Georgia criminal justice data 1989 [July 1990]

GEORGIA CRIMINAL JUSTICE DATA
1989
Published By The Georgia Bureau of Investigation July 1990

May 18, 1990

My Fellow Georgians:

During 1989, we experienced another increase in the crime rate in Georgia. Many people became victims for t h e first time; others, unfortunately, were victims for t h e second o r third time. T h e challenge presented by t h e s e f a c t s emphasizes t h e importance of participation and cooperation by all components of t h e criminal justice system in providing for t h e protection of our citizens.

With t h e help of reliable, accurate statistics, we can better identify the nature and extent of the problem. Furthermore, this data can assist decision makers in
- improving t h e operation of t h e criminal justice system and in stemming o r reducing
t h e c r i m e rate. By utilizing t h e information in Georgia Criminal J u s t i c e Data, 1989 the law enforcement community has a valuable resource which can hopefully
9 -
aid their continuing efforts t o reduce crime in our state.

With kindest regards, I remain

a& Sincerely, Joe Frank Harris

CONTENTS
. Section 1 Law Enforcement
Introduction.................................................................................................................................................................... 5
Summary of Crime in Georgia
Crimes..............................................................................................................................................................7 Arrests..............................................................................................................................................................7
Figure 1.1 - Reported Incidents of Crime ..................................................................................... 8 Figure 1.2 - Reported Arrests for Crimes ...................................................................................... 8
Incidents of Crime .................................................................................................................................................9 Summaryof Crime Characteristics......................................................................................................................9
Table 1.1 - Profile of Reported Index Crimes, Georgia 1989......................................................10
Profile of Index Crimes Murder and Non-Negligent Manslaughter
Table 1.2 .Trends and Characteristics..........................................................................................1.1 Figure 1.3A - Five Year Trend, 1985- 1989........................................................................................12 Figure 1.3B - Weapon v p e , 1989......................................................................................................1..2 Figure 1.3C - Place of Occurrence, 1989.........................................................................................1..2.
Rape
Table 1.3 - Trends and Characteristics.........................................................................................1..3 Figure 1.4A - Five Year Trend, 1985- 1989.......................................................................................1.4 Figure 1.4B - Weapon Type, 1989.....................................................................................................1..4. Figure 1.4C - Place of Occurrence, 1989..........................................................................................1..4
Robbery
Table 1.4 .Trends and Characteristics.........................................................................................1..5 Figure 1.5A - Five Year Trend, 1985- 1989.......................................................................................1.6 Figure 1.5B - Weapon v p e , 1989......................................................................................................1..6 Figure 1.5C - Place of Occurrence, 1989..........................................................................................1..6
Aggravated Assault
Table 1.5 - Trends and Characteristics........................................................................................1..7. Figure 1.6A - Five Year Trend, 1985- 1989.....................................................................................1..8. Figure 1.6B - Weapon v p e , 1989.....................................................................................................1..8. Figure 1.6C - Place of Occurrence, 1989...........................................................................................1..8
Burglary
Table 1.6 - Trends and Characteristics.........................................................................................1..9 Figure 1.7.4 - Five Year Trend, 1985- 1989......................................................................................2..0 Figure 1.7B - Place of Occurrence, 1989..........................................................................................2..0
Larceny
Table 1.7 - Trends and Characteristics.........................................................................................2..1 Figure 1.8A - Five Year Trend, 1985- 1989........................................................................................22 Figure 1.8B - Criminal Activity, 1989...............................................................................................2..2. Figure 1.8C - Place of Occurrence, 1989.........................................................................................2.2..
Motor Vehicle Theft
Table 1.8 - Trends and Characteristics.........................................................................................2..3 Figure 1.9A .Five Year Trend, 1985- 1989......................................................................................2..4 Figure 1.9B .Place of Occurrence, 1989..........................................................................................2..4
Arson
Table 1.9 - Trends and Characteristics..........................................................................................2.5 Figure l.lOA - Five Year Trend, 1985- 1989......................................................................................2.6. Figure l.lOB - Place of Occurrence, 1989...........................................................................................2.6
Figure 1.11 .Percent of Total Index Crimcs. 1989............................................................................27 Table 1.10 .Characteristicsof Indcx Crimes. 1989........................................................................28
Geographical Distribution of Crime..................................................................................................................2.9. Table 1.11 .MSA/Non MSA. 1989...................................................................................................30 Table 1.12 .MSA/Non MSA Indcx Crime Rates. 1989Per 100.000 Persons .............................. 31

Crime Trends and Comparisons........................................................................................................................... 31 Changesin Crime Rates........................................................................................................................................31
Figure 1.12A .Index Crimes. Five Year Trend. 1985.1989..............................................................32 Figure 1.12B .Index Crime Rate. Five Year Trend. 1985.1989.......................................................32 Table 1.13 .Changes in Number of Index Crimes Georgia. 1985.1989..................................... 33 Table 1.14 .Changes in Index Crime Rates Per 100.000 Persons Georgia. 1985.1989.............34 Table 1.15 .Index Crime Trends Georgia, South. Nation. 1985.1989........................................35 Table 1.16 .Changes in Number of Index Crimes Georgia. South. Nation. 1985-1989............35 Figure 1.13 .Index Crimes. Five Year Trend Georgia. South. Nation. 1985.1989......................36 Table 1.17 .RelationshipBetween Crime and Population. Georgia. 1985.1989...................... 37 Figure 1.14A .Reported Index Crimes. 1985.1989........................................................................... 37 Figure 1.14B .Reported Index Crime Rates Per 100.000 Persons. 1985.1989.............................. 38 Profileof Non-Index Crimes................................................................................................................................. 39 Table 1.18 .Profile of Reported Non-Index Crimes. 1985.1989.................................................39 Figure 1.15 .Reported Non-Index Crime Incidents, 1985.1989................................................... 40 Table 1.19 .Profile of Reported Non-Index Crimes Statewide, 1988.1989............................... 40 CrimesAgainst Children....................................................................................................................................... 41 Table 1.20A .Reported Crimes Against Children Georgia. 1985.1989........................................ 42 Table 1.20B .Reported Arrests for Crimes Against Children Georgia, 1985.1989..............;.....42
Arrests For Crimes
Trends. Characteristics. Comparisions .......................................................................................................4.3 Profile of Index Arrest Trends....................................................................................................................4..3
Figure 1.16 .Reported Index Arrests Five Year Trend. 1985.1989..............................................43
Figure 1.17A .Index Crime Arrests By Age. 1985..............................................................................44 Figure 1.17B .Index Crime Arrests By Age. 1989..............................................................................44 Profile of Index Arrest Trends by Age Group ............................................................................................ 45 Profile of Juvenile Arrests for Index Crimes............................................................................................... 45 Table 1.21 .Profile of Reported Arrests for Index Crimes 1985.1989.......................................46 Table 1.22 .Comparision of Reported Index Crimes and Arrests. 1985.1989.......................... 47
Table 1.23 .Comparision of Reported Crimes and Reported Arrests, 1989.............................. 48 Table 1.24 .Georgia Arrests for Index Crimes 1985.1989. by Age Group................................ 49 Table 1.25 .Profile of Persons Arrested by SpecificAge, Sex, Race, 1989.................................50 Table 1.26 .Arrest Rates Per 100,000 Persons by Specific Age, Sex, Race, 1989.......................51 Table 1.27 .Georgia Arrests for Index Crimes. 1985.1989.........................................................52 Profile of Non-Index Arrest Trends ...........................................................................................................5..3 Profile of Juvenile Arrests for Non-Index Crimes.....................................................................................5.3
Table 1.28 .Profile of Reported Non-Index Arrests. 1985.1989.................................................53 Figure 1.18 .Reported Non-Index Crime Arrests Five Year Trend, 1985.1989.........................54 Table 1.29 .Reported Non-Index Crime Arrests 1985.1989,by Age Group ............................54
Figure 1.19A .Non-Index Crime Arrests by Age, 1985.....................................................................55 Figure 1.19B .Non-Index Crime Arrests by Age. 1989......................................................................55 Table 1.30 .Reported Non-Index Arrests by Age, 1989................................................................56
Table 1.31 .Non-Index Arrest Rates Per 100.00 Persons 1989, by Age.......................................57 Table 1.32 .Non-Index Arrests Statewide by Sex and Race. 1989...............................................58 Drug Violations....................................................................................................................................................5..9 Table 1.33 .Reported Drug Arrests Statewide 1985.1989.......................................................... 59 Profile of Reported Clearances..........................................................................................................................6..0 Table 1.34 .Profile of Reported Index Crime Clearances. 1985.1989.......................................60 Figure 1.20 .Index Crime Clearances Five Year Trend. 1985.1989.............................................61 Table 1.35 .Profile of Reported Non-Index Clearances. 1985.1989........................................62 Figure 1.21 .Non-Index Crime Clearances Five Year Trend, 1985.1989....................................63 Table 1.36 .Clearance Rates Index Crimes. 1985.1989...............................................................64 Table 1.37 .Clearance Rates Non-Index Crimes, 1985.1989......................................................64 County Crime Reports.........................................................................................................................................6.5 Table 1.38A .County Crime Reports. Indcx Crimes. 1988.1989...................................................66

Table 138B .CountyCrimeReports, Non-Index Crimes, 1988.1989.......................................... 78

In Memoriam..........................................................................................................................................................100 OfficersKTFFiaigbliluleerdee1a113n..92d222ABAs...sRLaLuaaelwwpteoEdErntn.e.ff.do.o..rLr.c.c.ae.e.wm.m..E.ee..nnn..tt.f.OoO..r.ff.cf.f.eii.cc.m.ee..rer.s.sn..AKt..O.si.ls.f.la.ef.ui.dc.l.etF..er.i.dsv..eK.F..Yii.vl.l.ee.e.ad.Yr...a'eL..na.t.rde..Bn.A.d.e.s...n.s..a..d..u......l....t....e.....d.......,......1........9......8......5................1......9......8......9................................................................111100001332

Profile ofTTFF'iaaLgbbtiualleerfeef11ic..1144..F10223a4tal....it''FFillettaaaastt.ffaa.ff.ll.iii.Acct.i..eFFc..scaa..Iitt.dn.aa..vlel.ii.nott.ii.ltee.vs.ss.iI.nb.n1.gy.9v..8oDM.5.l.vU.o..i.nI.n1.,g.t9.h1.8D.9.91.8U.9..5..8..I...9,....1.1.....9.9.....88.....5.9.....................1.......9........8........9.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................111110000055646

Table 1.42 Table 1.43

..THroalfifdicayFlaftaalfifticesTboyll,M19o8n8th.,1L9o8c9a.t..i.o..n...a..n...d...'Q...p..e....1..9..8..8.......1..9..8..9...........................................................................110087

GeorgiaBureauof Investigation..........................................................................................................................109

Table 1.44 .Georgia Bureau of InvestigationProductivityData .1989

110

. Section2 Courts
IntroCdouucrttisoDn.F.a.i.t.g.a.u....r...e......2.......1.......................G.......e....o....r....g....i..a......J....u....d......i..c....i...a....l....D.......i...s....t..r..i....c....t..s.............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................111..111344

Georgia's Superior Figure 2.2 Table 2.1

Courts .Superior

Courts

.filingddiipositions..

...................................................................115

.CY 1988SuperiorCourt Caseload (Docket entries)...............................................116

Georgia's State Courts
Table 2.2 .CY

1988 State

Court

Caseload

....................................................................................

118

Georgia's Probate Courts
Table 2.3A .EY Table 2.3B .EY

1989 Probate 1989 Probate

Court Court

CCirvimil CinaasleCloaasedlo(Dadoc(Dkeotceknettrieenst)r.i.e..s..).....................................................................112119

Georgia's Juvenile Courts
Table 2.4 .CY 1988Juvenile Court Caseload (Number of children) ........................................

122

Georgia's Magistrate Table 2.5

Courts
.EY 1989

Magistrate

Court

Caseload

(Casesfiled)....................................................125

Georgia's Court of Table 2.6

Appeals
.Court

of

Appeals

Caseload:

1987 and

1988 (Docket

entries)..................................128

Georgia's Supreme Court
Table 2.7 .SupremeCourt Caseload: 1987and 1988(Docket entries).....................................129

. Section3 Corrections

IntroCdourcrteicotnio...n..s..D....a..t.a...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................-........................................11..3334

PrisoTTnaabbPllreeo33f..i12le............CI.n..o.s.rt..ir.te.u.c..tt.i.io.o.n.n..P.a..lo..Ip.n..us..lt.a.i.tt.ui.o.t..in.o..bn..y.P..A.o..pg..u.e..l.aa..nt.i.do...nS..s.e.b.x.y.,..11..9[..8L..9p.e...,.....1....9....8....5.......-.....1....9....8....9.....................................................................................................................

134 134
135

Inmate Profile Table 33 Table 3.4 Figure 3.1

...........III.nnn...mmm...aaa..ttt..eee..PPP...ooo..ppp..uuu...lll.aaa..ttt.iii.ooo..n.nn...bbb..yyy...RRR...aaa..ccc..eee..,.aa.A.nn..gdd..e..SS.a.ee.n.xx..d,,..11.S.99.e.88.x.59.,....1....9.1...8.9...9.8....9..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................111133336678

Table 3.5 Table 3.6 Table 3.7 Figure 3.2 Table 3.8

.Inmate Population by Most Serious Crime q p e . 1985.1989..................................138 .Inmate SentenceLength in Years. 1985.1989.......................................................... 139 .Inmate Sentence in Years by Age and Sex, 1989....................................................... 140 .Inmate SentenceLengths, 1989................................................................................... 141 .Inmate Crime Categories by Age and Sex, 1989........................................................ 142

ProbationProfile........................................................................................................................................... 143 Table 3.9 .Probation Population by Race and Sex, 1985.1989................................................. 143 Table 3.10 .Probation Population by Race, Age and Sex, 1989...................................................1.44 Figure 3.3 .Probation Population by Race and Sex, 1989............................................................. 144 Table 3.11 .Probation Population by Most Serious Crime Vpe, 1985.1989.............................145 Table 3.12 .Probation Population by Most Serious Crime Type, Age and Sex, 1989................145 Figure 3.4 .Probation Population by Crime Type, 1989................................................................146 Table 3.13 .Probation Population by Crime Category, Age and Sex, 1989.................................147 Table 3.14 .Active Probationers on First Offender Status. 1985.1989......................................148 Table 3.15 .First Offender by Age and Sex, 1989........................................................................... 148

. Section4 Pardons and Paroles
Introduction................................................................................................................................................................... 151 Profile of Pardons and Paroles.............................................................................................................................151 Table 4.1 - Profile of Parole Board Activity, 1985- 1989.............................................................152

. Section5 Statementsfrom Senior Officials
Attorney General. State of Georgia ..........................................................................................................................1..55 Chief Justice. Supreme Court of Georgia.................................................................................................................1..56 Director. Georgia Bureau of Investigation.................................................................................................................157 Commissioner. Georgia Department of Public Safety..............................................................................................158 President. GeorgiaAssociation of Chiefs of Police.................................................................................................1..60 President. Georgia Sheriffs' Association...................................................................................................................161 Director, AdministrativeOfficeof the Courts..........................................................................................................1.63 Commissioner, Department of Corrections...............................................................................................................164 Chairman, State Board of Pardons and Paroles.........................................................................................................165

INTRODUCTION
Georgia Criminal Justice Data, 1989 is published by the Georgia Bureau of Investigation. This publication represents the cooperation of many agencies and organizations withinstategovernment,asit is a compilationof information from multiple segments of Georgia's criminal justice system.
The reporting and analysis of the occurrence of specific crimes and subsequent arrests is the point of entrance for an individual into Georgia's criminaljustice system. Georgia Criminal Justice Data, 1989 is designed to reflect the totality of the system. It proposes to contribute to the basic understanding and knowledge of just what that system includes and what it does.
This publication provides a basic description of the functions of the criminaljustice system, and portrays statistically through graphs, charts and tables essential work load data. As more extensive and accurate reporting systems are developed, this publication will continue toward a more comprehensive effort, capable of tracking individuals through the entirejustice systemand communicating a clear picture of the system's collective efforts to control crime.

This publication is organized into four divisions: law enforcement, the courts, corrections and pardons and paroles. The information is organized in a manner consistent with the movement of an offender through the criminal justice system. Analyses of data are made solely from data collected from each major component of the system and are confined to that component. In some instances, the amount of data is rather voluminous; in others it is minimal.
Each section of this publication begins with a brief description of the overall structure of a component, followedby the method by which its relevant data are collected and processed. Following this overview is a presentation of the compiled data and, where appropriate, an analysis of that data.The concludingsection containsstatementsof officials representing each major component, addressing critical topics relevant to Georgia's criminaljustice system.

1. LAW ENFORCEMENT

INTRODUCTION
The law enforcement powers of the State of Georgia are a function of the executivebranch of government.In order to exercise enforcement powers, the state grants the power of arrest to some 784 active law enforcement agencies which can be grouped into seven major categories: (1) state agencies, (2) municipal agencies, (3) county police agencies, (4) county sheriff departments, (5) campus agencies, (6) state authorities' and institutions' agencies and (7) other agencies. These agencies employ 27,786 certified officers.
The majority of law enforcementfunctionsare delegated to the respectivecountiesand municipalitiesby the state. Most law enforcement work is done at the local level; the bulk of money allocated, the majority of personnel employed, and the greatest portion of work load measures are generated locally.The state retains certain specializedresponsibilities because agreat deal of variation existsbetween countiesand municipalities in the provision of police services, and because the type of services provided changes over time.
State Law Enforcement Agencies
The primary roles of state level law enforcement agencies are to provide technical assistance to local agencies and to provide services in highly specialized operational areas. Examples of these services are: investigative assistance, laboratory analysis of physical evidence through the Division of Forensic Sciences, training, management consulting and the collection and analyses of crime data and criminal history information through the Georgia Crime Information Center.
In addition, the state engages in operational law enforcement functions in specialized areas. Workload measures generated by the state's six major law enforcement agencies, employing 1,881 officers with arrest powers, are included with the data in this report. These state agencies are:
1.The Georgia State Patrol, whose primary legal responsibility is traffic enforcement and highway safety. Its duties are performed by 847 certified officers assigned to 48 Patrol Posts located throughout Georgia. In addition to traffic enforcement the Georgia State Patrol has initiated a highly successful program to "look beyond the ticket" which has resulted in numerous arrests for narcotics trafficking and other felony violations.
2. The Georgia Bureau of Investigation whose primary focus is on general investigations and narcotics enforcement. Its duties are performed by 252 certified special agentsand 48 narcotics agents. There are 13regional offices and four regional drug enforcement offices located throughout Georgia and various special units working out of headquarters. Additionally, the G.B.I. operates the Divisionof Forensic Sciences,5 branch laboratories and the Georgia Crime Information Center.
3. The Department of Natural Resources, Game and Fish Division's Law Enforcement Unit whose primary focus is the enforcement of all laws relating to game and fish, boating and water safety regulation. Its duties are performed by 415 certified conservationrangers assigned to the 159counties in Georgia.

4. The Department of Revenue, Alcohol, Tobacco Tax Unit whose primary focus is the enforcement of laws pertaining to the payment of any tax duties due the department. The unit shares concurrent jurisdictionwith the Georgia Bureau of Investigation for statewide enforcement of all laws related to the manufacture, sale, transportation and possession of beverage alcohol and tobacco. Its duties are performed by 30 certified law enforcement agents.
5. The Investigation Division, State Examining Boards, and the Securities Investigation Unit, Secretary of State, whose primary focus is on the investigation of misdemeanor and felony violations of laws governing the licensing of certain professions (i.e., doctors, pharmacists, private detectives, etc.), verification and enforcement of provisions of the State Elections Code and the enforcement of securities regulation laws. Its duties are performed by 32 certified investigators based in Atlanta.
6. The Permits and Enforcement Division, Department of Transportation whose primary focus is the enforcement of regulationsgoverningthe sizeand weight of vehiclesoperating on public roads, the enforcement of licensing and fuel tax registration requirements and the enforcement of all state laws on properties owned or controlled by the Department of Transportation. Its duties are performed by 305 certified officers located in state highway districts.
In addition to the law enforcement agencies identified above, the state maintains a variety of other specialized agencies which are vested with arrest powers. These agencies are included in one of the other categories enumerated below (i.e., campus police, authority police, Georgia Drugs and Narcotics Agency, State Fire Marshal, Farmer's Market Police, etc.).
Local Law Enforcement Agencies
The primary role of local law enforcement departments is to provide police service to the citizens of an agency's geographically defined jurisdiction. These services are provided by one or more of the three types of local agencies: municipal police departments, county police departments and county sheriffs' departments. In Georgia there are 541 local law enforcement agencies which employ 15,573 certified officers with arrest powers.
1. Municipal Police Departments - Municipal police departments derive law enforcement powers through delegationfrom the state under the constitutionalprinciple of "home rule", or local autonomy. These agencies are generally responsible for the enforcement of all state criminal laws, traffic laws and municipal ordinances. Municipal police departments employ more law enforcement officersthan any other type of agency. Presently, 365 municipalities fund police departments which employ 7,715 certifiedofficers. These departments range in size from 1to 1,405 officers with the majority having 25 or fewer sworn officers.
2. County Sheriffs' Departments - The office of Sheriff in Georgia is considered to be both a constitutional and county office. Each sheriff derives his law enforcement powers from laws enacted by the General Assembly in accordance with the 1983Constitution of the State of Georgia. Sworn deputies derive arrest powers from the sheriff. Each of

Georgia's 159counties has a sheriff whose principal duties involve serving as: (1) the chief law enforcement officer of the county, (2) an officer of the county courts and (3) the officialjailer of the county. Georgia sheriffs' departments employ 5,704 certified officers authorized to enforce state criminallawsandcountyordinanceswhen authorizedby the county commission or local acts of the General Assembly. In the 17countiescontainingcountypolice departments,the sheriff's department tends to focus on the duties of jail operations and service to the courts.
- 3. County Police Departments County police agencies
derive law enforcement powers under the constitutional principle of "homerulenand acts of the countycommission. They are generallyempowered to enforce all state criminal laws, trafficlawsandcountyordinances.Therearecurrently 17county police departments in the state which employ a total of 2,W certified officers.
Campus Law Enforcement Agencies
Educational institutions within the State of Georgia have the authority to establish law enforcement agencies with powers similar to those of other state and local law enforcement agencies. These agencies are grouped as:
1.Stateoperatedcollegesand universities, operatingunder the authority of the Board of Regents, employ police officers and other security personnel with arrest powers for criminal and traffic violations committed upon property under the jurisdiction of the Board of Regents and upon public or private property within 500 yards of property under the jurisdiction of the board.
2. Privatecollegesand universitiesoperateunder the police powersof theStateBoardof Education.Theyemploypolice officerswho have the power of arrest for state criminal and traffic violations committed on the grounds or buildings of the particular educational facility and upon any public or private property within 500 yards of the facility.
There are currently 45 campus police agencies within the state which employ a total of 601 certified police officers.

Other Law EnforcementAgencies
Various independent statutes within the Official Code of Georgiagrant degrees of arrest power to certainemployees of state, local and private agencies, which do not lend themselves to easy categorization. These employees range from county marshals, to court officers, to investigators employed by district attorneys and solicitors, to railroad police officers and others. The number of agencies and officers that fall in this category are currently unknown.
Law Enforcement, Crime Data Reporting, Collection and
Interpretation
Georgia's crime reporting system is derived from the Federal Bureau of Investigation. Two types of crime data are collected from Georgia's law enforcement agencies utilizing standardizeddefinitionsand procedures. The first type of data collected represent offenses which include counts for the crimes of murder and non-negligent manslaughter, forcible rape, robbery, aggravated assault, burglary, larceny-theft, motor vehicle theft and arson. The first four offenses are violent crimes or crimes against persons; the remaining four are property crimes. Because of their seriousness,frequencyof occurrenceandlikelihoodof being reported, these crimes are thought of as an index of the crime problem. Consequently, these offenses are often referred to as Index crimes. Counts for less serious crimes, often referred to as Non-Index crimes, are also collected and analyzed.
The law enforcement data in this publication are provided from twq sources, the Georgia Crime Information Center and the Georgia Department of Public Safety. The primary responsibility for collecting and reporting data relating to criminal violations, traffic accidents and traffic violations falls upon the agency in whose jurisdiction the violations occur. A myriad of 784 law enforcement agencies collect and report data to the two state agencies responsible for collating and analyzing this information. This information is compiled and analyzed in publications such as Georgia Criminal Justice Data, as well as in specific reports used for policy decisions and research activities.

State Authorities' and Institutions' Law Enforcement
Agencies
Various state statutes creating specific authorities (i.e., Stone Mountain Authority, Lake Lanier Islands Authority, Georgia Ports Authority, MARTA, etc.) and those statutes whichgovern certaintypes of institutions(i.e., CentralState Hospital, Youth Development Centers, etc.) empower some of these agencies to employ police officers. These officersare empoweredto enforcestatecriminal and traffic laws on the property of the institution or the authority's jurisdiction. Thereare currently22policeagenciesin Georgiaunder this category.Theseagenciesemploya total of487 certified police officers.
Thereare an additional 5,581certified correctional officers who work in institutional settings, 1,257 certified probation officers and 414 certified parole officers. These officers round out the population of Georgia's certified peace officers. These employees have not been included in the total number of police officersbecause they are included within the Correctionssection of this publication.

TheGeorgiacrimestatisticsprovided in this publication are derivedfromactualreports submittedto the GeorgiaCrime InformationCenter by law enforcementagencies statewide. TheFBI provides statisticaldata on criminalactivitynationwide. Those tables comparing criminal activity in Georgia with that of the south and the nation use FBI statistical data for comparisons.
State law requires all criminal justice agencies to submit to the Georgia Crime Information Center information concerningcrimesreported by the public and crimesotherwise processed by these agencies. Law enforcement agencies must also submit fingerprints and other identifyingdata on persons arrested within their jurisdictions. These reports are collected on forms or in a format prescribed by the Georgia Crime Information Center. The validity of this information is dependent upon the original sources of the information --the law enforcement agencies located throughout the state.
State law also requires the submission of certain types of data on traffic accidents and traffic law violations to the

Department of Public Safety. All data concerning traffic accidents and violations contained in this report are obtained from the Department of Public Safety.
Crime Data Interpretation

ing if the accompanyingdemographicchanges are not considered. All crime figures cited are reliable indications of crime only to the extent that crimes are reported by victims and the UniformCrime Reports are submitted to the Georgia Crime Information Center by law enforcement agencies.

Several precautions in interpreting crime data should be observed. First, it is well established that many more crimes occur than are reported. Thus, depending on the trpe of crime and type of victim, statistics based on the number of crimes reported to law enforcement agencies may underestimate the number of crimes that actually take place. Because the size and variation of this "hidden figure of crime" is not known, caution should be exercised in assuming that changes in crime trends reflect changes in criminal behavior.
Second, these reports of crime are submitted by local and state agencies to the Georgia Crime Information Center. The reports are edited and screened for inclusion in the Uniform Crime Reporting statistics. The editing, which standardizes the reports according to Uniform Crime Reporting specifications, will sometimes result in variance between figures maintained in the Georgia Crime Information Center's statisticalfile and those maintainedby state or local agencies.

In spite of these limitations, the state's crime statistics data base is the best availablesource when describingGeorgia's crime problem over time.
SUMMARY OF CRIME IN GEORGIA
Crimes
In 1989,448,295Indexand 395,422Non-Indexoffenseswere reported by Georgia law enforcement agencies. Figure 1.1 displays the trends in both Index, Non-Index and combined offenses from 1985-1989. While Index offenses increased each year, the largest percentage increase (12.9%) occurred in 1989when reported offensesjumped by 51,166over 1988. Non-Index offenses also show a steady increase, except for 1986when DUI offense totalswere not tabulated.Although the 1989 total of 395,422 reported offenses is the highest of the five year period, the largest percentage increase occurred in 1988when offenses jumped by 50,220 or 15.8%.

Third, variance occurs between the Georgia Crime Information Center's figures and those released by the FBI. The Georgia Crime Information Center does not include estimates for incidents or arrests that occur but are not reported. Such estimates are included in the FBI's Crime in the United States. Again, changesin the number of reported incidents and arrests may not necessarily reflect the actual level of change in law enforcement activity.
Fourth, there is evidence that changes in the actual number of crimes committed normally coincide with changes in population demographics. Accordingly, historical comparisons of the number of crimes reported may be mislead-

Arrests
In 1989, law enforcement agencies reported 78,333 arrests for Index offenses and 283,680 arrests for Non-Index offenses. Figure 1.2 displays the arrest trends for the two crime categories as well as a combined total for all crimes. Arrests for Index offenses have increased each year during the five year period. The largest percentage increase (19.3%) occurred in 1988when reported arrests rose by 10,852.Similar to the Non-Indexoffense scenario,the 1989total of 283,680 reported arrests is the highest of the five year period, yet the largest percentage increase occurred in 1988 when arrests jumped by 25,861 or 11.1%.

Figure 1.1
REPORTED INCIDENTS OF CRIME
INDEX, NON-INDEX, TOTAL, 1985-1989
NUMBER REPORTED 900,000 1

400,000--
300,000- -
200,000

I
1985

I
1986

1987

I
1988

+
I
1989

INDEX

296,304 329.144

NON-INDEX 282,549 240.003

TOTAL

578,853 569,147

358,842 317,771 676,613

397,129 367,991 765,120

448,295 396,422 843,717

I +INDEX

YEAR

- - I NON-INDEX

TOTAL

1986 Non-lndex total does not Include DUI whlch Is unavailable.

Figure 1.2
REPORTED ARRESTS FOR CRIMES
INDEX, NON-INDEX, TOTAL, 1985-1989
NUMBER REPORTED 400,000 1

0
INDEX NON-INDEX TOTAL

I
1986

I
1986

I I
1987

I I
1988

I I
1989

52,843 226,077 278,920

64,493 171,357 226,860

66,160 233,818 289,968

67,002 269,679 326,681

78,333 283,680 362,013

- +INDEX

- YEAR NON-INDEX

-TOTAL

Source: Georgla Crime lnformatlon Center

INCIDENTS OF CRIME: CHARACTERISTICS, TRENDS, COMPARISONS
Profile of Index Crime in Georgia
In 1989, Georgians reported 448,295 Index crimes to law enforcement agencies (See Table 1.1). Included were 809 murders, 3,237 forcible rapes, 17,322 robberies, 26,192 aggravated assaults, 107,761 burglaries, 251,333 larcenies, 40,200 motor vehicle thefts and 1,441 arsons. Larcenies accounted for the highest percentage (56.1%) of the total number of Index crimes, and burglariesmade up the second highest category(24.0%). Overall, 10.6percent of the Index crimes were violent crimes committed against persons; 89.4 percent were property offenses.
While counts for the eight Index crimes illustrate Georgia's crime problem, the nature of serious criminal behavior can be further identified by examining pertinent details of individual crimes (See Tables 1.2 - 1.9).
Summary of Crime Characteristics, 1989
The crimes of murder, forciblerape and agravated assault typically involve people who know one another or have had

previous contact (See Table 1.10). On the other hand, robberies, burglaries, larcenies and motor vehicle thefts are ususally committed by strangers.
Weapon type and crime can also be correlated. In crimes of murder and robbery, firearms are the most frequentlyused weapon (56.0% and 37.4%, respectively). Similarly, the weapon most used in the crime of forcible rape is handslfists, etc. (44.9%). In the crime of aggravated assault, other dangerous weapons is the most frequent type used (37.2%).
In 1989, $533,772,806 in property was reported stolen during the commission of Index crimes. Larceny accounted for the greatest loss ($221,139,046) followed by motor vehicle theft ($219,866,015), burglary ($85,161,887) and robbery ($7,452,691). The average value of property stolen during each motor vehicle theft was $5,469, compared to $880 during each larceny, $790 during each burglary and $430 during each robbery.
With the exception of robbery, which is more likely to take place in a street or alley, most Index crimesoccur in residences or parks, public buildings and other places. Business establishments, chain stores, service stations and banks are generally less likely places of occurrence for Index crimes.

Table 1.1

PROFILE OF REPORTED INDEX CRIMES, GEORGIA 1989

Crime
Murder Rape Robbery Aggravated Assault
Total Violent Crime
Burglary Larceny Motor Vehicle Theft Arson
Total Property Crime Total Index Crime

Reported

% Of Total

Rate Per 100,000

47,560

10.6

739.0

400,735 448,295

89.4 100.0

6,226.5 6,965.4

Source: Georgia Crime Information Center

Table 1.2

DEFINITION

Murder and non-negligent manslaughter are defined as the willful killing of one human being by another. Deaths caused by negligence, suicide, accident, or justifiable homicide are not included in the count for this offense classification. Attempts to murder or assaults to murder are scored as aggravated assaults and not as murder.

TREND

Year

Number

% Change frhm

Rate per

% of Total Reported

Reported

Previous Year

100,000

Index Crimes

Percentage change from 1985to 1989
--- in number of reported crimes: 34.2 --- in rate per 100,000:24.5

CHARACTERISTICS, 1989

Victim-Offender Relationship Type Weapon Used

58.7%
35.2% 6.1%

Place of Occurrence

455% 40.2%
7.5% 6.8%

Months of Highest Occurrence

9.6%
8.9% 8.9%

Value of Property Stolen

$37,385.00Total $46.00Per Incident

Profile of Persons Arrested

Unknown NonStranger to NonStranger Stranger to Stranger
Firearm Cuttin Tool Other%angemus Weapon Unknown Hands, Fists, etc.
Parks, Public Buildings and Other Places Residence Street, Alley Business Establishment
July August September

Reported Arrests 765

Age 3.4% 225%

-16 and Under
17 21
27 - 3i
32 - 36
37 and over

Arrest/Crimes Ratio .94

Sex: Male Female

82.4% 17.6%

Race: White

36.1%

Non-White 63.9%

Note: Due to rounding,rrcentaGes do not always total 100% Source: Georgia Crime nformat~onCenter

Figure 1.3A

MURDER AND NON-NEGLIGENT MANSLAUGHTER

FIVE YEAR TREND

NUMBER REPORTED 900
860 --

800 --

760 -700 --

7 18

808, 705

550 --
500 1985

I
1886

I I
1987
YEAR

I
1888

1889

Figures 1.3B-1.3C

WEAPON TYPE, 1989
Flreerm 68.0%

W lsn og

Other 126%

Hands, Fists, e k
4.4%
n

PLACE OF OCCURRENCE, 1989 Publlc Area
Real 40.2%

Table 1.3

DEFINITION

Forcible rape is the carnal knowledge of a female forcibly and against her will. This category includes assaults or attempts to commit forciblerape by force or threat of force, but not statutory rape (without force) and other sex offenses.

Year

Number Reported

TREND
% Change from Previous Year

Rate per 100,000

% of Total Reported Index Crimes

Percentage change from 1985to 1989
--- innumber of reported crimes: 15.4 --- in rate per 100,000: 6.8

CHARACTERISTICS. 1989

Victim-Offender Relationship Type Weapon Used

44.070 28.2% 27.8%

Place of Occurrence

Months of Highest Occurrence

Value of Property Stolen

$115,782.00 Total $36.00Per Incident

Profile of Persons Arrested

Non-Stranger to Non-Stranger Unknown Stranger to Stranger
Hands, Fists, etc. Other DangerousWeapon Unknown Cutting Tool Fiream
Parks, Public Buildings, and Other Places Residence Street, Alley Business Establishment
July September October

Reported Arrests 1,200

ArrestICrimesRatio .37

Age 4.3% 19.5% 22.370

--16 and Under
17 21 22 26
27- 31 32-36 37 and over

Sex: Male

98.3%

Female 1.7%

Race: White 27.1% Non-White 72.970

Note: Due to rounding, Y t a F e s do not always total 10070. Source: Georgia Crime nformation Center.

Figure 1.4A
FORCIBLE RAPE
FIVE YEAR TREND
NUMBER REPORTED 3,300 3,200

1987 YEAR

1988

1989

Figures 1.4B-1.4C

WEAPCnV TYPE, 1989
Hand8, Flsts, etc.

Other 260!&

Unknown 148%

PMCE OF OCCURRENCE, 1989
Public Area
A

Table 1.4
1 I ROBBERY

DEFINITION

Robbery is the taking or attempting to take anything of value from the care, custody, or control of a person or persons by force or threat of force or violence andlor by putting the victim in fear.

TREND

Year

Number

% Change from

Rate per

% of Total Reported

Reported

Previous Year

l00,OOO

Index Crimes

Percentage change from 1985to 1989 --- in number of reported crimes: 71.9
--- in rate per 100,000: 59.1

CHARACTERISTICS. 1989

Victim-Offender Relationship Type Weapon Used

49.2%
37.6% 13.2%

Place of Occurrence

Months of Highest Occurrence

9.4%
8.8% 8.7%

Value of Property Stolen During Offense

$7,452,691.00Total $430.00 Per Incident

Profile of Persons Arrested

Reported Arrests 4,474

Strangerto Stranger Unknown Non-Stranger to Non-Stranger
Firearm Hands, Fist, etc. Other DangerousWeapon Cutting Tool Unknown
Street, Alley Business Ektablishment Residence Parks, Public Buildings, and Other Places
Janua~y July October
ArrestICrimes Ratio .25

5.7% Age 25.2% 26.4% 20.3% 12.8% 9.6%

16 17 22 27 32

a---- n2233d6161

Under

37 and over

Sex: Male

92.6%

Female 7.4%

Race: White

145%

Non-White 855%

Note: Due to rounding,fercentaps do not always total 100%. Source: Georgia Crime nformat~onCenter.

15

Figure 1.5A

ROBBERY

FIVE YEAR TREND

NUMBER REPORTED 18,000
17.000 --

16,000 --
13.000 --

13,316

13,222

10,078 9,000
1886

I I
1886

I
1887 YEAR

I
1888

1988

Figures 1.5B-1.5C

Hands, Flsts, etc 321%

Flreerrn
Unknown (X8%
Other 2a2%

Business 37.7%

Street 11.0%

Table 1.5

DEFINITION

Aggravated assault is the unlawful attack by one person upon another for the purpose of inflicting severe bodily injury. This type of assault is usually accompanied by the use of a weapon or other means likely to produce death or serious bodily harm. Attempts are included since it is not necessary that an injury result when a gun, knife, or other weapon is used which could and probably would result in serious personal injury if the crime is successfully completed.

Year

Number Reported

TREND -
% Change frdm Previous Year

Rate per 100,000

% of Total Reported Index Crimes

Percentage change from 1985to 1989
--- in number of reported crimes: 56.5 --- in rate per 100,000: 44.9

CHARACTERISTICS, 1989

Victim-Offender Relationship Type Weapon Used

Place of Occurrence
Months of Highest Occurrence
Profile of Persons Arrested
Reported Arrests 14,589

45.9%
3.1% 11.2% 8.8%

Non-Stranger to Non-Stranger Unknown Stranger to Stranger
Other Dangerous Weapon Firearm Cutting Tool Hands, Fists, etc. Unknown
Parks, Public Buildings, and Other Places Residence Street, Alley Business Establishment
July May June
ArrestICrimes Ratio .55

Age

4.3%

16 and Under

Sex: Male Female

82.1% 17.9%

14.1% 25.0%

32 - 36
37 and over

Race: White

31.0%

Non-White 69.0%

Note: Due to rounding, percentages d o not always total 100%. Source: Georgia Crime Information Center.

Figure 1.6A
AGGRAVATED ASSAULT
FIVE YEAR TREND
NUMBER REPORTED 28,000

1986

1086

1087 YEAR

1088

1889

F i r e s 1.6B-1.6C

WUPON TYPE, 1989

Flrearrn 30.4%

Other
U n k w n Q6% Hands, flst. etc.
8.4% CUttlng Tool

PlACE OF OCCURRENCE, 1989
PuMlc Area
11.2%

Table 1.6
1 BURGLARY 1

DEFINITION

Burglary is defined as the unlawful entry of a structure to commit a felony or theft. The use of force to gain entry is not required to classify the crime as a burglary.

Year

Number Reported

TREND
% Change ffrbm Previous Year

Rate per 100,000

% of Total Reported Index Crimes

Percentage change from 1985to 1989
--- in number of reported crimes: 38.5
-- in rate per 100,000: 28.2

CHARACTERISTICS, 1989

Victim-Offender Relationship Place of Occurrence

Months of Highest Occurrence

9.8%
9.8% 9.1%

Value of Property Stolen During Offense

$85,161,887.00Total $790.00 Per Incident

Unknown Stran er to Stranger ~ o n 3 t r a n ~teo rNonStranger
Residence Business Establishment Parks, Public Buildings, and Other Places Street, Alley
August July September

Profile of Persons Arrested

Reported Arrests 11,910

8.0% 30.0%
19.4% 10.8% 9.8%

Age
-16and Under
17 21
- -- -.
27 31
32 - 36
37 and over

ArrestICrimesRatio .ll

Sex: Male Female

92.870 7.2%

Race: White

40.3%

Non-White 59.7%

Note: Due to rounding, rcentages do not always total 100%. Source: Georgia Crime gformation Center.

Figure 1.7A
BURGLARY
FIVE YEAR TREND
NUMBER REPORTED 1 10,000
105,000--
1 00,000- -
95,000--
90,000--

75,000 1986

I
1986

I
1987 YEAR

I
1988

1989

Figure 1.7B
PLACE OF OCCURRENCE, 1989

Business 20.6%

Street 0.2%
Public Area 13.4%

Table 1.7

DEFINITION

Larceny is the unlawful taking, carrying, leading, or riding away of property from the possession or constructive possession of another. It includes crimes as shoplifting,pocket-picking,purse-snatching,thefts from motor vehicles, thefts of motor vehicle parts and accessories, bicycle thefts, etc., in which no use of force, violence, or fraud occurs.

Year

Number Reported

TREND
% Change from Previous Year

Rate per 100,000

% of Total Reported Index Crimes

Percentage change from 1985 to 1989 --- in number of reported crimes: 53.1 --- in rate per 100,000: 41.7

CHARACTERISTICS, 1989

Victim-Offender Relationship Criminal Activity

68.670
22.7% 8.7%

Place of Occurrence

Months of Highest Occurrence

Value of Property Stolen During Offense

$221,139,046.00 Total $880.00 Per Incident

Profile of Persons Arrested

Reported Arrests 41,589

Age 6.370 24.3%

16 and Under
17 - 21
27 -31 32-36 37 and over

Unknown Stranger to Stranger Non-Stranger to Non-Stranger
Other Thefts From Motor VehicleIAuto Accessories Shoplifting From Building Bicycles Purse Snatching From Coin Machines Pocket-picking
Businesss Establishment Parks, Public Buildings, and Other Places Residence Street, Alley
May July August

ArrestICrimes Ratio .16

Sex: Male Female

69.9% 30.1%

Race: White

37.3%

Non-White 62.7%

Note: Due to rounding, rcentages do not always total 100%. Source: Georgia Crime Eformation Center.

Figure 1.8A
LARCENY
FIVE YEAR TREND
NUMBER REPORTED 260,000
240,000 - 220,000 - -
- 200,000 -

1886

1887 YEAR

1888

l08Q

Figures 1.8B-1.8C

Table 1.8

DEFINITION

Motor vehicle theft is defined as the theft or attempted theft of a motor vehicle. This definition excludes taking for temporary use by those persons having lawful access to the vehicle.

Year

Number Reported

TREND
% Change from Previous Year

Rate per 100,000

% of Total Reported Index Crimes

Percentage change from 1985to 1989
--- in number of reported crimes: 75.8
--- in rate per 100,000: 62.7

CHARACTERISTICS, 1989

Victim-Offender Relationship Place of Occurrence

75.3% 13.6% 11.1%

Months of Highest Occurrence

9.5% 9.3% 9.3%

Value of Property Stolen During Offense

$219,866,015.00Total $5,469.00Per Incident

Unknown Stran er to Stranger ~ o n j t r a n ~teo rNonStranger
Parks, Public Buildings, and Other Places Residence Business Establishment Street, Alley
July October August

Profile of Persons Arrested
Reported Arrests 3,724 ArrestICrimes Ratio .09

13.7% 31.6% 18.7% 16.0%
9.8% 10.2%

Age

16 17 22 27

a--- n223d116

Under

32 - 36

37 and over

Sex: Male Female

91.1% 8.9%

Race: White

29.4%

Non-White 70.6%

Note: Due to rounding, rcentages do not always total 100%. Source: Georgia Crime Eformation Center.

Figure 1.9A

MOTOR VEHICLE THEFT
FIVE YEAR TREND
NUMBER REPORTED 46,000
40,000 - 36,000 - 30,000 - -

22,888 20,000
1086

I I
1088

I I
1087
YEAR

I I
1088

1080

Figure 1.9B
PLACE OF OCCURRENCE. 1989
Public Area

Residence 32.0%

21.4%

Table 1.9

DEFINITION

Arson is defined as any willful or maliciousburning or attempt to burn, with or without intent to defraud, a dwelling house, public building, motor vehicle or aircraft, personal property of another, etc. Only fires determined through investigation to have been willfully or maliciously set are classified as arsons. Fires of suspiciousor unknown origins are excluded.

Year

Number Reported

TREND % Change from Previous Year

Rate per 100,000

% of Total Reported Index Crimes

Percentage change from 1985 to 1989
--- in number of reported crimes: 14.0 --- in rate per 100,000: 5.6
CHARACTERISTICS, 1989

Victim-Offender Relationship Place of Occurrence Months of Highest Occurrence

71.5% 17.5% 11.0%
9.6% 9.4% 9.3%

Unknown NonStranger to NonStranger Stranger to Stranger
Residence Parks, Public Buildings, and Other Places Business Establishment Street, Alley
May August July

Profile of Persons Arrested

Reported Arrests 423

4.0% 215% 20.3% 18.7%
11.8% 23.6%

Age

16 and Under

-17 21

-22
27

-

26 31

-32 36

37 and over

ArresVCrimes Ratio .29

Sex Male

80.6%

Female 19.4%

Race: White 50.8% Non-White 49.2%

Note: Due to rounding,facentages do not always total l W o . Source: Georgia Crime nfonnat~onCenter.

Figure l.lOA
ARSON
FIVE YEAR TREND
NUMBER REPORTED 1.500

1,000 1886

1086

'1987 YEAR

1988

Figure l.lOB
ARSON
PLACE OF OCCURRENCE, 1989

I

Residence

I

Figure 1.11
PERCENT OF TOTAL INDEX CRIMES, 1989

MURDER

ARSON

RAPE

ROBBERY

AOORWEO ASSAULT

MOTOR VEHICLE THEFT

BUROLARY

LARCENY

k!%8 PERCENT OF TOTAL

Table 1.10

CHARACTERISTICS OF INDEX CRIMES, 1989

Murder

VICTIM-OFFENDER RELATIONSHIP
IRe orted Stranger
to tranger

6.1%

Reported Non-
Sotnra-n&erarntoger

35.2%

Relationship not known

WEAPON USED

Firearm

56.0%

Cutting tool

15.0%

Hands, fists, etc.

4.4%

Other dangerous weapons Unknown

12.0%

PROPERTY STOLEN

Total value

$37,385

Value per incident

PLACE OF OCCURRENCE

Street, alley

7.5%

Service station

0.1%

Chain store Bank Other commercial business

0.5% 0.0%
6.2%

Residence

40.2%

Public areas. other buildings, & unknown

Forcible Robbery Rape

27.8%

49.2%

44.0%

13.2%

7.0% 8.3% 44.9%

37.4% 9.4% 32.1%

14.8%

0.8%

$115,782 $7,452,691

9.2% 0.2% 0.5% 0.1%
5.4% 42.0%

39.3% 2.2% 12.8% 1.4%
21.3% 11.6%

Aggravated Burglary Larceny Assault

Motor Vehicle Arson Theft

14.7%

12.7%

22.7%

55.0%

5.7%

8.7%

13.6% 11.1%

17.5%

30.4% 23.5% 8.4%
0.5%
$85,161,887 $221,139,046 $219,866,015

11.2% 0.3% 1.3% 0.2%
7.0% 34.1%

0.2% 0.4% 1.4% 0.2%
18.6% 65.7%

2.6% 2.2% 8.7% 0.2%
25.1% 29.0%

5.8% 0.7% 1.3% 0.2%
19.2% 32.0%

5.1% 0.4% 1.5% 0.2%
12.1% 56.5%

Note: Due to roundingor missingdata,percentagesdo not always total 10070. Source: Georgia Crime Information Center

GEOGRAPHICALDISTRIBUTION OF CRIME
Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSAs) are geographical subdivisionscomposed of a core city with a population of at leasj 50,000 or an urbanized area of at least 50,000 and a total metropolitan area population of at least 100,000combined with economically/sociallyrelated counties.
MSAs experience the highest crime rates in the state in all categoriesof Index crimes (SeeTable 1.12).Georgia's eight MSAs currently account for 64.8 percent of the state's population yet they include only 38 of the 159 counties.
These tables indicate the importance of population density as one factor in the number of crimes committed in an area.

Table 1.11

Metro olitan statis&al County Area

Albany. GA MSA

Doughedy Lee

% of Population Total Murder

102.302

21

15.731

0

MSA/NON MSA, 1989
Aggravated p e Robbery Assault

Motor Burglary Larceny Veh~cle
Theft

Arson

88

484

1

3

459

3.212

5,193

425

28

25

154

175

23

2

Index Crime Total
9,910 383

Athens, GA MSA

Clarke Jackson
Madison Ownee

79,081 30,447 21.211 16.035

Athens, GA MSA Total

146,754 2.3%

Atlanta, GA MSA

Barrow Butts Cherokee Clayion Cobb Coweta Dekalb Douglas Favette
~&yth Fulton Gwlnnett
Henry Newton Paulding Rockdale Spalding Wanon

27,910 18,847 87.788 175.071 431.638 51.458 552,817 74.595 57.037
43;133 850,351 328,321
54.805 43,945 36,942 52.673 55.718 36.232

Atlanta, GA MSA Total

2,777,280 43.2%

Augusta, GA MSA

Columbia Richmond McDuffie

63,431 194,252 20,501

Au usta GA M?A ~ o i a l

278,184 4.3%

Chattanooga, TNGAMSA

Dade Catoosa Walker

12,179 42,220 59.160

Chattanooga, TN-GA MSA Total

113,568 1.8%

Columbus. GA-AL MSA

Chattahoochee Mufcogw

18,370 181,160

Columbus, GA-AL MSA Total

199,530 3.1%

Macon. GA MSA

Bibb Houston Jones Peach

160.253 90,123 19.588 21,008

Macon, GA MSA Total

290,972 4.5%

Savannah, GA MSA

Chatham Effingham

223,276 24,764

Savannah, GA MSA Total

248,042 3.9%

Total MSAs

4,172,363 64.8%

Total Non MSAs

2,263,637 35.2%

Total State Agencies Reporting

Total State

6,436,000 100.0%

13
2 1 7 8 32 1 47 6 0
415
3 42
3
48
8
25
27 6 1 0
34
26 590 219
0 809

77

289

5

11

1

4

20

33

91

472

161

61 1

3

39

340

2.088

30

58

4

12

1,680 11,855

3

15

109

774

0

4

112

793

30

50

82

395

113

406

41

111

1

5

3

12

158

534

230 2,458
779

643 15,046 2,276

103

112

3,237 17,322

481
68 15 287 610 923 59 1.113 112 33

2,737 4,546 440

23

377

734

85

7

106

124

31

0

1,125

2,242

336

27

3.450

10,354

1,579

54

8,095

17,000

2,698

90

279

717

72

0

12,141

31,970

7,070

70

770

1,951

277

15

343

881

82

3

14,943
71 609
5
685

55,328 146,870 29,086

516

509

845

95

11

5.015

8,177

1,372

44

78

81

15

0

5,602 9,103 1,482

55

162

1,218 2,302 382

46

39 1
592 421
26 52
1,091

2,928 7,028 629

38

3,615

8,232

835

41

1,469

3,767

330

16

263

234

38

14

174

Z?JS

53

2

5,521 12,532 1,256

73

729 18,966 7,226
192 26,192

3,848 11,518 982

87

80,548 199,267 34,705

868

27,213 52,066 5,495

573

480

315 151

107,761 251,333 40,200

40 1,441

8,606
1,287 282
4,0?7 18,818 27,610 1,170 54,839 3.219 1.358
260,693
1.552 16,142
186
17,880
4,198
11,516
13,861 .
6,161 582 595
21,199
18,063 352,448 95,847
1,393 448,295

Source: Georgia Crime Information Center

Table 1.12

TOTAL MSA NON MSA

Murder
14.1 9.7

MSAjNON MSA INDEX CRIME RATES, 1989 PER 100,000 PERSONS

Aggravated Rape Robbery Assault

Burglary

Larceny

58.9 360.6 34.4 100.5

454.6 319.2

1,930.5 1,202.2

4,775.9 2,300.1

Motor Vehicle

Theft

Arson

831.8

20.8

242.8

25.3

Source: Georgia Crime Information Center

CRIME TRENDS AND COMPARISONS

CHANGES IN CRIME RATES

The five year trend from 1985-1989 indicates that Index crimes have risen each year to a peak of 448,295 in 1989. Except for 1987, the last four years have seen an average increase of 11.3%in Index crimes (See Table 1.13).Overall, reported Index crimes have risen by 51.5%since 1985 (See Table 1.16).

Crime rates must be interpreted with the understanding that they are the product of changes in both the number of crimes reported and resident population totals; the number of non-residents is not factored into crime rates for affected jurisdictions.

Table 1.15indicates that Georgia,the South and the United States experienced an increase in Index crimes for 1989.

Figure 1.12A
INDEX CRIMES, FlVE YEAR T R E N D
VIOLENT, PROPERTY, TOTAL, 1985 - 1989
NUMBER REPORTED

1985

1986

1987 YEAR

1988

1989

Figure 1.12B
INDEX CRIME RATE, FlVE YEAR TREND
- VIOLENT, PROPERTY, TOTAL, 1985 1989

1985

1986

1987 YEAR

1988

1989

Type of Crime
Murder (% Change)
Forcible Rape (% Change)
Robbery (% Change)
Aggravated Assault (% Change)
Total violent crime (% Change)
Burglary (% Change)
Larceny (% Change)
Motor Vehicle Theft (% Change)
Arson (% Change)
Total property crime (% Change)
Total Index crime (% Change)

Table 1.13
- CHANGES IN NUMBER OF INDEX CRIMES GEORGIA, 1985 1989

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

30,220 73%

35,893 18.8%

36,273 1.1%

42,734 17.8%

47,560 113%

266,084 15.1%
296,304 143%

293,251 102%
329,144 11.1%

322,569 10.0%
358,842 9.0%

354,395 9.9%
397,129 10.7%

400,735 13.1%
448,295 12.90

Source: Georgia Crime Information Center

Table 1.14
- CHANGES IN INDEX CRIME RATES PER 100,000 PERSONS GEORGIA, 1985 1989

Type of Crime
Murder (% Change)
Forcible Rape (% Change)
Robbery (% Change)
Aggravated Assault (% Change)
Total violent crime (% Change)
Burglary (% Change)
Larceny (% Change)
Motor Vehicle Theft (% Change)
Arson (% Change)
Total property crime (% Change)
Total Index crime (% Change)

1985
47.1 9.0% 169.2 12.3% 280.9 1.3% 5073 5.5%
2,755.7 13.1%
383.9 27.6%
4,467.1 132% 4,974.4 12.4%

1986
46.7 -0.9% 219.9 30.0% 315.4 12.3% 592.8 16.9%
2,930.4 6.3%
460.2 19.9%
4,843.0 8.4%
5,435.7 93%

1987
46.8 .2% 214.9 -2.3% 316.1 .2% 589.4 -0.6%
3,132.2 6.9%
549.0 19.3%
5,241.7 82%
5,831.1 73%

1988
48.4 3.5% 247.0 15.0% 376.8 19.2% 683.5 16.0%
3,508.4 12.0%
544.9 -0.7%
5,668.0 8.1%
6,351.4 8.9%

1989
50.3 3.8% 269.1 9.0% 407.0 8.0% 739.0 8.1%
3,905.1 11.3%
624.6 14.6%
6,2265 9.9%
6,965.4 9.7%

Source: Georgia Crime Information Center

1985 1989
6.8% 59.1% 44.9% 45.7%
41.7% 62.7%
39.4% 40.0%

Table 1.15
- INDEX CRIME TRENDS GEORGIA, SOUTH, NATION, 1985 1989

1985 %Change 1986 %Change 1987 %Change 1988 %Change 1989 %Change

Seorgia 295,040 3.2%

327,820 11.1% 357,768 9.1% 395,883 10.7% 446,854 12.9%

South

4,302,605 0.2% 4,737,997 10.1% 4,943,277 4.3% 5,171,931 4.6% 5,327,089

3.0%

Nation 12,430,026 -1.6% 13,211,869 6.3% 13,508,708 2.2% 13,923,086 3.1% 14,340,779 3.0%

hen totals are not included in this table.
:Source:FBI - Uniform Crime Report 1989Preliminary Release and
:rime in the United States; Georgia Crime Information Center)

Table 1.16

Type of Crime
Murder (% Change)
Forcible Rape (% Change)
Robbery (% Change)
Aggravated Assault (% Change)
Total violent crime (% Change)
Burglary (% Change)
Larceny (% Change)
Motor Vehicle Theft (% Change)
Total prop-erty. crime (% Change)
Total Index crime (% Change)

- CHANGES IN NUMBER OF INDEX CRIMES GEORGIA, SOUTH, NATION, 1985 1989

Georgia

1985

1989

South

1985

1989

Nation

1985

1989

16,734 30,220

26,192 56.5%
47,560 57.4%

274,706 457,006

348,197 26.8%
579,341 26.8%

723,246 1,327,436

955,597 32.1%
1,651,486 24.4%

22,868 264,820 295,040

40,200 75.8%
399,294 50.8%
446,854 51.5%

328,174 486,828 48.3%
3,.845.399 4551.039 . id3%
4,302,605 5,301,528 23.2%

1,102,862 1,561,878 41.6%

11.102590 12384.098

,

,

10.6%

12,430,026 14,227,068 14.5%

Arson comparisons are not available for this table
(Source: FBI - Uniform Crime Report 1989Preliminary Annual Release and
Crime in the United States; Georgia Crime Information Center)

Figure 1.13
INDEX CRIMES, FIVE YEAR TREND
GEORGIA, SOUTH, NATION, 1985-1989
NUMBER REPORTED (Thousands) 460
426 - 400 -376 - -
350--

276 --
250
1985

I I
1986

1

I

I

I

1987

1988

YEAR
u -GEORGIA

1989

NUMBER REPORTED (Millions) 15

14

13

12

11

10

9

8

7

6

6

4

3

1985

1986

1987

YEAR

Table 1.17

- RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CRIME AND POPULATION, GEORGIA 1985 1989

Year

Population

% Change

No. Index Crimes

% Change

Source: Georgia Crime Information Center.

Figure 1.14A

REPORTED INDEX CRIMES 1985-1989

500,000

NUMBER REPORTED

250,000

1985

1986

1987

1988

YEAR

1 INDEX CRIMES

1989

Figure 1.14B
REPORTED INDEX CRIME RATES
PER 100,000 PERSONS, 1985-1989
RATE PER 100,000PERSONS 7,500

4,500

I

1985

I
1986

I
1987
YEAR

I
1988

I
1989

PROFILE OF NON-INDEX CRIMES IN GEORGIA
The number of Non-Index crimes reported to GCIC has increased every year from 1985 to 1989. The same upward trend continueseven when excludingDUI totals, which are unavailable for 1986 (See Figure 1.15).
Non-Index crimes are beginning to follow the pattern for Index crimes formed during the last five years (See Table 1.18).Becauseof the seriousnessof Index crimes,they have alwaysbeen more likely to be reported; however, increased public and law enforcement awareness of certain NonIndex crimes has brought about more frequent and accurate reporting. Narcotics offenses and crimes against children, which contain several catagories including sex offenses, child neglect, and rape* committed against juveniles, are two areas where increased awareness has improved reporting.
* Note: Rape is an Index offense.

This section contains analyses of reported arrests for all crimes by age, sex, and race and analyses for specific crimes such as crimes against children and drug law violations.

Table 1.18

- PROFILE OF REPORTED NON-INDEX CRIMES, 1985 1989

NON-INDEX CRIMES

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

Other Assault Forgerylcounterfeiting Fraud Embezzlement Stolen Property Vandalism Weapons Violation Prostitution/ Commercial Vice Other Sex Offense Narcotic Drug Laws Gambling Family Offense DUI Liquor Laws Drunkenness Public Disturbance Vagrancy Other Offense Curfewbitering Runaway
Total

31,751 8,250 17,963 2,077 1,487 51,799
*
1,812 5,135 13,956
344 3,375 61,443 2,921 4,645
*
12 70,058
*
5,521
282,549

35,600 9,883 14,972 2,356 1,997 49,795
*
1,411 5,165 14,635
293 3,230
**
3,739 4,981
*
18 87,184
*
4,744
240,003

39,759 10,500 13,458 2,657 2,261 50,299
*
1,041 5,314 16,250
282 4,372 62,724 5,102 3,830
*
74 94,986
*
4,862
317,771

49,214 12,600 15,743 2,819 3,089 60,478 4,813
573 5,915 21,986
181 5,554 66,033 5,148 3,445 34,088
43 69,021
680 6,568
367,991

56,028 13,997 17,871 3,178 4,040 67,050 6,235
1,122 6,434 30,337
238 7,231 41,949 5,952 3,535 45,501
50 76,246 1,129 7,299
395,422

Source: Georgia Crime Information Center *WeaponsViolation, Public Disturbance and Curfew/Loiteringare included in Other Offense. **DUItotals not tabulated.

Figure 1.15
REPORTED NON-INDEX CRIME INCIDENTS
1985-1989
NUMBER REPORTED

1985

1986

1987 YEAR

1988

1989

Table 1.19

NON-INDEXCRlMES
Other Assault ForgeryKounterfeiting Fraud Embezzlement Stolen Property Vandalism Weapons Violation Prostitution/ Commercial Vice Other Sex Offense Narcotic Drug Laws Gambling Family Offense DUI Liquor Laws Drunkenness Public Disturbance
vagrancy Other Offense Curfewbitering Runaway

- PROFILE OF REPORTED NON-INDEX CRIMES STATEWIDE, 1988 1989

1988

% of Total

1989

Total

367,991

100.0%

Source: Georgia Crime Information Center.
** DUI totals not tabulated.
*WeaponsViolation, Public Disturbanceand Curfewbitering are reported under Other Offense.

395,422

% of Total 100.Wo

- CRIMES AGAINST CHILDREN 1985 1989
Specific offense and arrest information for crimes against children can be analyzed to determine trends in the areas of rape, kidnapping, sex offense, cruelty towards a child, contributingto the delinquencyof a minor,and child neglect as these crimes apply to children and those arrested. (Note: Data on the specific crime category murder of children are not available).
The pattern of total offenses within these categories for 1985-1989varies from the pattern for total arrests reported during the same period. Reported offenses have increased each year, except for 1986,while reported arrests remained relatively the same, except for 1985which was a peak year.

Increased public attention has been focused on crimes against children. Legislative attention at the state and federal level has mandated that these crimes be a primary focus for law enforcement agencies at all levels of government.
This increased awareness and large number of reported arrests for these crimes show a greater sensitivity to such crimes.

CRIME
Rape*
Kidnapping** Sex Offense***
Cruelty Towards Child Contributing to Deliquency of a Minor Child Neglect
Total

Table 1.20A

- REPORTED CRIMES AGAINST CHILDREN GEORGIA, 1985 1989

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

5,021

4,613

5,561

am

8,156

Table l.U)B

CRIME

- REPORTED ARRESTS FOR CRIMES AGAINST CHILDREN GEORGIA, 1985 1989

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

Rape* Female Male
Kidnapping**
Female Male
Sex Offense***
Female Male Cruelty Towards Child Female Male Contributingto Deliquency of a Minor Female Male Child Neglect Female Male
Total

6@2

5,581

5,341

5,390

6,435

*Rapecommitted against juveniles includes the specific charges of: sexual assault-sodomy-boy-gun, sexual-assault-sodomy-girl-gun, sexual assault-sodomy-boy, sexual assault-sodomy-girl, sexual assault-sodomy-boy-strongarm, and sexual assault-sodomy-girl-strongarm. * * Kidnapping of juveniles includes the specific charges of: kidnap minor for ransom, kidnap minor to sexuallyassault, and kidnap minor.
***Sexualoffenses against juveniles include the specific charges of: child fondling, homosexual act with girl, homosexual act with boy, and incest with minor.
Soum: Georgia Crime Information Center
42

ARRESTS FOR CRIMES
Trends, Characteristics, Comparisons
Numbers and rates of arrest are usefulmeasurementsof law enforcementactivityand official responses to crime.Arrest statistics also provide some insight into the composition of the criminal population, particularly regarding age, sex and race. The varied policies and emphasis of law enforcement agencies influence the volume and type of arrests made. However, arrest practices for crimes are relatively uniform, allowingcomparisonsover time. Since an individualcan be arrested more than once during a given year, annual arrest statistics more accurately reflect the number of arrests made, rather than the number of different persons taken into custody.
Arrest data reflect the actual number of arrests reported; the figures may not equal all arrests that took place.

Profile of Index Arrest Trends
During the period 1985-1989, the number of arrests made by Georgia law enforcement agencies for Index crimes increased 48.2%. However, the largest increase in reported arrests occurred in 1989. The number of reported arrests increased for all violent Index Crimes. Murder increased 23.2%, forciblerape 20.0%, robbery 57.0% and aggravated assault 54.0%. Overall, total violent crime increased 48.2% from1985to 1989.Increaseswere alsoreported forburglary (39.0%), larceny (47.1%), motor vehicle theft (74.0%) and arson (45.9%) (See Table 1.21). During the same period, the percentage of arrests made for reported Index crime incidents ranged from a high of 17.8% in 1985 to a low of 17.4% in 1989 (See Table 1.22).

Figure 1.16
REPORTED INDEX ARRESTS
FIVE YEAR TREND, 1985-1989
NUMBER REPORTED

1985

1986

1987 YEAR

1988

1989

Figure 1.17A
INDEX CRIME ARRESTS
BY AGE, 1985
Figure 1.17B
INDEX CRIME ARRESTS
BY AGE, 1989

Profile of Index Arrest Trends by Age Group
During 1989, young persons aged 17-21 were more frequently arrested for the crimes of burglary, larceny and moforvehicle theft. Those aged22-26were more frequently arrested for rape and robbery. Arrests for murder, aggravated assault and arson more often involved those aged 37 and older. Population estimates reveal the percentage of persons aged 17-21has fallen 1.3%; the percentage of persons aged 22-26 has risen 2.2%, those aged 37 and older has risen 10.4% from 1985-1989. Comparison of arrest figures from 1985to 1989indicate an increase in the percentage of persons arrested in every age group (See Table 1.24). In addition, males were arrested more frequently than females, and nonwhites were arrested more often than whites. Table 1.25 provides a profile of arrest data by age, sex and race.

Profile of Juvenile Arrests for Index Crimes
In Georgia,juveniles are persons 16years of age and under. In 1989,juveniles accounted for 6.5% of all arrestsfor Index crimes. This represents a decrease of 3.2% from 9.7% in 1985for the five year period.
In 1989, juveniles represented the lowest percentage of arrest rates for any Indexviolent crime (SeeTables 1.25and 1.26). Table 1.26 indicates that juveniles are more likely to be arrested for property crimes such as burglary, larceny and motor vehicle theft.

Table 1.21

Type of Crime
Murder (% Change)
Forcible Rape (% Change)
Robbery (% Change)
Aggravated Assault (% Change)
Total violent crime (% Change)
Burglary (% Change)
Larceny (% Change)
Motor Vehicle Theft (% Change)
Arson (% Change)
Total property crime (% Change) Total Index crime (% Change)

- PROFILE OF REPORTED ARRESTS FOR INDEX CRIMES 1985 1989

1985
621 8.2%
1,000 6.2%
2,687 7.4%
9,254 7.4%

1986
671 8.1%
975 -2.5%
2,964 10.3%
10,033 8.4%

1987
694 3.4%
978 0.3%
3,058 3.2%
9,799 -2.3%

1988
707 1.9%
1,102 12.7%
3,928 28.4%
12,036 22.8%

1989
765 8.2%
1,200 8.9%
4,474 13.9%
14,248 18.4%

13,562 73%
8,570 12.0%
28,281 17.0%
2,140 15.0%
290 4.3%
39,281 15.6% 52,843 13.4%

14,643 8.0%

14,529 -0.8%

8,961 4.6%

9,223 2.9%

28,038 -0.9%

29,407 4.9%

2,517 17.6%

2,683 6.6%

334 15.2%
-
39,850 1.4%
54,493 3.1%

308 -7.8%

-

-

41,621

4.4%

56,150 3.0%

17,773 223%

10,493 13.8%

34,980 19.0%

3,441 28.3%

315 2.3%

-

-

49,229

183%

67,002 193%

20,687 16.4%
11,910 13.5%
41,589 18.9%
3,724 8.2%
423 34.3%
57,646 17.1% 78,333 16.9%

1985 1989 23.2% 20.0% 66.5% 54.0%
52.5%
39.0% 47.1% 74.0% 45.9%
-
46.8% 48.2%

Source: Georgia Crime Information Center

Table 1.22

- COMPARISON OF REPORTED INDEX CRIMES AND INDEX CRIMEARRESTS, 1985 1989

Type of Crime Murder Forcible Rape Robbery Aggravated Assault

1985 1985 1986 1986 1987 1987 1988 1988 1989 1989 Incidents Arrests Incidents Arrests Incidents Arrests Incidents Arrests Incidents Arrests

603 621

653 671

719 694

705 707

809 765

2,805 1,000 2,827 975 2,879 978 3,029 1,102 3,237 1,200

10,078 2,687 13,315 2,964 13,222 3,058 15,443 3,928 17,322 4,474

16,734 9,254 19,098 10,033 19,453 9,799 23,557 12,036 26,192 14,248

Total violent crime Burglary Larceny Motor Vehicle Theft Arson

30,220 13,562 35,893 14,643 77,809 8,570 86,619 8,961 164,143 28,281 '177,440 28,038 22,868 2,140 27,868 2,517
1,264 290 1,324 334

36,273 14,529 94,955 9,223 192,755 29,407 33,785 2,683
1,074 308

42,734 17,773 99,711 10,493 219,367 34,980 34,071 3,441 1,246 315

47,560 20,687 107,761 11,910 251,333 41,589 40,200 3,724
1,441 423

Total property crime 266,084 39,281 293,251 39,850 322,569 41,621 354,395 49,229 400,735 57,646

Total Index crime

296,304 52,843 329,144 54,493 358,842 56,150 397,129 67,002 448,295 78,333

Source: Georgia Crime Information Center

Table 1.23

COMPARISON OF REPORTED CRIMES AND REPORTED ARRESTS, 1989

Type of Crime
Murder Forcible Rape Robbery Aggravated Assault Burglary Larceny Motor Vehicle Theft Arson Other Assaults Forgery Fraud Embezzlement Stolen Property Vandalism Weapon Offense Prostitution/Commercial Vice Other Sex Offenses Narcotic Drug Laws Gambling Family Offense DUI Liquor Laws Drunkenness Public Disturbance Vagrancy Other Offenses Curfewbitering Runaway

1989 Incidents
809 3,237 17,322 26,192 107,761 251,333 40,200 1,441 56,028 13,997 17,871 3,178 4,040 67,050 6,235 1,122
6,434 30,337
238
7,231 41,949 5,952 3,535 45,501
50 76,246
1,129 7,299

1989 Arrests
765 1,200 4,474 14,248 11,910 41,589 3,724
423 25,108 5,853 29,790 2,591 6,643 4,155 6,636
1,213
3,397 44,534
451
4,430 34,931 9,591 3,639 31,785
17 66,781
1,526 609

TOTALS

843,717

Source: Georgia Crime Infornlation Center

Table 1.24

GEORGIA ARRESTS FOR INDEX CRIMES
1985 - 1989, BY AGE GROUP

Age Group 1985

%

1986

%

1987

%

1988

%

1989

5%

Total

52,843 100.0% 54,493 100.0% 56,150 100.0% 67,002 100.0% 78,333 100.0%

Source: Georgia Crime Information Center

Table 1.25

PROFILE OF PERSONS ARRESTED BY SPECIFICAGE, SEX, RACE, 1989

Type of Crime
Murder Forcible Rape Robbery Aggravated Assault

16 and Under 17-21

3.4% 4.3% 5.7% 4.3%

22.5% 19.5% 25.2% 18.1%

AGE 22-26
20.1% 22.3% 26.4% 19.6%

27-31
16.1% 20.3% 20.3%. 18.9%

32-36
13.7% 15.6% 12.8% 14.1%

37 +
24.2% 18.0% 9.6% 25.0%

Total Violent Crime
Burglary Larceny Motor Vehicle Theft Arson
Total Property Crime
Total Index Crime

4.6%

19.9%

212%

8.0% 6.3% 13.7% 4.0%

30.0% 24.3% 31.6% 21.5%

22.0% 20.0% 18.7% 20.3%

7.1%

26.0%

203%

-

-

---

6.5%

24.4%

20.6%

192%
19.4% 18.8% 16.0% 18.7%
18.8%
18.9%

13.9%
10.8% 13.4% 9.8% 11.8%
12.6%
13.0%

21.2%
9.8% 17.1% 10.2% 23.6%
152%
16.8%

Type of Crime
Murder Forcible Rape Robbery Aggravated Assault
Total Violent Crime
Burglary Larceny Motor Vehicle Theft Arson
Total Property Crime
Total Index Crime

SEX

Male

Female

82.4% 98.3% 92.6% 82.1%

17.6% 1.7% 7.4% 17.9%

853%
92.8% 69.9% 91.1% 80.6%

14.7%
7.2% 30.1% 8.9% 19.4%

76.0%

24.0%

78.5%

215%

RACE

White

Non-White

27.4%

72.6%

37.5% 34.8%

62.5% 652%

Source: Georgia Crime Information Center

Table 1.26

ARREST RATES PER 100,000PERSONS BY SPECIFIC AGE, SEX, RACE, 1989

Type of Crime
Murder Forcible Rape Robbery Aggravated Assault

Total
11.9 18.6 69.5 221.4

16 and Under
1.4 2.7 13.6 33.0

17-21
53.4 72.7 350.5 799.6

AGE

22-26

27-31

29.9 52.1 229.4 542.1

21.2 42.1 157.1 465.6

32-36
18.1 32.3 98.9 348.0

37 +
7.2 8.4 16.6 138.1

Total Violent Crime 321.4

Burglary Larceny Motor Vehicle Theft Arson

185.1 646.2 57.9
6.6

50.7
51.3 141.2 27.4
0.9

1,2763
1,110.9 3,146.7
365.8 28.3

853.4
508.9 1,614.7
135.2 16.7

686.1
398.3 1,351.9
103.1 13.6

497.4
222.0 %4.5 62.8
8.6

1703
45.3 275.6
14.7 3.9

Total Property Crime 895.7

220.8

4,651.6

2,275.5

1,866.9

1,258.0

3395

Total Index Crime 1,217.1

271.5

5,927.9

3,128.9

2,553.0

1,755.4

509.7

Type of Crime
Murder Forcible Rape Robbery Aggravated Assault
Total Violent Crime
Burglary Larceny Motor Vehicle Theft Arson
Total Property Crime
Total Index Crime

SEX

Male

Female

5712

90.9

1,419.0 1,990.2

412.6 503.5

White

RACE

Non-White

125.8
479.6 605.4

777.9
1,866.5 2,644.4

Source: Georgia Crime Information Center

Table 1.27

GEORGIA ARRESTS FOR INDEX CRIMES, 1985-1989

Year

BY CRIME

VIOLENT OFFENSES

PROPERTY OFFENSES

Number

Rate 100,000

Number

Rate 100,000

Year

BY RACE VIOLENT OFFENSES

White

Non-White

PROPERTY OFFENSES

White

Non-White

Source: Georgia Crime Information Center.

Profile of Non-Index Arrest lkends
Arrests for Non-Indexcrimesfrom 1985- 1989do not follow
the pattern exhibited by Index arrests. Non-Index arrests decreased in 1986 but steadily increased through 1989, shavingan increasefor this fiveyear period of 25.4%. Index arrests increased steadily from 1985 - 1989, showing an increase for this same period of 48.2%. Figures for 1986 cannot be compared because DUI arrest totals are unavailable. They comparable if the DUI arrest totals are omitted from the other four years (See Table 1.28).

Profile of Juvenile Arrests for Non-Index Crimes
Table 1.29 indicates that the percentage of Non-Index crimescommittedbyjuveniles remained lowthroughoutthe period 1985-1989.Consideringpopulation estimates, arrest rates for juveniles for each Non-Index crime were generally the lowest for each age group (See Table 1.31). Of all Non-Index crimes, other offense, public disturbance and other assault ranked the highest of juvenile Non-Index arrests. Though juvenile Index arrests clearly demonstrate a tendency toward property crimes, Non-Index arrests did not share the same distinction. Other Assaults were higher in 1989compared to arrests for stolen property (See Table 1.30).

Table 1.28

PROFILE OF' REPORTED NON-INDEX ARRESTS, 1985 - 1989

NON-INDEX CRIMES
Other Assault ForgeryJCounterfeiting Fraud Embezzlement Stolen Property Vandalism Weapons Violation Prostitution1 Commercial Vice Other Sex Offense Narcotic Drug Laws Gambling Family Offense DUI Liquor Laws Drunkenness Public Disturbance Vagrancy Other Offense Curfewbitering Runaway
Total

1985

1986

1987

226,077

171,357

233,818

Source: Georgia Crime Information Center.
* Weapons Vioation, Public Disturbance and CurfewILoitering are reported under Other Offense. * * DUI totals not tabulated.

Figure 1.18
REPORTED NON-INDEX CRIME ARRESTS
FIVE YEAR TREND, 1985-1989
NUMBER REPORTED
248,749
n

1985

1986

1987 YEAR

1988

1989

(EXCLUDING DUI)

Table 1.29

REPORTED NON-INDEX CRIME ARRESTS
- 1985 1989, BY AGE GROUP

Age Group 1985

9%

1986

%

1987

9%

1988

9%

1989

9%

Total

226,077 100.0% 171,357* 100.W0 233,818 100.0% 259,679 100.0% 283,680 100.0%

Source: Georgia Crime Information Center *I986DUI arrestswere not tabulated.

Figure 1.19A
NON-INDEX CRIME ARRESTS BY AGE, 1985
Figure 1.19B
NON-INDEX CRIME ARRESTS BY AGE, 1989

Table 1.30

REPORTED NON-INDEX ARRESTS BY AGE, 1989

NON-INDEX CRIMES 16 & Under
Other Assault Forgery/Counterfeiting Fraud Embezzlement Stolen Property Vandalism Weapons Violation Prostitution1 Commercial Vice Other Sex Offense Narcotic Drug Laws Gambling Family Offense DUI Liquor Laws Drunkenness Public Disturbance Vagrancy Other Offense Curfew/Loitering Runaway

17-21

AGE 22-26

27-31

32-36

Total

37 & Above

Source: Georgia Crime Information Center

Table 1.31

NON-INDEXARREST RATES PER 100,000 PERSONS 1989, BY AGE

NON-INDEX CRIMES TOTAL

16 & Under

17-21

22-26

ARREST RATES

PER 100,000

PER 100,000

PER 100,000

Other Assault Forgery/Counterfeiting Fraud Embezzlement Stolen Property Vandalism Weapons Violation Prostitution/ Commercial Vice Other Sex Offense Narcotic Drug Laws Gambling Family Offense DUI Liquor Laws Drunkenness Public Disturbance Vagrancy Other Offense Curfewboitering Runaway
Total Arrest Rates

NON-INDEX CRIMES
Other Assault Forgerylcounterfeiting Fraud Embezzlement Stolen Property Vandalism Weapons Violation Prostitution/ Commercial Vice Other Sex Offense Narcotic Drug Laws Gambling Family Offense DUI Liquor Laws Drunkenness Public Disturbance Vagrancy Other Offense Curfewboitering Runaway
Total Arrest Rates
Source: Georgia Crime Information Center

27-31

32-36

37 & Above

Per 100,000

Per 100,000

Per 100,000

Table 1.32

CRIMES

Male

Other Assault ForgeryKounterfeiting Fraud Embezzlement Stolen Property Vandalism Weapons Violation Prostitution1 Commercial Vice Other Sex Offense Narcotic Drug Laws Gambling Family Offense DUI Liquor Laws Drunke~ess Public Disturbance Vagrancy Other Offense CurfewILoitering Runaway

Total Arrests

229,997

NON-INDEX ARRESTS STATEWIDE BY SEX AND RACE, 1989

Percent Female Percent White

Percent

Non-White

Percent

81.1% 53,683

18.9% 132,833

46.8%

150,847

532%

Source: Georgia Crime Information Center

DRUG VIOLATIONS 1985-1989
Though violations of drug laws are not Index offenses, they challenge the resources of law enforcement from street sales to the massive organizations which manufacture, import and distribute drugs in the United States.
In 1985, reported drug arrests were at a five year low (1985
- 1989).However,they have risen steadilyto a high of 44,534
in 1989. This represents an increase of 114.3%.

From 1985 to 1987, persons were arrested for offenses related to marijuana more frequently than any other drug. In 1988and 1989cocainerelated arrests outnumbered those for marijuana by 2,745 and 9,172, respectively.
Of particular interest is the fact that cocaine arrests have steadily increased from 2,311 to 20,840, while narcotic equipment arrests have risen from 359 to 1,001. This represents increases of 801.8% for cocaine and 178.8% for narcotic equipment.

Table 1.33

Drug

- REPORTED DRUG ARRESTS STATEWIDE 1985 1989

-

-

-

-

1985
1985 %Change Rank 1986 %Change Rank 1987 %Change Rank 1988 %Change Rank 1989 %Change Rank 1989

Amphetamine Barbiturate Cocaine Hallucinogen Heroin Marijuana Narcotic Equipment Opium Synthetic Narcotic Free Text*

72 34 2,311 50 99 10,510 359 12 115 7,216

-44.2% 6 46.0% 8 26.8% 2 -15.3% 7 40.7% 5
3.9% 1 28.2% 3
.O% 9 -36.5% 4 10.3%

36 22 4,195 24 77 9,723 434 5 50 6,912

-50.0% 6 -35.3% 8 81.5% 2 -52.0% 7 -22.2% 4
-7.5% 1 20.9% 3 -58.3% 9 -56.5% 5 4.2%

Yearly Total

20,778

7.3%

21,478

3.4%

24,221

12.8%

32,461 34.0%

44,534 37.2%

114.3%.

*Note: Free Text includes all other violations of state and local laws relating to the unlawful possession, sale, use, growing, manufacturing and making of narcotic drugs which cannot be singularly classified in categories 1-9. Source: Georgia Crime Information Center

PROFILE OF REPORTED CLEARANCES
According to the FBIIUCR handbook, reported offenses can be cleared by arrest or exceptional means (circumstances occur preventing arrest). For purposes of statistical reporting, the number of offenses, not the number of persons arrested, are counted in clearance reports.
Overall trends in clearances for Index and Non-Index crimes follow very similar patterns from 1985 to 1989. Clearancesdecreased in 1986for both IndexandNon-Index crimes (See Figure 1.20). However, in 1987, Index crime clearances rose only slightly while Non-Index clearances experienced a significant increase.

Clearance rate is defined as the number of clearances divided by the number of reported crimes. Tables 1.36 and
1.37 represent the actual clearance rates for 1985 - 1989.
Due to variances in reporting practices, care should be exercised in comparing law enforcement agency clearance rates. Yearly totals, however, are usefulfor comparison.For someNon-Index crimes, the number of clearancesreported is the same as the number of crimes reported. For example, law enforcement agencies do not report DUI offenses unless officers make DUI arrests.

Table 1.34

- PROFILE OF REPORTED INDEX CRIME CLEARANCES, 1985 1989

Crime

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

Murder Forcible Rape Robbery Aggravated Assault Burglary LarcenyKheft Motor Vehicle Theft Arson

Total

91,638

70,837

72,319

81,673

98,428

Source:Georgia Crime Information Center

Figure 1.20
INDEX CRIME CLEARANCES
FIVE YEAR TREND, 1985-1989
NUMBER REPORTED

1985

1986

1987
YEAR

1988

1989

Table 1.35

- PROFILE OF REPORTED NON-INDEX CLEARANCES, 1985 1989
CRIMES
Other Assault ForgeryICounterfeiting Fraud Embezzlement Stolen Property Vandalism Weapons Violation Prostitution/ Commercial Vice Other Sex Offense Narcotic Drug Laws Gambling Family Offense DUI Liquor Laws Drunkenness Public Disturbance Vagrancy Other Offense CurfewILoitering Runaway

Total

175,435

142,924

205,636

182,834

214,892

Source: Georgia Crime Information Center 1986DUI data unavailable.

Figure 1.21
NON-INDEX CRIME CLEARANCES FIVE YEAR TREND, 1985-1989
NUMBER REPORTED

1985

1986

1987 YEAR

1988

1989

Table 136

- CLEARANCERATES INDEX CRIMES, 1985 1989

Crimes

Murder Forcible Rape Robbery Aggravated Assault Burglary Larcenymheft Motor Vehicle Theft Arson

Total

30.9

215

202

20.6

22.0

Source: Georgia Crime Information Center, Uniform Crime Reporting Database Data unavailable

Table 1.37

- CLEARANCE RATES NON-INDEX CRIMES, 1985 1989

CRIMES

1985

1986

1987

1988

Other Assault Forgerylcounterfeiting Fraud Embezzlement Stolen Property Vandalism Weapons Violation Prostitution1 Commercial Vice Other Sex Offense Narcotic Drug Laws Gambling Family Offense DUI Liquor Laws Drunkenness Public Disturbance
vagrancy Other Offense CurfewJLoitering Runaway

Total

65.1

60.9

69.6

54.9

Source: Georgia Crime Information Center, Uniform Crime Reporting Database
*WeaponsViolation, Public Disturbance Curfew/Loiteringand Runaway are included in Other Offense.
** Data unavailable

1989 543

COUNTY CRIME REPORTS
Index crime reports for counties, shown in Table 1.384 were developed from 1988 and 1989 incident reports submitted to the Georgia Crime Information Center by participating law enforcement agencies. Also included are Non-Index county crime profiles for 1988 and 1989 (See Table 1.38B). County totals are actual numbers reported; estimates for unreported crime are not included. In addition, some agencies did not consistently submit crime reports for these years which, in effect, lowered county totals.

Table 138A
COUNTYCRIME REPORTS,INDEX CRIMES, 1988-1989

County
Applinl3 1988 1989 Atkinson 1988 1989 Bacon 1988 1989 Baker 1988 1989 Baldwin 1988 1989 Banks 1988 1989 Barrow 1988 1989 Bartow
1988 1989 Ben Hill 1988 1989 Berrien 1988 1989 Bibb 1988 1989 Bleckley 1988 1989 Brantley 1988 1989 Brooks 1988 1989
Bryan 1988 1989

Motor

Index Violent Property

Forcible

e v ated

Vehicle

Crimes Crimes Crimes Murder Rape Robbery Assault Burglary Larceny Theft

Arson

- Table 138A Continued

County

Index Crimes

Bulloch

1988

1,784

1989

1,616

Burke

1988

501

1989

875

Butts

1988

321

1989

282

Calhoun

1988

100

1989

115

Camden

1988

854

1989

1,242

Candler

1988

75

1989

108

Carroll

1988

3,362

1989

3,762

Catoosa

1988

1,458

1989

1,728

Charlton

1988

142

1989

105

Chatham

1988

15,5%

1989

17,258

Chattahoochee

1988

92

1989

90

Chattooga

1988

662

1989

640

Cherokee

1988

2,169

1989

4,077

Clarke

1988

5,542

1989

7,266

Clay

1988

28

1989

23

Motor

Violent property

Forcible

Aggravated

Vehicle

Crimes Crimes Murder Rape Robbery Assault Burglary Larceny Theft

- Arson
8 1
2 6
1 0
2 0
11 19
0 1
17 14
9 6
1 0
79 80
1 2
4 16
5 27
23 14
1 0

Table 1.38A - Continued

County
Clayton 1988 1989 Clinch 1988 1989 Cobb 1988 1989 Coffee 1988 1989 Colquitt 1988 1989 Columbia 1988 1989
Cook
1988 1989 Coweta
1988 1989 Crawford 1988 1989 crisp 1988 1989 Dade 1988 1989 Dawson 1988 1989 Decatur 1988 1989 Dekalb 1988 1989 Dodge 1988 1989

Index Crimes

Violent property

Forcible

Aggravated

Crimes Crimes Murder Rape Robbery Assault Burglary Larceny

Motor Vehicle
Theft - Arson
27
54
0 0
84 90
12 6
6 18
5 11
2 0
4 0
0 0
11 3
2 4
1 6
2 7
% 70
3 2

Table 138A - Continued

County

Index Crimes

Dooly

1988

231

1989

187

Dougherty

1988

9,749

1989

9,910

Douglas

1988

2,944

1989

3,219

Early

1988

343

1989

380

Echols

1988

11

1989

24

EfFmgham

1988

561

1989

805

Elbert

1988

628

1989

755

Emanuel

1988

542

1989

889

Evans

1988

55

1989

82

Fannin

1988

383

1989

473

Fayette 1988

1,395

1989

1,358

Floyd 1988

3,851

1989

5,189

Forsyth

1988

1,658

1989

5380

Franklin

1988

358

1989

445

Fulton

1988 102,206

1989 113,451

-

Violent Property

Forcible

Aggravated

Crimes Crimes Murder Rape Robbery Assault Burglary Larceny

Motor Vehicle
- Theft Arson
1 2
33 28
15 15
0 4
0 0
6 7
4 3
5 10
0 0
11 16
6 3
22 22
9 11
1 1
98 110

- Table 138A Continued

County

Index Crimes

Gilmer

1988

205

1989

102

Glascock

1988

0

1989

0

Glynn 1988

5,771

1989

533

Gordon

1988

1,259

1989

1,922

Grady

1988

497

1989

927

Greene

1988

253

1989

331

Gwinnett

1988 16,554

1989

19,318

Habersham

1988

175

1989

224

Hall

1988

5279

1989

5,841

Hancock

1988

22

1989

40

Haralson

1988

733

1989

681

Harris

1988

536

1989

491

Hart

1988

368

1989

440

Heard

1988

90

1989

2-n

Henry

1988

l,819

1989

1,984

Violent Property

Forcible

Aggravated

Crimes Crimes Murder Rape Robbery Assault Burglary Larceny

Motor Vehicle
Theft

Arson

Table 1.38A - Continued

County
Houston
1988 1989
Irwin
1988 1989
Jackson
1988 1989
Jasper
1988 1989
Jeff Davis
1988 1989
Jefferson
1988 1989
Jenkins
1988 1989
Johnson
1988 1989
Jones
1988 1989
Lamar
1988 1989
Lanier
1988 1989
Laurens
1988 1989
Lee
1988 1989
Liberty
1988 1989
Lincoln
1988 1989

Motor

Index Violent property

Forcible

Aggravated

Vehicle

Crimes Crimes Crimes Murder Rape Robbery Assault Burglary Larceny Theft

Arson

Table 1.38A - Continued

County

Index Crimes

Long

1988

82

1989

37

Lowndes

1988

5,222

1989

5,340

Lumpkin

1988

279

1989

348

McDuflie

1988

178

1989

186

McIntosh

1988

172

1989

232

Macon

1988

414

1989

401

Madison

1988

283

1989

223

Marion

1988

26

1989

37

Meriwether

1988

109

1989

143

Miller

1988

45

1989

25

Mitchell

1988

713

1989

849

Monroe

1988

734

1989

848

Montgomery

1988

45

1989

55

Morgan

1988

351

1989

405

Murray

1988

693

1989

533

Motor

Violent property

Forcible

Aggravated

Vehicle

Crimes Crimes Murder Rape Robbery Assault Burglary Larceny Theft

Arson

- Table 1.38A Continued

County

Index Crimes

Muscogee 1988 11,525

1989

11,426

Newton

1988

2,1%

1989

5730

Oconee

1988

121

1989

335

Oglethorpe

1988

226

1989

172

Padding

1988

1,051

1989 Peach

1,223

1988

325

1989

595

Pickens

1988

103

1989

244

Pierce

1988

281

1989

300

Pike

1988

143

1989

123

Polk

1988

827

1989

1,075

Pdaski

1988

194

1989

259

Putnam

1988

253

1989

240

Quitman

1988

0

1989

9

Rabun

1988

241

1989

246

Randolph

1988

155

1989

135

Violent Property

Forcible

Aggravated

Crimes Crimes Murder Rape Robbery Assault Burglary Larceny

Motor Vehicle Theft

Arson

Table 1.38A - Continued

County

Index Crimes

Richmond

1988

14,374

1989

16,142

Rockdale

1988

2,947

1989

3,349

Schley

1988

45

1989

37

Screven

1988

286

1989

252

Seminole

1988

200

1989

262

spaldiig

1988

3,594

1989

4,670

Stephens

1988

784

1989

812

Stewart

1988

61

1989

65

Sumter

1988

1,564

1989

1,670

Talbot

1988

3

1989

21

Taliaferro

1988

30

1989

31

Tattnall

1988

200

1989

219

Taylor

1988

87

1989

79

Telfair

1988

164

1989

193

Terrell

1988

274

1989

256

Violent property

Forcible

Aggravated

Crimes Crimes Murder Rape Robbery Assault Burglary Larceny

Motor Vehicle Theft

Arson

Table 1.38A - Continued

County

Motor

Index Violent Property

Forcible

Aggravated

Vehicle

Crimes Crimes Crimes Murder Rape Robbery Assault Bulglary Larceny Theft

Thomas

1988

2,301

1989

2,332

Tift

1988

2,762

1989

2,812

Toombs

1988

363

1989

848

Towns

1988

29

1989

26

Treutlen

1988

216

1989

91

Troup

1988

3,465

1989

3,868

Turner

1988

171

1989

221

Twiggs

1988

74

1989

119

Union

1988

99

1989

220

Upson

1988

802

1989

907

Walker

1988

1,706

1989

2,18 1

Walton

1988

1,116

1989

1,128

Ware

1988

2,251

1989

2,445

Warren

1988

1

1989

80

Washington

1988

453

1989

679

Arson

Table 1.38A - Continued

County

Motor

Index Violent Property

Forcible

Aggravated

Vehicle

Crimes Crimes Crimes Murder Rape Robbery Assault Burglary Larceny Theft

Wayne 1988 1989 Webster 1988 1989 Wheeler 1988 1989 White 1988 1989 Whitfield 1988
1989 Wilcox 1988 1989
waes
1988 1989 willrinson 1988 1989 Worth 1988 1989

Arsol

State
Agency 1988 1989

1,444 1,393

Total 1988 1989

397,l29 448,295

Table 138B
COUNTY CRIME REPORTS, NON-INDEX CRIMES, 1988-1989

County

NONINDEX Crimes

Other Forgery1 Assaults Counierfeit

Other

Sblen

Weapons Prostitution/ Sex

Fraud Embezzlement properly Vandalism Violation Corma Vice Offense

Narcotic Drug Laws

Appling 1988 1989 Atkinson 1988 1989 Bacon 1988 1989 Baker 1988 1989 Baldwin 1988 1989 Banks 1988 1989 Barrow 1988 1989 Bartow
1988 1989 Ben Hill 1988 1989 Berrien 1988 1989 Bibb 1988 1989 Bleckley 1988 1989 Brantley 1988 1989 Brooks 1988 1989
Bryan 1988 1989

Table 138B
COUNTY CRIME REPORTS, NON-INDEX CRIMES, 1988-1989

COMQ

Fa-

Gambling Offense

DUI

Liquor

Publk

Other

Curfew/

LpWs DrunkcnnessDistwbancc Vagrancy Offense Loikring Runaway

Appling 1988 1989 Atkinson 1988 1989 Bacon 1988 1989 Baker 1988 1989 Baldwin 1988 1989 Banks 1988 1989 Barrow 1988 1989 Bartow
1988 1989 Ben Hill 1988 1989 Berrien 1988 1989 Bibb 1988 1989 Bleckley 1988 1989 Brantley 1988 1989 Brooks 1988 1989
Bryan 1988 1989

- Table 1.38B Continued

county

NONINDEX
Crimes

Other Forgery1 Assaults Counterfeit

Stolen

Other Weapons Prostitution/ Sex

Fraud Embezzlement property Vandalism Violation Corma Vice Offense

Narcotic Drug
Laws

Bulloch

1988

1,247

1989

1,330

Burke

1988

410

1989

659

Butts

1988

386

1989

199

Calhoun

1988

203

1989

136

Camden

1988

1,473

1989

1,555

Candler

1988

42

1989

55

Carroll

1988

3,574

1989

3,028

Catoosa

1988

1,971

1989

2,078

Charlton

1988

329

1989

151

Chatham

1988 31,422

1989 38,052

Chattahoochee

1988

86

1989

87

Chattooga

1988

724

1989

662

Cherokee

1988

3,282

1989

5,520

Clarke

1988

2,294

1989

2,%2

Clay

1988

39

1989

26

Table 1.38B - Continued

County

Family

Gambling Offense

DUI

Liquor

Public

Other

Curfew/

Laws Drunkenness Disturbance Vagrancy O f f e w Loitering Runaway

Bulloch

1988

0

1989

5

Burke

1988

0

1989

0

Butts

1988

0

1989

0

Calhoun

1988

1

1989

0

Carnden

1988

0

1989

1

Candler

1988

0

1989

0

Carroll

1988

1

1989

8

Catoosa

1988

0

1989

0

Charlton

1988

0

1989

0

Chatham

1988

9

1989

13

Chattahoochee

1988

0

1989

0

Chattooga

1988

0

1989

0

Cherokee

1988

0

1989

1

Clarke

1988

0

1989

0

Clay

1988

1

1989

0

- Table l38B Ccmtinued

hb

NONINDEX
Crima,

o l h r Forgery1 bsadts thmfrdeit

Sbkn

Other Weapons Prostitatiod Su

Fraud Embedement property VPndPiism viobtion thmnr Via odknse

Narcotic Drag
Laws

Clayton 1988 1989 clinch 1988 1989
Cobb 1988 1989 Coffee 1988 1989 colquitt 1988 1989 Columbii 1988 1989 cook
1988 1989 Coweta
1988 1989 Crawford 1988 1989 crisp 1988 1989 Dade 1988 1989 Dawson 1988 1989 Decatur 1988 1989 Dekalb 1988 1989 Dodge 1988 1989

- Table 138B Continued

F-ib

co@m Gambling Offense

DUI

wr

Pub&

Othr

Curfew1

Lsws DrunkennessDbturbnnee Vagrancy Offense Loitering Runaway

Clayton
1988
1989 Clinch 1988 1989 Cobb 1988 1989 Coffee 1988 1989 Colquitt 1988 1989 Columbia
1988
1989 cook 1988 1989 Coweta
1988 1989 Crawford 1988 1989 crisp 1988 1989 Dade 1988 1989 Dawson 1988 1989 Decatur 1988 1989 Dekalb 1988 1989 Dodge 1988 1989

- Table 1.38B Continued

county

NON-
INDEX
Crimes

Other Forgery/ Assaults Counterfeit

Other

Stolen

Weapons Prostitution1 Sex

Fraud Embezzlement property Vandalism Violation C o m Vice Offense

Narcotic Drug
Laws

Dooly

1988

259

1989

170

Dougherty

1988

8,253

1989

8,728

Douglas

1988

3,588

1989

3,907

Early

1988

350

1989

391

Echols

1988

5

1989

7

Effingham

1988

889

1989

1,052

Elbert

1988

932

1989

1,036

Emanuel

1988

428

1989

834

Evans

1988

118

1989

43

Faunin

1988

343

1989

261

Fayette

1988

2,216

1989

1,998

Floyd

1988

3,099

1989

3,339

Forsyth

1988

1,263

1989

1,445

Franklin

1988

611

1989

522

Fulton

1988 69,382

1989 78,380

County
Dooly 1988 1989 Dougherty 1988 1989 Douglas 1988 1989 Early 1988 1989 Echols 1988 1989 Effingham 1988 1989 Elbert 1988 1989 Emannel 1988 1989 Evans 1988 1989 Fannin 1988 1989 Fayette 1988 1989 Floyd 1988 1989 Forsyth 1988 1989 Franklin 1988 1989 Fulton 1988 1989

Table 1.38B - Continued

Family

Offense

DUI

Liquor

Public

Other

Curfew/

Laws DrunkennessDisturbance Vagrancy Offense Loitering Runaway

- Table 138B Continued

Comb

NONINDEX
Crimes

Other Forge~yl Asspub Counterfeit

Sbkn

Other Weapons Prostitution/ Su

Fraud Embezzlement property Vandalism Violation C o r nVice Onense

Narcotic DW
Laws

Gilmer

1988

372

1989

260

Glascock

1988

1

1989

3

Glynn 1988
1989
Gordon

5300
5,000

1988 1989 Grady 1988

k248 1,412
686

1989

1,012

Greene

1988

253

1989

224

Gwinnett

1988

14,217

1989

14,112

Habersham

1988

376

1989

290

Hall

1988

4,026

1989

4,747

Hancock

1988

10s

1989

82

Haralson

l988

748

1989

546

Harris

1988

327

1989

360

Hart

1988

392

1989

522

Heard

1988

69

1989

201

Henry 1988

1,993

1989

1,472

Table 1.38B - Continued

F~Y

c o ~ Ga~mbling Offensc

DUI

Liquor

Public

Other Curlew/

Lows Drunkenness Disturbance Vagrancy Offense Loitering Runway

Gilmer

1988

0

1989

0

Glascock

1988

0

1989

0

Glynn

1988

0

1989

2

Gordon

1988

0

1989

0

Grady

1988

0

1989

0

Greene

1988

0

1989

0

Gwinnett

1988

0

1989

0

Habersham

1988

0

1989

0

Hall

1988

0

1989

1

Hancock

1988

0

1989

0

Haralson

1988

0

1989

0

Harris

1988

0

1989

0

Hart

1988

0

1989

1

Heard

1988

0

1989

4

Henry

1988

0

1989

6

Table 1.38B - Continued

NON-
INDEX
Crimes

OUlcr Forgery1 Assaults Counterfeit

Other

Stolen

Weapons Prostitution/ Sex

Fraud Embezzlement properly Vandalism Violation Comm. Vice OKense

Narcotic Drug Laws

Houston 1988 1989 Irwin 1988 1989 Jackson 1988 1989 Jasper 1988 1989 Jeff Davis 1988 1989 Jefferson 1988 1989 Jenkins 1988 1989 Johnson
1988 1989 Jones 1988 1989 Lamar 1988 1989 Lanier 1988 1989 Laurens 1988 1989 Lee 1988 1989 Liberty 1988 1989 Lincoln 1988 1989

- Table 1.38B Continued

County

Family

Gambling Offense

DUI

Liquor

Publk

Other

Curfew/

Laws Drunkenness Disturbance Vagrancy Offense Loitering Runaway

Houston 1988 1989 Irwin 1988 1989 Jackson 1988 1989 Jasper 1988 1989 Jeff Davis 1988 1989 Jefferson 1988 1989 Jenkins 1988 1989 Johnson
1988 1989 Jones 1988 1989 Lamar 1988 1989 Lanier 1988 1989 Laurens 1988 1989 Lee 1988 1989 Liberty 1988 1989 Lincoln 1988 1989

Table 1.38B - Continued

Counlv

- --
NON-
INDEX Crimes

-
Other Forgery1 Assaults Counlerlcit

Other

Stokn

Weapons Prostitution/ Sex

Fraud Embezzlement property Vandalism Violation brrrmvice Offense

Narcotic DW Laws

Long

1988

43

1989

29

Lowndes

1988

4,219

1989

3,779

Lumpkin

1988

320

1989

412

McDuffie

1988

178

1989

174

McIntosh

1988

153

1989

172

Macon

1988

402

1989

388

Madison

1988

149

1989

104

Marion

1988

71

1989

44

Meriwether

1988

249

1989

117

Miller

1988

39

1989

31

Mitchell

1988

783

1989

899

Monroe

1988

1,189

1989

8%

Montgomery

1988

95

1989

48

Morgan

1988

226

1989

284

Murray

1988

591

1989

333

Countv

Gambline ONtnsc

Long

1988

0

1989

0

Lowndes

1988

0

1989

0

Lumpkin

1988

0

1989

0

McDuffie

1988

0

1989

0

McIntosh

1988

0

1989

0

Macon

1988

0

1989

0

Madison

1988

0

1989

0

Marion

1988

0

1989

0

Meriwether

1988

0

1989

0

Mier

1988

0

1989

0

Mitchell

1988

0

1989

0

Monroe

1988

0

1989

1

Montgomery

1988

5

1989

0

vIorgan

1988

0

.989

0

vlurray

988

0

.989

0

- Table 1.38B Continued

Liquor

Public

Other

Curfew1

Laws Drunktnness Disturbance Vagrancy Ofltnsc Loikring R-87

Table 1.38B - Continued

comb

NON-
INDEX
Crimes

Other Forgery1 Assaults Counterfeit

Stolen

Other Weapons Prostitution/ Sex

Fraud Embezzlement properly Vandalism Violation Comm. Vice Offense

Narcotic DW
Laws

Muscogee

1988 14,519

1989 fim Newton

1988

1,717

1989

2,031

Oconee

1988

91

1989

254

Oglethorpe

1988

147

1989

148

Padding

1988

1,m

1989

1,216

Peach

1988

387

1989

576

Pickens

1988

176

1989

142

Pierce

1988

320

1989

288

Pike

1988

136

1989

102

Polk

1988

734

1989

816

Pdaski

1988

382

1989

312

Putnam

1988

233

1989

197

Quitman

1988

2

1989

6

Rabun

1988

315

1989

223

Randolph

1988

137

1989

185

County

Gambling

Muscogee

1988

1

1989

5

Newton

1988

0

1989

0

Oconee

1988

0

1989

0

Oglethorpe

1988

0

1989

0

Padding

1988

0

1989

0

Peach

1988

0

1989

0

Pickens

1988

0

1989

0

Pierce

1988

0

1989

0

Pike

1988

0

1989

0

Polk

1988

0

1989

0

Pdaski

1988

0

1989

2

Putnam

1988

0

1989

0

Quitman

1988

0

1989

0

Rabun

1988

0

1989

0

Randolph

1988

0

1989

1

Table 1.38B - Continued

Liquor

Publk

Other

Curfew/

DUl

Laws Drunkenness Disturbance Vagrancy ONense Loitering Runaway

Table 1.38B - Continued

NON-
INDEX
Crimes

Other Forgery/ As~aults Counterfeit

Other

Stolen

Weapons Prostitutiod Sex

Fraud Embezzlement property Vandalism Violation Corma Vice Offense

Narcotic Drul~ Lam

Richmond 1988 1989 Rockdale 1988 1989 Schley 1988 1989 Screven 1988 1989 Seminole 1988 1989
Spalding 1988 1989 Stephens 1988 1989 Stewart
1988 1989 Sumter 1988 1989 Talbot 1988 1989 Taliaferro 1988 1989 Tattnall 1988 1989 Taylor 1988 1989 Telfai. 1988 1989 Terrell 1988 1989

Table 1.38B - Continued

County

Family

Gambling Offense

DUI

Liquor

Public

Other Curfew1

Laws Drunkenness Disturbance Vagrancy O f f e w Loitering Runaway

Richmond 1988 1989 Rockdale 1988 1989 Schley 1988 1989 Screven 1988 1989 Seminole 1988 1989 Spalding 1988 1989 Stephens 1988 1989 Stewart
1988 1989 Sumter 1988 1989 Talbot 1988 1989 Taliaferro 1988 1989 Tattnall 1988 1989 Taylor 1988 1989 Telfair 1988 1989 Terrell 1988 1989

Table 1.38B - Continued

Comv

NONINDEX
Criws

Olber Forgery1 Assaults Counterfeit

Other

Sbkn

Weapons Pmtitutiod Stx

Fraud Embezzlemtnt property Vandalism Violation Comra Vice Offense

Narcotic D~lg
LpWs

Thomas

1988

1,466

1989

1,652

Tifi

1988

3,488

1989

3,090

Toombs

1988

661

1989 Towns

1,067

1988

%

1989

25

Treutlen

1988

209

1989 Troup 1988

88 4,939

1989

4,983

Turner

1988

146

1989

154

=wkY

1988

35

1989

70

Union

1988

129

1989

211

Upson

1988

717

1989

637

Walker

1988

1,634

1989

1,722

Walton

1988

1,007

1989

765

Ware

1988

2,279

1989

2,112

Warren

1988

0

1989

23

Washington

1988

726

1989

817

- Table 1.38B Continued

County

Family

Gambling ONtmt

DUI

Liquor

Public

Other

Lews Drunkenness Disturbance Vagrancy ONtnse

Thomas

1988

1

1989

0

Tift

1988

8

1989

4

Toombs

1988

0

1989

0

Towns

1988

0

1989

0

Treutlen

1988

0

1989

0

Troup

1988

6

1989

7

Turner

1988

0

1989

0

Twk!9

1988

0

1989

0

Union

1988

0

1989

0

Upson

1988

0

1989

2

Walker

1988

0

1989

1

Walton

1988

0

1989

0

Ware

1988

10

1989

0

Warren

1988

0

1989

0

Washington

1988

0

1989

0

Runaway

- Table 1.38B Continued

County

-
NONINDEX Crimes

-

-

Other Forgery1 Assaults Counterfeit

Other

Stolen

Weapons Prostitutiod Sex

Fraud Enlbczzlement properly Vandalism Violation Corms Vice Offense

-
Narcotic Dm Laws

Wayne 1988 1989 Webster 1988 1989 Wheeler 1988 1989 White 1988 1989 Whittield 1988 1989 Wilcox 1988 1989 Wilkes 1988 1989 Wilkinson
1988 1989 Worth 1988 1989

424 516
37 11
163 208
426 263
5,055 5,297
100 65
334 384
113 118
454 498

State
Agency 1988 1989

13,424 14,852

Total 1988 1989

367,991 395,422

Source: Georgia Crime Information Center

- Table 1.38B Continued

County

Family

Gambling Offense

DUI

Liquor

Public

Other

Curlew1

Laws Drunkenness Disturbance Vagrancy Offense Loitering R-ay

Wayne 1988 1989 Webster 1988 1989 Wheeler 1988 1989 White 1988 1989 Whitfield 1988 1989 Wilcox 1988 1989 Wies 1988 1989 Wilkinson
1988 1989 Worth 1988 1989

State

Agency

1988

14

1989

12

Total

1988

181

1989

238

30 8,280

80

35 9,705

86

5,554 66,033 5,148 7,231 41,949 5,952

0

6

0

9

3,445 34,088 3,535 45,501

0

1,421

4

16

0

1,299

0

10

43 69,021

680 6,568

50 76,246 1,129 7,299

Source: Georgia Crime Information Center

The Georgia Bureau of Investigationjoins the criminaljustice community of Georgia in extending sincere sympathy to the families of the following law enforcement officers who gave their lives while protecting and serving the citizens of their community during 1989.
LAYNE B. COOK, OFFICER Atlanta Bureau of Police Services Shot and killed at the scene of a domesticviolence call involving drugs.
J. E. DAVIS, OFFICER Atlanta Bureau of Police Services Shot and killed with a .38 Smith & Wesson while pursuing a robbery suspect.
CLOIS W. LAMB, PATROLMAN Columbus Police Department
Killed by a .25 automatic weapon used by an individual who walked into the Columbus Police Department and opened fire.

OFFICERS KILLED AND ASSAULTED

Statistics compiled in Table 1.39 are taken from reports to the Georgia Crime Information Center by law enforcement agencies.
The most serious assaults committed against officers
resultedin 19deathsduringthe period 1985- 1989.1986was
a peak year with 6 officers killed.
Yearly changes in the total number of officers assaulted show an increase from 1985to 1989. This increase is more evident when types of activities are examined. Handling, transportingand custodyis the only type of activitythat did not show an increase. Assaults upon police officers increased slightly from 1,093in 1985to 1,303in 1989.

Another area of interest is the type of weapon used during assaults. In contrast to the weapon types most frequently used inthe commissionof aggravatedassaults(cuttingtools, firearms, other weapons; Figure 1.6B), officers are most frequentlyassaulted by hands, fats or feet.
The number of reported personal injuries sustained by law enforcement personnel during assaults over the five year period 1985-1989has increased. Most of the injuries were sustainedbetween the hours of 6:00 p.m. and 6:00 a.m.

Table 139
- REPORTED LAW ENFORCEMENTOIWICERS KILLED AND ASSAULTED, 1985 1989

NUMBER OF OFFICERS KILLED
OFFICERS ASSAULTED
Type of activity Attempting other arrests Responding to disturbancecalls TraBFic pursuits and other stops
Hans transportingand custody
All others
Yearly total
Type of weapon Firearm Knife or cutting instrument Other dangerous weapons Hands, fist or feet
Yearly total
Injury Officers with personal injuries Officers without personal injuries
Yearly total
Type of assignment Alone Assisted
Yearly total
Time of Assaults Daytime(6:OO a.m.4.00 p.m.) Nittime(6:OO p.m.-6:00 a.m.)
Yearly total
Total number cleared

4
334 203 85 141 330 1,093
1,093
327 766 1,093
1,093 278 815
1,093 1,011

Source: Georgia Crime Information Center

6
357 201 111 107 336 1,112
1,112
310 802 1,112
1,112 286 826
1,112 1,025

2
375 299 165 125 416 l,3m
1,380
460 920
l?m
1,380
374 1,006 1,380 1,199

4
381 305 123 83 372 1,264
1,264
389 875 1,264
1,264 431 833
1,264 1,114

3
368 252 159 129 395 1,303
1,303
347 956 1,303
1,303 328 975
1,303 1,175

Figure 1.22A
LAM ENFORCEMENT OFFICERS KILLED
FlVE YEAR TREND

Figure 1.22B

LAU ENFORCEMENT OFFICERS ASSAULTED
FlVE YEAR TREND

NUMBER REPORTED 1,400

1,380~

I
I 4 nnn

1,060
1,000 1086

1088

1087 YEAR

1088

1980

PROFILE OF TRAFFIC FATALITIES
Comprehensive data on traffic fatalities are available from the GeorgiaDepartmentof PublicSafetyAccidentReporting data base. Figures indicate that in 1988 more traffic fatalities occurred than in any of the previous three years. Total fatalities increased by 270 over 1985 figures, while DUI related fatalities increased by 129.
The effects of alcohol use while driving has received much media attention in recent years. Tables 1.40 and 1.41 provide data on fatal accidents and fatalities caused by DUI (blood alcohol content of .10 or greater).

Additional data are provided for fatalities by month, location and type (Table 1.42) and holiday trafficdeathsin 1988 and 1989 (Table 1.43). Holiday traffic deaths normally account for a large proportion of deaths on our highways. In 1989, the Fourth of July was the most costly with a total of 30 fatalities m 102hours.

Figure 1.23
TRAFFIC FATALITIES 1985-1989
NUMBER REPORTED

1985

1986

1987 YEAR

1988

1989

Figure 1.24
TRAFFIC FATALITIES BY MONTH 1989
NUMBER REPORTED 200 -

I

t

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC

MONTH

Table 1.40
- FATALACCIDENTS* INVOLVING DUI,1985 1989

Total Fatal Accidents DUI Related Fatal Accidents
% of Fatal Ackidents - DUI Related

1,224 369
30.1%

*Accidentsimhring driver, passengers,pedestrians,pcdalcylist with Blood Alcohol Content (BAC)level of .10 or above. Source: Georgia Department of Public Safety

Table 1.41
- FATALITIES* INVOLVING DUI, 1985 1989
Total Fatalities DUI Related Fatalities
% of Fatalities - DUI Related
* The actual number of persons killed in accidents involving the driver,
parsengers, pedestrians,pedalcyclist with Blood Alcohol Content (BAC) level of .10 or above. Source: Georgia Department of Public Safety

Month
January February March April May June Juhl August September October November December

Table 1.42
- TRAFFIC FATALITIES BY MONTH, LOCATION AND TYPE 1988 1989

Rd
1988 1989

Urban 1988 1989

Total 1988 1989

Pcdrstrhn 1988 1989

Molorcyck 1988 1989

OUur Vehlcles 1988 1989

Total 1988 1989

Source:Georgia Department of Public Safety

Holiday
Memorial Day Fourth of July Labor Day Thanksgiving Christmas New Years
Total

Table 1.43
- HOLIDAY TRAFFICTOLL, 1988 1989

Accidents 1988 1989

Injuries 1988 1989

1,552 1,6% 2,314 2,349 1,582 1,852

1,750 2,838 1,618 2,511 2,545 1,880

11,345 13,142

691 750 738 1,023 833 598 940 920 691 610 655 624
4,548 4,525

Fatalities 1988 1989
13 13 11 30 16 18 33 25 22 13 13 18
108 117

DUI Fatalities
1988 1989

*

6

* 12

* 11

* 14

* 10

* 6

59

Hours 1988 1989
78 78 78 102 78 78 102 102 78 78 78 78
492 516

- 1988 One fatalityevery45 holiday hours.
- 1989 One fatalityevery4.4holidayhours.
One DUI fatalityevery8.7 holidayhours. DUI fatalities for 1988were not availableby holidays.
Soum: GeorgiaDepartment of Public Safety.

GEORGIA BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION

The Georgia Bureau of Investigation was created in 1937. The initial charter authorized the establishment of a State Bureau of Identification to maintain fingerprint and criminal history information and the employment of individualstrained as criminal investigatorsto assist local law enforcement officers throughout the state. Today the GBI provides a wide variety of law enforcement services statewide, with sufficient flexibility to adapt to changing crime patterns and needs of the law enforcement community in this state and in neighboring states.
The GBI has four operating divisions:
INVESTIGATIVE DMSION
This division is charged with conducting investigations at the request of Superior Court Judges, District Attorneys, Chiefsof Police, Sheriffs,or at thedirection of the Governor into violations of state laws. The division is heavily involved in the investigation of drug traffic and organized crime, in addition to its work with local law enforcement agencies in the investigation of traditional crimes, such as robbery, burglary, homicide, etc. The division is headed by a G.B.I. Deputy Director and is divided into three main sections: Special Operations, consisting of specialized squads based in Atlanta; Field Operations, consisting of 13 regional offices; and the Drug Enforcement Section consisting of four Regional Drug Enforcement Offices and specialized squadsbased in Atlanta.

GCIC assists both state and local law enforcement agencies in ongoing criminal investigations by developing suspect lists through accessto computerized criminaljustice data.
During fiscal year 1991, GCIC will fully implement the Georgia Automated Fingerprint Identification System (AFIS). AFIS technology will permit experts to search single latent fingerprints found at crime scenes against the master fingerprint file which contains all fingerprint and criminal history information for known criminal offenders in Georgia.
DMSION OF FORENSIC SCIENCES
The Division of Forensic Sciences provides support for all law enforcement agencies in the areas of crirninalistics, serology, drug identification, questioned documents, pathology, firearms identification, latent prints, implied consent and toxicology. The Division has branch laboratories in Augusta, Columbus, Macon, Moultrie and Savannah.
ADMINISTRATIVEDMSION
The Administrative Division furnishesfinancial, logistic and personnel support services for the entire Bureau.

GEORGIA CRIME INFORMATION CENTER

The GeorgiaCrimeInformationCenter maintains the computerized repository of criminal history information, operates the statewide communications network used by criminal justice agencies throughout the state and is the interface with the National Crime Information Center. Reports of all criminal investigations and reported crimes are forwarded to the Georgia Crime Information Center. GCIC computers enable law enforcement agencies to check for criminal reports on suspects, check for stolen items, such as guns, equipment, motor vehicles, etc. and
transmit lookouts and other important messages from agency to agency or to all agencies quickly.

Table 1.44

- GEORGIABUREAU OF INVESTIGATION PRODUCTIVITY DATA 1989

INVESTIGATIVE DMSION

GEORGIA CRIME INFORMATION CENTER

DMSION OF FORENSIC SCIENCES

Criminal Investigations
Assistance Rendered Cases Total Cascs
Polygraph Examinations Conducted
Arrests
Value of Stolen property-red
Contraband Seized

53259 8,547
3,616 4,386
34,3nm $133,101,214

Criminal Justice Agency Audits Completed

226

Terminal Operators Certified/Recertified

310

Active Mainframe Computer Programs

950

ProgramtSystem Developments & Modifications

57

Criminal Fingerprint Cards Proccsced

212,459

Civil Fingerprint Cards Processed

70,894

CCH Records InitiatedAJpdated

301,615

VCR Reports R e c c i

1,'5452,865

Blank Forms Distributed

3,3!B,710

State/Loral Agency Assistance Projects

4,244

Training Hours Presented Personnel Trained

608 3m

CTIS Network Transactions

'545,995,854

Number of Cases:

Atlanta Savannah Columbus Augusta Moultrie Macon

55,943 7,842 5,764 4,409 6N 6,892

Total

87,396

Court Appearances:

Hours reported

9,869

Crime Scenes Processed:

Hours reported

1,460

Types of Cases: Pathology Questioned Documents Criminalistics serology D N I~D Toxicology Latent Prints Implied consent Non-Lab

Number of Autopsies

Performed:

824

2. COURTS

INTRODUCTION

The judicial powers of the State of Georgia are vested exclusively in seven classes of courts: magistrate, probate, juvenile, state, superior, the Court of Appeals and the Supreme Court. The magistrate, probate, juvenile and state courts are courts of limited jurisdiction. Additionally, the constitutionprovidesthat the General Assemblymay establish or authorize the establishment of municipal courts which have jurisdiction over ordinance violations and other offenses as may be provided by law. The courts of Georgia comprise a unified judicial system.
Superior Courts
The superior court is Georgia's court of generaljurisdiction, having exclusive jurisdiction over felony cases and cases involving divorce, equity and questions of land title. With the exception of certain probate and juvenile matters, the superior courts exercise concurrent jurisdiction in other caseswiththe limitedjurisdiction courtslocated in the same county or circuit. Each of the state's 159 counties has a superior court, such courts being organized by single or multiple county judicial circuits. Currently there are 137 superior court judges serving in 45 circuits divided into ten administrative districts, with an Administrative Judge and Court Administrator for each. Prosecution of cases before a superior court is conducted by a District Attorney elected on a circuit wide basis.
State Courts

Juvenile Courts
Juvenile courts have exclusiveoriginaljurisdiction in cases involving delinquent children alleged to have committed noncapital offenses, unruly children under the age of 17, deprived children under the age of 18, and juvenile traffic offenders under the age of 16. With the exception of the juvenile court judge in Floyd county, who is an elected official,juvenile courtjudges are generallyappointed for six year terms by their counties' superior court judges. As of July 1, 1989, there were 12 full time juvenile court judges and38part timejudges servingthe state's 63countieshaving separatejuvenile courts. Where no separate juvenile court has been established,a judge of the superior court serves as judge of the juvenile court.
Magistrate Courts
The 1983 Constitution of the State of Georgia established magistrate courts to replace justice of the peace courts and small claims courts. A magistrate court exists in each county of the state and servesas a court of limitedjurisdiction.They serve as courts of inquiry, may issue arrest and search warrants, try violations of county ordinances, punish for contempt, and grant bail in all cases where the granting of bail is not exclusively committed to some other court or officer. As of July 1,1989, there were 159 chief magistrates and 284 magistrates: 39 also serve probate, juvenile, civil, or municipal courts.

Statecourts exercisejurisdiction over trials of misdemeanor criminal cases and have general civil jurisdiction over the trial of all general civil actions, regardless of the amount claimed, unless exclusivejurisdiction is vested in the superior courts.The state courts'jurisdiction also includes hearing applications for and issuing search and arrest warrants, holding courts of inquiry and punishing contempts by fine
and/or imprisonment. As of July 1, 1989, state courts operated in 63counties (Cherokee and Forsythcountiesare served by one court). Of the 86 judges presiding, 41 were full time state court judges; two were full time associate judges and 45 served part time. Prosecution of cases before a state court is conducted by a Solicitor elected on a county wide basis.

Court of Appeals
The Court of Appeals has appellate jurisdiction in all cases where exclusive jurisdiction does not rest with the Supreme Court. The Court of Appeals is composed of nine judges and is divided into three panels of three judges each. The Court of Appeals is authorized to correct errors in cases on appeal except where the Supreme Court has exclusivejurisdiction. Examples of cases appealable to the Court of Appeals include claims for damages, criminal cases other than capital felonies, and compensation and insurance claims. Caseload data are collected by the court on an annual basis and include numbers of cases docketed; however, the numbers do not provide data on specific criminal appeals.

Probate Courts
The probate courts exercise jurisdiction in the probate of wills, administration of estates, appointment of guardians and the involuntary hospitalization of incapacitated adults and other dependent individuals.Other duties for which the probate judges may be responsible, depending on the particular county, include holding habeas corpus hearings, acting as a court of inquiry, hearing traffic cases and trying violationsof state game and fish laws.There are 159probate judges, each serving a single county.

Supreme Court
The SupremeCourt of Georgia has sevenjustices, who elect one of their number to be the Chief Justice. The Supreme Court is the final court of review in the state and has exclusive appellate jurisdiction in constitutional questions and contests. It has appellate jurisdiction in all habeas corpus cases, and all cases in which a sentence of death was imposed or could be imposed. It also has jurisdiction over a variety of civil matters.

Courts Data
The Administrative Office of the Courts, an arm of the Supreme Court and the staff of the Judicial Council of Georgia, collects, processes and maintains caseload information on the principal courts of the state. The data are critical in making decisions concerning the creation of judgeships and the boundaries of existing judicial circuits. Caseload data are collectedby the AdministrativeOffice of the Courts for the superior, state, probate, juvenile and magistrate courts. The Supreme Court and the Court of Appeals collect their own caseload data. With few exceptions, data collected and compiled for the courts reflect only workload factors and do not readily allow qualitative analysis of the functions of the courts.

Note: In 1985AOC began compilingstatistics accordingto calendar year; some tables reflect this change.

Figure 2.1

JUDICIAL COUNCIL OF GEORGIA

GEORGIA
- J U M C I K L m C T S CIRCUIT BOUNDARY

COllNlV ROUHIIARV

--. ----

O.,..

50

11111.

Superior Courts
5-year trend: total filings/ dispositions

FYI984 I

CY1985
I

CY1986
I

CY1987
I

CY1988
I

5-year trend: civil filings1 dispositions

5-year trend: criminal filings/ dispositions
55,224
1
total filings/ dispositions

82.529

90.885

Filings Dispositions

Table 2.1

CY 1988 Superior Court Caseload (Docket entries)

Circuit
Alapaha Alcovy Appalachian
Atlanta Atlantic Augusta
Blue Ridge Brunswick Chattahoochee
Cherokee Clayton Cobb
Conasauga Cordele Coweta
Dougherty Douglas Dublin
Eastern Flint Griffin
Gwinnett Houston Lookout Mountain
Macon Middle Mountain
Northeastern Northern Ocmulgee
Oconee Ogeechee Pataula
Piedmont Rockdale Rome
South Georgia Southern Southwestern
Stone Mountain Tallapoosa Tifton
Toom bs Waycross Western
TOTALS AVERAGE PER JUDGE*

Total Criminal Filed Disposed

3,416 3,383
935
10,141 3,095 2,677
931 2.040 2,546
1,917 1,847 3,852
1.884 1.114 1.976
1,208 1,634 1,048
2,634 1,445 1,962
1,836 964
2,380
2.398 1,006
844
2,326 1.200 2,999
1,008 1,125 1,052
948 51 7 1,996
900 1,875 1,538
5,194 1,561 1,380
1,331 1,746
1,076
90,885 663

3,185 3,158
876
10,266 3,032 1,905
803 1,840 2,254
1,568 1,740 4,121
1,612 897
1,974
1,059 1.361
818
2,407 1.186 1,927
1,488 826
2,501
2,404 70 1 703
1,969 1,061 3.008
848 1,252
89 1
925 550 2,034
948 1,821 1,494
4,428 1,615 1,192
1.295 1.572
971
84,486 61 7

Felony

Filed Disposed

1,141 1,292
334

1,041 1,128
277

8,690 733
2,048

8.818 672
1,338

615 1,661 1,724

493 1.392 1,444

794 1,334 2,948

562 1,235 3,136

788 675
1.405

627 508 1,404

1,098

942

673

528

390

25 1

2,286 606
1,076

2,031 458 992

1.704 450
958

1,356 313
933

1,665 777 51 1

1.654 483 416

992 634
1,293

753 543 1,172

467

354

86 1

998

483

452

482

45 1

319

300

520

474

550 1,395
728

539 1,349
698

3,941 468 684

3,175 442 559

360

3- 6- 5-

73 1

566

700

589

53,984 394

48,211 352

'Based on 137 superior court judges. " Probation revocations were not included as a criminal case type prior to 1988

Misdemeanor

Filed Disposed

2,173 1,665
456

2,042 1,615
454

23 2,185
515

20 2,180
460

30

24

224

293

617

605

546

438

105

97

272

385

914

802

32 1

271

314

313

0

7

71 5

593

338

247

0

0

682

571

747

796

57 78
1,256

57 77
1,338

88

105

28

17

274

228

1,026 300
1,605

90 1 252 1,735

383

336

12

12

473

343

355 32
1,145

365 74
1,242

69

6 1

353

338

338

325

0

0

869

942

53 1

477

854

81 7

582

579

53

59

23.603 172

22,893 167

Probation Revocation "

Filed Disposed

102

102

426

415

145

145

1.428 177 11 1

1.428 180 107

286

286

155

155

205

205

577

568

408

408

63 1

600

182

183

118

118

257

257

110

110

246

240

320

320

348

376

157

157

139

139

75

75

436

436

166

230

645

645

20 1

20 1

59

59

308

315

266

266

101

101

158

158

252

242

96

96

11 1

109

166

176

33 1

318

280

348

127

134

472

471

1,253 224 165

1,253 23 1 156

117

113

433

427

323

323

13,293 97

13,382 98

Table 2.1

CY 1988 Superior Court Caseload (Docket entries)

Total Civil Filed Disposed

1,663 2,782 1,240

1,395 2,994 1,171

11,538 3,368

12,228 3,138

General Civil Filed Disposed

889 1,183
492

702 1,289
472

3,827 1,134

4,206 1.060

Domestic Relations

Filed

D.isposed

774 1,599
748
7,711 2.234

693 1,705
699
8,022 2.078

Total Caseload Filed Disposed

5,079 6,165 2,175
21,679 6.463

4,580 6,152 2,047
22,494 6.170

Total Open Caseload
2,349 2,682 1,399
5,681 1.255

CY 1988 State Court Caseload a

County
Bibb Carroll Chatham CherokeeIForsyth
Clarke Cobb Colquitt Coweta
DeKalb Fulton Gwinnett Habersham
Houston Jackson Lowndes Miller
Muscogee Richmond Spalding Sumter
Tift Treutlen Washington Worth

Misdemeanor Filed Disposed

5,509 394
2,248 3.984

5,474 429
1,841 3,757

2,548 5.404
869 758

N/A 5,041
727 96 1

7,175 20,557
2,601 745

5,649 15,608
1,828 684

1,554 366
2,874 54

1,449 35 1
2,861 54

2,390 3,583
71 1 1,068

1,395 1,859
553 96 1

1,758 123 40 1 298

1,510 123 383 23 1

Traffic Filed Disposed

2.864 5,114 2,075 9,692

2,803 3,972 1,699 8,983

6,224 61,225
1,449 3,973

N/A 59,079
1,243 3,718

7,215 9,985 1,610 1,216

8,239 6,330 1,050 1,364

10,961 4,906 8,941
404

10,754 4,861 9,165
404

2,665 5,775 2,804 1,286

1,558 3,474 2.481 1,286

7,234 4,112
74 1 2,594

6,332 4,112
677 2,291

Civil Filed Disposed

590 571 5,218 1,429

545 191 4,571 1,043

387 27,130
87 475

NIA 23,777
55 360

71,914 46,609
5,100 98

62,577 21,899 5,006
59

1,235

984

68

29

N/A

NIA

0

1

349

24

659

322

242

167

71

53

264

198

12

4

16

8

110

22

'Criminal caseloads equal the number of defendants; civil caseload equals number of docket entries. Dispositions not reported.
"Civil caseload data not submitted. *Figures for the first half of CY 1988 only. 'Criminal dispositions estimated for the first half of CY 1988.

Total Caseload Filed Disposed

8,963 6,079 9,541 15,105

8,822 4,592 8,111 13,783 -

9,159 93,759
2,405 5,206

N/A 87,897
2,025 5,039

86,304 77,151 9,311
2,059

76,465 43,837
7,884 2.107

13,750 5,340
N/A 458

13,187 5,241
NIA 459

5,404 10,017
3,757 2,425

2,977 5,655
3,201 2,300

9,256 4,247 1,158
3,002

8,040 4,239 1,068
2,544

Table 2.3A

FY 1989 Probate Court Civil Caseload (Docket entries)

County

Administration

No Administration
Necessary

Probate

Year's

Common Solemn Guardianship Support

Hospitalization

Atkinson '

3

0

Bacon '

2

1

Baker '

3

0

Baldwin

18

5

Banks

9

0

Barrow

11

10

Bartow

26

14

Ben Hill

16

5

Bibb

77

39

Bleckley

2

2

Brantley

1

2

Bryan

19

0

Bulloch

2 1

2

Butts

9

4

Candler

6

4

Chatham * 40

15

Cherokee 28

18

Clarke

79

12

Clay *

0

0

Clayton

69

29

Clinch

8

1

Cobb

171

52

Coffee

23

8

Colquitt

13

23

Coweta

36

14

Crawford

2

1

Dawson

5

4

Decatur

20

5

DeKalb"

51

58

Dodge

10

9

Dooly

1

0

Dougherty ' 32

14

Douglas

22

9

Early

4

1

Effingham 15

1

~vais

3

0

Fannin

13

4

Fayette

20

8

Fulton

427

263

Gilmer '

3

1

Grady

13

10

Greene

14

1

Gwinnett 101

36

Hall '

22

7

Haralson

39

0

Harris '

4

1

Heard *

0

0

Henry

19

17

Jasper

3

0

Jones

11

0

Laurens

32

15

Lee *

4

5

Liberty

35

1

Long '

0

0

Lowndes * 24

6

Macon *

12

2

McDuffie ' 6

4

Miller

9

3

Mitchell

16

7

Monroe

9

5

1

10

6

0

7

1

6

1

0

8

0

6

4

0

7

11

8 1

67

3

225

1

27

8

3

7

0

68

42

2

44

1

147

58

12

116

5

50

15

4

17

13

454

117

52

108

1

26

6

2

0

0

16

7

3

0

2

25

18

1

16

4

105

17

3

19

0

41

16

5

3

1

22

5

0

0

9

124

112

27

29

9

125

32

14

4 1

15

214

100

11

82

0

5

0

0

0

9

256

280

45

72

1

11

3

40

71 7

389

5

68

29

4

94

18

2

0

78

142

5

0

4

29

8

143

75

16

67

0

19

7

2

0

1

32

10

- ~

3

19

0

66

27

5

26

69

487

290

67

18

3

44

23

4

4

0

18

3

1

4

10

120

68

5

42

1

124

85

18

20

0

28

3

0

13

8

46

3 1

6

2 1

0

13

3

0

2

2

28

8

5

0

6

82

36

12

0

221

1.569

1.299

150

46

2

5

3

1

5

3

36

10

1

4 1

9

23

9

1

4

15

396

28 1

34

76

4

116

43

7

20

0

62

15

12

27

1

7

6

1

0

0

7

2

0

1

11

129

75

13

26

4

26

6

1

3

7

54

17

4

13

- 2

97

42-

7

67

0

9

6

3

7

0

6 1

105

9

74

0

5

1

1

4

1

35

16

12

22

4

54

19

0

24

0

27

17

4

26

1

18

1

0

0

1

50

11

2

1

5

40

8

0

3

Habeas Corpus
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 1
0 2 0 0
0 0 0 0
1 0 0 0
9 1 0 0
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
1 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0

Licenses Marriage Pistol

36 23 11 365
70 270 503 190
1,692 124 97 99
269 130 58 554
540 551
8 2,275
58 4,685
357 372
564 86 83
246
2,500 146 2 1 765
954 85 176 48
121 454 7,519
38
190 80 3,135 466
23 1 33 2 1
452
65 140 418 64
1,300 16
44 1 116
80 42 166 128

26 17 11 268
60 200 455 127
875 114 58 98
183 184 21 290
560 382
5 1,082
13 2,387
198 119
34 1 62 97 76
1,150 79 5 1
491
603
77
205 33
151 450 5,383
28
46 92 1,735 333
220 20 16
526
59 204 286 93
161 9
152 99
123 48 97 123

Total Civil
89 59 42 1.043
185 647 1,332 429
3,427 277 184 278
623 392 117 1,201
1,367 1,448
18 4,117
97 8,661
693 676
1,265 179 254 471
4,699 323 99
1,547
1,836 21 1
509
102
332 1,068 16,877
86
350 233 5,809 1,018
607 73 47
1,268
167 450 966 191
1,746 36
709 330
287 122 351 321

Table 2.3A

FY 1989 Probate Court Civil Caseload (Docket entries)

County

Administration

No Administration
Necessary

Probate Common Solemn Guardianship

Year's Support

Hospital- Habeas ization Corpus

Morgan '

5

1

Murray"

11

8

Muscogee 184

21

Oglethorpe 4

13

Paulding

21

8

Peach *

4

0

Pierce *

6

4

Pike "

3

0

Polk

11

0

Putnam

16

6

Quitman

3

2

Randolph

9

2

Richmond 109

5 1

Rockdale 23

21

Seminole

13

4

Spalding

21

15

Tattnall

10

7

Taylor

8

0

Telfair

7

2

Terrell

11

1

Thomas

28

8

Tift

20

6

Towns

9

1

Troup

20

18

Turner

14

6

Union

16

1

Walker

29

25

Walton

35

14

Ware

28

11

Warren *

0

1

Washington 14

9

Wheeler

0

0

White

12

8

Whitfield " 23

25

Wilkes '

8

0

Wilkinson

9

4

Worth

5

3

1

7

3

2

3

0

1

43

13

6

22

0

18

463

286

61

64

0

0

27

17

3

8

0

0

99

37

0

18

0

10

28

6

0

23

8

7

0

0

0

5

0

6

20

0

0

3

0

4

101

17

11

71

0

4

26

13

5

7

0

1

7

1

0

2

0

0

3 1

9

0

0

0

56

343

170

127

202

0

11

86

73

5

14

0

1

2 1

5

3

13

2

1

139

61

12

45

0

2

143

16

3

18

6

0

26

6

1

26

13

5

18

0

3

62

0

1

16

0

0

5

0

1

124

29

5

430

0

0

72

17

2

34

0

0

39

6

0

0

0

6

166

48

22

77

0

2

39

24

1

3

0

5

22

2 1

4

0

0

5

141

75

14

38

0

5

83

38

11

52

0

6

96

23

20

56

0

0

5

6

0

0

0

9

28

6

1

13

0

2

4

6

4

4

0

1

39

5

5

194

36

1

23

7

1

19

6

4

48

22

7

5

0

16

100

1

1

4

0

2

17

0

3

18

0

Incompletesubm~ssionsfor FY 1989 " CY 1988 data.

Licenses Marriage Pistol

32 215 2,133 86
59 1 36 140 81
447 120
19 64
1,553 642 65 1 583
120 5 1 98 87
413 394
41 486
57 111 228 30 1
434 7
138 36
138 422
36 73 175

27 127 786 104
39 1 29 64 84
314 133
15 64
1,181 422 59 417
119 48 105 102
164 204
9 1 410
70 170 194 26 1
257 16 92 26
60 273
9 88 149

Total Civil
81 446 4,016 262
1,154 92 284 202
976 330
50 179
3,792 1,297
772 1,294
440 199 26 1 246
1,202 749 187
1,253
216 350 749 800
93 1 35
310 82
275 1,095
89 219 427

Table 2.3B

County
Atkinson ' Bacon ' Baker * Banks
Barrow Bartow Ben Hill Bleckley
Brantley Butts Clay ' Crawford
Dawson Dodge Dooly * Douglas
Fannin Fayette Gilmer ' Greene
Haralson Harris * Heard ' Henry
Jasper Laurens Lee McDuffie
Monroe Morgan * Murray " Oglethorpe
Paulding Peach' Pike " Polk
Quitman Randolph Seminole Taylor
Telfair Terrell Towns Turner
Union Walton Warren ' Wheeler
White Wilkes Wilkinson

Misdemeanors

Filed

Disposed

0

0

129

161

0

0

59 1

574

66

56

0

0

70

70

190

190

3 1

29

47

38

101

85

0

0

167

164

233

228

145

9 1

0

0

6

6

104

101

3

6

227

171

8

8

0

0

303

262

25

30

0

0

77

70

324

329

0

0

17

17

83

74

109

109

0

0

10

10

28

38

40

32

0

0

86

76

12

12

0

0

Incomplete submissions for FY 1989 " CY 1988 data.

Traffic Filed Disposed

556

44 1

71 2
1,706 5,355
789 743
865 1,473
144 1,167
684

709
1,706 4,855
670 1,300
865 1,473
122 1,152
604

1,989 916

1,446 86 1

2,339
2,105 538 82
5,233
1,010 4,464 1.067 1,347
10.657 1,268 2,560 879
1,843 96
1,070 1,613
280 920 1,248 802
1.069

2,259
1,383 538 86
5,086
1,010 4,261
749 1,466
10.126 1,418 2,560 879
1,809 96
1,070 1,588
280 922 1,148 708
94 1

1,511 486

1,393 407

638

635

472

336

Total Caseload

Filed Disposed

556

44 1

84 1
1,706 5,946
855 743
935 1,663
175 1,214
785

870
1,706 5,429
726 1,300
935 1,663
151 1,190
689

1,989 1,083

1,446 1.025

2,572
2,250 538 88
5,337
1,013 4.691 1.075 1,347
10.960 1,293 2,560 956
2,167 96
1,087 1,696
389 920 1,258 830
1.109

2,487
1.474 538 92
5,187
1,016 4,432
757 1,466
10,388 1,448 2,560 949
2,138 96
1,087 1,662
389 922 1,158 746
973

1,511 572

1,393 483

650

647

472

336

Table 2.4

CY 1988 Juvenile Court Caseload (Number of children)

County
Appling Atkinson Bacon Baker Baldwin
Banks Barrow Bartow Ben Hill Berrien
Bibb Bleckley Brantley Brooks Bryan
Bulloch Burke Butts Calhoun Carnden
Candler Carroll Catoosa Charlton Chatharn
Chattahoochee Chattooga Cherokee Clarke Clay
Clayton Clinch Cobb Coffee Colquitt
Columbia Cook Coweta Crawford Crisp
Dade Dawson Decatur DeKalb Dodge
Dwly Dougherty Douglas Early Echols
Effingharn Elbert Ernanuel Evans Fannin
Fayette Floyd Forsyth Franklin Fulton
Gilrner Glascock Glynn Gordon Grady

Delinquent Filed Disposed

124 11 14 1
188
11 82 28 1 40 71
913 10 17 70 94
96 103 75
4 187
7 316 172
18 1,095
21 53 292 516
9
980 5
1,651

98 9 6 0
185
6 69 21 4
8 58
745 9 9
45 66
74 96 57
3 169
5 293 165
9 738
2 1
48 224 505
8
634 4
1,318

56

17

14

4

908

867

416

410

50

43

1

1

98

91

50

47

62

59

Unruly Filed Disposed

21

16

3

0

0

0

2

2

11

11

3

2

17

16

86

69

0

0

37

29

163

142

3

2

1

1

23

12

44

32

13

13

4

4

16

15

1

1

131

119

2

2

246

151

19

19

8

5

339

252

0

0

16

16

125

94

122

120

2

2

354

241

2

2

732

607

Traffic Filed Disposed

23 8 0 0 22
7 13 192
1 4
315 2 0 6 8
23 14 11 2 13
0 190 8 1
0 623
0
49 212
85 1
906 0
1.386

22 3 0 0
22
7 12 173
1 3
314 2 0 2 6
19 13 8 2 13
0 183 80
0 53
0
48 188 85
1
584 0
1.195

Deprived Filed Disposed

22

20

15

13

24

14

5

4

110

107

5

5

54

5 1

154

113

3

2 -

26

16

122

73

11

10

25

19

22

17

22

19

24

20

38

38

32

18

7

7

88

72

11

6

121

109

87

72

8

8

577

347

4

4

3

3

140

112

197

197

16

16

476

358

19

17

460

382

9

4

0

0

121

117

184

182

11

9

2

2

35

35

5

1

20

10

3

0

0

0

2 1

9

197

190

1i0

110

16

16

109

103

8

6

6

6

0

0

2

2

15

14

18

16

16

16

11

10

15

13

7

7

18

10

S~ecial

Total

~rodeedin~s Caseload

Filed Disposed Filed Disposed

2

2

192

158

0

0

37

25

0

0

38

20

1

1

9

7

5

5

336

330

0

0

26

20

2 1

19

187

167

130

102

843

671

1

0

45

11

3

2

141

108

403

235 1,916 1,509

3

3

29

26

8

8

51

37

4

0

125

76

6

1

174

124

4

1

160

127

11

10

170

161

7

5

141

103

6

5

20

18

65

61

484

434

1

1

2 1

14

6

0

879

736

1

1

360

337

1

1

35

23

67

18 2,701 1,408

2

2

27

27

3

3

124

118

55

4 1

824

659

16

16

936

923

3

3

3 1

30

150

118 2,866 1,935

3

3

29

26

217

195 4,446 3,697

2

0

90

3 1

3

3

38

16

75

68 1.411 1,352

74

70

799

781

2

2

77

66

2

2

7

7

10

6

176

162

2

2

84

76

2

2

104

9 1

Table 2.4

CY 1988 Juvenile Court Caseload (Number of children)

County
Greene Gwinnett Habersham Hall Hancock
Haralson Harris, Hart Heard Henry
Houston Irwin Jackson Jasper ~ e fDfavis
Jefferson Jenkins Johnson Jones Lamar
Lanier Laurens Lee Liberty Lincoln
Long Lowndes Lumpkin Macon Madison
Marion McDuffie Mclntosh Meriwether Miller
Mitchell Monroe Montgomery Morgan Murray
Muscogee Newton Oconee Oglethorpe Paulding
Peach Pickens Pierce Pike Polk
Pulaski Putnam Quitman Rabun Randolph
Richmond Rockdale Schley Screven Seminole
Spalding Stephens Stewart Sumpter Talbot

Delinquent Filed Disposed

17 1,201
24 313
12
4 1 32 75 17 252
359 11 78 18 48
58 18 17 35 59
26 203
73 207
6
10 262
3 76 57
18 96 19 73 16
66
57 8 28
93
1331 229 42
10 217
83 24 25 39 99
24
9 3 34 23
1,279 208 6 23 12
373 64 18 161 7

15 1,129
15 304
3
37 20 73 15 249
256 10 62 17 45
36 5 16
34 46
20 198 70 185
10
6 227
2 73 44
14 83
7 70 14
53
57 7 19
57
1142 177 34 9 199
69 22 18 33 85 18
8 3 29 20
1,101 154 4 20 10
280 57 18 160
7

Unruly Filed Disposed

3

3

564

518

6

4

205

203

0

0

4

4

4

4

4

4

0

0

95

95

32 1

258

3

3

7

5

0

0

21

17

1

0

1

1

3

3

7

7

33

27

0

0

125

124

14

13

77

74

3

3

4

2

77

52

6

1

21

19

8

6

1

1

2 1

17

15

12

1

1

3

3

5

5

34

33

8

8

4

2

47

33

562

462

144

124

11

8

2

1

59

55

34

3 1

15

12

3

3

13

11

38

32

4

3

0

0

0

0

4

4

0

0

299

280

86

65

5

5

13

13

5

5

102

81

7

6

10

10

52

52

2

2

Traffic Filed Disposed

13 1,083
37 260
0
6 13 20
1 111
375 2 9 3 -
2 1
1 3 3 60 23
0 75 23 43 9
4 92
1 2 55
2 30
0 20
2 2
44 1
27 2
350
103 2 1 19
2 4 0 16 0 0
2 3 21 1
143 169
2 0 3
95 26
1 3 1
0

10 1,041
36 259
0
6 12 19
1 110
342 2 6 3 17
1 2 3 60 20
0 75 2 1 41 16
1 70 0 2 55
2 27 0 20
2 1
44 1
27 0
289
85 1 1 19
1 3 0 13 0 0
2 3 20 1
109 151
2 0 3
71 2- 6
1 3 1 0

Deprived Filed Disposed

0

0

395

368

6 1

47

134

115

7

7

33

26

5

3

14

0

13

13

36

30

294

25 1

8

2

58

50

7--8

2- 0 -

13

12

26

21

9

8

5

3

6

5

12

11

10

6

94

30

10

10

39

29

14

14

30

0

58

48

6

5

44

43

23

7

4

4

16

3

3

2

55

55

1

0

11

11

37

37

15

15

13

11

2 1

16

415

327

177

142

18

17

17

17

43

3 1

50

4 1

27

27

20

10

8

4

30

18

2

2

44

41

11

11

10

0

8

8

195

138

71

52

4

4

9

9

13

7

135

112

13

7

6

6

52

52

1

1

S~ecial
-r- -
Proceedings

Total Caseload

Filed Disposed Filed Disposed

3

3

36

3 1

225

216 3,468 3,272

3

3

131

105

56

55

968

936

2

1

21

11

15

14

99

87

10

7

64

46

15

15

128

111

7

5

38

34

65

62

559

546

77

56 1,426 1.163

2

2

26

19

0

0

152

123

1

1

50

4 1

2

2

105

93

1

1

87

59

11

11

42

27

5

5

33

30

0

0

108

106

11

9

138

113

0

0

36

26

11

8

508

435

22

19

142

133

0

0

366

329

0

0

32

43

6

2

54

11

14

13

503

410

4

4

20

12

9

6

152

143

0

0

143

112

3

3

28

24

9

6

172

136

3

2

40

23

16

16

165

162

5

4

27

23

13

12

97

82

7

7

179

178

1

1

33

32

2

2

74

6 1

50

40

213

146

245

130 2.903 2.350

199

161

852

689

30

26

103

86

8

6

38

34

69

57

407

361

30

29

199

171

0

0

70

64

3

2

51

33

9

7

85

68

40

29

207

164

7

6

37

29

2

2

57

53

2

2

19

19

2

0

71

53

14

14

46

43

43

31 1,959 1,659

60

43

594

465

9

7

26

22

4

4

49

46

0

0

33

25

38

36

743

580

2- 0

14

130

110

3

1

38

36

23

22

319

317

1

1

11

11

Table 2.4

CY 1988 Juvenile Court Caseload (Number of children)

County

Delinquent Filed Disposed

Unruly Filed Disposed

Traffic Filed Disposed

Deprived Filed Disposed

Special

Total

Proceedings

Caseload

Filed Disposed Filed Disposed

Taliaferro Tattnall Taylor Telfair Terrell
Thomas Tift Toombs Towns Treutlen
Troup Turner Twiggs Union Upson
Walker Walton Ware Warren Washington
Wayne Webster Wheeler White Whitfield
Wilcox Wilkes Wilkinson Worth
TOTALS

5 46
8 80 32
23 1 280
80 8
35
609 34 32 7 127
123 275 326
19 2 1
99 7
24 18 337
20 23 17 80
31,673

5 35
7 68 26
198 230
75 7
32
467 24 29 7 119
120 243 284
18 16
86 7
20 6
294
15 22 16 44
23,637

3 32
2 2- 7
3
66 48
6 0 7
146 9 14 4
44
57 278 102
0 2
15 0 12 6 193
0 3 3 9
10,809

3 28
2 2-6 .
2
43 40
2 0 7
128 6 14 4
4 1
56 242
82 0 2
14 0 10 3 179
0 3 2 7
8,360

3 8 6 17 9
105 87
1 4 24
71 11 4 29
- -
60
97 99 73
7 0
15 1 3 5
228
2 10 5 27
12,750

3 7 4 1. 7. 9
92 82
1 4 19
50 8 4
28
- -
56
97 86 60
7 0
15 1 3 0
192
2 9 4 27
10,015

0 13
7 2 53
62 45 57
1 8
178 10 12 16
52
52 165 96
1 17
42 0 6 6
168
11 2
16 7
10,353

0 12 7 2 49
48 25 44
1 4
128 5 5 16
46
50 134 79
3 13
39 0 2 3
145
7 2 14 0
7,508

1 7 5 6 15
13 6 26 0 5
13 2 2 0
6
20 77 22
3 0
45 0 0 3
101
0 9 5 25
4,263

1 7 5 3 13
9 6 22 0 5
9 2 2 0
6
20 56 22
3 0
45 0 0 3
92
0 8 5 5
3.081

12 106 28 13- 2 112
477 466 170
13 79
1,017 66 64 56
289
349 894 619
30 40
216 8
45 38 1,027
33 47 46 148
69,848

12 89 25 116 99
390 383 144
12 67
782 45 54 55
268
343 761 527
31 31
199 8
35 15 902
24 44 4 1 83
52,601

Table 2.5

FY 1989 Magistrate Court Caseload (Cases filed)

County

Bond and Warrants Commitment
Issued Hearings

Criminal Cases Filed Disposed

Civil Claims Filed Disposed

Other

Total Warrants Total

Civil Cases

and

Hearings and

Filed Disposed Filings

Dispositions

Appling Atkinson Bacon Baker * Baldwin
Banks Barrow Ben Hill Berrien Bibb
Bleckley Brantley Brooks Bryan ' Bulloch
Burke Butts * Calhoun * Camden Candler *
Carroll Catoosa Charlton Chatham Cherokee
Clarke Clay Clayton Clinch Cobb
Coffee Colquitt Columbia Coweta Crawford
Crisp Dade Dawson Decatur DeKalb
Dodge Dooly Dougherty Douglas Early
Echols Effingham Elbert Emanuel Evans *
Fannin Fayette Floyd ' Franklin Fulton
Glascock * Glynn Gordon Greene ' Gwinnett

229 23 1 446 70 1,891
389 2,492 1,403 1,139 10,896
693 1 09 534 185 3,571
1,200 734 45
1,754 50 1
1,980 1,969
587 5,594 5.336
9,012 185
9,283 339
17,166
5,164 2,720 1.541 3,500
218
1,533 657 382
1,340 19,190
1,741 450
7.815 3,984
660
26 775 1,424 923

199 30 257 52 267
29 250 505
0 4,461
145 16 409 48 213
5 135
0 496 254
255 360 462 3,335 764
2,474 64
10,078 9
22,215
55 41 1 315
13 19
647 34 1 21 7 535 33,383
0 107 392 157 12
10 115 433 574

664 1,955
91 1 18,639
13 6,884 3,389
303 10,217

390 654 120 23,110
0 205 1,018
0 6,120

2 8 370 14 0
10 1 233 0 0
74 70 50 0 3
0 83 0 2 111
98 120 9 1 1.256
1
30 1
258 0
1,285
0 0 1,445 1.181 28
536 0 0 0
1,184
0 0 0 386 0
0 95
0 355

2 8 13 14 0
10 1
414 0 0
191 41 50 0
3
0 93
0 2 0
98 170 92 1.070
1
86 0
232 0
1,271
0 0 1,011 738 24
639 0 11 0
1,084
0 0 0 399 0
0 95
0 338

84 215 461 80 3,127
21 1 699 1,362 466 2,713
280 1 70 463 288 1,318
71 2 247 26 540 120
1,555 304 289
6.897 1,133
1,346 77
1,751 253
4,963
1,491 1,691 1,102 1.759
146
699 125 312 1.375 4,291
366 434 3,476 1.072 420
19 405 616 725

84 20 1 332 34 2,537
213 363 1,009 363 1,994
276 134 356 248 2,031
605 200 23 29 1 116
1,486 406 258
3.261 684
1,168 65
1,122 113
2.678
104 456 1,170 1.349 162
635 143 328
0 2,401
129 333 3,476 954 420
15 405 56 1 722

52 54 149 25 2,382
52 600 918 213 1,208
153 34 204 53 818
278 132 14 269 74
1,457 314 74
8.927 1,302
2,101 15
9,826 67 0
820 621 384 1.103 52
630 73 88
440 80
281 142 3,825 1,219 163
0 155 357 330

698 1,392
132 21,601
0 1,032
22 1 0
1 ,OR

626 330 124 12,391
3 1,032
315 0
342

647 1,996
54 1 5,527
11 1,671
762 535 3,555

52 54 149 25 2,382
52 600 918 213 1,208
153 34 204 53 818
278 132 14 269 74
1,457 314 74
8.927 1,302
2,101 15
9,826 67 0
820 621 384 1,103 52
630 73 88
440 80
281 142 3,825 1,219 163
0 155 357 330

367 508 1,426 1 89 7,400
662 3,792 3,916 1.818 14,817
1,200 383
1,251 526
5,710
2,190 1,196
85 2,565
806
5,090 2,707 1,041 22,674 7,772
12,489 278
21,118 659
23,414
7,475 5,032 4,472 7.543
444
3,398 855 782
2,855 24,745
2,388 1026 15,116 6,661 1,243
45 1,430 2,397 2.333

337 293 75 1 125 5,186
304 1,214 2,846
576 7,663
765 225 1,019 349 3,065
888 560
37 1,058
444
3.296 1,250
886 16,593 2,751
5,829 144
21,258 189
26,164
979 1,488 2.880 3,203
257
2,551 557 644 975
36,948
410 582 7,693 2,729 595
25 770 1,351 1,964

Table 2.5

FY 1989 Magistrate Court Caseload (Cases filed)

County
Hall Hancock Haralson Harris Hart
Heard ' Henry Houston Irwin Jackson
Jasper Jeff Davis Jefferson ' Jenkins ' Johnson
Jones Lamar Lanier Lauren Lee
Liberty Lincoln Long Lowndes Lumpkin
Macon Madison Marion McDuffie Mclntosh
Meriwether Miller Monroe Montgomery Morgan
Murray Muscogee Newton ' Oglethorpe Paulding
Peach Pickens Pierce ' Pike Pulaski
Putnam Quitman Rabun Randolph * Richmond
Rockdale Schley Seminole Spalding Stephens
Stewart Sumter Tattnall Taylor ' Telfair

Warrants Issued
2,641 22 1 932 590 668
1 98 1,976 7,571
368 2,072
268 1,020
187 240 424
830 487 43 1 2.939 634
596 169 285 6.009 637
835

Bond and Commitment
Hearings
4,572 103 74 134 199
2 3,313 2,776
0 229
1 29 756 64 27
19
7 32 23 2.932 11 1
0 49 106 1.830 366
162

1.148
1,064 882 21 7 382 389
427 66 464 205 15,561
2,388 1 70 307
3,463 1,948
28 1 2,441
31 7 75 700

642
729 4 42
15~ 3120
486 28 6 20 1,911
2,167 71 72
2,083 71
44 1,231
137 7
208

Criminal

Civil

Cases

Claims

Filed Dis~osed Filed Disposed

1,886 1,749

918

838

329

190

389

315

520

1 78

8

8

140

126

597

608

973

1,340

146

77 1,336 1,201

0

0

400

400

4

3

670

753

0

0

172

1 73

592

592

760

782

48

48

1 79

1 79

0

0

235

21 5

39

39

222

121

0 0 0 1,031 87
0 2 0 823 - - 1 64
138

0 0 0 1,033 85
0 2 0 360 - - ~ 45
47

620 416 196 1,052 420
165 297 111 -2,.1~ 02346
519

315 383 126 1,831 382
294 21 2 104 918 21 7
104

Other

Total Warrants Total

Civil Cases

and

Hearings and

Filed Disposed Filings

Dispositions

1,809 377 1 28 160 248
46 686 1,435 201 381

1,809 377 128 160 248
46 686 1,435 201 381

8,561 1,618 1,512 1,156 1.479
392 4,232 10,488
969 3,127

10,355 1,345
469 621 70 1
182 5.947 5,489
601 1,366

107

107

547

409

299

93

149

118

182 225 59 1,042 127
165 1 79 19 1.860 76
352

127
165 1 79 19 1.860 76
352

1,268
926 647 415 10.794 1.223
1,844

705
459 442 229 4,968 704
665

82
4 1 29 0
1. 0 . 0
0 0 2 0 7,852
1.622 0 15 19
474
13 0 207 0 0

216
59 29 0 1. 0 . 0
0 0 2 0 7,852
1.256 0 36 22
102
14 0 104 0 0

539
463 303 59 2-0- 0 . 329
744 43 202 79 6,433
71 4 131 290 1,907 516
95 1,018
31 9 23 377

645
266 244 67 69- 226
625 44 206 89 1,649
564 75 20 1 1,590 268
73 99 1 310 24 313

277
271 82 17 71 97
243 1
53 24 5,997
1,116 60 83
2,768 191
42 75 1 43
5 243

277
271 82 17 71 97
243 1
53 24 5,997
1,116 60 83
2,768 191
42 751 43
5 243

2,046
1,839 1,296
293 663 815
1,414 110 721 308
35.843
5,840 36 1 695
8.157 3,129
43 1 4,210
886 103 1,320

1,780
1,325 359 126 303 443
1,354 73 267 1 33
17,409
5,103 206 392
6,463 632
1 73 2,973
594 36 764

FY 1989 Magistrate Court Caseload (Cases filed)

County
Terrell Thomas Tift Toombs Towns
Treutlen ' Troup Twiggs Union Upson
Walker Walton Ware Warren Washington
Webster ' Wheeler White Whitfield Wilcox
Wilkes Wilkinson Worth
TOTALS

Warrants Issued
393

Bond and Commitment
Hearings
332

Criminal Cases
Filed Disposed

125

107

Civil Claims

Filed Disposed

292

238

Other

Total Warrants

Total

Civil Cases

and

Hearings and

Filed Disposed Filings

Dispositions

205

205 1,015

882

1,139
1,277 2,771 2,449
165 1,199
63 238 252 5,861
90
350 317 880
282,134

299
30 1 375 1,394
2 43
55 37 21 1 17 25
109 60 84
152.780

200
64 71 6 1,886
0 307
0 0 114 56 1 12
0 27
0
59.191

3
135 728 1,886
0 23 1
0 0 73 427 8
0 22
0
45.450

72 1
72 1 94 1 942 228 1,247
71 124 165 2,363 6 1
394 318 34 1
121.710

59

474

25 1

524

930 1,270

942

785

222

153

1,221

597

66

6

39 82 2,363 69

44 43 1,302 2 1

36 1

218

318

151

34 1

133

88.435 151.346

474
524 1,270
785 153 597
6 44 43 1,302 21
218 151 133
151.346

2,534
2,586 5,698 6,062
546 3,350
140 406 574 10,087 184
962 813 1,354
614,381

835
1,211 3,303 5,007
377 2,092
127 120 409 4,109 123
688 55 1 558
438,011

Incompletesubmissions for FY 1989.

Table 2.6

Court of Appeals Caseload: 1987 and 1988 (Docket entries)

Filed

1987

1 1988 Disposed

Appeals Discretionary applications Interlocutory applications
Total

2,071

2,306 By opinion

342

356 By order

391

361 Discretionary applications

3,2,0 804 23 Interlocutory applications

Total

1987
1,667 294 377 324
2.662

1988
1,724 262 337 346
2.669

Supreme Court Caseload: 1987 and 1988 (Docket entries)

Filed
Direct appeals (Final) Petitions for certiorari Habeas corpus a.p.plications Applications for discretionary
appeal Applications for interlocutory
appeal Attorney discipline Original petitions1Motions Cross appeals Certified questions Bar admissions Judicial discipline Other

1987 538 540 203
183
58 72 22 14
8 5 2 1

TOTAL

1,646

11988 562

Disposed By opinion

598

Affirmed without opinion (Rule 59)

1 171

Petitions for certiorari

Denied

Granted

Dismissed

Habeas corpus applications

Denied

Granted

Dismissed

Remanded

Withdrawn

Dismissed without prejudice

10

Dismissed as moot

0

Denied without prejudice

Stricken and entered on general docket

0

Vacated and remanded

Discretionary applications

1,637

Denied

Granted

Transferred to Court of Appeals

Dismissed

Dismissed without prejudice

Withdrawn

Denied with direction

Interlocutory applications

Denied

Granted

Dismissed

Transferred to Court of Appeals

Original petitions1Motion.s

Denied

Granted

Dismissed

Dismissed without prejudice

Attorney and judicial disciplinary1

Bar admissions decided by order

Other

Transferred to Court of Appeals by order

Dismissed by order a

Remanded by order

Withdrawn

Vacated by order

Stricken from docket

Certiorari granted, application granted,

notice of appeal

Removal from docket to await completion

of record

1987
0 1 0 0 128 38

1988
2 0 1 1 128 42

TOTAL

1,639 1,615'

a Includes dismissed without prejudice and dismissed as moot. Companion cases were counted as one case in arriving at total.
'Total includes figures from several categories not applicable to the 1988 study.

3. CORRECTIONS

INTRODUCTION
The administration of state correctional facilities and programs is a function of the executive branch of govern-
ment. All offenders sentenced by the courts to the custody
of the state are either housed in facilities operated by, or under the authority of, the Department and Board of Corrections, or are supervisedby probation officersemployed by the department and the board. As of December 1989,the department and the board were responsiblefor the custody and care of 17,849 inmates institutionalized in facilities under the authorityof the department and the board and an additional3,065housed in countyjails due to a lack of prison space. The department and the board also were responsible for the supervision of 114,997 active probationers as of December 1989.The Department and Board of Corrections have no authority over inmates released on parole. These offenders are supervised by the State Board of Pardons and Paroles and are addressed in a separate section of this publication.

under construction. The current capacity of 859 residents staying the average 128 days allows for treatment of 2,577 residents per year.
3. Detention Centers are operated by the department as short term confinement facilities for certain offenders sentenced to a term of probation. These offenders include probationers whose terms of probation are revoked for technical violations; probationers convicted as habitual violators of Driving Under the Influence (DUI) laws and probationersconvictedof non-violent offenses.The average stay in a detention center is 90 to 120 days. The detention program is designed for offenders to perform public works and places less emphasis on treatment programs than diversion centers although drug and alcohol treatment programs are available. The department employs 342 individuals to staff 7 operational detention centers. There are now three more centers under construction. The current capacity of 925 residents staying 90 days allows for treatment of 3,700 residents per year.

Department of Corrections Facilities
The Department of Corrections is responsible for carrying out judicial sentences. In order to do so, the department maintains four different types of facilities, has regulatory authority over another type of facility, and operates a separate division for the probation function. The department has authority over 29 correctional institutions, 10 probation district offices and 19 diversion centers. It is authorized to employ 10,202 persons to carry out its assigned functions. It is by far the largest state criminal justice agency and is the second largest agency in all of state government. The various programs for which the department is responsible include:
1. Probation Supervision is a program operated by the department as an alternative to incarceration. The judge may require a probationer to report to his probation supervisor on a routine basis, require community service work, require the payment of restitution to the victim, and may impose a variety of other special conditions upon the probationer's freedom. The department employs 1,018 probation program employees who actually supervise offenders sentenced to state probation by the courts. As of December 1989,114,997activeprobationerswere under the supervisionofthe probation division's 10districtoffices and numerous local offices.
2. Diversion Centers are operated by the department as short term residential facilities for offenders sentenced to a term of probation which includes conditions requiring confinement in a diversion center. The average stay in a diversion center is 128 days. The diversion program is designed to allow a sentencing judge to impose a more rigorous sentence than regular "street"probation, yet not as restrictive as incarceration in a prison facility. A diversion center offers a variety of educational, job training, counseling, treatment and other socialization programs to the offender. Residents of diversion centers are allowed to maintain their employment and must pay taxes, room and board, and any finesor restitutionimposed by thejudge. They also continue to pay for the support of their families. These centers are often referred to as "halfway-in houses". The department employs 297 employeesto supervise offenders placed in 18 operational diversion centers. There is one center now

4. County Correctional Institutions are operated by 28 counties within the state. Although the county government operates,maintains and employsthe personnelwho operate these facilities, they are under the regulatory authority of the Department of Corrections. They house inmates who are sentenced to the custody of the department for terms of confinement.These inmatesare required to work in various county maintenance programssuch asroad repair and other public works. As of December 1989, the 28 county correctional institutions housed 3,065 inmates.
5. State Prisons are operated by employees of the department. These facilities offer a variety of educational, jobtraining, counseling, treatment and other socialization programs to the inmates, but their primary emphasis is on maintaining custody of the inmates and security of the institution.As of December 1989,there were 17,409inmates housed in 27 operational state institutions. There are now two more prisons being built. The department employs 7,266 individuals to staff these institutions.
6. Transition Centers are operated by the department to vrovide an easier transition back into communitv l i e for inmates who are scheduled for release from prisbn in the near future.The program is designed to lessen the personal shock of going from a totally controlled and disciplined institutional setting to the free environment the average citizen enjoys. It is also directed at helping the residents secure and maintain meaningful employment. These centers are referred to as "halfway-out houses". As of December 1989, there were 416 residents housed in six centers. The department employs 174 individuals to staff these centers.
County Jails
In Georgia, the sheriff of each county retains the English common law duty as chief jailer. He is responsible for the care, maintenance and security of all prisoners lawfully detained and awaiting trial and of all inmates sentenced to his custody by the courts. Generally, inmates confined in county jails have received sentences of 12 months or less, are awaiting transfer to a state prison facility, are awaiting trial on criminal charges,or are temporarilyassigned to the county jail subject to the agreement of both the sheriff and

the commissioner of the Department of Corrections, while they are working on a Department of Corrections approved work project. Currently, there are 148 county jails funded for operation in the state's 159 counties.
Corrections Data
The data collected and published in this report are provided by the Department of CorrectionsStatisticsUnit within the Department's evaluation and statistics component. This unit is responsible for maintaining all relevant statistical data on inmates and probationers assigned to the custody of the state. Since much of these data are critical to internal decision-making within the Department of Corrections, they are maintained primarily for such internal purposes. The Department of Corrections is, however, required by law to submit certain criminal history record information to the Georgia CrimeInformationCenter and alsoprovidesto the State Board of Pardons and Paroles data on offender status and on offender conduct while in prison. The improved computer capabilities of this unit currently provide in-depth analyses of offender information and feedback to other criminal justice system components, especially to the judiciary.
Statisticaldata on inmatepopulationsat the local level (i.e., county and city jails) are extremely difficult to maintain, since there is no central repository. The Department of CommunityAffairs,with the assistanceof the computerized reporting capabilities of the Georgia Crime Information Center, collects limited data on local jail populations.

PRISON PROFILE
Table3.1 outlinespopulation trends in the major categories of prisons from 1985to 1989. The figures represent inmate counts taken in December of each year. During this period, the overall inmate population increased from 16,299 to 20,914.
Morespecificdata on individualinstitutionswithin the state system are available (See Table 3.2). There are now 7 state prisons with more than 900 inmates including: Georgia Diagnostic Classification Center (GDCC) at Jackson (2,012), Georgia Industrial Institute (GII) at Alto (1,291), MiddleGeorgiaCorrectionalInstitute-Scott (979), Rogers Correctional Institute (973), Middle Georgia Correctional
Institute - Rivers (%3), Georgia State Prison (GSP) at
Reidsville (932) and Middle Georgia Correctional Institute
- Women (904).
Note: TheGDCCis operatedprimarilyfor the classification of prisoners to be reassigned to other correctional institu-
tions. Also, Middle Georgia Correctional Institute - Youth
Offender has been renamed Scott Correctional Institute and functions primarily as a diagnostic center.

Table 3.1

- CORRECTIONAL INSTITUTION POPULATIONS BY TYPE,1985 1989

Type of Facility
Transition Centers County Correctional Institutions State CorrectionalInstitutions Other*

1985
426 2,486 13,347
40

1986
469 2,579 14,293
22

1987
344 2,491 14,684
106

1988
443 2,831 15,583
13

1989
416 3,065 17,409
24

Total

16,299

Inmates out to court on appeal. Note: Figures represent inmate counts taken in December 1989. Source: GDC

17,363

17,625

18,870

20,914

Table 3.2

INSTITUTION POPULATION BY AGE AND SEX, 1989

Institution

Age

Men

Women

Grand

00-21 22-39 40-54 55-99 Total % 00-21 22-39 40-54 55-99 Total 9% Total %

Atlanta Adv Ctr

12

Macon Trans Ctr

3

At1Women Trans Ctr

0

SavannahTrans Ctr

2

Macon Women Trans Ctr 0

Central State Hosp

0

Bulloch C.C.I.

2

Carroll C.C.I.

3

Clarke C.C.I.

2

Colquitt C.C.I.

1

Coweta C.C.I.

1

Decatur C.C.I.

1

Effingham C.C.I.

0

Floyd C.C.I.

5

Fulton C.C.I.

19

Gilmer C.C.I.

4

Gwinnett C.C.I.

0

Hall C.C.I.

4

Hams C.C.I.

4

Houston C.C.I.

1

Jackson C.C.I.

0

Jefferson C.C.I.

2

Menwether C.C.I.

0

Mitchell C.C.I.

4

Muscogee C.C.I.

11

Richmond C.C.I.

3

Screven C.C.I.

2

Spalding C.C.I.

2

Stewart C.C.I.

1

Sumter C.C.I.

1

Terrell C.C.I.

0

Thomas C.C.I.

4

Troup C.C.I.

3

Upson C.C.I. Ware C.I. Lowndes C.I. Dodge C.I.
GTDC (Buford) Walker C.I. Wayne C.I. GI1 (Alto) Montgomery C.I. Lee C.I. Putnam C.I. GSP (Reidsville)
Middle Ga. C.I. - Men
Metro C.I.
GDCC (Jackson) - Diag GDCC (Jackson) - Perm
Coastal C.I.
Scott C.I. (Old Y.O.) Stone Mtn C.I.
- Middle Ga C.I. -Women
Middle Ga C.I. Rivers Rutledge C.I. Central C.I. Augusta Medical C.I. Rogers C.I. Burruss C.I. Bostick C.I. Valdosta C.I. Milan Womens Ctr.

3 15 5 95 6 4 3 1,141 11 27 2 20 4 13
160
3 70 62 6 0 6 5 18 10 47 100 22 13 0

Total

1,968

91 44 0 56 0 17 77 98 77 94
n
91 39 177
302 60 47 198 33 73 131 80 45 46 179 161 45 127 24 86 31 69 57
41 704 161 474 214 271 137 149 385 564 89 725 229 491 1,349
149 685 827 165
1 712 406 555 341 834 162 382 495
0
14,424

0 2,868

0

0 0%

546 19,806 100%

135

3

83 833 165

1404%40 27 1,108 100% 20,914

Note: Due to rounding, percentages do not always total 100%. Figures represent counts taken in December of 1989. Source: GDC

INMATE PROFILE
In analyzing the inmate population from 1985to 1989,race variablesremain constantfor femalesbut continueto show an increase in the percentage of black males. (See Table 3.3). Table 3.4 provides more specific data concerning age, race and sex of the 1989inmate population.
The Georgia Department of Corrections has produced some interesting statistics by grouping the nine crime categories in Table 3.5 into four: violencelsex (includes violent personal and sex offenders), property, substance abuse (includes drug sales, drug possession, alcohol and HTVtDUI) and other (includesnon-violent personal, other and not reported). Not reported simply represents computer entry lag-time. When the categories are grouped this way, the results show a decline in property offenders. However, the relationshipbetween substance abuse and violence becomes apparent. Fifty-seven percent of the active population has a violent or sex offense and substance abuse offenders, even though they pass through the system rapidly, are on the increase.

Of frequent interestin discussingoffendersisthe individual prisoner's actual length of sentence. Table 3.6 breaks down the numbers of persons assigned each specific sentence length. Percentage changes in sentence lengths are due to theDepartment of Correctionschangingto a newcomputer system in July 1987. The Offender Tracking Information System (OTIS) provides more detail on sentences and, as a result, will show an increase in the percentage of longer sentences. Also, the Youthful Offender Act was discontinued about 1985, however, there are a few inmates who have not processed out of the system.
Another area of interest concerns the number of offenders awaiting execution. As of December 1989, there were 110 inmates on death row, down from 114in 1988. Death row inmates represent 0.5% of the total inmate population. One execution took place in 1989.

Table 33
- INMATE POPULATION BY RACEAND SEX,1985 1989

White Male Non White Male White F e d e Non White Female
Total

6,254 38.4% 9,197 56.4%
342 2.1% 506 3.1%
16,299 100.096

6,569 37.8% 9,847 56.7%
365 2.1% 582 3.4%
17,363 100.0%

6,449 36.6% 10,302 58.5%
310 1.8% 564 3.2%
17,625 100.Wo

6,468 34.3% 11,444 60.6%
347 1.8% 611 3.2%
18,870 100.0%

6,723 32.1% 13,083 62.6%
412 2.0% 6% 3.3%
20,914 1WO%

Note: Due to rounding,percentagesdo not always total 100%. figuresrepresentinmate counts taken in December of each year.
Source: GDC

Table 3.4

Race and Sex

INMATE POPULATION BY RACE, AGE AND SEX, 1989

ke

00-21 22-39

40-54 55-99

Total

9%

White Male Non White Male Total
White Female Non White Female Total

543 1,425
1,968

4,625 9,799
14,424

29

289

54

544

83 833

L258

297

1,610 249

2-

546

83

11

82

16

165

27

6,723 13,083 19m
412 6% 1,108

33.9% 66.1% 100.Wo
37.2% 62.8% 100%

Note: Figures representinmate counts taken in Decemberof 1989. Source: GDC

9% Total Population
32.1% 62.6%
100%

Figure 3.1
INMATE POPULATION
BY RACE Ch SEX, 1989
NON

NON W/F - 3% \-/ W/M - 32%
Table 3.5
- INMATE POPULATION BY MOST SERIOUS CRIME TYPE, 1985 1989

Violent Personal Non-violent Personal Property
Drug Sales Drug Possession Alcohol*
HTV & DUI** Sex Offender**
Other
Not Reported***

8,077 49.6% 173 1.1%
5,554 34.1% 702 4.3% 784 4.8% 115 0.7%
894 5.5% 0

Total Reported

16,299 100.0%

0

17,625 100.0% 18,870 100.0% 20,914 100.0%

Note: Due to rounding, percentages do not always total 100%. Figures represent inmate counts taken in December of each year.
Beginning in 1985,a new crime type "Alcohol"was added. * * Beginning in 1987,"HTV& DUI" were taken from the crime type "Alcohol" and categorized separately; also the crime type "SexOffender" was added. ***Beginningin 1988, the category of "Not Reported" was added. Source: GDC

Table 3.6

Sentence in Years

- INMATE SENTENCE LENGTH IN YEARS, 1985 1989

1985

%

1986

%

1987

%

1988

9%

0-1 1.1-2 2.1-3 3.1-4 4.1-5 5.1-6 6.1-7 7.1-8 8.1-9 9.1-10 10.1-12 12.1-15 15.1-20 20.1-over Life Death Youthful Offender Not Reported*
Total

16,299 100.0%

17,363 100.0%

Note: Due to rounding, percentagesdo not always total 100%. Figures represent inmate counts taken in December of each year. *Anew category of "NotReported"began in 1988.

Source: GDC

17,625 100.0%

18,870 100.0%

1989

%

20,914 100.0%

Table 3.7

INMATE SENTENCE IN YEARS BY AGE AND SEX, 1989

Sentence

&e

Men

Women

Grand

in Years 00-21 22-39 40-54 55-99 Total

% 00-21 22-39 40-54 55-99 Total % Total

9%

0- 1

263

1.1-2

149

2.1-3

174

3.1-4

120

4.1-5

262

5.1-6

164

6.1-7

73

7.1-8

61

8.1-9

77

9.1-10

14

10.1-12 189

12.1-15

61

15.1-20

%

20.1-over 116

Life

116

Death

1

Youthful

Offender

0

Not Reported 32

Total

1,968 14,424 2,868

546 19,806 100.0%

83 833 165

27 1,108 100.0% 20,914 100.0%

Note: Due to rounding, percentagesdo not always total 100%. Figureslepresent inmate counts taken in December of 1989. Sentence in years is indicated 1.1-2meaningone year and one day to twoyears. *The category "NotReported"began in 1988.
Source: GDC

Figure 3.2
INMATE SENTENCE LENGTHS, 1989
NUMBER SENTENCED
3000 -(1

- 'Y.O.' YOUTHFUL OFFENDER

YEARS SENTENCED
W PERSONS SENTENCED

Table 3.8

INMATE CRIME CATEGORIES BY AGE AND SEX, 1989

Crimes by Group

Age

Men

Women

Grand

00-21 22-39 40-54 55-99 Total % 00-21 22-39 40-54 55-99 Total % Total %

Homicide

153

Abortion

0

Bodily Injury & Re1 Off

198

Arson & Re1 Off

24

Damage of Property

7

Burglary and Re1 Off

405

Forgery and Re1 Off

29

Theft

151

Robbely

467

Sexual Offenses

145

Obscenity Crimes

0

Treason & Rel Off

0

Crimes Involving Govt

18

Falsifications

1

Obstruct Law Enforcement 6

Disorderly Conduct

2

Gambling & Rel Off

0

Cruellyto Children

3

Crimeswith Guns

6

Invasion Privacy

2

Racketeering

0

Drug Abuse Offenses

273

Drug Trafficking

33

Auto Crimes

1

Revenue & Contraband

0

Crimesof Other States

0

Misc. Felonies

4

Misdemeanors

8

Total Reported

1,936

Not Reported

32

Note: Due to rounding, percentagesdo not always total 100%. Figures represent counts taken in December 1989.
Source: GDC

PROBATION PROFILE
Probation data are available for each of the last five years. During this time, the total number of probationers has increased by 24,865 or 27.6 percent (See Table 3.9).
Analysis of the most serious crimes committed by probationers indicates that the greatest number (39.6 percent) were involved in crimes involving substance abuse. The drop in non-violent personal crime is the result of abandonment and bastardy cases being taken over by the Department of Human Resources. However, even without these cases, the probation population continues to rise.

As the number of probationers has increased, so has the number of probationers on first offender status. In 1989 more probationers were on first offender status than at any other time.

Table 3.9
- PROBATION POPULATION BY RACE AND SEX,1985 1989

White Male Non White Male White Female Non White Female Not Reported

41,660 46.2% 34,619 38.4% 7,117 7.9% 6,736 7.5%
0

45,221 44.8% 39,860 39.5% 8,000 7.9% 7,766 7.7%
0

45,197 45.0% 38,673 38.5% 8,354 8.3% 8,165 8.1%
0

47,828 44.4% 41,066 38.2% 9,262 8.6% 9,453 8.8%
1

49,690 43.2% 44,692 38.9% 10,120 8.8% 10,495 9.1%
0

Total

90,132 100.0% 100,847 100.0% 100,389 100.0% 107,610 100.0% 114,997 100.0%

Note: Due to rounding,percentagesdo not always total 100%. Figures represent counts of probationers taken in December of each year.
Source: GDC

Table 3.10

PROBATION POPULATION BY RACE, AGE AND SEX, 1989

Race and Sex
White Male Non White Male White Female Non White Female

Age

Men

Women

Grand

00-21 22-39 40-98 Unk Total % 00-21 22-39 40-98 Unk Total % Total %

7,265 5,949
0 0

32,652 30,261
0 0

9,235 8,108
0 0

538 49,690 53%

0

0

0

374 44,692 47%

0

0

0

0

0 0% 1,300 7,042 1,702

0

0 0% 1,052 7,804 1,571

0

0 0% 49,690 43%

0

0 0% 44,692 39%

76 10,120 49% 10,120 9%

68 10,495 51% 10,495 9%

Note: Figures represent counts of probationers taken in December of 1989. Source: GDC
Figure 3.3
PROBATION POPULATION
BY RACE AND SEX, 1989

NON W/M - 3 9 %

NON W I F - 9%

Table 3.11
- PROBATION POPULATION BY MOST SERIOUS CRIME TYPE, 1985 1989

Violent Personal

7,621 8.5%

Non-violent Personal 15,617 17.3%

Property

29,433 32.7%

Drug Sales

2,601 2.9%

Drug Possession

8,946 9.9%

Alcohol (except DUI) 19,483 21.6%

Habit ViolatorPUI

Sex Offenders

Other

6,431 7.1%

Total

90,132 100.0%

Note: Due to rounding, percentages do not always total 100%. Beginning in 1985,a new crime type "Alcohol"was added. New crime types "HabitualViolator/DUInand "Sex Offenders"were added in 1987. Figures represent counts of probationers taken in December.
Source: GDC

Table 3.12

PROBATION POPULATION BY MOST SERIOUS CRIME TYPE, AGE AND SEX, 1989

Crime

Age

Men

Women

Grand

00-21 22-39 40-98 Unk Total % 00-21 22-39 40-98 Unk Total % Total %

Violent Personal Non Violent Personal property Drug Sales Drug Possession Alcohol (except DUI) Habit ViolatorlDUI Sex Offender Other

1,175 63
6,638 154
1,898 91
1,156 125
1,914

6,279 2,995 19,147 1,626 10,943
152 14,512
973 6,286

1,828 1,221 3,489
310 2,027
86 5,972
718 1,692

92 9,374 10% 202 1,074 255

41 4,320 5%

6 45

8

219 29,493 31% 1,427 7,434 1,583

14 2,104 2% 23 391 91

129 14,997 16% 204 2,669 501

2 331 0%

6 25 12

289 21,929 23% 147 1,576 462

16 1,832 2% 25 108 15

110 10,002 11% 312 1,524 346

6 1,537 1 60 62 10,506 4 509 30 3,404 1 44 23 2,208 0 148 17 2,199

7% 10,911 0% 4,380 51% 39,999 2% 2,613 17% 18,401 0% 375 11% 24,137 1% 1,980 11% 12,201

9% 4% 35% 2% 16% 0% 21% 2% 11%

Total

13,214 62,913 17,343 912 94,382 100% 2,352 14,846 3,273 144 20,615 100%114,997 100%

Note: Due to rounding, percentages do not always total 100%. Figures represent counts of probationers taken in December 1989.
Source: GDC

Figure 3.4

PROBATION POPULATION
BY CRIME TYPE, 1989

50,000

NUMBER REPORTED 39,999

Vlolent Non-vlolent Property Drug Sales Drug

Alcohol H T V 6 DUl

Sex

Personal Personal

Posseaslon [except DUI)

Offender

CRIME TYPE

I

1 ON PROBATION

Othel

Table 3.13

PROBATION POPULATION BY CRIME CATEGORY, AGE AND SEX,1989

Crimes by Group

Age

Men

Age

Women

Grand

00-21 22-39 40-98 Unk Total % 00-21 22-39 40-98 Unk Total % Total %

Homicide

29

Abortion

0

Bodily Injury & Re1 Off 343

Arson & Re1 Off

33

Damage of Property

178

Burglary and Re1 Off 2,370

Forgely and Re1 Off

474

Theft

2,179

Robbery

297

Sexual Offenses

118

Obsenity Crimes

0

Treason & Rel Off

0

Crimes Involving Govt

4

Falsifications

4

Obstruct Law Enforcement 36

Disorderly Conduct

21

Gambling & Rel Off

0

Cruelty to Children

14

Crimes With Guns

54

Invasion Privacy

10

Racketeering

0

Drug Abuse Offenses 1,838

Drug Trafficking

17

Auto Crimes

98

Revenue & Contraband

1

Crimes of Other States

0

Misc. Felonies

111

Misdemeanors

4,985

Total

13,214

Note: Due to rounding, percentagesdo not always total 100%. Figures represent counts taken in December 1989.
Source: GDC

Table 3.14
- ACTIVE PROBATIONERS ON FIRST OFFENDER STATUS, 1985 1989

On 1st Off Status 12,544 15.7% Not on 1st OffStatus 67,385 84.3%

Total Reported

79,929 100.0%

Reports not Received 10,203

TOTAL

90,132

13,382 15.4% 73,718 84.6%
87,100 100.0% 13,747
100,847

14,412 16.3% 74,058 83.7%
88,470 100.0% 11,919
100,389

15,897 16.7% 79,525 83.3%
95,422 100.0% 15188
107,610

17,799 17.2% 85,590 82.8%
103,389 100.0% 11,608
114,997

Note: Due to rounding, percentages d o not always total 100%. Figures represent counts of probationers taken in December of each year.
Being sentenced under the First Offender Act does not necessarily imply that a probationer is a first-time offender. Any violator may ask to be sentenced under the First Offender Act as one of several different options open to them. Occasionally, persons with one or more prior convictions will be sentenced under this act. These data should be viewed as only an estimate of the number of first time violators of first offenders on active probation caseloads.
Source: GDC

Table 3.15

First Offender On 1st Offender Status Not on 1st Offender Status
Total Reported Reports not Received Total

FIRST OFFENDER BY AGE AND SEX, 1989

Age

Men

00-21 22-39 40-98

3,628 7,951 1,440 8,437 48,590 13,903

Unk Total
82 13,101 724 71,654

Age

Women

% 00-21 22-39 40-98

15% 792 3,222 657 85% 1,345 10,211 2,286

Unk Total
-
27 4,698 94 13,936

Grand % Total
25% 17,799 75% 85,590

12,065 56,541 15,343 1,149 6,372 2,000
13,214 62,913 17,343

806 84,755 100% 2,137 13,433 2,943

106 9,627

215 1,413 330

912 94,382

2,352 14,846 3,273

121 18,634 100% 103,389

23 1,981

11,608

144 20,615

114,997

Note: Due to rounding, percentages d o not always total 100%. Figures represent counts of probationers taken in December 1989.
Being sentenced under the First Offender Act does not necessarilyimply that a probationer is a first-time offender. Anyviolator may ask to be sentenced under the First-Offender Act as one of several different options open to them. Occasionally,persons with one o r more prior convictionswill be sentenced under this act. These data should beviewed as only an estimate of the number of first time violators of first offenders on active probation caseloads.
Source: GDC

4. PARDONS AND PAROLES

INTRODUCTION
The executive clemency powers of the State of Georgia are vested exclusively in the State Board of Pardons and Paroles. The board is composed of five members appointed by the Governor for seven-year terms, subject to confirmation by the State Senate. Each year the board elects one of its members to serve as Chairman.
The board was established in 1943with its authority establishedin the GeorgiaConstitution.Its existenceensuresthat the executivebranch of governmenthas a discretionaryrole in criminal justice. Thus in Georgia's justice system, the board provides some of the checks and balances deemed necessary by the framers of the constitution.
The board is empowered to grant or deny clemency to inmates incarcerated for violation of the state's criminal laws. It has constitutional authority to grant paroles, pardons, and reprieves; to commute and remit sentences; and to restore civil and political rights. It has authority and staff to investigate cases and to supervise persons granted conditional clemency.
Beforethe board considersan inmatefor parole, it conducts investigations.Detailed investigativereports become a part of the board's case file, which is separate from files maintained by the Department of Corrections.
Initially, a parole officer studies arrest and court records and may talk with arresting officers, court officials, victims, and witnessesto prepare a legal investigation report on the detailsof an inmate's current offense and a summary of any prior offenses in the same county.
Subsequently, a parole officer interviews the inmate and completes a personal history statement questionnaire. The inmate is asked, among other things, where he has resided, attended school, names and locations of family members, whom he has chosen as references, where he plans to live and work, and what his own account is of his crime.A social investigation is also conducted which includes interviews with persons mentioned in the personal history statement.
Before any inmate is paroled, the board reviews a Parole ReviewSummaryfrom the Department of Corrections.The summary provides data on the inmate's behavior, attitude, physical status, mental and emotional condition, participation in activities, and performance in work and training programs while incarcerated. At its' discretion, the board may request detailed psychological and/or psychiatric opinions before considering a case. Any information received by the board may be used in making a parole decision.
Paroles are granted based on Parole Decision Guidelines that were established to assist the board in making consistent and accurate assessments of the factors that will affect each prospective parolee's chances for success upon release. Excluded from guideline decisions are life sentences.

The board initially identifies the crime severity level of the individual. The crime committed is ranked from Level I to VII, with VII being the most severe. Those ranked in the higher severity categories will serve longer. The next area of consideration is parole success factors. These include age at first commitment,prior convictions (juvenile and adult), prior incarcerationsinceage 17,parole or probationfailure, use, possession, or attempt to obtainheroinor other opiates, whether current offenses involved burglary or forgery, whether fully employed during six months prior to current offense, and other factors.
From these weighted factors, along with the severity level, the board calculates the individual's parole success likelihood score. This score, along with the crime severity level, is inserted into a guidelines chart which indicates the actual time the inmate should serve. The board reviews these data and, if approved, the inmate is advised of a tentativeparole month. The inmateissubsequentlyreleased provided the board receives no serious disciplinaryreports on the individual prior to the release date. If the length of time to be served, as determined by the board, is greater than the actual sentence length, the inmate will serve the sentence issued by the court. In no case will the board add time to an inmate's sentence.As ofFebruary 1990,theboard employed 686 individuals with 343 of these employees engaged in actual investigation and/or supervisionof 16,822 parolees. During fiscal year 1989, the board released a total of 13,281 state inmates from confinement through its actions.
Board of Pardons and Paroles Data
The Board of Pardons and Paroles collects its own data, compiling it for internal function requirements, as well as making it available to the criminal justice community as needed.It reflects not onlyworkload, but certain qualitative factors concerning the activity of the board.
PROFILE OF PARDONS AND PAROLES
Pardon and parole data were compiled on a fiscal year basis for 1985 and 1986. Beginning with 1987, the figures are compiled on a calendar year basis. Table 4.1 provides all available pardon and parole data from 1985to 1989.
1988 and 1989 are peak years for Parole Board activity. There were 11,353 parole releases in 1988 and 15,432 in 1988, while there were 2,896 returns to prison in 1988 and 3,565 in 1989.
1988and 1989are peak years for pardons, with 161and 152 pardons issued respectively.
Most of the data indicate considerable variance in the amount of activity during the five year period. One noticeable trend is the increase in the number of paroles. A major factor is the increasing inmate population forcing fewer denials of parole and the release of more prisoners.

Table 4.1
- PROFILE OF PAROLE BOARD ACTIVITY, 1985 1989

Parole Conditional Transfer to Detainer Youthful Offender Conditional Release Commutation to Time Served Remission to Probation Supervised Reprieve and Conditional Commutation* Other Release Action: Special Release Total Released by Board
Revocation of Parole Revocation of Youthful Offender Conditional Release Cancellation of Supervised Reprieve Cancellation of Reprieve and Conditional Commutation Other Revocation and Cancellation: Special Release Total Returns to Prison by Board
Parole Case Denied Discharge from Parole Youthful Offender Unconditional Release Restoration of Civil and Political Rights
A) Upon Discharge from Parole B) Upon Application Pardon Medical or Compassionate Reprieve Commutation Reducing Sentence (without resulting in release) Parole Commutation Death Sentence Commutation Granted Death Sentence Commutation Denied Visitor Interview in Central Office Inmate Interview at Institution Preliminary Revocation Hearing Final Revocation Hearing Other Board Actions Jail Credit Total Other Actions by Board TOTAL BOARD ACTMTY
Total Inmates at End of Reporting Period Parole Board Releases Under Supervision at End of Reporting Period
(Youth Offenders) Total Parole Board Releases Under Supervision
Cases Reviewed Under Parole Guidelines Lifers Considered for Parole Lifers Granted Parole Lifers Granted Parole at First Consideration

6,144 249 28 13 3
769 7,206
1,920 160
11 2,091
1,243 3,588
246 2,392 1,866
526 108 314
5
2,049 241 490 273
18,054 27,351

7,611 265 2 17 7
1,312 0
9,214
2,006 25
0 71 2,102
932 3,879
100 1,936 1,506
430 127 357 10
2,100 400 395 194
18,860 30,176

7,652 238 0
2,846 2
2%
0 11,024
2,649 2
51 0 2,702
808 4,264
0 1,409
999 410 103 527
1
0 5 2,354 253 431 289
17,940 31,666

6,968 243 0
3,901 2
239 0
11,353
2,893 0 1 0 2
2,896
1,170 3,032
0 1,496
711 785 161 308
5
1 1 2,489 262 485 381
19,479 33,728

12,612 394 2 9 0
2,415 0
15,432
3,565 0 0 0 0
3,565
1,067 3,580
0 1,411
785 626 152 342
5
377 0 2
2,777 317 574 473 0
12,488 31,485

6,738

9,582

10,917

10,358

16,048

Prepared by Computer ServicesUnit, State Board of Pardons and Paroles. Note: Data are compiled in June of applicableyear for 1985through 1986.Data for 1987through 1989are calendar year.
* Supelvised Reprieve and Reprieve and Conditional Commutation have been collapsed into one category.

5. STATEMENTS FROM SENIOR OFFICIALS

MICHAEL J. BOWERS
Attorney General, State of Georgia
Attorney General Bowers was educated at the US.
Military Academy, Stanford University and the University of Utah. After service in the Air Force, he attended the University of Georgia Law School. A member of the State Law Department since 1974,he became Georgia's fifty-first Attorney General in 1981.

Georgia's criminaljustice system faces the same problems today we have confronted for several years. Crime, largely fueled by illegal drug use and trafficking continues to increase. Our response, at least until recently, has lagged.
Fortunately, over the last two years there has been a growing public awareness of the magnitude of those problems and a willingness, finding expression in recent statutes and appropriations, to adopt innovative measures to attack the problems.
The 1989session of the General Assembly, for example, considered and adopted several measures to combat drug use, including sanctionsagainst driver and occupational licenses. The effect of these measures we will only learn in time, but they send a clear signal, which I believe is supported by the citizens of this state, that drug use and trafficking affect all strata of society and will not be tolerated.
Similar resolve is also shown by continued appropriations for prison construction. That must continue. It is not enough simply to say prison construction is expensive and we must fine alternatives to sentencing. The fact is that our prison population continues to harden. There are fewer and fewer prison inmates who are worthy candidates for alternativesto confinement. The majority of the prison population have committed crimes of force, crimes resulting in or likely to result in harm to another human being. Because projectionsof the likely prison population show a continued rapid increase, prison construction, however expensive, .

must continue. I believe the public not only will support it with tax dollars, but will demand it.
Finally, money alone will not alleviate the problems facing the criminaljustice system. That will come when society makes it clear that it will not tolerate its own destruction through criminal activity, particularly drug activity. I believe we are witnessing the awakening of society to that realization. Our resolve must remain strong.

HAROLD G. CLARKE
Chief Justice, Supreme Court of Georgia
Harold G. Clarke received both his undergraduate and law degrees from the University of Georgia and was admitted to the Georgia Bar in February 1950. Since that time, he has been active in a number of different associations, councils, foundations and societies.
From 1961to 1971,Justice Clarke was a member of the Georgia General Assembly. He came to the Supreme Court in Decxember 1979. The court elected Justice Clarke to serve a four year term as Chief Justice beginning January 1990.

The judicial system has recently seen a dramatic increase in felony cases primarily due to drug-related arrests. In Georgia's superior courts, felony cases rose 12% from 1986to 1897(40,497 to 45,455) and then jumped again 19% from 1987to 1988(45,455 to 53,985). The impact of drugs not only appears in the prosecution of drug cases, but is also the moving influence in great numbers of murder cases, burglaries, robberies, assaults and almost every other type of criminal activity.
The drug problem has reached epidemicproportions, with an estimated lo%, or 600,000 of Georgia's 6 million residents addicted to drugs, either legal or illegal. The Governor's Commission on Drug Awareness and Prevention has reported that prison admissions for alcohol and drug related crimes increased 800% over the past ten years. Seventy-fivepercent of inmates in Georgia's prisons reported a drug problem, compared to 19% ten years ago. Eighty-two percent of all youth committed to Youth Services have used alcohol or drugs. Today the criminaljustice system is challenged to think and act creatively to solve this crippling problem.
In searchingfor solutionsto the drug problem, the criminal justice system cannot ignore the high rate of family violence occurring in our society today. According to the Georgia Network Against Domestic Violence, in the first six months of 1989,75 women and men in Georgia lost their lives due to domestic violence. This figure does not include victims of child abuse. Family violence is the single greatest cause of injury to women, exceeding rape, auto accidents and mugging5 combined. Among

battered women, 66% of drug use and 74% of alcohol use begins after battering occurs.
The disharmony of families today, evidenced in divorce, violence and neglect of children, should be seen as a significant cause of the drug problem in our society today. Without the guidance and support of parents, children are not learning to be responsible citizens, but instead are turning to lives of crime and drug use. As the criminaljustice system strives to control drug use in our society, it should also play a critical role in deterring the violence that breaks up families and leaves children on the streets.
Drug use and family violence are problems challenging us to recognize the shortcomings of the criminaljustice system and meet the needs of a changing society.

JAMES ROBERT (Robbie) HAMRICK
Director, Georgia Bureau of Investigation
Mr. Hamrick received his Bachelor of Science degree in Criminal Justice from Georgia State University. He is a graduate of the FBI National Academy and a past president of the FBI Academy Associates.
Mr. Hamrick has been actively employed in law enforcement since 1959, when he began his career with the Department of Public Safety. He was appointed as Special Agent with the Georgia Bureau of Investigation in 1969. On September 4,1985 Mr. Hamrick was appointed by the Governor and the State Board of Public Safety as Director of the Georgia Bureau of Investigation.

DNA Profiling, a crime-solving technique which has been referred to as one of the most significant forensic developments of the century and as powerful a forensic tool as fingerprints, will become a service of the Division of Forensic Sciences (GBI Crime Lab) SerologySection in early 1991. Funding for DNA Profilingwas approved by the General Assembly during the 1989session, and since that time, the Crime Lab has been actively involved in completing the necessary steps to implement DNA Profiling as a service to Georgia's criminal justice system.
DNA (DeoxyribonucleicAcid) is the body's "blueprint"found primarily in the nucleus of living cells. It is the molecule that determines a person's individual characteristics and, thus, establishes each person as separate and unique (except identical twins). Technologyis now availablewhich allows identification of the DNA molecule and provides the ability to detect differencesbctween individuals by developing the unique DNA patterns from biological specimens (tissue, blood, semen, hair) that meet certain conditions.
Utilizing this technology in criminal investigations will, for the first time, allow for the conclusive identification of an assailant through biological evidence retrieved from a victim or from the scene of a crime. By comparing the DNA patterns of the suspect's blood with that of body fluids taken from the victim or scene, investigators can conclude with an average 99.99% certainty, that the biological specimensare from the same person. If the patterns do not match, investigators can be assured that the suspect is not the assailant. The costs of im-

plementing this capabilitywill be offset by savings in investigative man-hours required to develop evidence on possible suspects and in court time through shorter trials or averting trial altogether through an increased number of pleas.
Steps taken or now underway in preparation for implementing DNA Profiling include the evaluation of the DNA testing procedures offered by the FBI, as well as commercial laboratories, the purchase of appropriate equipment, the training of scientists from the SerologySection and the completion of a validation program to assure that the methods of analysis are both adequate and accurate.
In addition, a total of five more personnel have bccn hired as part of this new capability for the Crime Lab including Dr. George Herrin who was hired in December 1989 as the research consultant for the DNA program. Three of the current staff of the SerologySection have been assigned to the DNA unit and have undergone extensivetraining at the FBI's DNA laboratory to develop the specific knowledge and skills in this new area.
After these important steps in the preparation process have been completed, application of DNA testing to routine casework by the SerologySection will be available to law enforcement across the state. The Division of Forensic Sciences will have the capability to identify an assailant from a list of suspects based on a small amount of biological evidence left with the victim or at the scene of a crime.

The year 1989saw the culmination of a series of im-
provement initiatives by the Georgia State Patrol. Startingin 1987, the department began experimenting with in-car video systems. The result was a decision to make the in-car video an integral part of the trooper's vehicle equipment package which, itself, was beiig upgraded by phasing in power seats, power windows and low profile light bars. The light bars, which contain high intensity blue strobe lights and powerful take-down lights, are an essential element to ensure the safety and wellbeing of our troopers. That year GSP also started a re-arming process through the testing of a series of semi-automaticweapons. At the same time, the trooper's personal comfort became enhanced by the acquisition of all-weather footgear and a leather jacket.
Although there was no money budgeted for fuearms, the Legislature approved the use of money from the operations budget to purchase weapons. The re-arming process begun in 1988, was completed in 1989when the entire Georgia State Patrol qualified on either the 9mm or .45 caliber semi-automaticpistol; 144qualified as expert (five of those fued a perfect 100) and 330 as marksmen. What made the GSP re-arming unique was that it probably was the only time a large police organization offered its members a choice of weapons. The "informed choice" program gave troopers an opportunity to select either a 9mm or .45 caliber semi-automaticpistol based on that trooper's level of confidencewith the chosen weapon.

COLONELCURTIS D.EARP, JR
Commissioner, Georgia Department of Public Safety
A Distinguished Military Graduate of the ROTC program at Florida State University, he was commissioned as a Regular Army Officer, Military Police in 1960and retired in the rank of colonel in 1986. Colonel Earp's formal education includes both a Bachelor and Master of Science degree in criminology. His professional affiliations include membership in the International Association of Chiefs of Police, the Police Executive Research Forum, Georgia Association of Chiefs of Police and Atlanta Metropol. He serves on numerous boards and is a member of the Georgia Peace Officers Standards and Training Council.
Colonel Earp became Commissioner, Georgia Department of PublicSafetyand Commander, Georgia State Patrol in October 1986.
The Legislature was generous in providing funding for purchase of radio repeaters, more commonly known as "Pak-Rat"radios. These repeatersgive each trooper the ability to communicate through his car radio even though he or she may be several hundred yards from the car. The repeater program is continuing and should be completed in 1990.
Probably the most successful of the improvement programs was the in-car video project. These video systems, provided by a supplier from specifications drawn up by the department, were purchased at no cost to the Georgia taxpayer. From 1986through 1989, nearly every penny of confiscated drug-related money received back from the federal government was invested in video systems. At the close of 1989, more than 200 video systems were in trooper cars throughout the state.
We all strive for the greatest professionalism possible with our people. As every law enforcement officer knows, the potential for things to go awry is always greatest during those first crucial minutes of an encounter between a violator and a police officer. The video taping of that encounter provides concurrent protection to thc citizen and the officer. Now, for the first time ever, a large police organization has systematized and institutionalized the sound and visual recording of the initial contact between members of the public and law enforcement officers. The significance of this technological innovation has not been lost on the news media and the State of Georgia is receiving national recognition as a result.

National publicity notwithstanding, the fact that so many Georgia State Troopers have cameras has been a significant factor in reducing court time for both criminal apprehensionsas well as DUI arrests. In the realm of highway drug interdiction the cameras have been particularly valuable. The video tape clearly indicates that the initial traffic stop was legitimate and, if the trooper suspects that the vehicle is being used to carry drugs, that the request for consent to search was, indeed, voluntary.
In connection with drug interdiction, for the third year in a row, the Georgia State Patrol has placed nationallyin its seizure of contraband.The 6,829 grams of crack cocaine GSP seized in 1989earned it a national ranking of third. GSP placed sixth with $2,154,534 in confiscated drug currency and ninth with 187 kilos of powder cocaine.
This latest combination of technology and training initiativesculminated in 1989with a Georgia State Patrol well positioned to continue playing a significant role in the critical fight against the lawless elementswithin the State of Georgia during the decade of the nineties.

MORRIS REDDING

President, Georgia Association of Chiefs of Police

Chief Redding is a graduate of the Atlanta Police Academy, the FBI Academy, the FBI National Executive Institute and has a L.L.B. from the Woodrow Wilson College of Law.

After serving in the military, he began his 32 year

I

career with the Atlanta Police Department,

Uniform Division. Since March 1982, he has served

as Chief of Police, Atlanta Bureau of Police Ser-

vices.

We as a society must realize we are facing a crisis

continue their killing of not only other drug

in reference to drugs in America. Drugs are like a

dealers, but innocent people as well.

malignant cancer that is spreading across our

country. Unless we as a people join hands to fight

Through violence, the drug dealer has made

the drug problem, we will never win the war on

America the Beautiful, America the Violent.

drugs. In my opinion, we as a people have not ad-

mitted that we do have a crisis in reference to

The greatest challenge for police chiefs in the 90s

drugs. The average person feels the drug dealers

will be convincing society as a whole of the crisis

and users are individualsfrom the low income

we are in and encouragingour officials to provide

parts of our society. This is not true; no part of

us with the resources we need in order to keep our

society is immune from drugs.

communitiessafe. There is no doubt in my mind

that with all the advancement we have made in

We can never solve any crisis until we admit we

technology, the medical field, space, etc., we have

have a crisis. The challenge of the 90s will be for all

the knowledge, the ability and the skills to solve

!

parts of society to work very closely in dealing with the drug problem. It will take not only law enforce-

any problem, but first we must admit we have a problcm.

1

ment, but the complete criminaljustice system, the

educational system,the health department, etc., to

deal with the drug problem. We have to realize

drug dealers and users have almost stopped our

present criminal justice system because they realize

we have no space available in prisons. As soon as

one dealer is arrested, another dealer takes hisher

place. We have to send a strong message to the

dealers and users that if they use and sell drugs,

they will be sent to prison and all material things

they have gained through illegal activitieswill be

confiscated.

We have to send a strong message to the user that they are responsible for their actions. There is no such thing as recreational use of drugs; they as users are contributingto the violence we are experiencingwith the drug dealers. They have to realize when they buy drugs they are providing monies for the drug dealers to purchase more weapons to

SHERIFF D. G. "BILLnLEMACKS
President, Georgia Sheriffs' Association
Sheriff D. G. "Bill"Lemacks of Clayton County is a graduate of the Louisville Southern Police Institute
- 52nd Class - Orator. He is Chairman of the Board
of Directors, Clayton County Narcotics Unit, a member of the Peace Officers Association of Georgia and also a member of the National Sheriffs' Association.
Sheriff Lemacks, along with former Sheriff Deyton, implemented the Junior Deputy Sheriffs' Program, which is now the second largest in the nation.

Let me begin my remarks by telling you how much I appreciatebeing asked to contribute to the Georgia Criminal Justice Data, as published by the Bureau of Investigation in 1m.
In the essence of sounding redundant, let me assure you that the drug problem in our state is threatening to bring our entire Criminal Justice System to a grinding halt. I feel very confident that the positions and proposals that I outline to you will be representative of the views of most of the Sheriffs in Georgia. We consider drugs to be the number one problem facing Law Enforcement and the Criminal Justice System. Many of my fellow Sheriffs estimate that 80 to 90 percent of all crimes being committed are either to promote the distribution or drugs, or to support habits of users. It is threatening the very fiber of our youth and our country. Unless strong measures are taken to reverse the trend, the Criminal Justice System, that now exists, will collapse. We feel that drastic actions and total war must be declared against the use of drugs in our society. We propose absolutely zero tolerance level for both the pushers and users of drugs. If we are ever to defeat this monstrosity, then the casual drug user must in some way be made to pay a penalty for experimentingwith these dangerous drugs. Penalties and fines must be severe. The one thing that means the most to young people is the privilege of being able to drive an automobile. We propose that the Legislature pass legislation in the next session of the General Assembly to suspend the license on the very first drug offense and to increase the severity and penalty on second and third time offenders. Most Sheriffs feel that we have enough laws to deal with drug pushers

now. But, because of the tremendous overcrowding in our jails and prisons, we have a revolving door syndrome, and few drug pushers spend very little of their sentencesin prison. Going to jail and serving time in Georgia is no longer meaningful. I have had drug traffickers tell me, "Mr. Sheriff, I'll do my time standing on my head".
We realize that the General Assembly has in the past spent millions of dollars to build additional facilities to house criminals. But, we also urge them with all sincerityand urgency, to keep up the pace to build prisons and make punishment of drug dealers, as well as other offenses, more meaningful.
The Sheriffs of Georgia are more involved in the total Criminal Justice System than any other individual or agency. We are involved with law enforcement, correction, prosecution, courts, and suffer the consequences of probation and parole revocations. Many county jails are over capacity by 50 to 100 percent, and in some cases even 200 percent. We know Sheriffswill suffer most by mandating tougher sentences. Taking all of this into consideration, we still urge the legislature to pass laws, that any offender caught for the second time selling or trafficking drugs in any amount will serve at least one half or 50 percent of the sentence. We further urge that any offender caught three or more times, must serve 100 percent or all of the& sentence without chance of parole. Drastic steps must be taken to get and keep these people off the streets. Also Georgia has a need to develop a forfeiture
law similar to that used in the Federal Courts. The
Federal forfeiture laws are much more effective and easy to administer. Hit them where it hurts.

Again we appreciate the legislature and their commitment in the past to commit to build additional prisons during the last year, and the tremendous commitment they made in funds toward this end. But, in my talk with the citizens in my county, as well as throughout the state, I find that the tax payers of this state will support efforts to continue building and staffing prisons as much as is needed till we rid our streets of these people who are destroying and killing our children.
We further commend the legislature on their efforts to insist that the Board of Correctionsbuild less costly prisons, which will house more offenders. However, there is still more improvement to be made in the construction of low cost facilities by this state. Many Sheriffsstill think that less expensive alternatives are available.
Finally we ask all Georgians to support their Sheriffsin asking that the state reimburse the counties for full cost for keeping state prisoners in local jails. It is not fair to the local taxpayer to pay the burden of housing state inmates.
Again, thank you for being asked to give some remarks to this CriminalJustice Data, and I ask each of you to please support your local Law Enforcement Agency. Thank you.

ROBERTL.DOSS, JR
Director, Administrative Office of the Courts
Mr. Doss received a Bachelor of Business Administration degree in Economics and a Master of Sciencedegree in CriminalJustice and Urban Affairs from Georgia State University. He is also a Certified Graduate Fellow of the Institute for Court Management.
He came to the Administrative Office of the Courts in July 1973, as Assistant Director and has served as Director since September 1975.

Case delay .is a problem that affects all the elements of the criminaljustice system in Georgia from the police officer on the beat to the courts and corrections officers. Increasing crime, primarily due to drug arrests, and enhanced law enforcement are giving courts many more cases each year. In calendar year 1987,226,610 cases were filed in the superior courts of Georgia. In 1988, cases filed increased to 247,197 (approximately90,000 of which were criminal). Managing case delay requires either costly increases of court resources, or more efficient methods of dispensingjustice.
In the future, Georgia courts may need to turn to alternativedispute resolution methods such as mediation or arbitration for civil cases in order to free up court resources for criminal calendars. The goals of alternative dispute resolution (commonly referred to as ADR) are to relieve backlog, provide speedier, less costly resolution, and provide an alternative to the adversarial process. In mediation, a third party skilled in identifying areas of agreement, assists disputants in discussing their differences and reaching a mutually satisfactory settlement. In arbitration, a third party hears all sides of a dispute, reviews the evidence, and issues a decision that is meant to settle the dispute. Arbitration is private judging with simplified procedures, and parties usually agree to it in advance through contract.
Georgia has had some successwith alternativedispute resolution methods. Since 1973in DeKalb County, the Neighborhood Justice Center has offered dispute mediation for problems in the following areas: domestic, neighborhood, landlord-

tenant, juvenile, consumer-merchant, business-related, educational and small claims. Savannah also has a Neighborhood Justice Center. In Fulton County, the Civil Arbitration Program of the Superior Courts, begun as a test project in 1986, requires parties in civil cases involving damages of $25,000 or less to undergo non-binding arbitration before a three-member panel of trained arbitrators. In 1987,86% of cases assigned to the program were resolved without a trial. This arbitration program was made permanent by local rule in 1988. Fulton County also has a child custody mediation program which was implemented in April 1989. In November 1989, a group of Atlanta lawyers established the Center for Public Resources, Inc. which provides alternative dispute resolution expertise to corporationsand public institutions.
Throughout the country, alternative dispute resolution is successfullyresolving conflicts with less cost, less time and less stress and is thus freeing the traditional court system to focus upon criminal calendars. In Georgia, alternative dispute resolution may develop more efficient use of our valuable resources and may benefit all parts of the judicial system.

BOBBY K. WHITWORTH
Commissioner, Georgia Department of Comtions
Commissioner Whitworth was appointed to the post by the Georgia Board of Corrections in January 1990.Since 1982, he had served as Executive Deputy Commissioner. A 1%8 graduate of the University of Georgia, Mr. Whitworth began his career in government as Executive Director, U.S. Agriculture Stabilization and Conservation Service, Cherokee County. He joined the Department of Corrections in 1973.

While law enforcement agencies, the courts and the correctional system are more effectivelyarmed and girded than ever before to meet our common enemy in the assault on crime, a clear victory is no closer to becoming a reality today than at any time in our past. Many battles have been won, surely, but the war rages on. And it is costly.
Our departmentis experiencinga 13percent annual growth rate in the number of inmates we must house. The most recent computer projections by our statisticianspredict a tripling of the inmate population by the year 2001 -- assumingcurrent sentencingand release practices remain unchanged. We expect by 2001 to need housing for more than 63,000 inmates, the largest percentage of them serving time for violent crime. During the same time the number of probationers under agency supervision will skyrocket from the current level of almost 118,000 to more than 305,000. As the Board of Pardons and Paroles seeks to help relieve dire prison overcrowding in the next decade by a program of systematically releasing those offenders who present lower levels of risk, they predict their caseload will rise from just over 19,000 now to almost 60,000 by Fiscal Year 1999.
The figures show all too clearly that the criminal element in Georgia will continue to exact an exorbitant price from society. To this point in time, Georgianshave said that they are willing.to bear the massive financial burden resulting from the illegal actions of a small percentage of the population. Proof of this willingness is found in the current, sorely-neededprison construction program in

Georgia, with a total price tag approaching $375 million in capital outlay alone.
How long Georgianswill be willing to shoulder this huge financial outlay is anyone's guess. As a lifetime Georgia resident I sense that as the price of justice spirals, the taxpayers will look less and less favorably on higher spending.
What is the solution? It is clear the while the three main components of the criminaljustice system will continue to carry out the mission demanded of them by the Governor, the General Assembly and the people of Georgia, there must be a constant renewal of emphasis on programs in society aimed at keeping youth from ever having to come into contact with this system in the first place. It is in-
cumbent upon all of us -- especially the schools, churches, civic organizations, and the families -- to
drive home the message, beginning in kindergarten or earlier, that law breakers who waste their own lives and damage society will not be tolerated. We must provide punishment options while at the same time we offer the opportunity for those who want to do so to change their lives into productive ones.
The flow of offenders coming into our jails, our courts and our prisons must be reduced at the source: At-risk-youth must be identified and counseled intensivelyto adhere to socially acceptable values, or there will be no end to the waves of offenders who will be flooding our criminal justice system from now on.

WAYNE SNOW, JR.
Chairman, State Board of Pardons and Paroles
Mr. Snow received an A.B. degree from the University of Georgia in 1958and earned his L.L.B. degree there in 1%0.
He served 21years in the GeneralAssembly; for 11 years he was Chairman of the House Judiciary Committee.
Mr. Snow was appointed to a full seven-year term on the five-member Board of Pardons and Paroles by the Governor in 1983and elected Chairman in 1985.
He also serves in 1990as President of the Association of Paroling Authorities International.

In 1985the State Board of Pardons and Paroles developed a Victim Impact Statement questionnaire which crime victims may use to report their injuries and losses to the courts and the Parole Board. Then, in 1990,working with victim-witness assistance program officials in severaljudicial circuits, we revised the Statement to make it easier to use. Both times we provided copies to all district attorneys and solicitors in Georgia.
This is just one example of expanding efforts in our state to provide victims greater access to and participation in the criminaljustice process. These efforts were long overdue. Victims should be given special handling by law enforcement,court, corrections, and parole officials, so that these victims may give information and views for consideration and may stay informed about each procedural step.
In the past we have seen situationswhen our Board paroled someone and only then did the victim or the victim's family communicate to us their views about parole. They would be upset because parole occurred without their input. They would say they did not write us or call us before because they did not know they could do that or how to do it.
In 1990the Parole Board took a step aimed at preventing, in the future, such misunderstanding. We developed a simple fact sheet especially for crime victims which advises them straightforwardly how and when they may call, write, or visit the Board's central office. It informs victims how they may submit information, recommendations, a Victim Impact Statement, or a protest against future parole for study by the Board members during con-

sideration.We sent fact sheets to all district attorneys and solicitors so they could make this information known to victims and their families.
If the Board receives a Victim Impact Statement about a crime against the person, such as rape or robbery, and if the Board is to consider parole before service of one-third of the sentence, the Board notifies the victim and invites comments, and also notifies the victim if parole is granted.
I understand that in more and more of Georgia's judicial circuits victim-witness assistanceprograms are being started. I applaud this. Our Board is glad to hear from officials in these programs and glad to work with them in promoting more and better twoway communication with victims and their family members.

Georgia Crime Information Center P.O. Box 370748 Decatur, Georgia 30037-0748