Report of the Commission, Department of Forestry and Geological Development

REPORT
OF THE
Commission Department of Forestry and
Geological Development
TO THE
Governor and General Assembly
OF THE
State of Georgia

CONTENTS

Paa;e

LE'M'ER OF TRANSMITTAL_

3

OOKMISSION OF DEPARTMENT__

4

REPORT, DIVISION OF FORESTRY

5

Needs, Division of Forestry__

6

Administration____ ___ _

7

Forest Fire ControL __ _

8

Emergency Conservation Work__ ____ ____ _____ _

10

Summary of CCC Activities on Private Lands_

12

Educational Work_

12

Tree Nurseries_

16

Fire Statistics ___ __

18

State Parks_

18

REP9RT, DIVISION OF GEOLOGY

28

Functions, Division of Geology__

28

PersonneL ___ __

28

Nature of the Work ___

29

Work Accomplished in 1935--1936 _

30

Cooperative Work with U S. Geclogical Survey

31

Projects Under Way

32

Status of the Mineral Industry in Georgia ___ Becommendations for Future Work___

-- --- ---- 36
36

Cooperative Stream Gaging_____ _

~

Cooperative Topographic Mapping ___

40

Cooperation with Georgia Engineering Experiment Station_

40

FINANCIAL REPORT __ ____

42

LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL
Atlanta, Ga., February 13, 1937 To His Excellency, Hon. E. D Rivers, Governor, State of Georgia, Atlanta.
In accordance with Article 4, Section 23 of the Reorganization Bill enacted by the General Assembly of Georgia at its session in 1931, the Commission of the Department of Forestry and Geological Development herewith transmits the fcllowing report to you as Governor and to the General Assembly
Respectfully, RICHARD W SMITH, Secretary to the Commission.

COMMISSION OF FORESTRY AND GEOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT
1937
Chairman-Governor E. D Rivers Mrs. M. E. Judd, Dalton Alex K. Sessoml!, Cogdell J M. Mallory, Savannah H. C. Kimbrough, Chipley Perry Middleton, Brunswick T G Woolford, Atlanta
Secretary-Richard W Smith, State Geologist, Atlanta

REPORT FOR 1935 AND 1936

5

REPORT OF THE DIVISION OF FORESTRY
B;v Elmer E. Dyal, State Forester
INTRODUCTION
Much progress has been made in forestry along many lines during the past two years. This advancement is due in part to the help and cooperation of the CCC Camps in Georgia. These camps have aided materially in the cause of forestry, reforestation and conservation.
The Division of Forestry has been taxed tremendously during these two years to carry on the expanded program called for in cooperating With the Federal Government, to the extent that the entire personnel has had to devote a great portion of their time to the additional activities in the carrying out of this program.
During the past two years, Georgia has been fortunate to the extent that only a small reduction has been made in the number of CCC Camps. This has been due largely to the fact that the number of acres in organized fire protection on privatelY owned lands, which was the basis for securing these camps, has not decreased but has increased each year. The reduction which has been made has been due solelY to the normal reduction of camps throughout the United States.
During the biennial period, the state park system, which is under the supervision of the Division of Forestry, has expanded from six to eight parks. Federal aid has been secured in the enlargement of this program, to the extent that much development has been made in each of the eight parks.
The educational program With the vocational forestry schools has been continued during the past two years, With much more interest being shown by both the students and teachers. At the present time, the Division of Forestry is cooperating With more than 200 rural schools in carrying on an educational forestry program, whereby students are taught better practices pertaining to forestry, conservation, protection and reforestation.
The vocational forestry camp conducted annually has been carried on during the past two years With increased efficiency and a larger number of students participating than ever before.
The Forestry-Geological Review, published monthly by the department, has been published each month. It is being sent to every state in the Union and to twelve foreign countries. The mailing list has increased during the past two years from less than 3,000 to more than 3,500.
The demand for literature dealing With Georgia forestry has continued to increase. The supply has been practically exhausted and those asking for this type of information have had to be informed to this effect.

6

FORESTRY AND GEOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT

The Division of Forestry has continued services to the private landowners throughout the State, as far as has been practicable, in the development of timber protective organizations and the planning of the CCC program.
With the importance that forestry is playing in the land use problem of Georgia, it should receive much more consideration that it has in
the past. The State should not leave the planning to the Federal
agencies but should be in position to at least cooperate and give direction to such undertaking.
The State Forester expresses appreciation for the splendid cooperation of the Federal agencies, the many civic organizations and the vocational schools of the State in promoting forestry
Tribute is paid and gratitude expressed by the State Forester to the Commission of Forestry and Geological Development for the guidance and cooperation, as well as the time given in dealing with the many problems that have arisen from time to time and their increased interest, in helping to promote a better forestry program for the entire State.
NEEDS OF THE DIVISION OF FORESTRY
It will be absolutely necessary that more funds be provided if the Division of Forestry is to cooperate with the Federal Government and private landowners in forest fire protection. Funds should be provided by the State in order to meet one half of the expenses incurred for fire protection, as the Federal Government is doing at the present time. This will enable us to cooperate with the timber owners on a 50-50 basis.
The educational department should be expanded quite a bit, to the extent that funds should be provided for the publishing of a great many bulletins, leaflets, posters, etc., for distribution to those who are seeking this type of assistance from us.
It is also imperative that two additional men be employed in order to carry on certain types of work and activities in the future that have not been carried on in the past.
The Division of Forestry has never been able to meet the demand for seedlings. In order to more nearly meet the demand in the future, it will be necessary to enlarge both of the State nurseries. To do this, additional funds will have to be provided.
In 1936, approximately five .million seedlings were sold to the landowners of the State, orders for these seedlings coming from 78 different counties. More than ten million seedlings could have been sold if facilities could have been provided for the raising of them. It is our aim to grow approximately ten million seedlings during the coming season if additional funds can be provided.
In 1936, there were approximately fivemillionacresoftimberland in

REPORT FOR 1935 AND 1936

7

organized fire protection. It is our aim to increase this amount by at least one million acres per year; but 'to do this, the assistance of another person specializing in this work will be necessary If this additional person is not employed, it will be almost impossible for us to increase this acreage to any great extent, due to the fact that the entire personnel of the Department now has as many duties as it can supervise.
ADMINISTRATION
The Commission of the Department of Forestry and Geological Development allots and budgets to the different divisions the funds appropriated to the Department. The Division of Forestryhas never exceeded the amount allotted to it.
The Division of Forestry receives the major part of its money for operation from the Federal Government under Section 2 and 4 of the Clarke-McNary Law, receiving in 1936,$69,620 from Section 2, and $1,600 from Section 4.
Persoxmel The personnel of the Division of Forestry, at the present time, consists of a State Forester, Educational Manager, Assistant State Forester, ~ightDistrictForesters, Bookkeeper-Treasurer who is secretary to the Educational Manager, Clerk who is secretary to the State. Forester, three clerks in district offices, one nurseryman and one Superintendent of State Park construction.

The staff members are as follows
ELMER E. DYAL, State Forester, Atlanta C. E. BOGGS, Educational Manager, Atlanta .TACK THURMOND, Assistant State Forester, Atlanta T P HURSEY, District Forester, Rome W D. YOUNG, District Forester, Gainesville R. R. EVANS, District Forester, Columbus S. L. McCRARY, District Forester, Augusta H. C. CARRUTH, District Forester, Macon W G. WALLACE, District Forester, Savannah H. D. STORY, .Tr., District Forester, Albany R. D. FRANKLIN, District Forester, Waycross MISS HAZEL E. NICHOLAS, Bookkeeper-Treasurer, Atlanta MRS. .TOHN Y ROBERTS, Clerk, Atlanta MISS MADELINE CULBRETH, Clerk, Waycross MISS MILDRED WOOD, Clerk, Macon MRS. W L. DAVIS, .Tr., Clerk, Albany M. E. MURPHY, Nurseryman, Albany E. H. SIMS, Superintendent of State Park Oonstruction,
Atlanta
The personnel of the Emergency Conservation Work in Atlanta consists of the following

8

FORESTRY AND GEOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT

For Forestry camps on private land, Director of ECW who isAssistant State Forester, a Principal Clerk, Senior Clerk, Clerk-stenographer, under Clerk-stenographer, Assistant Clerk, Junior Clerk-stenographer, and under Clerk-typist.
For Park camps, a Superintendent of state park construction, Landscape Architect, Senior Clerk, Secretaryand Stenographer,Assistant Clerk, and Typist.

FOREST FIRE CONTROL
The major activities of the Division of Forestry have been on forest fire protection. Much progress has been made in bringing forest areas of the State into timber protective organizations during the past two J"ears.
At this time the State of Georgia has 4,251,000 acres under intensive and extensive fire protection. The protective activities are administered by the Division of Forestry through the various timber protective organizations throughout the state.
The forest area of Georgia is the largest of any state in Region 8, which includes eleven states. The total forest area of Georgia, exclusive of national forests, military reservations, and bird sanctuaries is 23,100,000 areas.
On January 1, 1937 the Division of Forestry had under its supervision ten CCC camps, nine of which are located in the Naval Stores belt in South Georgia. The one North Georgia camp is located in the Floyd County Timber Protective Organization area near Rome, Georgia.
The fact that only forest units belonging to timber protective organizations are considered eligible for CCC camp work has resulted in materially stimulating the interest in these organizations.
The timber protective organizations that have been fortunate enough to secure CCC work have received wonderful benefits in the development of their protection plans in that improvements put in by CCC camps on protected units have advanced the State's protection program beyond any expectation.
Improvements received consist of primary firebreaks, truck trails, which are used to facilitate quick access of fire fighters and equipment to forest fires; the construction of an adequate tower and telephone system to be used in the detection of fires, reporting and dispatching men for fire suppression.
Due to this condition, and also due to the fact that there has been a general reduction from time to time in the number o:t CCC camps in the United States, camps that were located on inactive timber protective organizations have been abandoned. There will be a further

REPORT FOR 1935 AND 1936

9

Constructing Firebreak on Timber Protective Organization Land.
reduction in the number of camps, but organizations that are active and are carrying on their part of the protection program may avail them selves of the services of CCC camps as long as any camps remain under the supervision of the Division of Forestry and as long as there is justified work remaining to be done.
In addition to the 4,251,000 acres of land under organized protection, administered by the Division of Forestry, there are approximately 1,600,000 acres of timber land under the protection of national forests, national parks, militarY reservations, game refuges and biological survey Other forest lands, consisting largely of unorganized farm woodlots, are given a measure of protection by their owners.
There are twenty-nine active timber protective organizations in the State engaged in fire protection work on 4,251,000 acres of forest land. The largest of the organizations are located in the Naval Stores belt of South Georgia.
The timber protective organizations working under the supervi sion of the Division of Forestry and with limited funds have made much progress in their protective program.
During the period .January 1, 1935 to .January 1, 1937 the twentynine timber protective organizations have purchased 17 tractors, 17 firebreak plows, 10 road machines and 15! ton trucks. With this eqUip-

10

FORESTRY AND GEOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT

ment they have constructed 22,550 miles of 8-foot random firebreaks, and have maintained 1,850 miles of primary firebreaks and truck trails that were constructed by the CCC camps and turned over to them for maintenance.
Several timber protective organizations have funished the material and the CCC camps have constructed permanent TPO offices and headquarters.
The Suwannee and Consolidated Timber Protective Organizations have installed radio transmitters and receiving sets for use in forest fire protection. Suwannee Timber Protective Organization installed their radio system in 1933 and theY now have 14 receiving sets on patrol trucks working admirably in connection with their tower and telephone system. The Consolidated Timber Protective Organization, with headquarters at Homerville, installed their radio system during the winter of 1936 and it is also proving a success in their fire protective system.
The Division of Forestry through the Timber Protective Organization, has accomplished much in placing four and one quarter million acres under protection. However, there still remains nineteen million acres in need of adequate protection.
The Division of Forestry has gone a long way with its limited funds and stands ready to cooperate with the owners of the nineteen million acres in need of fire protection when the funds become available.

EMERGENCY CONSERVATION WORK
Aid received through Emergency Conservation Work during the past two years has enabled the Division of Forestry to still further advance its program of forest protection. In addition to the aid received during the past two years, the State is grateful for aid rece~ved from ECW during the first two years of the program.
Work standards have changed since the beginning of Emergency Conservation Work in 1933. Higher standard truck trailland structures are now being constructed and more emphasis is being put on the construction of roads rather than fire breaks. As a result of the many miles of truck trail constructed by CCC Camps large inaccessible areas have been opened up and made accessible to fire fighting crews.
The Federal Forest Service states the policy on CCC work on privately-owned forest lands broadly as follows: "The Camps are supported by Federal funds and therefore are Federal Projects. While the State forestry agency representing the Government, submits recommendations as to the location and purpose of all projects in the states, the entire set-up of each proposed camp is closely scrutinized by Federal officials whose decision is final in the matter and must be followed by State Forestry officials"

REPORT FOR 1935 AND 1936

11

Type of Fire Tower Constructed by CCC Enrollees.
All work projects on private land are recommended by State Forestry officials: however, approval for construction is given by the office of the Regional Forester. No projects can be authorized by State officials until after approval is secured from the Regional Forester.
When the State obtained Emergency Conservation Work Camps at the beginning of the ECW program the Federal Government received assurance that all improvements resulting would be maintained by the State or cooperating private organizations.
Federal foresters point out that the best guarantee for maintenance lies in the amount of State forestry funds available for cooperative work with timberland owners. Such State forestry funds must be sufficient in amount to justify the State's guarantee that the protective improvements completed by the CCC Camps will be continuouslY maintained.
A summary of ECW activities on private lands, which the Division of Forestry administered from January 1, 1935 to January 1, 1937 is as follows:-

12

FORESTRY AND GEOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT

SUMMARY OF CCC ACTIVITIES ON PRIVATE LANDS

From January 1, 1935 to January 1, 1937

Bridges constructed_ __

405

Bridges maintained__ _

13

Lookout towers constructed__ _

36

Lookout towers maintained______ _

17

Other buildings constructed___ _

11

Miles of telephone line constructed__ _

775

Miles of telephone line maintained __

642

Signs erected__ _

177

Tool boxes constructed__

31

Miles of truck trail constructed__

750

Miles of truck trail maintained_

724

Acres planted in trees __

277

Acres of forest stand improved (thinning)

285

Man-days on nursery work____ ___

680

Bushels of cones collected__ _

4,076

Man-days fighting fires__

17,647

Miles of fire breaks constructed_

2,707

Miles of fire breaks maintained___ _

1,420

Miles of roadside and trailside fire hazard reduced_

317

Acres of other fire hazard reduction_

40,515

Man-days on fire presuppression and fire preven-

tion_

4,240

Acres of tree insect controL

395

Acres of carpet grass planted__

8,915

Man-days searching for missing persons_

63

Man-days emergency work on flood protection_

1,537

Number of experimental plots developed_

7

Man-days drafting timber type maps__ _

661

Miles of grade lines surveyed_

47

Miles of linear surveys___ _ Acres of timber type survey__

8,088 ____ 5,280,757

Rods of fence erected

560

EDUCATIONAL WORK
The educational program of the Division of Forestry is in charge of an Educational Manager. It is his duty to cooperate with the Department of Vocational Education in carrYing on cooperative forestry programs with the schools where vocational agriculture is taught through out the State of Georgia.
The Educational Manager is also in charge of a Vocational Forestry Camp that is held each summer , is editor of the monthly publication known as the Forestry-Geological Review, edits bulletins, leaflets and posters; prepares news items for release to the press and assembles and organizes other educational material for the Department.

REPORT FOR 1935 AND 1936

13

Vocational Education Program The Division of Forestry and the Division of Vocational Education entered into a cooperative program eight years ago for the purpose of giving practical forestry training to boys throughout the State on jobs dealing with the conservation and development of our forest resources. The Division of Forestry furnishes teaching material and supervises the instruction given by the teachers of vocational agriculture, pertaining to forestry This cooperative program includes the following

Group of Vocational Students.
1. Leasing of 10 or more acres of forest land by the school, on which correct forestry practices are carried out under the supervision of district foresters, in cooperation with teachers of vocational agriculture.
2. Teaching practical forestrY to all farm boys enrolled in vocational agriculture.
3. Preparing and furnishing to teachers and pupils teaching material dealing with forestry.
4. Conducting a vocational forestry school camp. Free scholarships are given to one boy in each vocational school throughout the State for outstanding records in forestry work.

14

FORESTRY AND GEOLOGIOAL DEVELOPMENT

The camp is held each year in order to extend, under practical conditions, the teaching which has been carried on in the agricultural class rooms of the high schools. Instruction in the camp is conducted bY members of the staff of the Division of Forestry, assisted by teachers of vocational agriculture.

As a result of this cooperative program during the past eight years, approximately 16,000 farm boys have been given practical training in many of the more common forestry problems with which farmers are confronted.

In order to assist in carrYing out this program, teachers of vocational agriculture have been given practical forestry training bY the district foresters and through special courses at the Agricultural College. Each year through this cooperative program thousands of trees are planted by boys on their home farms and thousands of acres of forest lands are protected from fire. A strong sentiment for the protection and preservation of our forest areas on the part of a large number of farm boys is being built. In fact, the boys being reached thro~h this program are the farmers and foresters of the future.

The accomplishments of the vocational schools during the 1935--36 school year are listed below

1936 1935

Number of students studYing forestry_____ _

2,972 1,253

Number of hours devoted to forestry per student___ 18 14

Pounds of seed collected_ ___ _________ _

39L ______ _

Number seedlings planted bY adult farmers _______ 463,294 12,848

Seed beds made _____________ _____________

48 35

Number of students with Home Projects____

ffl2 529

Teachers assisting with T. P. 0. work_ ___ ___ _____

12

4

Numberofcolumninchesinnewspapers__ ___ _ ____ 1,428 600

Miles of firebreaks constructed___ ____ ______ _______ 2,620 592

Number schools having forestry exhibits_

25

10

Seedlings grown on school forests ____ ________ ___ _ 41,544 14,560

Seedlings grown other than on school forests ___ 979,777

It is the plan during the coming year for the teachers of vocational agriculture to increase their accomplishments along certain lines. More seed beds will be established. More seedlings will be planted bY the students and by the adult farmers. More students will study forestry. Consequently, the cause of forestry will be advanced in a large measure. More can be accomplished toward the conservation and protection of the forest lands of our State through this type of educational program than in any other manner. The students studYing forestry in the vocational schools have expressed themselves, that they had rather have any other part of their educational program discontinued than that part which deals with forestrY. Of the more than 200 vocational

REPORT FOR 1935 AND 1936

15

schools, in which this forestry program is being carried on, 45 are negro schools. Realizing that the negro as well as the white man can set fire to woods, the Division of Forestry thought it well not to neglect the negro children of the State and have cooperated with them on the same basis as the white schools. The negro teachers and students appreciate the cooperation and consideration that the Division of Forestry has shown them during the past several years. These teachers have been instrumental in planting a large number of seedlings and reducing the number of forest fires in their local communities. They have shown a splendid spirit and have been willing to carry out the suggestions in every detail as have been given them by the Educational Department of the Division of Forestry.

Vocational Forestry Camp : Each year a vocational forestry camp is conducted. The students attending this camp are selected on the basis of a competitive examination in forestry. The object of the camp is' to bring together, annually, outstanding boys showing particular interest in forestry to receive more intensive training in practical forestry under the guidance of a staff of trained foresters of the Division of Forestry. Those who successfully complete the camp are given a vocational forester's certificate. Many of the students attending the vocational forestry camp have been given non-technical jobs by different forestry enterprises. Some have been assistant technicians in the forest survey conducted throughout the South by the U. S. Forest Service and others have obtained positions as foremen in several of the COO camps in Georgia. In every instance, these students have proven themselves to be well qualified and have shown more ability than those who did not receive the vocational forestry course.
Forestry-Geological Review: The Forestry-Geological Review is published monthly by the Department. It gives the various activities of the Department and includes information that will be of interest and educational value to those who read it. Efforts have been made to include information in this publication that will be of material benefit to the readers along the various phases of forestry and geology. Of the 3,100 copies mailed monthly, 2,913 copies are distributed within the State, going to a number of timber owners in EVERY county. The publication is also mailed to every State in the United States and to twelve foreign countries. Those included on the mailing list are leading landowners, civic and business organizations, county agents, vocational teachers, mine and quarry interests, naval stores operators, lumbermen and others. Anyone wishing to receive the publication may do so free upon request. It is stimulating a great deal of interest in fire protection and other forestry practices, in bringing to their attention the best practices along these lines. It is also acquainting the people of Georgia, and others, with Georgia's mineral resources and is creating interest in the development of a system of state parks.

Prizes As an incentive to the teachers of vocational agriculture and students in vocational schools, the Georgia Forestry Association

16

FORESTRY AND GEOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT

offers cash awards annually to the teachers and students doing the most outstanding work in forestry education. A prize of $50 is offered tothe teacher doing the most outstanding work and a prize of $25 is offered to the teacher doing the second most outstanding work. An award of $5.00 is offered for five consecutive months to the student of vocational agriculture who writes for publication in the ForestrYGeological Review the best news article pertaining to his forestry program or the foresm program in his school. Much favorable comment has been received on the articles that have been written by the vocational students. These prizes are designated as the "HertY Prizes," in honor of Dr. Charles H. Herty.
Bulletins, Leaflets, Etc Due to the lack of funds, scarcely any bulletins, leaflets, and other material have been published during the past two years. More requests have been received during this time for material and information pertaining to the better practices of forestry than the Department could suppb. These requests have come not only from citizens of Georgia but from citizens of the entire United States. People throughout the United States have become interested in the type of forestry program being carried on in Georgia and are anxious to receive material from our State in order to incorporate part of the practices, as are being carried on in Georgia, in their forestry program. It is quite unfortunate that we are unable to meet all of these requests.
Exhibits: Many request have been received from civic organizations, fair officials, and individuals that the Division of Forestry prepare or assist in the preparation of an educational exhibit pertaining to forestry. The Educational Department has cooperated with these just as far as has been possible. Exhibits have been prepared and shown in many of the.vocational schools, at the Macon State Fair for the past two years and at the Slash Pine Forestry Festival, held in Waycross, for the past two years. Funds have limited very much the number and size of these exhibits. Much good can be accomplished through this type of educational work in that it brings to the attention of those seeing the exhibits, in a manner that could not be done otherwise, new ideas and methods pertaining to the better practices of Forestry.
Much credit is due the Department of Vocational Education and the State Superintendent of Schools for their cooperation and assistance in carrying on the school forestn program.

TREE NURSERIES
The Division of ForestrY, in cooperation with the Federal Government, operates two nurseries for raising seedlings of different species, to be distributed to the citizens of the State. One of these nurseries is located in north Georgia and the other one in south Georgia. They

REPORT FOR 1935 AND 1936

17

are located in different sections of the State in order to raise different species of trees more successfully.
The demand for seedlings has increased from year to year and at no time has the Division of Forestry been able to supply the demand. Plans are being made to increase the facilities at both of these nurseries Equipment has already been installed at the South Georgia Nursery to make it possible to raise an additional two million seedlings during the next season. The nursery in north Georgia will also be expanded and equipment installed to make it possible to raise a larger amount of seedlings during the next season than has ever been raised at any previous time.

State Tree Nursery, Albany, Ga.
Requests for seedlings have come from 78 counties in Georgia. These counties are distributed throughout the entire State, showing that people in every section of the State are becoming interested in the reforestation program. A total of 176 orders has been received, varying from a small number of seedlings to several thousand in some instances. These seedlings are sold, in accordance with terms of the Clarke-McNary Law, at cost, making it possible for the landowners of the State toreforest their lands very cheaply
The number of seedlings distributed has increased every year. The amount distributed for 1933 was 766,953; for 1934, 593,313, for 1935,

18

FORESTRY AND GEOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT

3,110,500 , and for 1936, 4,376,200. These seedlings are distributed upon application to the State Forester and may be secured by any citizen in the State who places his order before the supply is exhausted.

FIRE STATISTICS
Forest fires in Georgia for the period of 1935 and 1936 were less prevalent than in the previous biennial period. The public is gradually developing sentiment against burning the woods, fewer are purposely burning their woods. Still there are some landowners who still burn for cattle, but this practice as well as burning in naval stores operations is gradually decreasing.
During the past two years much valuable assistance has been given to the landowners of the State in fighting forest fires bY the COO boYs. During the period covered by this report a total of 17,647 man-days were spent by enrollees in fighting forest fires. Their efforts saved the timber landowner of Georgia many millions of young trees and many thousands of dollars of property loss.
A report of forest fire losses for the years 1935 and 1936 is given herewith.
Fire Statistics for 1935.
Number of fires, 12,452; total acres burned over 2,423,630.
Number of fires on areas of the Timber Protective Organizaton 2,401; acres covered 284,726; damage, $405,454, percentage burned, 6.2%. Number of fires on unprotected land, 10,141; acres covered 2,423,630; percentage burned 13%. The total damage to protected land was $405,454 and to unprotected land $4,377,000.
Fire Statistics for 1936.
Number of fires 26,051; total acres burned over 5,741,623 acres.
Number of fires on areas of Timber Protective Organizations 1,411; acres covered 87,623 acres.
Number of fires unprotected land 24,640, acres covered 5,654,700 acres.
Total damage to protected land $89,824. Total damage to unprotected land $6,331,700. Percentage burned protected land 2.6%. Percentage burned unprotected land 30%.

STATE PARKS
A system of State Parks located within easy reach of the citizens of the State of Georgia has been the goal of the Department of Fore3try

REPORT FOR 1935 AND 1936

19

and Geological Development for many years. This goal has been partiallY reached in the establishment of eight State Parks, namely

Indian Springs-Butts County Vogel-Union County Alex. H. Stephans-Taliaferro County Fort Mountain-Murray County Pine Mountain-Harris County Chehaw-Lee-Dougherty counties Little Ocmulgee-Telfair-Wheeler counties Santo Domingo-Glynn County

In the selection of the site of each of these parks, much thought was given to the suitability of the areas as to their forest growth, natural beauty, proximity to main highways, population to be served, historic, archaeologic and geologic interest, and the possibility for the development of out-door recreation.

The State Park System is being developed through the cooperation of the Department of Forestry and Geological Development of the State of Georgia with the Branch of Recreational Planning and State Cooperation of the National Park Service, Department of The Interior, United States Government. Since January 1st, 1935, two new parks have been added.. Chehaw State Park in Lee and Dougherty counties with 800 acres, and Little Ocmulgee State Park in Telfair and Wheeler counties with 1,000 acres. Between the years 1933 and 1936 the number of State Parks in Georgia has been increased from three to eight. Of the eight State Parks, seven are Recreational areas, and one-Santo Domingo-is a State Monument.

The attendance in State Parks has increased from approximately 160,000 in 1933 to 605,000 in 1936. Followin!; is a tabulation showing the attendance at Georgia State Parks for the year 1933:
Indian Springs__________________________________100,000 Vogel__________________________ ___ __ ________ 50,000
Alex. H. Stephens ______ -------------- __ ___ _ 10,000

Total_ --- --------------------------- _160,000

Following is a tabulation showing the estimated attendance for

the year 1936

Indian Springs ____ _

__ 250,000

VogeL ___ _

__100,000

Alex. H. Stephens ______ _

--- - 75,000

Fort Mountain___________ _

25,000

Pine Mountain__________ _ ------ ______________ 100,000

LCiht et lheaOwc. _m_u__lg__e_e______________________-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_- -_- - - - - -

25,000 25,000

Santo Domingo __ -- _______ _________ _

5,000

---.-

Total_

_605,000

20

FORESTRY AND GEOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT

All of Georgia's State Parks are still incomplete, and all exCfpt Indian Springs and Santo Domingo still under construction. The increase in attendance is indicative of a still larger increase as additional recreational facilities are completed for use by the public.

The acreage in State Parks has increased from approximately 200 aores in 1933 to 5,000 in 1936. This 5,000 acres does not include 3,000 acreswhicharebeing donated to the State at the present time, nor 7,000 acres being acquired by the U.S. Government at Alex. H. Stephens and Pine Mountain State Parks. Below is a tabulation showing the status of the acreage in State Parks as of January 1st, 1937

Land Additional

Pa.rkName Owned Land Being

Remarks

by State Acquired

Indian Springs__ _ 158 Acres.5000 Acres ___Proposed for acquisition by

U. S. Government, but tem-

Vogel _____________ 257 " 5000 "

porarily dropped. State proposes to eliminate

private holdings within mas-

ter plan and to secure land

use permit on about 4,800 acres

within master plan from U.s.

Forest Service.

A. H. Stephens___ 220

3000 "

Fort Mountain____ 725 " 2000 "

By U. S. Government. Being donated to State. Deeds being made as fast as titles

can be cleared.

Pine Mountain ___ l458 " _5000 " ___By U.S. Government.

Ohehaw ---------- 800 " _3000 " ___Proposed for acquisition. Little Ocmulgee___ lOOO " .1000 " ___Acquisition of additional area

to make possible the develop-

ment of a large lake at this

park is being rapidly com-

pleted.

Santo Domingo___ 350! " 20 " ___Being acquired by State.

The U.S. Government has made available to the State, through the National Park Service, EOW and RDP funds from 1933 and 1936, as follows
1933___________________________$ 225,000 Approximately

1934___________________________ 1,350,CXXl

"

1935_____________ -------------- 1,500,000

"

1936______ --------- ---- ~ -- ----- 1,000,000

TotaL ______ -------- ______$4,075,000

"

The above funds were expended under the supervision of the National Park .Service and all bills were paid by Finance Officers of the U.S. Government.

REPORT FOR 1935 AND 1936

21

Despite the fact that the State has provided practically no technical personnel for design and supervision of construction, preliminary master plans have been completed for the above eight (B) State Parks. Tentative construction schedules and estimates have been submitted to the National Park Service for their approval on the work necessary to complete these eight State Parks.
A brief description of the work completed in each State Park follows:

INDIAN SPRINGS
Trails and roads have been built throughout the Park; picnic grounds provided ; a stone arch entrance bridge constructed ; the old wooden casino replaced by a new stone building; a stone museum building erected; the water supply system extended and improved; the comfort station remodeled, parking areas provided, and much landscape work and planting done.

VOGEL
A large stone Inn is nearing completion at Neel Gap. In the Nottely Falls area, just north of Neel Gap open air fireplaces, picnic tables, comfort station, picnic shelter, parking areas and complete facilities for picnics have been provided. This area has been landscaped and planted with many thousands of trees and flowering shrubs. A trail shelter cabin has been constructed on the top of Blood Mountain on the Applachian Trail. Three and a half miles north of Neel Gap a large dam has been constructed, creating a 00--acre lake. In the Lake Area roads and trails have been constructed, and a bath house, Caretaker's house and six vacation cottages have also been built. Water supply and sewerage disposal systems have been constructed and much planting and beautification work done. The lake has been stocked with rainbow trout.

ALEX. H. STEPHENS
Liberty Hall and its out-buildings, grounds and furnishings have been restored. A bath house, lake, observation and water tower, and comfort stations constructed. Three picnic areas with parking areas, shelters, open air fireplaces, barbecue pits, picnic tables, etc., have been completed. Several miles of trails and park roads have been constructed. Much landscape work and thousands of trees and flowering shrubs have been planted. Water and sewerage facilities have been installed.
An organized camp for 10() campers and a large lake are under construction.

22

FORESTRY AND GEOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT

Spring House Indian Spring State Park, Butts County.

View Blood Mt. Gorge, Vogel State Park, Union County.

REPORT FOR 1935 AND 1936
FORT MOUNTAIN
A park road from the State highway to a point near the top of Fort Mountain has been constructed. A parking area on Fort Mountain and picnic shelter built. Several miles of trail have been constructed and much clean-up work has been done. Investigation and plans for further work are now in progress. A stone observation tower has been erected on the top of Fort Mountain.
PINE MOUNTAIN
A large stone Inn has been completed on the top of Pine Mountain. Pine Mountain parkway from Tip Top to the Inn is rapidly nearing completion. Construction is in progress on the section of the> parkway east of the Inn. A parking area, water supply and sewerage system for the Inn have been constructed. Six vacation cabins, custodian's house, water and sewerage systems have been constructed in the Lake Area. A large dam, creating a 20-acre lake is nearing completion in this area. A play area is also nearing completion. Several miles of roads and trails in the park have been constructed. Seven fish-rearing pools have been constructed. Much clean-up work and planting have been completed.
An organized camp for 100 campers and a large lake are under construction.
CHEHAW
An entrance road has been constructed, picnic area, picnic shelter, open air fireplaces, picnic tables and seats have been provided. A sewerage and water supply system is under construction. Several miles of trails have been constructed. Snags have beE;n removed from the boat channel of Muckalee Creek. Much landscape work and planting have been completed.
LITTLE OCMULGEE
A main park entrance road has been constructed. A recreational building is rapidly nearing completion. A parking area is under construction. Much clean-up work, landscaping and planting have been done. Plans have been completed for a dam to create a large lake.
SANTO DOMINGO
An entrance gate, a Spanish type Inn, foot trails, park road, water supply and sewerage disposal system have been constructed. Much landscape work and plantinghavebeen done in the Park. Trails have been marked with signs, directing visitors to points of interest. Large lagoons have been constructed and planted with water plants. An underground power system has been constructed. The ruins on this park have been preserved and marked.

24

FORESTRY. AND GEOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT

Liberty Hall Alex. H. Stephens State Park, Taliaferro County.
Picnic Shelter Fort Mountain State Park, Murray County.

REPORT FOR 1935 AND 1936

25

The Federal Government's cooperative arrangement with the various States to assist them in the creation of a system of State Parks, State Monuments, and Recreational Areas is based upon each State having an adequate administrative organization competent to administer and maintain their developments. During the construCtion period, the States must have sufficient technical help to properly design and supervise the construCtion of all improvements. The State must have sufficient funds to purchase equipment that the Federal Government will not purchase, and also to furnish some of the materials necessary in the larger jobs. The Department of Forestry & Geological Development has been severely handicapped in taking advantage of Government aid due to the small amount of State funds made available during the years 1933 to 1936, inclusive, for this work.
Unless a large increase in State appropriations for State Park work is made, there is grave danger that all CCC aCtivities on State Parks may be stopped by the Federal Government. The small contribution of State funds to this work, shown in the financial statement for 1935 and 1936, should be contrasted with the $2,500,000 spent by the Federal Government for permanent improvements that must be maintained.

26

FORESTRY AND GEOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT

Vacation Cottage. Lake Area, Pine Mt. State Park, Harris County.

Lake Scene Chehaw State Park, Lee-Dougherty Counties.

REPORT FOR 1935 AND 1936

27

Woodland Trail Little Ocomulgee State Park, Telfair-Wheeler Counties.
Inn Santo-Domingo State Park, Glynn County.

28

FORESTRY AND GEOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT

REPORT OF THE DIVISION OF GEOLOGY
BY Richard W Smith, State Geologist

FUNCTIONS OF 'rHE DIVISION OF GEOLOGY
The primarY function of the Division of Geology is the survey and development of the State's mineral resources. This results in the creation of more taxable property, thus adding to the prosperity of the State. This cannot be done by mere enthusiastic statements that Georgia contains a wide variety of mineral resources, but by presenting the FACTS as to the location, extent, and commercial possibilities of these undeveloped mineral resources. The Division of Geology collects and publishes as many of these facts as its finances will allow. Reports are also published on the fundamental geological and phYsiographic information necessary for an intelligent search for new deposits and new minerals.
Far too much of our mineral wealth is now being shipped in the crude form to industries outside of the State that fabricate the raw material into finished products. When the people of Georgia realize the wealth that lies buried beneath their feet, they will be williDg to furnish the capital to establish industries within the State that will convert the raw mineral wealth into more valuable finished products. The prosperitY of Geor~a demands and its resources deserve a better balance between agriculture and industries based on local raw materials.
PERSONNEL
The personnel of the Division of Geology consists of the State Geologist, two Assistant State Geologists, a secretary, and a porter.
State Geologist Richard W Smith, a graduate of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Cornell University, was Assistant State Geologist from 1926 until the death in October, 1933, of the late S. W McCallie, former State Geologist. At that time he was appointed Acting State Geologist and in December, 1933, was elected by the Commission to succeed Mr. McCallie as State Geologist.
Assistant State Geologists Geoffrey W Crickmay, who has been Assistant State Geologist since 1930, is a graduate of the University of British Columbia and of Yale UniversitY.
Lane Mitchell, of Atlanta, a graduate of the Georgia School of Technology, the University of Illinois, and Rutgers UniversitY, was appointed Assistant State Geologist in June, 1934. In September, 1936, he was granted a year's leave of absence to teach ceramics at the Georgia School of Technology during the absence of Dr. A. V HenrY.

REPORT FOR 1935 AND 1936

29

NATURE OF THE WORK
Investigations of Mineral Resources and Geology: The major work of the Division of Geology is the investigation of the mineral resources of the State. Itis necessary to keep in touch with the mines and mineral industries to learn what they are doing and to see if they can be assisted in any way to increase their output and markets and to lower their costs. Newly discovered deposits of minerals should be investigated to ascertain if possible their commercial value.
Technical reports and popular articles should be prepared, published, and distributed. One mineral at a time, or a group of related minerals, is selected for intensive investigation of the deposits throughout the State. The resulting report describes the geology and occurrence of the deposits, gives individual property descriptions, including thickness of deposits and overburden, and makes recommendations as to the best means for developing the deposits. General reports on the geology or physiography of the State and geologic maps, the basic information necessary for an intelligent search for undiscovered mineral deposits, should be published.
The series of 45 such reports of bulletins of uniformly high standard that have already been published has done much to increase the development of Georgia's mineral industry. A series of timely popular articles has been published in the Department's monthlY paper, the

Air photo of Stone Mountain, DeKalb County, showing one of the large granite quarries at its foot. Photo by Percival Cobb, Candler
Field.

30

FORESTRY AND GEOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT

Forestry-Geological Review. Several of these have been reprinted for wider distribution as information circulars . Papers on Georgia geology and mineral resources have been presented at national scientific societies.
Clearing House for Mineral Information The Division of Geology serves as a clearing house for geological and mineralogical information. People within the State write, call, or phone for advice in developing their mineral deposits, digging or boring water wells, or investing in mining companies. The mineral producers ask for help in developing new mining or treatment methods and finding new markets for their products or new deposits of the minerals in which they are interested. The Georgia Securities Commission often consults the State Geologist on the advisability of allowing mining companies to sell stock within the State. Municipalities ask advice on possible sources of a city water supply. Thousands of letters are received from all over the country asking for information on Georgia's mineral resources. Some of these can be answered by sending the printed reports, others bY personal letters ba~ed on the experience of the Division's personnel.
Hundreds of rocks and minerals from all parts of the State are sent in by property owners for identification and advice. In the past the personnel of the division included a chemist who made assays and chemical analyses of important samples sent in for identification or collected by the State Geologist and his assistants. Lack of finances has caused this service to be temporarilY discontinued although in the most urgent cases samples are sent to outside chemists when funds are available to pay the cost.
Visitors to the office bringing in samples for identification and inquiring about Georgia's mineral resources have averaged 125 monthlY. An average of 200 letters a month have been answered and an average of 100 bulletins a month have been distributed. No check was made on the number of inquiries answered by telephone or the number of copies of Review articles and information circulars distributed.

WORK ACCOMPLISHED IN 1935-1936
The work of the Division of Geology for the past two Years was greatly handicapped by lack of appropriations. The expenditures, in round numbers, were $13,500 for 1935 and $13,600 for 1936 contrasted with $20,000 each for 1931 and 1932. The Division of Geology was able to operate under these reduced funds only by cutting all salaries 20 per cent, including a voluntary cut by the State Geologist for most of the time, b;y granting one of the Assistant State Geologists a year's leave of absence without pa;y, by cutting out the services of the chemist for the Division and the guide to the State Museum, by cutting down on the field work of the Division, and by limiting the output of published reports. Chemical analyses and assays are a very necessary

REPORT FOR 1935 AND 1936

31

part of the work of the Division and this service should be restored as soon as possible.

COOPERATIVE WORK WITH THE UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
The United States Geological Survey in 1934 and 1935 received grants from Public Works Funds for mineral and geological investigations in the southeastern states. The work in Georgia was in cooperation with the Division of Geology of the Georgia Department of Forestry and Geological Development. It included investigations of the gold deposits, the kyanite and vermiculite deposits, the bleaching clay deposits, and a study of the geology and underground waters of the Warm Springs region.
Gold The gold investigation included visits to every known gold mine and prospect in Georgia, and detailed geologic studies of certain important mines and mining areas in Cherokee, Dawson, Lumpkin, and White counties. The general results of this investigation were printed in the Forestry-Geological Review and reprinted as an information circular, of which 3,000 copies have been distributed. The U. S. Geological Survey offered the detailed report for publication by the Georgia Division of Geology but, as much as a detailed gold report is needed, the offer had to be refused because of lack of printing funds.
Kyanite and Vermiculite Kyanite and vermiculite are examples of minerals long known to science for which commercial uses have been developed in recent years. Kya.aite is an aluminum silicate used in the manufacture of fire brick and other refractories to enable them to withstand extremely high heat. Vermiculite is a hYdrous mica that bas the property of expanding when heated to a very light, fluffy powder used as a heat insulator and in the manufacture of acoustical wallboard. The investigation of these minerals by the U.aited States Geological Survey was undertaken at the request of the State Geologist. It resulted in the finding of large quantities of kyanite in north and middle Georgia. The report of the investigation was published early i.a 1935 as Bulletin 46 of the Division of Geology and bas already resulted in a considerable increase in the amount of kl<anite mined in Georgia. Further interest in the kyanite deposits of Georgia was aroused by a paper given bl< the State Geologist at a joint meeting in September, 1936, of the American Institute of Mining Engineers and the American Ceramic Society. The investigation of the vermiculite deposits was incomplete and the deposits should be further studied as soon as funds are available.
Bleaching Clays Bleaching clays have long been one of the major mineral products of Georgia. They include the fullers earths of southwest Georgia used in refining mineral oils and the bleaching clays of middle Georgia used in refining vegetable oils. The trend of the petroleum industry is towards the use of activated bleaching clays,

32

FORESTRY AND GEOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT

not at present mined in Georgia, and the production of fullers earth in Georgia is gradually declining. The investigation by the United S~ates Geological Survey in 19:!4 and 1935 revealed deposits in middle and south Georgia of the activated clays, but was not in sufficient detail to show the size or extent of the deposits. Funds are urgently needed to make a study of these deposits if Georgia is to maintain her place as the leading producer of bleaching clays in the United States.
Warm Springs Investigation The study of the geology, underground waters, and mineral resources of the Warm Springs area begun in 1934 was continued in 1935. A topographic map of the area, embracing parts of Meriwether, Harris, Talbot, and Upson counties, has just been published. The geologic report, including a study of the origin of the warm and cold springs in the area, will be published by the United States Geological Survey.

PROJECTS UNDER WAY
Geologic Map and Report Mining men have long been asking for a detailed large-scale geologic map of Georgia showing the various types of rocks that underlie the State, together with a report describing the rocks, their structural relations, and their relation to the commercial minerals. Work on this started in 1930. The State Geologist has made a cooperative agreement with the United States Geological Survey whereby the State of Georgia will map and write the report on the northern half of Georgia and the United States Geological Survey will do the same for the southern half of Georgia. The Division of Geology has mapped the crystalline rocks of the Piedmont and Mountain section and the section of the report on them is completed. It is hoped that funds will be available to map the sedimentary rocks of northwest Georgia this Spring. The United States Geological Survey has remapped the geology of the Coastal Plain and is preparing this section of the report. Unless a further cooperative agreement can be made, the State of Georgia will have to bear the cost of printing the map, which will be about $5,000, and the cost of printing the report on the geology of Georgia, which will be about $2,500.
School Museums The collection of rocks and minerals in the State Museum at the capitol attracts hundreds of visitors daily, including many school children. It is impossible, however, for school children from all over the State to come to Atlanta to see this museum. The Division of Geology has, therefore, undertaken the tremendous task of collecting a large number of specimens of 75 common rocks and minerals found in Georgia for distribution as local museums in the schools of the University System and in high schools throughout the State. A set has been offered to at least one high school in every county and apprmdmately 165 of these sets were placed during 1935 and 1936, as shown in the accompanYing map. Each specimEn in these school museums is labeled and is displayed on a painted wooden block. The

REPORT FOR 1935 AND 1936

33

-~-:

A typical school museum in its cabinet-Columbus High School, Columbus, Georgia.
only cost to the school is that of a locked glass case or cases for the display '"and transportation charges for shipping. Many enthusiastic letters have been received from school superintendents telling of the value of thesE school museums in teaching the mineral resources of Georgia. The State Geologist hopes to place one of these museums in every high school in Georgia.

34

FORESTRY AND GEOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT

OUTLINE

MAP

OF

GEORGIA

Showing Distribution of School Museums
High Schools (Installed)
0 High Schools (unaccepted) University System (installed)

University System (unaccepted)

Map showing distribution by the Division of Geology of school museums containing 75 common rocks and minerals of Georgia.
Well Logs and Cuttings The Division of Geology has recently assembled on standard forms the logs of all deep wells on record and is making a determined effort, through cooperation with well drillers, to get a complete log and well cuttings from all new deep wells drilled in the State. Through this information it is often possible t:> predict the depth necessary to drill for water and the amount and quality of the water that may be struck. The people of Georgia are asked to report to

REPORT FOR 1935 AND 1936

35

the State Geologist any new wells that are being drilled. Report blanks for recording the log of the well and cloth sacks for keeping the well cuttings will be furnished the well driller free of charge. Such information on file where it is available to future drillers will be of invaluable service to the community.

STATUS OF THE MINERAL INDUSTRY IN GEORGIA
The value of the mineral production of Georgia slumped from a peak of nearly $14,000,000 per year in the years 1927 to 1929 to a low of less than $8,000,000 in 1933. Since that time the value of Georgia's mineral production has shown a slow but steady increase, the figures for 1934 being slightly more than $8,000,000 and for 1935 nearly $10,000,000. The details for the 1934 mineral production were given in the Forestry-Geological Review for February, 1936, and the ones for 1935 will be given in an early issue of the Review. The State Geologist expects that the figures for 1936, when assembled, will total over $11,000,000.
Kaolin : The Georgia kaolin industry is especially flourishing and the 1936 production will be the largest on record. Recent improvements in processing the kaolin have greatly improved the product, allowing Georgia kaolin io largely replace the white clays formerly imported from England for use in filling and coating white paper and for ceramic uses. Georgia now furnishes over 60 per cent of the domestic consumption of white clay. The manUfacture of refractories from Georgia kaolin is also increasing.
Building Stones The production of Georgia granite and marble was especially hard hit during the depression, but is now staging a good recovery. The monumental granite industry of the Elberton district is especially flourishing and the stone is being shipped all over the United States.
Gold: Georgia's gold mining industry is having its greatest revival in some 20 or 30 years. The greater part of Georgia's gold production in the past has come from the stream placer deposits and from the weathered free-milling portions of the gold veins. Attempts to recover the gold from the deep unweathered sulphide portions of the veins have met with but little success, largely because the veins are generally low-grade, except for pockets and streaks of high-grade ore, and the recovery processes are expensive. The greatest boon to the gold mining industry in Georgia would be a centrally located custom milling plant and smelter to which the property owners of the many small veins could send their sulphide ore for recovery of the gold during the process of exploring the veins and blocking out tonnages sUfficiently large to justify erecting a mill of their own. The assistance of the Federal Government should be sought in building and operating this custom mill and smelter.

36

FORESTRY AND GEOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT

Head frame of the Battle Branch Gold Mine near Auraria, Lumpkin County, one of the most successful underground gold mines now being operated.
RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FUTURE WORK
Geologic Map and Report
Very little additional work is needed to complete the manuscript of the geologic map of Georgia and its accompanying report, described above. The necessary funds should be provided to publish it as soon as possible. The need for this map and report cannot be over-emphasized.
Bleaching Clays
Sufficient funds should be provided as soon as possible for a thorough investigation, including prospecting and bleaching tests on the samples, of all types of bleaching clays in Georgia. As stated above, the petroleum industry is gradually turning from the use of fullers earth, in the production of which Georgia has led the United States, to other types of bleaching clays of which Georgia may have large deposits.
Granites
No report has been issued on Georgia granites since 1902, although granite quarrying is one of our major mineral industries. Many important deposits are not described in the early report. The Division of Geology has received many requests from thf granite producers for such a report. The investigation should include a study of new usEs for the wastes of the industry, particularly the fine granite dust.

REPORT FOR 1935 AND 1936

37

Gold
A comprehensive investigation of the gold deposits of Georgia was made in 1934 and 1935 by the United States Geological Survey, who offered to furnish the Georgia Division of Geology a complete detailed report ready for publication. Such a report is badly needed as both of the old bulletins on the gold deposits of Georgia are out of print, but the Division of Geology did not have the funds for printing such a report. Funds should be made available to the Division of Geology at once to revise this report and print it.
General Reports
The two most popular bulletins of the Geological Survey have been the general one on the Mineral Resources of Georgia, and the educational one on the Physical Geography of Georgia that shows the origin of the physical features of the State and their relation to distribution of population, industry and agriculture. Supplies of these bulletins are low, and new and revised editions should be published as soon as possible. The popular Handbook on the Mineral Resources of Georgia is out of print and a new and revised edition should be printed in sufficient numbers to distribute to the schools of the State.
Guide to Scenery of Georgia
The varied scenery of Georgia is a potential natural resource th a has long been neglected. Thousands of tourists annually pass through Georgia on their way to and from Florida. They should be induced to visit the points of scenic interest in Georgia rather than to hurry through along the shortest route. The Division of Geology has material on hand to prepare a Popular Guide to the Scenery and Geology along and close to some of the main highways, brief but well illustrated. Similar guides to other tourist routes in Georgia could be prepared. Publication awaits necessary funds.
State Museum
The State Geologist is the custodian of the State Museum on the fourth floor of the capitol. This museum includes exhibits of rocks and minerals, forestry, wild animal life and birds, agriculture, entomology, and archaeology. The Museum is viewed each year by thousands of visitors, both Georgians and people from other states who are passing through Atlanta. Its educational value is shown by the hundreds of school teachers who annually bring their classes to study the exhibits. The exhibits, while superior to many state museums, are crowded and poorly lighted. Many of them have not been changed for years. As soon as possible they should be modernized. Indirect lighting within the cases should be installed as soon as funds are available. Some modernization of the geological exhibits has already been accomplished, including a very popular exhibit of fluorescent minerals.

38

FORESTRY AND GEOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT

The State of Georgia will probably in the future build a capitol annex office building on the state-owned property facing the capitol on Capitol Square. When and if this is done, provision should be made to devote an entire floor, preferably the ground floor, to a modem State Museum such as exists in other states. This should contain adequate room for the expansion of the museum. The fund for equipping the building should contain provision for modem display cases. Provision should be made for a curator and for guides to show visitors through the museum.

COOPERATIVE STREAM GAGING
The water flowing in Georgia's streams is her largest natural resource and one about which she knows little. In spite of popular belief, artesian water supplies are not always dependable. Georgia is the only state in the Southeast and one of only five in the whole United States that is not gaging the flow of her streams. Yet this information is a vital necessity for locating any large industry, for the planning of municipal water supplies, for designing bridges and their approaches, for controlling stream pollution, for planning any hydro-electric power development, for flood prediction and control, for soil erosion control for drainage of agricultural lands, for navigation control, and for the settlement of disputes concerning riparian rights. Chemical and bacterial analyses of the water flowing in the streams at various stages are also necessary for many of these uses.
Dr. Charles H. Herty, Georgia's well-known industrial chemist says "Georgia should be taken out of GUESSDOM into FACTDOM Daily inquiries come into this office as to the volume of flow of our streams and the quality of the waters of the various sections of the State Unfortunately, I have to reply that we have practically no information on this subject. Yet to the paper-maker it is absolutely essential information. A great industrial development in the South is just ahead. Georgia should be prepared to get its share of this development. This is a matter of vital interest to every section of the State, for the records show that seventy per cent of the papermills in the United States and Canada are on locations not suited to navigation."
A minimum annual appropriation of $15,000 is necessarY to start this work. The amount appropriated bY the State will be matched by an equal amount from the United States Geological Survey and the work will be done by their experts under the supervision of the State Geologist and a Federal engineer whose office would be located in Atlanta. Such work to be of value must be continued over enough Years to cover extra high floods and extra dry seasons. Georgia should start this work at once.

REPORT FOR 1935 AND 1936

39

WATER
GEORGI AS UNKNOWN
NATURAL RESOURCE
Georgias largest natural resource and the one about which she knows least ia the water aupply in her streams and undersround. The volume qf water that a stream carries var ies from day to day month to month, and year to year. Daily measurements over a pefiod of years are necessary to get the FACTS about the flow of our streams
GEORGIA IS THE ONLY STATE IN
THE SOUTHEAST THAT IS NOT COLLECTING THESE VERY NECESSARY FACTS
LOOK INSIDE THIS CASE TO SEE
WHY THESE FACTS ARE NECESSARY

STREAM FLOW MEASUREMENTS ARE NECESSARY FOR:
(I) INDUSTRIAL WATER SUPPLIES (2) MUNICIPAL WATER SUPPLIES (3) DESIGNING OF BRIDGES AND HIGHWAYS (4) CONTROLLING STREAM POLLUTION (5) WATER POWER (6) FLOOD PREDICTION AND CONTROL (7) SOIL EROSION CONTROL (8) pRAINAGE (9) NAVIGATION OOl RIPARIAN RIGHTS
READ ON AND SEE WHY!

INDUSTRIAL WATER SUPPLIES
c'AN GEORGIA GET ANOTHER LARGE PAPER MILL LIKE THIS!

IS GEORGIA A BACKWARD STATE?
EVERY STATE IN THE SOUTHEST BUT GEORGIA IS MAKING APPROPRIATIONS FOR MEASURING THE FLOW OF THEIR STREAMS

o, Charb

!1111 1011 I Mt ANCI h ' f ' COIUOUTIOfO ~ li(W h U l A! \~V~ NIUII . c.l o.tC.U. . l'ttOTCI t f .lllt.WU CCIJilfllllloOOo
H. Herty has shown that paper of ail .kinds

and rayon can be made from Georgia pine a nd gum.

Wate r in large quantitie5o is just as necessary as wood

in lo<ating a paper mill. 6eorgia is not now gaging

the flow of her streams. adjoining states are.

OTHER SOUTHERN STATES WILL GET THE FUTURE PAPER AND RAYON MILLS
UNLESS GEORGIA WAKES UP!
Read on and see what Dr: Herty has to say about ths

Tennessee has 100 stream gaging stations. Virginia has 85 stream gag;og stations. ~orth Carolina has bO >tream gag;ng stations. Florida has 45 stream gaging stat ions. Soolh Carolina has 21 stream g.oging stations. Alabama has 39 stream gag;ng stations
GEORG lA HAS MORE STREAMS THAT SHOULD BE 6A6ED THAN ANY OF TI-IESE STATES AND HAS MORE NAVI6ABLE STREAMS. LARGELY UNDEVElOPED THAN ANY STATE IN THE UNITED STATES.
GEORGIA DOES NOT KNOW THE FACTS ABOUT THE FLOW AND QUALITY OF HER STREAMS
IN THIS RESPECT 6EOR6JA IS A BACKWARD STATE
GAGE OUR STREAMS!

Four of the 64 posters of the new exhibit in the State MuseuDJ. showing the need for Ineasuring the flow of Georgia's streaJDs and analyzing their water.

40

FORESTRY AND GEOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT

COOPERATIVE TOPOGRAPmC MAPPING
Accurate maps are necessary for many kinds of agricultural, industrial, and engineering activities. The most accurate maps made in this country are the topographic maps made by the United States Geological Survey, and they are in great demand for all sorts of purposes. These maps are made on the scale of one inch equals one mile and very accurately show every stream, road, house, as well as the elevation and slope of the ground by means of contour lines that represent points of equal elevation. By means of these maps highways can be relocated in the office, eliminating all but the final stake-setting surveys , citY and town water supplies and sewers can be planned areas of stream valleys flooded by dams can be estimated, and all kinds of engineering, mining, and industrial projects can be laid out. Less than half of Georgia has been thus mapped, mostly in the northern part of the State, and many of these maps were made years ago on a different scale with poorer methods and need revision. No accurate maps of any kind have been made of many counties in Georgia.
So great has been the demand throughout the country for these maps in recent years that the United States Geological Survey has been forced to limit this work to states that will cooperate by paYing half of the expenses. The onlY topographic map made in recent years in Georgia is that of the Warm Springs area, financed by a grant frcm Public Works funds. Georgia should appropriate enough, to be matched by an equal amount from the Federal Government, to map at least one or two areas each year. The work will be done by trained topographers under supervision of and in areas picked out by the State Geologist.

COOPERATION WITH GEORGIA ENGINEERING EXPERIMENT STATION
In addition to finding the location and extent of Georgia's minerai resources, much needs to be done in finding new uses for these minerals by carefully supervised experimental research work on them. The State Geologist recommends that this be done by establishing a mineral fellowship, under the direction of the State Geologist, at the Georgia Engineering Experiment Station located at the Georgia School of Technology The Division of Geology should pay the salary and part of the expenses of a research man at the Engineering Experiment Station who would devote his whole time to research on working out new uses for Georgia minerals. By this method new industries using local raw materials could be induced to locate in Georgia.

REPORT FOR 1935 AND 1936

41

All of this very necessary work toward developing and advertising the mineral resources of Georgia cannot be done on the small appropriations that the Division of Geology has received in recent years. A budget has been submitted asking for an appropriation for geologic work in 1937 and 1938 of $65,000 per year, exclusive of cooperative Federal funds. Twice this amount could be spent with great advantage to the State.
The Division of Geology has accomplished much in 1935 and 1936 with its very limited funds. It has answered thousands of inquiries about the State's mineral resources and has published and distributed a number of articles, information circulars and bulletins on various minerals. It has distributed 165 museums of common rocks and minerals of Georgia to schools all over the State. Other projects under way will bear fruit in later years.

42

FORESTRY AND GEOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY AND GEOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT STATEMENT OF RECEIPTS AND PAYMENTS YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 1935 RECEIPTS
REVENUE

Grants from U S. Government__ _

Gifts for Operations____ _

Interest on Savings Account_

Rents _

Fees__ "_

Sale of Nursery Seedlings___

_$

Refunds_

$ 67,758.76 500.00 20.65 65.97 20.00
1,806.19 48.00 1,758.19

TOTAL-REVENUE RECEIPTS __

$ 70,123.57

NON-REVENUE

Transfers from State Treasury for Operations_________________$ 41 750.00

Outlay (Alex. H. Stephens Park)____________ _____ 2,500.00

Transfer from Nursery Seed-

ling to Maintenance_

1,000.00

TOTAL--NON-REVENUE_

45,250.00

TOTAL--RECEIPTS __ BALANCES-.JANUARY 1, 1935
For Regular Maintenance Account_ For Nursery Seedling Account__

$115,373.57
3,974.60 1,908.20 5,882.80

TOTAL ___ __ ___

$121,256.37

PAYMENTS

GOVERNMENTAL COST EXPENSE

Personal Service__

__$ 38,563.69

Travel Expense__ _

6,914.87

Supplies and Materials_

1,621.86

Communication___ _

1,598.17

Heat, Light, Power and Water

301.62

Stamping, Printing, Binding and Publicity 1,888.63

Repairs and Alterations_

225.45

Rents_

45.50

Insurance and Bonding_ Grants ____ _

100.00 51,929.31

Equipment__ _

2,001.60

Miscellaneous_

310.98

TOTAL_

--- -$105' 501. 68

REPORT FOR 1935 AND 1936

43

GOVERNMENTAL COST-OUTLAY

Land-Alexander H. Stephens Park$ 1,500.00

Equipment___

- --------- - ----

77.45

1,577.45

$107,079 .13

Transfer from Nursery Seedling to Maintenance

Account_____

1,000.00

BALANCES-DECEMlJER 31, 1935 :

108 ,079.13

Outlay

_$ 922.55

Maintenance Account __ _-.-_

10,254.82

Nursery Seedling Account___

1,867.29

Santo Domingo Park AccounL __

132.58

13,177 . 24

$121,256.37

FORESTRY

DISBURSEMENTS IN 1935

Personal Services___ _ Travel ExPense __ _ Supplies and Material_ Communication____ ___ ________ _
Heat, Light, Power and Water Printing, including Review Repairs and alterations ___ Rents ___ _ Bond for TrEasurer____ ___ ___
Grants Georgia ExPeriment Station_ Vocational Forestry Camp_ T. P 0. Refunds___ _
Equipment__ __
Miscellaneous _

_$ 26,164.05 5 ,368.93 442 .92 1,214.20 .00 817.28 6.25 18.50 67.00 25.00 720 .73 51,183.58 84 . 17 29.35

NURSERY
Personal Services______ ___ _ Supplies and MateriaL __ Heat, Light, Power and Water Printing______ __ _ Repairs and Alterations_ Rents ______ __ Equipment__ _ Miscellaneous_

$ 86,141.96
_$ 1,008.90 491.31 141.52 34.50 50 .35 1.00
1,073.67 95.36

$ 2,896.61

44

FORESTRY AND GEOLOGIOAL DEVELOPMENT

GEOLOGY
Personal Service___ _ Travel Expense_______ _
Supplies and Material__ _ Communications________ _
Printing including Review____ Repalrs and Alterations __ _ Rents _____ _ Equipment____ ..___ _ Freight and Express__ __ Subscriptions______ _
Bond for Treasurer__ _ Miscellaneous_ ___

____ $

9,860.00
1,261.04 603.47 355. 62 523.36 166.50 26.00 519.03 41.95 91.65 22.00 50.92

PARKS

$ 13,521.54

Personal Service___ _

_$

Travel Expense________ _

Supplies and MateriaL _ Communications_----- _________ _

Heat, Power, Light and Water Printing including Review____ _
Repairs and alterations __ _
Bond for Treasurer____ Equipment___ __ Miscellaneous_ ________________ _

Lands-Stephens Memorial Park___ _

Equipment "

------ - ----- - --

1,530.74 284.90 84.16 28.35 160.10 513.49 2.35 11.00 324.73 1.75
1,500.00 77.45

$ 4,519.02 TOTAL DISBURSEMENTS FOR YEAR________________$107,079.13

REPORT FOR 1935 AND 1936

45

FORESTRY AND GEOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY AND GEOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT
FINANCIAL STATEMENT, 1936

RECEIPTS

Federal Government, matched funds, fire control__ __ ___ ____ ________ ___________ ___ __$ 65,812.50

Federal Government, matched funds, for

nursery ------ -- ------ - ------- -- - - -- -- --- 1,573.66 From State Treasurer on appropriation ____ __ 48,750.00

From concessionnaires, Indian Springs &

Alex. H. Stephens Parks_ ---- - - - --- - --ldiscellaneous ________ ____ ____ __ __ ___ ___ ____ __

399.15 356.76

Sale of Seed!Ulgs___ _____ __ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ _ 6,344.50

Interest on Savings Account __ ____ ___ __ _

28.39

Balances on hand from 1935 Operations account__ _____ ___ ___ _ T P 0 . Reserve Fund________ ____ _ Savings Account ___ ____ __ ___ _

8,266 .25 2,889.15 1,866 .91

$136,287.27
DISBURSEMENTS:
Division of Forestry ___ ___ ____ ___ _$ 91,821.92 Division of Geology___ __ ___ __ __ __ 13,637 77 Division of Parks__ ___ ___ _____ ____ 6,037.20 Savings Account__ _ __ __ ___ ____ 1,731 73

$113 ,228.62

Balances on hand Dec. 31 :

Operations Account_

14,912.65

T . P 0. Reserve Fund__

6,295 .91

Savings Account ___ __ ___ __ __ _ 1,850 .09

$136,287.27

FORESTRY:

DISBURSEMENTS IN 1936

Personal Service ___ ____________ ____ __ _____$ 26,643.60

Travel, Divn. personnel and Commission (Prorated) ___ __ ____ _______ ____ ____ ___ ___
Supplies __________ ___ ____ __ __ _____ ___ ___ _ __ Commurucations ______ ___ __ _____ __ __ ___ _ Printing including Review (prorated)____ __ Repairs and alterations___ ______ __ _ ____ ___ _ Rent ___ _______ _____ _______ __ __________ ___ ___ _
Freight, express, hauling__ __ ______ _

7 ,900.92 579.14
1,533.71 1,909 79
155.02 38.00 45.47

46

FORESTRY AND GEOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT

Subscriptions and dues____________________ _

33.50

Equipment_________________________________ _ 1,088.63

Bond for Treasurer (prorated) __ _

36.85

Miscellaneous _____ _

1,143.72

T. P 0. Refunds__ _

45,807.59

----:$86,915.94

NURSERY:

Personal Service___ _______________________$ Unskilled labor________ ___________________ _ Seed and supplies_____________ __________ _ Electric current _____________________________ _ Communications ____________________________ _ Repairs to equipment_______________________ _ Equipment__________________________________ _
Miscellaneous_ ------------------- ----------

1,410.00 1,677.14
500.25 171.90
' 59.74 92.28
2,647.80 78.60

$ 6,637.71

GEOLOGY

Personal Service______________________________$ 9,886.75

Travel: Divn. personnel and Commission (prorated) ___________________________ _ 1,045.74

Supplies and materiaL ______________________ _ 939.64

Communication_____________________________ _ 341.80

Printing including Review (prorated)________ _ 637.48

Repairs and alterations_____________________ _ 19.82

Rent of equipment for library project_______ _ 30.00

Freight' and express_______ _______________ _ 51.92

Subscriptions and dues _____________________ _ 103.32

Bond for Treasurer (prorated) ______________ _ Equipment__________________________________ _

12.10 461.76

Miscellaneous_

107.44

- - - - : $ 13,637 77

PARKS:

Personal Service_____________________________ _ 1,849.67

Travel: Divn. personnel and Commission (prorated) ________________ _

Supplies_______

_________ _

Communication_ Electric current __ _

Repairs to equipment_ Rent_________ __ __

Equipment____ _

Equipment-Alexander H. Stephens Park___ _ Miscellaneous_ _____________________________ _

1,267.94 270.19 65.65 259.61 13.93 50.00 921.80 922.33 416.08

- - - - $ 6,037.20

TOTAL DISBURSEMENTS FOR YEAR___ _

$113,228.62