porosity in some specialized rock types, e.g. marbles, may also include solution voids. In contrast to the regolith aquifer, no intergranular (primary) porosity exists in the bedrock aquifer. The bedrock aquifer is semi-confined, with the overlying regolith aquifer media offering local confinement. The regolith aquifer also serves as the reservoir that recharges the bedrock aquifer.
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1.3.3 The Valley and Ridge Province
Faulted and folded consolidated Paleozoic sedimentary formations exclusive of Mississippian and Pennsylvanian rocks characterize the Valley and Ridge Province. The principal porosity present in aquifer media consists of fractures and solution-enlarged voids; intergranular porosity may be important in some places. Locally, ground-water and surface-water systems closely interconnect. Dolostones and limestones of the Knox Group are the principal aquifers where they occur at the axes of broad valleys. The greater hydraulic conductivities of the thick carbonate sections in this province permit higher yielding wells than in the Piedmont/Blue Ridge Province.
1.3.4 The Appalachian Plateau Province
Rocks in this province consist of consolidated Paleozoic sediments inclusive of the Mississippian and Pennsylvanian. Faulting and folding are less intense than in the Valley and Ridge province . As in the Valley and Ridge Province, secondary porosity is the most important type of porosity. The highly fractured Fort Payne Chert and the Knox Group are major water-bearing units in this province.
Only a small part of this province extends into of Georgia, at the State's far northwest corner (Dade County and parts of Chattooga and Walker Counties). Due its small extent in Georgia and its lack of monitoring stations for the current project, the Appalachian Plateau Province is combined with the Valley and Ridge Province for the purposes of this report.
1.4 REGIONAL GROUND-WATER PROBLEMS
Data from ground-water investigations in Georgia, including those from the Ground-Water Monitoring Network, indicate that virtually all of Georgia has shallow ground water sufficient for domestic supply. Iron, aluminum, and manganese are the only constituents that occur routinely in concentrations exceeding drinking water standards. These metals are mostly naturally occurring and do not pose a health risk. Iron and manganese can cause reddish or yellowish-brown to dark brown or black stains on objects and can give water a bitter metallic taste. Aluminum can cause water to appear cloudy.
In the karstic carbonate terranes of the Valley and Ridge Province, interconnection between the surface water systems and the ground-water systems can be extensive enough such that waters supplying some wells and springs (e.g., Crawfish Spring and Cedartown Spring) have been deemed under direct surface influence and require surface-water type treatment if used for public supplies.
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In the Piedmont/Blue Ridge Province, water available to wells drilled into bedrock consisting of granitic intrusive rocks, granitic gneisses, or hornblende gneiss/amphibolite assemblages occasionally contains excessive naturally occurring uranium.
Aquifers in the outcrop areas of Cretaceous sediments immediately south of the Fall Line typically yield water sufficiently acidic to require treatment. The acidity occurs naturally and results from the inability of the sandy aquifer sediments to neutralize acidic rainwater and from biologically influenced reactions between infiltrating water and soils.
Nitrate/nitrite concentrations in shallow ground water from the farm belt in southern Georgia are usually within drinking water standards, but are somewhat higher than levels found in other areas of the State.
Three areas of naturally reduced ground-water quality occur in the Floridan aquifer. The first is the karstic Dougherty Plain of southwestern Georgia, where, as with the carbonate terranes of northwestern Georgia, surface waters and the pollutants and contaminants they entrain can directly access the aquifer. The second is the Gulf Trough area. The Gulf Trough is a linear subsurface geologic feature extending from southwestern Decatur County through northern Effingham County and may represent a filled-in marine current channel way (Huddlestun, 1993). Floridan ground water in and near the trough is typically high in total dissolved solids and may contain elevated levels of sulfate, barium, radionuclides, and arsenic (Kellam and Gorday, 1990; Donahue et al., 2013). The third is in the coastal area of Georgia, when influx of water with high dissolved solids contents can dramatically raise levels of sodium, calcium, magnesium, sulfate, and chloride . In the Brunswick area, ground-water withdrawal from the upper portions of Floridan results in the upwelling of ground water with high dissolved solids content from the deeper parts of the aquifer (Krause and Clarke, 2001 ). In the Savannah area, a cone of depression caused by pumping in and around Savannah has induced seawater to enter the Floridan aquifer via breaches in the Miocene confining unit along the bottoms of waterways and sand-filled paleochannels offshore of the Beaufort/Hilton Head area of South Carolina and to flow down-gradient toward Savannah (Foyle et al., 2001; Krause and Clarke, 2001 ).
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CHAPTER 2 GEORGIA GROUND-WATER MONITORING NETWORK
2.1 MONITORING STATIONS
For the period March 2011 through December 2011, attempts were made to have sampling stations in the major aquifer systems of the Coastal Plain Province, the Piedmont/Blue Ridge Province, and the Valley and Ridge/Appalachian Plateau Provinces {Table 2-1 ). Stations are restricted to wells or springs tapping a single aquifer or aquifer system. Attempts were made to have some monitoring stations located in the following critical settings:
1. areas of recharge;
2. areas of possible pollution or contamination related to regional activities (e.g., agricultural and industrial areas) or to hydrogeologic settings (e.g., granitic intrusions, Dougherty Plain);
3. areas of significant ground-water use .
Most of the monitoring stations are municipal, industrial, and domestic wells that have well construction data.
2.2 USES AND LIMITATIONS
Regular sampling of wells and springs of the Ground-Water Monitoring Network permits analysis of ground-water quality with respect to location (spatial trends) and time of sample collection (temporal trends). Spatial trends are useful for assessing the effects of the geologic framework of the aquifer and regional land-use activities on ground-water quality. Temporal trends permit an assessment of the effects of rainfall and drought periods on ground-water quality and quantity. Both trends are useful for the detection of non-point source pollution. Non-point source pollution arises from broad-scale phenomena such as acid rain deposition or application of agricultural chemicals on crop lands.
It should be noted that the data of the Ground-Water Monitoring Network represent water quality in only limited areas of Georgia. Monitoring water quality at the 77 sites located throughout Georgia provides an indication of ground-water quality at the locality sampled and at the horizon corresponding to the open interval in the well or to the head of the spring at each station in the Monitoring Network. Caution should be exercised in drawing unqualified conclusions and applying any results reported in this study to ground waters that are not being monitored.
2-1

Table 2-1.Georgia Ground-Water Monitoring Network, Calendar Year 2011.

Aquifer/Aquifer System
Cretaceous/ Providence

Number of Stations Visited (Samples Taken)
12 stations (12 samples)

Primary Stratigraphic Equivalents

Age of Aquifer Rock Units

Ripley Formation, Cusseta Sand, Blufftown Formation,
Eutaw Formation, Tuscaloosa Formation, Providence Sand, Steel Creek Formation, Gaillard
Formation, Pio Nono Formation

Late Cretaceous

Clayton

1 station (1 sample)

Clayton Formation

Paleocene

Claiborne

3 stations (3 samples)

Claiborne Group

Middle Eocene

Jacksonian
Floridan
Miocene/ Surficial
Piedmont/Blue Ridge
Valley and Ridge/Appal achian Plateau

3 stations (3 samples)
28 stations (48 samples)
6 stations (6 samples)
18 stations (19 samples)
6 stations
(7 samples)

Barnwell Group

Late Eocene

Ocala Group, Suwanee Limestone

Middle Eocene to Early
Oligocene

Hawthorne Group, Miccosukee Formation, Cypresshead Formation

Miocene to Recent

Various igneous and metamorphic complexes
Shady Dolomite, Knox Group, Conasauga Group,
Ft. Payne Chert, Bangor and unnamed Missippian
limestones, Pottsville Formation

Precambrian, Paleozoic, Mesozoic
Cambrian and Ordovician; Mississippian and
Pennsylvanian

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Stations of the Ground-Water Monitoring Network are intentionally located away from known point sources of pollution. The stations are intended to provide baseline data on ambient water quality in Georgia. EPD requires other forms of ground-water monitoring for activities that may result in point source pollution (e.g., landfills, hazardous waste facilities, and land application sites) through its environmental facilities permit programs.
Ground-water quality changes gradually and predictably in the areally extensive aquifer systems of the Coastal Plain Province. The Monitoring Network allows for some definition of the chemical processes occurring in large confined aquifers. Unconfined aquifers in northern Georgia and in the surface recharge areas of southern Georgia are of comparatively small extent and more open to interactions with land use activities. The wide spacing of most monitoring stations does not permit equal characterization of water-quality processes in these settings. The quality of water from monitoring stations drawing from unconfined aquifers represents only the general nature of ground water in the vicinity of the stations. Ground water in the recharge areas of the Coastal Plain aquifer systems is a future drinking-water resource. Monitoring stations in these recharge areas, in effect, constitute an early warning system for potential future water quality problems in confined portions of the Coastal Plain aquifer systems.
2.3 ANALYSES AND DATA RETENTION
Analyses are available for 99 water samples collected from 77 stations (71 wells and 6 springs) during the period March 2011 through December 2011. In 1984, the first year of the Ground-Water Monitoring Network, EPD staff sampled from 39 wells in the Piedmont/Blue Ridge and Coastal Plain Provinces. Between 1984 and 2004, the network had expanded to include 128 stations situated in all three hydrogeologic provinces, with most of the stations being in the Coastal Plain Province.
Ground water from all monitoring stations is tested for chloride, sulfate, nitrate/nitrite, total phosphorus, metals by inductively coupled plasma spectrometry (ICP) and inductively coupled plasma spectrometry/mass spectrometry (ICPMS), and VOCs. Water from stations P12A and P23 also receives testing for fluoride.
Testing for aluminum, beryllium, calcium, cobalt, iron, potassium, magnesium, manganese, sodium, titanium, and vanadium was undertaken using the ICP method. Silver, arsenic, cadmium, chromium, copper, nickel, lead, antimony, selenium, thallium, and zinc were also analyzed using ICP, although inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICPMS) gives better results for these metals. A high reporting limit attends the lab's current procedure for
2-3

analyzing potassium and is the reason for the lack of potassium detections. The ICPMS method was used to analyze chromium, nickel, copper, zinc, arsenic, selenium, molybdenum, silver, cadmium, tin, antimony, barium, thallium, lead, and uranium. This method generally works better for trace metals.
The results of the chemical tests are reported in this Circular. For metals for which both methods were employed, the ICPMS results are reported. Before collecting a sample, EPD personnel also observe certain field measurements pH, conductivity, dissolved oxygen, and temperature. This Circular also reports these measurements.
Pursuant to the Georgia Safe Drinking Water Act of 1977, EPD has established MCLs for certain parameters included in analyses performed on Ground-Water Monitoring samples (EPD, 2009). Primary MCLs pertain to parameters that may have adverse effects on human health if their values are exceeded. Secondary MCLs pertain to parameters that may give drinking water objectionable, though not health-threatening, properties that may cause persons served by a public water system to cease using the water. Unpleasant taste and the capability to cause stains are examples of such properties. MCLs apply only to treated water offered for public consumption; nevertheless, they are useful guide lines for evaluating the quality of untreated (raw) water. Table A-1 0 in the Appendix lists the Primary and Secondary MCLs for Ground-Water Monitoring Network parameters.
Most wells currently on the Monitoring Network have in-place pumps. Using such pumps to purge wells and collect samples reduces the potential for cross-contamination that would attend the use of portable pumps. Two wells, PA9C and Ml17, are flowing, which dispenses altogether with pumps and negates the effects of the pump-well system on sample water. The pump on well MI9A, a shallow bored well formerly used for garden watering, is now out of operation, and, a bailer is used for sampling.
Sampling procedures are adapted from techniques used by USGS and USEPA. For all wells except PA9C, MI9A, and Ml17, EPD personnel purge the wells (EPA recommends removing three to five times the volume of the water column in the well) before collecting a sample to reduce the influence of the well, pump, and plumbing system on water quality. A purge of 15 to 20 minutes is usually sufficient to allow for readings of pH, conductivity, temperature, and dissolved oxygen to stabilize and for corrosion films on the plumbing to be flushed away.
The apparatus used for monitoring field measurements and collecting samples consists of a garden hose with two branches at its end and a container. One branch conveys water to the container; the other branch allows the water to flow freely. On the container branch, water enters the bottom of the container, flows past the probe of the instrument taking field measurements, and discharges
2-4

over the top of the container. Such an apparatus minimizes the exposure of the sample water to atmosphere. Once the field measurements have stabilized, sample containers are then filled with water discharging from the end of the freeflowing branch. As a rule, trends for field measurements with increasing purge time include a lowering of pH, conductivity, and dissolved oxygen. For shallower wells, the temperature tends to approach the mean atmospheric temperature. For deeper wells, geothermal heating may raise the water temperature above the mean atmospheric level.
Once the sample bottles are filled, they are promptly placed on ice to preserve water quality. EPD personnel transport samples to the laboratory on or before the Friday of the week during which the samples were collected, well before holding time for the samples lapse. Field measurements and analytical results are provided in the Appendix.
Files at EPD contain records of the field measurements and chemical analyses. Owners of wells or springs receive copies of the laboratory analysis sheets as well as cover letters and laboratory sheet summaries. The cover letters state whether or not any MCLs were exceeded. The Drinking Water Program's Compliance and Enforcement Unit receives notification of Primary MCL exceedances involving public water supplies.
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CHAPTER 3 GROUND-WATER QUALITY IN GEORGIA
3.1 OVERVIEW
Georgia's major aquifer systems are grouped into three hydrogeologic provinces for the purposes of this report.
The Coastal Plain Province major aquifers and aquifer systems are restricted to specific regions and depths within the Province (Figure 3-1 ). These major aquifer systems commonly incorporate smaller aquifers that are locally confined. Ground-Water Monitoring Network wells in the Coastal Plain aquifer systems are generally located in three settings:
1. Recharge (or outcrop) areas that are located in regions that are geologically updip and generally north of confined portions of these aquifers and aquifer systems;
2. Updip, confined areas that are located in regions that are proximal to the recharge areas, yet are confined by overlying geologic formations. These are generally south to southeast of the recharge areas;
3. Downdip, confined areas, located to the south or southeast in the deeper, confined portions of the aquifer systems, distal to the recharge areas.
The Piedmont/Blue Ridge Province comprises two regional aquifers, the regolith aquifer and the bedrock aquifer (Daniel and Harned, 1997). The regolith aquifer is composed of saprolite - bedrock that has undergone intense chemical weathering -- plus soil and alluvium. The regolith aquifer, highly porous and appreciably permeable, serves as the reservoir that recharges the bedrock. The igneous and metamorphic bedrock exhibits low porosity - nearly all of the porosity consists of fractures -- but can be very permeable as fractures can transmit water rapidly. Despite the regional scale of these two aquifers, flow systems are small-scale and localized, unlike those of the Coastal Plain.
Sedimentary formations characterize the Valley and Ridge/Appalachian Plateau Province, although, unlike in the Coastal Plain, these sedimentary formations are consolidated and have been subjected to faulting and folding. Whereas extensive regional aquifers characterize the Coastal Plain Province, faulting and folding has resulted in the creation of numerous localized flow systems in the Valley and Ridge Province. The major water-bearing units in this province are carbonate rocks. Faulting and fracturing of the carbonates has led to the
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CRETACEOUS

FLORIDAN
OJ
CRETACEOUS

CLAIBORNE

FLORIDAN

FLORIDAN

Figure 3-1. The Major Aquifers and Aquifer Systems of the Coastal Plain Province (after Davis, 1990).
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widespread development of karst features, which significantly enhance porosity and permeability and exert a strong influence on local flow patterns.
3.2 CRETACEOUS/PROVIDENCE AQUIFER SYSTEM
The Cretaceous aquifer system is a complexly interconnected group of aquifer subsystems developed in the late Cretaceous sands of the Coastal Plain Province. These sands crop out in an extensive recharge area immediately south of the Fall Line in west and central Georgia (Fig. 3-2). In east Georgia, overlying Tertiary sediments restrict Cretaceous outcrops to valley bottoms. Five distinct subsystems of the Cretaceous aquifer system, including the Providence aquifer system, are recognized west of the Ocmulgee River (Pollard and Vorhis, 1980). These merge into three subsystems to the east (Clarke et al, 1985; Huddlestun and Summerour, 1996). The aquifer thickens southward from the Fall line, where the clays and sands pinch out against crystalline Piedmont rocks to a column approximately 2,000 feet thick at the southern limits of the main aquifer use area (limit of utilization, Figure 3-2).
The Providence aquifer, a prominent subsystem of the Cretaceous aquifer system in the western Coastal Plain, is developed in sands and coquinoid limestones at the top of the Cretaceous column. The permeable Providence Formation-Clayton Formation interval forms a single aquifer in the updip areas (Long, 1989) and to the east of the Flint River (Clarke et al., 1983). East of the Ocmulgee River, this joint permeable interval is termed the Dublin aquifer (Clarke et al., 1985).
EPD used 12 wells to monitor the Cretaceous/Providence aquifer system. Reported depths ranged from 128 feet (K7) to 1025 feet (PD6). All except well K6 are local government-owned public supply wells. Well K6 produces process water for a kaolin mill. All wells are sampled yearly. Table A-1 in the Appendix reports field and laboratory results.
3.2.1 Field parameters
The pHs of sample waters from all 12 wells ranged from 3.07 (K12) to 8.40 (PD6). As a rule, pHs of waters from the deeper wells are basic, while those from shallower wells are acidic. Well PD3 seems to be the exception, a well with a moderate reported depth of 456 feet, giving water with a pH of 8.37, characteristic of waters from wells twice its depth. Conductivities are available for all 12 wells and ranged from 10 uS/em (K19) to 362 uS/em (PD3), with a median of 34 uS/em. As a rule, the deeper wells gave water with the higher conductivities. Again, well PD3 was the exception.
The temperatures measured should be viewed as approximations of the temperature of the water in the aquifer. Temperatures for all12 wells ranged
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0 General recharge area (from Davis et al., 1989)
e Sampling station
Figure 3-2. Locations of Stations Monitoring the Cretaceous Aquifer System.
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from 17.6 C (K7) to 28.6 C (K20). A review of the well depths shows that the deeper wells yield water with higher temperatures.
Dissolved oxygen measurements are available for eight of the 12 wells. Concentrations ranged from 8.90 mg/L (Marshallville #2, K9A) down to 0.59 mg/L (Fort Gaines #2, PD3). Dissolved oxygen measurements can suffer from various interferences, processes that can expose the ground water to oxygen. An inadequately purged well may deliver water that has been in contact with air in the well bore. Pumping the water level in the well below a recharging horizon allows the water to "cascade" or fall freely down the well bore, splash, and aerate.
3.2.2 Major Anions, Non-Metals, and Volatile Organic Compounds
Testing for chloride, sulfate, combined nitrate/nitrite, total phosphorus, and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) was done for samples from all 12 wells. Detectable chloride, at a concentration of 12 mg/L, occurred in a sample from only one well (PD3). Sulfate was detected in samples from five wells, with concentrations at or below 14 mg/L. Nitrate/nitrite, detected in samples from eight wells, ranged up to 2.0 mg/L. Samples from six wells contained detectable phosphorus, with concentrations ranging up to 0.99 mg/L.
3.2.3 Metals by Inductively-Coupled Plasma Spectrometry (ICP)
Testing for metals was performed on samples from all 12 stations using the ICP method. All 12 samples contained detectable sodium, which ranged from 1,000 ug/L (K9A) to 82,000 ug/L (PD3). Three wells - K20, PD3, and PD6 - gave samples with sodium contents far higher than the remainder of the wells. Two of these, K20 and PD6, were also the two deepest wells.
Eight wells gave samples with detectable aluminum, with concentrations up to 460 ug/L (K12). Seven samples contained detectable calcium, and, seven contained detectable iron. Calcium levels ranged up to 22,000 ug/L. Iron levels ranged up to 320 ug/L (K12) with only well K12 exceeding the Secondary MCL of 300 ug/L. Samples from four wells contained detectable magnesium, with a maximum value of 3,800 ug/L. Two wells gave samples with detectable manganese, and, one with detectable vanadium. Beryllium, cobalt, potassium, and titanium were undetected.
3.2.4 Metals by Inductively-Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICPMS)
ICPMS analysis found only copper, zinc, barium, lead, and uranium. Barium was detected in 11 samples, with a maximum concentration of 23 ug/L (K3). Lead was detected in samples from seven wells, with a concentration range
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up to 330 ug/L (K9A). The concentration in the sample from well K9A far exceeded the action level of 15 ug/L and seems to be due to entrainment from a corrosion film on a little-used spigot into the sample water. Copper was detected in six samples and ranged in concentration up to 120 ug/L (K9A). Zinc was detected in three samples, at levels up to 64 ug/L (K9A). Copper, lead, and zinc are commonly introduced into sample water from plumbing and are not necessarily present naturally. Uranium was detected in one sample (K6) at a level of 1.3 ug/L.
3.3 CLAYTON AQUIFER
The Clayton aquifer of southwestern Georgia is developed mainly in the middle limestone unit of the Paleocene Clayton Formation. Limestones and calcareous sands of the Clayton aquifer crop out in a narrow belt extending from northeastern Clay County to southwestern Schley County (Figure 3-3). Aquifer thickness varies, ranging from about 50 feet in the outcrop area to 265 feet in southeastern Mitchell County (Clarke et al., 1984). Leakage from the underlying Providence aquifer system and from overlying permeable units in the Wilcox Formation confining zone provides significant recharge in downdip areas (Clarke et al., 1984). As mentioned previously, permeable portions of the Clayton and Providence Formations merge to form a single aquifer in the updip area and east of the Ocmulgee River. East of that river these combined permeable zones are called the Dublin aquifer.
Only one well (CT8), an 80-foot deep domestic well, was available to monitor the Clayton aquifer system (Figure 3-3) (Appendix Table A-2). The well is sampled yearly. The well water had a pH of 4.22, an electrical conductivity of 41 uS/em, and a temperature of 18.00 C. Dissolved oxygen was 8.00 mg/L and nitrate/nitrite registered at 1.8 mg/L as nitrogen. The water contained sodium at 2,800 ug/L, potassium at a level of 1,100 ug/L, aluminum at a level of 100 ug/L, and manganese at a level of 25 ug/L. Copper at a concentration of 8 ug/L and barium at a concentration of 20 ug/L were the two trace metals detected.
3.4 CLAIBORNE AQUIFER
The Claiborne aquifer is developed primarily in the sandy units in the middle and lower portion of the Middle Eocene Claiborne Group of southwestern Georgia. Claiborne Group sands crop out in a belt extending from northern Early County through western Dooly County. Recharge to the aquifer occurs both as direct infiltration of precipitation in the recharge area and as leakage from the overlying Floridan aquifer system (Hicks et al., 1981; Gorday et al., 1997). The
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0 General recharge area (from Davis et al., 1989)
Sampling station
Figure 3-3. Location of the Station Monitoring the Clayton Aquifer. 3-7

discharge boundaries for the updip portion of the aquifer are the Ocmulgee River to the east and the Chattahoochee River to the west. The aquifer is more than 350 feet thick near its downdip limit of utilization (Figure 3-4) (Tuohy, 1984).
The aquifer generally thickens to the southeast. The clay-rich upper portion of the Claiborne Group, the Lisbon Formation, acts as a confining layer and separates the Claiborne aquifer system from the overlying Floridan aquifer system (McFadden and Perriello, 1983; Long, 1989; Huddlestun and Summerour, 1996). The lower, water-bearing parts of the group had been correlated with the Tallahatta Formation (e.g., McFadden and Perriello, 1983; Long, 1989: Clarke et al., 1996) or more recently, have been divided into two formations, the upper one termed the Still Branch Sand and the lower one correlated to the Congaree Formation (Huddlestun and Summerour, 1996). East of the Ocmulgee River, permeable Congaree-equivalent sands are included in the Gordon aquifer (Brooks et al., 1985).
Three stations, all in or near the recharge area, were available to monitor the Claiborne aquifer system (Figure 3-4) (Appendix Table A-3). Wells CL2 and CL4A are municipal public supply wells, and, well CL8 supplies water for drinking and other purposes for a State forestry nursery. Well CL2 is 315 feet deep, and, CL4A is 230 feet deep. The depth of CL8 is not known precisely, but is in the vicinity of 100 feet.
3.4.1 Field parameters
The pHs of sample waters from two wells was mildly acidic (CL8 at 5.96 and CL4A at 6.86) while the third was mildly basic (CL2 at 7.29). Conductivities registered at 84 uS/em (CL8), 151 uS/em (CL4A), and 200 uS/em (CL2); and, temperatures registered at 20.0 C (CL4A), 20.2 C (CL2), and 21.4 C (CL8). The somewhat higher temperature for sample water from well CL8 is likely due to the fact that the well was sampled at a point about 200 feet from the well head during warm weather (springtime, late afternoon), whereas the sampling points for the other two wells are at the wellheads. Dissolved oxygen contents measured at 0.58 mg/L (CL8), 3.18 mg/L (CL2), and 10.00 mg/L (CL4A). The CL4A sampling point was a small spigot that would not accommodate the sampling apparatus. Thus the sample water was well exposed to air and entrained much oxygen.
3.4.2 Major Anions, Non-Metals, and Volatile Organic Compounds
None of the samples contained detectable chloride or VOCs. Samples from wells CL4A and CL8 contained, respectively, 12 mg/L and 10 mg/L sulfate. Well CL2 gave a sample with a nitrate/nitrite concentration of 0.39 mg/L as nitrogen. Samples from all three wells contained detectable phosphorus (CL2 at 0.03 mg/L, CL4A at 0.35 mg/L, CL8 at 0.51 mg/L).
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D General recharge area (from Davis et al., 1989) e Sampling station
Figure 3-4 . Locations of Stations Monitoring the Claiborne Aquifer. 3-9

3.4.3 Metals by Inductively-Coupled Plasma Spectrometry (ICP)
Well CL2 was the only well to give a sample with detectable aluminum (60 ug/L). Wells CL4A and CL8 both gave samples containing detectable iron and manganese. With iron levels of 1,900 ug/L for the CL4A sample and 850 ug/L for the CL8 sample and waters from both wells exceeded the 300 ug/L Secondary MCL for iron. Likewise, the manganese levels of 69 ug/L for CL4A and 56 ug/L for CL8 both exceeded the Secondary MCL for that metal of 50 ug/L.
3.4.4 Metals by Inductively-Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICPMS)
ICPMS analyses found no trace metals other than barium in any of the samples. Barium levels were 11 ug/L for the CL2 sample, 15 ug/L for the CL4A sample, and 36 ug/L for the CL8 sample.
3.5 JACKSONIAN AQUIFER
The Jacksonian aquifer of central and east-central Georgia is developed primarily in sands of the Eocene Barnwell Group, though isolated limestone bodies are locally important. Barnwell Group outcrops extend from Macon and Crawford Counties (Hetrick, 1990) eastward to Burke and Richmond Counties (Hetrick, 1992). Figure 3-5 shows the most significant Jacksonian recharge areas. Aquifer sands form a northern clastic facies of the Barnwell Group; the sands grade southward into less permeable silts and clays of a transition facies (Vincent, 1982). The water-bearing sands are relatively thin, ranging from 10 to 50 feet in thickness. Limestones equivalent to the Barnwell Group form a southern carbonate facies and are included in the Floridan aquifer system. The Savannah River and the Ocmulgee River are the eastern and western discharge boundaries for the updip parts of the Jacksonian aquifer. The Jacksonian aquifer is equivalent to the Upper Three Runs aquifer as used in Summerour et al. (1994 ).
Three wells were available to monitor the Jacksonian aquifer (Figure 3-5, Appendix Table A-4). Wells J1B and J8 are domestic wells, while well J6 is a public supply well. Well J8 is a shallow bored well in the up-dip outcrop area, whereas J1 B (approximately 100 feet deep) and J6 (200 feet deep) are deeper drilled wells. All wells are sampled yearly.
3.5.1 Field parameters
The pHs for wells J1B and J6 were slightly basic, at 7.07 and 7.08 respectively; pH of J8 was acidic at 4.74. Conductivities were higher for J1B and J6 at 283 uS/em and 260 uS/em respectively. The conductivity for well J8 was 74 uS/em. Temperatures for all three well waters were nearly the same at 19.2 C for J1B, 19.6 C for J6, and 19.4 C for J8. Dissolved oxygen concentrations were highest
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D General recharge area (from Davis et al., 1989)
Sampling station
Figure 3-5. Locations of Stations Monitoring the Jacksonian Aquifer.
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at 8.14 mg/L in water from the shallow well J8 and lowest at 0. 71 mg/L in municipal well J6. Water from domestic well J1B registered a dissolved oxygen content of 5.13 mg/L.
3.5.2 Major Anions, Non-Metals, and Volatile Organic Compounds
Chloride was detected in sample waters from well J1 B (11 mg/L) and well J8 (10 mg/L). Sample water from well J6 contained detectable sulfate (14 mg/L). Nitrate/nitrite was detected in samples from wells J1 B and J8. The content in the J1 B sample at 2.4 mg/L as nitrogen was within the presumably natural range of 3.0 mg/L or less. The content in the J8 sample at 4.8 mg/L as nitrogen was in the human-influenced range of greater than 3 mg/L (Daniels and Messner, 201 0). Phosphorus was detected in water from well J1 B (0.04 mg/L) and in water from well J6 (0.15 mg/L). No VOCs were detected.
3.5.3 Metals by Inductively-Coupled Plasma Spectrometry (ICP)
Waters from all three wells contained detectable aluminum, with the J1B sample registering 310 ug/L, the J6 sample registering 67 ug/L, and the J8 sample registering 110 ug/L. The Secondary MCL for aluminum is a range from 50 ug/L to 200 ug/L, depending on the ability of a treatment system to remove aluminum. Only well J6 is a public well with a treatment system. All three wells gave waters with detectable calcium, with well water from J18 containing 54,000 ug/L, well water from J6 containing 47,000 ug/L, and well water from J8 containing 6,800 ug/L. Waters from all three wells also contained sodium, with water from J1 B containing 4,200 ug/L, from J6 containing 1,800 ug/L, and from J8 containing 3,700 ug/L. Magnesium was detected in samples from two wells, J6 (1 ,400 mg/L) and J8 (1 ,200 ug/L). Well J6 gave a sample containing 76 ug/L iron; and, well J8 gave a sample containing 51 ug/L manganese, which exceeds the Secondary MCL of 50 ug/L.
3.5.4 Metals by Inductively-Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICPMS)
All three wells contained detectable barium, with the sample from J1 B registering 23 ug/L, the sample from J6 registering 8.5 ug/L, and the sample from J8 registering 30 ug/L. The sample from J8 contained a variety of trace metals besides barium: nickel (11 ug/L), zinc (30 ug/L), cadmium (0.96 ug/L), and lead 2.9 ug/L). Samples from the other two wells contained no detectable trace metals other than barium. The cadmium content did not exceed the Primary MCL of 5 ug/l. The lead and zinc and, possibly, the cadmium and nickel were probably leached from materials used to construct the well and its plumbing.
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3.6 FLORIDAN AQUIFER SYSTEM
The Floridan aquifer system is developed predominantly in Eocene and Oligocene limestones and dolostones that underlie most of the Coastal Plain Province. The aquifer is a major source of ground water for much of its outcrop area and throughout its downdip extent to the south and east.
The upper water-bearing units of the Floridan are the Eocene Ocala Group and the Oligocene Suwanee Limestone (Crews and Huddlestun, 1984). These limestones crop out in the Dougherty Plain (a karstic area in southwestern Georgia) and in adjacent areas along strike to the northeast. In parts of Camden and Wayne Counties, the Oligocene unit is absent, and, the upper part of the Floridan is restricted to units of Eocene age (Clarke et al., 1990). The lower permeable zone of the Floridan consists mainly of dolomitic limestone of middle and early Eocene age and pelletal, vuggy, dolomitic limestone of Paleocene age but extends into the late Cretaceous in Glynn County. From its up-dip limit, defined by clays of the Barnwell Group, the aquifer system thickens to well over 700 feet in coastal Georgia. A dense limestone facies along the trend of the Gulf Trough locally limits ground-water quality and availability (Kellam and Gorday, 1990; Applied Coastal Research Laboratory, 2002). The Gulf Trough probably is a filled marine-current channel that extends from southwestern Decatur County through northern Effingham County.
A ground-water divide separates a smaller southwestward flow regime in the Floridan aquifer system in the Dougherty Plain from the large southeastward flow regime in the remainder of Georgia. Rainfall infiltration in outcrop areas and downward leakage from extensive surficial residuum recharge the Dougherty Plain flow system (Hayes et al., 1983). The main body of the Floridan aquifer system to the east is recharged by leakage from the Jacksonian aquifer system and by rainfall infiltration in outcrop areas and in areas where overlying strata are thin. Significant recharge also occurs in the area of Brooks, Echols, Lowndes, Cook, and Lanier Counties, where the Withlacoochee River and numerous sinkholes breach the upper confining units (Krause, 1979).
Monitoring water quality in the Floridan aquifer system made use of 28 wells, with 18 scheduled for sampling on a yearly basis and 10 on a quarterly basis (sampled three times during 2011) (Figure 3-6). The total number of samples collected from the wells was 48. All 28 wells are drilled wells. Twenty four of the wells are local-government owned public supply wells. Two of the wells supply industrial process water. One of the wells is a domestic-type well supplying a church and a pastorium, and, another is a former USGS test well. Depths range from 97 feet (PA49, church well) to 1,211 feet (PA9C, test well). Table A-6 in the Appendix gives field and laboratory results.
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D General recharge area (from Davis et aL, 1989)
Sampling station
Figure 3-6. Locations of Stations Monitoring the Floridan Aquifer System. 3-14

3.6.1 Field parameters
Measurements of pH are available for all samples and ranged from 7.01 (PA39) to 8.49 (PA30). Conductivities are also available for all samples and ranged from 142 uS/em (PA36) to 488 uS/em (PA28). Temperatures are
available for all sampling events and ranged from 20.3 De for well PA27 to 28.1 De for well PA9C. Well PA9C is the deepest of the Floridan wells at 1,211 feet,
so the high temperature reflects the geothermal effect. Thirty seven dissolved oxygen measurements are available from 23 wells. At some stations, dissolved oxygen measurements were not taken because of equipment problems. At well PA14A, the raw water outlet is such that exposure of monitoring water and sampling water to air cannot be avoided.
3.6.2 Major Anions, Non-Metals, and Volatile Organic Compounds
Of the 10 wells scheduled for quarterly sampling, wells PA23, PA28, and PA56 gave eight samples with detectable chloride out of a total of nine samples collected. Levels ranged from undetected to 36 mg/L (PA56). Four wells (PA2, PA4, PA9C, PA13) of the 18 scheduled for annual sampling gave samples with detectable chloride, with concentrations ranging from 11 mg/L (PA2) to 730 mg/L (PA9C) (Secondary MCL of 250 mg/L). The 730 mg/L level occurred in well PA9C and is more than 16 times the next highest concentration of 44 mg/L in the sample from well PA4. Well PA9C derives water from the lower permeable zone of the Floridan aquifer. The remaining 21 wells and 39 samples contained no detectable chloride. Four of the 10 quarterly wells (PA23, PA28, PA29, PA56) gave 12 samples containing detectable sulfate, with concentrations ranging from 19 mg/L (PA6) to 170 mg/L (PA28). Eight of the 18 annual wells gave samples containing detectable sulfate. Levels ranged from 23 mg/L (PA6) to 170 mg/L (PA9C). The remaining six quarterly wells and 10 annual wells gave samples with no detectable sulfate. Wells PA23, PA25, PA28, PA44, and PA56 of the 10 quarterly sampled wells gave 13 samples with detectable nitrate/nitrite. Levels ranged from undetected to 1.7 mg/L (PA25) as nitrogen. Eight annually sampled wells gave samples with detectable nitrate/nitrite. Levels ranged from 0.02 mg/L as nitrogen (PA2) to 2.2 mg/L as nitrogen (PA49). The remaining 15 wells gave samples with no detectable nitrate/nitrite. There is some tendency for shallower wells to give samples with higher levels of nitrate/nitrite. Nitrate/nitrite levels in the samples from each quarterly well tend, as a rule, to be similar to one another. Phosphorus was detected in 41 of 48 samples from 26 of 28 wells. Fourteen of 16 annual wells gave samples with detectable phosphorus. All 10 quarterly wells gave samples with detectable phosphorus, with five giving one sample with no detectable phosphorus. Phosphorus levels ranged up to 0.07 mg/L (PA20, annual) as total phosphorus. Volatile organic compounds were detected in one sample each from wells PA28 (Moultrie #1) and PA44 (Sycamore #2) and in all three samples from well PA23 (Cairo #8). All VOCs detected were from the trihalomethane family of compounds.
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3.6.3 Metals by Inductively-Coupled Plasma Spectrometry (ICP)
ICP analyses found detectable levels of potassium, aluminum, manganese, iron, calcium, magnesium, and sodium. Detectable potassium occurred in only one sample (PA9C). Failure to find detectable potassium in other samples results from the insensitivity of the testing procedure, as indicated by the high reporting limit (5,000 ug/L) for the metal. Detectable aluminum was found in three samples (PA6, PA13, PA20). The levels lie within the 50 ug/L to 200 ug/L Secondary MCL range. Detectable manganese occurred in 12 samples from six wells. Three of the six are sampled quarterly and all samples from each of the three contained detectable manganese. The manganese concentrations in the sample from one of the annually sampled wells (PA18) and in all three samples from one of the quarterly sampled wells (PA34A) exceeded the Secondary MCL of 50 ug/L. The manganese levels in the samples from each of the quarterly sampled wells vary within a restricted range. Iron was detected in 17 samples from nine wells, six of them quarterly wells and three annual wells. Two samples from two wells, annually sampled PA9C and quarterly sampled PA23, exceeded the Secondary MCL of 300 ug/L. The iron contents of samples from two quarterly wells (PA34A and PA36) varied within restricted ranges, while iron contents of samples from two other quarterly wells (PA23 and PA29) varied considerably, with order-of-magnitude differences. Detectable magnesium was found in 27 samples from the 10 quarterly sampled wells and in 17 samples from the 18 annually sampled wells. Magnesium concentrations ranged up to 76,000 ug/L. The three samples from quarterly well PA25 and the sample from annual well PA49 lacked detectable magnesium. Both wells are Floridan recharge area wells. Magnesium levels in samples from the quarterly wells seem to vary within relatively narrow limits. Calcium was detected in all samples from the 28 Floridan wells. Concentrations ranged from 22,000 ug/L (PA2) to 100,000 ug/L (PA9C). For samples from quarterly wells, calcium concentrations seem to fall within narrow ranges.
3.6.4 Metals by Inductively-Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICPMS)
ICPMS analysis found detectable chromium, copper, zinc, arsenic, molybdenum, ba'rium, and lead in the Floridan samples. The single chromium detection occurred in a sample taken shortly after quarterly well PA44 and its associated plumbing underwent maintenance. The sample also contained some trihalomethanes, presumably from post-maintenance disinfection of the well and its plumbing. Three samples contained detectable copper. Two were from quarterly wells PA14A and PA23, and, one from annual well PA9C. Wells PA9C and PA23 also gave the only two samples containing detectable zinc. Arsenic, at levels below the Primary MCL, was found in two samples from quarterly well PA23 but in no others. Molybdenum was detected in all six samples from two quarterly wells PA23 and PA56. Barium was detected in all samples from all wells and ranged in concentration from 3.9 ug/L to 200 ug/L. Barium seems to be
3-16

more abundant in samples from wells of a 400-foot to 700-foot depth range. Lead was detected in 10 samples from nine wells, with four of the wells being quarterly. All detections were below the action level of 15 ug/L. Eleven samples from seven wells contained detectable uranium. Quarterly wells PA44 and PA56 always gave samples with detectable uranium, while quarterly wells PA23 and PA29 did so occasionally. No samples exceeded the 30 ug/L Primary MCL for uranium.
3.7 MIOCENE/SURFICIAL AQUIFER SYSTEM
The Miocene/Surficial aquifer system is developed in sands of the Miocene Hawthorne Group and of the Pliocene Miccosukee and Cypresshead Formations of the Georgia Coastal Palin. The Hawthorne Group covers most of the Coastal Plain and consists predominantly of sand and clay (Huddlestun, 1988), although carbonate rocks and phosphorites may locally be significant (Huddlestun, 1988; Clarke et al., 1990). Clarke et al. (1990) note that three sequences consisting of a basal dense phosphatic limestone layer, a middle clay layer, and an upper sand layer typify the Miocene section in the Atlantic coastal area (from the coast to about 45 miles inland). The sand layers in the two lowermost of the sequences host the lower and upper Brunswick aquifers, which are included in the Miocene/Surficial aquifer system of this report. The Cypresshead Formation overlies the Hawthorne Group in the Atlantic coastal area and consists, in up-dip areas, predominantly of fine- to coarse- grained quartz sand and, in down-dip areas, interbedded fine sand and clay (Huddlestun, 1988). In the Coastal Plain of far south central and southwestern Georgia, the Miccosukee Formation overlies the Hawthorne Group (Huddlestun, 1988). The Miccosukee Formation consists predominantly of sand but contains some clay. The characteristic lithology consists of thin-bedded to laminated fine to medium sand with scattered layers or laminae of clay. Also included in the aquifer system are Pleistocene arkosic sands and gravels interbedded with clays and Holocene sands and gravels interbedded with muds. The upper part of the aquifer system is unconfined, whereas the deeper parts of the system may be locally confined and under artesian conditions.
Six wells-- Ml1, MI2A, MI9A, MI10B, Ml16, and Ml17 --were used to monitor the Miocene/Surficial aquifer system (Figure 3-7). Wells Ml1, MI2A, MI9A, and Ml1 OB are private domestic wells, with MI9A and Ml1 OB no longer being used as drinking water sources. Ml16 is used for general purposes at a fire station. Ml17 originated as a geologic bore hole that became a flowing well. It is currently used both as a domestic water source and as an augmentation well for maintaining a pond. MI2A and MI9A are bored wells. The remainder are drilled wells. Depths are known for three wells, with MI9A at about 25 feet, Ml17 at 120 feet, and Ml16 at 400 feet. All wells are sampled yearly.
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o!._.__ __..<l40 MIU!S
D General recharge area (from O'Connell and Davis, 1991)
Sampling station Figure 3-7. Locations of Stations Monitoring the Miocene/Surficial Aquifer System.
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3.7.1 Field parameters
The pHs of the sample waters range from 4.44 to 8.05. MI2A and Ml108 gave acidic water (MI2A at 4.44 and Ml108 at 6.47). The remaining wells gave basic water (maximum is 8.05 for Ml16). Conductivities ranged from 71 uS/em (MI108) to 235
uS/em (MI1 ). Temperatures ranged from 19 De (MI17) to 23.6 De (MI16). The 23.6 De temperature probably has a geothermal component; as well Ml16 is 400 feet deep.
Dissolved oxygen data are available for five wells and range from 0.04 (MI17) to 5.94 (MI2A). Valid dissolved oxygen measurements cannot be made on the sixth well, MI9A, since it must be sampled with a bailer.
3.7.2 Major Anions, Non-Metals, and Volatile Organic Compounds
Chloride was detected in samples from the two bored wells MI2A (15 mg/L) and MI9A (11 mg/L). The sample from the deepest Miocene well, Ml16, provided the only sulfate detection, at 35 mg/L. Nitrate/nitrite was detected in sample waters from three wells. The two bored wells, MI2A and MI9A, gave samples with nitrate/nitrite levels in the human-influenced range (Daniels and Messner, 201 0), respectively, 6.10 mg/L as nitrogen and 7.50 mg/L as nitrogen. The level in the sample from drilled well Ml1 08 was within the natural range (not detected to 3 mg/L as nitrogen) at 0.02 mg/L as nitrogen. Detectable phosphorus was found in samples from all wells except bored well MI2A. The concentrations ranged from 0.02 mg/L to 0.45 mg/L. None of the samples contained detectable VOCs.
3.7.3 Metals by Inductively-Coupled Plasma Spectrometry (ICP)
Samples from all six wells contained calcium, magnesium, and sodium. Calcium levels ranged from 4,600 ug/L (MI2A) to 52,000 ug/L (MI16). The high calcium content (35,000 ug/L) of the sample from bored well MI9A may reflect recent repairs to the grout seal and concrete pad of a nearby drilled well. Magnesium levels ranged from 1,900 ug/L (MI17) to 17,000 ug/L (MI16). Sodium levels ranged from 4,500 ug/L (MI2A) to 18,000 ug/L (MI16). The highest concentrations of all three metals occurred in the sample from the deep drilled well Ml16. The lowest levels of calcium and sodium occurred in the sample from the bored well M12A. Iron was detected in samples from wells Ml1 (25 ug/L), MI2A (22 ug/L), and Ml1 08 (3,000 ug/L). This last value far exceeds the Secondary MCL for iron of 300 ug/L. Manganese was found in samples from two wells, MI2A (14 ug/L) and MI10B (97 ug/L). The 97 ug/L level exceeds the Secondary MCL for manganese of 50 ug/L. The high iron and manganese levels in water from drilled well Ml1 08 are the reason the residents ceased using the water for household purposes, i.e., cooking, drinking, and laundering. None of the samples contained detectable aluminum, beryllium, cobalt, titanium, or vanadium.
3-19

3.7.4 Metals by Inductively-Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICPMS)
ICPMS analyses found detectable copper, zinc, selenium, barium, and lead in the Miocene aquifer samples. All six samples contained detectable barium, which ranged in concentration from 17 ug/L (MI16) to 190 ug/L (MI10B). Zinc was detected in samples from well Ml1 (39 ug/L) and MI10B (96 ug/L). Detectable lead occurred in samples from bored well MI2A (11 ug/L) and Ml1 08 (3.7 ug/L). The sample from bored well MI2A contained copper at a level of 7.1 ug/L. The sample from drilled well MI10B contained selenium at a level of 14 ug/L. The copper, lead, and zinc in the water samples were likely derived from plumbing. Selenium at detectable levels is rare in Georgia's ground water. None of these metals exceeded MCLs or action levels.
3.8 PIEDMONT/BLUE RIDGE AQUIFER SYSTEM
The Piedmont/Blue Ridge aquifer system in Georgia is part of the Piedmont and mountain aquifer system that extends from New Jersey into Alabama (Daniel and Harned, 1997). The system is unconfined or semiconfined and is composed of two major hydrogeologic units: regolith and fractured bedrock (Heath, 1980; Daniel and Harned, 1997).
The regolith comprises a veneer of soil, or, in and near stream bottoms, alluvium, which is underlain by saprolite. Saprolite is bedrock that has undergone extensive chemical weathering in place. Downward percolating, typically acidic, ground water leaches alkali and alkaline earth and certain other metals from micas, feldspars, and other minerals composing the original rock, leaving behind a clay-rich residual material. Textures and structures of the original rock are usually well-preserved, with the saprolite appearing as a "rotten" version of the original rock. The regolith is characterized by high, mostly primary porosity (35% to 55%) (Daniel and Harned, 1997) and serves as the reservoir that feeds water into the underlying fractured bedrock. Saprolite grades downward through a transition zone consisting of saprolite and partially weathered bedrock with lumps of fresh bedrock into fresh bedrock.
The fractured bedrock hydrologic unit is developed in igneous and metamorphic rocks. In contrast to the regolith, the porosity in such rocks is almost totally secondary, consisting of fractures and solution-enlarged voids. In the North Carolina Piedmont, Daniel and Harned (1997) found 1% to 3% porosity typical for bedrock. Fractures consist of faults, breaks in the rock with differential displacement between the broken sections, and joints, breaks in the rock with little or no differential displacement (Heath, 1980). Fractures tend to be wider and more numerous closer to the top of the bedrock; Daniel and Harned (1997) noted that at about 600 feet, pressure from the overlying rock column becomes too great and fractures are held shut. Fractures in schistose rocks consist mainly
3-20

of a network of fine, hair-line cracks which yield water slowly. Those in more massive rocks (e.g. granitic rocks, diabases, gneisses, marbles, quartzites) tend to be more open and are subject to conduit flow. Thus wells intersecting massive-rock fractures are able to yield far larger amounts of water than regolith wells. Fractures can be concentrated along fault zones, shear zones, lategeneration fold axes, foliation planes, lithologic contacts, compositional layers, or intrusion boundaries.
Sixteen wells and two springs were used to monitor water quality in the Piedmont/Blue Ridge aquifer system (Figure 3-8). Of the 16 wells, 11 are drilled public supply wells, four are drilled domestic wells, and one is a bored domestic well. One of the springs is a public supply spring and the other is a mineral spring at a State park. The State park spring and the following wells are scheduled for sampling on a quarterly basis: public supply wells BR1 B, P21, P23, P32, P33, and P34; domestic drilled well P32; and domestic bored well P33. Wells P32, P33, and P34, though scheduled for quarterly sampling, were recent additions to the network and were sampled only once during 2011. Stations BR1 B, P12A, P21, and P23, were sampled twice. The remaining stations are sampled on a yearly basis. Where their depths are known, wells deriving water from the bedrock aquifer range in depth from 150 feet to 600 feet. Domestic bored well P33, the only regolith well, is 47 feet deep. While sample waters were supposed to be raw water, the sample from well P37 was probably taken inadvertently from a spigot downstream of a water softening unit.
3.8.1 Field parameters
Twenty two pH measurements from 18 stations are available for the Piedmont/Blue Ridge aquifer system. The pHs ranged from 4.70 to 8.31, with six samples being basic. Of the stations sampled twice, P12A was consistently basic and P21 consistently acidic, while P21 gave two divergent acidic samples and BR1 B was consistently near neutral, giving a slightly basic sample and a slightly acidic one. The single regolith-derived sample (P33) was acidic. Conductivity measurements are available for 22 samples from 18 stations. Conductivities ranged from 17 uS/em (P22) to 382 uS/em (P32). Temperatures
are available for all sampled waters and range from 14.9 De (BR5) to 19.6 De
(P12A). The sample waters with the three coolest temperature readings are located in the Blue Ridge physiographic province; spring BR5 issues from the side of Fort Mountain east of Chatsworth. Most of the warmest sample water temperatures occur in the Piedmont, particularly the more southerly portions. Spring 12A is low-flow, 0.1 gallons per minute or less, which gives the water in the spring pool more time to interact with the atmosphere and warm up or cool off according to the air temperature. Geothermally elevated temperatures are not readily apparent for any sample waters. Dissolved oxygen measurements are available for 14 sample waters from 11 stations. Dissolved oxygen levels ranged from 0.77 mg/L (P21) to 10.69 mg/L (BR5). Springs BR5 and P12A gave samples
3-21

~---D Gener.alr:echar:ge _ar_ea--(fr_oma.Co.nnell andDavis,__j99._1_~
e Sampling station
Figure 3-8. Locations of Stations Monitoring the Piedmont/Blue Ridge Aquifer System .
3-22

with the two highest dissolved oxygen readings. The high readings were due atmospheric contact with water in the spring pools upstream of the sampling points and should not be considered valid measurements of the oxygen content of the water before it emerges into the spring pools.
3.8.2 Major Anions, Non-Metals, and Volatile Organic Compounds
All samples received testing for chloride, sulfate, nitrate/nitrite, total phosphorus, and VOCs. Samples from spring P12A and well P23, both located at Indian Springs State Park, received testing for fluoride. Detectable chloride was found in five samples from three stations. Four samples from two of these stations, spring P12A and well P21, each contained chloride in the 10 to 12 mg/L range. Well P37 gave the sample with the highest chloride level at 100 mg/L. As noted above, softening apparatus could have caused the high chloride content in sample water from P37. Fluoride levels for both samples from well P23 registered at 1.1 mg/L. Fluoride levels for the two samples from spring P12A slightly exceeded the Primary MCL of 4 mg/L. In the past, the spring has consistently given water with fluoride in the 4 mg/L to 5 mg/L range. Sulfate was detected in nine samples from six stations, with the highest concentration (220 mg/L) occurring in a sample from well P32. Twice-sampled wells BR1 B and P21 and spring P12A accounted for six of the samples showing sulfate. Well BR1 B and spring P12A each gave subsequent samples whose sulfate levels were similar to original samples from the same station. Well P21 gave samples with widely differing sulfate values. Nitrate/nitrite remained below detection in the sample from well P32 and in both samples from spring P12A. All other samples contained detectable nitrate/nitrite with levels ranging from 0.02 mg/L as nitrogen (P35) to 1.7 mg/L as nitrogen (P40). All samples except those from wells P32 and P38 and one sample from spring P12A contained detectable phosphorus. Concentrations ranged up to 0.16 mg/L for the sample from well P34. The sample from spring P12A that did contain detectable phosphorus did so at the reporting limit (0.02 mg/L). Well P37 gave the only sample to contain VOCs, chloroform at 0. 77 ug/L (Primary MCL for total trihalomethanes is 80 ug/L).
3.8.3 Metals by Inductively-Coupled Plasma Spectrometry {ICP)
ICP analysis found detectable aluminum, calcium, iron, magnesium, manganese, and sodium. Aluminum was detected in two samples, one from bored well P33 and one from drilled well P38. The aluminum level (530 ug/L) in the sample from well P33 greatly exceeded the Secondary MCL range of 50 to 200 ug/L. The aluminum level in the sample from well P38 lay within that range. Calcium was found in all samples except for the ones from wells P22 and P37. The sample from P37 may have passed through a softener. The highest calcium level occurred in the sample from well P32 (160,000 ug/L). Magnesium was detected in 17 samples from 22 stations. Magnesium contents of sample waters ranged up to 9,500 ug/L (P21 ). The sample from well P37, which contained no
3-23

detectable magnesium, may have passed through a softener. Subsequent samples from multiply sampled stations P12A, P23, and BR1B had magnesium concentrations that were similar to those of the original samples. The subsequent sample from twice-sampled well P21 contained nearly three times the magnesium of the original sample. Four samples from three wells contained detectable iron. Iron in the sample from bored well P33 and in one of the samples from drilled well P23 exceeded the Secondary MCL of 300 ug/L. The other sample from drilled well P23 and the one from well P35 contained iron at levels below the MCL. Manganese was detected in 11 samples from nine stations, with a maximum concentration of 110 ug/L (P35). Well P21 (two samples) and well P35 yielded samples with concentrations above the Secondary MCL (50 ug/L). Spring P12A and well BR1B each gave subsequent samples with similar manganese concentrations to original samples from each station. Sodium was present in all samples and ranged from 2,100 ug/L in the sample from well P22 to 110,000 ug/L in the sample from well P37. Sample water from P37 may have travelled through a softener. The next highest sodium concentrations occurred in two samples from spring P12A, at 35,000 ug/L and 38,000 ug/L. For the five multiply sampled wells, sodium levels in subsequent samples from each well are similar to those of original samples.
3.8.4 Metals by Inductively-Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICPMS)
ICPMS analysis found detectable copper, zinc, molybdenum, barium, lead, and uranium in the PiedmonUBiue Ridge samples. Copper occurred in four samples from four wells, with a maximum level of 28 ug/L in the sample from well P29. Testing found zinc in six samples from five wells, with a maximum of 170 ug/L in P29. Three samples from three wells (P29, P33, P34) containing detectable copper also contained detectable lead. Well P23 gave one sample of two that contained both detectable zinc and lead. A single sample, one from well P29, contained detectable molybdenum. Barium remained undetected in a sample from well P37 and in both samples from spring P12A. All other stations gave samples with detectable barium, with the maximum of 78 ug/L occurring in the sample from well BR1 B. Sample water from P37 probably passed through a softener. Lead was detected in seven samples from seven wells. The maximum level was 14 ug/L found in the sample from well P29. The well is domestic but not used for drinking water. For two twice-sampled wells, P21 and P23, one sample contained detectable lead while the other did not. Testing found uranium in 12 samples from nine wells. The maximum level of 200 ug/L in the sample from well P29 exceeds the Primary MCL of 30 ug/L and far exceeds the second highest level, 13 ug/L in the sample from well P32. The sample water from well P29 contained visible fine sediment, so whether the uranium was in particulate form rather than in solution remains unknown.
3-24

3.9 VALLEY AND RIDGE/APPALACHIAN PLATEAU AQUIFERS
As in the Piedmont/Blue Ridg~ Province, a regolithic mantle of soil and residuum derived from weathered bedrock blankets much of the Valley and Ridge/Appalachian Plateau Province of northwestern Georgia. Where the water table lies within the mantle above carbonate bedrock, the mantle yields soft, slightly acidic water ("freestone" water) sufficient for domestic and light agricultural use (Cressler et al., 1976; 1979). The mantle also acts as a reservoir, supplying water to the underlying bedrock. The bedrock, however, supplies most of the useful ground water in the provinces. Bedrock in the province is sedimentary, comprising limestones, dolostones, shales, siltstones, mudstones, cherts, and sandstones. Bedrock primary porosity in the province is very low, leaving fractures and solution-enlarged voids as the main water-bearing structures. The bedrock in the province has experienced extensive faulting and folding, particularly in the Valley and Ridge sector. Such tectonism has proliferated fracturing. Fractures in limestones and dolostones can become enlarged by dissolution, greatly increasing their ability to store water. Zones of intense fracturing in carbonate bedrock give rise to broad valleys with thick regolith and gentle slopes, and, bedrock beneath such valleys presents a copious source of ground water. The extensive faulting and folding has also served to prevent the development of areally extensive ground-water flow regimes that are characteristic of the sediments of the Coastal Plain.
Monitoring water quality in the Valley and Ridge/Appalachian Plateau aquifers made use of four springs and two drilled wells, all in the Valley and Ridge sector. (Figure 3-9). Springs VR2A, VR8, and VR 10 are public supply springs; and, spring VR3 is a former public supply spring. Well VR1 is a public supply well, and, well VR6A is an industrial process water source. Spring VR8 is scheduled for sampling on a quarterly basis and wa's sampled twice in 2011, while the other stations are sampled on a yearly basis.
3.9.1 Field parameters
Sample water pHs ranged from 6.85 for spring VR2A to 7.54 for spring VR8 . All sample waters except for that from spring VR2A were slightly basic. The pHs of both sample waters from spring VR8 were similar. Conductivities ranged from 243 uS/em (VR1) to 301 uS/em (VR2A). Dissolved oxygen measurements are available for wells VR1 (7.29 mg/L) and VR6A (5.58 mg/L). Dissolved oxygen measurements were also taken at the springs; however, due to atmospheric exposure at the spring heads and in spring pools, these measurements do not validly represent oxygen levels in the water prior to discharge. The temperature of sample waters from well VR1 was 16.4 C and from well VR6A was 17.8 C. Temperatures are available for waters from the springs, however, these temperatures may have been altered from those at the spring heads by contact with the surface environment.
3-25

D . General recharge area (from Davis et al., 1989) e Sampling station
Figure 3-9. Locations of Stations Monitoring the Valley and Ridge/Appalachian Plateau Aquifers.
3-26

3.9.2 Major Anions, Non-Metals, and Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)
Neither chloride nor sulfate was detected in any of the sample waters. Nitrate/nitrite was present in all of the sample waters and ranged from 0.63 mg/L as nitrogen (VR1) to 1.70 mg/L as nitrogen (VR2A and VR10). Nitrate/nitrite levels in the two samples from VR8 were similar to each other. Phosphorus, at a level of 0.02 mg/L was detected in samples from well V6A and spring VR2A. The sample from well VR6A was the only one to contain VOCs. The compounds consisted of: 1, 1-dichloroethylene at 2.0 ug/L (Primary MCL = 7 ug/L),
= tetrachloroethylene at 2.8 ug/L (Primary MCL 5 ug/L), p-dichlorobenzene at 0.7 = ug/L (Primary MCL 75 ug/L), and a-dichlorobenzene at 2.7 ug/L (Primary MCL =600 ug/L).
3.9.3 Metals by Inductively-Coupled Plasma Spectrometry (ICP)
ICP analysis found calcium, magnesium, and sodium in all samples. Detectable iron was present in samples from spring VR2A and spring VR1 0, both at levels below the Secondary MCL of 300 ug/L. The VR2A sample was the only one to contain detectable manganese, again, at a level below the Secondary MCL. Calcium levels ranged from 28,000 ug/L (VR1) to 41,000 ug/L (VR2A). Magnesium levels ranged from 12,000 ug/L (VR1 0) to 17,000 ug/L (VR6A). Sodium levels ranged from 1,100 ug/L (VR3) to 5,900 ug/L (VR6A).
3.9.4 Metals by Inductively-Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICPMSJ
ICPMS analysis found barium and lead. Detectable barium was present in all samples and ranged from 9.7 ug/L (VR1) to 500 ug/L (VR6A). All samples save the one from VR6A have barium levels below 100 ug/L. Well VR6A furnishes process water to a firm that manufactures barium and strontium compounds and is situated in an area that sees active barite mining. Lead at a level of 7.2 ug/L was found in the sample from spring VR10. Untreated water from the spring is currently drawn from a spigot in the treatment house, about 70 feet south of the spring head, thus plumbing may be responsible for the lead content.
3-27

CHAPTER 4 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
EPD personnel collected 99 water samples from 71 wells and six springs on the Ground-Water Monitoring Network during the calendar year 2011. The samples were analyzed for VOCs, chloride, sulfate, nitrate/nitrite, total phosphorus, 15 trace metals by ICPMS analysis, and 11 mostly major metals by ICP analysis. Waters from two neighboring stations in the central Piedmont received analyses for fluoride because one of the stations was known to produce water with excessive levels of that ion. These wells and springs monitor the water quality of eight major aquifers and aquifer systems in Georgia:
Cretaceous/Providence aquifer system
Clayton aquifer
Claiborne aquifer
Jacksonian aquifer
Floridan aquifer system
Miocene aquifer system
Piedmont/Blue Ridge aquifer system
Valley and Ridge/Appalachian Plateau aquifers
A review of the analyses of the water samples collected during calendar year 2011 indicates that the chemical quality of ground water obtained for most of the Ground-water Monitoring Network stations is quite good. Previous studies (Donahue et al., 2012; 2013) concerning uranium in Piedmont/Blue Ridge ground waters and arsenic in Floridan ground waters in the vicinity of the Gulf Trough indicate that each of these areas has an increased risk for encountering low quality ground water. Studies primarily by the USGS (Foyle et al., 2001; Krause and Clarke, 2001) point out saline water contamination in the coastal part of the Floridan. Table 4-1 lists the contaminants and pollutants detected at stations of the Network during the calendar year 2011.
4.1 PRIMARY MCL VIOLATIONS FOR 2011
The Primary MCL violations for the calendar year 2011 sampling involved uranium, lead, and fluoride (see Table 4-1 ). Station P29, a domestic non-potable well at Conyers, Rockdale County, gave a sample registering a uranium level of
4-1

200 ug/L. Purging the well stirred up much sediment, so how much of the uranium was dissolved and how much was particulate couldn't be determined. The area is underlain by metamorphic bedrock. Station K9A, a public well at Marshallville, Macon County, gave a water sample containing 330 ug/L of lead. The spigot used to draw the sample sees little use. Experience suggests that the lead originated from plumbing and did not represent the true lead level in ambient water at that station. Excessive fluoride, at 4.4 mg/L on one occasion and 4.6 mg/L on another, was detected in water from mineral spring P12A at Indian Springs State Park, Butts County. The fluoride is natural, and, the spring has a history of producing high-fluoride water. DNR staff typically warns people collecting water there about the risks of drinking it.
Various analytes were detected during the 2011 sampling which have Primary MCLs imposed on them, although they never exceeded such MCLs. These consist of nitrate/nitrite, various VOCs (see Table 4-2), barium, arsenic, and copper. Nitrate/nitrite has exceeded its Primary MCL in samples from past Circular 12 studies but not in the current one. Only three wells gave water with nitrate/nitrite concentrations outside the "natural" range of 3 mg/L or less as
nitrogen (Daniels and Mesner, 201 0). Wells J8 (nitrate/nitrite = 4.8 mgN/L), MI2A
= = (nitrate/nitrite 6.1 mgN/L), and MI9A (nitrate/nitrite 7.5 mgN/L) are all shallow
bored wells. Well J8 is in the Jacksonian recharge area, while the other two tap the Miocene.
VOCs were found in seven samples from five wells (see Table 4-2). None exceeded their respective Primary MCLs. The trihalomethanes (chloroform, bromodichloromethane, chlorodibromomethane, and bromoform) were the most widely occurring of the VOCs. These compounds result from halogen-bearing disinfectants reacting with organic matter naturally present in the water. Two scenarios accompany the occurrence of the compounds. The first involves disinfection of well and plumbing components incident to maintenance or repairs, as had happened in 2011 with Moultrie #1 and Sycamore #2. The second scenario involves leaking check valves or foot valves that allow disinfectant-treated water to flow back down the well when pumps are off. The Chemical Products Corporation South Well yielded sample water containing chlorinated ethylene and chlorinated benzene compounds. The former are used as solvents; the latter are used mainly as disinfectants, fumigants, pesticides, and starting compounds for agricultural chemicals (p-dichlorobenzene is familiar as mothballs and urinal cakes).
Owing to the sensitivity of analytical methods involving ICPMS, barium has been detected at low levels in nearly all of Georgia's ground water. Ground water containing barium approaching or exceeding the Primary MCL had been a problem only at the old in-town well field at Fitzgerald, Ben Hill County. The intown well field has been closed since 1995.
4-2

Table 4-1. Pollution and Contaminant Incidents, Calendar Year 2011

Station Contaminant/Pollutant MCL

Type Source

Date Sampled

Primary MCL Violations

P29

Uranium = 200 ug/L 30 ug/L

K9A P12A P12A

Lead= 330 ug/L Fluoride = 4.4 mg/L Fluoride= 4.6 mg/L

15 ug/L 4mg/L 4mg/L

domestic

non-

potable

public

mineral spring

mineral spring

09/29/11
09/28111 06/22/11 09/28/11

Secondary MCL Violations

P21 P21 P35 CL4A CL8 J8 MilOB

Manganese= 78 ug/L Manganese = 93 ug/L Manganese = 110 ug/L Manganese = 69 ug/L Manganese= 56 ug/L Manganese = 51 ug/L Manganese = 97 ug/L

PA18 PA34A PA34A PA34A P23 P33

Manganese= 55 ug/L Manganese = 88 ug/L Manganese= 98 ug/L Manganese = 97 ug/L Iron= 430 ug/L Iron= 530 ug/L

K6 CL4A CL8 MilOB

Iron = 320 ug/L Iron = 1900 ug/L Iron = 850 ug/L Iron= 3,000 ug/L

PA9C PA23 P33

Iron= 330 ug/L Iron= 320 ug/L Aluminum= 530 ug/L

K11A K12 JIB PA9C PA9C

Aluminum = 290 ug/L Aluminum = 460 ug/L Aluminum = 31 0 ug/L Sulfate = 260 mg/L Chloride= 730 mg/L

50 ug/L

public

50 ug/L

_public

50 ug/L

domestic

50 ug/L

public

50 ug/L

domestic

50 ug/L

domestic

50 ug/L

domestic

potable

50 ug/L

public

50 ug/L

public

50 ug/L

public

50 ug/L

public

300 ug/L

public

300 ug/L

domestic

potable

300 ug/L

industrial

300 ug/L

public

300 ug/L

domestic

300 ug/L

domestic

potable

300 ug/L

(former) test

300 ug/L

public

50-200 ug/L domestic

potable

50-200 ug/L public

50-200 ug/L public

50-200 ug/L domestic

250 mg/L

(former) test

250 mg/L

(former) test

06/22111 09/28/11 10/26/11 12/14111 04/27111 04/14111 non- 08/09/11
05/11/11 05/12/11 08/09/11 11/17/11 09/28/11 non- 10/26/11
12/21111 12/14/11 04/27/11 non- 08/90/11
05/25/11 03/17/11 non- 10/26111
04/27/11 04/27/11 04/14/11 05/25/11 05/25/11

The alphabetic prefix in a station number indicates the aquifer/aquifer system tapped: CL=Claibome, J=Jacksonian, K=Cretaceous, P=Piedmont/Blue Ridge, PA=Floridan.

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Arsenic was the subject of a study in South Georgia, resulting in the publication of Circular 12X (Donahue et al., 2013). City of Cairo Well #8 (station GA-2) was sampled for that study, producing sample water with an arsenic level of 6.7 ug/L For the current study, The well (now station PA23) produced two samples during the calendar year 2011 that contained detectable arsenic. A third sample contained no detectable arsenic. .
Copper was found in sample waters from 15 stations, though not in excess of its action level. Three samples with detectable copper came from wells drawing from the Floridan aquifer. The sample waters' pHs were basic. Twelve samples with detectable copper came from the Miocene, Piedmont/Blue Ridge, Clayton, and Cretaceous/Providence aquifers and aquifer systems. The pHs of the sample waters were acidic. Like lead, copper in most samples is derived from plumbing; therefore the copper levels in those samples are not truly representative of those in the ambient ground water.
Chromium, nickel, and selenium were detected in one sample each and all were well below their Primary MCLs.
4.2 SECONDARY MCL VIOLATIONS FOR 2011
Manganese, iron, and aluminum were the analytes that were responsible for most of the Secondary MCL violations (see Table 4-1 ). Manganese was the most common offender, with 11 samples from eight wells containing the metal above its Secondary MCL. Iron was the next worst, with eight samples from eight wells registering excesses. Aluminum excesses occurred in four samples from four wells. Excessive chloride and excessive sulfate were the least common, with one sample from well PA9C containing both ions at levels above their respective Secondary MCLs. All of these contaminants are naturally occurring, although iron and, possibly, some manganese could be, in part, leached from plumbing. Well 9C, located in the Brunswick area, draws from the lower Floridan, which is subject to contamination from connate brines in that area. Zinc did not exceed its Secondary MCL in any samples. However, like copper and lead, zinc is, in most cases, likely leached from galvanized steel and brasses which see use in plumbing.
4.3 VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS FOR 2011
Table 4-2 lists the stations experiencing contamination from volatile organic compounds (VOCs), all at levels below applicable Primary MCLs. Four of the five wells affected gave samples containing trihalomethanes which originate as disinfection byproducts. The four wells are all public supply wells. In the cases of wells PA44 and PA28, trihalomethane contamination probably resulted from well overhaul and maintenance, as halogen-bearing disinfectants
4-4

are typically used to perform the required cleaning of the well plumbing before placing the wells back in service. In the case of well PA23, trihalomethane contamination is ongoing, suggesting that a check valve or foot valve is not seating properly and is allowing treated water back down the well and into the aquifer.
The fifth well, industrial process water well VR6A, was contaminated with 1,1dichloroethylene, perchloroethylene, a-dichlorobenzene, and p-dichlorobenzene. The facility is located in an industrial area and is within about two miles of former and current landfills. Cressler et al. (1979) had warned of the danger of using unlined worked-out barite pits for waste disposal in the Cartersville area because of the karstic bedrock. The source of the VOCs thus is uncertain.
4.4 pH The pHs of the sample waters in the updip portions of the Jacksonian,
Clayton, Claiborne, and, particularly, the Cretaceous/Providence are among the most acidic encountered in the current study. Such waters can be quite corrosive to metal plumbing and are probably responsible for detections of copper, lead, and zinc and for lead exceedances in sample waters from these areas.
4-5

Table 4-2. VOC Pollution Incidents, Calendar Year 2011

Station
P37 PA23 PA23 PA23 PA28
PA44
VR6A

Contaminant/Pollutant
chlorofom1 = 0.77 ug/L chlorofom1 = 1.1 ug/L bromodichloromethane = 1.2 ug/L chlorobibromomethane=1.4 ug/L chloroform= 1.3 ug/L bromodichloromethane= 1.0 ug/L chlorobibromomethane= 1.1 ug/L chloroform=2.3 ug/L bromodichloromethane= 1.4 ug/L chlorodibromomethane= 1.2 ug/L chloroform = 1.2 ug/L bromoform = 1. 8 ug/L bromodichloromethane = 1.3 ug/L chlorodibromomethane = 2.0 ug/L chloroform= 6.6 ug/L bromoform= 0.62 ug/L bromodichloromethane = 3.9 ug/L chlorodibromomethane = 2.5 ug/L i, i -dichloroethylene = 2.0 ug/L tetrachloroethylene= 2.8J.!g/L 1,4-dichlorobenzene = 0.71 ug/L 1,2-dichlorobenzene = 2.7 ug/L

Primary

MCL

total

trihalo-

methanes

= 80 ug/L

"

II

Type Source
public public
public

Date Sampled
10/26/11 03/17/ 11
08/10/ 11

"

" public

10/27111

II

" public

08/09/ 11

II

" public

10/26/11

7ug/L 5ug/L 75 ug/L 600 ug/L

industrial 08/25/11

The alphabetic prefix in a station number indicates the aquifer/aquifer system tapped: P =Piedmont/Blue Ridge, PA = Floridan, VR=Valley and Ridge/Appalachia Plateau.

4-6

CHAPTER 5 LIST OF REFERENCES
Applied Coastal Research Laboratory, Georgia Southern University, 2002, Gulf Trough and Satilla Line Data Analysis, Georgia Geologic Survey Project Report 48, 14 p., 1 pl.
Brooks, R., Clarke, J.S. and Faye, R.E., 1985, Hydrology of the Gordon Aquifer System of East-Central Georgia: Georgia Geologic Survey Information Circular 75, 41 p., 2 pl.
Clarke, J.S., Faye, R.E., and Brooks, R., 1983, Hydrogeology of the Providence Aquifer of Southwest Georgia: Georgia Geologic Survey Hydrologic Atlas 11' 5 pl.
Clarke, J.S., Faye, R.E., and Brooks, R., 1984, Hydrogeology of the Clayton Aquifer of Southwest Georgia: Georgia Geologic Survey Hydrologic Atlas 13, 6 pl.
Clarke, J.S., Brooks, R., and Faye, R.E., 1985, Hydrogeology of the Dublin and Midville Aquifer Systems of East Central Georgia: Georgia Geologic Survey Information Circular 74, 62 p., 2 pl.
Clarke, J.S., Hacke, C.M., and Peck, M.F., 1990, Geology and Ground-Water Resources of the Coastal Plain of Georgia: Georgia Geologic Survey Bulletin 113, 116 p., 12 pl.
Clarke, J.S., Falls, W.F., Edwards, L.E., Fredriksen, N.O., Bybell, L.M., Gibson, T.G., Gohn, G.S., and Fleming, F., 1996, Hydrogeologic Data and Aquifer Interconnection in a Multi-Aquifer System in Coastal Plain Sediments Near Millhaven, Screven County, Georgia: Georgia Geologic Survey Information Circular 99, 49 p., 1 pl.
Cressler, C.W., Franklin, M.A., and Hester, W.G., 1976, Availability of Water Supplies in Northwest Georgia: Georgia Geologic Survey Bulletin 91, 140 p.
Cressler, C.W., Blanchard, Jr., H.E., and Hester, W.G., 1979, Geohydrology of Bartow, Cherokee, and Forsyth Counties, Georgia: Georgia Geologic Survey Information Circular 50, 45 p., 5 pl.
Crews, P.A. and Huddlestun, P.F., 1984, Geologic Sections of the Principal Artesian Aquifer System, in Hydrogeologic Evaluation for Underground Injection Control in the Coastal Plain of Georgia: Georgia Geologic Survey Hydrologic Atlas 10, 41 pl.
5-1

Daniel Ill, C.C., and Harned, D., 1997: Ground-Water Recharge to and Storage in the Regolith-Crystalline Rock Aquifer System, Guilford County, North Carolina: USGS Water Resources Investigations Report 97-4140, 65 p.
Daniels, B., and Mesner, N., 2010, Drinking Water Facts: Nitrate: Utah State University Water Quality Extension, 4 p.
Davis, K.R., Donahue, J.C., Hutcheson, R.H., and Waldrop, D.L., 1989, Most Significant Ground-Water Recharge Areas of Georgia: Georgia Geologic Survey Hydrologic Atlas 18, 1 pl.
Davis, K.R., 1990, Water Quality in Georgia for 1988: Georgia Geologic Survey Circular 12E, 99 p.
Donahue, J.C., Kibler, S.R., and Chumbley, A.W., 2012, An Investigation of the Occurrence of Uranium in Ground Water in Georgia: Watershed Protection Branch Circular 12W, 105 p.
Donahue, J.C., Kibler, S.R., and Chumbley, A.W., 2013, An Investigation of the Occurrence of Arsenic in Ground Water in the Gulf Trough Area of Georgia: Watershed Protection Branch Circular 12X, 69 p.
EPD, 1991, A Ground-Water Management Plan for Georgia: Georgia Geologic Survey Circuiar 11 (1 991 edition).
EPD, 1998, A Ground-Water Management Plan for Georgia: Georgia Geologic Survey Circular 11 (1998 edition).
EPD, 2009, State of Georgia Environmental Rule 391-3-5: Rules for Safe Drinking Water.
Foyle, A.M., Henry, V.J., and Alexander, C.R., 2001, The Miocene Aquitard and the Floridan Aquifer of the Georgia/South Carolina Coast: Geophysical Mapping of Potential Seawater Intrusion Sites: Georgia Geologic Survey Bulletin 132, 61 p., 4 pl.
Gorday, L.L., Lineback, J.A., Long, A.F., and Mclemore, W.H., 1997, A Digital Model Approach to Water-Supply Management of the Claiborne, Clayton, and Providence Aquifers in Southwestern Georgia, Georgia Geologic Survey Bulletin 118, 31 p., Appendix, Supplements and II.
Hayes, L.R., Maslia, M.L., and Meeks, W.C., 1983, Hydrology and Model Evaluation of the Principal Artesian Aquifer, Dougherty Plain, Dougherty Plain, Southwest Georgia: Georgia Geologic Survey Bulletin 97, 93 p.
5-2

Heath, R.C., 1980, Basic Elements of Ground-Water Hydrology with Reference to Conditions in North Carolina: USGS Open File Report 80-44, 87 p.

Hetrick, J.H., 1990, Geologic Atlas of the Fort Valley Area: Georgia Geologic Survey Geologic Atlas 7, 2 pl.

Hetrick, J.H., 1992, Geologic Atlas of the Wrens-Augusta Area: Georgia Geologic Survey Geologic Atlas 8, 3 pl. '
Hicks, D.W., Krause, R.E., and Clarke, J.S., 1981, Geohydrology of the Albany Area, Georgia: Georgia Geologic Survey Information Circular 57, 31 p.

Huddlestun, 1988, A Revision of the Lithostratigraphic Units of the Coastal Plain of Georgia: The Miocene through Holocene, Georgia Geologic Survey Bulletin 104, 162 p., 3 pl.

Huddlestun, P.F., 1993, A Revision of the Lithostratigraphic Units of the Coastal Plain of Georgia: the Oligocene: Georgia Geologic Survey Bulletin 104, 152 p. 5 pl.

Huddlestun, P.F., and Summerour, J., H., 1996, The Lithostratigraphic Framework of the Uppermost Cretaceous and Lower Tertiary of Burke County, Georgia: Georgia Geologic Survey Bulletin 127, 94 p., 1 pl.

Kellam, M.F., and Gorday, L.L., 1990, Hydrogeology of the Gulf TroughApalachicola Embayment Area, Georgia: Georgia Geologic Survey Bulletin 94, 74 p., 15 pl.

Krause, R.E., 1979, Geohydrology of Brooks, Lowndes, and Western Echols Counties, Georgia: United States Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations 78-117, 48 p., 8 pl.

Krause, R.E., and Clarke, J.S., 2001, Coastal Ground Water at Risk- Saltwater

Contamination at Brunswick, Georgia, and Hilton Head Island, South

Carolina:

United States Geological Survey Water-Resources

Investigations Report 01-41 07, 1 pl.

Long, A.F., 1989, Hydrogeology of the Clayton and Claiborne Aquifer Systems: Georgia Geologic Survey Hydrologic Atlas 19, 6 pl.

McFadden, S.S., and Perriello, P.O., 1983, Hydrogeology of the Clayton and Claiborne Aquifers of Southwestern Georgia: Georgia Geologic Survey Information Circular 55, 59 p., 2 pl.

5-3

O'Connell, D.B., and Davis, K.R., 1991, Ground-Water Quality in Georgia for 1989: Georgia Geologic Survey Circular 12F, 115 p.
Pollard, L.D., and Vorhis, R.C., 1980, The Geology of the Cretaceous Aquifer System in Georgia: Georgia Geologic Survey Hydrologic Atlas 3, 5 pl.
Summerour, J.H., Shapiro, E.A., Lineback, J.A., Huddlestun, P.F., and Hughes, A.C., 1994, An Investigation of Tritium in the Gordon and Other Aquifers in Burke County, Georgia: Georgia Geologic Survey Information Circular 95, 93 p.
Tuohy, M. A., 1984, Isopach Map of the Claiborne Aquifer, in Hydrogeologic Evaluation for Underground Injection Control in the Coastal Plain of Georgia: Georgia Geologic Survey Hydrologic Atlas 10, 41 pl.
Vincent, R.H., 1982, Geohydrology of the Jacksonian Aquifer in Central and East Central Georgia: Georgia Geologic Survey Hydrologic Atlas 8, 3 pl.
5-4

APPENDIX

LABORATORY AND STATION DATA

Tables A-1 through A-8 list the values for both laboratory parameters and field parameters for each well or spring. The following abbreviations are used on these tables:

Parameters and Units of Measure

Cl

=chloride

con d .

=conductivity

diss 02

= dissolved oxygen

F

=fluoride

ICP

= inductively coupled

plasma (emission)

spectroscopy

ICPMS

= inductively coupled

plasma/mass

spectrometry

mg/L

= milligrams per liter

mgN/L

= milligrams per liter as

nitrogen

NA

= not available; not

analyzed

NO NG NOx p S04
Temp.
ug/L uS/em
voc

= not detected =not given = nitrate/nitrite = total phosphorus =sulfate
= temperature
= micrograms per liter = microSiemenses per
centimeter = volatile organic
compound

Volatile Organic Compounds

1, 1dce bdcm db em pee

= 1,1-dichloroethylene = bromodichloromethane = dibromochloromethane = tetrachloroethylene

odcb pdcb tbm tcm

= a-dichlorobenzene = p-dichlorobenzene =bromoform = chloroform

Metals
Ag =silver AI =aluminum As =arsenic Ba =barium Be =beryllium Ca =calcium Cd =cadmium

Co =cobalt Cr =chromium Cu =copper Fe =iron K =potassium Mg = magnesium Mn = manganese

Mo = molybdenum Na =sodium Ni =nickel Pb = lead Sb =antimony Se =selenium Sn = tin

Ti =titanium
Tl =thallium
u =uranium v =vanadium
Zn =zinc

Table A-9 gives the reporting limits for the various analytes. The abbreviations used for Tables A-1 through A-8 also apply to Table A-9.
A-1

Table A-1. Ground-Water Quality Analyses for Cretaceous/Providence Sta1tions. Part A: Station Identification, Date of Sampling, Field Parameters, VOCs, Anions, and Non-Metals.

Well Name oun

GWN-K3

Sandersville Well #78

697

NG

Washington

GWN-K6 Twiggs

KaMin Well#6

400

NG

GWN-K7 Jones

Jones County #4

128

NG

)>
I

GWN-K9A Macon

Marshallville Well #2

560

NG

1\J

GWN-K10B Fort Valley Well #6 Peach

600

NG

GWN-K11A Warner Robins Well #2 540

NG

Houston

GWN-K12 Perry/Holiday Inn Well

350

NG

Houston

GWN-K19 Richmond

Hephzibah/Murphy Street Well

484

NG

GWN-K20 Sumter

Plains Well #7

1000

NG

GWN-P02A Preston Well #4 Webster

205

NG

GWN-P03 Fort Gaines Well #2

456

NG

Clay

GWN-P06 Early

Blakely Well #4

1025

NG

NG

5/26/2011 6.22

91

NA

20.8

NO

NO

13

0.28 0.99

NG 12/21/2011 5.98

29

NA

19.8

NO

NO

NO

0.04

NO

NG

5/25/2011 4.76

25

6.33 17.6

NO

NO

NO

0.4

NO

NG

9/28/2011 3.07

34

8.90 21.3

NO

NO

11

0.04

NO

NG

5/25/2011 4.07

14

8.87 18.6

NO

NO

NO

0.69

NO

NG

4/27/2011 4.72

18

6.78 19.3

NO

NO

NO

0.88

NO

NG

4/27/~~011

4.05

47

0.71

20.0

NO

NO

10

NO

NO

NG

5/26/2011 4.81

10

NA

20.2

NO

NO

NO

0.12 0.02

NG 12/14/2011 7.56

109

2.15 28.6

NO

NO

NO

NO

0 .20

NG

4/28/2011 5.26

34

6.09 19.8

NO

NO

NO

2.0

0.03

NG

4/28/2011 8.37

362

0.59 21.6

NO

12

10

NO

0.03

NG

5124/2011 8.40

338

NA

26.6

NO

NO

14

NO

0.03

Table A-1. Ground-Water Quality Analyses for Cretaceous/Providence Stations. Part B: Metals.

GWN-K3 Washington

NO NO NO NO NO NO 5.9 NO NO NO NO 23 NO NO NO 73 NO 22,000 NO 190 NO 1,400 27 4,300 NO 19

GWN-K6 Twiggs

NO NO 23 35 NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 18 NO 2.3 1.3 NO NO 4,300 NO 320 NO NO NO 3,100 NO NO

GWN-K7 Jones

NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 19 NO 4.2 NO 64 NO 2,300 NO NO NO NO NO 1,900 NO NO

GWN-K9A Macon

NO NO 120 64 NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 8.8 NO 330 NO 170 NO NO NO 160 NO NO NO 1,000 NO NO

GWN-K10B

Peach

}>

I

GWN-K11A

VJ

Houston

NO NO 5.4 NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 5.5 NO 2.6 NO 74 NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 1,200 NO NO NO NO 7.5 NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 6.3 NO 3.2 NO 290 NO 1,200 NO 220 NO NO NO 1,800 NO NO

GWN-K12 Houston

NO NO 14 32 NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 5.2 NO 8.5 NO 460 NO NO NO 180 NO NO

13 1,200 NO NO

GWN-K19 Richmond

NO NO 6.9 NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 6.4 NO 1.5 NO 150 NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 1,300 NO NO

GWN-K20 Sumter

NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 2,900 NO 22 NO NO NO 26,000 NO NO

GWN-P02A Webster

NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 18 NO NO NO 75 NO 3,400 NO NO NO 1,100 NO 1,400 NO NO

GWN-P03 Clay

NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 4.4 NO NO NO NO NO 6,200 NO 24 NO 1,100 NO 82,000 NO NO

GWN-P06 Early

NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 7.2 NO NO NO NO NO 8,100 NO NO NO 3,800 NO 70,000 NO NO

Table A-2. Ground-Water Quality Analyses for Clayton Stations. Part A: Station Identification, Date of Sampling, Field Parameters, VOCs, Anions, and Non-Metals.
Well Name

GWN-CT8 Weathersby house well

80

NG

NG

4/27/2011 4.22

41

8 .00 18.0

ND

ND

ND

1.8

ND

Schley

)>
I
.J::>.

Table A-2. Ground-Water Quality Analyses for Clayton Stations. Part B: Metals.

GWN-CT8 Schley

NO NO 8.0 NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 20 NO NO NO 100 NO NO NO NO 1,100 NO 25 2,800 NO NO

)>
I
01

Table A-3. Ground-Water Quality Analyses for Claiborne Stations. Part A: Station Identification, Date of Sampling, Field Parameters, VOCs, Anions, and Non-Metals.

County

Well Name
I

GWN-CL2 Dooly

Unadilla Well #3

315

315

24

4/27/2011 7.29

200

3.18 20.2

NO

NO

NO

0.39 0.03

GWN-CL4A Plains Well #8 Sumter

230

NG

NG

12/14/2011 6.86

151

10.00 20.0

NO

NO

12

NO

0.35

GWN-CL8 Flint River Nursery Office NG

NG

NG

4/27/2011 5.96

84

0.58 21.4

NO

NO

10

NO

0.51

Dooly

Well

)>
I
(j)

Table A-3. Ground-Water Quality Analyses for Claiborne Stations. Part B: Metals.

GWN-CL2 Dooly
GWN-CL4A Sumter
GWN-CLB Dooly

ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 11 ND ND ND 60 ND 43,000 ND ND ND ND ND 1,500 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 15 ND ND ND ND ND 26,000 ND 1,900 ND 3,500 69 2,000 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 36 ND ND ND ND ND 12,000 ND 850 ND 1,300 56 1,900 ND ND

)>
I
--.J

Table A-4. Ground-Water Quality Analyses for Jacksonian Stations. Part A: Station Identification, Date of Sampling, Field Parameters, VOCs, Anions, and Non-Metals.

GWN-J1B Burke
GWN-J6 Jefferson
GWN-J8 Jefferson

Well Name McNair House Well Wrens Well #4 Kahn House Well

I I-

feet

feet

100

NG

I I I Inches sam~led

I uS/em

NG

4/14/2011 7.07

283

I I I I I I m~/L "c

u~/L

mq/L m~/L m~ N/L m~/L

5.13 19.2

ND

11

ND

2.5

0.04

200

NG

8

4/14/2011 7.08

260

0.71

19.6

ND

ND

14

ND

0.15

40

NG

30

4/14/2011 4.74

74

8.14 19.4

ND

10

ND

4.8

ND

)>
I
CXl

Table A-4. Ground-Water Quality Analyses for Jacksonian Stations. Part B: Metals.

GWN-J1B Burke
GWN-J6 Jefferson
GWN-J8 Jefferson

NO ND ND ND ND NO NO ND ND ND ND 23 ND NO NO 310 ND 54,000 NO ND ND ND NO 4,200 ND ND ND NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 8.5 NO NO NO 67 NO 47,000 NO 76 NO 1,400 ND 1,800 NO ND NO 11 NO 36 NO ND NO NO 0.96 NO NO 30 NO 2.9 NO 110 NO 6,800 NO ND NO 1,200 51 3,700 ND ND

)>
cI.o

Table A-5. Ground-Water Quality Analyses for Miocene Stations. Part A: Station Identification , Date of Sampling, Field Parameters, VOCs, Anions, and Non-Metals.
Well Name

GWN-MI1 Cook

Adei/McMillan

NG

NG

GWN-MI2A Boutwell House well

NG

NG

Lowndes

GWN-MI9A Murphy garden well

25

NG

Thomas

)>

GWN-MI10B Calhoun house well

NG

NG

...I.....

Colquitt

0

GWN-MI16 Liberty County East Dis- 400'

NG

Liberty

trict Fire Station deep well.

GWN-MI17 Springfield Egypt Road

120'

NG

Effingham Test Well

NG

3/16/2011 7.73

235

1.61

22.5

ND

ND

ND

ND

0.03

NG

3/30/2011 4.44

115

5.94 20.4

ND

15

ND

6.10

ND

NG

12/20/:2011 7.62

147

NA

21.1

ND

11

ND

7.50 0.12

NG

8/9/2011

6.47

71

0.54 22.3

ND

ND

ND

0.02 0.45

NG

12/15/2011 8.05

197

0.81

23 .6

ND

NO

35

NO

0.03

NG

12/15/2011 7.88

162

0.04

19.0

ND

ND

NO

NO

0.02

Table A-5. Ground-Water Quality Analyses for Miocene Stations. Part B: Metals.

Coun

GWN-MI1
Cook

NO NO NO 39 NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 20 NO NO NO NO NO 25,000 NO 25 NO 15,000 NO 6,800 NO NO

GWN-MI2A
lowndes

NO NO 7.1 NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 29 NO 11 NO 200 NO 4,600 NO 22 NO 3,500 14 4,500 NO NO

GWN-MI9A
Thomas

NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 62 NO NO NO NO NO 35,000 NO NO NO 3,900 NO 5,200 NO NO

GWN-MI10B
Colquitt

NO NO NO 96 ND 14 NO NO ND NO ND 190 NO 3.7 NO NO ND 8,600 NO 3,000 NO 5,700 97 6,700 NO NO

GWN-MI16
Uberty

NO NO ND NO ND ND NO NO NO NO ND 17 ND NO NO NO NO 31,000 NO NO NO 17,000 NO 18,000 NO NO

)> GWN-MI17

I
~

Effingham

~

NO ND NO NO NO ND NO NO NO NO NO 24 NO NO ND NO NO 52,000 NO NO NO 1,900 14 8,800 NO NO

Table A-6. Ground-Water Quality Analyses for Floridan Stations. Part A: Station Identification , Date of Sampling, Field Parameters, VOCs, Anions, and Non-Metals.

Well Name

GWN-PA2 Savannah Well #13

1004

NG

Chatham

GWN-PA4 Tybee Island Well #1

402

NG

Chatham

GWN-PAS Interstate Paper Well #1 810

NG

Liberty

)>

I

GWN-PA6 Hinesville Well #5

--" 1\.)

Liberty

806

NG

GWN-PA9C Miller Ball Park North

1211

NG

Glynn

East Well

GWN-PA13 Waycross Well #3 Ware

775

NG

GWN-PA14A Statesboro Well #4

413

NG

Bulloch

GWN-PA16 Millen Well #1 Jenkins

500

NG

GWN-PA17 Swainsboro Well #7

260

NG

Emanuel

GWN-PA18 Metter Well #2 Candler

540

NG

GWN-PA20 Lakeland Well #2 Lanier

340

NG

GWN-PA22 Thomasville Well #6

400

NG

Thomas

uc

NG

5/10/2011 7.94

237

0.57 23.2

ND

11

ND

0.02

0.02

NG

8/24/2011 8.09

407

NA

22.9

ND

44

120

ND

0.03

NG

5/10/2011 7.82

310

0.52 24.4

ND

ND

33

ND

0.04

NG

5/25/2011 7.79

176

NA

24.7

ND

ND

23

ND

0.03

NG

5/25/2011 8.15

307

NA 28.1

ND

730

260

ND

0.03

NG

4/13/2011 7.55

391

0.58 25.2

ND

15

50

ND

ND

NG

5/11/2011 7.82

250

NA 23.5

ND

8/24/2011 8.21

154

NA 23.9

ND

11/17/:1011 8.06

153

NA

22.9

ND

NG

5/11/2011 7.12

284

0.59 21.5

ND

ND

ND

ND

0.02

ND

ND

ND

0.03

ND

ND

ND

0.04

ND

ND

ND

0.03

NG

5/11/2011 7.15

257

3.83 21.0

ND

ND

ND

0.04

ND

NG

5/11/2011 7.89

217

0.58 21.9

ND

ND

ND

ND

0.03

NG

4/13/2011 7.65

349

0.66 22.3

ND

ND

64

ND

0.07

NG

3/31/2011 7.67

401

4.05 21.9

ND

ND

67

0.18 0.03

Table A-6. Ground-Water Quality Analyses for Floridan Stations. Part B: Metals.

GWN-PA2 Chatham

NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 11 NO NO NO NO NO 22,000 NO NO NO 8,300 NO 15,000 NO NO

GWNPA4 Chatham

NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 9 NO NO NO NO NO 35,000 NO NO NO 28,000 NO 55,000 NO NO

GWN-PA5 Liberty

NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 31.0 NO NO NO NO NO 24,000 NO NO NO 14,000 NO 16,000 NO NO

GWN-PA6 Liberty

NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 23.0 NO NO NO 65 NO 26,000 NO NO NO 13,000 NO 16,000 NO NO

GWN-PA9C Glynn

NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 56 NO NO NO NO NO 100,000 NO 330 8,400 76.000 NO 400,000 NO NO

)>
...I ....
w

GWN-PA13 Ware

NO NO 17 17 NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 71 NO 1.2 NO 72 NO 41 ,000 NO NO NO 18,000 NO 16,000 NO NO

GWN-PA14A Bulloch

NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 3.9 NO NO NO NO NO 12 NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 4.3 NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 4.8 NO NO NO

NO NO 30,000 NO NO NO NO 33,000 NO NO NO NO 34,000 NO NO

NO 5,700 NO 6,200 NO 6,500

NO 6,700 NO NO NO 7,000 NO NO NO 7,300 NO NO

GWN-PA16 Jenkins

NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 4.5 NO NO NO NO NO 45,000 NO NO NO 3,200 45 4,900 NO NO

GWN-PA17 Emanuel

NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 160 NO NO NO NO NO 45,000 NO NO NO 2,000 NO 2.900 NO NO

GWN-PA18 Candler

NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 25 NO NO NO NO NO 27,000 NO NO NO 3,000 55 9,500 NO NO

GWN-PA20 Lanier

NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 28 NO NO NO 69 NO 43,000 NO NO NO 17,000 NO 4,600 NO NO

GWN-PA22 Thomas

NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 24 NO 1.3 NO NO NO 43,000 NO NO NO 21,000 NO 6,900 NO NO

Part A: Station Identification, Date of Sampling, Field Parameters, VOCs, Anions, and Non-Metals.

Count~

Well Name
I

GWN-PA23 Cairo #8 Grady

465'

NG

GWN-PA25 Donalsonville I 7th Street 174

NG

)>

Seminole

Well

...I.....

~

GWN-PA27 Camilla Industrial Park

360

NG

Mitchell

Well

GWN-PA28 Moultrie Well #1 Colquitt

750

NG

GWN-PA29 Adel Well#6 Cook

405

NG

GWN-PA30 Propex/Nashville Mills

410'

NG

Berrien

Well#2

GWN-PA31 Tifton Well #6 Tift

652

NG

GWN-PA32 OcillaWell#3 Irwin

637

NG

NG

3/17/2011 7.66

375

2.05 22.9 tcm=1.1

11

bdcm=1 .2

dbcm=1.4

8/10/2011 7.82

224

1.49

23.0 tcm=1.3

10

bdcm=1.0

dbcm=1.1

10/27/2011 7.62

347

2.78

23.1 tcm=2.3 NO

bdcm=1.4

dbcm=1.2

NG

3/31/2011 7.35

290

5.05 21 .1

NO

NO

8/10/2011 7.55

186

5.00

21 .1

NO

NO

11/16/2011 7.59

287

NA

21 .1

NO

NO

NG

3/31/2011 7.58

238

3.49 20.3

NO

NO

49

0.02 0.02

43

NO

0.02

41

0.03

NO

NO

1.70 0.03

NO

1.70 0.02

NO

1.60

NO

NO

0.49 0.03

NG

3/17/2011 7.84

438

0.53 23.4

NO

11

96

NO

0.03

8/9/2011

7.43

388

0.59

25.3 tcm=1.2 16

170

NO

0.03

tbm=1.8

bdcm=1.3

dbcm=2.0

10/27/2011 7.76

488

8.20

22.9

NO

12

120

0.02 NO

NG

3/16/2011 7.34

353

0.67 22.1

NO

NO

64

NO

0.05

8/9/2011

8 .38

223

0.01

22 .1

NO

NO

60

NO

0.05

10/26/2011 7.54

347

0.63

22 .1

NO

NO

62

NO

0 .05

NG

8/9/2011 8.49 218 0.04 23.6

NO

NO

62

NO

0.03

NG

3/16/2011 7.36

270

1.15 22.0

NO

NO

NO

0.02 0.03

NG

3/30/2011 7.82

195

3.25 20.9

NO

NO

NO

NO

0.04

Table A-6. Ground-Water Quality Analyses for Floridan Stations. Part B: Metals.

GWN-PA23 Grady

ND ND ND ND ND ND 20 ND ND ND ND 110 ND ND ND ND ND 38,000 ND 320 ND 18,000 ND 15,000 ND ND ND ND ND ND 5.2 ND 20 ND ND ND ND 120 ND ND ND ND ND 33,000 ND 41 ND 16,000 ND 14,000 ND ND

GWN-PA25 Seminole

GWN-PA27

)>

Mitchell

...I.....

CJl

GWN-PA28

Colquitt

GWN-PA29 Cook
GWN-PA30 Berrien
GWN-PA31 Tift
GWN-PA32 Irwin

ND ND 25 22 5.0 ND 26 ND ND ND ND 110 ND ND 1.8
ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 8.2 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 8.5 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 8.6 ND ND ND
ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 12 ND ND ND

ND ND 37,000 ND 120 ND 18,000 ND 14,000 ND ND
ND ND 57,000 ND ND ND ND ND 3,100 ND ND ND ND 59,000 ND ND ND ND ND 3,700 ND ND ND ND 57,000 ND 73 ND ND ND 3,500 ND ND
ND ND 46,000 ND ND ND 1,400 ND 1,300 ND ND

ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 96 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 19 ND NO ND ND 83 ND ND ND

ND ND 36,000 ND ND ND ND 58,000 ND 65

ND 20,000 ND 27,000 ND ND ND 28,000 ND 28,000 ND ND

ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 83 ND ND ND ND ND 38,000 ND ND ND 22,000 ND 26,000 ND ND
ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 12 ND ND ND ND ND 52,000 ND 100 ND 18,000 23 3,900 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 13 ND 1.1 1.5 ND ND 46,000 ND 39 ND 16,000 17 3,300 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 11 ND ND ND ND ND 45,000 ND 34 ND 16,000 16 3,100 ND ND
ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 58 ND 3.2 1.4 ND ND 43,000 ND 110 ND 17,000 ND 5,100 ND ND

ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 69 ND 1.1 1.6 ND ND 47,000 ND ND ND 8,900 ND 2,500 ND ND

ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 76 ND ND ND ND ND 33,000 ND 92 ND 6,000 29 1,900 ND ND

Table A-6, Continued. Ground-Water Quality Analyses for Floridan Stations. Part A: Station Identification, Date of Sampling, Field Parameters, VOCs, Anions, and Non-Metals.
Well Name

GWN-PA34A McRae Well #3 Telfair

600

NG

NG

5/12/2011 7.45

318

0.57 22.4

ND

ND

ND

ND

ND

8/9/2011

7.37

31 5

0.54

22 .6

ND

ND

ND

ND

0 .03

11/17/201 1 7.64

206

NA

22.3

ND

NO

NO

NO

0.02

GWN-PA36 Vidalia #1 Toombs

808

NG

NG

5/26/2011 7.98

142

NA

23.2

ND

ND

ND

NO

0.03

8/9/2011

7.54

215

0.53

23.9

ND

NO

NO

ND

0.03

11/17/.2011 8.17

142

NA

22.9

NO

ND

NO

NO

0.02

GWN-PA38 Eastman Well #4

)>

Dodge

I

e--n"

GWN-PA39 SylvesterWell #1

Worth

410

NG

NG

5/12/2011 7.61

225 4 .73 20.7

ND

NO

ND

0.28 0.03

196

NG

NG

5/24/2011 7.01

278

1.57 22.0

ND

NO

NO

0.04 0.02

GWN-PA44 Sycamore Well #2 Turner

501

NG

NG

4/13/201 1 7.81

187

4.78 21 .3

NO

NO

NO

0.2

NO

8/9/2011

7.75

185

4.25

22.0

ND

NO

NO

0.2

0.02

10/26/2011 7.35

208

8.67

23.3 tcm=6.6 ND

ND

0.04 0.02

tbm=0.62

GWN-PA49 Harmony Church Well

97

Dooly

NG

NG

5/12/2011 7.55

204

8.02 20.9

ND

ND

NO

2.2

0 .03

GWN-PA56 Whigham I Davis Avenue 604'

NG

NG

3/17/2011 7.70

380

1.07 22 .9

NO

31

19

0.05 0.02

Grady

Well

8/10/2011 7.84

254

0.51

22.8

NO

36

21

0.07 0.03

11/16/2011 8.06

250

NA

22 .8

NO

34

20

0.05 0.02

GWN-PA57 Ambrose Well #2 Coffee

600

465

10 . 3/30/2011 7.89

231

6.57 22.1

ND

8/9/2011

7.79

237

0.70

22.8

NO

10/26/2011 7.54

237

0.60

21 .6

ND

NO

NO

ND

0.03

NO

NO

NO

0.02

ND

NO

NO

0.02

Table A-6. Ground-Water Quality Analyses for Floridan Stations. Part B: Metals.

GWNPA34A Telfair

GWNPA36 Toombs

GWN-PA38 Dodge

GWN-PA39 Worth

GWN-PA44

)>

Turner

I

-"

-....j

GWN-PA49 Dooly

GWN-PA56 Grady

GWN-PA57 Coffee

ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 180 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 180 ND 1.3 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 180 ND ND ND
ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 140 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 130 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 130 ND ND ND
ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 100 ND ND ND

ND ND 44,000 ND 220 ND 9,800 88 ND ND 47,000 ND 240 ND 10,000 98 ND ND 49,000 ND 240 ND 11,000 97

4,200 ND ND 4,300 ND ND 4,600 ND ND

ND ND 28,000 ND 32 ND ND 28,000 ND 24 ND ND 29,000 ND 25

ND 5,700 ND 5,500 ND 5,800

38 12,000 ND ND 38 11,000 ND ND 39 12,000 ND ND

ND ND 41,000 ND ND ND 1,300 ND 1,800 ND ND

ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 200 ND 1.7 2.4 ND ND 48,000 ND ND ND 7,000 ND 3,800 ND ND

ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 150 ND ND 1.4 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 140 ND 3.0 1.3 7.4 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 140 ND ND 1.2

ND ND 28,000 ND ND ND ND 30,000 ND ND ND ND 34,000 ND ND

ND 4,100 ND 4,300 ND 5,200

ND 2,400 ND ND ND 2,400 ND ND ND 3,500 ND ND

ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 17.0 ND ND ND ND ND 37,000 ND ND ND ND ND 1,600 ND ND

ND ND ND ND ND ND 8.1 ND ND ND ND 150 ND ND 2.8 ND ND ND ND ND ND 9.3 ND ND ND ND 150 ND ND 4.1 ND ND ND ND ND ND 9.3 ND ND ND ND 160 ND ND 3.1
ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 190 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 180 ND 1.0 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 160 ND 1.0 ND

ND ND 31,000 ND 23 ND 19,000 ND 21,000 ND ND ND ND 32,000 ND ND ND 20,000 ND 24,000 ND ND ND ND 31,000 ND ND ND 19,000 ND 22,000 ND ND
ND ND 25,000 ND ND ND 16,000 ND 7,300 ND ND ND ND 25,000 ND ND ND 14,000 ND 7,100 ND ND ND ND 25,000 ND ND ND 15,000 ND 7,400 ND ND

Table A-7. Ground-Water Quality Analyses for Piedmont-Blue Ridge Stations. Part A: Station Identification, Date of Sampling, Field Parameters, VOCs, Anions, and Non-Metals.
Well Name

GWN-P1A Luthersville Well #3

185

NG

NG

9/29/2011 6.47

52

NA

17.5

ND

ND

ND

1.00 0.07

NA

Meriwether

GWN-P5

Flowery Branch Well #1 161

NG

NG

9/28/2011 6.50

105

5.06 16.5

ND

ND

ND

0.91

0.03

NA

Hall

GWN-P12A Indian Spring Butts

0

NG

NG

6/22/2011 7.27

162

NA

18.3

ND

12

26

ND

0.03

4.4

9/28/2011 7.27

264 10.50 19.6

ND

12

25

ND

ND

4.6

GWN-P21

Gray/Bragg Well

)>

Jones

...I ....

co

GWN-P22

Rahbarwell

Fulton

405

NG

NG

6/22/2011 6.49

197

5.33

19.4

ND

10

36

0.14 0.04

NA

9/28/2011 5.81

335 0.77 19.1

ND

11

50

0.20 0.03

NA

200

NG

NG

6/23/2011 4.71

17

6.39 16.7

ND

ND

ND

0.86 0.02

NA

GWN-P23 Indian Springs State Pari NG

NG

NG

6/22/2011 6.03

92

1.64 18.3

ND

ND

ND

0.23 0.09

1.1

Butts

New Main Well

9/28/2011 6.07

140

3.36

18.4

ND

ND

ND

0.28 0.09

1. 1

GWN-P24 Coweta

The Gates Well #1

705

NG

NG

6/23/2011 7.44

132

2.66

18.7

ND

ND

15

0.22 0.06

NA

GWN-P29 Rockdale

Cook well

310

NG

NG

9/29/2011 6.10

90

NA

17.9

ND

ND

ND

1.3

0.06

NA

GWN-P32 Elbert

Cecchini deep well

400

NG

NG 10/26/2011 8.31

382

NA

18.0

ND

ND

220

ND

ND

NA

GWN-P33 Cecchini bored well

47

NG

NG 10/26/2011 6.29

52

NA

17.8

ND

ND

ND

0.23 0.04

NA

Elbert

GWN-P34 Mistletoe State Park

NG

NG

NG 11/30/2011 5.69

91

8.46 18.6

ND

ND

ND

0.65 0.16

NA

Columbia Cottage Area Well

GWN-P35 Franklin

O'Connor well

150

NG

NG

10/26/2011 7.65

113

NA

17.1

ND

ND

ND

0.02 0.02

NA

Table A-7. Ground-Water Quality Analyses for Piedmont-Blue Ridge Stations. Part B: Metals.

GWN-P1A Meriwether

GWN-P5 Hall

GWN-P12A Butts

GWN-P21 Jones

GWN-P22 Fulton

)>

GWN-P23

I ....>.

Butts

<.0

GWN-P24

Coweta

GWN-P29 Rockdale

GWN-P32 Elbert

GWN-P33 Elbert

GWN-P34 Columbia

GWN-P35 Franklin

ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 44 ND ND ND ND ND 9,200 ND ND ND 1,900 ND 4,300 ND ND

ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 35 ND ND ND ND ND 25,000 ND ND ND 4,700 ND 2,400 ND ND

ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND
ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 14 . ND ND 7.1 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 11 ND 3.7 12
ND ND 12 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 16 ND ND ND

ND ND 15,000 ND ND ND ND 15,000 ND ND
ND ND 37,000 ND ND ND ND 36,000 ND ND
ND ND ND ND ND

ND 2,300 ND 2,500
ND 3,200 ND 9,500
ND ND

19 35,000 ND ND 19 38,000 ND ND
78 15,000 ND ND 93 14,000 ND ND
ND 2,100 ND ND

ND ND ND 47 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 4.3 ND ND 2.1 ND ND ND 66 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 7.1 ND 7.5 2.1
ND ND ND 100 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 3.7 ND ND 1.4

ND ND 12,000 ND 130 ND 3,600 ND 13,000 ND ND ND ND 11,000 ND 430 ND 3,400 ND 13,000 ND ND
ND ND 26,000 ND ND ND 3,800 ND 10,000 ND ND

ND ND 28 170 ND ND 18 ND ND ND ND 4.1 ND 14 200 ND ND 13,000 ND ND ND 1,400 23 11,000 ND ND

ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 2.4 ND ND 13.0 ND ND 160,000 ND ND ND 1,900 14 23,000 ND ND

ND ND 23 40 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 25 ND 1.5 ND 530 ND 13,000 ND 530 ND ND

35 3,800 ND ND

ND ND 19 35 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 20 ND 2.8 9.1 ND ND 5,800 ND ND ND 3,000 ND 8,000 ND ND

ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 38 ND ND 2.6 ND ND 19,000 ND 130 ND 6,000 110 7,300 ND ND

Table A-7, Continued. Ground-Water Quality Analyses for Piedmont-Blue Ridge Stations. Part A: Station Identification, Date of Sampling, Field Parameters, VOCs, Anions, and Non-Metals.
Well Name

GWN-P37 Mt. Airy/City Hall Well

500

NG

Habersham

GWN-P38 Carroll

Roopville Well #1

230

NG

GWN-P39 GayWell#1 Meriwether

600

NG

)>

GWN-P40 Siloam Well #2

300+

NG

I
N

Greene

0

GWN-BR1B Young Harris/

265

NG

Towns

Swanson Road Well

GWN-BR5 Murray

Chatsworth I Nix Spring

0

NG

NG

10/26/2011 6.85

326

1.08 16.6 tern= 0.77 100

24

0.22 0.02

NA

NG 12/01/2011 4.70

26

NA

18.0

ND

ND

ND

1.60

ND

NA

NG 12/01/2011 6.07

46

NA

17.4

ND

ND

ND

1.00 0.07

NA

NG 11/30/2011 5.46

84

7.85 19.3

ND

ND

ND

1.70 0.09

NA

NG

8/10/2011 6.97

158

1.50 15.7

ND

11/16/2011 7.04

160

1.01

15.7

ND

NG 11/15/2011 6.90

49 10.69 14.9

ND

ND

22

0.04 0.02

NA

ND

21

0.03 0.02

NA

ND

ND

0.58 0.10

NA

Table A-7. Ground-Water Quality Analyses for Piedmont-Blue Ridge Stations. Part 8: Metals.

GWN-P37
Habersham

GWN-P38
Carroll

GWN-P39
Meriwether

GWN-P40
Greene

GWN-BR1B
Towns

:t> I

GWN-BRS
Murray

N

->.

NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 110,000 NO NO

NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 30 NO 1.1 NO 62 NO 1,100 NO NO NO NO 24 4,900 NO NO

NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 39 NO NO NO NO NO 4,700 NO NO NO 1,100 NO 8,400 NO NO

NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 17 NO 1.2 7.5 NO NO 7,000 NO NO NO 1,400 NO 9,400 NO NO

NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 74 NO NO 8.7 NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 78 NO NO 8.6
NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 13 NO NO NO

NO NO 21,000 NO NO NO NO 20,000 NO NO
NO NO 4,200 NO NO

NO 4,600 NO 4,400
NO NO

21 3,900 NO NO 22 3,800 NO NO
NO 4,200 NO NO

Table A-8. Ground-Water Quality Analyses for Valley and Ridge/Appalachian Plateau Stations. Part A: Station Identification, Date of Sampling, Field Parameters, VOCs, Anions, and Non-Metals.
Well Name

GWN-VR1 Floyd

Floyd County I Kingston Rd. Well

280

NG

NG

8/25/2011 7.13

243

7.29 16.4

NO

NO

NO

0.63

NO

GWN-VR2A LaFayette I Lower

Walker

Big Spring

0

NG

NG

11/15/2011 6.85

301

6.50 15.7

NO

NO

NO

1.70 0.02

GWN-VR3 Chickamauga I Crawfish

0

NG

NG

8/10/2011 7.10

253

8.81

15.7

NO

NO

NO

0.79

NO

)>

Walker

Spring

I

""''

GWN-VR6A Chemical Products Corp. 300

Bartow

South Well

NG

NG

8/25/2011 7.15

280

5.58 17.8 1,1dce=2.0 NO

pce=2. 8

NO

0.90 0.02

pdcb=0 .71

odcb=2.7

GWN-VR8 Polk

Cedartown Spring

0

NG

NG

8/25/2011 7.52

262

NA

16.9

NO

NO

NO

0.67

NO

11/15/2011 7.54

255

7.75

16.7

NO

NO

NO

0.69

NO

GWN-VR10 Eton Spring Murray

0

NG

NG

11/15/2011 7.20

250

4 .76

16.3 ' NO

NO

NO

1.70

NO

Table A-8. Ground-Water Quality Analyses for Valley-and-Ridge Stations. Part B: Meta!s.

GWN-VR1 Floyd
GWN-VR2A Walker
GWN-VR3 Walker
GWN-VR6A Bartow

ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 9.7 ND ND ND ND ND 28,000 ND ND ND 16,000 ND 1,600 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 93 ND ND ND 100 ND 41,000 ND 130 ND 14,000 11 1,500 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 80 ND ND ND ND ND 32,000 ND ND ND 14,000 ND 1,100 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 500 ND ND ND ND ND 29,000 ND ND ND 17,000 ND 5,900 ND ND

::t> GWN-VR8

I
1\.)

Polk

w

GWN-VR10

Murray

ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 14 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 12 ND ND ND
ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 45 ND 7.2 ND

ND ND 34,000 ND ND ND 16,000 ND 1,400 ND ND ND ND 31,000 ND ND ND 15,000 ND 1,300 ND ND
ND ND 30,000 ND 120 ND 12,000 ND 2,300 ND ND

Table A-9. Analytes, EPA Analytical Methods, and Reporting Limits.

Analyte

Reporting Limit/ EPA Method

Analyte

Reporting Limit/ EPA Method

Vinyl Chloride
1I 1-Dichloroethylene
Dichloromethane
Trans-1 12Dichloroethylene Cis-1 ~2Dichloroethylene 1I 1I 1-Trichloroethane Carbon Tetrachloride
Benzene

0.5 ugll I 524.2 0.5 ugll I 524.2 0.5 ugll I 524.2 0.5 ugll I 524.2 0.5 ugll I 524.2 0.5 ugll I 524.2 0.5 ugll I 524.2 0.5 ugll I 524.2

112-Dichloroethane 0.5 ugll I 524.2

Dichlorodifluoromethane
Chloromethane

0.5 ugll I 524.2 0.5 ugll I 524.2

Bromomethane

0.5 ugll I 524.2

Chloroethane
Fluorotrichloromethane
1I 1-Dichloroethane

0.5 ugll I 524.2 0.5 ugll I 524.2 0.5 ugll I 524.2

212-Dichloropropane
Bromochloromethane

0.5 ugll I 524.2 0.5 ugll I 524.2

Chloroform

0.5 ugll I 524.2

Trichioroethyiene

0.5 ug/L i 524.2

1I 1-Dichioropropene 0.5 ug/L i 524.2

1~2-Dichloropropane 0.5 ugll I 524.2

Toluene
1I 1~2-Trichloroethane
Tetrachloroethylene

0.5 ugll I 524.2 0.5 ugll I 524.2 0.5 ugll I 524.2

Chlorobenzene

0.5 ugll I 524.2

Ethylbenzene

0.5 ugll I 524.2

Total Xylenes

0.5 ugll I 524.2

Styrene

0.5 ugll I 524.2

p-Dichlorobenzene
a-Dichlorobenzene 112,4-Trichlorobenzene

0.5 ugll I 524.2 0.5 ugll I 524.2 0.5 ugll I 524.2

Dibromomethane

0.5 ugll I 524.2

Bromodichloromethane Cis-1 13-Dichloropropene Trans-1 ~3Dichloropropene
1 ~3-Dichloropropane
Chlorodibromomethane
112-Dibromoethane
111 11 12Tetrachloroethane
Bromoform

0.5 ugll I 524.2 0.5 ugll I 524.2 0.5 ugll I 524.2 0.5 ugll I 524.2 0.5 ugll I 524.2 0.5 ugll I 524.2 0.5 ugll I 524.2 0.5 ugll I 524.2

Isopropyl benzene
111 1212Tetrachloroethane

0.5 ugll I 524.2 0.5 ugll I 524.2

A-24

Table A-9, Continued. Analytes, EPA Analytical Methods, and Reporting Limits.

Analyte

Reporting Limit/ EPA Method

Analyte

Reporting LimiU EPA Method

Bromobenzene
1,2,3-Trichloropropane
n-Propylbenzene

0.5 ugll I 524.2 0.5 ugll I 524.2 0.5 ugll I 524.2

o-Chlorotoluene
1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene
p-Chlorotoluene

0.5 ugll I 524.2 0.5 ugll I 524.2 0.5 ugll I 524.2

Tert-Butylbenzene
1,2,4-Trim ethylbenzene
Sec-Butylbenzene

0.5 ug/L I 524.2 0.5 ugll I 524.2 0.5 ugll I 524.2

p-lsopropyltoluene 0.5 ugll I 524.2

m-Dichlorobenzene 0.5 ugll I 524.2

n-Butylbenzene
1,2-Dibromo-3chloropropane Hexachlorobutadiene
Naphthalene
1,2,3-Trichlorobenzene Methyl-tert-butyl ether (MTBE)
Chloride

0.5 ugll I 524.2 0.5 ug/L I 524.2 0.5 ugll I 524.2 0.5 ugll I 524.2 0.5 ugll I 524.2 0.5 ugll I 524.2 10 mgll I 300.0

Sulfate* Nitrate/nitrite*

10 mgll I 300.0
0.02 mg/L as Nitrogen I 353.2

Total Phosphorus Fluoride Silver Aluminum Arsenic Barium Beryllium Calcium Cobalt Chromium Copper Iron Potassium Magnesium Manganese Sodium Nickel Lead Antimony Selenium

0.02 mg/L I 365.1 0.20 mgll I 300.0 10 ugll I 200.7 (ICP) 60 ug/L I 200.7 80 ugll I 200.7 10 ugll I 200.7 10 ugll I 200.7 2000 ug/L I 200.7 10 ug/L I 200.7 20 ugll I 200.7 20 ug/L I 200.7 20 ug/L I 200.7 5000 ugll I 200.7 1000 ugll I 200.7 10 ugll I 200.7 1000 ugll I 200.7 20 ugll I 200.7 90 ugll I 200.7 120 ug/L I 200.7 190 ugll I 200.7

A-25

Table A-9, Continued. Analytes and Reporting Limits.

Analyte

Reporting Limit/ EPA Method

Analyte

Reporting Limit/ EPA Method

Titanium Thallium Vanadium Zinc Chromium Nickel Copper Zinc Arsenic Selenium

10 ugll I 200.7
200 ugll I 200.7
10 ugll I 200.7 20 ugll I 200.7 5 ugll I 200.8 (ICPMS) 10 ugll I 200.8 5 ugll i 200.8 10 ugll I 200.8 5 ugll I 200.8 5 ugll I 200.8

Molybdenum Silver Cadmium Tin Antimony Barium Thallium Lead Uranium

5 ugll I 200.8 5 ug/L I 200.8 0.7 ugll I 200.8 30 ugll I 200.8 5 ugll I 200.8 2 ugll I 200.8 1 ugll i 200.8 1 ugll I 200.8 1 ugll I 200.8

* Note: Reporting limits for sulfate and nitrate/nitrite are subject to change. A
sample with a concentration of either analyte greater than certain ranges may need to be diluted to bring the concentration within the analytical ranges of the testing instruments. This dilution results in a proportional increase in the reporting limit.

A-26

Table A-1 0. Analytes, Primary MCLs*, and Secondary MCLs*.

Analyte

Primary MCL

Secondary MCL

Analyte

Primary Second-

MCL

ary MCL

Vinyl Chloride 1, 1-Dichloroethylene
Dichloromethane
Trans-1 ,2Dichloroethylene
Cis-1 ,2Dichloroethylene
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane

2 ug/L 7 ug/L 5 ug/L

None None None

100 ug/L None

70 ug/L None

200 ug/L None

Carbon Tetrachloride 5 ug/L None

Benzene 1;2-Dichloroethane

5 ug/L 5 ug/L

None None

Trichloroethylene

5 ug/L None

1,2-Dichloro-propane 5 ug/L

Toluene
1,1 ,2-Trichloroethane Tetrachloroethylene

1,000 ug/L 5 ug/L
5 ug/L

None None None None

Chlorobenzene

100 ug/L None

Ethyl benzene Total Xylenes Styrene

700 ug/L
10,000 ug/L 100 ug/L

None None None

p-Dichlorobenzene o-Dichlorobenzene 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene Chloroform (1)
Bromodichloromethane (2) Chlorodibromomethane (3)
Bromoform (4)
Chloride Sulfate
Nitrate/nitrite
Fluoride Aluminum Antimony Arsenic Barium Beryllium Cadmium Chromium

75 ug/L None 600 ug/L None

70 ug/L None

Total
= 1,2,3,4 None

80 ug/L

Total
= 1,2,3,4 None

80 ug/L

Total
= 1,2,3,4 None

80 ug/L

Total
= 1,2,3,4 None

80 uq/L

None

250 mg/L

None

250 mg/L

10 mg/L

as

None

Nitroqen

4 mg/L 2 mg/L

None

50-200 ug/L

6 ug/L None

10 ug/L
2000 ug/L
4 ug/L

None None None

5 ug/L None

100 ug/L None

A-27

Table A-1 0, Continued. Analytes, Primary MCLs*, and Secondary MCLs*.

Analyte

Primary MCL

Secondary MCL

Analyte

Primary Second-

MCL

ary MCL

Copper
Iron Lead Manganese Nickel

Action level= 1,300 ug/L
None
Action level= 15 ug/L
None

1000 ug/L

Selenium

300 ug/L Silver

None

Thallium

50 ug/L Zinc

100 ug/L None

50 ug/L None

None

100 ug/L

2 ug/L None

None
5,000 ug/L

*Primary MCL

= Primary Maximum Contaminant Level, a maximum
concentration of a substance allowed in public drinking water due to adverse health effects.

*Secondary MCL

= Secondary Maximum Contaminant Level, a maxi-mum
concentration of a substance suggested for public drinking water due solely to unpleasant characteristics such as bad flavor or stain-causing ability.

mg/L ug/L

= milligrams per liter.
=micrograms per liter.

A-28

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