ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION DIVISION
Air Protection Branch
1995 Ambient Air Surveillance Report

TWS PAGE LEFT BLANK

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Georgia Ambient Air Standards 1995 Georgia Air Sampling Network Total Suspended Particulate ( TSP ) Five Year Compilation of Total Suspended Particulate Geometric Means PM-10 Sulfur Dioxide (SO, ) Ozone (0, ) Carbon Monoxide ( CO ) Nitrogen Dioxide ( NO,) Lead ( Pb ) Nitric Oxide ( NO ) Oxides of Nitrogen ( NO, ) Acid Precipitation Types of Sampling Methods ( Appendix A ) Abbreviations ( Appendix B )

PAGE 6 7 12 18

Ambient Air Monitoring Ambient air monitoring in Georgia provides information on measured
concentrations of criteria and non-criteria pollutants at selected locations. Criteria pollutants are those which a standard has been adopted by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Non-criteria pollutants, while having no standard, provide useful information on the quality and content of ambient air. The monitoring network contains 55 monitors for criteria and 53 monitors for noncriteria pollutants.
The current Georgia Air Sampling Network ( G.A.S.N.), is comprised of 108 monitors at 70 locations in 30 counties. Monitoring takes place year round with the exception of ozone, which is sampled from March through November.
The monitoring network is composed of State and Local Air Monitoring Stations (SLAMS), National Air Monitoring Stations (NAMS), Special Purpose Monitoring (SPM), and Photochemical Assessment Monitoring Stations (PAMS). During 1995 the network contained 15 NAMS, 16 SLAMS, 77 SPM stations and 4 PAMS stations.
The number and location of the individual sites vary from year to year, depending on a variety of reasons which include: availability of long term space allocation; citizen complaint; regulatory need; etc. Once the site is established, it is our purpose to monitor for long term trends.
In general, the basic monitoring objectives that govern the selection of sites are: I ) to determine the highest concentration expected to occur; 2) to determine representative concentrations in areas of high population density; 3) to determine the impact on ambient pollution levels of significant sources or source categories; 4) to determine the general background concentration levels;

and 5) to determine the concentration of a number of compounds which may aid in the generation of ground level ozone.

GEORGIA AMBIENT AIR STANDARDS SUMMARY

Compound

Standard

Units

Time Interval

Sulfur Dioxide

0.50

PPm

3 Hour

0.14

PPm

24 Hour

0.03

PPm

Annual Mean

Particulate Matter

50.0

M/M3

Annual Arithmetic Mean

150.0

IJgIM3

24 Hour

Carbon Monoxide

35.0

PPm

1 Hour

9.0

PPm

8 Hour

Ozone

0.12

PPm

1 Hour

Nitrogen Dioxide

0.05

PPm

Annual Mean

Lead

1.5

IJg/M3 Calendar Quarter Average

1995 GEORGIA AIR SAMPLING NETWORK

- 1995 GEORGIA AIR QUALITY MONITORING NETWORK

AQCR

ADDRESS

SITE NO. START UP DATE

2 Columbus Phenix City AQCR

POLLUTANTS MONITORED

Muscogee County Health Dept. Fire Station # 4 Columbus Airport S.E. Site, Allied Drive N.W. Site, Joy Road Cussetta Rd. Elem School Columbus Crime Lab Union High School, Leslie

TSP,LEAD TSP 03 LEAD LEAD
LEAD,PM-10 03 03

49 Jacksonville-Brunswick AQCR

--

Brunwick ~ e a T h~ e ~ z m e n t

13-127-0001

01/01/66

Arco Pump Station

13-127-0004

08131178

Risley Middle School

13-127-0006 1/1/87,3/1/95

TSP,LEAD TSP
S02,03

53 Augusta-Aiken AQCR
- --
City &ill, Wrens Sandbar Ferry Jr. High Student Center Med. College Water Treatment Plant Bungalow Road School
Clara Jenkins School

13-163-0001 13-245-0004 13-245-0005 13-245-0006 13-245-0091 13-245-0092

10/24/74 12119/74 04/03/79 02/08/79 07/07/76 07/07/76

TSP TSP TSP,LEAD TSP TSP,03 TSP

54 Central Georgia AQCR
Baldwin Airport, Milledgeville Allied Chemical Company, Macon Bus Barn, Riverside Drive Morningside Drive, Sandersville

13-009-0001 13-021-0007 13-021-0010 13-303-0001

10/03/74 01/ I 7/74 04/05/79 01/01/76

TSP,S02 TSP
TSP,LEAD PM-10

55 Chattanooga-Rossville AQCR
-
Fire Station #2, Cartersville Stilesboro, Highway 113 Ringgold Health Center Summerville Elementary School, McCaysville Jack's River Road, Fannin County
Coosa School, Rome Floyd Co. Health Department Coosa High School, Rome DOT,Dallas Rossville Health Center

TSP SO2 TSP PM-10 TSP,S02 03 SO2 TSP,LEAD TSP 03 TSP,LEAD

56 Atlanta Metropolitan AQCR
Geography Bldg., Carrollton Forest Park, DOT Fire Station, Smyrna South Dekalb College DMRC, Dekalb County Dekalb Tech, Clarkston

13-045-0001 13-063-0091 13-067-1001 13-089-0002 13-089-0003 13-089-1002

04111179 12116/77 07/01/70 1/30174,7/21178 06/25/86 0111 1/78

TSP,LEAD TSP TSP
03,N02 LEAD
TSP,CO

Doraville Health Center, Sweetwater Creek, Lithia Springs Fulton County Health Department Fulton County Health Department Utoy Creek, 736 Selig Drive E. Rivers School Fire Station #8 Ga. Tech Bolton Road Confederate Avenue, Atlanta East Point Health Center Conyers Monastery, Highway 212 Roswell Road

PM-10 03
TSP, LEAD PM-10 TSP TSP PM-10
S02,N02 LEAD
S02,03 TSP
03,N02
co

57 Northeast Georgia AQCR
--
University of Georgia, Athens Georgia Forestry, Dawsonville Walton Fish Hatchery Elberton Fire Dept., Elberton
58 Savannah-Beaufort AQCR
Fire Station #2 Shuman School Market Street Farmers Market, Savannah Savannah Tech Mercer Jr High School

13-059-0001 13-085-0001 13-297-0001 13-105-0001

01/01/71 10124185 10118/79 09117/94

13-051-001 1 13-051-0014 13-051-0017 13-051-0019 13-051-0020 13-051-0091

07101I73 09117/79 12/23/80 02117/84 01/25/89 07/07/76

TSP,LEAD 03, TSP
PM-10
TSP,LEAD TSP TSP SO2 TSP TSP '

Strong Elernenatry School Lathrop & Augusta East President Street East President Street

13-051-0093 13-051-1002 13-051-0021 13-051-0021

07/02/76 2/1167,2/19/86 3/29195,4/19195 4112195,4112/95

TSP TSP,PM-10
S02,03 TRS. H2S

59 Southwest Georgia AQCR

City Hall, Cordele

13-081-0002

11/01/77

TSP

DNR Regional Office, Albany

13-095-0004

09/29/78

TSP

Plant Mitchell, Albany

13-095-0006

02101189

SO2

Turner Elementary School, Albany 13-095-0007

07/30/91

TSP

TOTAL SUSPENDED PARTICULATE
1995 MONITORING NETWORK
In 1987 the particulate standard was changed from Total Suspended Particulate to a PM-10 Standard, ( particles with an aerodynamic diameter of 10 microns or smaller). In 1995 Georgia operated 39 TSP monitors in 21 counties acting as surrogates for PM-10 monitors. There were no excessions of the particulate standard in 1994 utilizing the TSP method therefore the PM-10 standard was met. A five year analysis of TSP annual means shows a downward trend in concentrations.

TOTAL SUSPENDED PARTICULATES
Period: Year of 1995 Method: 91 Units: Micrograms per Cubic Meter
- Air Quality Control Region 2 Columbus-Phenix Interstate

TOTAL SUSPENDED PARTICULATES
- Air Qualitv Control Reaion 54 Central Georaia Intrastate

TOTAL SUSPENDED PARTICUATES
- Air Qualitv Control Reaion 57 Northeast Georaia Intrastate

TOTAL SUSPENDED PARTICULATE

- Air Qualitv Control Reaion 58 Savannah-Beaufort Interstate

Shuman Sch-o- ol, Sava- nn- ah.....Market Street. Savannah
Sava..n.--.-n---.a.---h-p,-T.." ech, Savannah Mercer Jr. High, Garden City

- 130510014 130510017
i
130510020
130510091

Jan - Dec
Jan-Dec
Jan - Dec Jan - Dec

Strong Elementary School, Port 130510093 Jan - Dec

Wentworth -

-

Lathrop & Augusta Pump

Station, Savannah

1 t -

130511002

- ""
Jan Dec

59

115

97 -.-

46

...

41

!

0

59

85

76

I

I

41

3- 8-

! 0

60

-73

60

28

26

0

"

"

58

83

78

38

35

0

59

88

64

33

30

0

- Air Qualitv Control Reaion 59 Southwest Georaia Intrastate

-

--

- ---

DNR ~ebionaOl ffice, Albany 130950004 Jan - Dec

61

68

67

36

32

0

Turner Elem. School. Albanv 130950007 1 Jan - Dec 1

5 1

69

55

34

31

n

Standard

TOTAL SUSPENDED PARTICULATES Annual Mean

Site Number

FIVE YEAR COMPILATION OF TOTAL SUSPENDED PARTICULATE GEOMETRIC MEANS uglM3

002 Columbus-Phenix City AQCR Muscogee Health Department
- Columbus Fire Station #4
049 Jacsonville-Brunswick AQCR Brunswick-Health Department Arco Pump Station, Brunswick
053 Augusta-Aiken AQCR Augusta-Sandbar Ferry School Wrens-City Hall Augusta-Bungalow Road School Augusta-Clara Jenkins School Augusta-Waste Water Treatment Plant Augusta-Medical College
054 Central Georgia AQCR Macon-Allied Chemical Macon-Fire Station #1I Milledgeville-Baldwin Airport Macon-City Bus Barn Sandersville Health Department
055 Chattanooga-Rossville AQCR Cartersville-Fire Station #2 Ringgold-Health Center Rossville-Health Center McCaysville-Elementary School Rome-Coosa High School Rome-Floyd Co. Health Department
056 Atlanta Metropolitan AQCR Smyrna-Health Center Clarkston-Dekalb Tech. Forest Park-DOT Carrollton-Geography Building Fulton County Health Center E. Rivers School East Point Health Center Utoy Creek
057 Northeast Georgia AQCR Athens Social Circle

34

30

31

3 1

29

29

28

28

26

28

36

3 1

33

28

26

38

36

38

36

33

39

33

35

34

30

33

29

27

27

29

36

32

32

31

29

40

38

39

35

36

36

38

38

33

30

37

34

32

34

33

46

43

44

41

45

32

28

27

22

22

24

20

36

33

35

35

34

32

33

3 1

3 1

34

33

38

32

29

25

28

40

36

30

31

34

26

26

22

17

17

32

32

32

30

31

33

32

31

29

29

32

29

25

3 1

29

24

23

25

20

20

058 Savannah-Beaufort AQCR Savannah-Fire Station #2 Savannah Lathrop & Augusta Garden City-Mercer Jr. High Port Wentworth-Strong Elem. Savannah-Shuman School Savannah-Market Street Savannah-Savannah Tech.
059 Southwest Georgia AQCR Moultrie-Health Department Cordele-City Hall Albany-DNR Regional Office Albany Sylvester School Albany-Turner Elem. School

Standard 50
45 -
0 5 40
m 35 -
30 1991

TSP GEOMETRIC MEAN Annual Trends
--

1992

1993 Year

1994

1995

PM-10 1995 MONITORING NETWORK
PM-10 was monitored in 9 counties in 1995. There were no excessions of the standard. A five year analysis of annual arithmetic means revealed a slight downward trend in concentrations.

Period: Year of 1995 METHOD: 63,78 UNITS: Micrograms per Cubic Meter

PARTICULATE MATTER PM-10 TOTAL
-0 10 Micron

1 Columubs
- Air Qualitv Control Region 54 Central (

I Summerville

I

PARTICULATE MATTER PM-10 TOTAL
- Air Qualitv Control Reaion 57 Northeast Georaia Intrastate
- - Air Quality Control Region 58 Savannah Beaufort Interstate

I% -Standard
. -. -
50 Standard
1

1995 PM-10 24 HOUR MAX
Site
1995 PM-10 ANNUAL ARITHMETIC MEAN

Site

SULFUR DIOXIDE 1995 MONITORING NETWORK
Sulfur Dioxide was monitored in 8 counties in 1995. There were no excessions of the standard. A five year anlysis of SO, maximum concentrations shows a slight downward trend in SO, concentrations.

PERIOD: YEAR OF 1995 METHOD: 20 UNITS: PARTS PER MILLION

Airport No Sampling Scheduled

Sampling Scheduled

SULFUR DIOXIDE

I 1

I

1 I Brunswick

._.. L..-J

. I..... I

1

-1

1 "

1 "

I ~e;. Center,

Augusta

:

Sampling Scheduled

i 1

I
i

SULFUR DIOXIDE

- Air Quality Control Renion 54 Central Georgia Intrastate

Compound,

Sampling

I I

/ Macon
Baldwin Co.

Scheduled
130090001 Jan - Dec 8517

0.123

0.108

0.071

0.062

0.014

1
0.013 1 .0.002

010

0

1 Airport,
Milledaeville

i
I

1

- - Air Qualitv Control Reaion 55 Chattanooaa Rossville Interstate

I IWY I IJ,

I IJUlPUUUL

J d l l - UeC.

OLY3

U.LUP

U. I I U

U.UOY

U.UO3

U.U I0

U.U I 0

U.UUJ

U

U

u

Stilesboro

McCaysville

131110091 Jan - Dec 8506

0.187

0.142

0.064

0.060

0.021

0.016

0.003

0

0

0

Elementary

School Coosa School,
, Rome

131 150003

Jan - Dec

8366

0.1 17

0.107

0.080

0.048

--

0.002

0

0

0

1

SULFUR DIOXIDE

1"Ave.

I
,,

1 .

1

I

1

"

"

1."

i

I

1

1

SULFUR DIOXIDE 24 Hour Maximum
Concentration

Standard

SULFUR DIOXIDE 3 HOUR
Maximum Concentration

Site Number

Standard

SULFUR DIOXIDE Annual Mean

S i e Number

OZONE 1995 MONITORING NETWORK
In 1995 ozone was monitored in 12 counties. There were sixteen excessions of the standard. There are no apparent trends in ozone concentrations. The 13 county Atlanta metropolitan area has been declared non-attainment for ozone and categorized as "serious" by the Environmental Protection Agency.

PERIOD: YEAR OF 1995 METHOD: 14 UNITS: PARTS PER MILLION

OZONE

Lab,

Columbus

Columbus 132150008 March - Nov

6372

0.114 08118:I1

0.113

07/11:11

0

0

Airport _, ," ,-

_____.I_,_,,,__",,

_.._._____._I.._.I_._.____._._.,________--

_._

_

_.I_-.-._.I

-

Union

132611001 No Monitoring

High

Scheduled

School,

Leslie

I I School, Brunswick ______."I-_

1 I

- Air Qualitv Control Reaion 53 Auausta-Aiken lnterstate

OZONE

~oad School, Augusta
- Air Quality Control Reeion 55 Chattanooga-RossvilleInterstate

- Air Qualitv Control Reaion 56 Atlanta Metronolitan Intrastate

1 Tucker.

130893001 Mar - Nov

P "
3
I

water Creek State Park,

OZONE

OZONE
- - Air Qualitv Control Reaion 58 Savannah Beaufort Interstate
President Savannah

ATLANTA METRO AREA OZONE Days Above the Standard (0.12ppm)
1995 OZONE CONCENTRATIONS Range of First Four Max. Conc.
Site Number

CARBON MONOXIDE 1995 MONITORING NETWORK
Carbon Monoxide was monitored in 2 metropolitan Atlanta counties in 1995. There were no excessions of the standard. A five year analysis of CO data revealed no apparent trends.

CARBON MONOXIDE
PERIOD: YEAR OF 1995 METHOD: 11 UNITS: PARTS PER MILLION
- Air Qualitv Control Reaion 56 Atlanta Metro~olitanIntrastate

Tech,

Clarkston

Roswell

131210099 Jan - Dec

8666

28.9

Road,

Atlanta

a

-

16.3

7.1

-

To be counted as an excession, an 8-hour average must be greater than or equal to 9.5 ppm.

5.2

0

................

.....................".

0
""...."........"

Standard 35

1995 CARBON MONOXIDE 1 Hour Max

Standard

Site Number
1995 CARBON MONOXIDE 8 Hour Max

131210099

130891002

Site Number

NITROGEN DIOXIDE 1995 MONITORING NETWORK
Nitrogen Dioxide was monitored in 3 metropolitan Atlanta counties in 1994. There were no excessions of the standard. A five year analysis of maximum hourly data revealed no apparent trends.

PERIOD: YEAR OF 1995 METHOD: 14 UNITS: PARTS PER MILLION

NITROGEN DIOXIDE

College, Decatur
ldlewild Road, Tucker "--" Ga. Tech., Atlanta
Monastery, Convers

130893001
..."
131210048
132470001

Apr - Dec Jan - Dec Jan - Dec

6151 8437 8352

"

s 0.065

""................

"

0.093

"

b "

I

0.046

0.041

0.006

No

STANDARD 0.050

1995 NITROGEN DIOXIDE Annual Arithmetic Mean

130893001

Site Number

131210048

LEAD 1995 MONITORING NETWORK
Lead was monitored in 11 counties in 1994. There were no excessions of the standard. A twenty year analysis of maximum quarterly concentrations revealed a significant reduction in lead concentrations. This reduction was due mainly to the elimination of lead in gasoline. The emphasis in lead monitoring has shifted from mobile to stationary sources and a reconfiguration of the network will be forthcoming. This shift is evident in the 1994 Maximum Quarterly Composite graph where higher concentrations are seen in Columbus. Three sites are located in the vicinity of a secondary lead smelter.

PERIOD: YEAR OF 1995 METHOD: 92 UNITS: MICROGRAMS PER CUBIC METER

LEAD

Dept

S.E. Site

132150009

Jan - Dec

12

0.82

0.70

0.63

0.27

0

Columbus - .

--

-p.-

N.W. Site,

132150010

Jan - Dec

12

1.15

1.13

0.78

0.64

0

Columbus Cussetta

132150011 Jan - Dec

. -
12

0.15

0.13

0

Road Elem.

' Glynn Co.

131270001 Jan - Dec

12

0.03

Health Dept,

Brunswick

U.UL

U.U I

LEAD

I Augusta

I

LEAD

Floyd Co.

.-.........
131150004

Health Dept.

Health

132950002

Center,

Rossville

_

- 7 -

"

""

Jan - Dec Jan - Dec

12

0.03

12

0.05

....,---.--.----..---.-~-....,.--.lll

0.02 0.03
...._-

0.02 0.03
"

0.01

1

u

0.02

0

-

Carrollton

DMRC,

130890003

Jan - Dec

12

0.03

0.02

0.03

0.02

0

Decatur

Fulton Co.

131210001

Jan - Dec

12

0.06

0.04

0.04

0.03

0

Health Dept

71 , 1 Atlanta

131210049
-

I Athens I L#2, Savannah

LEAD

1
I -

L

i -- 1 J

1

1995 LEAD Maximum Quarterly Composite

,50 Standard

I

1

Site Number
- LEAD TRENDS 1974 1995
Maximum Quarterly Concentration

NITRIC OXIDE 1995 MONITORING NETWORK
Nitric Oxide was monitored in 2 counties in 1994. This compound is a non-criteria pollutant and there are no national or state standards. To date, there is insufficient data to perform a trend analysis.

NITRIC OXIDE

PERIOD: YEAR OF 1995 METHOD: 74 UNITS: PARTS PER MILLION
Air Qualitv Control Reaion 56 -Atlanta Metro~olitanIntrastate

j College,
1 Decatur I

1 ldlewild 1 Road,
1 Tucker

130893001

i j Monastery, 1 132470001
1 ~onvers

Apr - Dec

6149

1 i Jan - Dec I 8346

0.201 0.179

0.179 1 0.009

0.130

0.007

OXIDES OF NITROGEN 1995 MONITORING NETWORK
NO, was monitored in 2 counties in 1995. This compound is a non-criteria polluant and there are no national or state standards. To date, there is insufficient data to perform a trend analysis.

OXIDES OF NITROGEN

PERIOD: YEAR OF 1995 METHOD: 74 UNITS: PARTS PER MILLION
Air Qualitv Control Renion 56 - Atlanta Metro~olitanIntrastate

1 College.

Decatur ldlewild

/ 130893001

Road,

I !

Tucker
1 Monastery, 132470001

Convers t

Apr - Dec Jan - Dec

ACID PRECIPITATION 1995 MONITORING NETWORK
Acid precipitation was monitored in 6 counties in 1995. The Air Protection Branch operated 3 of these sites and the remainder were operated by the Georgia Forestry Commission and the University of Georgia. There are no national or state standards for acid precipitation. A 5 year analysis of the data reveals no obvious trends.

AClD PRECIPITATION WEIGHTED AVERAGE
- Reported as pH 1991 1995

1 Dawsonville
i McDuffie Co.
! Waycross 1
1 Athens
( Eatonton

4.56

4.70

4.92

4.85

1 4.73

4.78

4.56

4.53

I 4.56

4.58

4.61

4.62

1 4.71

4.71

4.86

1 4.95

1 No Data

Site 1 Site 1

1 Terminated I Terminated

4.49 4.50

4.67 4.69

' 4.63
1 4.64

.- 7,00 Neutral pH
2 6.90
9 6.80
6.10 6.00 5.90 5.80 5.70 5.60 pH of Natural Rainfall 5.50 5.40 -

AClD PRECIPITATION Five Year Trend

I -Surnme~ille
-Dawsonville -McDuffie Co. -Waycross *Athens

'5.6 is generallyconsidwed to be the pH of natura rainfallunaffected by anthropogenic influences

year

TYPES OF SAMPLING METHODS
TOTAL SUSPENDED PARTICULATES (Manual) Samples are collected on 8" x 10" pre-weighed fiberglass filters with a high-volume sampler for 24 hours. Gravimetric gross particulate analysis is performed on all samples after collection. (method number 91)
LEAD (Manual) Samples are collected on 8" x 10" pre-weighed fiberglass filters with a high-volume sampler for 24 hours. Atomic absorption analysis is then performed on the samples.(method number 92)
SULFUR DIOXIDE (Continuous) Continuous analysis for sulfur dioxide is accomplished with the use of pulsed fluorescence (U.V. Light) method. (method number 20)
NITROGEN DIOXIDE (Continuous) Continuous analysis for nitrogen dioxide is accomplished with the use of ozone phase chemiluminescent method. (method number 074)
CARBON MONOXIDE (Continuous) Continuous analysis for carbon monoxide is accomplished with the use of non-dispersive infrared analysis and gas filter correlation methods. (method number 11)

OZONE (Continuous) Continuous analysis for ozone is accomplished with the use of U.V. photometric method. (method number 14)
PARTICULATE MATTER 10 MICRON (PM-10) Samples are collected on microquartz fiber filters with a PM-10 sampler for 24 hours. Gravimetric analysis is performed on all samples after collection. (method number 63 & 98)
NITRIC OXIDE Continuous analysis for nitric oxide is accomplished with the use of ozone phase chemiluminescent method. (method number 074)
OXIDES OF NITROGEN Continuous analysis for oxides of nitrogen is accomplished with the use of ozone phase chemiluminescent method. (method number 074)
ACID PRECIPITATION Samples are collected weekly and analyzed gravimetrically and also for acidity and conductivity. Further analyses are performed for selected compounds.
VOC ANALYSIS During June, July, and August samples are analyzed hourly using a gas chromatography unit ussin a Flame Ionization Detector (FID). Throughout the year a 24 hour integrated sample is taken and analyzed in a State Laboratory.

CARBONYL During July and August samples are taken for three hours and analyzed at a State Laboratory. Throughout the year a 24 hour integrated sample is taken and analyzed in a State Laboratory

Appendix " B "

ABBREVIATIONS

AM AQCR ARlTH MEAN CO EPA GEO MEAN Pb NO Nox NO2 NUM OBS
03
PM-10 PPM QTR
so2
TSP W/M3
uv

Annual mean Air Quality Control Region Arithmetic mean Carbon monoxide Environmental Protection Agency Geometric Mean Lead Nitric Oxide Oxides of nitrogen Nitrogen Dioxide Number of observations Ozone Particles with an aerodynamic diameter of 10 microns or less Parts Per Million Calendar quarter Sulfur dioxide Total Suspended particulate Micrograms per Cubic Meter Ultraviolet