Selections from the annual fertilizer bulletins of the Georgia Department of Agriculture [1906]

THE LIBRARY OF
THE UNIVERSITY OF GEORGIACrA
lxfSELECTIONS
FROM THE
Annual Fertilizer Bulletins
Georgia Department of Agriculture
1898 to 1904
HON O B STEVENS
Commissioner of Agriculture
He that maketh two ears of corn or two Wades of grass to grow
upon a spot of ground where only one grew before deserves better of
mankind and does more essential service to his country than the whole
race of politicians put togetherDean Swift
ATLANTA GA
Geo W Harrison State Printer
The Franklin Printing and Publishing Company
19C6MAR 6 1945INTRODUCTION
The Georgia Department of Agriculture during the past seven
years has published no annual but instead saved its money for
the purpose of publishing and sending out a mass of information
concerning all the industries of the State the growth of its cities
towns railroads manufacturing commercial and agricultural
enterprises
About 10000 copies of Georgia Historical and Industrial
and 4000 copies of Georgias Resources and Advantages have
been distributed throughout the United States with no cost to
the recipients except for express or mail charges The Depart
ment has also sent out every year from twenty to twentyfive
thousand copies of the annual fertilizer bulletins several thousand
of the administrative reports and many monthly talks In the
present volume we present our annual bulletins from 1898 to
1904 including but once any matter that is contained in more
than one annual fertilizer bulletin
It will be noticed that bulletin 37 in this volume is not like
the others a fertilizer bulletin being the only exception to our
since adopted rule of numbering all bulletins on other subjects
than those treated in the fertilizer bulletin as additions to said
bulletin as for instance after bulletin 41 additional ones between
that and bulletin 42 were called Bulletin 41a Bulletin 4H
tc
Georgia Department oe AgricultureFrom Bulletin Georgia Department of Agriculture
SERIAL No 35
SEASON J898J899
INFORMATION IN REGARD TO
COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS
AND
CHEMICALS
AND
ILLUMINATING OILS

UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF
O B STEVENS
Commissioner of Agriculture of the State of Georgia
Z
JNO M McCANDLESS
State Chemist
P L HUTCHINSON
First Assistant State Chemist
R G WILLIAMS
Second Assistant State Chemist
Tfl5THE LAW GOVERNING THE INSPECTION OF
TILIZERS AND FERTILIZER MATERIAL
For the convenience of both manufacturer and consumer the
law regulating the sale of Commercial Fertilizers passed and ap
proved October 9 1891 is given in full below
AN ACT
To amend and consolidate the laws governing the inspection
analysis and sale of commercial fertilizers chemicals and cot
tonseed meal in the State of Georgia and to repeal all other
laws and parts of laws in conflict therewith and for other
purposes
Section I Be it enacted by the General Assembly of the State
of Georgia That all manufacturers of or dealers in commercial
fertilizers or chemicals or cottonseed meal to be used in manu
facturing the same who may desire to sell or offer for sale in
the State of Georgia such fertilizers chemicals or cottonseed
meal shall first file with the Commissioner of Agriculture of the
State of Georgia the name of each brand of fertilizers or chemi
cals which he or they may desire to sell in said State either by
themselves or their agents together with the name of the manu
facturer the place where manufactured and also the guaranteed
analysisthereof and if the same fertilizer is sold under different
names said fact shall be so stated and the different brands that
are identical shall be named
SEC II Be it further enacted That all fertilizers or chenncals
for manufacturing the same and all cottonseed meal offered for
sale or distribution in this State shall have branded upon or at
tached to each bag barrel or package the guaranteed analysis
thereof showing the percentage of valuable elements or ingre
dients such fertilizers or chemicals contain embracing the foil own
ing determinations
Moisture at 212 deg Fahper cent
Insoluble phosphoric acidper cent
Available phosphoric acidper cent
Ammonia actual and potentialper cent
Potash K2Oper cent8
GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
The analysis so placed upon or attached to said fertilizer or
chemical shall be a guarantee by the manufacturer agent or per
son offering the same for sale that it contains substantially the
ingredients indicated thereby in the percentages named therein
and said guarantee shall be binding on said manufacturer agent
or dealer and may be pleaded in any action or suit at law to show
total or partial failure of consideration in the contract for the
sale of said fertilizer chemical or cottonseed meal
Sec III Be it further enacted That it shall be the duty of
the Commissioner of Agriculture to forbid the sale of either of
the following Any acid phosphate which contains less than ten
per centum of available phosphoric acid any acid phosphate with
potash which contains a sum total of less than ten per centum of
available phosphoric acid and potash when the per cents of the
two are added together any acid phosphate with ammonia which
contains a sum total of less than ten per centum of available
phosphoric acid and ammonia when the per cents of the two
are added together any acid phosphate with ammonia and potash
which contains a sum total of less than ten per centum of avail
able phosphoric acid ammonia and potash when the per cents of
the three are added together that no brands shall be sold as
ammoniated superphosphates unless said brands contain 2 per
cent or more of ammonia And also to forbid the sale of all
cottonseed meal which is shown by official analysis to contain
less than 7 per cent of ammonia Nothing in this Act shall be
construed to nullify any of the requirements of an Act entitled an
Act to require the inspection and analysis of cottonseed meal
Sec IV Be it further enacted That all persons or firms who
may desire or intend to sell fertilizers chemicals or cottonseed
meal in this State shall forward to the Commissioner of Agricul
ture a printed or a plainly written request for tags therefor
stating the name of the brand the name of the manufacturer the
place where manufactured the number of tons of each brand
and the number of tags required and the person or persons to
whom the same is consigned the guaranteed analysis also the
number of pounds contained in each bag barrel or pack
age in which said fertilizer chemical or cottonseedmeal is
put up and shall at the time of said request for tags for
ward directly to the Commissioner of Agriculture the sum of
ten cents per ton as an inspection fee whereupon it shall be the
duty of the Commissioner of Agriculture to issue tags to parties
so applying who shall attach a tag to each bag barrel or package BULLETIN NO 35 9
thereof which when attached to said bag barrel or package
shall be prima facie evidence that the seller has complied with
the requirements of this Act Any tags left in possession of the
manufacturer or dealer at the end of the season shall not be
used for another season nor shall they be redeemable by the De
partment of Agriculture
Sec V Be it further enacted That it shall not be lawful for
any person firm or corporation either by themselves or their
agents to sell or offer for sale in this State any fertilizer chemi
icals or cottonseed meal without first registering the same with
the Commissioner of Agriculture as required by this Act and
the fact that the purchaser waives the inspection and analysis
thereof shall be no protection to said party so selling or offering
the same for sale
Sec VI Be it further enacted That the Commissioner of
Agriculture shall appoint twelve inspectors of fertilizers or so
many inspectors as in said Commissioners judgment may be
necessary who shall hold their offices for such terms as said
Commissioner of Agriculture shall in his judgment think best
for carrying out the provisions of this Act The greatest com
pensation that any one inspector of fertilizers shall receive shall
be at the rate of one hundred dollars per month and his actual
expenses while in the discharge of his duty as such inspector It
shall be his duty to inspect all fertilizers chemicals or cottonseed
meal that may be found at any point within the limits of this
State and go to any point when so directed by the Commissioner
of Agriculture and shall see that all fertilizers chemicals or cot
tonseed meal are properly tagged
Sec VII Be it further enacted That each inspector of fertil
izers shall be provided with bottles in which to place samples of
fertilizers chemicals or cottonseed meal drawn by him and shall
also be provided with leaden tags numbered in duplicate from
one upward and it shall be the duty of each inspector of fertilizers
to draw a sample of all fertilizers chemicals and cottonseed meal
that he may be requested to inspect or that he may find unin
spected and he shall fill two sample bottles with each brand and
place one leaden tag of same number in each sample bottle and
shall plainly write on a label on said bottles the number corre
sponding to the number on said leaden tags in said bottles and
shall also write on the label on one of said bottles the name of the
fertilizer chemical or cottonseed meal inspected the name of
the manufacturer the place where manufactured the place where10
GEORGIA DEPARTMENT Of AGRICULTURE
inspected the date of inspection and the name of the inspector
and shall send or cause to be sent to the Commissioner of Agri
culture the sample so drawn by him annexed to a full report of
said inspection written on the form prescribed by said Commis
sioner of Agriculture which report must be numbered to corre
spond with the number on said sample bottles and number on the
leaden tags placed therein and it shall also be the duty of said
inspectors of fertilizers to keep a complete record of all inspections
made by them on forms prescribed by said Commissioner of
Agriculture Before entering upon the discharge of their duties
they shall take and subscribe before some officer authorized to
administer the same an oath faithfully to discharge all the duties
which may be required of them in pursuance of this Act
SEC VIII Be it further enacted That the Commissioner of
Agriculture shall have the authority to establish such rules and
regulations in regard to the inspection analysis and sale of fer
tilizers chemicals and cottonseed meal not inconsistent with the
provisions of this Act as in his judgment will best carry out the
requirements thereof
SEC IX Be it further enacted That it shall be the duty of the
Commissioner of Agriculture to keep a correct account of all
money received from the inspection of fertilizers and to pay the
same into the treasury after paying out of said sum the expenses
and salaries of inspectors and for the tags and bottles used in
making such inspections
Sec X Be it further enacted That all contracts for the sale
of fertilizers or chemicals in the State of Georgia made in any
other manner than as required by this Act shall be absolutely
void provided that nothing in this Act shall be construed to
restrict or avoid sales of acid phosphate kainit or other fertilizer
material in bulk to each other by importers manufacturers or
manipulators who mix fertilizer material for sale or as preventing
the free and unrestric x shipment of these articles in bulk to
manufacturers or manipulators who mix fertilizer material for
sale
SEC XI Be it further enacted That any person selling or
offering for sale any fertilizer or chemicals without having first
complied with the provisions of this Act shall be guilty of a mis
demeanor and on conviction thereof shall be punished as pre
scribed in section 4310 of the Code of Georgia
Sec XII Be it further enacted That all laws and parts of
laws in conflict with this Act be and the same are hereby re
pealedBULLETIN NO 35 ll
FORMAL REQUEST FOR REGISTRATION
ToOB STEVENS Commissioner of Agriculture Atlanta Gar
You are hereby requested to register for sale and distribution
in the State of Georgiamanufactured
by at
THE FOLLOWING IS THE GUARANTEED ANALYSIS OE THE BRAND
Moisture at 202 deg Fahper cent
Insoluble phosphoric acidper cent
Available phosphoric acidper cent
Ammonia actual and potentialper cent
Potash K2Oper cent
The ammonia is in the form of
Nitrate of soda has been used in the manufacture of this
brand
Theis put up inof
lbs each
It is identical with
In consideration of being allowed to sell and distribute the
above brand before the official analysis thereof is made
agree and bindt
cancel all sales thereof and forfeit all claims for purchase money
therefor if after the official analysis is made the Commissioner
of Agriculture shall prohibit its sale in accordance with law
2 Under section IV relating to requests for tags in order that
no delay may occur in shipments the manufacturer or dealer need
not notify the Department at the time of the request for tags of
the name of the purchaser or consignee but must notify the Com
missioner in writing of every sale or consignment or the day in
which the same is made This notice must distinctly state the
brand of the fertilizer or the name of the chemical or fertilizer
material and the number of tons together with the name of the
purchaser or consignee and their places of residence It must re
quest inspection and contain an agreement to cancel all sales12
GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
thereof in the event the Commissioner shall prohibit its sale in
accordance with law The following form may be used substan
tial compliance with the above rule being regarded as sufficient
NOTICE OF SALES AND CONSIGNMENTS AND RE
QUEST FOR INSPECTION
189
To 0 B Stevens Commissioner of Agriculture Atlanta Ga
You are hereby notified thathave this day
made the following sales and consignments and request that the
same be inspected
T3 a 0
fl
ri c S 5 a
pq H M 3 s 5 s d
0 B O 0 O 0 3 M 3 53 p 0 O
cd fc la
In consideration of being allowed to sell and distribute the
above before the official analysis thereof is made agree
and bindto cancel all sales thereof and forfeit
all claim for purchase money thereof if after the official analysis
is made the Commissioner of Agriculture shall prohibit its sale
in accordance with the law
Manufacturers and dealers by this rule are not required to de
lay shipment in order that the inspection may be made but are re
quired to see that their goods are properly tagged the inspection
being made while the fertilizer or fertilizer material is in the
hands of the purchaser or consignee
3 All orders for tags must be sent direct to this department
and the request must be accompanied with the fees for inspection
at the rate of ten cents per ton for the fertilizer or fertilizer ma
terial on which they are to be used
Manufacturers and dealers or their agents may request tags
in such quantities as they see fit but each request must state dis
tinctly the brand or brands on which they are to be used with the
number of tons of the brands or of each of said brands
It is not necessary that the fertilizer or fertlizer material be
actually on hand atthe time the request is made but manufacBULLETIN NO 35 13
turers or dealers can order such a number of tags as they may need
during the season bearing in mind that no tags carried over will
be redeemed by the department
In the event that more tags are ordered for any brand than it is
ascertained can be used on the sales and consignments of that
brand by proper notice with the consent of the Commissioner
the tags can be used on another brand put up in packages or sacks
of the same weight and sold or consigned the same season
4 If a fertilizer be offered for registration inspection or sale
branded as either of the following
Ammoniated Superphosphate
Ammoniated Dissolved Bone
Ammoniated Guano
Guano
Fertilizer
or other words implying that the same is an ammoniated super
phosphate the guaranteed analysis must claim that it contains
not less than two per cent of ammonia actual or potential
5 That part of section III excepting from the operation of the
Act an Act to require the inspection and analysis of cottonseed
meal leaves the inspection of that article under the Calvin bill
which requires that all cottonseed meal for whatever purpose
used be inspected It is therefore necessary and is required that
a request for inspection be sent to the Commissioner and that the
inspection be made in the hands ef the manufacturer dealer or
their agent or if shipped in the State at some convenient point
before the meal is sold or distributed In all cases fees will be sent
direct to the Commissioner who will immediately order the
nearest inspector to make the inspection
CALVIN BILL
COTTONSEED MEAL
A bill to be entitled an Act to require all cottonseed meal to be
subjected to analysis and inspection as a condition precedent
to being offered for sale and to forbid the sale in this State of
such cottonseed meal if it be shown by the official analysis
that the same contains less than yz per centum of ammonia
to prescribe a penalty for the violation of the provisions of this
Act and for other purposes14 GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OE AGRICULTURE
Section I Be it enacted by the General Assembly of Georgia
and it is hereby enacted by the authority of the same That from
f the passage of this Act it shall not be lawful for any
Srson or persons to offer for sale in this State anycotouted
meaT until the same shall have been duly analyzed by the State
Semis and Inspected as now required by law in the matter of
all Te tlizers and chemicals for manufacturing or composting
all term izerid cottonseed meal
SSe in thi iSe f it be shown by the official analysis that the
nntins less than 7V2 per centum of ammonia provided
that tle pro sions o Susie as to the per centum mentioned in
his s ction S not apply to meal manufactured from seaisland
coSon seed but the Commissioner of Agriculture shall upon
Ae passage of this Act fix and make public a minimum per
centum which shall control as to the cottonseed meal referred to
mltooroviso provided further that if any cottonseed meal
shul i o analyze up to the required per centum of ammonia
same may be Offered for sale as secondclass mea provided the
analysis be made known to the purchaser and stamped on the
SaSc II Be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid That
there shall be branded upon or attached to each sack barre o
nackaee of cottonseedmeal offered for sale in this State the true
analysis as determined by the State Chemist and the number of
oounds net in each sack barrel or package
P Sec HI Be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid That
it shall be the duty of the Commissioner of Agriculture to take
all steps necessaryto make effective the provisions of sections i
iVit further enacted by the authority aforesaid That
anv person or persons violating the provisions of this Act shall
beydeeme0d guilty of a misdemeanor and on conviction shall be
nunished as prescribed in section 4310 of the Code of 1882
P Sec V Be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid That
all laws and parts of laws in conflict with this Act be and the
same are hereby repealed
Approved July 22 1891BULLETIN NO 35
BLALOCK BILL
15
COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERSHOW BRANDED AND GRADED
No 358
An Act to prescribe three grades of complete commercial fertiliz
ers for the branding of the same upon each sack or package of
fertilizers and for other purposes
Section 1 Be it enacted by the General Assembly of Georgia
That from and after the passage of this Act it shall be unlawful to
sell any complete commercial fertilizer in this State unless the
grade of same is branded upon each sack or package thereof in
letters of not less than one inch
SEC 2 Be it further enacted That the grades of such fertil
izers shall be divided into three to wit High grade which
shall contain not less than fourteen per cent of plant food
Standard grade which shall containnot less than twelve per
cent of plant food and Low grade which shall contain not
less than ten per cent of plant food provided this Act shall not
go into effect until after the first day of August 1898
Sec 3 Be it further enacted That a failure to comply with
the requirements of this Act shall subject the seller thereof to
all the pains and penalties now of force for failure to have fertil
izers properly inspected
Sec 4 Be it further enacted That all laws and parts of laws
in conflict with this Act be and the same are hereby repealed
Approved December 21 1897
COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS HOW BRANDED ETC
No 170
An Act to amend section 1 of an Act entitled An Act to prescribe
three grades of complete commercial fertilizers for the brand
ing of the same upon each sack or package of fertilizers and for
other purposes so as to make it unlawful to sell any commer
cial fertilizers in this State unless the grade of the same is
branded upon each sack or package thereof in letters not less
than one inch16
GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
Section i Be it enacted by the General Assembly of Georgia
That from and after the passage of this Act the above recited
section be and same is hereby amended by striking from the
third line of said section the word complete so that when
amended said section shall read as follows Be it enacted by the
General Assembly of Georgia That from and after the passage
of this Act it shall be unlawful to sell any commercial fertilizers
in this State unless the grade of same is branded upon each sack
or package thereof in letters not less than one inch provided
that this Act shall not be construed as applying to cottonseed
meal and German kainit and muriate of potash and that said
Act shall not go into effect until the first day of August 1899
Sec 2 Be it further enacted That all laws and parts of laws in
conflict with this Act be and the same are hereby repealed
Approved December 22 1898
REMARKS BY THE COMMISSIONER
The efforts of the Department of Agriculture have been directed
mainly to promoting an improved and increased production in
the different branches of agriculture that go to sustain and sup
port the farmer Assuming that everything used on the farm
should be raised at home so far as our principal crops are con
cerned it is only relative production that the department seeks
to stimulate that is to say that increase in production which is
not accompanied by any corresponding investment or other addi
tional expense and the effort of which is simply to increase the
farmers profits by reducing the cost of production To this end
and that of creating a better demand and better market for our
home products all the energies of this department shall be di
rected We must abandon credit prices and reduce our farms to
where we can run them on a cash basis It is a fact that the
products sold by the farmers are disposed of at the lowest price
and what he buys is bought at the highest price This has always
been so and by the laws of trade and commerce will continue to
be so
OUR LANDS
Rotation means to raise crops that barring accidents each suc
ceeding crop shall be as good as the first without doing the landBULLETIN NO 35 17
harm How First by using good judgment in selecting
such crops as are suitable to the soil Second by using fertilizers
to supply the soil with plant food suitable for the crops to be
raised Third by working year after year with manures drain
age irrigation terracing plowing deep on red lands harrowing
rolling always having in view a purpose to make the land better
and better crops are sure to follow Do not wait until your land
is run down but commence at once We have men with limited
means who have bought land on credit who at some time expect
to own their homes clear of debt Speaking then especially to
this class of men I would say you require strong arms and brave
hearts industry that makes every day count for some progress
economy that puts every hour of work and every penny earned
where it will help provide for the family improve the farm or
lift the mortgage Do not think yourself a poor man if you have
health The man who continually bemoans his condition is lost
in the struggle Preachers tell us we are saved by faith but the
Scriptures teach us we are saved by hope You will find that you
need both I speak to you from experience But with these quali
ties any man may select a piece of good farming land with its
rich clay soil and feel confident of paying for it
STOCK
The practical farmer who makes farming a success will keep
all the stock he can maintain Stock of every variety should be
kept but only the improved breeds To be sure of good milch
cows on the dairy farm save the heifers of the best cows bred to
a sire from a good milk and butter producing family It costs a
trifle more to produce a pound of pork than it does to produce a
pound of beef but there is this much to be said in favor of hogs
they will grow and multiply more rapidly than any other domestic
animal Hogs sold or slaughtered before they reach two hun
dred pounds as a rule pay the producer best Land will produce
more food and support more stock if none of it is used for pas
turage With the present price of farm products and cost of
labor however a large reliance on pasturing is necessary but
there ought to be some provision made on every farm for addi
tional food for stock when the pastures get short in summer For
this purpose sown or drilled corn sorghum millet peas popcorn
and such other forage as you can grow should be planted
2b18
GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
XNDUSTRIAL EDUCATION OF OUR CHILDREN
Instruction is not always education Neither does knowledge
of fS7a wavs render an individuals faculties available The
doething useful enlarges life and happiness assure
as booklearning is useful to increase ones store offarts Muse
s fA
he ifmiSd mental training received from the schools by the aver
individual Unequal development in plant or animal life fads
ver fos rh m the essentials of an upright character and a
SS53S3
STpNtate University To love work to have the habit of in
dustfv and to find pleasure in work thoroughly well done means
sucels hapmness and a useful career Again activity is the law
of a usefuf life and by fttS without
ttfsrj trs the
sane ty of the home and the nobility of womans missiori w 1
neith sustain life nor relieve the weary round of domestic affairs
which dailv grows more complex and disheartening
Waees syhfink and wants increase Whence shall come relief
OnTy by such education of our youth as will enable thel tomak
evey dollar earned bring its full measure of valuetthe en
lightened and skilled wageearner More knowledge and better
foodTn the home means more vigor and courage in the word
of industrymeans less sickness and less enforced idleness Out
ot industry comfortable homes can our people
Tien StfStS e
ignorance and give then industral educatonBULLETIN NO 35 19
DEBT
An illustration of the depressing financial condition which pre
vails in Georgia today is the mortgaging of farm lands and bring
ing the farmer into bondage to the Eastern moneylenders Every
town has its loan agents and the work goes briskly on The
mortgage is the bulldog of obligation it is the heaviest thing of
its size known to mankind Georgia gathers from her fields 3
000000 each year and sends it away to liquidate the interest ac
count of the mortgages which cover a large area of the farming
lands in this State and year after year this drain deepens and in
creases Where will the end be A contented rural population
is not only a measure of strength and an assurance of peace but
a resource of courage and bravery when war is upon us The
country districts have been the nursery of the public men who
have made this country great Washington was born in the
country Jefferson and Henry Clay were farmers Webster
dreamed amidst the solitude of the forest Our own Ben Hill
walked between the plowhandles Gov Brown gathered the
golden grain from the wheat fields Alexander Stephens found
immortality under the trees of his country home Cobb Toombs
and Calhoun were country gentlemen and statesmen The char
acter of almost every man in history was formed in the leisure
and deliberation of village or country life Let the farmers in
simple thrift and economy make their homes independent Let
them in frugal industry make themselves sustaining In sacrifice
and denial let us keep free from debt and obligations Let us make
them homes of refinement in which we shall teach our daughters
that modesty patience and gentleness are the chief charm of
woman Let us make them temples of liberty and teach our sons
that an honest conscience is every mans political law that his
sovereignty rests beneath his hat and that no spendthrift can rob
him and no force justify the surrender of the simplest right of a
free and independent citizen We are placed in this world for but
one purpose That purpose is progress and to us is delegated the
duty to improve and develop the children God has given us The
child of the present is the citizen of the future The children of
today will fill the positions of trust in State and church and will
fill also the prisons and penitentiaries It rests with us there
fore which place our children will occupy for the social purity
of the future depends largely upon the training of today It is
a responsibility which we as parents can not avoid It can not20 GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
be transferred Parents should know the J
boys mothers should be more companionable with their daugh
ters and guard carefully their social intimacies and environment
Bv foUovSig this plan much needless sorrow and many painful
heartaches may be avoided and when on that last great day we
sha 1 be calledto stand before the Judge of all the earth and the
question is askedWhere are the jewels entrusted to your keep
ing we may be able to answer Lord all are here
O B Stevens Commissioner
REPORT OF THE STATE CHEMIST
Atlanta Ga July 29 1899
Hon 0 B Stevens Commissioner of Agriculture of Georgia
FERTILIZERS
Dear Sir The season of 18981899 now ending has furn
ished a period of steady and continuous labor to the workers m
the chemical division of the Department We have made during
the season fortyfive hundred and eighteen determinations in
cluding the necessary revisions and repetitions Although the
number of tons of fertilizers sold in the State during the season
has fallen from 424081 in 189798 the number of brands in
spected and analyzed has only been reduced from 843 m the pre
vious season to 779 in the present season The work has con
sisted as is usual of analyses of guanos or complete fertilizers
containing two per cent or more of ammonia of plain acid phos
phates of acid phosphates with potash also of acid phosphates
with ammonia and potash but containing less than two per cent
of ammonia also analyses of cottonseed meals and of potash saUs
kainit and muriate of potash all of which will be found in the
accompanying table of analyses
Although the price of phosphate rock has advanced materially
during the season I have allowed the relative commercial value
to remain at the same figure as last year I have however made
an innovation in the usual practice of the Department and have
assigned to the insoluble or acid soluble phosphoric acid the comBULLETIN NO 35 21
mercial value to which it is entitled viz ten cents per unit It
cost at the time the value was assigned very close to that figure
at the mine
Additional value is given to it by the cost of freight and pul
verizing I therefore think it only just to assign to it at least a
portion of its commercial value more particularly as it has an
unquestionable agricultural value very slowly becoming available
in the soil though of course not comparing in this respect with
the available phosphoric acid It has hitherto been the practice
to assign to it no value whatever The Connecticut Agricultural
Experiment Station assigns to insoluble phosphoric acid in mixed
fertilizers sold in that State a value of two cents per pound or
forty cents a unit
SPECIAL SAMPLES
In addition to the regular samples taken by the inspectors we
have made a number of analyses of special samples these being
samples taken by the inspectors at the special request of farmers
of goods already bought by them I think sir you are to be con
gratulated upon having accomplished in a quick and satisfactory
manner by this plan what is accomplished in a slow and bungling
way under the operation of the Ellington bill
Under the latter the farmer who is suspicious of his fertilizer
has it analyzed after the crop season is gone and his crop has
failed Under your plan the farmer who is suspicious of his fer
tilizer has a special analysis made for him and learns the value
of his fertilizer before he puts it in the ground The samples
this year were unusually late in coming in it being February 1st
before the regular inspectors samples began to come in Con
sidering the late start and the delays incident to the unusual
amount of work done in the laboratory this spring and summer
on illuminating oils sold in this State it must be allowed that we
have accomplished the seasons work in remarkably good time
SUGGESTIONS FOR NEXT SEASON
Of suggestions for the next season I have only two to offer
1 st That the bottles supplied to the inspectors for taking sam
ples of fertilizers should be of at least treble the capacity of those
found in stock which have been in use the past season
2d That you appoint at least one InspectorGeneral of Fer
tilizers for the entire State a man of experience judgment and
capacity whose duty it shall be to instruct the local inspectors in22
GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
the art of taking fair correct and impartial samples of mixed
fertilizers wherever found The taking of a fair and correct
sample of a goods made from three or four materials of widely
differing relative weights requires more of judgment thought
and painstaking care than at first sight might appear Such re
forms the necessity for which could only be discovered after
actual experience would serve to protect both the consumer and
the manufacturer
It would be highly desirable if the great volume of fertilizer
analysis could in some way be reduced as for instance by the
method already suggested by you a reduction in the annually
increasing numbers of brands put upon the market many of
which represent the same goods under different names As to
the advisability and the means for attaining such reduction I
leave the same to your wisdom and discretion but will give you
some of the reasons why it seems to me highly desirable
In the first place if the multiplication of brands continues in
the same increasing ratio in the future as they have in the past
it will not be long before the clerical force of the Department as
well as the chemical force of the Laboratory will have to be in
creased
AVAILABILITY OF FERTILIZER NITROGEN
In the next place it is highly desirable that the States chemists
should have the time and opportunity necessary for doing experi
mental work on the methods proposed for determining the avail
ability of the nitrogen occurring in the various forms of material
that are used as a source of ammonia in fertilizers such as cotton
seed meal blood tankage garbage tankage fishscrap hoof meal
leather scrap raw steamed and roasted
The great increase in the fertilizer trade of the United States
and the South in particular offers temptations for the utilization
of various waste materials in the manufacture of commercial
fertilizers The chemist is able to tell with comparative ease how
much of the nitrogen in a fertilizer is derived from nitrates how
much from ammonia salts and how much from organic matter
but the nature of the organic matter is not differentiated by our
ordinary methods of analysis into blood cottonseed meal hoof
meal etc so that it is possible for a fertilizer to be adulterated
now with some nonavailable form of nitrogen without the analy
sis disclosing that factBULLETIN NO 35
Although I have reason to believe that little if any such adul
teration ifas been practiced in the South up to the present turn
ill with the growth of the industry we should be prepared to
meet this condition should it arise and in order to do so
Experimental work is still necessary Only five or six ablator e
in the United States have so far applied themselves to the solu
bn of this problem and I am desirous that this Laboratory
doing more fertilizer work with a smaller force than any othei
in the country should not be laggards in the work
The Shepard Laboratory of Charleston followed by the Con
necticut Agricultural Experiment Station are the pioneers in this
line of work in this country They attempted to estimauthe
availability of the nitrogen in different materials by digestion n
a acid solution of pepsin briefly as follows First the mtrogen
was estimated in the raw material say dried blood hen after
digestion for twentyfour hours with the pepsin solution the
residue remaining undissolved was carefully analyzed and the
nitrogen estimated in it The difference between the two was
of course the nitrogen which had passed into solution and which
was regarded as being available as plant food
The conclusions from the experiments of the above investi
gators are given in a report of the Connecticut Agricultural Ex
periment Station from which I quote
i The nitrogen of dried blood cottonseed meal castor pomace
andmaize refuse was in every case soluble in pepsinhydrochloric
acid by 24 hours digestion to the extent of 75 per cent or more
2 The nitrogen of fish dried animal matter and of bone was
in every case soluble to the extent of over 52 per cent
5 The nitrogen of leather steamed or extracted by benzine
was in no case soluble to the extent of over 36 per cent that ot
horn shavings ground hoof and horn felt waste and wool waste
was considerably less soluble than the nitrogen of leather
In the above experiments the solubility of the materials is made
a test of their availability as plant food Now of course the
soil and vegetation tests must be the ultimate Court of Appeal to
pass or condemn a fertilizing material This fact was recognized
by Chemists Johnson and Jenkins of the Connecticut Station and
they made a series of careful pot experiments with plants using
the different materials which they had analyzed by their pepsin
acid method as nitrogen fertilizers
The testimony of the plants was that their method of analysis
was in the main a fairly good gauge of the availability of the24
GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
different materials Their method however made one very se
rious mistake and was reversed by this vegetable Court of Ap
peals In the case of hoof meal and dissolved leather the plant
was satisfied with such nitrogenous food and showed a high de
gree of availability in the nitrogen contained in them Now it
requires almost as much time to go to the Supreme Courtsof
Corn Cotton and Wheat with our suspicious fertilizer as it would
to carry the case of John Doe vs Richard Roe to the Supreme
Court of Georgia So it is evident that such a method will not
work in the fertilizer control and inspection of a great State We
are driven back upon the chemists laboratory He must devise
some rapid method of deciding the question whether the nitrogen
of a fertilizer is available to the plant or not and do it in the same
speedy and satisfactory way in which he has done it as regards
the availability of phosphoric acid and potash
Work has been progressing on the question evidently it must
be slow work as each new method proposed must be submitted
to vegetation tests for confirmation of their accuracy But good
progress has been made very recently notably the work done by
Chemist J P Street of the New Jersey Experiment Station and
I now think it highly probable that within a year or two at most
the chemists of the country will be able to agree upon a method
for deciding the availability of the organic nitrogen of a fertilizer
and one which they will not hesitate to submit to the arbitrament
of the High Court of Appeals above referred to
Owing to the great volume of fertilizer analyses we have been
compelled to make under our present system it has been abso
lutely impossible for me to leave and attend the meetino of the
Association of Official Chemists which met in San Francisco in
the early part of July and so to hear the last word which may
have been said on this important question of nitrogen availability
I desire during the next season to take part in testing the relia
bility of the new methods proposed and to apply them to the
samples of the inspectors in order to see whether we need any
amendments to our fertilizer laws in Georgia and if so what
So that any manufacturers of commercial fertilizers sold in the
btate of Georgia during the coming season who may use such
materials as wool waste hair or leather scrap raw steamed or
treated need not be surprised if in the Bulletin issued a year hence
there should be a star and figures giving a low percentage of
available ammonia alongside the column giving the total am
moniaBULLETIN NO 35 25
You will appreciate the fact that if we are again called upon to
make about 4500 fertilizer analyses in a period of less than six
months there will be little or no opportunity for such work I
therefore wish you Godspeed in your effort to reduce the steadily
increasing number of brands annually put out
THE FILLER QUESTION
Let us be frank fair honest and just with each other with the
manufacturers and the public What is a filler A filler is an
inert earthy material usually in the form of a powder It may
consist of pulverized locomotive cinder of graphitic schist of
iron cinder from the pyrites furnaces of powdered coalslack of
crematory ashes and other substances
These materials often contain very small amounts of nitrogen
phosphoric acid and potash but usually unavailable or only very
slowly becoming available in the course of time in the soil
The business of producing this material has grown rapidly of
late years so that companies have been organized and factories
have been built for the purpose of pulverizing the crude materials
and selling the product to the fertilizer companies
Now why is this done The general public elevates its brows
and smiles knowingly The demagogue talks to the farmer and
says that a nefarious business is being practiced and winked at by
those in authority Is there an underground traffic going on
Is there a fraud and a swindle being perpetrated on the farmers
of the country
By no means not at all under the existing conditions the
trade is a perfectly legitimate one One of the chief causes for
the use of a filler is the inequality in the character of the ma
terials out of which all fertilizers are made For example
Charleston rock contains about 2770 of phosphoric acid the
other 73 is a filler put there by nature and if we want the 27
phosphoric acid at anything like a reasonable price we must take
the 73 filler along with it In Florida and Tennessee nature
has been kinder here she gives us 30 and 35 phosphoric
acid and only adulterates her goods with 70 to 65 of filler
Suppose a manufacturer is located at Atlanta He buys a high
grade Tennessee rock treats it with sulphuric acid and produces
an acid phosphate with 18 available phosphoric acid His
Charleston competitor produces one with 13 available He
comes into the Atlanta mans territory and sells his 13 goods
for as much money as the Atlanta man gets for his 18 goods
because nature has put in his filler for him and because the pur26
GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
chaser is sufficiently ignorant to be content to buy the acid phos
phate by name and not by analysis Is it wrong for the Atlanta
man to protect his interests and commercial existence by using
a filler to put him on an equality with his rival
I think not No fairminded man will say so And yet no
man can deny that the filler business is an evil and a growing one
No man deprecates it more than I My ambition is to see the
day come when the Georgia farmer will always demand the
highest grade goods which the art of the chemist and the manu
facturer combined can produce Such a demand would stimulate
invention and discovery by the chemist and the application of
them by the manufacturer so that in a very few years the farmer
would be hauling home on his wagon a ton of fertilizer equal in
manurial value to three or more tons of the present fertilizer
When at home he could mix it with his own filler sand woods
earth or anything suitable for the sake of convenient and thor
ough distribution The saving in freight alone on a lot of use
less matter would be very great both to the manufacturer and
the farmer But agricultural education only can bring about such
a demand Let us hope for it in the future That is the only
thing that will forever abolish the filler evil
Is there no present remedy Yes much can be done to ame
liorate the evil I would suggest the repeal of section III of the
present Act and in its stead the passage of an Act forbidding the
sale of any acid phosphate containing less than 1370 available
phosphoric acid This would not discriminate against either of
the three great phosphate fields of the South and would prevent
the sale of much 10 acid phosphate loaded with filler I
would absolutely prohibit the sale of the goods known as ammo
niated acid phosphates and acid phosphates with ammonia and
potash containing less than 2 of ammonia or potash
Such goods are usually loaded with filler and are made in
response to a demand for cheap goods They are not cheap they
are really higher than a smaller quantity of high grade goods
containing the same amount of plant food I think there should
be a minimum of 2 of ammonia and also 2cc of potash in all
mixed fertilizers There never has been a minimum for potash
in this State There is no good reason why there should not be
Potash is fully as important an element of plant food as any
other
I think that in place of section III there should be a section for
bidding the sale of any acid phosphate with less than 13 ofBULLETIN NO 35 27
available phosphoric acid of any acid phosphate with potash
containing less than 10 available phosphoric acid and 2 of
potash and of any complete fertilizer with less than 8 available
phosphoric acid 2 of ammonia and 2 of potash it being of
course provided that an increase of ammonia or potash might
offset a decrease of phosphoric acid
Such a law if enacted would give our people the highest pos
sible minimum guarantee they could have without discriminating
against the Charleston phosphate deposits and would unques
tionably have also the effect of reducing the amount of filler
used to the minimum and would effect a saving to the farmers
and the manufacturers of this State of many thousands of dollars
paid out for freight on fillers and for the labor expended in
producing the material and the profits on the business
HIGH CHARACTER OF THE FERTILIZER TRADE
In concluding that part of my report relating to fertilizers I
wish to say that speaking from my experience for the past four
teen years as a private commercial chemist who has had as clients
many of the leading manufacturers and analyzed for the factories
all the different materials used in compounding their goods that
contrary to the popular prejudice in regard to the matter I be
lieve there is no trade or business carried on in Georgia upon a
more honorable plane than the fertilizer trade Whilst many of
the goods are far from being of as high a grade as they might be
they owe their existence to the popular demand for just as cheap
goods as the law will permit to be sold
OILS
On the third day of July I made to you an emergency report
on the illuminating oils being sold in the State a copy of which I
append as being part of my report of work done for the year
Since making the above report I have made experiments on
some samples of oil concerning which serious complaints were
made that they would not give a good light In all cases I found
there was no ground for complaint on this score if proper care and
attention was given to the lamp the wick and the burner The
precautions necessary to secure good light from any oil I have
brought together in a series of rules which will be found on an
other page of this bulletin Elsewhere will be found a copy of
the law of the State of New York regulating the sale of oils in
that State which will probably be of assistance in framing a new28
GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
law for Georgia which will I am satisfied not only give the peo
ple of this State safer but also better and more economical oils
than they have hitherto been able to obtain
A comparative experiment made by me shows that a quart of
oil standing the New York test burns seven hours longer than an
oil burning at 1200 F under the Georgia law
WORK OF THE ASSISTANT STATE CHEMISTS
In concluding my report sir I wish to bear tesimony to the
careful accurate faithful and able work done during the past
season by First Assistant State Chemist P L Hutchinson and
Second Assistant State Chemist R G Williams Their work
has been steady continuous and arduous requiring both mental
and physical labor and that closeness of attention to small de
tails to prevent the creeping in of errors which only a practical
chemist can appreciate Without their intelligent aid in both the
oil and fertilizer work of the season I could have accomplished
only a small fraction of what has been done They have my sin
cere thanks and they are also due yours for considering the
character and responsibility of the work they do the mental and
educational qualifications required for performing it and the
meager salaries they receive their work is certainly less appre
ciated in a substantial way than that of any other officers of the
State
I will not close this report sir without referring to the kindly
aid and wise counsel you have given me from the very beginning
of our relationship and in your absence Assistant Commissioner
Wright has ably and zealously filled your place and extended the
same uniform support and courteous assistance In fact my
cordial thanks are due to all the employees of your office who
have aided me in more ways than I have time or space to men
tion
Respectfully submitted
Jno M McCandeESS State ChemistBULLETIN NO 35 29
THE EMERGENCY REPORT ON OILS
Atlanta Ga July 3 1899
Hon 0 B Stevens Commissioner of Agriculture
Dear Sir During the past winter and spring you sent several
of your newly appointed oil inspectors to me to be instructed in
the use of their instruments My attention was in this way called
to the very crude and ancient instrument which we have been
using for testing oils in Georgia for many years past and also to
the very bad and unfortunately worded law on the subject now on
the statute books of the State Suspecting that the methods in
use were giving us but little protection from unsafe oils during
a lull in the enormous volume of fertilizer analysis we have been
doing I suggested that you order each of the inspectors to send
me a sample of oil to test together with the result of their tests
Accordingly under date of May 24 you sent each one a circular
letter ordering them to do so As I found opportunity I tested
all of these oils carefully and found my suspicions confirmed
There were notable differences between my results and those of a
number of the inspectors These differences were sufficient to
throw some of the oils even below the dangerously low
limits prescribed by the statute Your inspectors are not to be
blamed for these differences but the law itself and the instru
ment used which is prescribed by the law The instrument used
is known as Tagliabues open tester it consists of a small glass
vessel which is immersed in a copper vessel containing water
The water is heated by a small alcohol lamp which transmits its
heat through the water to the oil Now the law prescribes just
how the test is to be made as follows Heat with alcohol small
flame when the thermometer indicates 90 degrees Fahrenheit
remove lamp at 95 degrees try for flash with small bead of fire
on end of string held within a quarter of an inch of the surface
of the oil Replace lamp and work oil up gradually from this
point until the burning point is reached removing lamp every four
degrees and allowing oil to run up three degrees before replacing
lamp flashing oil each time just before lamp is replaced until re
sult is obtained30
GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
Evidently the author of the above believed that language was
designed to conceal thought Let us suppose the inspector mak
ing his test and following the strict letter of the law Let us sup
pose that he has brought the oil up to a temperature of 116 de
grees and has tried for flash without result he replaces his lamp
following the strict letter of the law and waits till the temperature
reaches 120 degrees when he removes the lamp and then waits
till the temperature reaches 123 degrees before he tries for flash
again We have here an interval of 7 degrees at any one of
which the oil may have flashed or burned without the inspector
who tracked the law closely being aware of it Evidently this is
nonsense and can not be the meaning of the law because the law
also says no kerosene or fluid of any sort the fire test of which
is less than 120 degrees Fahrenheit shall be sold within this
State and yet according to the formula prescribing the exact
way in which to make the test it would be impossible to detect
an oil the fire test of which lay between 116 degrees and 120 de
grees Fahrenheit the legal limit Again what does the fire
test mean Does it mean the flash point or the burning
point of the oil It can not be settled except as against the con
sumer from the language of this law evidently the flash point
is the point of danger or the point at which inflammable ex
plosive vapor is given off and yet the law says work the oil up
gradually until the burning point is reached flashing the oil each
time until the result is obtained What result Manifestly the
burning point Now if this law was not drawn by the attorneys
and chemists of the oil companies it might just as well have been
Nothing whatever is said in the law about the necessity for avoid
ing drafts of air which might blow away the vapor from the sur
face of the testing cup before the operator could apply his flame
no caution to the operator to avoid breathing upon the surface
either of which accidents would cause the oil to appear better
than it really was I mention these as some of the reasons why
no blame should attach to your inspectors if their results varied
a few degrees from mine or for that matter even if they passed
almost any old oil that might be put upon the market
The investigations of the British government of Drs Chandler
and Elliott chemists for the New York State Board of Health
have demonstrated conclusively that the open form of tester is a
wholly unreliable instrument and that a closed tester imitating
as nearly as possible the conditions which obtain in an ordinary
lamp is the form which should be adopted Elliott after tryingBULLETIN KO 35 31
all the various forms of open and closed testers in use finally set
tled upon a form of closed tester which gave him the most uni
form results and which was adopted by the State Board of Health
of New York The New York law recognizes the fact that the
flash point is the danger point the point at which explosive in
flammable vapors are given off It says nothing about fire test
or burning point but adopts 100 degrees F in a tester like a
lamp as the limit below which an oil shall not flash I have made
tests of some thirty different oils from different parts of the State
by our own tester and also by the New York State instrument
and my results fully confirm theirs Only two oils out of the thirty
examined would be allowed to go to sale in the State of New
York Many of those which would be rejected in New York as
unsafe and unfit for public use would not only pass in our State
but would be regarded as extra good quality Some of our oils
also in the New York instrument at the ordinary temperature
without the application of any heat would emit explosive vapor
There is a clause in our law which says The fire test shall be
determined by an inspector who shall use Taghabues or other
well defined instrument prescribed by the Commissioner of Agri
culture Now sir I recommend that you take advantage of this
clause and immediately order the adoption of the New York State
instrument by your inspectors While it is true the law says noth
ing about your changing the fire test of 120 degrees F it does
authorize you to change the instrument and must by implication
give you the power to change the temperature and mode of opera
tion to that most suitable for the new instrument adopted I issue
this sir as an Emergency Report in view of the quantity of un
safe oilat present on the market in Georgia and against which
our present law and system of inspection afford the people no
adequate protection Between now and the next meeting of the
Legislature I propose to go more thoroughly into the subject
than I have as yet had an opportunity to do and submit to you a
further report and recommendations on the subject
Respectfully submitted
Jno M McCandlESS State Chemist
On receipt of this report the Commissioner issued an order
that it be spread on the minutes of the Department and that a
copy be mailed to each inspector of oils
After advising with the AttorneyGeneral the Commissioner
decided that the State Chemist was right in his interpretation of32
GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
the laws and thereupon ordered the oil inspectors to try for burn
ing point at n611701180HQF respectively so as not
to miss the true burning point if it should be at either of these
degrees
He also ordered the inspectors to seize and hold all oils found
below the law by the test so applied and with the precautions
recommended by the State Chemist in testing until the oil com
panies should obey the orders of the Department and bring the
rejected oils up to the legal standard
He also ordered the adoption of the New York State instru
ment as recommended by the State Chemist to take effect from
the fifteenth day of September 1899
HOW TO AVOID HAVING POOR LIGHTSOIL NOT ALWAYS TO BLAME
DIRECTIONS FOR THE CARE OF LAMPS
Many of our people are strongly of the opinion that an oil
which falls below the limits prescribed by law is a poor oil in the
sense that it will not give a good light This opinion is incorrect
An unsafe oil need not necessarily be a poor illuminant and gen
erally is not Many have poor lights because of a lack of care
and attention to their lamps and wicks The following points
should be carefully heeded by those who would get the best re
sults from their lamps
1st Use a good wick The open woven wick known as the
American wick is excellent Do not use too long a wick cut
it only a few inches longer than is necessary to reach the bottom
of the lamp Do not have a great coil of wick in the lamp
2d In adjusting a new wick fit it to the burner soak the wick
in the oil light the wick let the lamp burn a few minutes then
blow it out and trim your wick by moving the finger over the
charred part evenly and smoothly in one direction only Repeat
until the surface feels smooth and even this is always the best
plan to pursue in trimming the wick Do not use shears unless
perhaps to cut off long and uneven threads at the start Always
trim the wick in this way after each nights use
3d Remember that dirt will get into oil little particles
that perhaps you can not see and this floating dirt will gradually
accumulate in the wick which acts as a filter to hold back the
dirt as the oil ascends the wick After a time this dirt chokes up
the pores or interstices in the wick and partially destroys its powerBULLETIN NO 35
33
of capillarity Then the light begins to fail because the oil can
not get to it So dont economize on wicks They are much
cheaper than eyesight Put in a new one when needed Dont
pin or sew a piece of cloth stocking or red flannel on to the end
of your wick to eke out its existence and at the same time expect
to get a good light
4th Remember that ocasionally say once in ten days or when
ever needed the dirty dreggy oil in the bottom of the lamp
should be thrown out It may be saved if desired by filtering it
through a piece of fine cotton cloth Then rinse out the lamp
with some clear bright oil Dont clean the inside of your lamp
with water if you do the light will probably be bad when you
next use it sputter and give you trouble
5th Occasionally say once in ten days or when you see it is
needed give the burner a thorough cleaning boil it with hot
water and soda so as to get out all greasy dirt and open up the
air passages Then dry it thoroughly in the sun or over the stove
before using
6th Dont buy red oil it never gives as good a light as the
same quality of oil without the red coloring matter If you at
tend carefully to all these rules and still get poor light then you
may abuse the oil companies but not before
In all the cases of poor light and bad oil I have so far in
vestigated the trouble must have been due to neglect of some
of the above simple precautions which ought to be adopted in
every wellregulated household Remember that the State will
see to it that no unsafe oil is furnished you and that because a
lamp gives a poor light is no evidence that the oil is unsafe In
the recent oil investigation I examined some oils which were un
doubtedly unsafe and below the law but yet when I burned them
day after day in a properly caredfor lamp no fault could be
found with the light they gave
The following extracts from the laws of the State of New
York are printed here for convenience of reference
Sec 24 Standard and storage of illuminating oils No person
shall manufacture or have in his possession or sell or give away
for illuminating or heating purposes in lamps or stoves within this
State any oil or burning fluid wholly or partly composed of naph
tha coal oil petroleum or products thereof or of other substances
or materials emitting an inflammable vapor which will flash at a
temperature below one hundred degrees Fahrenheit according to
the instruments and tests approved by the State Board of Health
Sab34
GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
The State Board of Health shall prescribe the tests aiiJ instru
ments by which such oils and fluids shall be tested and shall adopt
such measures to enforce the provisions of this section and such
rules and regulations for collecting examining and testing samples
of such oils and fluids as to them may seem necessary The pub
lic analysts employed by or under the direction of such board shall
test the samples of such oils and fluids as may be submitted to
them under the rules of the board for which they shall receive
such reasonable compensation as the board may allow
Naphtha and other illuminating products of petroleum which
will not stand the flash test required by this section may be used
for illuminating or heating purposes only in the following cases
1 In street lamps and open air receptacles apart from any build
ing factory or inhabited house in which the vapor is burned
2 In dwellings factories or other places of business when
vaporized in secure tanks or metallic generators made for that
purpose in which the vapor so generated is used for lighting or
heating
3 For use in the manufacture of illuminating gas in gas manu
factories situated apart from dwellings and other buildings
Any person violating any provision of this section shall forfeit
to the city or village or if not in a city or village to the town in
which the violation occurs the sum of one hundred dollars for
every such violation and for every day or part of day that such
violation occurs
This section shall not apply to the city of New York and shall
not supersede but shall be in addition to the ordinances or regula
tions of any city or village made pursuant to law for the inspection
or control of combustible materials therein
COMMERCIAL VALUES OF FERTILIZERS AND FER
TILIZER MATERIALS FOR THE SEASON OF 1898
1899
About the first of January quotations at Savannah on the prin
cipal ingredients used in the manufacture of Commercial fertil
isers were as below
Acid phosphate 1314 at 650 per ton of 2000 lbs
German kainit 12 K20 1000 per ton of 2240 lbs ex
vesselBULLETIN NO 35
35
Muriate of potash 80 at 3900 per ton of 2000 lbs ex
vessel in bags
Phosphate rock in Charleston at 300 per long ton
Quotations for ammoniates are given at Atlanta
Dried blood at 3000 per ton of 2000 lbs
Tankage 10 ammonia at 2255 Per ton f 2000 lbs
Cotton seed meal 1600 per ton in 100 ton lots
Mt Pleasant Tenn phosphate rock containing 75 bone
phosphate of lime at 491 long ton in Atlanta
The above prices are quotations at wholesale figures for lots of
500 tons and over spot cash exship car or warehouse Savannah
Charleston and Atlanta
Since these quotations were obtained there has been an advance
in the price of most materials notably phosphate rock which has
advanced more than one dollar per ton
On basis of above quotations the following commercial values
have been calculated and have been used in calculating the values
of all the goods offered for sale in the State during the season of
18981899 as exhibited in the table of analyses
Available phosphoric acid 2lA cents a pound
Insoluble phosphoric acid y2 cent a pound
Ammonia calculated from nitrogen 10 cents a pound
Potash K20 44 cents a pound
It is usual however in the fertilizer trade and very convenient
in calculation to use the system of units A unit means in tech
nical talk one per cent of a ton or twenty pounds so that con
verting the above prices per pound into prices per unit by simply
multiplying by 20 we have
Available phosphoric acid 65 cents a unit
Insoluble phosphoric acid 10 cents a unit
Ammonia calculated from nitrogen200 a unit
Potash K20 85 cents a unit
For example suppose we have a fertilizer with 8 available
phosphoric acid 125 insoluble phosphoric acid 345 am
monia and 275 of potash we calculate its value thus
8 X 65 cents a unit 520
125 X 10 cents a unit 125
345 X 200 a unit 690
275 X 85 cents a unit 234
i456S
Inspection sacks mixing and
handling 260
1716536
GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OE AGRICULTURE
Therefore the relative commercial value of the above goods is
seventeen dollars sixteen and a half cents per ton
The above figures represent as nearly as we can arrive at it
the wholesale cash cost of the goods at central points of distri
bution and production If it is desired to learn the retail cost it
would be necessary to add to the above total the freight to the
particular point interested and also storage insurance interest
taxes and the dealers or manufacturers profits The figures I
have given above cannot from the nature of the case be exact as
prices fluctuate from day to day and month to month but they
approach with reasonable accuracy the wholesale cost of the goods
It may be interesting to our Georgia farmers to know what
are the commercial values assigned in other States I will give
three two Southern and one Northern
NORTH CAROLINA VALUATIONS
Available phosphoric acid 4 cents a pound or 80 cents a unit
Ammonia 12 cents a pound or 240 a unit
Potash K20 5 cents a pound or 100 a unit
These prices are intended for small lots in bags on board the
cars
ALABAMA VALUATIONS

Available phosphoric acid 5 cents a pound or 100 a unit
Ammonia 112 cents a pound or 230 a unit
Potash 5 cents a pound or 100 a unit
Intended for small lots in bags on board cars
CONNECTICUT VALUATIONS
Available phosphoric acid 4j4 cents a pound or 85 cents a unit
Insoluble phosphoric acid 2 cents a pound or 40 cents a unit
Ammonia calculated from nitrogen 13 cents a pound or
260 a unit
Potash as sulphate 5 cents a pound or 100 a unit
Potash as muriate 42 cents a pound or 85 cents a unit
The above are the retail cash prices in the large markets of
the raw materials which enter into the composition of fertilizers
in ConnecticutBULLETIN NO 35
37
A LITTLE ADVICE ON PURCHASING
It will be seen from an inspection of these valuations in other
States that the Georgia farmer has nothing to complain of in
the prices at which he can purchase plant food It should be
borne in mind always that State valuations are relative and ap
proximate only and are only intended to serve as a guide It is
much to be desired that farmers should study the analyses giving
the actual percentages of plant food more and pay no attention
whatever to namesand brands They should realize for in
stance that in nine cases out of ten brands known as Pure Dis
solved Bone contain not a particle of bone but are made simply
out of phosphate rock They are every whit and grain as good
as if they were made from bone the available phosphoric acid
from rock being just as available and identically the same as the
available phosphoric acid from bone The proof that such brands
are not made from bone is that they contain no ammonia and
if they were made from bone the percentage of ammonia would be
stated and it would be charged for This is only one instance of
the folly of being influenced by names and brandsmany might
be given Remember that a multiplicity of brands is also ex
pensive to the manufacturer and you have to pay the cost in
the long run Study the markets select a time for purchasing
when general trade in fertilizers is dull club together with some
of your neighbors whose credit is of the best or better who have
a little spare cash and then order from a reliable manufacturer
stipulating if you have a preference just what materials the goods
shall be made from and especially the guaranteed percentage of
ammonia phosphoric acid and potash Let the maker call it any
thing he pleases In this way you will be sure to have a firstclass
goods bought at the lowest market price But if you are going
to wait till the last minute to buy your fertilizers at the very
time when everybody else wants his and are going to buy on time
and pay interest why then be assured your fertilizers are going
to be expensivejust as your clothing or any of your household
goods would be if bought in the same way
FORMULAS FOR COTTON
The following formulas for cotton are the result of careful ex
periments by trained investigators on worn soil It was found
that cotton required a combination of nitrogen phosphoric acid38
GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OE AGRICULTURE
and potash Phosphoric acid is the dominant element however
with nitrogen standing next in importance The relative pro
portion of the three important elements of plant food is one part
nitrogen two and a half of phosphoric acid and three fourths of
potash The quantities required by a crop of 300 pounds of lint
cotton per acre are nitrogen 20 pounds phosphoric acid 50 pounds
and potash 15 pounds The dozen different formulas given below
are so calculated as to contain very nearly these quantities of the
three important elements and are so varied as to meet the require
ments and the convenience of almost every farmer No one
formula can be said to have any special advantage over the other
just use one you can get together with the greatest convenience
and least cost to yourself Each one will analyze about twenty
pounds of nitrogen fifty pounds of phosphoric acid and fifteen
pounds of potash in the whole formula Fertilizers may be ap
plied either in drill or broadcast where used liberally but if used
sparingly drilling is considered preferable Each formula repre
sents the amount to be applied per acre to get the best results
Muriate of Potash 30 lbs
Acid Phosphate 334
Nitrate of Soda 125
Muriate of Potash 20 lbs
Acid Phosphate 281
Cotton Seed Meal 286
Cotton Sed Hull Ashes 45 lbs
Acid Phosphate 261
Cotton Seed Meal286
Wood Ashes unleached 164 lbs
Acid Phosphate 261
Cotton Seed Meal 286
Kainit 64 lbs
Acid Phosphate 273
Cotton Seed Meal 143
Cotton Seed 13bus
Acid Phosphate 266 lbs
Nitrate of Soda 13
Stable Manure4000
Muriate of Potash 30 lbs
Acid Phosphate 334
Dried Blood 167
Muriate of Potash 10 lbs
AcidPhoswithPot2K0 32
Cotton Seed Meal 286
Kainit 58 lhs
Acid Phosphate 300
Nitrate of Soda 70
Stable Manure2000
Muriate of Potash 20 lbs
Acid Phosphate 300
Nitrate of Soda 64
Cotton Seed 13hus
Kainit 45 lbs
Acid Phosphate 264
Cotton Seed 26jbus
Commercial fertilizer to analyze as
below
Available Phosphoric Acid 10 00
Ammonia 485
Potash K0 300
Use 500 lbs per acreBULLETIN NO 35
39
Any of the formulas given above for cotton would answer
well for wheat if the quantity of acid phosphate in each is dimin
ished by onehalf and the nitrogen increased by the amount of
money saved on the acid phosphate But in the case of the wheat
the nitrate of soda should not be mixed with the other ingredients
but reserved and applied as a top dressing in the spring when its
effects will be immediate and marvelous imparting a green
rich color to the plant and if as much as one hundred pounds per
acre are used increasing the yield five to ten bushels per acre
The Georgia Experiment Station formula for cotton Colonel
Reckling Director has been tested there with excellent results
It is as follows
Acid phosphate1000 pounds
Muriate of Potash 75 pounds
Cotton seed meal 700 pounds
1775 pounds
Apply so as to get from 200 to 500 pounds of acid phosphate
per acre
The formula of the same station for corn and the grasses is
Acid phosphateTooo pounds
Muriate of potash 30 pounds
Cotton seed meali250 pounds
2280 pounds
Apply enough of the above formula to get from 100 to 200
pounds of acid phosphate per acre
SPECIAL WHEAT FORMULA
The Director of the Experiment Station at Beauregard France
is authority for the following
If farmyard manure is supplemented by liberal application of
commercial fertilizer as follows
Acid phosphate350 pounds
Sulphate of ammonia 13 pounds
Muriate of potash 9 pounds40
GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
applied in the fall and followed in the spring by a op dressing of
90 pounds of nitrate of soda a yield of over 45 bushels of wheat
per acre may be attained
The above are the quantities used per acre
Nitrate of soda is worth at the coast 3350 per ton in large
lots Mr A A Smith fertilizer broker Prudential building
Atlanta Ga has signified his willingness to furnish it in small
lots of one ton or even less at the rate of 3800 per ton deliv
ered in Atlanta
COMPOSITION OF FERTILIZING MATERIAL
TABLE INITROGENOUS MATERIALS
Nitrate of Soda
Sulphate of Ammonia
Dried Blood
Concentrated Tankage
Bone Tankage
Dried Fish Scrap
Cotton Seed Meal
Hoof Meal
POUNDS PER HUNDRED
Nitrogen
Phosphoric
Acid
15 to 16 19 to20 10 to 14
11 5 to 12J to 8
7 to 9
6J to 7J 13 to 14
1 to 2
10 to 15
6 to 8
2 to 3
lto 2
Potash
1J to 2
To convert nitrogen percentage into ammonia percentage multiply
by 1214 Thus 10 nitrogen is equivalent to 1214 of ammonia
TABLE IIPHOSPHATE MATERIALS
POUNDS PER HUNDRED
1 Nitrogen Available Phosphoric Acid Insoluble Phosphoric Acid
S C Rock Phosphate S to 4 litc2 2 to 3 12is 1419 58 69 1315 2628 13 3335 2632 16 1517 1620 23
S C Rock Superphosphate
Fla Rock Phosphate Lands
Fla Pebble Phosphate
Fla Superphosphate
Ground Bone
Steamed Bone
Dissolved Bone
BULLETIN NO 35
41
TABLE IIIPOTASH MATERIALS AND FARM MANURES
POUNDS PEP HUNDRED
Actual
1otash
Nitro Phos
phoric
gen Acid
7 to 9
1 to 2
1 to H
2 to 3
034 0 16
058 028
083 023
045 019
163 154
050 026
Lime
Muriate of Potash
Sulphate of Potash
Double Sulphate of Potash and Magnesia
Kainit
Sylvinit
Cotton Seed Hull Ashes
Wood Ashes unleached
Wood Ashes leached
Tobacco Stems
Cow Manure fresh
Horse Manure fresh
Sheep Manure fresh
Hog Manure fresh
Hen Dung fresh
Mixed Stable Manure
50
48 to 52
26 to 30
12 to 12J
16 to 20
15 to 30
2 to 8
1 to 2
5 to 8
040
053
067
060
085
0 63
10
3035
3540
34
031
021
0 33
008
024
070From Bulletin Georgia Department of Agriculture
SERIAL No 36
SEASON 18991900
INFORMATION IN REGARD TO
CHEMICAL FERTILIZERS
AND
CHEMICALS
AND
ILLUMINATING OILS
UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF
O B STEVENS
Commissioner of Agriculture of the State of Georgia
JNO M McCANDLESS
State Chemist
P L HUTCHINSON
First Assistant State Chemist
R G WILLIAMS
Second Assistant State ChemistELLINGTON BILL
No 168
An Act to regulate the sale of fertilizers in this State to fix a
method for determining the value of the same and for other
purposes
Section i Be it enacted by the General Assembly of Geor
gia and it is hereby enacted by authority of the same That from
and after the passage of this Act it shall be lawful for any pur
chaser of fertilizer from any owner thereof or agent of such
owner to require of the person selling and at the time of
sale or delivery to take from each lot of each brand sold a sample
of its contents
Sec 2 Be it further enacted That said sample so taken shall
lie mixed together and placed in a bottle jar or such other re
ceptacle as the purchaser may present It shall then be the duty
of such purchaser and seller to deliver said package to the Ordi
naryof the county who shall label same with the names of the
parties and of the fertilizers
Sec 3 Be it further enacted That said Ordinary shall safely
keep said package allowing neither party access to the same save
as hereinafter provided The Ordinary shall receive a fee of ten
10 cents from the party depositing such sample for each sam
ple so deposited
Sec 4 Be it further enacted That should said purchaser
after having used such fertilizer upon his crops have reason to
believe from the yields thereof that said fertilizer was totally or
partially worthless he shall notify the seller and apply to the
Ordinary to forward the said sample deposited with him or a
sufficiency thereof to insure a fair analysis to the State Chemist
without stating the names of the parties the name of the fertil
izer or giving its guaranteed analysis the cost of sending being
prepaid by the purchaser
Sec 5 Be it further enacted That it shall be the duty of said
State Chemist to analyze and send a copy of the result to said
Ordinary
Sec 6 Be it further enacted That should said analysis show
that said fertilizer comes up to the guaranteed analysis upon46
GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
which it is sold then the statement so sent by the State Chemist
shall be conclusive evidence against a plea of partial or total fail
ure of consideration But should said analysis show that such
fertilizer does not come up to the guaranteed analysis then the
sale shall be illegal null and void and when suit is brought upon
any evidence of indebtedness given for such fertilizer the state
ment of such State Chemist so transmitted to the Ordinary shall
be conclusive evidence of the facts whether such evidence of in
debtedness is held by an innocent third party or not
SEC 7 Be it further enacted That in lieu of the State Chem
ist should the parties to the contract agree upon some other
chemist to make said analysis all the provisions of the act shall
apply to his analysis and report to the Ordinary
Sec 8 Be it further enacted That should the seller refuse to
take said sample when so requested by the purchaser then upon
proof of this fact the purchaser shall be entitled to his plea of
failure of consideration and to support the same by proof of the
want of effect and benefit of said fertilizer upon his crops which
proof shall be sufficient to authorize the jury to sustain defend
ants plea within whole or in part whether said suit is brought
by an innocent holder or not
Sec 9 Be it further enacted That all laws and parts of laws
in conflict with this Act be and the same are hereby repealed
Approved December 27 1890
REMARKS OF THE COMMISSIONER
While the condition of the farmers of Georgia is by no means
all that it should be under the advantages that we possess in
our soil and climate yet it is much improved over that of one year
ago The short cotton crop and the fact that the mills of the
South used more of the great staple than ever before combined
to raise the price of cotton For the first time in history the
South fixed this price and the farmer who was so fortunate as
not to be forced to rush his crop upon the market received a good
profit on his labor and investment Another fact in the better
ment of his condition is that he raised during the past season more
than usual of his own food supplies in consequence of which
many debts were paid and many mortgages raised The fanners
of Georgia harvested this year more wheat than at any otherBULLETIN NO 36
47
period since 1865 in fact more than in any other three years
since the Civil War More attention too has been paid to meat
supplies and this fall will see smokehouses on many farms filled
with ham bacon and sausage from hogs fed and slaughtered at
home That the West is the granary and smokehouse of Geor
gia is less true now than for many years past It has been many
years since the agricultural interests of Georgia were in such
good shape The farmers have in the past twelve months made
encouraging progress toward the goal of independence Nor
should we fail to mention the good peach crop of 1900 which
notwithstanding all hindrances has brought good profits to some
of our own fruitgrowers Although this crop as a whole did
not prove as remunerative as early indications promised yet the
money it has put into circulation within our State entitles it to
rank among the great new money crops of Georgia It has paid
during the dull season thousands of dollars to the laborers em
ployed in gathering packing canning and shipping the fruit
The total number of carloads shipped by the Central of Georgia
railroad up to August 11 was 1378 The total statistics in
cluding the shipments of other roads have not yet been compiled
but if the claim be true that the Central has handled 50 per cent
more than all the other railroads combined the total number
of carloads shipped this season will not be far short of 2500
The sugarcane industry of Georgia has also made gratifying
progress The growing of the cane and the manufacture of syrup
in South Georgia has doubled in the last two years Last fall a
gentleman in Tennessee sold 150 barrels of Georgia syrup in six
days
Dr H E Stockbridge of the Florida Experiment Station has
recently made a discovery of great importance to the sugarcane
growers of the South A quantity of the gray moss which fes
toons the trees of South Georgia if put into a barrel will act as
a sieve through which the juice will trickle into a vessel pre
pared to receive it leaving behind in the moss the foreign ele
ment that causes fermentation
We predict that in the near future a number of sugar refineries
will be established in South Georgia These will give a wonder
ful impetus to this great industry
The more we add to the productions of Georgia the more will
we increase the general prosperity Therefore it is gratifying
to note the possibilities which Georgia offers for the addition to
her resources of another great money crop48
GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
Tobacco of the best grades has been successfully raised in sev
eral sections of the State but seldom in greater quantity than is
required to meet the individual wants But more attention is
being paid to this valuable crop especially in South Georgia In
Decatur county about eight miles from Bainbfidge a tract of
600 acres has been devoted to this plant and yields the very finest
quality of Sumatra tobacco A farmer in Dodge county raised
on onetwentieth of an acre 160 pounds of Sumatra leaf tobacco
and was offered 80 for his little patch This would mean 1600
for the product of one acre This proves that there is money in
this crop
We do not hesitate to declare that Georgia possesses possibili
ites for successful agriculture unsurpassed in the world There
is no reason why our farmers should depend upon any other sec
tion or country for food supplies for man or beast The suc
cess of some of our most scientific fanners in wheatgrowing rais
ing as high as 40 50 and even 65 bushels to the acre gives con
vincing proof of our ability to raise our own bread supplies and
have some for exportation besides And when we come to food
for stock no country has a better store of native grasses with the
additional advantage that the many foreign grasses so highly
esteemed elsewhere will with proper management grow luxu
riantly in Georgia soil and yield a handsome profit
In the new plan of cutting shocking and shredding the corn
stalk by machinery we have a method far superior to the old one
of pulling fodder and leaving the stalks standing in the fields
In the peavine also the farmers of Georgia possess the most
nutritious hay as well as a splendid renewer of exhausted soils
and preserver of those that are yet in good condition Even the
cottonseed once cast aside as useless after enough for the plant
ing of a new crop had been saved supplies in its meal and hulls
rich food for stock and in its meal a superior article for supplying
nitrogen to the compost prepared for fertilizing the soil With all
the advantages thus possessed every inducement is offered the
farmer for raising meat for his own family and for the neighbor
ing markets At present the Western beef by its superior quality
holds the field even in the small towns crushing out local com
petition All the money carried out of the State for the purchase
of Western beef mutton pork and ham can be kept at home for
circulation among our own people if the Georgia fanner will pay
more attention to the raising of stock Considering the difficul
ties that have beset them on every side the farmers of GeorgiaBULLETIN NO 36
4 a
have done well For their long and heroic struggle of thirtyfive
years and for the difficulties they have overcome they deserve ail
praise But the phenomenal success of some of our Georgia
farmers has shown the marvelous possibilities within our grasp
So long as the greater proportion of the beef and butter consumed
in our towns comes from the North and West so long will there
bi an urgent call for improvement
Would a few suggestions be inappropriate here While in
many quarters there has been great improvement in the breeds
of cattle and while more care than ever before is being given
to the raising of stock are not many of our farmers still neg
lectful of this important interest We would suggest that all
who have hitherto been negligent on this line begin at once to
pay more attention to the improvement of the breeds of cattle
sheep swine and poultry The raising of more and better forage
crops will stimulate the raising of the best beef cattle for home
consumption and for sale in the domestic markets besides im
proving our soil which is suffering every year under the system
of clean cotton culture Georgia ought to be an exporter of
highgrade beef Although much has been done in the establish
ment of dairy farms and creameries can not more of our farmers
help to make these industries a power in Georgia by improving
the breeds of milch cows thus obtaining milk in the greatest
quantity and of the best quality for the dairy or for the creamery
to convert into butter and cheese Would it not put money into
the pockets of some enterprising men to raise not only the meat
consumed on their own tables but enough of it to sell in our own
markets and even beyond the borders of Georgia In proof of
what can be done we point with pride to the prosperous farms
and beautiful homes of the dairy farmers of our State As things
now are even a very large proportion of the poultry sold in our
larger cities is imported The best breeds of poultry are within
the possibilities of every farmer and by their much prized prod
ucts they can add largely to his store of ready cash
In view of the fact that the per capita production of farmers is
in Georgia only 177 while in New England it is 317 and in
1 He West 519 we venture the suggestion that there must be
something in our system that needs improvement We must
seek out the most intelligent uptodate methods of farming
Might not some changes in our farming methods bring about
the raising of more grain and grasses more vegetables and fruit
lab50
GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
more and better beef cattle more milk and butter and cheese more
pigs and sheep more ready money in the pockets of our farmers
more prosperity to the agricultural classes hence more plenty
contentment and happiness among all classes of our population
More active continuous intelligent supervision of all the labor
on the farm is necessary to success
Again we would say let every farmer keep an account with
his land charging it up with all that it costs him and giving it
credit with all that it pays The same business methods which
make the successful merchant or manufacturer will make the suc
cessful farmer
One great need of our farmers is the formation of a farmers
institute or club in every county in which may be discussed the
best methods of agriculture the latest and best machines for la
borsaving and other things of interest and profit to the farmer
Industrial education is as necessary to the farmer as to the me
chanic Nature studies should form a prominent part of the
curriculum of our public schools From the kindergarten to the
university the pupil should be taught to know something of na
tures ways and in special schools the farmer should prepare for
his profession just as the physician the lawyer the preacher or
the mechanic does for his This is a day of machinery the
proper handling of which demands education Nowhere does ma
chinery pay better than on a farm provided it be wisely bought
and judiciously managed The West makes much greater use
of farm machinery than Georgia This ought not so to be A
farmer can no more afford to be behind the age than can a man
engaged in any other business In the physical as well as in
the spiritual world growth is life stagnation is death The
old methods will no longer answer If the Georgia farmer knows
not the method by which his brother of the North and West
grows prosperous and rich then he must learn it If capitalists
outside of Georgia come in and buy up our lands and rent them
out to our own people our State will soon be in the condition of
Ireland
Progress must be the watchword of the farmers of Georgia
and progress is finding out the best methods and adopting them
What the farmer has learned for himself he must teach his chil
dren at home and then send them to school where that education
can be continued and enlarged No other profession brings man
into such close communion with nature and through nature man
can best look up to natures God and hold communion with the
source of all light and lifeBULLETIN NO 36
51
Gallant Phil Cook who had been farmer lawyer soldier rep
resentative in Congress and Secretary of State of Georgia when
asked what line of business required the greatest exercise of in
telligence unhesitatingly replied that of the farmer Cicero
the great Roman orator senator and farmer considered agricul
ture the noblest occupation of man Indeed the first business
to which the Creator himself appointed man was farming And
the Lord God took the man and put him into the garden of Eden
to dress and keep it
A high calling then is yours farmers of Georgia Our State
is great in her developed resources greater in her possibilities oi
soil climate and varied productions but greatest of all in her peo
ple of heroic moldbrave in grappling with whatever diffi
culties beset their path lawabiding conservative and Godfear
ing to a degree not often seen in these days of social unrest and
gloomy skepticism In our rural population is the best hope of
the State Let us then so train and educate our boys and girls
that they may love the old homestead and be attracted to the
farm with its snowy cotton and golden grain its meadows filled
with wellbred wellkept stock its orchards laden with luscious
fruit its streams so guided and directed by a master hand as to
irrigate when necessary each thirsty piece of ground its farm
implements of the best make and kept in the best condition
everything about the place indicating thrift prosperity and re
finement
O B Stevens
Commissioner of Georgia

REPORT OF STATE OIL INSPECTOR
State of Georgia
Department of Oils
Atlanta Ga August 23 1900
Col O B Stevens Commissioner of Agriculture Atlanta Ga
Dear Sir I beg leave to submit the following report as a
synopsis of the situation of the Oil Department since you placed
me in charge
Upon arriving at your office on January 2 1900 I was soon52
GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
made acquainted with the conditions existing at that time I
found that though the Elliott Tester had been in use for some
time there were only a few storage stations in the State that
contained oil that came up to the required standard This was
in no way due to negligence on the part of the Inspectors but
was on account of the large amount of lowgrade oil that was
stored at the different points in the State previous to the enact
ment of the present law now of force And though the new oil
that was coming into the State from day to day passed the re
quired standard after it was emptied into the storage tanks
being mixed with the lowgrade oilthe result was that the
product that was being placed on the market was not up to the
required standard of safety
Recognizing that the only way to accomplish the object that
was intended by the new law was to enforce a rule that all
tanks containing oil below the standard should be emptied and
thoroughly cleansed before any other oil should be allowed to be
put in them and the local Oil Inspectors were instructed to carry
out these requirements and thoroughly test all the oil put in the
tank before they allowed it to be offered for sale
I have visited the most important stations in the State and
endeavored to give such instructions and advice to the local in
spectors as would procure the enforcement of the law at the
earliest possible moment
In addition to my visits to the stations I have been to many
points in the State where complaints have been made as to the
quality of the oil and I found after issuing our book of instruc
tions in regard to the care of lamps that the necessity of going
in person to these points has been eliminated to a large extent
That the amount of oil received in the State since January first
is less than for the coresponding period of last year has been
due as you will see from the enforcing of the above restrictions
viz Stopping the bringing in of oil until the tanks were cleaned
It has been very gratifying to note the interest that has been
taken in the organization of this department by the local in
spectors There is now no delay in receiving our monthly re
ports by the 6th or 7th of each month I think the organization
of the department is now such as to expedite business in the most
thorough manner
That the law has been enforced you need nothing more to con
vince you than the fact that recently Dr McCandless required
some oil of a low grade for the purpose of making some tests inBULLETIN NO 36
53
the laboratory He was unable to procure it within the confines
of the State and was forced to send outside the State to get what
he needed
As to the safety of the present oil that is on sale I made before
you and others this morning with oil bought in the open market
showing you the impossibility of burning the oil or exploding
the lamps under the most adverse conditions provided the stand
ard is kept up to the requirement of the law
The State Chemist having from his analysis of the oils now
on the market arrived at the conclusion that there was nothing
in them which would cause an explosion or even cause them to
take fire at the ordinary temperature and having reported to you
that he believed such an accident could be in all probability im
possible after conferring with him I decided to make a practical
test with a burning lamp in your presence
The lamp was turned over and fell upon a plank floor the
lamp brokethere was no explosion the oil ran out upon the
floor the flame of the burning wick not setting fire to the oil
I dropped lighted matches info the oil which refused to take fire
until it had soaked into the wooden plank which then of course
being saturated with the oil in a thin layer ignited just as a wick
saturated with oil would ignite There was however an interval
of fully five minutes before this occurred Lighted matches
dropped into a lamp half full of oil were quenchedthe oil refus
ing to take fire and there was no explosion as there were no
volatile gases arising from the oil to bring about an explosion
though the day was an unusually hot one I am satisfied that at
this time there is no oil in the State that does not come up to the
requirements of the present law and the standard of the Elliott
Tester
The obstacles that were necessary to overcome in order to
accomplish this end you are aware of that it has been successfully
accomplished in so short a time is largely due to the hearty and
intelligent cooperation of the local inspectors at the different
points to the untiring zeal and assistance of Dr McCandless and
the cooperation and encouragement given by yourself
I sincerely trust the public whose lives and property are now
so well protected from danger from this source will appreciate
our efforts and give us their assistance in maintaining the present
regulations for the future
I am truly yours
Glascock Barrett
State Oil Inspector54
GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OE AGRICULTURE
THE NEW GEORGIA OIL LAW
AN ACT
To prescribe the method of testing illuminating oils in this State
and the manner in which test shall be made and to provide for
the appointment of a General Inspector to aid in the inspection
of such oils and for other purposes
Section i Be it enacted by the General Assembly of Georgia
and it is hereby enacted by authority of the same That from and
after the passage of this Act it shall be the duty of the Commis
sioner of Agriculture of the State of Georgia to appoint a General
Inspector of Oils of said State whose duty shall be to go from
point to point about the State at the direction of the Commissioner
of Agriculture to inspect such oils as may be desired instruct the
local inspectors in the art of taking fair correct and impartial
samples of oils for illuminating purposes and to test the same
under provisions of this act to check up all accounts and books
of account of local oil inspectors and to see that said moneys due
the State from fees paid for oil inspections are paid into the State
treasury and to see that said local oil inspectors fairly correctly
and impartially discharge the duties imposed upon them by this
Act and existing laws not in conflict herewith and perform such
other duties as may be prescribed by the Commissioner of Agri
culture If any dispute arises as to the test of any oils then said
General Inspector shall take a fair sample of said oil and forward
it to the State Chemist who shall make a final test and his de
cision shall control in all matters of dispute Said General In
spector shall be paid a salary not to exceed 10000 one hun
dred dollars per month and actual and necessary traveling ex
penses while in discharge of his duties and said salary and travel
ing expenses shall be paid out of the fees collected from oil in
spections provided however that this Act shall not be in con
flict with sections 15791584 and other sections of the Code of
Georgia providing for the appointment and compensation of local
oil inspectors
Sec 2 Be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid That
no person shall manufacture or have in his possession or sell or
give away for illuminating or heating purposes in lamps or stoves
within this State any oil or burning fluid wholly or partly com
posed of naphtha coal oil petroleum or products thereof or ofBULLETIN NO 36
55
other substances or material emitting an inflammable vapor which
will flash at a temperature below 100 degrees Fahrenheit when
tested in the closed oil tester known as the New York State or
Elliott Oil Tester according to the following formula to wit
Fill the water bath with fresh well or hydrant water up to the
lead mark on the inside then immerse the oil cup in the water
and pour in oil so as to fill the cup up to within oneeighth of an
inch of the flange Take a piece of blotting paper and remove
all air bubbles from the surface of the oil by lightly touching them
with the paper Next carefully with a dry towel or cloth wipe
the upper inner parts of the oil cup so as to remove any drops
of oil that might have spattered on the upper part of the cup
Then put on the glass cover of the oil cup pass the thermometer
through the hole in the cork to such a point that the mercury
bulb will just be covered by the surface of the oil Next light the
lamp and introduce it under the water bath So adjust the flame
that the temperature will rise at the rate of two degrees a minute
Wait until the temperature reaches ninetynine degrees F then
light a wooden toothpick and pass the flame through the semi
circular opening in the glass plate at such an angle as to clear
glass cover and to a distance about half way between the oil and
the cover The motion should be steady and uniform rapid and
without pause The appearance of a slight bluish flame shows
that the flashing point has been reached If the oil flashes at this
point it should be branded State or Georgia Rejected If it
does not flash at this point it should be branded State of Georgia
Approved Naphtha and illuminating products of petroleum
which will not stand the flash test required by this section may be
used for illuminating or heating purposes only in the following
cases
1 st In street lamps and open air receptacles apart from any
buildings factory or inhabited houses in which the vapor is
burned
2d In dwellings factories or other places of business when
vaporized in secure tanks or metal generators made for the pur
pose in which the vapor so generated is used for lighting or heat
ing
3d For use in the manufacture of illuminating gas m gas
manufactories situated apart from dwellings and other buildings
The Inspector shall provide at his own expense instruments for
testing oil and stencils for branding packages to read thus State
of Georgia Approved with the name of inspector and date of58
GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
inspection The Inspector shall brand all oils and fluids falling
below ioo degrees flash test in the Elliott Tester State of Geor
gia Rejected with name of inspector and date of inspection
If the inspector shall find any illuminating oil or fluid under the
flash test required by law or falsel branded he shall cause the
offender to be prosecuted
Sec 3 And it is hereby made the duty of such General In
spector of Oils to personally prosecute each and every offender
under the provisions of this Act and upon conviction such
offender shall be punished as prescribed in section 1039 of the
Code of Georgia and all fines arising from prosecution under this
Act shall be paid into and become a part of the general educa
tional fund of this State
Sec 4 Be it further enacted That all laws and parts of laws
in conflict with this Act be and the same are hereby repealed
Approved December 20 1899
REMEDIES FOR INSECTS AXD PLANT DISEASES
Department of Entomology
Atlanta Ga August 15 1900
To Hon 0 B Stevens Commissioner of Agriculture
Dear Sir In accordance with your request I beg to submit
herein brief notes on remedies for insects and plant diseases with
directions for the preparation and application of the same
It should be explained that these notes are taken in part from
my paper before the State Horticultural Society at its 1899 ses
sion with additional matter collected from recent field experi
ments
It requires a considerable degree of intelligence to successfully
combat insects and fungi A correct knowledge of the life history
and feeding habits of the particular species to be treated is essen
tial to successful results Some insects may be susceptible to
treatment in one stage of their existence while they could not be
affected in another stage Furthermore it is necessary to know
what remedy is indicated in the particular case to be treated and
when to make the applicationBULLETIN NO 36
57
The use of remedies can not be relied upon entirely for protec
lion against crop pests Preventive measures play an important
role in the methods of controlling such pests as does also me
chanical operations such as hand picking cultivation rotation of
crops and destruction of affected plants The larger Cornstalk
Borer a serious enemy to corn in the South can not be reached
by insecticides but can be easily controlled by the destruction in
the fall of the old cornstalks in which they hibernate and by rota
tion of crops No spraying operations will control Peach Yellows
and Rosette complete destruction of affected trees being the only
remedy The Curculio and Monilia rot can be held in check in a
great measure by the destruction of affected fruit Burning the
webs of webworms often proves more effective than applications
of insecticides A knife or wire is used to remove borers from
peach trees a sheet and club are used to capture the Curculio
hoods are placed over young cucumbers and melon plants to pro
tect them from the Cucumber Beetle and Squash bugs trenches
are dug to entrap the Army Worm and various mechanical
methods of destroying insects have been devised Also culture
and care of an orchard have much to do with the control of in
sects and diseases clean culture which should always be given
an orchard will greatly lessen the number of various insects that
are common to orchard trees Grass weeds and other debris
afford protection to them while in the pupa state or hibernating
and the destruction of such protection will result in the destruc
tion of a great many insects Good cultivation and the use of
fertilizers keep the trees in a healthy vigorous condition thereby
rendering them less susceptible to attacks of insects and diseases
Pruning also should not be neglected Dead and diseased limbs
should be closely pruned off and removed from the orchard Dead
trees should not be allowed to stand The Fruit Bark Beetle and
the Black Knot Fungus are thus controlled Yellows and Rosette
are prevented from spreading by the removal of affected trees
Careful observation and skillful management will render the use
of insecticides and fungicides less requisite

INSECTICIDES
Insects are divided into two classes according to their manner
of feeding 1st Haustellate insects or those that possess a tube
hke proboscis with which they pierce the tissues of plants and suck
their juices which class embraces the plant lice plant bugs mealy58
GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
bugs and scale insects 2d Mandibulate insects are those that
possess biting mouthparts and obtain their food by gnawing or
chewing the tissues of plants to which class belong the grass
hoppers beetles caterpillars and others
This natural classification of insects necessitates the division of
insecticides into two classes viz contact poisons and food poi
sons The former are used against sucking insects and are applied
directly to their bodies producing death by entering the body
through the breathing pores or by closing the breathing pores and
by corrosion and irritation Food poisons are intended for biting
insects and should be applied to the plants upon which they feed
lo be taken into the alimentary canal with the food
CONTACT POISONS
Contact poisons consist principally of soaps oils resin washes
tobacco and gases The most important of these are kerosene
whaleoil soap and hydrocyanic acid gas
KeroseneKerosene in some form has been used as an in
secticide for many years and since injurious scale insects have
become so prevalent it is almost indispensable It is used pure
in the form of kerosene emulsion and in mechanical mixture with
water While pure kerosene is a deadly insecticide it also often
proves highly injurious to plant life and should be used with
caution Indeed it is rarely necessary to use pure kerosene ex
cept possibly in severe cases of scales and where the plants are
expected to be killed as well as the insects When used at all with
the expectation of destroying scale insects and saving the infested
trees it should be applied in the finest possible spray and when the
weather conditions are favorable for rapid evaporation Our
experience with the use of kerosene against the San Jose scale in
this State has been that about 50 per cent of peach trees treated
are killed and 10 per cent of plum trees and where the treatment
was thorough almost complete destruction to the scale was the
result
Kerosene in the form of emulsion has perhaps been more widely
used than any other contact poison For many years it has been
the remedy for plant lice scale insects and certain caterpillars as
well
The usual formula for making it is as followsBULLETIN NO 36
59
KEROSENE EMULSION FORMULA
Kerosene2 gallons
Whaleoil soap1 pound
Water1 gallon
The soap is dissolved in the water by boiling The solution is
then removed from the fire and the kerosene added The mixture
is then churned violently while hot by pumping it back into itself
with a force pump for about five minutes when it should assume
a creamy consistency
Used for plant lice and softbodied scale insects as a summer
treatment the emulsion should be diluted with from 10 to 15
parts of water and applied with a spray pump It can also be
made effective against armored scales if applied to the young
scales while issuing and unprotected Used as a winter treatment
for scale insects while the trees are dormant the emulsion to be
effective should be diluted with only 2 or 3 parts of water
Kerosene in mechanical mixture with water is fast taking the
place of the emulsion and has the advantage of doing away with
the work required to make the emulsion The mixing of the kero
sene and water takes place in the act of spraying and no prepara
tion of the insecticide is necessary A special kerosene sprayer is
required to apply the mixture This mechanical combination of
kerosene and water is the remedy that we have adopted for the
San Jose and other scale insects in this State Various other
remedies have also been tried but the kerosene mixture is the
most practical efficient remedy for our purpose We have made
extensive experiments with this treatment resulting in the proof
that the San Jose scale can without question be controlled by its
use Our experiments have shown that 20 to 25 per cent kero
sene can be safely used on peach trees in a dormant condition
while stronger percentages may do damage Even with 25 per
cent we have injured some trees by applying the mixtures when
the weather conditions were not right Bright dry days should
be selected for the work and spraying should not be continued late
in the evening It is important that the best conditions for rapid
evaporation of the kerosene be afforded otherwise it will penetrate
the bark and injure the trees If the trees are badly infested two
applications are necessary to place the scale under control The
first should be made early in the fall soon after the foliage is shed
60
GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
and the second at any time during the winter or spring preferably
just before the buds open If the first winters treatment is
thorough only one annual winter application should be neces
sary thereafter
As a summer treatment applied during the growing period it is
not safe to use over 10 per cent and peach foliage may even be
scorched a little with that strength
The winter treatment is more satisfactory and should be
adopted even where summer applications have previously been
made The dense foliage renders a thorough wetting of the trees
difficult and the leaves will protect many scales It is often neces
sary to spray during summer in order to hold the scales in check
until a winter application can be made It may be applied at any
time during the summer when living scales are detected but
preferably while young are issuing Kerosene when applied
to fruit even when immature will give it a decided kerosene
flavor which can be detected after the fruit has ripened Also
vegetables soon to be eaten should not be sprayed with kerosene
This objectionable flavor often goes to the table with the vege
table
Whaleoil SoapAny good soap may be effectively used
as an insecticide for softbodied insects but the socalled whale
oil soaps are the best They are made of fish oil and caustic
potash or caustic soda The potash soap has proved to be the
most effective against insects and as it remains in solution better
than the other soaps is more easily applied As a winter treat
ment for the San Jose scale two pounds of soap to one gallon of
water are required to be effective The solution should be sprayed
or mopped on the trees while warm If two applications are to
be made one should be made in the fall and the other in the
spring before the buds open if only one application is necessary
it should be made in the spring as there is less danger of killing
fruit buds at that time
Some trouble has been experienced with the soap destroying
the discharge hose when two pounds to the gallon are used One
pound to the gallon of water affects the hose very little and this
strength should be used in dealing with the Forbes and other less
resistant scales than the San Jose
For young larva of scales plant lice mealy bugs pear slugs
and other delicate insects one pound to four gallons of water is
sufficient One pound to two gallons of water has been found to
injure tender foliage such as neach foliageBULLETIN NO 36
61
Hydrocyanic Acid GasThe gas treatment has been used
for a number of years in California for scale insects on citrus
trees and in recent years has been employed in the East to combat
the San Jose scale It is specially valuable for disinfecting nur
sery stock and is now being extensively used by the nurserymen
of this State as a precautionary measure against scale insects
It has also been successfully employed in Southwest Georgia in
orchard work against the San Jose scale by means of enclosing
the trees in tents Owing to the heavy expense attached to this
treatment however it is now very little used by our growers
and the kerosene treatment is being generally adopted instead
The wide distribution of the San Jose scale over the country
has created a demand from fruit growers for some kind of insur
ance against such pests Inspection certificates have been gen
erally accepted but there is still a demand for further protection
This protection is afforded by the use of hydrocyanic acid gas in
the treatment of nursery stock Be it said to the credit of our
nurserymen that they have not been slow to adopt this treatment
and to take any other precautions necessary to protect their cus
tomers Quite a number of them have constructed fumigating
houses and fumigate trees shrubs cuttings buds vines stocks
and everything they grow and handle
The building should be in a convenient place on the packing
grounds and the stock fumigated as it is dug and brought from
the nursery
From our experiments conducted last fall I found the best re
sults were obtained from the use of the following formula
1J4 ounces of potassium cyanide 98 per cent pure
i ounces of commercial sulphuric acid best grade
5 fluid ounces of water for every 150 cubic feet of space en
closed
The plants to be fumigated are placed in a room in any conve
nient manner The water is poured into an earthenware vessel
just inside the door and the acid added Then the cyanide which
should be previously weighed out into a paper bag is added from
a dipper or other instrument with a handle It is not necessary
to empty the cyanide from the bag The door is then quickly
closed and the fumigation is continued for 35 or 40 minutes
Then the door and ventilator should be opened and no one should
enter the house under ten minutes thereafter The gas is a
deadly poison and the work should be clone with caution62
GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
TobaccoTobacco is a valuable insecticide used in several
forms The decoction of tobacco is specially useful as a remedy
for plant lice The decoction is made by steeping five pounds of
tobacco stems in three gallons of water for three hours Then it
is strained and diluted with water to make seven gallons It is
then ready to be applied to plants affected with the Black Aphis
and other plant lice For the rootinhabiting individuals of the
Black Aphis and the Wooly Aphis of the apple tobacco dust
should be applied around the base of affected trees in the radius
of two feet Three or four inches of the surface soil should be
removed and about three pounds of the dust scattered over
the space In case of nursery stock the dust should be scattered
along on each side of the rows in furrows The whole tobacco
stem may be used for the same purpose The rains extract the
tobacco and carry the decoction down around the roots killing
the insects it comes in contact with
Tobacco leaves smudged in a greenhouse for about 15 or 20
minutes will destroy plant lice and other green house pests
Pyrethrum or Persian Insect Powder is the powdered flowers
of the Pyrethrum plant and is used against roaches ants mos
quitoes and other household insects cabbage worms and other
smoothbodied caterpillars It may be used as a dry powder pure
or diluted with flour or it may be used as a spray at the rate of
one ounce to two gallons of water It is not poisonous to man
and therefore is valuable to use where the arsenical poisons would
be objectionable
Bisulphide of CarbonIs a volatile liquid and furnishes a
remedy for internal feeding insects such as the bean weevil and
the angoumois grain moth and subterranean insects as rootin
habiting lice and root maggots The grain or other products to
be treated should be put in a close box or bin and the liquid poured
over it at the rate of one pound to the ton of grain The box
should be securely covered over for twentyfour hours
FOOD POISONS
The chief food poisons are the arsenical compounds Paris
Green London Purple Scheeles Green and Arsenite of Lead
These poisons furnish more or less efficient remedies for nearly
all biting and gnawing insects as potato beetle cabbage worms
cotton worms and plum curculio
Paris Green is the most popular arsenical and usually gives theBULLETIN NO 36
63
most satisfactory results It is a very fine crystaline powder
composed of arsenic copper and acetic acid acetoarsenite of
copper and has quite a uniform composition
London Purple is a fine powder prepared from the waste prod
ucts in the manufacture of analine dyes and is variable in com
position containing principally arsenic and lime It is less ef
fective than Paris Green and owing to its slight solubility is liable
to scald the foliage but has the advantage of being less expensive
Arsenate of Lead is a white substance precipitated from the
combination of arsenate of soda 3 parts and acetate of lead 7
parts in water It is easily kept in suspension and can be used at
a much greater strength in water than any of the other poisons
without injury to the foliage
Application of the ArsEnicalsFor general purposes any
of the arsenicals may be used at the rate of one pound to 150 gal
lons of water applied with a spraypump On very resistant
foliage as the potato one pound to 100 gallons may be used and
on tender foliage as that of the peach only one pound to 350 gal
lons should be used With all except the arsenate of lead it is
usually necessary to use about two pounds of lime to every 100
gallons of water to neutralize the free arsenic and prevent it from
scalding the foliage
In preparing the mixture make the powder into a thin paste
in a small quantity of water and add the lime then strain the
mixture into the spray tank containing the required amount of
water
The arsenicals may also be used as dry powders dusted on the
plants through a cloth bag or powder gun either pure or diluted
two or three times with flour or gypsum
Poisoned Bait may be used to advantage when it is not prac
tical to apply the poison to the plants attacked Such bait is par
ticularly useful in destroying cutworms wireworms grasshop
pers and roaches A bran bait is made by mixing together one
ounce of arsenicals or white arsenic one ounce of sugar and six
ounces of bran with water to make a wet mash This mash is dis
tributed in small lots over the infested territory around the plants
attacked
Green Bait may be also prepared by dipping bunches of succu
lent vegetation in a strong solution of arsenicals and distributing
them among the infested plants Green bait is specially valuable
for cutworms
White HeleboreAside from the arsenicals White Helebore64
GEORGIA DEPARTMENT 01 AGK1CUITUKE
is another substance used for biting insects and is particularly
valuable for the currant worm pear tree slug and other species of
sawflies It should be sprayed on plants at the rate of one ounce
to the gallon of water
FUNGICIDES
The diseases of plants to which fungicides are applicable are
due in the main to a lower order of plant life known as parasitic
fungi A few are external parasites and develop on the surface of
the host plant as the mildews but the most of them enter the
host and ramify its tissues forming a network of minute threads
coming to the surface only to fruit It is obvious then that reme
dial agencies can not reach the parasite within the tissues of the
plant without destroying the plant also Hence fungicides must
be used largely as a preventive treatment and should be applied
in most cases before the symptoms of the disease have appeared
Remedial work therefore consists principally in preventing the
spores of the fungi from gaining lodgment and germinating It
is of course impossible to foretell with any degree of certainty
when crops will be attacked by these parasites but from reason
and experience of past years we may anticipate certain diseases
and spray as a kind of insurance against them
Other important preventive measures consist in collecting and
destroying all diseased fruit leaves and other waste parts of
plants and judicious fertilizing tilling draining and pruning
BordeauxNumerous fungicides of various kinds and com
positions have been tested to determine their efficiency in prevent
ing fungous diseases but only a few have come into prominence
Among these Bordeaux mixture is the most economical and
effective and is now the most popular fungicide in use It is not
only a cheap and safe fungicide but also possesses the property
of beneficially affecting the plants treated
Copper Sulphate Blue Stone and quicklime are the materials
used in the preparation of Bordeaux and it is necessary to use
sufficient lime to take into combination all the dissolved copper
If any of the copper remains in solution it will burn the foliage of
the plant It is therefore safest to use the lime a little in excess
For general purposes we believe the best results will be obtained
from the use of the following formula
Copper Sulphate Blue Stone4 pounds
Lime unslacked5 pounds
Water5 gallonsBULLETIN NO 36
6ft
On peach and other susceptible foliage the following formula
should be used
3 pounds of Copper Sulphate
6 pounds of lime
50 gallons of water
We have thoroughly tested this formula and find that no serious
damage to the foliage will result from its use Stronger mix
tures are quite injurious
To Prepare BordeauxWeigh out the required quantity of
copper sulphate 4 pounds for the standard formula into a piece
of gummy sack or cheesecloth and suspend it just beneath the sur
face of 25 gallons of water contained in a tub The sack can be
tied to a stick laid across the top of the tub and should remain
suspended for 24 hours or until all the copper sulphate is dissolved
Slack the lime in another vessel by pouring on water slowly but
sufficient to keep the lime moist until it is slacked and converted
into a perfectly smooth paste Then add enough water to make
25 gallons of lime water Then slowly pour the copper sulphate
solution and the lime water together through a wire gauze strainer
into a 50gallon barrel pouring both solutions at the same time
The mixture should then be thoroughly stirred for three or four
minutes and it is ready for use
If spraying is to be done on a large scale it will be found expe
dient to prepare stock solutions of copper sulphate and lime to be
used as needed Stock solutions are made much in the same way
as the smaller quantities are prepared 50 pounds of copper
sulphate are dissolved in 50 gallons of water and 50 pounds of
lime are slacked and diluted to 50 gallons It will require about
two days for that quantity of copper sulphate to dissolve Each
gallon of the copper sulphate water contains one pound of copper
sulphate and each gallon of lime water contains one pound of
lime
To make 4550 formula of Bordeaux take 4 gallons of copper
sulphate solution and 5 gallons of lime water dilute each to 25
gallons and pour together as explained above The stock solution
should be thoroughly stirred before using For the 3650 for
mula 3 gallons of the copper sulphate solution and 6 gallons of
the lime water will be required
Two to eight ounces of Paris Green may be added to every
50 gallons of Bordeaux and thus form a combined insecticide and
fungicide the smaller quantity being used for peach and other sus
ceptible foliage and the larger quantity for very resistant plants
as potatoes
5 a b66
GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
Ammoniacal Solution of Copper CarbonateAside from the
Bordeaux mixture the ammoniacopper carbonate solution is per
haps the most valuable It is prepared by the use of
3 pints aqua ammonia 26 degrees
5 ounces copper carbonate
45 gallons water
Make the copper carbonate into a thin paste by adding a small
quantity of water add the ammonia water slowly and dilute with
water to make 45 gallons The advantage in the use of this prep
aration is that in spraying fruit no staining will result as is often
the case with Bordeaux It furnishes an excellent remedy for the
downy mildew and brown rot of the grape
Time to apply FungicideNo definite directions can be given
as to when and how often spraying should be done The grower
must decide this himself from the nature of the enemy to be
fought
For the brown rot of the peach plum and cherry three or four
sprayings are necessary The first should be applied in the spring
just before the fruit buds begin to open the second just after the
blooms are shed followed by the third in about two weeks and
the fourth any time thereafter that it may seem necessary from
indications of rot The 4550 formula of Bordeaux or simply
the four pounds of copper sulphate in 50 gallons of water without
the lime may be used for the first spraying and 3650 Bor
deaux formula for all subsequent sprayings
For peach leaf curl only one application of Bordeaux 4550
formula is necessary This should be made immediately before
the fruit buds begin to open
For the black rot downy mildew and anthracnose of the grape
three applications of the 4550 Bordeaux formula should be
made the first when the buds begin to open the second in 15 days
after the first and the third after the fruit is well set
For the applescab fungus the 4550 Bordeaux formula should
be used and four ounces of Paris Green may be added to destroy
insect pests that are nearly always present on the apple tree The
trees should be sprayed just before the bloom buds open and again
immediately after the blossoms are shed
In order to obtain satisfactory results from the use of fungicides
it is necessary that the substance used should be thoroughly ap
plied to all parts of the plants subject to the attacks of fungi
Spraying is often a waste of time and material Unless the work
is thoroughly done it perhaps had better not be done at all
Respectfully submitted
W M Scott EntomologistBULLETIN NO 36
67
REPORT OF THE STATE CHEMIST
Hon 0 B Stevens Commissioner of Agriculture of the State of
Georgia
Dear Sir The season of 18991900 is now nearing a finish
and I furnish you herewith tables of analyses of the variousbrands
of fertilizers sold in the State the past season The number of
tons of fertilizers sold in the State has been 412755 as compared
with 342869 tons the previous season the number of brands
however has been reduced from 779 last year to 699 this season
The nature of the work has been of the usual character as will
be disclosed by an inspection of the annexed tables of analyses
showing the percentages of valuable plant food in the various
guanos acid phosphates acid phosphates with potash and with
ammonia cottonseed meals and potash salts etc manufactured
and sold by the various companies and dealers in and out of the
State
VALUATIONS
The commercial values for this season have ranged materially
above those for last year When fixing the values for the year
on the first of January I found by correspondence and inquiry
that the price of phosphate rock of brimstone of pyrites and of
all the ammoniates both animal and vegetable had had a pro
nounced rise These quotations you will find given on another
page of this bulletin and calculating from these quotations the
price of available phosphoric acid was placed at 70c per unit as
compared with 65c the previous season the unit price of am
monia was also raised from 200 a unit to 220 The price of
potash alone remained the same at 85c per unit
COTTONSEED MEALS
In the case of cottonseed meals I have departed from the usual
course heretofore pursued of valuing them only according to
their percentage of ammonia In this bulletin the value of the
ammonia in the meal is calculated at 220 per unit and to this
value 342 is added for upland meals to cover the value of the
18 per cent potash and 27 per cent phosphoric acid which is
the average content of those meals in the case of sea island meals68
GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
260 is added to cover the value of the 15 per cent potash and
19 per cent phosphoric acid which is the average content of these
meals
BONE MEALS
Inasmuch as the availability of the nitrogen and phosphoric
acid in bone meals is considered by the best authorities to vary
according to the fineness to which these meals are ground I
decided to adopt the Connecticut plan with such goods that is
to weigh the sample carefully as soon as the bottle is opened
then to pass it through a sieve with meshes i50th of an inch in
diameter and weigh the fine meal which passes through so as to
get the percentages of coarse and fine meal in the sample before
putting it through the usual process of preparation for analysis
To the nitrogen from the fine bone meal a valuation of 220 a
unit is given to that from the coarse a value of 160 a unit is
given To the phosphoric acid from the fine meal a value of 70c
a unit is given to that from the coarse a value of 60c a unit is
given
AVAILABILITY OF FERTILIZER NITROGEN
Recalling to your attention the remarks made in my report of
last year on the availability of fertilizer nitrogen a great deal of
laboratory work has also been done the past year along this line
The Association of Official Chemists has now taken up this mat
ter and its members are doing steady though necessarily slow
work toward the development of chemical methods for estimating
the availability of the nitrogen as plant food in the various fer
tilizer materials on the market In connection with our chemical
work on this line I made some pot experiments on oats this spring
which may be of interest to you Twelve flower pots each 10
inches in diameter at the top were selected carefully painted in
side with asphalt paint to prevent the absorption of any of the
fertilizing constituents into the pores of the pots These pots be
ing numbered were all filled to within an inch of the top with
sifted coal ashes containing no nitrogen To each pot was added
acid phosphate containing 3 grams phosphoric acid also 3 grams
sodium chloride also y2 gram magnesium sulphate also 25
grams carbonate of lime also 2 grams of 50 per cent muriate of
potash These chemicals were thoroughly incorporated with theBULLETIN NO 36
69
sifted coal ashes Also in order to furnish a little organic matter
some muck containing only 310 per cent of nitrogen was addei
to the extent of 3 per cent of the weight of the coal ashes The
pots now contained all the elements of plant life with the excep
tion of sufficient nitrogen This was now supplied as follows
To pots Nos 1 2 3 4 garbage tankage was added in increasing
amounts to No 1 an amount equal to gram nitrogen to No
2 y2 gram nitrogen to No 3 Ya gram nitrogen to No 4
gram nitrogen to No 5 hoof meal was added containing gram
nitrogen to No 6 cottonseed meal containing 1 gram nitrogen
to No 7 powdered leather containing 1 gram nitrogen to No 8
nitrate soda containing J2 gram nitrogen to No 9 nitrate soda
containing 34 gram nitrogen to No 10 nitrate soda containing
1 gram nitrogen to No 11 nothing to No 12 nothing
Carefully selected oat seed to the number of 25 were planted
in each pot and when all were up were thinned out to a uniform
stand of 18 plants to the pot All the pots received exactly the
same care and the same amount of water each day The accom
panying photographs skilfully made by Mr R G Williams as
sistant chemist will tell the story of the effects of the different
nitrogenous fertilizers better than any words of mine can describe
It will be observed that the effect of the leather seemed to be
positively injurious the showing made in that pot No 7 being
even more stunted than in the pots without any nitrogenous fer
tilizer on the contrary pot No 5 to which hoof meal was added
a material which a few years ago was commonly condemned as a
worthless and fraudulent fertilizer shows about as healthy and
vigorous growth as any of the pots Unfortunately during the
very wet weather in June last lice attacked the plants in the pots
in some to a greater extent than in others thus rendering it use
less for me to analyze the plants and determine the exact quan
tities of nitrogen which they had been able to extract from the
various fertilizers and thus report in a more scientific way as to
the relative availability of the different nitrogenous fertilizers
used
OILS
The new law regulating the sale and inspection of illuminating
oils which we succeeded in carrying through at the last session
of the Legislature though not without a hard fought battle has70
GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
worked smoothly during the past season since it came into opera
tion You and the very efficient General Oil Inspector Mr Bar
rett and the people of the State of Georgia and the oil com
panies are all to be congratulated upon the character of the illum
inating oil now supplied and sold throughout the State The fol
lowing table of analyses of oils taken at random from different
sections of the State will show that the above is not an idle
boast
0 Z 302F 392 482 579 Left in the
Retort
1 1100 318 4600 55 57 R
09 276 2000 28 235
6 05 317 48 155 43
4 05 2775 40 225 925
b 05 325 35 5 245 700
b 25 37 34 200 650R
I 2 5 385 33 20 600
8 11 345 375 225 44
9 18 375 405 16 42
JO 12 375 385 185 43
In the above table the figures in the second column represent the
percentages of oil which distilled over at a temperature below
302 F They consist of light oils or naphthas The figures in the
next three columns show the percentages of oil distilling over at
and below the temperatures named viz 3920 F 482F 570F
These oils constitute the good normal burning kerosene oil The
figures in the last column represent the oil remaining in the retort
and refusing to distill at a temperature of 572F This fraction
constitutes what is known as heavy oil or lubricating oil
I give below an analysis for sake of comparison made last year
of the kind of oil which was commonly sold in the State before
the present law went into effect
Left in the Retort
1600
302 F 392 482 572
1400 3100 2400 1500
You will at once notice the remarkable manner in which the
light inflammable oils or naphthas have been removed from the
oils now sold in the State as compared with those sold a year ago
and that over 90 per cent of the oils now sold consists of pure
burning oil You will also note that samples Nos 1 6 7 8 9
10 are marked with an R That means that those oils whilst ofV CT
BULLETIN NO 36
71
very good quality otherwise still contain too much naphtha or
light oil to stand the test of the instrument now legalized in Geor
gia and by which all oils are now being tested In other words
it appears from the analyses so far made that no oil containing
as much as one per cent even of light oil distilling below 302 F
will stand the flash test of the new Georgia instrument In other
words we have now on the market in Georgia a quality of oil
which in all probability will not only not explode but not even
take fire if the lamp in which it is burning should be accidentally
turned over and broken
PHOTOMETRIC TEST
I further made a photometric test of the oil we are now con
suming I filled a lamp having a one and a half inch flat wick
open woven with the oil we are now consuming I carefully
weighed the lamp with its oil and chimney then lit it tested it
in the photometer and found its average candle power to be
16 44 After burning for three hours I again weighed it noted
the loss of oil and found that the lamp consumed 267 grams of
oil per candle power per hour A similar test with oil of the old
quality showed a consumption of 356 grams of oil per candle
power per hour or 333 per cent greater consumption of oil per
candle power per hour
I have sir to thank you and Assistant Commissioner Wright
for your kind and steadfast support in the work of the year nor
must I close this report without referring with deep appreciation
to the sterling honest faithful though silent and unobtrusive
work of the Assistant State Chemists Messrs P L Hutchinson
and R G Williams
Respectfully submitted
Jno M McCandlEss
State Chemist72
GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
CHEMISTRY IN AGRICULTURE
Letters on Agriculture Addressed to the Georgia
Farmers
letter no one
as to stock feedingmatter an important onethe
chemistry of the animal body and its elements
hxplained
To the State Chemist Atlanta Ga
Dear Sir I am a young farmer almost discouraged with
farming and the low prices of cotton I had thought of devoting
more attention to my stock and write to ask if chemistry can
throw any light on that subject as all farmers admit that it does
on the subject of fertilizers Can you give some good formulas
tor feeding I have a good common school education but want
you to be plain so I can understand what you say
Georgia Farmer
To Georgia Farmer
Dear Sir Your letter received and the questions you ask
open up a wide field for discussion and are of the greatest prac
tical importance not only to the farmer but to the general pros
perity of the whole country
Yes chemistry can throw a great flood of light on the subject
of stock feeding which is a part of the general subject of animal
nutrition The subject is usually treated last in nearly all works
on agriculture but I am now going to write to you about it first
because you seem specially interested in it and also because I
believe that if a general and intelligent interest in the subject of
stock raising could be awakened in the country it would do more
for our agricultural regeneration than any one thing that I can
think of I could answer the main question of your letter at once
by giving you some formulas for feeding but I am not going to
do that because you would not see any sense in it or any good
reason for it and I desire that you should understand the prin
ciples of feeding first then you will take an intelligent interest inBULLETIN NO 36
73
it and be more successful in it than if you went at it blindly by
mere rule of thumb
I am going to assume that there are numbers of farmers like
yourself in Georgia with limited but fair education who are dis
gusted with the allcotton policy and that this letter addressed to
you personally is also of interest to them and so I 9hall print it
in the Monthly Talks of the commissioner of agriculture that
it may have a wide circulation among the farmers and perhaps be
of interest and benefit to them as well as yourself to whom it is
addressed I expect to write one of these letters for each of the
Monthly Talks according as I may find opportunity and time
to spare from my other duties and to continue them as long as I
think I have anything of practical value to say to the farmers
As I am not writing these letters for those well versed in scientific
agriculture but for beginners I shall commence with elementary
principles
I will discuss in a brief manner some of the principles of animal
nutrition or of feeding
The animal body is composed of water that constitutes from
40 to 60 per cent of it and also of protein fat and ash of which
last bones are the chief part The protein of the body includes
all of the matter in the body containing nitrogen The lean meat
the casein of milk or the curd the white of eggs or albumen are
all forms of protein The term albuminoids derived from albu
men is often used to mean the same as protein although that use
is not strictly correct The albuminoids are a class of bodies in
cluded under the general name of protein The flesh the skin
the hair the muscles the heart the liver the brain the blood the
nerves all the internal organs the nails the horns the hoofs and
in fact a large part of the bones all consist largely of protein So
we see this substance protein is indeed a most important one
life cannot exist without it and when we go into the market to
buy it in its most concentrated forms as in beef mutton pork
and milk we find we have to go down into our pockets just a lit
tle deeper than for the other necessaries of life
The carbohydrates and fat are also necessary to animal life
The word carbohydrate is derived from carbon of which char
coal is a good example and the word hydrate is from the Greek
for water An example of a pure carbohydrate is starch we eat
it usually in the form of meal flour rice and potatoes of which
it forms the greater part Sugar is the first cousin of starch in
deed it can be made from it and is also included under the term74
GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
carbohydrates These carbohydrates are the principal source of
the fat of our bodies and are the chief source of animal heat and
the energy of the body in fact they are a sort of fuel and are so to
speak burned in the body heat and work being a result of their
oxidation or burning just as heat and work or motion are a result
of the burning or oxidation of coal in an engine So we see these
carbohydrates are important but we also find they are cheap as
compared with protein why are they cheap Because as their
name implies they are derived from the very abundant and cheap
substances water and carbon
The water is given us free in the form of rain and the carbon
also in the form of carbonic acid which is breathed out continually
into the atmosphere by every living animal on the surface of the
earth by every chimney and hearthstone which warms a happy
family by every smokestack factory and locomotive which min
isters to our wants and necessities Carbonic acid forms a prin
cipal part of all this smoke although it is not the black part which
we see but the invisible part which is clear and colorless like the
air Vast streams of it are pouring out constantly into the air
why does it not stifle and suffocate us as it would if poured into
the rooms where we live It is because all plant life lives on it
the great forests absorb it the crops of wheat corn and cotton
consume it the lilies and the roses eat it and drink it They take
this deadly gas into their wonderful little bodies and work it
over and over together with the water which they suck out of
the soil until they turn it back again into the very starch from
which it started and deposit it in their cells to be consumed by
men and other animals again and again in a wondrous never end
ing cycle
We see now why the carbohydrates are cheap because they are
never used up because they form an endless chain Do what we
will with them eat them up burn them up they bob up again
serenely ready for fresh consumption They come out of the
air which is free to all and all that they can cost is the labor
connected with handling and getting theminto marketable shape
But you ask is not the same thing true of protein No indeed
and in my next letter I will give you some of the reasons why
protein is more costly Yours truly
Jno M McCandless
State ChemistBULLETIN NO 36
75
CHEMISTRY IN AGRICULTURE
LETTER NO TWO
STATE CHEMIST WRITES LETTERS ON ELEMENTS IN PLANT AND
ANIMAL LIFENATURE SHORT ON PROTEINCLOVER AND LEG
UMES HIGHLY FAVORED IN ABSORPTION OF FOOD FROM THE
ATMOSPHERE
Georgia Farmer
Dear Sir In my last letter I wrote you about the carbohy
drates the functions which they fill in the animal economy and
gave you some of the reasons for their abundance and cheapness
I also indicated some of the uses of protein and what an im
portant part of our bodies it was also that it was costly material
compared with the carbohydrates and promised to give you some
of the reasons why it was more costly Nature can afford to be
generous and even lavish with the carbohydrates because she is
saving and even stingy with the water and carbonic acid which
enter into their composition not a pound of either does she allow
to go to waste Apparently she is very prodigal with both but
in reality not The floodgates of heaven open and pour out mil
lions of gallons of water in places where it is needed and also in
places where it is not needed but every drop which is not absorbed
and used by the thirsty earth runs back into the sea ready to be
distilled again and again from its surface by the heat of the sun
and used over again and again and the same with carbonic acid
gas as I illustrated to you in my last letter
That is the highest sort of economy which uses its raw ma
terials over and over again without their wearing out But in the
case of protein Mother Nature is not so generous as with carbo
hydrates Indeed she is stingy and niggardly and why Be
cause she is wasteful of her raw material Nitrogen is the es
sential element in the raw material out of which protein is built
Like carbonic acid nitrogen is also a gas colorless and invisible
It constitutes in round numbers fourfifths or 80 per cent of the
atmosphere We inhale it in every breath but it has no effect
upon us whatever merely serving to dilute the oxygen which
supports our life and which constitutes the remaining fifth of the
atmosphere For illustration let us suppose we burn up the dea76
GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
body of a dog and at the same time a pile of wood In the act of
burning the protein which forms so large a part of the animals
body is decomposed and its nitrogen escapes into the atmosphere
not to be taken up and used over again by growing plants like
the carbonic acid and water which result from burning the pile
of wood but to remain as an inert gas in the atmosphere unable
to enter into or be absorbed by the growing crops about which it
circulates Although they may be in sore need and distress for
the lack of that very nitrogen they can not absorb it and use it
while still in the gaseous form although there are oceans of it
around and about and touching them
To illustrate again let us suppose the dead body of the dog de
cays in the earth in the neighborhood of growing crops the nitro
gen of the body will be converted by slow process of decay and
by the agency of the putrefactive organisms or microbes into
ammonia and nitrates In this last form of nitrate which is fa
miliar to you in the white salt known as saltpeter the roots of
the plant are at last able to absorb the nitrogen which constituted
a part of the animals body and to use and work it over in their
little cells and bodies and thus convert it into vegetable protein
which is then in a condition to be eaten by animals say by a sheep
and thus to become a part of the lean meat of its body which in
turn being eaten by man as mutton becomes a portion of his body
But observe the wastefulness of nature in this case unless that
carcass decay at the proper time and place in the vicinity of grow
ing crops or plants there is grievous waste The protein of the
body will decay as usual and be converted by the nitrifying or
ganisms or microbes I mentioned above into nitrates Now these
nitrates are very soluble in water and unless the roots of the
plant are at hand to appropriate them they are carried off in the
drainage waters into the springs creeks and rivers and pass into
the sea a total loss so far as agriculture is concerned
By reflecting on these facts you will begin to appreciate the
value of soluble nitrogen to realize why it is that a pound of
beef costs more than a pound of bread and also to realize the
great mistake made by Mother Nature in not creating all plants
free and equal in their ability to absorb nitrogen from the at
mosphere just as they absorb carbonic acid and water
In passing and to illustrate the fact that Nature is not republi
can or democratic in her instincts and does not believe in grant
ing equal rights and privileges to all her children I will mention
the fact that the general law I have stated above about plants notBULLETIN NO36
77
being able to appropriate the free nitrogen of the air has its ex
ceptions and that a few favored children of nature have this spe
cial privilege granted to them The favorites who enjoy this
natural monopoly are the clovers and legumes This last named
covers all of the plants of the pea and bean family This excep
tion to the general law is one of immense importance to Agricul
ture and we will dwell on it later when we come to discuss the
subject of fertilizers
In my next letter I intend to give you a table giving analyses
of the different more important feedingstuffs and showing the
percentage of water protein carbohydrates fat and ash found in
them All the elements found in the animal body are also found
in the plants on which the animals feed For this reason I will
at the risk of being a little tedious explain a little more fully than
I have already done some of the terms to be used in the table
of analyses of feedingstuffs
WaterThis is essential to the proper distribution of the
nourishing fluids through the animal system and is usually more
than half the live weight of the animal No matter how dry a
feedingstuff may appear to be it always contains a considerable
quantity of water say from 10 to 90 per cent of its weight
Though this water may render the food more succulent and palat
able it is of no more value than the water which the animal
drinks So for this reason and because the variation of the
water content is so great comparison of the different foods is
usually made on a dry basis that is the dry matter left after
expelling the water by heat
I have already described Protein quite fully and will say no
more about that
In addition to what I have already said about Carbohydrates
I will add that the chemist usually divides them into two groups
one they call nitrogen free extractwhich consists of the
starch sugar and gums in the plant the other group they call
cellulose or fiber The fiber of wood of hay and straw is largely
cellulose Cotton fiber is almost pure cellulose Though so dif
ferent in appearance both starch and cellulose are carbohydrates
Coarse fodders hay and straw contain much fiber The grains
wheat and corn contain only a little fiber but much nitrogen free
extract or starch and some sugar
Cellulose is identical with starch in chemical composition and
may be converted like starch by suitable treatment with acids and
alkalies into dextrin and then into grape sugar The glucose or
78
GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
grape sugar largely used in candy manufacture is made almost
entirely by chemical treatment of corn starch with acid Grape
sugar occurs in small quantities in the different feedstuffs and
during the course of digestion in the body it is formed in large
quantity from the starch and other carbohydrates
The ash is what is left after burning a feedstuff It consists
principally of potash soda lime magnesia and of carbonic sul
phuric and phosphoric acids These constitute the mineral salts
of foodstuffs and during the process of digestion the animal ab
sorbs what it needs of them and the rest is excreted with the ma
nure
The term fat in the table of analysis means the fat or oil winch
is in the foodstuff k is of the same composition practically as
the fat of the frody The fat of the feedingstuff is either assimi
lated in the body as body fat or else burned to furnish heat
and energy Yours truly
Jno M McCandlEss
State Chemist
CHEMISTRY IN AGRICULTURE
LETTER NO THREE
Science of Feeding
VALUABLE INFORMATION FURNISHEDIMPORTANCE OF COTTON
SEEDHOW THE PROGRESSIVE FARMER MAY CALCULATE THE
BEST RATION FOR HIS STOCK
To Georgia Farmer
Renewing my letters to you which have for a time been inter
rupted by more pressing official duties I here give you the table
of analyses of the more common feeding stuffs which I promised
you in my last iBULLETIN NO 36
79
TABLE SHOWING DIGESTIBLE MATTER IN IOO POUNDS OF FEED
STUFF
Dry
Matter
Protein
Carbohy
drates
Fat
0T3
O o
Corn Fodder
Rye Fodder
Oat Fodder
Oowpea
Corn Silage
Hay made from Orchard Grass
Timothy
Crabgrass
Mixed Grasses
Red Clover
White Clover
Crimson Clover
Cowpea
Roots Grains etc
Turnips
Rutabagas
Corn grain
Oats grain
Wheat grain
Cotton Seed Whole
Corn Meal
Corn and Cob Meal
Ground Corn and Oats equal
parts
Wheat Bran
Wheat Middlings
Wheat Shorts
Cotton Seed Meal
Cotton Seed Hulls
Whole Milk
Skim Milk
Separator Milk
Butter Milk
Whey
207
234
378
163
209
901
868
800
871
847
903
914
893
950
114
891
890
895
899
8500
849
881
885
840
882
918
889
130
96
94
99
66
110
205
209
168
050
478
289
504
322
658
1146
1049
1079
081
088
792
925
1023
1108
701
646
739
12 01
1279
1222
370L
042
348
313
294
3 87
084
1208
1411
2206
808
1179
4199
43 72
3845
48 26
3535
4182
3813
3840
646
774
6669
4834
6921
3313
6520
5628
61 20
4123
5315
5000
1652
3095
477
469
5 24
400
474
037
044
104
025
065
140
143
141
133
166
148
129
151
011
011
428
418
168
1844
325
372
287
340
383
1258
169
370
083
029
106
031
I hope you will now go back and carefully read again my pre
vious letters and fix in your mind the explanations there given of
the various terms which are used in the above table of analyses
what protein is and what function it fills in the animal economy
building muscle and lean meat blood nerves hair tendons and
even part of the bones also the office of the fat and the carbo
hydrates producing fat in the body keeping up its heat and pro
ducing force or energy You will then better understand the table
just given
This is a short table selected from numerous analyses as con80
GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
taining the materials most likely to be met with on the average
Southern farm and used for the feeding of stock
The above table does not give the complete analysis of the feed
ingstuffs mentioned but gives the digestible matter in ioo pounds
of each feed For instance the complete analysis of cottonseed
meal is as follows Water 82 per cent ash 72 per cent pro
tein 423 per cent carbohydrates 292 per cent fat 131 per
cent or total 100 per cent By referring to the table however
you will see that about five pounds of the protein is indigestible
and about 13 pounds of the carbohydrates are also indigestible
The figures in the above table have been obtained by careful feed
ing experiments and are the result of much painstaking careful
conscientious work and are therefore very valuable as being prac
tical in the best sense
Only that part of the food is of value to the animal which
passes into the circulation after being acted on by the fluids of
the stomach and intestines and being taken up by the blood goes
to repair the waste of the body to make new flesh to add fat or
to serve as a source of energy or work In preparing these tables
of digestible matter the experimenters carefully weighed the ani
mals at the beginning of each experiment carefully analyzed the
rations fed to them carefully saved every drop of liquid and solid
of the dung and urine and analyzed them and then studiously
comparing all the results calculated the digestible matter in 100
pounds of each feedstuff and these percentages they called the
digestion coefficients Such tables as these are the basis of
scientific feeding Little as you may think of it this subject is of
the utmost practical importance not only to the agricultural com
munity but to the general prosperity of the nation
The experience of the past decade has demonstrated and I hope
conclusively to our farmers at least that the day has passed when
their exclusive attention can be devoted to the production of one
crop and that crop one which is not essential to the life of man
at least in the way in which it is at present handled it is only
conducive to the comfort of the human family as raiment but
it can be so handled as to minister not only to their comfort but
to the development and sustenance of life itself To explain my
meaning in as few words as possible is this that we have been
raising cotton for the sake of its fiber to be spun into cloth when
we should have been raising it also for the sake of its precious
seed born into the world in a manner befitting its royal origin as
the son of King Cotton swaddled and encircled in the downiestBULLETIN NO 36
81
fur and t naked and forlorn as is the wont of earthly prince
lings
It does seem as if this jealous care of Mother Nature should
have made us recognize earlier the great value of the little seed
which she wrapped up so carefully As I said we have been rais
ing it for the sake of its fibre to be spun into cloth when we should
have been raising it chiefly for the sake of the protein and carbo
hydrates of its seeds to be transmuted by wonderful alchemy of
the brute creation into beef milk mutton and pork with the lint
simply thrown in as a byproduct When we consider the wonder
ful nutritive value of cottonseedmeal and hulls after the oil an
other byproduct has been extracted from them and the further
fact that this rich nutritious food may be passed through the
domestic animals giving them life growth and development and
yet in that process lose only about 10 per cent of the rich fertiliz
ing constituents found in theoriginal food and yielding a manure
of the very best quality it does seem as though nature had been
too lavish and generous in her gifts to us in the South
We have been slow to realize the importance of the talent
which we have buried but the day is breaking and ere long we
shall by developing the various products of this wonderful plant
become the richest people in the world and by consequence the
center of civilization refinement and the arts I have thus di
gressed from the technical details we have been discussing for the
purpose of impressing more strongly upon you their importance
In my next letter with the aid of another table and some expla
nations I hope to be able to show you how to calculate for your
self a scientific ration for the stock you are feeding
Yours truly
John M McCandless
State Chemist
a b82
GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
CHEMISTRY IN AGRICULTURE
The Feeding oe Stock
LETTER NO FOUR
ANALYSIS SHOWING HOW TO PREPARE FOOD OBTAINING BEST RE
SULTSAN INTERESTING EXPOSITIONSOME VALUABLE INFOR
MATION AS TO QUANTITIES TO BE USEDMUST BE RICHER
WHEN WORKING
Georgia Farmer
Dear Sir Since my last I have received your letter asking
for the analysis of Bermuda hay and also other letters asking for
analysis of other feedingstuffs This has decided me to extend
the table given in the last letter so as to cover almost any feeding
stuff found on the farm This table I present below and it is to
be filed away and used in connection with the one already given
DIGESTIBILE MATTER IN IOO POUNDS OF FEEDINGSTUFFS
Feeding Stuffs
Green Stuffs
Dry Matter Protein Carbohy
Crabgrass
Bermuda grass
Red top in bloom
Orchard grass in bloom
Meadow fescue in bloom
Timothy
Kentucky blue grass
Hungarian grass
Red clover
Crimson Clover
Alfalfa or Lucerne
iHay made from
Bermuda grass
Corn fodder
Red top
Hungarian grass
Meadow fescue
Mixed grasses and clover
Alsike clover
Alfalfa and Lucerne
Wheat straw
Rye straw
Oatstrawroots and tubers
Beets
Mangelwurzels
Carrots
o
3
7
oo
l
4
9
23
28
34
27
30
38
34
289
202
J93
282
857
700
91
923
800
871
903
91 6
904
929
908
130
910
114
381
140
206
1 ill
149
228
301
192
307
210
389
489
337
482
450
420
616
815
106S
080
074
1 58
121
1 03
081
drates
991
1711
2124
1591
16 78
2371
1983
1563
1482
31
1120
3938
3412
4683
5167
4334
4275
4170
3733
3794
4271
4163
884
565
783
Fat
071
060
058
058
042
077
0S3
036
0 69
044
041
085
086
095
1 34
170
146
136
138
046
0 35
074
005
011
022BULLETIN NO 36
83
In the above table the words corn fodder have the usual sig
nificance given them in the South meaning the cured leaves of the
corn in the previous table the words corn fodder under the
heading of green fodder have the meaning usually given in the
North that is to say it means the entire plant usually sown thick
and not simply the leaves
You will remember that the special functions of food are to
renew the wastes of the body and to provide material for growth
in the young and growing animal and also to furnish heat and
energy The animal must provide for these out of the digestible
matters in the ration of food furnished to it the indigestible
parts are of no value
The question which now concerns us is how much shall we feed
our stock of the different kinds of foods we have analyzed You
know yourself that when you are hard at work you require more
food and richer food than when you are idle Nature calls for
it and it is not different with your horse or mule he requires
more nutriment when at work than when standing in the stall
When at work he uses up the tissues of the body and protein or
carbohydrates in his food are needed to rebuild those else he will
grow poor and weak even when at rest he requires a certain
amount of nutriment to maintain the normal heat of the body and
carry on the process of the vital functions but not so much and
if fed as much the disposition will be to grow fat
In the case of the cow giving milk she requires food adapted
to the production of milk She is a wonderful machine for con
verting fat carbohydrates and protein into milk the protein of
the food goes to make the casein of the milk the fat of the food
to make cream or butter and the carbohydrates to make milk
sugar and also fat so she requires generous feeding just as much
as the horse at hard labor and even more so if she is to maintain
a generous flow of milk and at the same time maintain her own
normal weight If you dont give her food enough or food of
the proper kind she will begin to make milk from the tissues of
her own body then she will become thin and then the flow of
milk will be checked and its quality will deteriorate
Thus it is important to know how much as well as what to feed
so that we shall not waste by giving more than is required nor
starve by underfeeding or feeding the wrong kind of food for an
animal can be surely though slowly starved by feeding an abund
ance of carbohydrates and an insufficiency of protein or vice
versa To enable us to calculate the proper rations for animals84
GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
at work and animals at rest for growing and mature animals for
milch cows and fattening animals a great number of experiments
have been made and the tables of Wolff a celebrated German
experimenter have been most widely followed I give them
below
WOLFFS FEEDING STANDARDS
POUNDS PEE DAY PER 1000 POUNDS LIVE WEIGHT
Total Dry Digestible Digest Carbhy Digestible Fat
Matter Protein drates
Lbs Lbs Lbs Lbs
Horse at light work 2100 1 5 9 5 0 4
Horse at average work 225 18 12 06
255 28 134 0 8
175 07 80 0 15
240 16 113 03
Oxen at hard work 260 270 24 25 132 150 05 05
Oxen fattening 1st period
260 30 148 07
Oxen fattening 3d nd 250 2 7 14 8 06 0 4
Milk Cows 240 25 125
Wool Sheep coarse breeds Wool Sheep fine breeds 200 12 10 3 0 2
225 15 114 025
Fattening Sheep 1st pd 260 30 152 05
Fattening Sheep 2d pd 250 3r 144 06
Fattening Swine 1st pd 360 50 275
Fattening Swine 2d pd 310 40 240
Fattening Swine 3d pd 235 27 17 5
Average
live wgt Fe r Day anc 1 Per Head
per head
Lbs
Growing Fat Swine
Age 2 to 3 months 50 21 038 150
3 to 5 months 100 34 050 250
5 to 6 months 125 39 054 296
6 to 8 months 170 46 058 347
8 to 12 months 250 52 062 105
Growing Cattle
Age 2 to 3 months 150 38 060 21 030
1 3 to 6 months 300 70 10 41 030
1 6 to 12 months 500 120 13 68 030
12 to 18 months 700 168 14 91 028
18 to 24 months 850 204 14 103 026
Growing Sheep
Age 5 to i months 56 16 018 087 0045
6 to 8 months 67 17 017 085 0004
8 to 11 months 75 17 016 085 0037
11 to 15 months 82 18 014 089 0032
15 to 20 months 85 19 012 088 0025
BULLETIN NO 36
According to the above standard a horse of 1000 pounds at
light work would require iy2 pounds of digestible protein 9
pounds of digestible carbohydrates and 04 of a pound of digest
ible fat the same horse at hard work would require 28 pounds
protein 134 pounds carbohydrates and 08 pounds fat all of
course digestible
In order to show the use of the above tables let us calculate the
ration for a milch cow Let us suppose we have on hand peavine
hay green rye fodder corn meal and wheat bran Referring to
the table we find Wolff recommends 24 pounds dry matter 2l2
pounds digestible protein i2l2 pounds digestible carbohydrates
and 04 pound fat Now referring to the table in the last letter
we find cowpea hay contains 893 pounds per 100 of dry matter
then 1 pound will contain 893 of a pound dry matter and 12
pounds will contain 12 times 893 or 1071 pounds dry matter
Now set this down in a column to itself Next we see by the table
that cowpea hay contains 1079 Per cent digestible protein Then
1 pound would contain 1079 and 12 pounds would contain 12
times as much or 129 pounds digestible protein Set this result
down in another column to itself In like manner we find that 1
pound contains 384 digestible carbohydrates Therefore 12
pounds contain 461 pounds and also 1 pound of the hay contains
0151 of fat Therefore 12 pounds contains 17 of a pound each
of which is set down in a separate column to itself Now in like
manner calculate the dry matter in 20 pounds of green rye fodder
You will find it to be 468 pounds Set this under the dry mat
ter in the peavine hay and so on with the protein and carbo
hydrates and fat in the rye fodder Thentake 4 pounds of corn
meal and 4 pounds of wheat bran and pursue exactly the same
course and when you are through you ought to have a table like
this
Dry Pro Carbohy pt
Matter tein drates
12 pounds pea hay 1071 129 461 17
20 ryefodder 468 041 282 08
4 cornmeal 340 028 261 13
4 wheatbran 354 048 165 11
40 233 246 1169 49
There you see you have almost the theoretical standard set by
Wolff It is a little short however in carbohydrates and dry
matter and if you wish you can add 2 pounds cottonseedhulls
which when you have calculated it out and added the results to86
GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
the proper columns will increase the dry matter to 2411 pounds
and the carbohydrates to 1231 pounds but will only add 03 to
the fat making it 52 of a pound and will not quite add 1100 to
the protein So with this addition you have a practically theo
retical ration for a cow of 1000 pounds weight giving milk
You will see by reference to the table that she requires almost
as rich and nourishing food per 1000 pounds weight as a heavily
worked ox that is because she is producing milk as well as main
taining the body heat and carrying on the vital functions Sup
pose however your cow only weighs 800 pounds instead of 1000
you can economize by giving her 80 per cent of each of the food
stuffs or 9 610 pounds of pea hay and 16 pounds of rye fodder
and so on It is not to be understood that a ration will not an
swer which does not strictly coincide with Wolffs standards
These standards are a guide to help to rational feeding and a
reasonably close approximation to them is what is desired The
intelligent feeder will of course continue to use his common
sense judgment and observation Thus different cows show a
different capacity to appropriate food and differ in the amount
of milk produced when in full flow Again while a strict ad
herence to the standard might produce the greatest amount of
milk say yet a departure from it might under certain conditions
yield a better money return on account of variations in the price
of feedstuffs Of course judgment and common sense must
always guide but other things being equal a balanced ration is of
course to be always preferred A ration is said to be balanced
when the dry matter protein carbohydrates and fat are mixed
together in the proportions given by Wolffs standards and to be
unbalanced when it varies considerably from those proportions
There is always more latitude allowed for variation in the dry
matter than in the other ingredients a ration may vary several
pounds in dry matter when made up from different foodstuffs
and yet have approximately the desired relation between the pro
tein and carbohydrates The protein may vary say in the ration
for a milch cow from 220 pounds to 26 and still be called a bal
anced ration the carbohydrates from 12 to 14 pounds and the fat
from 4 to 100 pound in the dairy cow ration and still be con
sidered a balanced ration Still the experience of the most suc
cessful feeders is that the nearer the ration approaches the stan
dard other things being equal the better the results
You will find both profit and intellectual exercise in figuring
out balanced rations for your stock in long evenings when youBULLETIN NO 36
87
have nothing else to do I will help you figure one more ration
for your dairy cow and then leave you to do your own figuring
for the future
Let us suppose vou are caught without any hay or green food
at all and only have on hand cottonseed meal cottonseed hulls
and corn and cob meal Pursuing the same plan as minutely de
scribed before you will have
Fat
25
34
67
116
Dry
Matter
15 pounds corn and cob meal1333
12 cotton seed hulls1019
45 cotton seed meal 413
Pro
tein
06
78
167
2765 251
Carbohy
drates
464
685
74
1243
This ration vou will see made from entirely different materials
is about as well balanced as the first it is however lacking in
the succulent appetizing green fodder of the first So if you hap
pen to have on the farm some roots turnips rutabagas or carrots
add 4 or S pounds of these to the days ration to stimulate appe
tite and promote good digestion The cow will appreciate it as
much as you would your turnip salad at dinner although there is
but little nourishment in them in the way of dry matter protein
etc One important point Please do not forget the rations must
be carefully weighed at least one time You can provide yourself
with some cheap boxes and measures which when filled will hold
just so many pounds of the different feedstuffs so that if you
take some pains to carefully gauge them with a pair of hand scales
the first time you weigh out a new ration after that you can meas
ure it out John M McCandless
State ChemistGEORGIA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE
CHEMISTRY IN AGRICULTURE
LETTER NO FIVE
Beep Butter and Milk
ITS PRODUCTION IS OF VAST IMPORTANCE TO SOUTHERN FARMERS
A VERY INTERESTING TOPICTHE CHEMICAL DEPARTMENT
GIVES FURTHER INFORMATION ON THE FEEDING OF CATTLE
VALUES OF CORN MEAL COTTONSEED AND COTTONSEED MEAL
COMPAREDIMPORTANT SUGGESTION TO FEED THE LATTER TO
HORSES AND MULES
Georgia Fanner
Dear Sir This subject of beef butter and milk production
out of the seed hulls and meal of the cotton plant is of such vast
moment and importance to the Southern farmer to the enrich
ment aggrandizement and financial independence of this whole
section that I am not going to leave it vet at the risk of wearying
your patience As cottonseed meal and hulls are not always
readily procurable by the farmer and as it may under certain
conditions pay him better to use cottonseed instead of hulls and
meal as for instance where he has a long haul and when the
mills owing to poor trade and demand for oil may not be paying
as good a price for seed as their feeding value to the farmer calls
for I will give you some rations for feeding using seed instead
of hulls and meal for feeding and recite some interesting experi
ments of the Mississippi Experiment Station in regard thereto
Two lots of four cows each were taken and lot Xo i was fed
this ration for each cow Peavine hay 5 pounds silage 20
pounds wheat bran 4 pounds cottonseed meal 3 pounds Lot
No 2 received as a ration for each cow peavine hay 5 pounds
silage 20 pounds wheat bran 4 pounds and cottonseed 16
pounds The experiment lasted for four weeks and at the end
of that period lot No 1 had produced 1237 pounds of milk and
lot Mo 2 had produced 1334 pounds of milk also lot No 1 had
lost 20 pounds each in weight and lot No 2 had gained r 1 pounds
each in weight As a result of this experiment we see that 6
pounds of whole cottonseed are superior to 3 pounds of cotton
seed meal both as milk and flesh producersBULLETIN NO 36
89
EXPERIMENT NO 2
The same cows were fed the following ration Lot No I lo
each cow peavine hay 5 pounds silage 20 pounds wheat bran 4
pounds cottonseed meal 34 pounds and to lot No 2 exactly the
same ration except that in place of the meal 6 pounds of whole
seed were substituted At the end of four weeks lot No 1 had
produced 1403 pounds of milk and lot No 2 1395 pounds The
result of this experiment indicated that 3 pounds of meal are
just about equal to 6 pounds of seed
EXPERIMENT NO 3
The same cows were fed the following rations Lot No 1 re
ceived for each cow peavine hay 10 pounds silage 15 pounds
wheat bran 2 pounds corn and cob meal 6 pounds and cottonseed
6 pounds Lot No 2 received for each cow precisely the same
ration except that 4 pounds of cottonseed meal were given in
place of the cottonseed At the end of the period lot No 1 had
produced 1302 pounds of milk and lot No 2 1586 pounds show
ing the 4 pounds of meal to be decidedly superior to the 6 pounds
of seed Summing up the following conclusions may be drawn
concerning the rations First that 6 pounds of seed are superior
to 3 pounds of meal second that 6 pounds of seed are about
equal to 3 pounds of meal third that 6 pounds of seed are not
equal to 4 pounds of meal fourth that one pound of meal would
therefore be equal to 171 pounds of cottonseed
The Mississippi station then continued its valuable experiments
comparing cottonseed and cottonseed meal with corn and cob
meal as milk producers The same quantities of peavine hay
silage and wheat bran were fed as before except that in these
experiments cottonseed was compared with corn and cob meal
in the first set of experiments and in the second set cottonseed
meal was compared with corn and cob meal Without going into
the minute details of the experiments as before I will content my
self with giving the conclusions reached by the station as a result
of their work First that the lot receiving the 6 pounds of cotton
seed gave a better yield of milk than the one receiving 6 pounds
of corn and cob meal Second the lot fed 6 pounds of cottonseed
gave better results than the one fed 8 pounds of corn and cob meal
and also that 6 pounds of corn and cob meal gave just as much
milk as did 8 of the same meal In the second set of experiments90
GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OE AGRICULTURE
comparing cottonseed meal with corn and cob meal the following
conclusions were reached First that 3 pounds of cottonseed
meal are equal to 6 pounds of corn and cob meal second that 3
pounds of cottonseed meal gave as satisfactory yields of milk as
8 pounds of corn and cob meal did but the latter caused the cows
to fatten third 3 pounds of cottonseed meal are better than
either 6 or 8 pounds of corn and cob meal in the dairy rations
used fourth that in a well balanced dairy ration 2 pounds of
corn and cob meal are about equal to 1 pound of cottonseed meal
Summarizing the following conclusions were drawn
First that 1 pound of cottonseed is equal to 117 pounds of
corn and cob meal or to 058 of a pound of cottonseed meal
Second that 1 pound of cottonseed meal is equal to 171
pounds of cottonseed or to 2 pounds of corn and cob meal
Third that 1 pound of corn and cob meal is equal to onehalf
pound of cottonseed meal or to 085 of a pound of cottonseed
The Mississippi station officer then concludes as follows Ac
cording to these results if corn is worth 40 cents per bushel or
1428 a ton cottonseed should be worth 278 cents a bushel or
1670 and cottonseed meal 2856 a ton If cottonseed are
worth 10 cents a bushel or 600 a ton corn should be worth 91
cents a bushel or 510 a ton cottonseed meal should be worth
1026 a ton When cottonseed meal is worth 1600 a ton
cottonseed should be worth 154 cents a bushel or 928 a ton
and corn meal should be worth 143 cents a bushel or 800 a ton
Thus you see that the three conclusions above are valuable to yon
because they enable you to calculate for yourself whether you can
afford to feed corn at all to your cattle and from the above
figures it appears that you can not afford to do so at all at any
price per bushel that corn ever sells at in this section of the coun
try because its feeding value is so far below its money value when
compared with the feeding value and money value of cottonseed
and cottonseed meal
Conclusion No 1 also enables you to tell when you are getting
a fair value for your cottonseed For instance in todays Con
stitution cottonseed meal is quoted at 22 a ton in Atlanta If
cottonseed meal is worth 22 then cottonseed should bring 212
cents per bushel at 60 bushels to the ton for its feeding value as
com fared zvith the feeding value of meal
In the light of these important facts it strikes me as being
astonishing that no experiments appear to have been made to sec
whether horses and mules will not cat cottonseed meal and cotBULLETIN NO 36
91
tonseed hulls one or both and if not voluntarily whether they
could be gradually trained to do so by mixing them gradually and
by slowly increasing degrees with com and oats and hay
I have been unable to find a record of any such experiment if
ever made and I am going to send a copy of this letter to the
Director of our Georgia Station and beg him to make a test of the
matter at the Georgia Station If it could be done even in part
it would have a farreaching effect in reducing our bill to the
West for corn and oats and substituting a far more efficient feed
in its nutritive value at a less cost I will be glad if you will write
me if you have ever tried to feed cottonseed meal or hulls to your
horses or mules
Yours truly
John M McCandlEss State Chemist
CHEMISTRY IN AGRICULTURE
LETTER NO SIX
Rations for Fattening Steers
ALSO RATIONS FOR PIGSEXPLANATION OF TERMS USED IN SCIEN
TIFIC AGRICULTURE SUCH AS NUTRITIVE RATIO CALORIE
ETCCOOKING OF FOODFEEDING FOR FAT AND FOR LEAN
Georgia Farmer
Dear Sir I am in receipt of your letter asking for a ration
for fattening steers for market also a ration for pigs I will an
swer these questions and wind up the subject of stockfeeding
with this letter The same rations we have already calculated
for a dairy cow will also answer well for fattening steers but as
the purpose for fattening steers is to produce beef as cheaply as
possible for market we cant afford to use the more dainty and
varied diet given to the cow but will settle on the cheapest ration
we can find to do the work and this ration is cottonseed meal and
hulls and water The ration consists of twenty pounds of hulls
and six pounds of cottonseed meal gradually increased to twenty
four pounds of hulls and eight pounds of cottonseed meal per
1000 pounds of live weight or the rations may be mixed in the
above proportions and the cattle allowed to eat all they will92
GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
Now if you will take the trouble to figure out the digestible
protein and carbohydrates in these rations with the aid of the
tables you already have and in the manner previously indicated
you will find they are not nearly so scientific and wellbalanced
as those given you for the dairy cow but still they answer the
purpose well because of their cheapness and ready accessibility
nd as I indicated before the money cost of the different feed
stuffs must govern to a certain extent in preparing a ration if
you have some surplus corn on the farm which you dont have to
buy the ration would be made more efficient by adding it thus
twentyfour pounds of hulls six pounds of cottonseed meal and
four pounds of corn meal or corn and cob meal
In regard to your query for a good ration for your pigs I find
that the Massachusetts Experiment Station recommends the fol
lowing For pigs weighing 20 to 70 pounds 2 ounces of corn
meal per quart of skim milk pigs weighing 70 to 130 pounds
4 ounces of corn meal per quart of skim milk pigs weighing 130
to 200 pounds 6 ounces of corn meal per quart of skim milk
buttermilk will answer as well as skim milk Give them all they
will eat up clean but on no account ever give your hogs cotton
seed or cottonseed meal Experiments at the Mississippi and
Texas stations both show that they are apt to prove fatal to pigs
and hogs
In your letter you speak of reading somewhere about the nu
tritive ratio of a ration of food and ask for an explanation of
the term also of the term fuel value as applied to food The
nutritive ratio of a food or ration is the relative proportion exist
ing between the digestible protein and the digestible fat and carbo
hydrates in the substance In order to find the nutritive ratio
use this rule Multiply the digestible fat in the substance by 2j4
and add this product to the digestible carbohydrates in the sub
stance Then divide the sum by the digestible protein in the sub
stance The result will be the nutritive ratio Thus for example
let us calculate the nutritive ratio of cottonseed meal Turn back
to your table you find C S meal contains 1258 per cent digesti
ble fat multiplying this by 225 you have 2830 add to this 1652
the percentage digestible carbohydrates found in the table for
cottonseed meal and you have 4482 Divide this by 3701 the
percentage of digestible protein and you get 12 Therefore the
nutritive ratio of cottonseed meal is as 1 to 12 or as it is often
written 1 i2BULLETIN NO 36
93
In like manner calculate the nutritive ratio of corn meal you
will find it to be as 1 to 1034 or 1 1034 Therefore cottonseed
meal is said to have a narrow nutritive ratio because there is so
little difference or such a narrow margin between the proportion
of digestible fat and carbohydrates added together and the per
centage of digestible protein On the other hand corn meal is said
to have a wide nutritive ratio because there is a wide differ
ence between the two in corn meal You can in the same way cal
culate the nutritive ratio in any of the different rations we have
figured out If in a ration you find the nutritive ratio to be a
good deal more than 1 6 you will call that a wide ratio if a
good deal less than 1 6 you will call it a narrow ratio
Only a few natural feeds conform closely to the standards given
for the various purposes of feeding The hays grasses and other
coarse products of the farm mostly show a very wide nutritive
ratio and they are only adapted for the maintenance of an animal
which is neither working giving milk or taking on fat other
products such as cottonseed meal glutenmeal and linseedmeal
show a very narrow nutritive ratio and are also1 poorly adapted
for feeding by themselves and need to be mixed in the proper pro
portions as you already know with substances of a wider nutri
tive ratio Now that you are interested in scientific feeding you
will in reading articles about it often come across the terms fuel
value of a food and also the calories of a food A simple ex
planation will also make these terms clear to you You will re
member we found that food when consumed in the body yields
heat and energy
The fuel or heat value of the different nutritive substances has
been measured by refined methods and has been expressed in
calories A calorie is the amount of heat required to raise the
temperature of one pound of water four degrees Fahr It has
been found by experiment that the fuel value of one pound of
protein is i860 calories that the fuel value of one pound of fat
is 4220 calories so that the fuel value of a pound of fat is two
and a quarter times as much as the fuel value of a pound of pro
tein or carbohydrates which is of course the reason why you
multiplied the digestible fat by 2j4 before adding it to the carbo
hydrates in calculating the nutritive ratio The fuel value of
Wolffs standard ration for a dairy cow is 29590 calories If you
will bear in mind these explanations it will enable you to under
stand the terms in almost any article you may come across in your
reading about scientific feeding9 4
GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
In concluding my letters to you on feeding there are two other
points on which I will touch briefly First in regard to the cook
ing or steaming of food a number of experiments have been made
both at home and abroad on this important subject and the testi
mony is that the cooking of feed for the great majority of food
products is useless and in some cases worse than useless The
experiments have beeen made on hay potatoes corn meal barley
and rye In most of these trials not only has there been no gain
from cooking but even a positive loss that is to say the quantity
of food required to produce one pound of gain in weight was
larger when the food was cooked than when it was fed raw and
in some cases the unfavorable effect of cooking was very marked
The following exception to this rule however is noteworthy
The Mississippi Station experimented for three years in feeding
steamed cottonseed to cows and their conclusion was very favor
able to the practice They report that the milk and butter from
cows fed on steamed cottonseed cost less than that from cows
fed on raw seed and only a little more than half as much as that
from cows fed on cottonseed meal also that the butter from
steamed cottonseed is superior in quality to that from either raw
seed or cottonseed meal The Texas Station also reports that
it pays to boil cottonseed for steers Although the testimony is
against cooking feed for animals as a rule it is in favor of soak
ing the feed in water before feeding it was found that pigs would
eat more of soaked corn meal and shorts than of the dry and con
sequently gained more in weight on it
The second and last point to which I want to call your attention
is to feeding for fat and lean It has been a somewhat mooted
question as to whether the proportion of fat and lean in the bodv
of an animal could be influenced by the nutritive ratio of the ration
fed to it The results of the experiments made tend to demon
strate the truth of the theory that a narrow ration would
produce more lean meat and that a wide ration would produce
a carcass carrying more fat than lean Professor Sanborn of
Missouri made a number of experiments in the feeding of hogs
and his results showed that pork produced by feeding skim milk
shorts wheat bran middlings and dried blood and such food
having a large proportion of protein and therefore having a
narrow nutritive ratio was much leaner had much less fat than
pork fed on corn meal which had a wide ratio
Experiments in feeding steers at the Kansas Station also
demonstrate that the ration with a large proportion of protein inBULLETIN NO 36
95
it produces a beef with more lean and less fat In this connection
it would appear that the ration I gave you above of hulls and meal
would be well adapted to the production of lean meat in the beef
If you desired to feed more especially for lean use a ration of
twenty pounds of hulls and eight pounds of cottonseed meal per
1000 pounds of live weight per day or mix together in that pro
portion and allow the steers to eat all they will That would give
you a ration having the narrow nutritive ratio of 1 125 whereas
Wolffs standard calls for a ration with a ratio of 16 This last
would produce a much fatter sort of beef than the hrst and as
the tendency among the people more especially in the towns and
cities is to prefer beef and pork with more lean and less fat than
formerly it is important for those who would cater to this trade
to consider carefully this method of feeding
Yours truly
John M McCandlESS State Chemist
THE QUALITY OF GEORGIA WHEAT
STATE CHEMIST GIVES ANALYSES OE NINETEEN GEORGIA SAMPLES
SOME ABOVE THE STANDARDCLEARLY SHOWN THAT GEOR
GIA FARMERS CAN RAISE AS FINE WHEAT AS IS GROWN ANY
WHERE
Hon 0 B Stevens Commissioner
Dear Sir I have the pleasure to present to you in the accom
panying tables analyses of 19 samples of Georgia wheats This
work was undertaken last fall at the suggestion of Mr W G
Cooper of the Atlanta Journal who kindly procured the samples
of wheat for me I think it well to bring the matter to the atten
tion of the readers of the Bulletin both for the purposes of in
creasing their interest in wheat growing to show them they can
grow as fine wheat in Georgia as is grown anywhere in the world
and further to put such of the farmers as desire to forward sam
ples of their best wheat to the next State fair on notice that careful
analyses will be made of these samples similar to those given in
the table attached showing the comparative food values of Geor
gia grown wheat I assure you that I do not think the samples
the analyses of which are given in the table could be called
picked samples as many of them showed evidences of imper96
GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
feet cleaning from chaff dirt etc and yet I propose to compare
them with wheats which may fairly be assumed to have been care
fully selected The wheat to which our wheat is compared in the
accompanying tables was sent to the Worlds Columbian Exposi
tion in Chicago for exhibition It may fairly be supposed that
each exhibitor sent the best he had The analyses of these wheats
were made by or under the supervision of the chief chemist of the
United States Department of Agriculture Dr H W Wiley The
methods described by him as used in his analyses were carefully
followed in the analyses of the Georgia wheat
CHEMICAL ANALYSES OF GEORGIA WHEAT
NAME OF GROWER
VARIETY
o o
5 A

3 O
J Y Dver Adairsville
E T Me iehee Floyd Co
J T Lewis Gordon Co
M Talmiidge Jasper Co
H R Jackson Bartow Co
E H Dun son L grange
A T Dallis Lagrange
E H Dunson Lagrange
A T Dillis Lagrange
GeKRoiertsonLagrante
WLYoung Troup Facory
ieo Veach Adairvilie
Geo V ach Adai sville
N CNapier Walker Co
N C Napier Walker Co
G o Veach Adairsville
Geo Veach Adairsville
Geo Veach Adairsville
Geo Veach Adairsville
Fulcaster weevil eaten
Fulcaster
Ftileaster weevil eaten
Blue Stem
Fulcaster
While Giant sen
Georgia Blue Stem
Fulcaster Learde
Dalis Lirge White
Large While
Georgia Blue Stem
Smooth Wheat
Old Funaster
Missouri Large While
E T Fulcaster
New Fulcaster
Wheat No 1
No 2 weevil eaten
No 3
945
945
195
997
i 05
1080
1007
1255
1150
1176
1295
1136
1110
110
1188
1102
II 02
1091
1070
50 2OS
48 213
22a
220
211
1 9
1
202
185
75lt0
56 202
43 180
10 198
31 190
37 179
00 1 92
12 1S1
56 1S1
37 190
25S j
d n o 6i
a c
c3
p
182
194
189
15
145
177
T168
192
158
1 00
1 8
150
111
191
1 51
182
i u
L66
183
a
7515
7305
7406
7501
7471
7092
313
6964
7266
7110
7069
72 79
7lH
7338
7045
7324
7271
7423
7420
1883
2005
2050
22 Ml
2466
3403
2882
3110
2261
2845
2850
2707
2490
2197
781
1046
785
816
953
1344
1117
1251
934
1130
1108
1084
980
2
3256 1278
2241 88i
2582 1041
3270 1293
2917l1172
Average Georgia Wheat 1087 12591195 1671
Typical American Wheat of the best quality 1060 1225Jl75 175
72 90 265111046
72 15 26601125
Aocording to the rules for asceitaining comparative food values adopted by the
judges at the Worlds Columbian Exposition at Chicago the average Georgia
wheat would have been rated at10925
The average of the samples exhibited at Worlds Fair would rave been rated at 10854
At your request I will give a brief explanation of the terms
used in the analyses so that they may be better understood by
those interested in the work
First the samples were ground to a flour outer coat and all
and placed in stoppered bottles From these bottles suitable quan
tities were weighed out for analyses
The moisture is the loss in weight suffered by the samples on
drying it at a temperature of 212 degrees Fahrenheit The albu
minoids or protein are found by estimating the percentage of
nitrogen and multiplying this by 625 The albuminoids are soBULLETIN NO 36
97
called because they resemble in their chemical character albumen
or white of an egg They are also known as protein and consti
tute a very important element of the wheat When assimilated
by the body they make lean meat or muscle and nourish the blood
The albuminoids or protein are the most valuable and expensive
constituents of our food
The ether extract consists principally of the oil or fat in the
flour and it is obtained by repeatedly extracting the flour with
ether which has the property of dissolving oil or fat The oil is
assimilated by the body as fat and also produces heat and energy
in the body The carbohydrates of wheat consist principally of
starch with small quantities of sugars and a little fiber They
are converted into sugar in the body and also produce heat and
energy and are a source of fat They are much more abundant
than protein and consequently much cheaper The ash is the
mineral matter of the flour and supplies phosphorus and mineral
salts to the body The dry gluten usually bears a pretty constant
relation to the percentage of protein the samples having the high
est content of dry gluten also show the highest percentage of pro
tein The moist gluten also usually varies with the percentage of
total proteid matter This is an item of special interest to the baker
A wheat with high percentage of moist gluten will produce a flour
of more value to the baker than one with a low content Such flour
will make bread rising better giving a larger and more porous
loaf and also retain a larger quantity of water than flour with a
low moist gluten Such a flour is very valuable to the baker The
glutinous matter of wheat is what so especially distinguishes it
from the other cereal grains as a breadmaker The glutinous
matter entangles in its meshes the gases produced during the
process of fermentation or rising and holds them making the
loaf light and porous
By studying the accompanying tables of analyses you will see
that while some of our Georgia wheats are deficient in the valu
able properties enumerated above others are well up to and above
the standard set by the average wheats exhibited at the Worlds
Fair in Chicago
The States showing a higher average in the valuable con
stituents of the wheat than Georgia were Maine Montana Ne
braska Wyoming South Dakota Wisconsin Iowa Pennsylvania
West Virginia and Kentucky those lower being Illinois In
diana Ohio Michigan Oregon Washington and North Carolina
7 a b98
GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OE AGRICULTURE
Georgia New York and Kansas are so nearly on a parity that a
distinction can hardly be drawn
It has been stated by an officer of the United States Depart
ment of Agriculture that the poorest wheats were grown in the
Southern States Whilst this statement may be true for the lo
calities from which the samples were obtained on which the
statement was based it certainly is not true for such sections of
Georgia as are represented by the samples sent in by you It is
to be regretted that a wider area of the State could not have been
covered in the present investigation and that fuller information
was not furnished by the growers as to the yield per acre nature
and amount of fertilizer used etc
Replying to your inquiry as to a remedy for weevils in wheat
or corn bisulphide of carbon is regarded with most favor A
little is poured into shallow dishes and placed on top of the grain
in the covered bins Cover with oilcloths to retain the vapor
Keep bins or buildings closed from twentyfour to thirtysix
hours Disinfect infested grain in small bins before placing in
large masses for long storage Care should be exercised as bi
sulphide of carbon is very inflammable
Yours truly
John M McCandlEss State Chemist
This investigation will be continued when the next crop ma
tures
BRAINS AS FERTILIZERS
ADDRESS DELIVERED BY STATE CHEMIST MCCANDLESS OE GEORGIA
BEFORE THE SECOND ANNUAL CONVENTION OP THE COTTON
STATES COMMISSIONERS OF AGRICULTURE ASSEMBLED AT
RALEIGH N C AUGUST 30 I9OO
Mr Chairman and Gentlemen of the Convention
I am asked to answer the question Do the farmers of my State
buy fertilizers for the brand name or for the nitrogen phosphoric
acid and potash they contain If the former What is the best
method of bringing about a change The answer to this ques
tion for a great majority of farmers in my State is I fear the
same as for their brothers in other States Yes they do andBULLETIN NO 36
99
under the circumstances what else can be expected of them They
are guided as most men by the light of experience they buy
what they have tried and found to be good
They buy Gossypium Phospho for the same reason that you
would buy a Stetson hat and Sea Bird guano for the same
reason I would buy a Rodgers knife Each and every brand
has its advocates These brands are like the Kentucky colonels
whiskey Somes better than others but nones bad Luckily
for the uneducated farmer the State has thrown her protecting
JEvis between him and fraud and the purchase of a worthless
fertilizer in these days is a practical impossibility if the chemist
with his crucible and the inspector with his sampler half way do
their duty There was a time within the memory of those not
vet old men when the contrary was the case Let us not then
blame the farmer of small education who laboriously earns the
meaning of the printed page if he shakes his head dubiously at
rows of figures expressing percentages of potash nitrogen water
soluble phosphoric acid insoluble phosphoric acid available phos
phoric acid and total phosphoric acid terms indicating about as
little to him as if written in Greek or Sanscrit and pins his laith
to his old reliable brand of guano put up by an honorable house
who never yet swindled him a goods rivaling the complexion of
old Pompey who helps him to straw it and its aroma grateful
to his nostrils mingling with that of the freshly turned furrow
suggests to him visions of whitening bolls and golden grain
I honor him and his sturdy AngloSaxon conservatism yet 1
must admit his methods to be unscientific unphilosophical and in
the long run costly and extravagant
Now what is the remedy Gentlemen there may be many in
genious plans proposed many makeshifts but there can be only
one comprehensive satisfactory and satisfying reply to this ques
tion and it is given in the one word education
Let us try and realize this fact We all concede it in a halt
hearted sort of way but that is not enough we must become alive
with it we must burn it into our hearts and souls and consciences
so that we may inspire the same sort of sentiment in him who is
in deepest and most urgent need of it If we who are dependent
on the development and expansion of the arts trades and sciences
for a livelihood desire increased wealth and prosperity we must
seek them through the increased wealth and prosperity of the
farmer100
GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
Today the man who conducts a successful mercantile or manu
facturing industry makes use of all the aids which art and science
labor and invention can devise in order to cheapen the cost of his
production and undersell his rival competitor or drive him from
the field in defeat The farmer alone seems not aware that the
strenuous struggle of competition is invading his domain also as
well as that of the business world More than once has fivecent
cotton warned him that he must cheapen the cost of production
or face privation and poverty
What then for him is the first essential It is that he must
make two blades of grass to grow where one grew before
How By learning the true philosophy and theory of manures
and fertilizers An admirer once asked the great English artist
Turner the vividness of whose paintings never faded what he
mixed his colors with Turner looked at him quietly a moment
and then replied I mix my colors with brains I repeat it if
the Southern farmer is to rise superior to his environment and
master the situation he must mix his manures with brains
How shall he do this He has the brains but they are crude and
uncultivated A schoolmaster and a different sort of school
master from the present kind must be sent to him
This schoolmaster must be a different type He will demand
and command a larger salary than the present type he will get it
he is worth it Money must be raised missions to instruct the
heathen Chinee in the art of butchering Americans and Chris
tians must cease and the money be devoted to the holy cause of
elevating and instructing and carrying a new gospel of Hope of
Enlightenment of Ambition into the hungry heart and arid life
of the average Southern cotton farmer Think of it you who
have influence in your communities and clo all in your power to
discourage this fruitless and wicked waste of money which should
be spent on your brother at home who hath the emptiness of
Ages in his face and the Desolation yf Ignorance in his heart
There is yet another source from which money may be raised
for this holy cause without laying the burden of additional tax
ation on the weary shoulders already bowed under it The tax
which the white farmer and his white brothers of the cities pay
into the public treasury for the purposes of education must be
used for the benefit of those from whence it came
Gentlemen I will speak to you direct as though you were the
men most deeply interested O farmers of the South rise in
your might trample under your feet the timeserving politiciansBULLETIN NO 36
whom you send to your General Assemblies and rc
with men of your own kind honest and true who know
needs and know your rights and knowing dare maintain
Let the black man have all that is his due let the taxes drawn
from his property go to educate his children but let not one cent
of the bloodmoney wrung from your hard sweat and toil be so
misapplied Spent where it belongs in the cultivation of your
brains and those of your children it will return to you an hundred
fold but spent as it is it only tends to build up the black Dumb
Terror and will in time reduce you by competition with him to
the condition pictured by the poet a creature without hope stolid
and stunned a brother to the ox Spent as it is it will only
hasten the day of the inevitable racial conflict and make the battle
the harder for you when it comes
Let us suppose we have made a change and raised the money
needed to bring about a change in the methods of teaching then
when you seek a teacher for your country school seek for one
bearing a diploma and credentials of excellence from your State
Agricultural College Give that young man the preference over
the one who still wastes his time declining Greek verbs and Latin
nouns and the opportunity for acquiring a practical education
In this dawn of the twentieth century glorious with the light of
real knowledge and real science employ by preference that young
man as teacher who has a good English education and who has
mastered what the books and his professors can teach him of the
Science Of Agriculture
If necessary pay him twice the salary for which you could hire
the other and then proceed to get all out of him there is in him
Let him teach at least six months in the year and six days in the
week Let him teach your daughters and younger sons in the
morning and yourself and older boys in the afternoons or even
ings the three Rs if necessary but at all events all he knows
about agriculture both theoretical and practical
Let me outline a lesson or two which he can give you He must
have a chemical laboratory in your country schoolhouse but I
promise you it will not cost you all told more than 25 He will
need a plain table say six feet long a gasolene lamp burning with
a blue flame some porcelain crucibles some filter papers He will
need a bottle of molybdic solution a bottle of platinum solution
some muriatic acid some ammonia solution some prepared lime
a jar of acid phosphate of guano of muriate of potash of kainit
a jar of cottonseed meal of dried blood of tankage and of102
GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
ground phosphate rock He will have learned in his college of
agriculture how to manipulate these tools one afternoon he will
call up his class as many as can conveniently stand around him
and see what he does He will take his bottle of ammonia and let
the whole class smell it they are not apt to forget it they will
know it the next time they meet it in the road He will then
take some cottonseed meal mix it up with some prepared lime
put it in a tube either metal or glass and heat it and at the proper
time he will let you smell it you will all know what it is without
his telling you he will do the samething with the dried blood
and the tankage and the guano and you will never again have
any doubt that ammonia is in all these materials Though you
will then realize that the smell you have always taken for ammo
nia was really not ammonia at all but something else He will
then take some cottonseed meal some wheat some corn and
burn them in three separate crucibles and while they are burning
he will take some acid phosphate mix it with water in a glass and
filter it into another glass then add to it some of the molybdic
solution and you will see a beautiful yellow powder fall in the
glass He will explain to you that the essential constituent of that
yellow powder is phosphoric acid and wherever you see it you
may be sure there is phosphoric acid
He will show you the same in the guano and in the phosphate
rock he will next dissolve some muriate of potash in a glass and
add some platinum solution to it you will see some beautiful
golden crystals fall the essential constituent of which he will ex
plain to you is potash he will also show it to you in the kainit
By this time the cottonseed meal the wheat and corn will be
burnt to ashes he will pour a little acid on these ashes filter them
and by appropriate steps he will show you the same phosphoric
acid and the same potash that you saw in the different fertilizers
You will now appreciate better than you ever did in your lives
before the meaning of the words ammonia phosphoric acid and
potash and you will be morally certain that they came out of the
wheat and the corn and the cottonseed meal of which you were
never before sure though you may have heard it all your lives
Whilst he is giving you some semiweekly or triweekly lessons
in theoretical agriculture he will also be carrying on an experi
ment which may last over some weeks of time He will have a
committee of your class to buy some flower pots or make some
boxes and to procure some dry barren sand in which you never
saw anything grow he will fill pot No I with the sand and plantBULLETIN NO 30
103
some seed in it he will mix the balance of the sand with all the
other elements which he will have taught you are necessary to
plant development except such substances as yield ammonia phos
phoric acid and potash He will fill up the remaining pots from
this mixture and plant some more seed n pot No 2 in pot No 3
he will put dried blood and in No 4 acid phosphate in No 5
muriate of potash in No 6 dry blood and acid phosphate in No
7 dry blood and muriate of potash in No 8 acid phosphate and
muriate of potash in No 9 dried blood acid phosphate and mu
riate of potash 1
You will help him every day to water these pots with just the
same quantity of water and you will watch the seeds burst and
grow and develop and the result will be a marvel a delight a
Lviction and an education to you You will realize then as you
have never realized before no matter how many times it may
have been told you nor how often you may have read Jt that
for its full development your crop must have nitrogen phosphoric
acid and potash or it will starve
Your teacher will then explain to you how you can apply this
pot experiment to plots of ground on your own farm and thus
make an accurate and reliable analysis of your soil such as no
chemist in the present state of the science could make in the laboi
ator even if you paid him a large fee The analysis you can
thus make inexpensively will be selfevident and will show you
whether your soil requires nitrogen phosphoric acid potash 01
lime one or both or all
When you have reached thus far in your agricultural educat01
you will no longer buy your fertilizers for the brand name but
you will study the annual bulletins of the departments f01 the
percentages of needed plant food and if you dont find there ust
what you want you will order the raw materials carry then to
the enormous compost heaps and manure piles resulting from die
great herds of stock you are now keeping and there you wiH mix
up together with brains apply to the land by the ton wi ere
you nL apply by the pound and you will conclude at he end of
haivesfyear that the 1200 or i5oo salary of the young
man from the agricultural college was not such a bad investment
for your community after allBulletin Georgia Department of Agriculture
SERIAL No 37
CATTLE QUARANTINE LAWS
RULES AND REGULATIONS
Texas Fever and Cattle Tick
GOVERNING COUNTIES
OF
GILMER FANNIN UNION TOWNS
AND RABUN
ISSUED BY BUREAU OF AGRICULTURE
O B STEVENS Commissioner
R F WRIGHT Assistant
AUTHORITY FOR MAKING RULES AND REGULA
TIONS
AN ACT
To protect the cattle of this State from all contagious or in
fectious diseases to authorize and empower the Commissioner
of Agriculture of this State to establish maintain and enforce
quarantine lines and make such rules and regulations as he
may deem proper and necessary for the purpose of carrying into
effect the provisions of this Act to prohibit the driving of dis
eased cattle through said State or cattle calculated to spread dis
ease to provide a penalty for violation of same and for other
purposes
COMMISSIONER of agricultures duty
Section i Be it enacted by the General Assembly of the
State of Georgia and it is hereby enacted by authority of same
That the Commissioner of Agriculture of this State shall im
mediately upon the passage of this Act and from time to time
thereafter ascertain in what sections of this State cattle are free
from contagious or infectious diseases and splenetic fever
QUARANTINE FOR CATTLE
Sec 2 Be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid
That wherever the cattle of any section of this State are found
to be free from contagious and infectious diseases and splenetic
fever said Commissioner of Agriculture is hereby authorized
empowered and required to establish and maintain such quaran
tine lines and to make and enforce such rules and regulations
as may be necessary for the protection of such cattle
COOPERATION WITH OTHER STATES
SEC 3 Be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid
That the said Commissioner shall cooperate with the officials
of other States and with the Secretary of Agriculture of the108
GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
United States in establishing such quarantine lines rules and
regulations as he shall deem proper and best for the protection
of the cattle of this State free from any of the diseases referred
to in the foregoing sections of this Act
PENALTY
SEC 4 Be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid
That any person or persons company or corporation who shall
violate any quarantine provisions rules or regulations established
by the Commissioner of Agriculture of this State under the
authority conferred by this Act shall be guilty of and upon con
viction punished as for a misdemeanor
Sec 5 Be it further enacted That all laws and parts of
laws in conflict with this Act be and the same are hereby re
pealed
Approved December 20th 1899
PROCLAMATION OF THE RULES AND REGULATIONS
FOR THE CONTROL OF CONTAGIOUS OR INFEC
TIOUS DISEASES OF CATTLE
To Whom it May Concern
In accordance with the authority and power conferred by the
General Assembly of Georgia in the Act No 374 laws of 1899
entitled An Act to protect the cattle of the State from all con
tagious or infectious diseases to authorize and empower the Com
missioner of Agriculture of this State to establish maintain and
enforce quarantine lines and make such rules and regulations
as he may deem proper and necessary for the purpose of carry
ing out the provisions of this Act to provide penalties for viola
tion of the same and for other purposes I O B Stevens
Commissioner of Agriculture of the State of Georgia after due
inquiry into the conditions of cattle raising in this State and the
prevalence of communicable cattle diseases do hereby set forth
and declare the following rules and regulations for the control
of contagious or infectious diseases of cattle in the State of
Georgia
April 30 1901
Signed O B Stevens
Commissioner of Agriculture
BULLETIN NO 27
109
RULES AND REGULATIONS
The term cattle used in these regulations shall include bulls
oxen steers cows heifers yearlings and calves
The terms contagious or infectious diseases shall include
all diseases of cattle which are communicable from animal to
animal for example contagious abortion tuberculosis actino
mycosis anthrax rabies or splenetic fever including red water
bloody murrain acclimation disease Texas cattle fever tick
fever and other local names
Section i Whenever any contagious or infectious disease
of cattle shall exist in any portion of this State the infected
cattle or infected material which may convey disease or both
animals which may have come in contact with such disease
shall be quarantined on the premises or in lots or buildings in
which they may be found until such a time as danger from the
spread of disease has passed all necessary disinfection is com
pleted and they are released by order of the Commissioner of
Agriculture
Sec 2 The annual regulations and amendments thereof of
the United States Department of Agriculture concerning inter
state cattle transportation are hereby adopted as a portion of
these regulations during such time as said regulations are in
force
Sec 3 No cattle shall be transported driven or caused to
be driven or allowed to stray from any place in the quarantine
district in this State into the districts exempted from the Fed
eral quarantine by the United States Secretary of Agriculture
between such dates as the Secretary and the Commissioner of
Agriculture shall determine upon Provided that this order
shall not apply to cattle transported by rail consigned through
such exempted districts to other States which are transported
in accordance with the Federal regulations relating to inter
state transportation of cattle
Sec 4 No cattle originating in the area of other States pre
scribed by the Secretary of Agriculture of the United States
as having a contagious or infectious disease known as splenetic
or Southern fever among its cattle shall be transported driven
or caused to be driven or allowed to stray at any time of the
year across or into any portion of this State in which cattle are110
GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
declared by the said Secretary of Agriculture as being exempted
in whole or in part from the operations of the Federal regu
lations concerning transportation of cattle originating in cer
tain areas Provided this section shall not apply to interstate
traffic in cattle by rail or by boat transacted in accordance with
the Federal regulations relating thereto or to uninfected cattle
exempted by special permit of the United States Secretary of
Agriculture Provided further that between such dates and
under such regulations as may be agreed upon by the said Sec
retary of Agriculture and the Commissioner of Agriculture of
this State cattle may be so transported driven or caused to be
driven or allowed to stray when found free of infection
SEC 5 When cattle from the infected areas as defined by
the Secretary of the United States Department of Agriculture
in the annual regulations concerning cattle transportation and
the amendments thereof shall have moved or been moved in
violation of these regulations or their amendments the feeding
places yards and pasturages upon which the said cattle have
been moved shall become infected districts and subject to the
same regulations as other infected areas the limits of said in
fected area shall be defined by the extent or range allowed the
animals from the infected areas and by the efficiency of the
exclusion of otner cattle from said infected districts
SEC 6 Notice is hereby given that cattle infested with the
Boophilus Bovis or Southern cattle tick disseminate the con
tagion or splenetic fever therefore cattle which are found in
the exempted districts infested with Boophilus Bovis tick shall
be considered as infectious cattle
SEC 7 Such infectious cattle or cattle suspected of being
infectious shall be kept in close quarantine and not admitted to
the public road or free range until such time as they are disin
fected or proven to be uninfected and permission is granted by
the Commissioner of Agriculture for their removal
SPECIAL ORDER no 1
Whereas the cattle owners of Gilmer Fannin Union
Towns and Rabun Counties have appealed to this Department
for protection of their cattle from splenetic fever and cattle ticks
and it appears that the cattle of a greater portion of said counties
are free from these pests it is hereby ordered
SEC 1 That no cattle shall be driven into the counties of
Gilmer Fannin Union Towns and Rabun from any part of
this State in which the cattle are declared infected with spleneticBULLETIN NO 37
Ill
fever infection by the United States Secretary of Agriculture
or from any other State or portion thereof in which the cattle
are declared infected until such cattle are exempted from
the quarantine regulations by the said Secretary of Agricul
ture
SEC 2 That all cattle within the aforesaid area which are
infested with cattle ticks or which are suspected of being in
fested with such ticks shall be placed in close quarantine and
not allowed on the public roads or at large until such a time
as shall be proven that they are not so infested and they shall
be released by order of the Commissioner of Agriculture
The Commissioner will upon application of the Ordinary
or cattle owners of any county temporarily forbid the entrance
of cattle from any infected county or district until such time
as danger of infection from said county or district is past This
local quarantine will be published in local newspapers and suf
ficient notices will be posted on the public roads
Georgia Department of Agriculture
Federal Cattle Quarantine Line
Special Regulation No i
Authorized by Georgia laws of 1899 No 374 Protection of
cattle against infectious diseases
On and after this date no cattle bulls steers oxen cows
heifers yearlings pr calves shall be led driven or caused to be
driven allowed to stray or carried in any manner into the counties
of Gilmer Fannin Union Towns and Rabun
Violation of the above is a misdemeanor
By order of O B Stevens
Commissioner
Atlanta Ga April 30 1901
DUTIES OF CATTLE INSPECTORS
1 To see that the rules and regulations this day issued by the
Commissioner of Agriculture of Georgia found in another por
tion of this bulletin be strictly enforced and carried out
2 To locate all territory in your division or district of tins
State that may now or hereafter become infested with fever ixks112
GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
Take any legal steps necessary to prevent the ticks from spreading
therefrom to any other territory in Georgia
3 Place all infested cattle and pastures in quarantine and
report same giving location of infested areas to the State Com
missioner of Agriculture Atlanta Georgia
4 Use all possible means to the end of exterminating the licks
on such infested farms or areas Urge the cattlemen to gre ise
them and care for their cattle looking to the prevention of further
propagation of the tick
5 Advise the burning over both in fall or spring of all in
fested pastures or ranges with a view to the destruction of the
cattle tick
You will be held strictly to account for any trouble arising from
the neglect of these instructions
This April 30th 1901
NoteCattle inspectors receive salary from the State
Department and can not make any charges for inspecting
cattle
TEXAS FEVER AND CATTLE TICK
No disease to which our cattle is susceptible has such an im
portant bearing upon the cattle interests of the Southern States
as Southern Cattle or Texas Fever For this reason we
have deemed it wise to issue from this department a short
bulletin giving the salient points of the cause history and
present conditions with a few common sense suggestionsas to
the prevention of this dread disease known as the Texas
Fever To a very large degree this disease prohibits the im
portation into our Southern country of pure bred anin als
from areas north of the United States quarantine line of
which we may be desirous for the building up of our dairy and
beef cattle interests Besides it lias resulted in a barrier being
placed by the Federal authorities known as the Federal Quar
antine Line for the protection of Northern cattle against the
exportation of our Southern stock to Northern markets ex
cept these cattle be carried by rail or boat for immediate
slaughter which cripples to a great degree the Southern cattle
industry on account of this cattle disease It has been provedBULLETIN NO 7
113
by experiment that when ticks which have been living on the
blood of or Southern cattle are transported to latitudes north
of the Federal Quarantine Line and become attached to cattle
in those sections or when Northern cattle from above the
quarantine line are brought South and subjected to h0t
by ticks from our stock the animals will contract this malady
which proves that the tick is the means through which the con
tagion is conveyed Now what we are most interested in is
how to get rid of the tick for when we destroy this pest we
remove the source of this dreadful disease which is called
by many names to wit Murrain Bloody Murrain Red Wri
ter Yellow Water Black Water Acclimating Fever etc
and according to the authorities all of these diseases are noth
ing more nor less than the Texas or Southern Cattle Fcer
Nearly all authorities agree that this bovine tick fever is a
specific fever communicated not in a direct manner from one
animal to another but indirectly through the medium of cattle
from infected pastures roads and other places and in an indirect
manner conveying the disease to susceptible animals which are
exposed to those infected surroundings 1
When it is known that beef cattle above the Federal Quar
antine Line are worth from one to one and onehalf cents per
pound more than the same grade of cattle below the line our
people in Georgia can readily see the enormous profits they
have lost for years past By virtue of the fact that most if the
counties of our State are tickinfested they will see the impor
tance of energetic systematic and judicious work looking to the
suppression of this dreaded pest named by Dr Cooper Curtice as
the Boophilus Bovis
WHEN AND WHERE THE TICK IS FOUND
The cattle tick is found in warm weather in most of the
States that lie south of the 35th parallel of latitude During
the heat of the summer the Northern distribution is sometimes
extended into Northern markets but it is killed off in the fall
or early winter months In mild winters the tick may be found
at any time of the year in South Georgia but in some of the
counties in extreme North Georgia the tick is practically exter
minated by the frosts of winter and does not reappear until
brought back in the course of cattle traffic In severe winters
this extermination extends further southward
8 a b114
GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OE AGRICULTURE
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN TICKS
Dr Cooper Curtice gives the following description of ticks
The fact that at least three species of ticks may be found
on cattle and that one is diseasebearing and outlawed would
seem to complicate matters The existence of the other two
species however enters very little into the problem practically
for they are easily told apart and are quite different in habits
All these ticks look alike especially the large females
which are those usually seen They are often as large as a
castoroil beanseed and usually leaden blue in color have a
soft leathery body provided with four pairs of little legs and
a hard little head with movable mouth parts The three va
rieties can be distinguished by a glance at their heads In the
cattle tick the color is solid chestnut brown In the variety
that also pesters people horses and dogs the head has a little
bright often golden spot at its back edge from which it has
gained the name lone star tick pass or spot tick The third
variety which is often found on deer dogs and other animals
has the head nearly white or with a white margin It is com
monly called deer tick dog tick or bear tick These char
acters will always serve to distinguish the species While the
male which is ah inconspicuous little fellow always accom
panies the female his presence is of no practical importance
since it is the female which attracts our attention and against
which all efforts must be made Their resemblance especially
in the head parts to the females and their association with
females enables the observer to readily classify them
The lone star tick and the dog tick usually attach themselves
to animals when the latter are going through the woods or in
marshy places while the cattle tick rarely gets on man or other
animals save possibly horses and is always found in pastures
where cattle have spread them
The star tick and the dog tick usually get about the ears
dewlap and sides of cattle while cattle ticks are most numerous
on the lower edges of the dewlap along the underparts and n
the thighs of the cattle This is because the little ticks are the
most numerous where the cows rest and get on them from short
The lone star and the dog tick are most commonly found
from June to August and then seem to disappear They areBULLETIN NO 37
115
soon followed by seed ticks which get upon one walking
through the pastures and sink their heads beneath the skin
Often at the same time the middling or yearling an inter
mediate size between the seed and adult tick is encountered
These are but different stages of either of the above ticks
Cattle ticks are not numerous in the spring but rapidly increase
in numbers as the seasons wear or until they are said to literally
shingle the cows by their hosts The same steps of growth occur
as in the other species but they rarely if ever get upon people and
spend their whole existence upon the cattle It thus happens that
the careful investigator may find all the stages from the seed tick
which may be seen by very close examination up to the unsightly
adult female
LIFE OF THE CATTLE TICK
Most authorities agree that all cattle ticks come from eggs
laid by other ticks and can only reach maturity on cattle that
the tick drops from the cow and remains passive for a few days
then begins to lay eggs and in two weeks she has laid some two
thousand eggs to be hatched out in from three to six weeks ac
cording to the temperature of the weather These eggs are gen
erally deposited under a bunch of grass leaves or sticks being
sheltered from the direct rays of the sun When hatched the
young ticks or seed ticks spread out short distances and at
tach themselves to the nearest blade of grass or twig and collect
at their tops and there appear to merely exist in wait for their
future hostthe cow
After arriving on the cattle they remain there from three to
four weeks when the females become mature and fall from the
cattle to the ground wherever the cattle happen to be when the
tick becomes mature Hence the places most frequented by the
cattle in the pasturage is where you will find the most infectious
yet any place may become infected provided the cattle pass over
it and drop the tick at such a place
In summing up the life history of the tick Dr Cooper Curtice
says
1 Ticks are introduced on farms by cattle
2 Seed ticks appear in from twentyfive days to six weeks
3 Ticks grow to maturity in about four weeks after they at
tach to cattle
4 Ticks when mature fall to the ground to give rise to new
multitudes116
GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OE AGRICULTURE
SOME REMEDIAL SUGGESTIONS
If proper and judicious work be done there is no good reason
why the farms and counties of North Georgia should remain in
fected longer than twelve months In point of fact many militia
districts as well as almost entire counties are practically free of
the diseasecarrying tick We would not advise the discrimina
tion between ticks as all ticks are noxious and loathsome Early
spring is perhaps the best time to begin work for the destruction
of a single tick in spring is often the means of preventing thous
ands from coming into life A female tick which lays from two
to twentyfive hundred eggs will likely produce one thousand pairs
of ticks One tick in spring or summer will be sufficient to stock
a farm of ordinary size in one year Fields used for growing
crops must be considered as uninfected since frecment plowing
and turning over the soil destroys the tick to a large degree Old
fields may be disinfected by burning off the dry grass in early
spring and during the fall but as to marshy places and corners
and small plots of woods that can not be burned off we would ad
vise that they be fenced from the cattle as they would furnish suf
ficient number of ticks to reinfect the whole pasture If a large
area now used for pasturing cattle be divided by a fence and use be
made of only onehalf of the pasture for cattle not allowing cattle
to trespass upon the other half of the pasture this method would
practically free the latter half of the pasture from ticks in twelve
months If however the pasture be small and conditions are not
suited to the above method then the cattle must be carefully
and continuously picked during the spring and summer using
from time to time sulphur and lard or any grease that is most
convenient If this handpicking is continued daily a small farm
can be cleaned of the ticks in a short while Oils and grease
however have their uses on farms and aid materially in disin
fection and save labor in the handpicking process A little tar
mixed with the grease is advisable The cattle should be thor
oughly rubbed from time to time with these ointments But there
can be no successful exterminations of the tick unless the county
at large cooperates in this matter to the extent that the highways
and market places and stock yards shall be kept free of infection
So if cattle men generally will carefully comply with the rules
and regulations and adopt the above suggestions they will find
that the extermination of the tick is but an easy matter requir
ing patience and perseverance with only a small expenseBULLETIN NO 37
117
SOME OF THE SYMPTOMS OF THE DISEASE
Dr Curtice says that experiment and observations show that
the majority of cases break out and die in from 10 to 21 days
after infection For the first few days there is no fever or any
indication of the disease but either on the fifth or sixth day a
very high fever breaks out which often renders the animal deliri
ous or stupid their heads droop their ears lop cudchewing is
suspended and other signs of ill health follow They usually die
towards the end of the first week of fever although some last
into the second week while a small percentage survive lne
urine of diseased animals is usually deeply stained and appears
even dark or black red resembling the color of coffee The eye
balls and other mucous membranes show a yellow cast If the
animals survive the attack of fever they remain poor and recover
very slowly The virulence of this disease varies at different
seasons of the year and in different animals All who may desire
to study this question fully from a scientific point we would advise
that they write to Dr D A Salmon Chief of the Bureau of
Animal Industry at Washington D C for bulletins on Texas
fever and cattle tick If this little bulletin should create an in
terest in the study of this disease and the remedies therefor and
bring about a cooperation of the people looking to the suppres
sion of this disease its object will have been accomplished Get
rid of the tick and you get rid of the disease
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Much of the data given in this paper is taken from a bulletin
from the North Carolina Bureau of Agriculture by Dr Cooper
Curtice who was at the time of issue State Veterinarian of North
CarolinaFrom Bulletin Georgia Department of Agriculture
SERIAL No 38
SEASON I900J90J
INFORMATION IN REGARD TO
COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS
AND
CHEMICALS
AND
ILLUMINATING OILS
UNDER THE SUPERVISION UP
O B STEVENS
Commissioner of Agriculture of the State of Georgia
JNO M McCANDLESS
State Chemist
R G WILLIAMS J Q BURTON
First Assistant State Chemist Second Assistant State ChemistRULING BY THE COMMISSIONER OF AGRICULTURE
OF THE STATE OF GEORGIA
By the Commissioner It is hereby ordered in pursuance of
sections 2 and 8 of the Act governing the inspection of fertilizers
and fertilizer material that all manufacturers of commercial fer
tilizers or others who shall affix or place a brand upon sacks or
packages of commercial fertilizers or fertilizer materials in ac
cordance with section 2 of the Act are hereby prohibited from
enlarging upon or adding to the determinations prescribed by the
law for instance it is forbidden to brand on the sack the words
Equivalent to Bone Phosphate of limeper cent
after or in explanation of the brand Available Phosphoric Acid
per cent
In the judgment of the Commissioner such practices are con
fusing and misleading and are hereby prohibited for the future
For the convenience of the brander section 2 of the Act is here re
peated
Sec 2 Be it further enacted That all fertilizers or chemicals
for manufacturing the same and all cottonseed meal offered for
sale or distribution in this State shall have branded upon or at
tached to each bag barrel or package the guaranteed analysis
thereof showing the percentage of valuable elements or ingredi
ents such fertilizers or chemicals contain embracing the following
determinations
Moisture at 212 cleg Fall per cent
Insoluble phosphoric acid er cent
Available phosphoric acid per cent
Ammonia actual and potential pe1 cent
Potash K2 O Per cent
The analysis so placed upon or attached to said fertilizer or
chemical shalf be a guarantee by the manufacturer agent or per
son offering the same for sale that it contains substantially the
ingredients indicated thereby in the percentages named therein
and said guarantee shall be binding on said manufacturer agent or
dealer and may be pleaded in any action or suit at law to show
total or partial failure of consideration in the contract for the sale
of said fertilizer chemical or cottonseed meal
O B Stevens Commissioner22 GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
By the Commissioner It is ordered That supplementing
and explaining the order of August 7 1901 relative to the brand
ing of packages of commercial fertilizers it shall be optional with
manufacturers in case of the fertilizer not containing a given in
gredient whether they brand the word None opposite be name
of that ingredient or omit the name altogether For example in
the case of an acid phosphate with potash the manufacturer may
brand Moisture Insoluble Phosphoric Acid Available Phosphoric
Acid and Potash with the guaranteed percentages opposite or he
may add the word Ammonia if desired as in the regular formula
and brand opposite it the word None In the case of bone meals
it is ordered that the percentages of Moisture Ammonia and
Phosphoric Acid be given and not the percentage of Bone Phos
phate Potash being optional as above
This September 4 1901
O B STEVENS Commissioner
REMARKS OF THE COMMISSIONER
Last year it was my privilege to congratulate the farmers of
Georgia on the greatly improved condition of the agricultural in
terests of our beloved State The causes which produced the fa
vorable changes in our affairs are still in operation The summers
are no longer seasons of idleness and stagnation Instead of
the straggling orchards and small vegetable gardens supplying
only the immediate wants of the family we have now from the
Tennessee line almost to Florida thousands of acres of choice
peach trees in bearing whose luscious fruits are bringing millions
in money into our State
Big truck farms of potatoes tomatoes beans and other vegeta
bles near every city and large town are busy supplying the
home markets and those of the North and East The terraced
hillsides are covered with vineyards whose grapes rival the
growth of the sunny slopes of Italy or the vineclad hills of
France while the products of our orchards are unsurpassed by
those of any other land
The interest aroused in wheat and oats which one year ago
made the production of these grains the largest that Georgia had
ever known has suffered no abatement and new flour mills of the
most improved type are springing up on every handBULLETIN NO 38
123
The sugarcane crop has increased at least fifty per cent in the
last year A few years ago it was seldom that one could see
even a twentyfiveacre field of sugarcane Now there are many
fields of one hundred or one hundred and fifty acres The inter
est in its cultivation is steadily growing and in the near future su
garcane will vie with corn and cotton in wealthproducing
power and Georgia will take the stand which rightfully belongs
to her among the sugarmaking States
Though cotton and corn were set back three weeks by the late
season and still further damaged by the drouth both are now in
fairly good condition and promise an encouraging reward for the
labor bestowed upon them The making of this years cotton crop
cost more than usual on account of the high price of labor and all
food supplies While cotton is always an uncertain crop the
present outlook barring certain sections is fairly good The or
chards too were cut short to a considerable extent by late frosts
and the attacks of the borer But notwithstanding these draw
backs the Elberta specials are daily speeding northward to all the
great cities east of the Mississippi and disposing of their precious
freight to eager purchasers
Every report that comes in now shows an improvement
throughout the general fields in cotton corn peaches and melons
although there are some sections where the damage can not be re
paired
In some places where cotton was injured beyond recovery the
farmers turned the land over to grass and are raising hay and
under the circumstances they could not have done a wiser thing
If the past may be taken as an index of the future and if we ac
cept as true the reports that are coming in from the great grain
States of the West and there seems to be no reason to doubt
them we must expect all foodstuffs for man and beast to be
even higher than at present The scarcity and prices of this year
are a lesson and a warning for the future Hence they plainly
act with wisdom who are turning to good use the grasses on their
land The mowing machine and where that can not be had the
scythe can now come into play and fill the barns with the best
food obtainable Make everything count that can be used for this
purpose and fill the barns
One of the most encouraging signs for the agricultural interests
of Georgia is the rapid and steady increase in the production of
hay which has grown more than one hundred per cent in the last
few years Let the good work go on until Georgia raises all her
own hay corn wheat oats and other crops that give food to man
and beast124
GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
Side by side with the increase in hay making is the growing in
terest in the improvement of the breeds of both dairy and beef
cattle There are more milch cows of the finest blood and more
of the high grade beef strains than ever before in the history of
our State
The same is true of all such stock as hogs poultry horses and
mules
But we regret to say that in the number of sheep Georgia has
fallen off more than 100000 in the last ten years And yet the
sheep and wool industry could be made to pay as well as cotton
Cannot something be done to protect and foster this great interest
and thus save to Georgia this wealthproducing factor It has
been well said that the only way to keep good opportunities from
slipping away is to be on the watch for them The sheepkill
ing dog is named as the prime cause of the decline in sheep hus
bandry It has been proved by experiment in the West that a few
Angora goats kept with a flock of sheep will promptly attack and
quickly put to flight any dogs that venture into the enclosure
where they are kept
In the mountainous section of North Georgia especially the
Angora goat will find a congenial home It is claimed by some
that the animal is more profitable than sheep There is a growing
market for the hides and hair and the flesh is said to be equal to
mutton The skins of Angora kids are in great demand by the
manufacturers of fine leather goods The mohair from these
goats is used for robes and rugs These are merely suggestions to
those who have the means and inclination to invest in Angoras
which at present bring high prices The cost of keeping them is
very little Full information concerning them can be obtained by
writing to the American Angora a paper published in Kansas
City Mo If no way can be devised to keep the opportunity for
wealth offered in sheep husbandry from slipping away from us it
may be well to consider the subject of the introduction of the An
gora
At all times during the present season encouraging reports have
been coming in to the Department of Agriculture concerning su
garcane rice and potatoes Of these crops we have received the
tidings doing well even at times when the prospects for other
crops looked gloomy enough With these assured and all others
promising better let us be thankful and take courage
The announcement has been made in our papers that some Chi
cago and other Northwestern capitalists are about to organize a
big stock company to develop the cassavaproducing areas ofBULLETIN NO 38
125
Northern Florida and Southern Alabama Their idea is that cas
sava is superior to corn for stock food and that its cultivation
will make the South the foremost stockraising section of the
Union It is claimed that cassava contains more starch than corn
potatoes or any other product It is said that an average acre of
Alabama land will yield twenty tons of cassava which will pro
duce 8000 pounds of starch or just double that produced by the
same land planted in corn Cassava is a splendid fatproducing
food for stock and is also a palatable and nutritious human food
Experiments are being made with it in Georgia also and it is
believed that in cassava we will find another good money crop for
our State The success of many of our best farmers in restoring
wornout lands to fertility is very encouraging
Good farming says Lockhardt consists in taking large
crops from the soil while at the same time you leave the soil in
better condition for succeeding crops This says Frank Sher
man Peer a practical farmer and noted writer on agricultural
matters strikes me as being the best definition of what consti
tutes good farming I have ever seen It is the very science of
farming By judicious rotation of crops and proper fertilizing
many wornout lands have been built up and their productive
power wonderfully increased By continuing the same process
from year to year they should at length be restored to the fertility
of the virgin soil
The bluegrass region of Kentucky the Miami Valley of Ohio
and the Valley of the Mohawk in New York State are illustra
tions of what intensive farming will do for a country As far as
the eye can see there is not a bare hillside or an unsightly gully
but everywhere the delighted eye of the tourist rests upon a green
carpet of grass or garden products or fields of gram As fast as
one crop is taken from the ground another takes its place While
the land yields abundantly the stubble of the gathered crop is
turned under as a fertilizer of the soil for a succeeding crop In
tensive farming in Georgia will produce the same resu ts
In many parts of the State we hear complaints of the scarcity
of labor Can not a remedy for this be found in the scientific cul
tivation of a smaller area making it produce as much as the larger
one and at a greatly reduced expense through the reduction in
theforce hired to work the fields
A progressive spirit is abroad among the farmers of Georgia
Each year sees an increase in the number of those who study he
needs of their land and use such methods of fertilization as the
soil demands who use the most improved machinery who know
126
GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
how to supply their stock with nutritious food raised upon their
own lands and how to make the stock also contribute their share
toward the improvement of the soil There are in fact more up
todate men among our agriculturists than ever before as any
one can see who travels along the lines of our great railroad sys
tems There are more dairy and stock farms than ever before
and eachyear adds to their number
More and more attention is being paid to Nature studies in our
schools How plants grow and the things needed for their suc
cessful cultivation already form a part of the course in many
schools but much on this line remains to be done Especially in
our rural schools should these subjects be carefully taught
The attractions of farm life can be greatly increased if farmers
whose lands are contiguous will build their homes close together
with their neighborhood store school lecture room and church so
that they can have the advantages of social life and mutual pro
tection Dwelling in neighborhood settlements they will escape
the dangers arising from isolation and the loneliness which makes
rural life monotonous and distasteful to so many people
The same methods pursued in Georgia will make our rural dis
tricts as attractive as those of Kentucky Ohio or New York
Nothing is more calculated to repel the stranger seeking a home
than a view of bare red hills seamed by unsightly gullies But a
rural scene which presents to the eye of the homeseeker either
the green of the growing crops or the golden yellow of the ripened
harvest or the whitening bolls of the snowy cotton while here
and there the landscape is dotted with pretty farmhouses taste
fully adorned by verdant lawns and flowers of every hue inclines
the prospector to settle among those whose farms present such an
appearance of thrift and prosperity
To show what great opportunities Georgia offers to the thrifty
agriculturist we give a statement of some of our leading crops
and their value for the season of 18991900
Cotton 1345699 bales valued at48024822
Cottonseed meal and cottonseed oil valued at 14000000
Corn 35000000 bushels valued at 20000000
Wheat 5000000 bushels valued at 5000000
Oats 7000000 bushels valued at 3500000
Hay 200000 tons valued at 2500000
Rice 7500000 valued at 375000
93399822BUEEETIN NO 38
127
To the value of these crops we can add several other items
The rye and barley produced in Georgia are valued at 200000
The Irish potatoes are nearly 400000 bushels valued
at 300000
The sweet potatoes are about 5000000 bushels valued
at 3500000
Total value4000000
In 1890 sugarcane yielded 3500000 gallons of syrup
valued at1000000
And 1250000 pounds of sugar valued at 65000
The census of 1890 credited Georgia with 264000 pounds of
tobacco The census of 1900 will show a very large increase as
this department has now returns from Decatur county alone which
produced in 1900 1500000 pounds of Sumatra tobacco worth
300000
When the census returns are in on this crop we believe that it
will show more than 100 per cent increase for cane culture in
Georgia has more than doubled in the last five years
When we add three millions more for the products of our or
chards and market gardens we see that the agricultural and horti
cultural products of Georgia are worth more than 100000000
Of the 98000 bales of seaisland cottonraised in the United
States for the season of 18991900 Georgia produced 60000 or
about 62 per cent of the entire crop Its value was about 3
500000 already counted in the value of the entire cotton crop of
Georgia
It may be well to add here the output of some of our leading
crops under the highest state of cultivation During the year
1899 the Mac on Daily Telegraph offered a wheat prize for the
best four acres of wheat grown in Georgia The prize was won
by a Middle Georgia farmer who made 65 bushels of wheat to the
acre on the fouracre plot The man who won the second prize
made 55 bushels to the acre We might cite here numbers of in
stances where 100 bushels of corn to the acre have been produced
125 bushels of oats 600 gallons of good Georgia cane syrup to
the acre and other crops in proportion under the best scientific
methods
Thus we see Georgia offers an inviting field to the enterprising
homeseeker presenting to him such variety of soil that he can
make his choice and raise whatever crop he pleases In fact he
can find nowhere a land which will more surely give a generous
reward to intelligently applied labor
O B Stevens Commissioner
128
GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
REPORT OF STATE OIL INSPECTOR
State of Georgia
Department of Oils
Atlanta Ga May 30 1901
Hon 0 B Stevens Commissioner of Agriculture Atlanta Ga
Dear Sir Recognizing the immense good that our oil pam
phlet containing laws on the subject of oil and instructions in re
gard to the care of lamps has done in the past I feel that it is to
the best interest of the department and the State at large to issue
a second edition of the same You will note as will the people of
Georgia with much interest that since the enforcement of these
laws there has not been an explosion of a lamp in Georgia as is
shown by investigation by our local inspectors at the different
points with the exception of one instance near Toccoa and upon
investigation we found that this occurred previous to the using up
of the oil that was stored at that point when these laws were put
into effect
We have noted a number of accidents caused by explosions of
lamps in other States where laws similar to ours are not in effect
We publish herewith a few of these clippings
burned by a lamp explosion
Uniontown Nov 25 SpecialWhile Mrs Dr R M Hill
was sewing last night at Farmington the lamp exploded and the
burning oil drenched her dress and wrapped her in flames in an
instant She is seriously injured and Dr Hill was badly burned
in an attempt to rescue his wife
BOSTON WOMAN KILLED BY AN EXPLODING LAMP
She Tried to Extinguish it by Blowing Dozen the Chimney and it
Burst
Boston Nov 26Mrs Julia Mclntyre aged twentyone was
fatally burned by an explosion of a lamp which she attempted to
extinguish by blowing down the chimney last night She died
after ten hours of sufferingBULLETIN NO 38
129
DEATH FOLLOWS LAMP EXPLOSION
Mamie Milan Was Burned to a Crisp in a Pillar of Flame and
Her Mother Received Fatal Injuries
Mauch Chunk Dec 8As the result of the exploding of a
coaloil lamp Mamie Milan fourteen years old is dead and the
girls mother is so badly injured and burned that her death is
momentarily expected
The Milans reside in East Mauch Chunk The women of the
house were sewing and Mrs Milan knocked the lamp over She
asked her daughter to grasp the lamp and as the child did her
mothers bidding it exploded completely covering and saturating
her clothes with the oil which instantly took fire
In her fright and terrible agony the girl ran into the yard
where her mother who followed caught her and clasped her in
her arms At this moment the flames of the girls clothing shot
up as high as the secondstory window of the house
The body of the daughter was almost burned to a crisp and the
mother was so severely injured by the flames that she can not re
cover
This comparison should show conclusively the value of the
present laws and enforcement for the public safety of life and
property Our records show that from month to month the con
sumption of oil in our State is increasing consequently there
should be more care as to the quality of oil and the care of lamps
in order to prevent accidents and get the best results The value
of our laws is shown by the inquiries we have received from other
States in regard to them with a view to adopting similar legis
lation in regard to protection from the results of dangerous oil in
their States We ask the cooperation of the public in maintain
ing the present standard of this department of the State govern
ment and we assure them that the local inspectors as well as my
self will esteem it a privilege at any or all times to correct any
errors that might occur Dr McCandless State Chemist will al
ways cheerfully analyze any samples that are supposed not to
come up to the standard if our citizens will forward same to him
Respectfully submitted
Glascock Barrett
State Oil Inspector
9ab130
GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
Reviewing the work of the past year with reference to the
oil inspection of the State I have to report that none of the
oils which have come under my supervision or test have been
of inferior quality They have all proved to beof most ex
cellent quality as illuminants and free from the excess of naph
thas or light oils which render kerosene oils so dangerous to life
and property in many other States Reading the report of our
State Oil Inspector Mr Barrett and noting the various instances
he oives of the destruction of life and property by exploding
lamps in other States we can not but congratulate ourselves and
the people of the State upon the new oil law which is now oper
ative in Georgia and which drives the inferior grades of oil
across her borders The excellence and efficiency of our law has
been recognized by other States and application has been made
for copies of our law by the authoritiesof the States of Arkansas
Virginia North and South Carolina with a view to the change of
their oil laws and the introduction of the Georgia law
Congratulating you upon the thoroughness of the system of oil
inspection you have inaugurated and upon the efficiency of the
inspectors you have appointed to carry out the same I am
Very truly yours
Signed Jno M aIcCandlESS
State Chemist
August 30 1901
Since writing the above three lots of oil have been detected by
your inspectors as failing to meet the requirements of the Georgia
law one lot was inspected at Cornelia one at Griffin and one at
Augusta Ga In each case the companies viz the Wilburne Oil
Company the Atlanta Oil Company and the Standard Oil Com
pany appealed from the decision of the local inspectors to me
In each case there was no doubt of the inferiority of the oil and I
was enabled to sustain the local inspectors The State inspector
Mr Barrett then rejected all of these oils and ordered them
shipped out of the State Respectfully
J M McCandlESS State ChemistBULLETIN NO 38
131
INSPECTION AND CERTIFICATION OF NURSERY
STOCK
By W M Scott State Entomologist
ITO GEORGIA NURSERYMEN
The law governing the inspection and certification of nursery
stock prescribes that the annual inspection of nurseries shall he
completed on or before November 1st of each year but the exe
cution of the Act as concerns details of the work is left largely to
the discretion of the entomologist The time of the inspection
last year was from necessity extended through the month of No
vember and indeed a few unimportant inspections were made as
late as December The recent addition of an assistant to the
working force will greatly facilitate the work in the future and
the inspection this season will doubtless be completed within the
prescribed time
The regular inspection work is not begun until August 15th
hut the business methods of a few nurserymen require an earlier
inspection and in such cases the inspection may be made as early
as the first of July An inspection made before the 15th of
August however must be supplemented by another later in the
season The reason for delaying the work as late in the season as
practicable is apparent when the life history and habits of the San
Jose scale are considered this being the principal pest for which
the inspection is made In this climate the scale is breeding and
is capable of being communicated to the nursery certainly as late
as November A certificate issued upon an early inspection
therefore would give little or no assurance of the absence of scale
from the nursery particularly where it is located in an infested
neighborhood Moreover June budded peach trees will not have
made sufficient growth to admit of a satisfactory inspection before
October It is clear too that insect injuries and disease effects
are more conspicuous near the close of the growing season
A certificate at best does not give unqualified evidence of the
entire absence of seriously injurious insects and diseases It is
proposed therefore to make the inspections under the most fa
vorable conditions and to make supplemental inspections after the
stock is dug wherever the surroundings are such as to cause sus
picion As complete an assurance as possible of the cleanliness
Also published as Bulletin No 3 of the Georgia State Board of Entomology132
GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OE AGRICULTURE
of the stock is thus obtained and it is hoped that there may
be established thereby a confidence in the products of the Geor
gia nurseries equally advantageous to the nurserymen and or
chardists
Some nurserymen have a careless habit of leaving old unsalable
stock heeled in on their yards from year to year This practice
affoKs a harboring place for insects and diseases andwe strongly
condemn it A case in point Last year the writer found San
Jose scale in a bunch of old stock heeled in on the yard of one of
our nurserymen and although no scale could be found in the
nursery blocks the regular certificate could not be issued to the
owner Wherever such conditions are found our certificate will
be withheld until they are corrected
Aside from the San Jose scale the following are on the Boards
list of dangerously injurious pests The New Peach Scale Black
Knot Peach Yellows Peach and Plum Rosette None of these
have yet been found in any of the nurseries but with the excep
tion of the Yellows they all occur in the State to a slight extent
and are carefully looked for when the inspections are made
Last year seventy nurseries were inspected four of which were
found infested with San Jose scale ana from the owners of which
the regular inspection certificate was withheld It should be
clearly understood here that no nurseryman whose premises are
found infested can obtain the regular certificate A nurseryman
a portion of whose premises is infested but in such a manner as
not to endanger the remainder may be given a special certificate
provided however that all stock growing in the infested portion
shall be destroyed and the remainder fumigated under our per
sonal supervision Likewise where a nursery is located in a scale
infested neighborhood even though no scale can be found on the
nursery grounds fumigation will be required and a certificate will
be given to the owner of such a nursery only upon the conditions
sxpressed in writing that he will fumigate every plant before it is
sent out This requirement is based upon the following rule of
the rules and regulations adopted by the Board of Entomology
January 18 1899
Rule 9 The State Entomologist shall have power to require
any nurseryman of the State to fumigate his stock with hydrocy
anic acid gas when in his judgment the presence of any pest in
the nursery or in the neighborhood of the nursery warrants such
treatment for the better protection of the agricultural interests of
the State Upon failure of any individual firm or corporation to
comply with this requirement the State Entomologist is hereby
authorized to withhold his certificate from the sameBULLETIN NO 38
133
Some of our nurserymen even though not compelled to meet
the above requirement have voluntarily adopted the plan of fum
igating all stock including buds and grafts grown or handled
by them We most urgently advise all nurserymen to adopt this
plan not only as a precaution against the San Jose scale but to
destroy the woolly aphis and other injurious insects liable to be
conveyed on nursery stock
The State of Virginia has placed the official ban upon the
woolly aphis and crown gall and other States are bringing grad
ual pressure to bear for the reduction of these pests The regula
tions of our State Board make no provisions for the disposition of
stock affected with the woolly aphis or crown gall leaving it to
the discretion of the inspector Our own observations in the
orchards of the State show these agencies to be seriously injuri
ous either producing death or greatly retarding growth of af
fected trees For some time it has been a question as to what
action should be taken with regard to these troubles and so far
nurserymen have only been requested to withhold from the mar
ket all affected stock In the future we will require the destruc
tion of plants visibly infected with crown gall and all apple trees
sufficiently infested with the woolly aphis to show knots on the
roots In cases of slight infestation by the woolly aphis only fumi
gation or whale oil soap treatment will be required
At the time of the regular inspection it will not be possible to
determine the extent of these pests in the nurseries as the roots
will not then be exposed and only a few trees in each block can
be pulled up for examination Then after all we must depend
largely upon the honesty and integrity of the nurserymen for the
enforcement of our instructions In this connection it should be
stated that we have had the hearty cooperation of the Georgia
nurserymen in our work and it is largely due to them that the law
has been successfully executed
In addition to fruit trees the following if offered for sale are
classed as nursery stock and are subject to the regulations gov
erning the inspection and transportation of the same Strawberry
plants vines ornamental trees and shrubs and greenhouse plants
not including cut flowers
The following is the form of the certificate issued to nursery
men whose premises conform to the requirements of the board
134
GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
Georgia State Board of Entomology
Atlanta Ga
official certificate no
7o Whom it May Concern
This is to certify that in accordance with an Act of Assembly
approved December 20 1898 I have on theclay of
made an inspection of the nurseries
of at and that I found
the stock in these nurseries apparently free from the San Jose
scale and all other insects and diseases of a seriously injurious
nature
This certificate is to cover only stock grown in the above named
nurseries and becomes invalid twelve months from date
State Entomologist
When it is desired to use this certificate on stock other than
that grown by the nurseryman to whom it was issued it may be
so used provided such stock is already covered by our State cer
tificate or the official tags of the board issued to nurserymen out
side of the State
The regular inspection certificate must not be used by dealers in
nursery stock who are not themselves growers Buying and re
selling plants is certainly a legitimate business and we have made
provision whereby dealers may readily comply with the law The
dealer must furnish this office with the names of all the nursery
men from whom he proposes to purchase stock and if our records
show that all of them have met with the requirements of the
board a certificate to that effect will be granted Also whenever
practicable the stock handled by dealers will be reinspected
All nursery stock offered for transportation must be plainly
labeled with the official inspection certificate in accordance with
the following rule of the board
Rule 4 Any trees shrubs or other plants commonly known as
nursery stock shipped within the State of Georgia without each
box bundle or package in each car load or less than car load
lot being plainly labeled with an official entomologists certificate
to the effect that the contents of the same have been inspected andBULLETIN NO 38
135
found to meet with the requirements of the Board of Entomo ogy
in accordance with section to of the Act cited above shall be
liable to confiscation upon the order of the jnspector
Any nurseryman upon application to this office with dimen
sionsof his fumigating house will be furnished heormu and
full instructions for fumigating When desired if necessaiy we
will personally superintend the beginning of the work
The formula that we have adopted is 1 ounce of potassium cyan
ide 08QQ per cent l ounce of commercial sulphuric acid 3
ounces owater to every 106 cubic feet of spacem the room
Sue of exposure 50 minutes Our experiments have shown that
the time may be extended to one hour without danger of injury
t0 Wesh togive notice here that all fumigating houses should
be placed in order for approval at the time of nursery inspection
So far as possible the nurseries will be taken up systematically
wifh respect to location in order to avoid traveling over the same
ground more than once It is hoped that demands foreariyn
fpection will not materially interfere with this plan butwhen
tor any good reason a certificate is desired in advance of our
schedule we will arrange for an earlier inspection
nTO NURSERYMEN OF OTHER STATES AND COUNTRIES DOING
BUSINESS IN GEORGIA
Although the present regulations governing the transportation
nf mirserv stock from other States and countries into Georgia
have beenin fore since January 1899 there still remains some
coSusfon as to their provisions Every year osjdUe
prises in the enforcement of our law which usually results in
deTay in the delivery of the stock involved if not total lossof
the same We make no attempt to quarantine against healthy
rseiw stock grown in other States but on the contrary we m
vite legitimatebtrade from outside nurserymen and only ask that
they comply with the simple provisions of our State law
Our position can best be explained by quoting section 13M the
Act of the General Assembly of Georgia approved Decembei 20
1808 and rules S 6 7 and 8 of the rules and regulations of the
Ceora Stae Board of Entomology adopted under that Act
Sectn 3 Each and every person residing in States or coun
tries outside of the State of Georgia dealing in or handling tree
nlants cuttings vines shrubs bulbs and roots m this State shall
gistel nfme or firm and file a copy of his or its certificate of136
GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
inspection furnished by the Entomologist fruit inspector or other
duly authorized government official of his State or country with
the chairman of the board of control Upon failure so to do
said stock shall be liable to confiscation under order of the in
spector
Rule 5 Each and every box bundle or package of trees
shrubs and other plants commonly known as nursery stock
shipped in car load lots or less than car load lots into the State
of Georgia from any other State or country shall be plainly
labeled with a certificate of inspection furnished by the Ento
mologist fruit inspector or other duly authorized official in the
State or country in which said stock was grown and also with the
official tag of the Georgia State Board of Entomology hereinafter
provided for said certificate and tag to be valid for only twelve
months from the date they bear in accordance with sections 9 and
13 of the Act cited above Such shipments not so labeled shall be
liable to confiscation upon the order of the inspector
Rule 6 Upon the filing of the proper certificate as above pre
scribed in accordance with section 13 of said Act and upon
request of any person or persons residing in States or countries
outside of the State of Georgia dealing in or handling trees
shrubs or other plants in this State the certificate of the said
Board of Entomology will be issued to the same without charge
and official tags bearing a facsimile copy of such certificate and
the seal of the State Board will be furnished such applicants at
cost viz Sixty cents for the first hundred or part thereof and
twentyfive cents for each additional hundred
Rule 7 No transportation company or common carrier shall
deliver any box bundle or package of trees shrubs or other
plants commonly known as nursery stock shipped from any other
State or country to any consignee at any station in the State of
Georgia unless each box bundle or package is plainly labeled
with a certificate of inspection furnished by the official Entomolo
gist of the State or country in which said stock was grown and
also with the official tag of the Georgia State Board of Entomol
ogy hereinabove provided for
Rule 8 Transportation companies shall immediately notify the
State Entomologist Atlanta Ga when by oversight negligence
or otherwise any shipment of uncertified stock is received at any
station or wharf in the State and it shall be his duty to proceed
as speedily as possible to investigate and dispose of such stock as
provided for in the Act cited above
Guided by rules 7 and 8 the transportation companies of theBULLETIN NO 38
137
State have greatly assisted us in the enforcement of the law It
is clear that shipments of uncertified stock could not readily be
detected without the cooperation of these companies and we take
occasion here to acknowledge our obligation to them In addition
to this however during the shipping season we make personal
visits to the principal distributing points for the purpose of in
specting nursery stock entering the State also voluntary assist
ance is rendered by members of the State Horticultural Society
who report any suspicious shipments that may come under their
observation With our forces thus organized failure on the part
of any nurseryman to observe the law will usually be detected
We hope however that uppn a better understanding of our posi
tion further trouble of this nature may be avoided
The official tag provided for in the rules quoted above reads
substantially as follows
Georgia State Board oe Entomology
Atlanta Ga
official certificate
No
To Whom it May Concern
This is to certify that the certificate ofInspector
for the State ofhas been filed with the Georgia State
Board of Entomology stating that the Nursery Stock grown in
the nurseries of at was
inspected onand found to conform with the
requirements of this Board
This certificate is invalid after
State Entomologist
We make this tag valid for twelve months from the date of in
spection as shown in the certificate upon which it is based unless
the certificate is limited to less than twelve months in which case
our tag is given the same limit It is intended however that
these tags shall cover only the fall shipments of the current year
and the following spring shipments
It is our policy to accept without discrimination certificates
of other States issued by authorities legally constituted for that
purpose as a basis for the official tag of the board but we reserve
the right to withhold the tag from any nurseryman who is known
138
GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OE AGRICULTURE
to be handling diseased or infested stock even though he holds a
clean certificate A case in point In the spring of 1900 a nur
seryman shipped into this State stock infested with San Jose
scale under his State certificate and our tag In due season again
he filed his renewed certificate in this office with application for
official tags to cover the following fall and spring shipping season
We refused to issue the tags upon the ground that the applicant
had sent out scaleinfested stock from his nursery in the early part
of the same year Not being satisfied with our ruling he unfor
tunately undertook to fill his Georgia orders without tags and
not until we had destroyed some 30000 trees for him was he con
vinced that our law was effective We hasten to explain how
ever that these trees were examined and found to be infested with
San Jose scale before they were destroyed and that whenever by
oversight the tag has been omitted from a shipment which proves
upon inspection to be in good condition it will ordinarily be re
leased
The owner of the trees destroyed in the case cited above pro
posed to bring suit to recover damages and the writer submitted
the case to the AttorneyGeneral of Georgia who rendered the
following decision
State oe Georgia
AttorneyGenerals Office
Atlanta November 12 1900
Mr IV M Scott State Entomologist Atlanta Ga
Dear Sir Replying to your request of this date will say that
under the Act creating the State Board of Entomology approved
December 20 1898 and the rules and regulations of the board
adopted in accordance therewith the State Entomologist has au
thority to confiscate any and all nursery stock that may be shipped
into this State unaccompanied by an inspection certificate and the
official tag of the board even should such stock be not infested
with dangerously injurious insects or diseases and that he is
authorized and it is his duty to destroy any and all nursery stock
shipped into the State which is infested with the San Jose scale
or other dangerously injurious insect or infected with danger
ously injurious plant diseases without reference as to whether
or not such stock is covered with an inspection certificate and the
official tag of the board
Yours very truly
J M Terrell AttorneyGeneralBULLETIN NO 38
189
Whenever it is found that our tags are being used upon stock
infested with dangerously injurious pests they will be recalled
from the grower of such stock or cancelled by publicity
For reasons explained in Part I of this bulletin which see
certificates issued upon inspections made prior to July 1st of each
current year cannot be accepted Either the original certificate
or a duplicate copy is desired The nurserymans printed copy
will not be accepted
For our position upon such troubles as the woolly aphis and
crown gall we refer you to Part I which gives the requirements
placed upon the Georgia nurserymen and so far as practicable we
expect these requirements to apply to outside nurserymen doing
business in Georgia
With few exceptions our relations with outside nurserymen
have been of the most pleasant nature and we wish to assure them
that within the bounds of the law we always stand ready to
facilitate their trade in Georgia
REPORTS LETTERS ON AGRICULTURE
FORMULAS TABLES OF
ANALYSIS ETC
BY STATE CHEMIST
REPORT OF THE STATE CHEMIST
Hon 0 B Stevens Commissioner of Agriculture of the State of
Georgia
DER Sir We have now completed the analytical work of the
season of 19001901 now drawing to a close and you will find at
tached tables of analyses of the various brands of commercial fer
tilizers sold in the State of Georgia during the past season I he
number of tons of fertilizer sold in the State has been 478847
compared with 412755 tons the previous season and 306734
tons ten years ago and 152424 tons twenty years ago lhe rec
ord shows that whilst there has not been a uniform increase in
the consumption of fertilizers year by year still viewing the past140
GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
ten and twenty years as a whole the increase in consumption has
been remarkable The Georgia farmer is no fool and his con
tinually increasing consumption of chemical fertilizers together
with the increase of taxable values demonstrate that they pay in
the long run and attest the good quality of the goods sold in the
State in the most practical way possible No one who understands
the conditions of the trade can doubt for a moment that this grat
ifying result is due very largely to the careful system of in
spection maintained by your department the great number of
samples taken by your inspectors in every quarter and corner of
the State and the subsequent rigid and impartial analysis of these
samples in the laboratory The number of brands put on the mar
ket have shown a gratifying tendency to decrease being 640 as
against 699 last season The large number of analyses made over
and above the number of brands includes analyses of brands
specially taken at the request of farmers and also of cottonseed
meals kainits and muriates of potash which have no brands
VALUATIONS
The prices of ammoniates during the past season mounted up
to an average of 30 cents a unit more than last season or to the
rather high figure of 250 per unit This however was offset to
a certain extent by a reduction of 10 cents a unit in available phos
phoric acid from 70 cents to 60 cents a unit The price of potash
remains the same as in the previous year at 85 cents a unit
COTTONSEED MEALS
In the case of cottonseed meals I have continued the new
method of valuing them adopted last season viz of calculating
their ammonia contents at the ruling rate of 250 a unit and
adding to the result 315 for upland meals to cover the value of
the 18 per cent potash and 27 per cent phosphoric acid which
is the average content of these meals in the case of seaisland
meals 241 is added to cover the 15 per cent potash and 19 per
cent phosphoric acid which is the average content of these meals
OILS
Reviewing the work of the past year with reference to the oil
inspection of the State I have to report that none of the oils
which have come under my supervision or test have been of in
ferior quality They have all proved to be of most excellentBULLETIN NO 38
141
quality as illuminants and free from the excess of the naphthas or
light oils which render kerosene oils so dangerous to life and
property in many other States Reading the report of our State
Oil Inspector Mr Barrett and noting the various instances he
gives of the destruction of life and property by exploding lamps
in other States we can not but congratulate ourselves and the
people of the State upon the new oil law which is now operative
in Georgia and which drives the inferior grades of oil across her
borders The excellence and efficiency of our law has been rec
ognized by other States and application has been made for copies
of our law by the authorities of the States of Arkansas Vir
ginia North and South Carolina with a view to the change of
their oil laws and the introduction of the Georgia law
Congratulating you upon the thoroughness of the system of oil
inspection you have inaugurated and upon the efficiency of the
inspectors you have appointed to carry out the same
Since writing the above three lots of oil have been detected by
your inspectors as failing to meet the requirements of the Georgia
law one lot was inspected at Cornelia one at Griffin and one at
Augusta Ga In each case the companies viz the AVilburine Oil
Company the Atlanta Oil Company and the Standard Oil Com
pany appealed from the decisions of the local inspectors to me
In each case there was no doubt of the inferiority of the oil and I
was enabled to sustain the local inspectors The State inspector
Mr Barrett then rejected all of these oils and ordered them
shipped out of the State
ONE OF THE NEEDS OF THE DEPARTMENT
Iii considering the growing importance of the dairy and cattle
industry of Georgia one of the most urgent needs forced on the
attention of the observer is the necessity for taking some steps to
prevent the development and spread of tuberculosis among the
cattle and as a consequence among the people It has been fully
demonstrated that the disease of tuberculosis or as is commonly
known consumption is one and the same in both man and the
lower animals and is communicable from one to the other The
dried sputum of consumptive patients is literally filled with the
bacilli of tuberculosis These germs are blown about by the wind
and being inhaled by cattle or persons predisposed to the disease
develop grow and soon produce a wellmarked case of the disease
in those who have been so unlucky as to inhale them whether man
or the lower animals The more delicate and highly bred cattle
such as Jerseys Guernseys and Holsteins are much more suscep142 GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
tible to the disease than the cheaper and hardier breeds When
once a cow has developed a case of tuberculosis she becomes a
dangerous center of infection as the milk of tuberculous cattle is
charged with the germs of the disease and is likely to produce it
in such susceptible persons as consume the milk
Drs Stalker and Niles separated three healthy calves from
their mother and fed to them the milk of tuberculous cows They
fed the milk raw to two of the calves and cooked the milk given
to the other The calf fed on the cooked milk in which the germs
had been destroyed by the heat remained healthy the two others
developed tuberculosis The meat of tuberculous animals will
also spread the infection unless it is thoroughly cooked before
TUBERCULIN TEST
It is now comparatively easy to diagnose the disease in cattle by
means of tuberculin This substance is prepared by extracting tu
berculous matter and then thoroughly sterilizing the extract It
is injected into the suspected animal under the skin and if the
animal is tuberculous a rise in the temperature of the animal fol
lows This test is now much relied on but should be applied by
a competent veterinarian and thus used will enable him to sepa
rate the healthy from the diseased cattle in a herd Such cattle
should be at once destroyed thus removing the cause of further
infection to the cattle of the neighborhood and a source of deadly
disease to the human beings who consume the milk or eat the un
derdone flesh of the affected animals The department needs the
services of a good veterinary surgeon who could be of great
value to all the livestock interests of the State and incidentally do
so much to save many valuable human lives
MORE RECENT VIEWS OF TUBERCULOSIS
Since writing the above news has come from London that the
celebrated physician and bacteriologist Dr Koch made the an
nouncement at the tuberculosis congress that as a result of more
recent study and experiment his views about tuberculosis had un
dergone a great change He now declares that cattle are not
susceptible to infection from the germs of human tuberculosis
he having demonstrated this to his own satisfaction He also
declares his belief in the converse theory that human beings can
not take the disease from drinking the milk or eating the flesh ofBULLETIN NO 38
143
tuberculous cattle This theory however owing to the difficulty
of experimenting on human beings he has not been able to dem
onstrate by experimental proof
VIEWS AT VARIANCE WITH DR KOCHS
Many eminent physicians however including the famous Lis
ter take issue with him and continue to assert their belief in the
proposition that the milk and flesh of tuberculous cattle are a
direct menace to the health and lives of those consuming them
Be this as it may until the proposition has been demonstrated and
proved beyond peradventure one way or the other sensible people
will continue to use every possible means to avoid infection with
this terrible disease from tuberculous cattle Apart from this
for the sake of the cattle themselves and the dairy and beef in
terests involved everything possible should lie done toward
stamping out the disease Besides tuberculosis Texas fever an
thrax glanders rabies milksickness foot and mouth disease
actinomycosis or lumpjaw are some of the other dangerous
diseasesin which the services of a competent and really scientific
veterinarian could be of the greatest value to the commonwealth
of Georgia
In conclusion sir it is scarcely necessary for me to do more
than remind you of the valuable services of the assistant chemists
Messrs R G Williams and Jos Q Burton as their work has
been in daily evidence before you I only wish to remind you that
their salaries are very meager and that they do more work for
less pay than any other State officials We have already lost a
very valuable man on this account in Mr P L Hutchinson and I
hope that you will interest yourself at the next session of the Leg
islature in endeavoring to procure for these faithful workers an
increase of pay somewhat commensurate with their services
Thanking you and Captain Wright your valuable assistant and
all the other employees of your department for their kind and har
monious cooperation with me in the work of the past year
I am very respectfully
John M McCandlESS
State Chemist
144
GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OE AGRICULTURE
LETTERS ON AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY
The Analysis of a Plant
To Georgia Farmer I wrote you last year a series of letters
devoted almost exclusively to the feeding of live stock the prep
aration of scientific rations and to the general principles underly
ing the scientific feeding of stock As you have asked me so many
questions about fertilizers I propose now to write you a series of
Otters on that subject giving you the benefit of what I may have
earned from books and from my experience as an agricultural
jhemist
As the prime object of farming and of fertilization is the rais
ing of crops we will begin by considering briefly plant life
What is a plant Let us examine and make a rough analysis
of one Pull up a green and vigorous plant brush the dirt from
the roots and throw it down upon the ground with the rays of the
sun beating upon it Soon it assumes a peculiar appearance which
we call wilted Had you taken the precaution to weigh the
plant when you first pulled it up and then weighed it again after
a few hours when it looked badly wilted you would find that it
had lost weight By putting the fresh plant under a specially con
structed glass vessel and setting it in the sun you could prove to
your own satisfaction that the loss in weight was due to the loss
of water The water in the plant heated by the sun rises as vapor
and if you had the special glass vessel I speak of you could see the
water of the cotton plant condense in the cool part of the vessel
in drops which you could collect and weigh and if you were pro
vided with sufficiently delicate instruments you would find the
weight of this condensed water from the cotton plant was exactly
equal to the loss in weight which it sustained after being badly
wilted
Young plants and vegetables frequently contain as much as
ninetenths of their weight of water
In making hay we dry out the water of the grass in the sun
and when the grass has lost all the water it will in this way it is
said to be cured and becomes hay This air dry grass or hay
still contains from 8 to 12 per cent of water which can be driven
out of it by heating it to the temperature of boiling water If we
should do that what was left would be the dry matter of the
plantBULLETIN NO 38
145
This dry matter of the plant contains all the valuable elements
for whichthe plant was grown If we examine this dry matter
further we find in a general way that it is composed of two
kinds of bodies one of which will burn or the combustible and
another kind which will not burn the incombustible or the ash
That part of the plant which burns or goes up in smoke is derived
very largely from the air and is gaseous in its nature
NATURE OF THE ELEMENTS IN A PLANT
If now we were to analyze these gases which escape on burn
ing the plant and then analyze the ash which was left we should
find that besides the ninetenths water which the original plant
contained the remaining tenth contained these elements carbon
hydrogen oxygen nitrogen potash magnesia lime iron phos
phorus and sulphur as essential elements that is to say we
should certainly find all these elements present as no plant could
exist without them each one being just as necessary as the other
to the growth and life of the plant and if one of them were cut
out the others being present the plant could not develop
THE ASH ELEMENT
Besides these elements just mentioned however we should find
in the ashes of the plant silica chlorine soda and manganese and
sometimes a few other elements though none of these last are ab
solutely necessary to the growth and development of plant lite
These ash elements as we may call them are all derived from
the soil Ninetyfive per cent of the dry matter of the plant
comes out of theair and is derived from the gases which exist in
the air the remaining five per centof the dry matter being the
ashes which come out of the soil So you see the mineral part
which comes from the soil is only a very small part of the original
plant but yet it is just as essential to the life and growth of the
plant as any or all of the others
HOW DISCOVERED THAT THE PLANT EEEDS ON AIR AND WATER
Perhaps you would like to know how it was discovered that the
air furnished a large part of the dry matter of the plant An ex
periment like this was made Some white sand was thoroughly
burned to destroy the combustible matter there might be in it and
10 a b146
GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OE AGRICULTURE
then thoroughly washed with acid and water to remove any solu
ble mineral matter and just leave pure sand This being put into
a box a seed of corn is planted and watered with distilled water
or water containing no mineral The seed after sprouting and
growing as long as it could subsist on the food in the original
grain of corn was carefully dried all the water being driven out
in an oven kept at the temperature of boiling water and then the
remaining dry matter was weighed It was found that the weight
far exceeded the weight of the original grain of corn and also
that this excess weight consisted entirely of carbon hydrogen and
oxygen consequently they must have come from the air and
water as they could have come from no other source
The atmosphere contains a great abundance of these elements
carbon hydrogen and oxygen which are so necesary to plant life
so that it will not be necessary for us to trouble about them in
studying the subject of fertilizers since the are given without
money and without price
The ash elements which make only five per cent of the dry
matter of the crop will concern us very nearly and as they come
out of the soil I will write you in my next jetter about the soil
and its elementsthose which are abundant and those which are
scarce John M McCandlEss
State Chemist
CHEMISTRY IN AGRICULTURE
LETTER NO TWO
The Son its OriginVarieties of Soil
All living things both plant and animal may be traced back to
two sources the soil and atmosphere In the last analysis every
particle of which they are composed must have been derived
either from the air or the earth The food derived from the air
is by far greater in quantity than that from the soil but as the
elements of plant food in the atmosphere automatically renew
themselves there need never be any fear that the atmosphere will
be exhausted of the elements of plant food it contains the soil
however is a different proposition The elements of plant foodBULLETIN NO 38
147
contained are much less abundant than in the air in fact many of
them are quite limited in quantity and the best efforts of the
farmer are needed to improve the condition of his soil so as to
render the plant food in it more available to prevent such plant
food as exists from washing away and to add plant food from
any other available sources The soil is any part of the earths
surface which is capable of cultivation and of the production of
crops
HOW SOILS ARE MADE
The geologists tell us that when the earth first cooled down
from a molten condition there was no soil anywhere but only
rock great granite boulders and rocks of other nature but that in
the vast periods of time which elapsed between the cooling down
of the earths crust and the time when man and other animals
began to appear on the earth the rocks had rotted and crumbled
away and produced what we now know as the soil and subsoil
The rain falling upon the rocks sinks into the cracks and fissures
and freezing therein tears and flakes off small particles these
in turn being swept along by floods are ground against each
other and gradually reduced to powder The oxygen of the at
mosphere also exerts a chemical effect in converting some of the
minerals into oxides For instance if you leave a bright new
ax out exposed to the weather you will soon note a coating upon
it which you call rust that is produced by the action of the
oxygen of the air upon the iron of the ax and is really the oxide
of iron In this way then by the action of water in freezing and
thawing in grinding and transporting the broken fragments of
the rock and by the action of the air in oxidizing the minerals
going on for many thousands and thousands of years possibly
millions of years the rocks have been gradually converted into
what we now know as the soil and subsoil
DIVISION OF SOILSSANDY SOILS
The subsoil may extend down only a few feet or it may extend
for many feet but when you get to the bottom of it you will
strike the rock usually the same kind of rock from which the sod
was originally derived Soils may be divided into these general
classessandy clayey limy and peaty according to whether
their principal ingredients consist of sand clay carbonate of lime
or vegetable matter A soil which contains over 70 per cent of
sand is called sandy Such soils usually contain but little plant148
GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
food They are ill adapted to withstand a drought as the sandy
particles absorb and retain but little moisture and the crops would
soon burn up in a long dry season but when the rainfall is abun
dant or irrigation is at hand these soils are desirable because they
dry out quickly permit the easy cultivation of the crops and re
spond quickly to liberal fertilization They are especially adapted
to quickgrowing crops
CLAY SOILS AND LIME SOILS
A clay soil is one that contains over 50 per cent of clay and is
exactly the reverse of the sandy soil Water percolates through
them very slowly and in a very wet season the crops on them
suffer from the excess of moisture They are also more difficult
to cultivate These lands however are usually richer in plant
food They are well adaptedto the grains and grasses Limy
soils lime soils or calcareous soils are those which contain over
20 per cent of lime The lime exists in these soils in the form of
carbonate of lime and is a very valuable element of plant food
It is itself absolutely essential to the plant and it also aids in
breaking up mineral combinations in the soil and so rendering
other elements of plant food available which would otherwise
remain insoluble and therefore inert
VALUABLE PROPERTIES OF LIME
Lime also aids materially in the decay of organic or vegetable
matter in the soil it also improves the mechanical condition of
the soil it is a great benefit in this way both to sandy and clay
soils It causes the very loose particles of the sandy soil to adhere
more closely together and so improves its power of absorbing
and holding water it also improves the texture of a clay soil by
preventing the particles from sticking or adhering so closely to
gether ancf thus renders it more porous and friable and easy to
work and also enables water to pass through it more easily in a
measure obviating the dangers of a wet season on clay land The
limy soils are adapted to the grains and grasses and fruits Peaty
soils consist of organic or vegetable matter in a state of partial
decomposition with comparatively little mineral water Such
lands are usually of a deep black color and are very productive
The three kinds of soil just described are the extremes of their
kind and the soils which are generally preferred by farmers are
mixtures of these and are known as loams a soil which conBULLETIN NO 38
149
tains from 10 to 20 per cent of clay is called a sandy loam when
it contains from 20 to 30 per cent of clay it is a loam and when
it is composed of from 30 to 50 per cent of clay is a clay loam
THE IDEAL SOIL
An ideal or perfect soil is hard to find in nature containing just
the right proportion of sand to keep it porous and warm and per
meable to water just the right amount of clay to keep it cool
and to obviate the water running quickly through it like a sieve
or evaporating too rapidly from its surface just the right amount
of humus or decayed vegetable matter to furnish nitrogen and to
hold just the proper quantity of moisture like a sponge also just
the proper amount of lime in the soil to furnish plant food to help
liberate the potash from the feldspar and mica minerals in the
soil and also to aid in the decomposition of roots and turnecl
under crops like clover and peas Plenty of lime in the soil will
help convert these into humus which is so highly appreciated by
farmers all over the world because it helps to retain moisture to
convert the insoluble forms of nitrogen into the more soluble
and to give to the soil that black color which is usually found in
most fertile soils and which certainly has the power of absorbing
more of the heat rays of the sun and thus making the soil warmer
than the lighter colored soils can possibly be In my next letter I
will write you more on this important subject of the soil
Jno M McCandless
State Chemist
CHEMISTRY IN AGRICULTURE
LETTER NO THREE
Comparative Analysis oe the Soil and the Wheat Crop
Whilst few farmers ever find such a perfect soil as I described
to you in the last part of my last letter yet every farmer has it in
hispower to improve the soil he starts with however poor it may
be or whatever its nature may be by judicious tillage fertilizing
draining ditching liming sanding claying and terracing accord
ing as the conditions of his soil may indicate He should espe
cially consider his soil and decide to what crops it seems to be
150
GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
best suited and then devote his energies to raising those crops
rather than others which thrive poorly If now we proceed to
analyze a soil as we did a plant a short while since we should
expect to find in it some of all the elements we found in the plant
more especially in the ash of the plant Let us take the analysis
of quite a rich soil here is about what we should have taking
one hundred pounds of the dry soil we could by means of a care
ful and skillful chemical analysis separate it into the following
parts
POUNDS PER HUNDRED
Carbon
Hydrogen 1267
OxygenJ
Silica7155
Alumina 694
Iron 517
Magnesia 108
Soda 043
Sulphuric acid 004
8521
Nitrogen 012 1
Phosphoric acid 043
Potash 035 I
Lime 122
These are elements which the plant is obliged to
have but is not dependent on the soil for them as
it gets most all it needs from the air and the rain
The elements in this part of the soil are either
not absolutely essential to plant life or the plant
could get along with very small amounts of them
The plant must absolutely haveall of these to
grow and thrive and though they exist in the soil
in small quantity the plant needs them in large
212 J
quantity
Now let us analyze one hundred pounds of wheat plants
POUNDS PER HUNDRED
Carbon4769 1
Hydrogen 5 54
Oxygen4032
9355 J
Soda 0 09 1
Magnesia 020
Sulphuric acid 03L
Chlorine 004
Iron006
Silica 2 75
All of this comes from the atmosphere and the
rain
As you see these ate used in small quantity by
the plant and are supplied in profusion by the
soil
345 J
Nitrogen 160
Phosphoric acid 045
Potash 066
Lime 029
300 J
These the plant must have or die Most soils are
deficient in them and the farmer must add them
to get good cropsBULLETIN NO 38
151
Thus you see by a study of these analyses that you find in the
soil the same elements which we found in the plant we analyzed
in our first letter and also in this wheat plant The carbon hydro
gen and oxygen which we find in the soil are of little or no use
as plant food because the plant gets its store of those foods out
of the atmosphere It derives its carbon from the carbonic acid
in the air You will remember that I wrote you in one of my let
ters last year about the importance of water and carbonic acid
and as it is apt here I will repeat the paragraph
WHERE THE PLANT GETS ITS CARBON FOOD FROM
The water from which the hydrogen and oxygen come is given
us free in the form of rain and the carbon also in the form of
carbonic acid which is breathed out continually into the atmos
phere by every living animal on the surface of the earth by every
chimney and hearthstone which warms a happy family by every
smokestack factory and locomotive which minister to our wants
and necessities Carbonic acid forms the principal part of all this
smoke although it is not the black part which we see but the
invisible part which is clear and colorless like the air Vast
streams of it are pouring out constantly into the air Why does
it not stifle and suffocate us as it would if poured into the rooms
where we live It is because all plant life lives on it the great
forests absorb it the crops of wheat corn and cotton consume
it the lilies and the roses eat it and drink it They take this
deadly gas into their wonderful little bodies and work it over
and over together with the water which they suck out of the soil
until they have separated the carbon from the oxygen with which
it is combined in carbonic acid liberating the oxygen and appro
priating the carbon in building the cells and tissues and organs
of which the plant is composed
LIGHT ESSENTIAL TO THE VITAL PROCESSES OF THE PLANT
This process of the plant in taking its carbon out of the air is a
most wonderful one and goes on only under the influence of light
or in the daytime and the leaf of the plant is the active organ
concerned in taking the carbonic acid out of the air The leaf of
the plant is formed of very numerous little cells placed side by
side on the under side of the leaf there are airspaces between
the cells and over the whole leaf there is a thin skin In this skin
are numerous small holes through which the air passes when it152
GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OE AGRICULTURE
passes into the leaf whilst the sunlight is shining upon it through
some strange vital power the little cells of the leaf under these
conditions break up the carbonic acid of the air retaining the car
bon and setting the oxygen free which passes out again into the
air When night comes the carbon thus obtained undergoes a
change and passes into the circulation of the plant going to the
various parts of the plant where it may be needed So we see
that growing plants tend to purify the air by consuming its car
bonic acid gas which is injurious to animal life and by giving
off pure oxygen gas in its place which is beneficial to animal life
Animal and plant life thus stand in mutual and beautiful relations
tc each other Plant life inhales carbonic acid and exhales oxy
gen animal life inhales oxygen and exhales carbonic acid The
animal in his lungs and blood causes carbon to unite with oxygen
to form carbonic acid whilst the plant in its cells causes the car
bon of the carbonic acid to separate from its oxygen
ANALYSIS OF ONE HUNDRED VOLUMES OE AIR

Analysis shows the percentage of carbonic acid in the air to be
small Thus a hundred gallons of dry air is composed of
GALTONS
Oxygen2099
Nitrogen7898
Carbonic acid0003
You say this is a very small amount of carbonic acid yes it
seems so but when you come to consider the enormous bulk of
the air it actually is very large There is so much of it that the
volume of air which rests on one acre of your farm calculating for
a height of only 50 feet above the farm would contain 90 pounds
of carbonic acid gas and this amount never grows less even when
the crops are feeding on it because it is being constantly renewed
from other sources Therefore whilst you need never fear any
lack of the essential element carbon it is well for you to appre
ciate where it comes from and how important it is I have said the
oxygen and hydrogen found in the plant came also from the air
really they do not come from the air itself but they come from
the water which floats in the air in the form of clouds These
descend as rain upon the soil and are drawn up through the roots
of the plant and the oxygen and hydrogen of which water is com
posed are appropriated by the plant You of course appreciate
the importance of these two elements of plant life because you
know only too well how crops suffer in a dry season We will
consider the other elements in our next letterBULLETIN NO 38
153
LETTER NO FOUR
Nitrogen and the Way in Which it is Absorbed
Quantities oe Plant Food in Soils
Actual
Naturallv the nitrogen we find in the plant by analysis next
claims our attention As I told you in my last letter that there
are nearly eighty gallons of nitrogen in one hundred gallons ot
air vou would quite naturally exclaim that there would be no
need to bother about providing nitrogen for the crops as they
ouoht to be able to obtain all they want from the enormous oceans
of it floating all around and about them Yes one would natu
rally suppose so but alas it is not true the plant is helpless to
feed on the nitrogen around it in the air no matter how thirsty
it may be for it It is like the shipwrecked sailor in the open boat
at sea though parched and dying with thirst yet he can not slake
his thirst though there be nothing but water water all about him
It seems as though there were a certain malice in Nature 111 so
constituting plants that they can not take the nitrogen out of the
air directly yet perhaps it is a good thing they can not because
if they could life would be so easy that we probably would not
exert ourselves as much as we should Nitrogen being the most
expensive element of plant food if it were provided free of cost
like the carbon hydrogen and oxygen we could grow such enor
mous crops at such small cost that the cost of living would be so
reduced that a man would not have the same urgent stimulus be
hind him to work and to labor that he now has
THE FORM IN WHICH PLANTS ABSORB NITROGEN
But to return to our subject the plant requires nitrogen but it
can not take it through its leaves it has to take it up through its
roots and in order for the roots to take it up the nitrogen must
be combined as nitrate It must be in the form of nitrate of soda
or nitrate of lime or nitrate of magnesia or nitrate of potash or
some other form of nitrate before the plant can utilize it If we
put any organic matter containing nitrogen into the soil either
vegetable or animal as cottonseed meal blood meat or even if
we plow under green crops they will begin to decay and putrefy
in the soil until the nitrogen which they contain in the form of
protein about which I wrote you so much last year is changed154
GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OE AGRICULTURE
into a number of other forms being finally converted into a ni
trate after the decay of the original substance has been fully com
pleted
As a nitrate it is in a condition where it dissolves easily in
water and is then absorbed by the root hairs and drawn up into
the circulation of the plant Now the vast majority of plants
have to obtain their nitrogen in the roundabout manner just de
scribed but there are a few favored plants which are able to ob
tain their nitrogen out of the air through the instrumentality of
certain minute organisms or microbes in the soil We will have
more to say of this later on When the organic matters I have
described above animal or vegetable as cottonseedmeal blood
meat manure or turnedunder green crops decay in the soil the
carbon and hydrogen which are contained in them are not ab
sorbed like the nitrogen through the roots into the plant the plant
does not get its supply of carbon and hydrogen in that way They
simply remain in the soil to form what is known as the humus of
the soil or the decayed organic matter of the soil which improves
its mechanical condition gives it a dark or black color and serves
as an excellent retainer of moisture and heat in the soil Refer
ring now to the analysis of a rich soil which I gave you in my
last letter we find that besides the organic substance about which
we have just been talking there are also the inorganic or mineral
substances such as we found in the ashes of the plant we first
analyzed
THE VARIOUS ELEMENTS FOUND IN THE SOIL
The most abundant substance of all these mineral or ash ele
ments in the soil we find to be silica or as you are acquainted with
it sand You will remember there was in this particular rich
soil 715 pounds of silica out of every hundred pounds and yet
the wheat plant grown on this soil only contained two and three
quarters pounds of silica out of every hundred pounds and even
this was not absolutely essential to the health and growth of the
plant Although we find alumina in the soil we find none in the
plant Alumina is one of the principal elements of a clay soil
Iron magnesia and sulphuric acid found in the soil are likewise
found in the ash of the plant Only small quantities of these
however are required by the plant and they are always abundant
in soils Soda is likewise found in both soil and plant but is not
essential to the plant Phosphoric acid potash and lime are found
in only small quantity in most soils but exist in considerableBULLETIN NO 38
155
quantity in the ash of plants and each one of them is absolutely
necessary to the life growth and development of the plant For
this reason the other elements being usually abundant a soil is
said to be rich or poor according to its contents of potash phos
phoric acid lime and nitrogen
Potash and phosphoric acid are usually contained in soils in
small quantity varying from about onetenth of a pound in a
hundred pounds of the soil to one pound in one hundred pounds
Although that amount looks small in reality when you figure it
in another way it is not so small let us figure
t by the acre
WEIGHT OF THE SOIL PER ACRE
An average soil when dry if taken to the depth of nine inches
will weigh three to three and onehalf million pounds to the acre
Therefore a soil containing onetenth of one per cent of phos
phoric acid would really contain three thousand to thirtyfive
hundred pounds of phosphoric acid per acre or as much as could
be obtained by the application of ten to twelve tons of high grade
acid phosphate per acre You would at once then say that a soil
containing onetenth per cent of potash or phosphoric acid ought
to be a rich soil and should not require any fertilizers but there
you would be wrong because it matters not so much what is the
total amount of potash or phosphoric acid in an acre of soil as it
does to know in what condition that phosphoric acid or potash
exists
AVAILABILITY OF THE PLANTFOOD IN THE SOIL
The question arises is it soluble is it available Is it in such
condition that the soil water can take it up and convey it to the
roots and root hairs of the plant ready for absorption by them
into the plantcirculation That is why we find it necessary to
put acid phosphate and kainit and other fertilizers on lands which
are being constantly cropped it is because the constant cropping
has exhausted or drawn out of the soil the soluble phosphoric acid
and potash available to the plant and we must either put on a
fertilizer containing them in a soluble form or we must let the
soil rest awhile that is lie fallow in order that a fresh supply
of plant food may be made available by the slow action of the soil
water the action of carbonic acid and the other organic acids re
sulting from the decay of vegetable and animal matters in the
soil If you can not afford to either put on fertilizer or to let156
GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
your land lie fallow then your next resource is to rotate your
crop that is to plant on the soil which has begun to fail you
some other crop of a different nature which may not require so
much of a certain element of plant food as the previous crop did
For instance follow cotton with peas or clover
WHAT DETERMINES THE CROPPRODUCING POWER OE THE SOIL
In considering the capacity of a soil to produce crops we must
remember one thing and that is that the essential element which
exists in the smallest amount settles the question of the croppro
ducing power of a soil That is to say if a soil is very rich in
available phosphoric acid nitrogen lime magnesia and the other
essential ash elements and yet be poor in available potash that
soil can not produce heavy crops without the application of an
available potash fertilizer If that soil has only available potash
enough in it to produce ten bushels of corn per acre or two hun
dred pounds of seed cotton per acre then all you are going to get
out of that soil is ten bushels of corn or two hundred pounds of
seed cotton no matter whether there was available phosphoric
acid and nitrogen and lime etc in the soil enough to produce
forty bushels of corn or fifteen hundred pounds of seed cotton
This brings us to the question of soil analysis which we will treat
in our next letter
LETTER NO FIVE
THE CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF THE SOIL NOT OF MUCH PRACTICAL
VALUE TO THE FARMER AND WHYTHE WAY FOR THE FARMER
TO ANALYZE HIS OWN SOIL
Referring to the statement in my last letter that if any one ele
ment in a soil essential to plant growth be lacking in an available
form then that soil can not produce a good crop no matter how
rich the soil may be in the other essential elements You natu
rally exclaim then why not have a chemist analyze the soil and
tell the farmer what element or elements are lacking in his soil
and what are abundant so that he will know how to fertilize
whether he ought to apply acid phosphate or kainit or cotton
seed meal or lime one or all to his land so as to get the best
results and at the same time use the wisest economy in the purBULLETIN NO 38
157
chase and application of fertilizers Yes this is a very natural
idea and it was at one time in the earlier days of agricultural
science thought that by means of a chemical analysis of the soil
the key had been found by means of which we could unlock
the secrets of Nature and solve all the problems of practical agri
culture It was found however on trial that this idea so beau
tiful in theory did not work well in practice It was discovered
for instance that a soil which was producing poor crops contained
onetenth of one per cent of phosphoric acid or calculating to a
depth of nine inches about three thousand pounds of phosphoric
acid per acre and yet this soil was in need of phosphoric acid be
cause when acid phosphate was used on it as a manure it respond
ed with largely increased yields Evidently the phosphoric acid
in this soil although abundant in quantity 3000 pounds per acre
was not in a condition available to the plant so that it could be
absorbed by the roots
ELEMENTS SOLUBLE IN ACIDS NOT ALWAYS AVAILABLE
Still when the chemist came to treat this soil with his strong
chemicals he could dissolve the phosphates in it readily Thus it
would happen that a chemist analyzing a soil and finding in it
say 3000 pounds of phosphoric acid 5000 pounds of potash and
4000 pounds of nitrogen per acre and knowing nothing else
about the soil except the results of his analysis would report that
the soil contained ample plant food for producing good crops and
was a good soil not in need of fertilizers when as a matter of
fact the soil might be so poor as hardly to sprout peas After
many trials and efforts to imitate the action of Nature in the
laboratory the conclusion was reached that it was not possible to
tell by a chemical analysis in the case of cultivated soils whether
the soil was a fertile one or not or what particular element should
be added to it for the production of full crops
ANALYSIS SHOWS THE ULTIMATE RESOURCES OF THE SOIL
Whilst the chemical analysis is a failure from this standpoint
still it is of value from another For instance if I make an analy
sis of your soil and tell you that it contains 3000 pounds phos
phoric acid 2500 pounds potash and 4000 pounds of nitrogen
then you would be encouraged to go ahead and make this plant
food more available by judicious cultivation and treatment such
as liming the turning under of green crops etc feeling assured
158
GEORGIA DEPARTMENT 01 AGRICULTURE
that in the end you could bring that soil up to a point where it
would yield bountifully But if as the result of my analysis I
should tell you that the soil only contained 150 pounds of phos
phoric acid and 200 pounds of potash per acre why then you
would know that the best thing you could do with that land would
be to abandon it or give it away and not waste further time and
labor on it There is however a practical method by which you
can analyze your soil for yourself far better than any chemist can
do it for you and by means of which you can tell for yourself
whether your soil needs lime phosphoric acid potash or nitrogen
one or all That method is as follows
METHOD BY WHICH THE FARMER MAY ANALYZE HIS OWN SOIL
First select a piece of ground as level as possible so that ram
may not wash the fertilizer from one plot into an adjoining plot
Secondly for the purpose of the experiment mark off ten plots
each one just onetenth of an acre in area If convenient make
the plots long and narrow say one hundred and thirtysix feet
long by thirtytwo feet wide these dimensions would enable you
to have eight long rows four feet apart in each plot Any other
shape of plot will answer only be careful to lay off the plots so
that they shall each contain onetenth of an acre or 4356 square
feet Separate the plots from each other by paths at least three
feet wide so that the effect of fertilizer in one plot may not be
felt in an adjoining plot It would be well to locate these experi
mental plots on some of your poorest land or that which stands
most badly in need of fertilizer When all is ready carefully
number the plots from one to ten so that you may keep a record
of the nature and amount of fertilizer applied on each plot Let us
suppose that you decide to plant cotton on the ten prepared plots
for the purpose of finding out what fertilizing constituent is most
needed by your soil when growing cotton Plant the cotton in
your usual manner after a careful preparation of the soil of the
plots thoroughly ploughing ami harrowing the plots in order
Then apply the fertilizers as follows
No 1No fertilizer
No 2143 pounds of cottonseedmeal
No 3200 pounds of 14 per cent acid phosphate
No 480 pounds of kainit
No 5No fertilizer
No 6200 pounds of acid phosphate and 143 pounds of cot
tonseedmealBULLETIN NO 38
15J
No 7143 pounds of cottonseedmeal and 80 pounds of kai
nit
No 8200 pounds of acid phosphate and 80 pounds of kainit
No 9200 pounds of acid phosphate 80 pounds of kainit and
143 pounds of cottonseedmeal
No 10500 pounds airslaked lime
In many of our Georgia soils lime is sadly lacking and it may
be just the thing needed by the soil in conjunction with certain
other fertilizers to discover if this be the case after having fer
tilized plot No 2 mark off a strip 24 feet in width diagonally
across the plot that is running from one corner to the opposite
corner Apply to this strip 50 pounds of airslaked lime and work
it in well with the soil and other fertilizer with a rake Do the
same with each of the other plots omitting No 10 Then when
the crop begins to grow if lime was specially needed by the soil
in any of the plots you ought to notice a marked superiority in
the 22 foot strip which runs diagonally across all the rows in all
nine plots
In the above fertilizers it is presumed that the acid phosphate
is the kind most usually sold containing 14 per cent of available
phosphoric acid so that 200 pounds supplies 28 pounds of actual
phosphoric acid to the plot
The cottonseedmeal is presumed to contain 7 per cent of
nitrogen so that 143 pounds of it supplies 10 pounds of nitrogen
to the plot and the kainit to contain 12 per cent of potash so
that 80 pounds yield 10 pounds of potashto the plots the kainit
is applied to
In applying the fertilizers observe the following precautions
Sow each fertilizer on the plot to which it is to he applied broad
cast using your best care and judgment to distribute the fertilizer
evenly over the entire plot In order to get an even distribution
it is best to sow in such quantity that you will have to go over
each plot at least twice to get all the fertilizer distributed Take
care not to sow while the wind is blowing as it may blow some of
the fertilizer on to the adjoining plots After sowing harrow the
ground and then it will be ready for you to plant
Plant thick enough to insure a perfect stand and at the proper
time thin out to a uniform stand Treat all the plots exactly
alike except as to the fertilizers applied Prepare the ground in
each plot the same plant the cotton all at the same time and
always cultivate the same and at the same time each day Take
pains to have the same number of plants in each row It will be160
GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
V1
th a page for each plot in which to
well to keep a notebook
SLrlard ist The kind of fertilizer applied to each
plot and the amount applied on the pages set apart for the respec
e plots from i to iS 2d Note down the date the cotton was
hnted 1 Note the date the cotton came up in each plot 4th
When the cotton is about two inches high on the plot containing
no fertlize note the height and appearance of the other plots
th A ter you have thinned out to a uniform stand record the
number of missing plants if any in each f
every endeavor to have the same number ot plants in ach p ot
butfn cas of accident to some be sure to put down the numb
missine in any plot so as to make allowances 6th Record any
Seob ervations of interest during the growth of the crop on
he different plots such as the comparative dates of blooming
umber bolls to the stalk date of opening o the bolls height ot
he staks after maturity of the plant th Keep the seed cotton
from each plot to itself weigh it by itself and record the weigh
of the seed cotton from plot number one on page number one and
so on wTth the others When you have picked and weighed the
St pound of cotton then you will 1 think be easily able to de
cide yourself what fertilizer or combination of fertilizers your
bnd requires Of course if you have had a bad season very dr
ot vev wet you will not be able to decide so well and in thai
case repeat the experiment another year In this way you ca
analyze your own soil and do it better than the best chemist 1
Seworld can do it for you because you have appealed to the soi
itself you have spoken to it m the language of Nature and it has
replied in the same mute but eloquent tongue demonstrating the
truth of her answers before your very eyes ours truly
Jno M McCandless
State Chemist
LETTER no six
Description oe the Various Nitrogenous Fertilizer
Materials
As vou and others have written me to know what is the value
of thedifferent materials used in the manufacture of commercial
fertilizers I will give you at this point a fairly complete account
of the substances principally used First we will consider in theBULLETIN NO 38
161
order of their value in dollars and cents and their agricultural
importance the nitrogenous materials or those which yield nitro
gen to the plant Such substances are also known as ammoni
ates because under certain conditions the nitrogen which they
contain can be converted into ammonia Now nitrogen and am
monia are not the same thing by any means but still they are
closely related they are both gases Nitrogen as I have de
scribed to you before in another place is a colorless odorless
tasteless gas and constitutes fourfifths of the air or atmosphere
which envelops the earth Ammonia is also a gas and is color
less but it has a pungent odor the same which you have noticed
in spirits of hartshorn or spirits of ammonia bought from the
drugstore It also has a caustic burning taste and is easily dis
solved in water which nitrogen is not
Ammonia is made by causing nitrogen to combine with hy
drogen Fourteen pounds of nitrogen combine with three pounds
of hydrogen to make seventeen pounds of ammonia so that am
monia always contains a large amount of nitrogen but nitrogen
never contains any ammonia And right here it is well for you
to understand that we have all fallen into a very unwise and er
roneous habit of speaking about a fertilizer as containing such a
per cent of ammonia As a matter of fact it is rarely if ever the
case that a fertilizer contains any ammonia as such at all but it
does contain nitrogen combined in various forms
As you know it is customary in the careless way of talking
obtaining among us all to speak of cottonseedmeal as contain
ing eight per cent of ammonia That is wrong it does not con
tain any ammonia but it does contain six and sixtenths per cent
of nitrogen in the form of albuminoids or protein of which I
wrote you so much in my letters on feeding and this six and
sixtenths per cent of nitrogen can under certain chemical condi
tions be converted into eight per cent of ammonia I hope then
I have made this plain and when you buy a fertilizer in the future
dont imagine because you smell certain peculiar odors about it
that you smell ammonia that is rarely if ever the case the odors
you smell are usually due to animal matters fishscrap etc and
indicate no greater value in the fertilizer than one which has no
odor at all
In the same way a dark or black color is no indication of value
in the fertilizer In point of fact the highest grade fertilizer
which could possibly be compounded by the art of man would be
snowtvnite in color The materials used for compounding such162
GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OE AGRICULTURE
a fertilizer would be nitrate of ammonia and phosphate of potash
and these salts when chemically pure are snowwhite salts To
return now to our description of the various nitrogenous ma
terials Cottonseedmeal with which you are fully familiar
stands first in importance in Southern agriculture
An average meal of good quality will contain six and sixtenths
per cent of nitrogen which if converted into ammonia would
be equal to eight per cent
It also contains an average of 27 per cent of phosphoric acid
and 18 per cent of potash It is a very valuable fertilizer and
constitutes the nitrogen base of the greater portion of commercial
fertilizers manufactured in the South
Next to cottonseedmeal the materials used most largely in the
manufacture of commercial fertilizers are the
packinghouse products
As little is generally known of these and the manner of their
production I will give you a brief account of their manufacture
The great packinghouses are located chiefly in Chicago Kan
sis City and Omaha where immense numbers of cattle are slaugh
tered and the various parts of the body are put to some special
use Apart from the production of dressed beef mutton or pork
there is of course a large quantity of waste to be utilized but the
material most interesting to us is that which is used for fertili
zer this consists of blood of bones and a mixture of scraps of
meat skin bones and blood
dried blood
The material known as dried blood is the most valuable fer
tilizing product and the richest in nitrogen In preparing this
material the liquid blood is collected in vats where it is cooked
this process causes the separation of the protein of the blood from
much of the water it is then put into presses where about one
half of the water is pressed out After pressing it is still damp
and in the form of cakes these cakes are next broken up and
dried by passing them through a mechanical drier heated by
steam The damp cakes go in at one end of the machine and the
dry cakes come out at the other when they are ground to a pow
der and sacked ready for market This blood will usually contain
about thirteen per cent of nitrogen which is the equivalent of
about sixteen per cent of ammonia but as in the case of the
cottonseedmeal there is actually no ammonia in itBULLETIN NO 38
163
TANKAGE
The next important product of the slaughterhouse is what is
known to the fertilizer trade as tankage This is a mixture
of blood bones waste scraps of meat etc This material gets its
name from the fact that it is cooked in huge tanks in the first
stage of its preparation It is cooked under steam pressure at a
high temperature for several hours As a result most of the fat
in the mass is melted and rises to the top of the tanks where it is
skimmed off and utilized for soapmaking and other purposes
The bones and the cooked meat etc now lie at the bottom of the
tank and the tank water is dark and highly coloredis in fact
a sort of soup containing nitrogenous matter in solution The
solid matter bones etc are removed dried and crushed or
ground in the same way as was done with the dried blood product
CONCENTRATED TANKAGE
The tank water is run into a vacuum evaporator the excess of
water removed and a product known as concentrated tankage
is the final result of the treatment The finished material contains
about twelve per cent of nitrogen The dried and ground bone
tankage or what is known as simply tankage contains about
seven per cent of nitrogen ten per cent of total phosphoric acid
and six and onehalf per cent of available phosphoric acid
BONE MEALS
There are also three kinds of bone meal produced raw bone
meal regular bone meal and steamed bone meal The first is as
its name indicates produced by the crushing and grinding of raw
bones after removing any adhering fat or meat This material
contains about four per cent of nitrogen twentythree per cent
of total phosphoric acid and eight and onehalf per cent of avail
able phosphoric acid The regular bone meal is cooked under
pressure for a few hours in the tanks this removes fat and also
causes some loss of nitrogen but makes the product grind easier
and finer This grade of bone meal contains about three per cent
nitrogen twentyseven and onehalf per cent total phosphoric
acid and twelve and onehalf per cent available phosphoric acid
Steamed bone meal is the product of the glue works and is made
by grinding the bones left after boiling all the fat and glue out of
them that can be obtained This process reduces the percentage164
GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
of nitrogen so that steamed bone meal will hardly average more
than two per cent of nitrogen but has about the same amount of
phosphoric acid as the ordinary bone meal
HORN AND HOOF MEAE MISCONCEPTIONS ABOUT
Horn and hoof meal is another product of the slaughterhouse
Imperfect horns and darkcolored hoofs are first thoroughly
steamed then dried and ground into meal The better quality of
horns and hoofs command very high prices even as high as 200
a ton for other purposes in the manufacture of buttons and nov
elties hence the quantity of this material coming on the market
is limited There was formerly a great prejudice against it and
it used to be considered fraudulent to use it in fertilizers Even
in standardworks on Agricultural Chemistry of quite recent date
the material is spoken of as being only very slowly available as
plant food This however has in the past two or three years
been shown to be an error and the material is now regarded by
those best informed as a rich and highly available source of nitro
gen It contains about fifteen per cent of nitrogen The quan
tity of it on the market is comparatively small There are many
other products of the packinghouse but these are the chief ones
of interest to the fertilizer trade and to the farmer In the next
letter I will finish describing the nitrogenous fertilizer materials
and write you something about phosphates Yours truly
Jno M McCandlESS
State Chemist
FEEDING FORMULAS
In Bulletin No 36 issued season 18991900 I wrote a series
of letters on cattle feeding and explained in detail how the feeder
might by the use of a table of analyses of the different feeding
stuffs calculate in a scientific way the proper ration for his cattle
Many find this calculation to be irksome and have applied to me
for formulas ready calculated In compliance with this demand
1 furnish below a number of feeding formulas some calculated by
myself and some taken from a Bulletin on the subject by the
Georgia Experiment Station The formulas given unless other
wise stated are for cattle of 1000 pounds live weight so thatBULLETIN NO 38
165
if the cow weighs 800 pounds then 80 per cent of the ration
should be used or if the cow weighs over 1000 pounds say 1
100 then 10 per cent of the weight of the 1000pound cow ra
tion should be taken and added to the ration
RULE FOR ASCERTAINING WEIGHT OF CATTLE
A good rule for ascertaining the approximate weight of a
cow is this Ordinary cattle girting five feet will weigh 650
to 800 pounds according to form and fatness for each additional
inch in girt add 25 pounds up to 6 feet and for each inch after 6
feet add 50 pounds
FORMULA no 1
12 pounds of peavine hay
20 pounds of rye fodder green
4 pounds of cornmeal
4 pounds of wheat bran
2 pounds of cottonseed hulls
This ration contains
Dry matter 24H pounds
Protein 247 pounds
Carbohydrates and fat 1283 pounds
Nutritive ratio 54
FORMULA NO 2
15 pounds of corn and cob meal
12 pounds of cottonseed hulls
412 pounds of cottonseed meal
This ration contains
Dry matter2765
Protein 25x
Carbohydrates and fatI3
Nutritive ratio I
The above ration is an example of how to mix when green
succulent foods are not to be had it would be better of course to
add to such a ration if possible some green food or 4 or 5 pounds
of turnips carrots or other roots166
GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
FORMULA NO 3
28 pounds cottonseed meal
4 pounds corn and cob meal
3 pounds wheat bran
25 pounds corn silage
122 pounds mixed hay
Nutritive ratio
57
FORMULA NO 4
ZY2 pounds cottonseed meal
3 pounds wheat bran
7 pounds cottonseed hulls
17 pounds corn stover
5 pounds mixed hay
FORMULA NO 5
20 pounds cowpea hay
10 pounds shredded cornstalks
FORMULA NO 6
20 pounds of mixed hay
3 pounds of cottonseed meal
4 pounds of cornmeal
formula no 7
25 pounds shredded corn shucks
5 pounds cottonseed meal
3 pounds wheat bran
formula no 8
20 pounds cottonseed hulls
4 pounds cottonseedmeal
5 pounds wheat bran
FORMULA NO 9
15 pounds cowpea hay
10 pounds cottonseed hulls
5 pounds cowpea mealBULLETIN NO 38
167
FORMULA NO IO
15 pounds cowpea hay
8 pounds cottonseed
6 pounds cornmeal
For Fattening Steers
formula NO 11
20 pounds cottonseed hulls
6 pounds cottonseed meal
Gradually increase to 24 pounds cottonseed hulls and 8 pounds
cottonseed meal
Formula no 12
20 pounds shredded cornstalks
5 pounds cottonseed meal
6 pounds cornmeal
Ration for pigs weighing from 2070 pounds 2 ounces of
cornmeal per quart skim milk
Pigs weighing from 70130 pounds 4 ounces per quart skim
milk
Pigs weighing from 130200 pounds 6 ounces per quart skim
milk Give all they will eat up cleanFrom Bulletin Georgia Department of Agriculture
SERIAL No 39
SEASON WJJ902
INFORMATION IN REGARD TO
COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS
AND
CHEMICALS
AND
ILLUMINATING OILS
UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF
O B STEVENS
Commissioner of Agriculture of the State of Georgia
JNO M McCANDLESS
State Chemist
R G WILLIAMS
First Assistant State Chemist
J Q BURTON
Second Assistant State ChemistFERTILIZER EAW
Kerttuzers Analysis Inspection Registration and
Sale of
No 398
An Act to regulate the registration sale inspection and analysis
of commercial fertilizers acid phosphates fertilizer materials
and chemicals in the State of Georgia and to consolidate all
laws relating to said sales inspection and analysis and to repeaL
all other laws or parts of laws in conflict therewith
Section i Be it enacted by the General Assembly of the
State of Georgia That all manufacturers jobbers and manipula
tors of commercial fertilizers and fertilizer materials to be used in
the manufacture of the same who may desire to sell or offer for
sale in the State of Georgia such fertilizers and fertilizer materi
als shall first file with the Commissioner of Agriculture of the
State of Georgia upon forms furnished by said Commissioner of
Agriculture the name of each brand of fertilizers acid phos
phates fertilizer materials or chemicals which they may desire to
sell in said State either by themselves or their agents together
with the name and address of the manufacturer or manipulator
and also the guaranteed analysis thereof stating the sources from
which the phosphoric acid nitrogen and potash are derived and
if the same fertilizer is sold under a different name or names said
fact shall be so stated and the different brands which are identi
cal shall be named
SEC 2 All persons companies manufacturers dealers or
agents before selling or offering for sale in this State any com
mercial fertilizer or fertilizer material shall brand or attach to
each bag barrel or package the brand name of the fertilizer the
weight of the package the name and address of the manufacturer
and the guaranteed analysis of the fertilizer giving the valuable
constituents of the fertilizer in minimum percentages only These172
GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
items only shall be branded or printed on the sacks in the follow
ing order
1 Weight of each package in pounds
2 Brand name and or trademark
3 Guaranteed analysis
4 Available phosphoric acid per cent
5 Nitrogen per cent
6 Potash per cent
7 Name and address of manufacturer
In bonemeal tankage or other products where the phosphoric
acid is not available to laboratory methods but becomes available
on the decomposition of the product in the soil the phosphoric
acid shall be claimed as total phosphoric acid unless it be desired
to claim available phosphoric acid also in which latter case the
guarantee must take the form above set forth In the case of
lionemeal and tankage manufacturers may brand on the bags in
formation showing the fineness of the product provided it takes
a form approved by the Commissioner of Agriculture
Sec 3 If any commercial fertilizer or fertilizer material of
fered for sale in this State shall upon official analysis prove de
ficient in any of its ingredients as guaranteed and branded upon
the sacks or packages and if by reason of such deficiency the
commercial value thereof shall fall three per cent below the guar
anteed total commercial value of such fertilizer or fertilizer ma
terial then any note or obligation given in payment therefor shall
be collectable by law only for the amount of actual total com
mercial value as ascertained by said official analysis and the per
son or corporation selling the same shall be liable to the consumer
by reason of such deficiency for such damages if any as may be
proven and obtained by him on trial before a jury in any court of
competent jurisdiction in this State
SEC 4 Be it further enacted That the words high grade
shall not appear upon any bag or other package of any complete
fertilizer which complete fertilizer contains by its guaranteed
analysis less than ten per cent available phosphoric acid 165 per
cent nitrogen equivalent to 2 per cent of ammonia and 2 per
cent potash or a grade or analysis of equal total commercial
Aalue that the word standard shall not appear upon any bag or
other package of any complete fertilizer which contains by its
guaranteed analysis less than 8 per cent available phosphoric acid
165 per cent nitrogen equivalent to 2 per cent ammonia and 2
per cent potash or a grade or analysis of equal total commercial
value that the words high grade shall not appear upon any bagBULLETIN NO 39
173
or other package of any acidphosphatewithpotash which shall
contain by its guaranteed analysis less than 13 per cent avail
able phosphoric acid and 1 per cent of potash or a grade or
analysis of equal total commercial value that the word stand
ard shall not appear upon any bag or other package of any acid
phosphatewithpotash which shall contain by its guaranteed
analysis less than 11 per cent available phosphoric acid and 1
per cent potash or a grade or analysis of equal total commercial
value that the words high grade shalll not appear upon any
bag or other package of any plain acidphosphate which shall
contain by its guaranteed analysis less than 14 per cent availa
ble phosphoric add and lastly that the word standard shall not
appear upon any bag or other package of any plain acidphosphate
which shall contain by its guaranteed analysis less than 12 per
cent available phosphoric acid It is hereby provided that no
complete fertilizer acidphosphatewithpotash acidphosphate
withnitrogen or plain acid phosphate shall be offered for sale in
this State which contains less than 12 per cent of total plant food
namely available phosphoric acid nitrogen when calculated as
ammonia and potash either singly or in combination provided
that in mixed fertilizers there shall not be claimed less than 1 per
cent of potash and 082 per cent nitrogen when one or both are
present in the same mixture
It is further hereby provided That no commercial fertilizers or
fertilizer material shall be offered for sale in this State which con
tains such an amount of water as to render the handling or ma
nipulation of such fertilizers or fertilizer material difficult or to
cause the clogging of fertilizer distributors by reason of its bad
mechanical condition such wet or bad mechanical condition of
any fertilizer shall be carefully observed by all fertilizer inspec
tors at the time of drawing their samples and be reported along
with the sample to the Commissioner of Agriculture who if he
or in his absence the State Chemist confirms the opinion of the
inspector shall forbid the sale of that lot so inspected
SEC 5 Be it further enacted That all manufacturers and ma
nipulators or agents representing them who have registered their
brands in compliance with section 1 of this Act shall forward to
the Commissioner of Agriculture a request for tax tags stating
that said tax tags are to be used upon brands of fertilizers and
fertilizer materials registered in accordance with this Act and
said request shall be accompanied with the sum of 10 cents per
ton as an inspection fee whereupon it shall be the duty of the
Commissioner of Agriculture to issue tags to parties applying
who shall attach a tag to each bag barrel or package thereof
174
GEOKGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
which when attached to said package shall be prima facie evi
dence that the seller has complied with the requirements of this
Act Any tags left in the possession of the manufacturer shall
not be used for another season and shall not be redeemed by the
Department of Agriculture
SEC 6 Be it further enacted That it shall not be lawful for
any manufacturer or company either by themselves or their
agents to offer for sale in this State any fertilizer or fertilizer
material that has not been registered with the Commissioner of
Agriculture as required by this Act The fact that the purchaser
waives the inspection and analysis thereof shall be no protection
to said party selling or offering the same for sale
Sec 7 The guaranteed analysis of each and every brand of fer
tilizer or fertilizer material must without exception remain uni
form throughout the fiscal year for which it is registered and in
no case even at subsequent registration shall the grade be low
ered although the proportion of the available constituents may be
changed so that the decrease of one constituent may be compen
sated for in value by the increase of the other or others Such
proposed change must first receive the approval of the Commis
sioner of Agriculture A brand name and or trademark regis
tered by one manufacturer shall not be entitled to registration by
another and the manufacturer having first registered and used
the said brand name and or trademark shall be entitled to it
even should said brand name and or trademark not be offered
for current registration at the time Nothing in this section shall
be construed as debarring the right of any manufacturer to estab
hsh his ownership in and prior right of registration of any
brand name and or trademark whether said brand name and or
trademark had been previously registered or not
SEC 8 No person company dealer or agents shall sell expose
or offer for sale in this State any pulverized leather raw steamed
roasted or m any other form either as a fertilizer or fertilizer
material or as a constituent of fertilizers without first making
full and explicit statement of the fact in registration with the
Commisioner of Agriculture and furnishing satisfactory proof
that the nitrogen is sufficiently available and valuable for the pur
pose for which sold r
Sec 9 Be it further enacted That the Commissioner of Api
culture shall appoint twelve inspectors of fertilizers or so many
inspectors as in said Commissioners judgment may be neces
sary who shall hold their office for such time as said Commis
sioner shall in his judgment think best for carrying out the pro
visions of this Act The greatest compensation that any inspectorBULLETIN NO 39
175
of fertilizers shall receive shall be at the rate of eightythree and
onethird dollars per month and his actual expenses while in the
discharge of his duty as such inspector It shall be their duty to
inspect all fertilizers acid phosphates chemicals cottonseed meal
or other fertilizer material that may be found at any point within
the limits of the State and go to any point when so directed by
the Commissioner of Agriculture and shall see that all fertilizers
and fertilizer materials are properly tagged
Sec 10 Be it further enacted That each of the inspectors of
fertilizers shall be provided with bottles of not less than eight 8
ounce capacity in which to place samples of fertilizers and fer
tilizer materials drawn by him and it shall be the duty of each
inspector of fertilizers to draw with such an instrument as shall
secure a core from the entire length of the package such samples
of fertilizers and fertilizer materials as he may be directed by the
Commisioner of Agriculture to inspect or that he may find unin
spected and in the performance of his duty he shall carefully
draw samples as follows In lots of ten packages or less from
every package in lots of ten to a hundred packages from not less
than ten packages in lots of one hundred packages and over
from not less than ten per cent of the entire number and after
thoroughly mixing the samples so drawn he shall by the method
known as quartering draw from such thoroughly mixed sam
ple two subsamples and with them fill two sample bottles and
shall plainly write on a label on said bottles the number of said
sample and shall also write on the label on one only of said bot
tles the name of the fertilizer acid phosphate or other fertilizer
material also the name of the manufacturers He shall then seal
both of said bottles and shall forward to the Commissioner of
Agriculture the said samples so drawn by him stating the number
of sacks from which the sample was drawn and a full report of
the inspection written on a form prescribed by the Commissioner
of Agriculture which report must be numbered to agree with the
number of the bottle and in said report shall be given the name
of the fertilizer or fertilizer material the name of the manufac
turer the guaranteed analysis the place where inspected the date
of inspection and name of inspector and it shall be the duty of
said inspectors to keep a complete record of all inspections made
hy them on forms prescribed by the Commissioner of Agriculture
Before entering upon the discharge of their duties they shall also
take and subscribe before some officer authorized to administer
the same an oath to faithfully discharge all duties which may be
required of them in pursuance of this Act
Sec i i Be it further enacted That a sample of all fertilizers
JVYHivT176
GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
or fertilizer material drawn by the official inspectors and filed
with the Commissioner of Agriculture shall be marked by num
ber and delivered by said Commissioner of Agriculture to State
Chemist who will make a complete analysis of same and certify
under same number as marked said analysis to said Commis
sioner of Agriculture which analysis shall be recorded as official
and entered opposite the brand of fertilizers or fertilizer material
which the mark and number represent and the said official analy
sis of such fertilizer or fertilizer material under the seal of the
Commissioner of Agriculture shall be admissible as evidence in
any of the courts of this State on the trial of any issue involving
the merits of such fertilizer or fertilizer material
Sec 12 Be it further enacted That the Commissioner of Agri
culture shall have authority to establish such rules and regula
tions in regard to the inspection analysis and sale of fertilizers
and fertilizer material as shall not be inconsistent with the pro
visions of this Act and as in his judgment will best carry out the
requirements thereof
Sec 13 Be it further enacted That nothing in this Act shall
be construed to restrict or avoid sales of acid phosphate or any
other fertilizer material to each other by importers manufactur
ers or manipulators who mix fertilizer materials for sale or as
preventing the free and unrestricted shipments of material to
manufacturers or manipulators who have registered their brands
as required by the provisions of this Act
SEC 14 Be it further enacted That any person selling or of
fering for sale any fertilizer or fertilizer material without having
first complied with the provisions of this Act shall be guilty of a
misdemeanor and on conviction thereof shall be punished as
prescribed in 1039 of the Criminal Code of Georgia provided
this Act shall not go into effect until after the first day of August
1902
SEC 15 Be it further enacted That there shall be nothing in
this Act which shall be construed to nullify any of the require
ments of an Act fixing the methods of determining the value of
commercial fertilizers by the purchasers and incorporated in the
provisions of the herein amended Ellington bill which is as fol
lows
An Act to regulate the sale of fertilizers in this State to fix a
method for determining the value of the same and for other
purposes
Section i Be it enacted by the General Assembly of Georgia
and it is hereby enacted by authority of the same That from and
after the passage of this Act it shall be lawful for any purchaserBULLETIN NO 39
177
of fertilizers from any owner thereof or agent of such owner to
require of the person selling and at the time of sale or delivery
to take from each lot of each brand sold a sample of its contents
Sec 2 Be it further enacted That said sample or samples of
fertilizer shall be taken in the presence of both purchaser and
seller in the following manner Two cupfuls of the fertilizer
shall be taken from the top and two cupfuls from the bottom of
each sack provided there are not more than ten sacks in the lot
but in lots of 10 to 100 sacks from not less than 10 sacks in lots
of 100 and over from not less than 10 per cent of the entire
number The samples so taken shall be intermixed upon some
surface so as not to mix dirt or any other substance with the fer
tilizer Then from different parts of the pile small portions at a
time shall be scooped up in the cup and transferred to a wide
mouthed bottle of not less than one pint in capacity This bottle
shall now be corked with a suitable cork The cork must either be
pressed home flush with the mouth of the bottle or else cut across
until it is flush or even with the mouth of the bottle It shall
then be taken by both parties at interest to the ordinary of the
county who shall seal the same in their presence in the following
manner he shall completely cover the entire surface of the cork
with sealing wax and then impress upon the molten wax his
official seal bearing his name and the style of his office He shall
then label the same with the names of the parties and of the fer
tilizers
Sec 3 Be it further enacted That said ordinary shall safely
keep said package allowing neither party access to the same save
as hereinafter provided The ordinary shall receive a fee of 10
cents from the party depositing such sample for each sample so
deposited
Sec 4 Be it further enacted That should said purchaser after
having used such fertilizer upon his crops have reason to believe
from the yields thereof that said fertilizer was totally or partially
worthless he shall notify the seller and apply to the ordinary to
forward the said sample deposited with him to the State Chemist
without stating the name of the parties the name of the fertil
izers or giving its guaranteed analysis the cost of sending being
prepaid by the purchaser Before forwarding sample to the State
Chemist for analysis the ordinary shall take the affidavit of the
purchaser that he has gathered his crop and believes from the
yield thereof that the fertilizer used was worthless or partially
worthless The ordinary shall notify State Chemist at the same
12 a b
x178
GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OE AGRICULTURE
time that he forwards the sample that he has taken and filed such
written affidavit of the purchaser
Sec 5 Be it further enacted That it shall be the duty of said
State chemist to analyze and send a copy of the result to said
ordinary
SEC 6 Be it further enacted That should said analysis show
that said fertilizer comes up to the guaranteed analysis upon
which it is sold then the statement so sent by the State Chemist
shall be conclusive evidence against a plea of partial or total fail
ure of consideration But should said analysis show that such
fertilizer does not come up to the guaranteed analysis then the
sale shall be illegal null and void and when suit is brought upon
any evidence of indebtedness given for such fertilizer the state
ment of such State Chemist so transmitted to the ordinary shall
be conclusive evidence of the facts whether such evidence of in
debtedness is held by an innocent third party or not
SEC 7 Be it further enacted That in lieu of the State Chemist
should the parties to the contract agree upon some other chemist
to make said analysis all of the provisions of the Act shall apply
to his analysis and report to the ordinary
Sec 8 Be it further enacted That should the seller refuse to
take said sample when so requested by the purchaser then upon
proof of this fact the purchaser shall be entitled to his plea of
failure of consideration and to support the same by proof of the
want of effect and benefit of said fertilizer upon his crops which
proof shall be sufficient to authorize the jury to sustain defend
ants plea within whole or in part whether said suit is brought
by an innocent holder or not
Approved December 27 1890
Sec 16 Be it further enacted That there shall be nothing in
this Act which shall be construed to nullify any of the require
ments of an Act fixing the methods of inspection and determining
the analysis of cottonseed meal incorporated in the provisions of
the herein amended Calvin bill which is as follows
A bill to be entitled an Act to require all cottonseed meal to be
subjected to analysis and inspection as a condition precedent to
being offered for sale and to forbid the sale in this State of
such cottonseed meal if it be shown by the official analysis that
the same contains less than 618 per cent of nitrogen equiva
lent to yy2 per cent of ammonia to prescribe a penalty for the
violation of the provisions of this Act and for other purposesBULLETIN NO 39
J79
Section i Be it enacted by the General Assembly and it is
hereby enacted by authority of the same That from and after the
passage of this Act it shall not be lawful for any person or per
sons to offer for sale in this State any cottonseed meal until the
same shall have been inspected as now required by the law in the
matter of all fertilizers and chemicals for manufacturing or com
posting purposes nor shall it be lawful to offer such cottonseed
meal for sale in the State if it be shown by the official analysis
that the same contains less than 618 per cent of nitrogen equiv
alent to y2 per cent of ammonia provided that the provisions
of this Act as to the per centum mentioned in this section shall
not apply to meal manufactured from sea island cottonseed but
the Commissioner of Agriculture shall upon the passage of this
Act fix and make public a minimum per centum which shall con
trol as to the cottonseed referred to in this proviso provided fur
ther that if any cottonseed meal shall not analyze up to the re
quired per centum of nitrogen the same may be offered for sale as
a secondclass meal provided the analysis be made known to the
purchaser and stamped on the sack
Sec 2 Be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid That
there shall be branded upon or attached to each sack barrel or
package of cottonseed meal offered for sale in this State the
guaranteed analysis and the number of pounds net in each sack
barrel or package
Sec 3 Be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid That
it shall be the duty of the Commissioner of Agriculture to take all
steps necessary to make effective the provisions of sections 1 and
2 of this Act
SEC 4 Be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid That
any person or persons violating the provisions of this Act shall be
deemed guilty of a misdemeanor and on conviction shall be pun
ished as prescribed in section 4310 of the Code of 1882
Approved July 22 1891
Sec 17 Be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid That
all laws and parts of laws in conflict with this Act be and the
same are hereby repealed
Approved December 18 1901
State of Georgia
Office of Secretary of State
I Philip Cook Secretary of State of the State of Georgia do
hereby certify Tht the attached and foregoing eleven n180
GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
pages of typewritten matter contain a true and correct copy of
an Act of the General Assembly of the State of Georgia provid
ing for the inspection analysis registration and sale of fertilizers
approved December 18 1901 The original of said Act being now
of file and of record in this department
In testimony whereof I have hereunto set my hand and af
fixed the seal of my office at the Capitol in the city of Atlanta
this 20th day of June in the year of our Lord One Thousand
Nine Hundred and Two and of the Independence of the United
State of America the One Hundred and Twentysixth
Philip Cook Secretary of State
RULINGS OF THE COMMISSIONER INTERPRETING
THE NEW FERTILIZER LAW
FirstThe grade of the fertilizers is to be considered a part of
the brand name and or trademark and may immediately pre
cede or follow the same if used at all
Second it is optional with the manufacturer whether he
brands the grade on his sacks or not but if he does brand the
grade on the sacks then the goods must conform to the recpiire
ments of the grade as stated in section 4 of the law
ThirdIn branding the word potash the characters K20
heretofore in use are to be omitted
FourthIn case of goods containing 10 per cent available
phosphoric acid 082 per cent nitrogen and 1 per cent potash or
such mixtures 91651 or 80823 or other combinations
which do not react a total commercial value equal to that of the
standard fertilizer which is 81652 such mixtures are not to
be designated by zv grade at all Such goods may be offered
for sale and brandttl vith any name the maker desires to give
provided such name doC3 not indicate that they belong to a high
or standard grade
FifthIn printing big staining acid phosphate only or acid
phosphate and potash wtirs 111 three ingredients of plant foodBULLETIN NO 39
181
are not claimed it shall be optional with the maker whether he
brands only the guaranteed ingredient as for instance
Available phosphoric acid14 per cent
Or he may brand
Available phosphoric acid 14 per cent
NitrogenNone
PotashNone
But in this latter case the letters of the word none shall be
plain and distinct and of the same size type as the names of the
elements standing opposite them
SixthIn the case of goods containing less than 165 per cent
nitrogen they may be branded as Ammoniated goods guano
or fertilizer or other words implying that the same is an am
moniated superphosphate provided they contain not less than
082 per cent nitrogen
SeventhA goods containing 10 per cent available phosphoric
acid 082 per cent nitrogen and 3 per cent potash can not be
branded high grade since it has not as high a commercial value
as the legal high grade The legal high grade is worth today
1525 and the goods mentioned has a value of 1361
EighthNo manufacturer has the right to print the word am
monia at all on his sacks
NinthUntil further notice the Commissioner fixes in accord
ance with the provisions of the Calvin bill the minimum percent
age of nitrogen required by law in the sea island cottonseed meals
at three and seventenths per cent 37 per cent equivalent to
four and onehalf 42 per cent of ammonia
TenthIf it be necessary for lack of space on one side of the
sack to turn and print on the other side this will be permitted
provided the prescribed order be observed
EleventhThe word potash means potassium oxide or K20
and will be so interpreted the percentage of potassium sulphate
or muriate must not be substituted for the percentage of potash
TwelfthThe words Standard or Standard Grade may
be used on the sacks at the option of the manufacturer if used at
all
ThirteenthIt is regarded as consonant with the spirit of the
law to print on the sacks if desired the name of the party for
whom manufactured thus Manufactured for John Smith Co
by Thos Brown Co
FourteenthIf desired for distinctive purposes a manufac182
GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
hire may print the word Georgia following the words guar
anteed analysis
The above rulings have been submitted to me and approved
Boykin Wright AttorneyGeneral
REMARKS OF THE COMMISSIONER
While I can not this year congratulate the farmers of Georgia
on the successful result of all their farming operations yet I can
commend their diligent and welldirected efforts which have
mailed of complete success through unfavorable conditions that
cculd not be helped and not through any fault of theirs
Wheat and oats have been in most sections a partial and in
some a total failure but no matter what kind of crop one may
plant he is liable to just such disappointing results Hence the
growers of these important grains should not lose heart nor lag
in their efforts to make Georgia the great agricultural State that
she is capable of being We have as good lands for wheat and
oats as many States that far exceed us in their production and
we must never be satisfied until we place Georgia in the very front
rank
The growing interest in the production of hay in Georgia is an
encouraging sign But much remains to be done The State of
New York produces nearly three and a half million tons of hay
worth 47000000 while Georgia produces about 200000 tons
worth nearly 2500000 When we consider that in Georgia the
average yield of hay per acre is 169 tons and in New York 081
tons and that Georgia is larger than New York by about 13000
square miles we can readily calculate what a source of wealth we
are neglecting by not giving more of our attention to hay This
can be done without diminishing our production of corn and cot
ton and an immense sum be added to the wealth of our farmers
Georgia ought to be an exporter of hay and not an importer Ten
years ago Georgia had less than 3000000 bearing peach trees
and was outranked by Maryland New Jersey and Delaware as a
peachgrowing State At this time she has about 8000000 bear
ing peach trees and stands at the head without having diminished
her acreage or production of the two great staple crops corn andBULLETIN NO 39
183
cotton When we have such splendid native grasses that will
grow for us if we give them half a chance has not every farmer
an opportunity of raising his own hay and a surplus for market
without cutting short his corn and cotton
Remember more hay means more and better beef and dairy
cattle and better stock of every kind Let us do everything to
make known what we can do in Georgia and enterprising men
from every section will come to our helpand aid us in the devel
opment of our wonderful resources With every farmer in Geor
gia who has spare land fit for raising grass paying the proper
attention to this crop it would not be long before there would be
added 45000000 to the agricultural wealth of our State
Strange to say such have been the weather conditions this year
that in some sections even the grass crop has been cut short
Therefore I would advise the farmers to cut every green thing
that is good for food for stock and store it away for the winter
Even yet good rains may come to our help and give us abundance
of grass for hay But do not wait to see if this shall be so but
reap and save up everything in sight that can be used for feeding
stock
How marvelous is the influence exerted upon his neighbor by
one intelligent farmer who by his example of thriftiness shows
how everything upon the farm can be turned to useful account I
commend greatly the farmers of Georgia for the enterprise and
diligence exhibited by them and for the progressive spirit which
they are manifesting Within the last two years they have pur
chased and used more uptodate and firstclass farm implements
than in the whole previous decade It is a common thing to see
upon our farms the latest improved machinery for sowing reap
ing mowing binding and gathering the varied crops which every
wellcultivated farm yields The acreage of hay in Georgia is
115 per cent greater than ten years ago In the decade from 1850
to i860 there was a remarkable growth of agriculture in Georgia
but everything waschecked by the disastrous Civil War The
State has now more than regained its former position in all
classes of farm property except live stock With the exception
of mules and asses Georgia possessed more domestic animals of
all kinds in 1850 than in any other succeeding census year The
increase in the number of horses and mules has been steady since
1870 the former numbering almost as many as in 1850 and the
latter nearly four times as many This increase indicates rapid
development of those branches of agriculture which require work
ing animals The number of sheep I am sorry to say has stead
vI3 JVATTfc184
GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
ily decreased since 1850 And yet not even cotton would be a
greater wealth producer than sheep if woolen factories should be
established in sufficient numbers to cause a demand for wool In
neat cattle there has been a steady falling off since 1890 in num
ber but an improvement in the breed
The increase in the production of milk is 549 per cent being
82000000 gallons against 53000000 in 1889 There is an ap
parent decrease in the number of fowls during the past decade
but in 1900 the enumerators were instructed to report no fowls
less than three months old whereas all were reported in 1890
But the fact that the eggs number 15000000 dozens against 11
500000 dozens ten years ago would indicate a considerable in
crease in the poultry interest in the State
The census of 1900 shows for Georgia 1424298 hogs about
27000 more than 1890 but less than in 1880 and more than a
million less than in 1850 when our population was not the half
of what it is now The fact is that before the war Georgia was a
selfsupporting State Immediately after the war when cotton
brought from 20 to 25 cents a pound it may have been to our ad
vantage to put everything in cotton and buy our supplies from the
West But now when the price of cotton is from 6 to 9 cents a
pound it ought not to require any argument to prove that a
farmer must raise his own supplies of foodstuff for man and
beast if he would be successful The failure of our wheat and
oats last winter and spring and the cutting down of our corn crop
this summer by unfavorable seasons should cause us to make
preparation for the sowing of more wheat and oats than ever this
fall not only to make a sufficient supply of these important grains
for the ensuing year but also that we may have something next
spring to make up for the shortage in all the grains and forage
crops of the season of 1902
The census of 1900 gives the value of the crops of Georgia in
1899 including all the fruits raised in our State as 86345343
But that was a year in which our orchards were almost a total
failure In 1900 the products in our orchards amounted to about
4000000 and about the same in 19011902 This year although
the peach crop is in many sections short the prices received for
the fruit will about compensate for the loss in quantity The pro
duction of sugarcane syrup in Georgia as shown in the census of
1900 was greater than ever before but there was a great falling
off in the amount of sugar But refineries of the best modern type
are being introduced the result of which is bound to give a new
impetus to the manufacture of sugar in GeorgiaBULLETIN NO 39
185
The last census also showed a wonderful growth in tobacco cul
ture in Georgia The area devoted to the crop showed an in
crease over that of ten years before amounting to 188 per cent
while the production showed a gain of 3192 per cent These
figures indicate great improvement in the method of cultivation
By the reports that have come to us in the last two years our area
and production of tobacco continues to show a steady gain
The value of our vegetables in 1899 was more than 3000000
and there has been a steady growth in this item in the succeeding
years
Georgia is as famous for watermelons as for peaches and is
now adding to these thousands of acres of canteloupes for ship
ment to Northern and Eastern markets
It is safe to say that in a good average crop year the value of
our agricultural products including our orchards will not fall
short of 100000000 South Carolina and Georgia were before
the Civil War the greatest riceproducing States of the Union
But in these States the damage sustained by this industry has
never been repaired Rice is reported from 81 counties of Geor
gia in the census of 1900 but of the entire acreage reported 634
per cent was from the southeastern coast counties of Bryan
Camden Chatham Glynn Liberty and Mclntosh In these coun
ties must begin the reinstatement of this industry When it shall
have once more attained its proper rank among the agricultural
products of Georgia many millions of dollars will be added to the
wealth of our State
Of all the sections of our great republic none can present to the
agriculturist so many varied advantages as the South and in all
the South there is take it all in all no better State than Georgia
With an area greater than that of any other State east of the Mis
sissippi and embracing nearly four and a half degrees of latitude
it possesses great variety of climate soil and productions In the
highlands of the northern section varying from 1000 to 5000
feet above the level of the sea we have a climate which corre
sponds to that of New England and New York farther down it
resembles that of Washington St Louis and Louisville while the
climate of southern Georgia corresponds with that which prevails
in lower Texas Louisiana Mississippi and that of upper Florida
Hence our products embrace those of every section of the Union
Near the Florida line may be seen growing in the same orchard
the apple pear peach plum cherry all varieties of berries the
orange lemon and bananas No State shows greater variety of186
GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE
soil climate and productions and none east of the Rocky Moun
tains as great
Blessed with such a noble heritage we must do our part to
prove ourselves worthy of these great advantages This I be
lieve the farmers of Georgia are doing and will continue to do
until our State shall have established an undisputed right to the
title long so proudly borne Empire State of the South And
why may she not some day compete successfully with New York
for the highest rank among the commonwealths composing the
American Union
O B Stevens Commissioner
REPORT OF THE STATE CHEMIST
Hon 0 B Stevens Commissioner of Agriculture of the State of
Georgia
Dear Sir We have completed the analytical work of the
season of 19011902 and I enclose you under separate cover
tables of analyses of the different brands of commercial fertilizers
cottonseed meals kainits muriates of potash nitrates of soda
etc which have been the subject of the steady work of the past
season The number of brands put on the market is 735 as
against 640 the previous year The large number of analyses
made over and above the number of brands includes analyses of
brands specially taken at the request of farmers also of cotton
seed meals kainits and muriates of potash which have no brands
A great number of analyses have also been made checking or du
plicating the accuracy of the regular analyses We have this year
reached the highwater mark of fertilizer consumption in the
State of Georgia or 483028 tons greater than ever before in our
own history and greater than that of any other State in the Un
ion As in the larger manufacturing States of the country the
consumption of iron and steel is regarded as the barometer of
trade and prosperity in the agricultural State of Georgia the
consumption of commercial fertilizers may be regarded not only
as a barometer or index of the prosperity of the State but as one
of the chief causes thereof Judicious use of commercial fertil
izers combined with homemade manures and the utilization of
the nitrogengathering cowpea will make us a great and rich
agricultural StateBULLETIN NO 39
187
OILS
Below you will find the report of the State Oil Inspector which
speaks for itself By request I repeat here a part of a previous
report to you on the character of the oils sold in the State
TABLE OP OIL ANALYSIS
d 302F 392 482 572 Lpft in the Retort
1 1100 818 4600 55 57R
2 09 276 20 00 28 235
3 05 317 4 155 43
4 05 2775 40 225 925
B 05 32 5 355 245 700
6 25 37 34 20 0 650R
7 25 385 33 20 600
8 11 345 37 5 225 44
9 18 375 405 16 42
10 12 S7 5 385 185 43
In the above table the figures in the second column represent
the percentages of oil which distilled over at a temperature below
302 P they consist of light oils or naphthas The figures in the
next three columns show the percentages of oil distilling over at
and below the temperatures named viz 3920 F 4820 F
5700 F These oils constitute the good normal burning kerosene
oil The figures in the last column represent the oil remaining in
the retort and refusing to distill at a temperature 572 F This
fraction constitutes what is known as heavy oil or lubricating
oil
I give below an analysis for sake of comparison made last year
of the kind of oil which was commonly sold in the State before
the present law went into effect
302F 392 482 5720 Left in Retort
1400
3100
2400
572 u
1 qoo
1600
You will at once notice the remarkable manner in which the
light inflammable oils or naphthas have been removed from the
oils now sold in the State as compared with those sold a year ago
and that over 90 per cent of the oils now sold consists of pure
burning oil You will also note that samples Nos 1 6 7 8 9
10 are marked with an R That means that those oils whilst of
very good quality otherwise still contain too much naphtha or
VAJfc188
GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
light oil to stand the test of the instrument now legalized in Geor
gia and by which all oils are now being tested In other words
it appears from the analyses so far made that no oil containing
as much as one per cent even of light oil distilling below 302 F
will stand the flash test of the new Georgia instrument In other
words we have now on the market in Georgia a quality of oil
which in all probability will not only not explode but not even
take fire if the lamp in which it is burning should be accidentally
turned over and broken
PHOTOMETRIC TEST
I further made a photometric test of the oil we are now con
suming I filled a lamp having a one and a half inch flat wick
open woven with the oil we are now consuming I carefully
weighed the lamp with its oil and chimney then lit it tested it in
the photometer and found its average candlepower to be 1644
After burning for three hours I again weighed it noted the loss
of oil and found that the lamp consumed 267 grams of oil per
candlepower per hour A similar test with oil of the old quality
showed a consumption of 356 grams of oil per candlepower per
hour or 33 13 per cent greater consumption of oil per candle
power per hour
I have sir to thank you and Assistant Commissioner Wright
for your kind and steadfast support in the work of the year nor
must I close this report without referring with deep appreciation
to the sterling honest faithful though silent and unobtrusive
work of the Assistant State Chemists Messrs R G Williams
and J Q Burton
Respectfully submitted
Jxo M McCandless
State Chemist
REPORT OF STATE OIL INSPECTOR
Hon O B Stevens Commissioner of Agriculture Atlanta Ga
Dear Sir To be included in the bulletin we beg to present
to you statement of the oil business for the past ten months You
will note quite a pleasing increase in the number of gallons in
spected by the department Since the last report that was madeBULLETIN NO 39
189
to you we have had no notice nor has it come under the observa
tion of any of the local inspectors as to the explosion of any
lamps The inspectors have been uniformly prompt in the atten
tion to their duties and we feel that the general public is well sat
isfied with the manner in which this department is being con
ducted
During the first part of the year we had quite a number of com
plaints from different places in the State These were all care
fully investigated and passed upon by Dr McCandless and in
every instance where the oil had been properly cared for it was
found to be up to the standard However there were several
cases which showed conclusively that the oil had been kept in
dirty unclean tanks or vessels These parties were advised of
what the trouble was and we do not anticipate similar ones oc
curring in the future
Respectfully submitted
Glascock Barrett State Oil Inspector
OIL REPORT FOR TEN MONTHS ENDING AUGUST I I902
This year Last year
Number gallons543368o 5260033
Total fees26711 80 2647609
Fees inspectors 17980 74 16338 20
Fees State 9311 48 10138 43
Glascock Barrett
August 18 1902
LETTERS ON AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY
letter no seven
CONTINUING THE LETTERS OF THE STATE CHEMIST TO GEORGIA
FARMERS ON AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRYDESCRIPTION OF FER
TILIZER MATERIALS CONTINUED
Nitrate of Soda
Cottonseed meal blood tankage etc which I have described U
you in the last letter are known as organic sources of ammo
nia or rather of nitrogen Habit is so strong you see it is hard
lTaijK190
GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
to get rid of the use of that word ammonia Nitrogen is much
the better term for our use Besides the organic sources of nitro
gen we also have what are known as the inorganic sources
I have explained in a previous letter fully the meaning of these
two terms but lest you may have forgotten I will stop a moment
to say that an organic substance may be either vegetable or ani
mal thus a leaf a seed a piece of meat or of skin are organic
substances An inorganic substance is the opposite of these and
is mineral in its nature a piece of rock or of iron is inorganic
The chief inorganic source of nitrogen then is nitrate of soda
also commonly called Chili Saltpetre saltpetre because it has
many of the properties of real saltpetre which is nitrate of potash
and Chili because it is imported from Chili in South America
Nitrate of potash or true saltpetre is a very valuable fertilizing
compound yielding both nitrogen and potash to the plant but it
is much too expensive to buy in this form it is therefore better
or rather cheaper to buy nitrate of soda and muriate of potash
separately and then mix them together when we will accomplish
practically the same results from a fertilizing standpoint and for
a smaller outlay of money than if we bought the same elements in
form of nitrate of potash Nitrate of soda is such an important
salt for fertilizer purposes that I will go into some little detail
about it
The entire supply at present comes from the western coast of
Chili It extends in a narrow strip of land running north and
south for about 260 miles at an average distance of about four
teen miles from the ocean The country where it is found is a
desert it never rains there and the whole region is bare of vegeta
tion and destitute of water The nitrate rock is called Caliche
pronounced Caleechay and the best quality has the following
composition
Sodium nitrate 5
Sodium chloride26
Sodium sulphate 6
Magnesium sulphate 3
Insoluble matter 14
Sodium iodate
Sodium nitrite
Magnesium chloride 0
Magnesium nitrate
Potassium chloride J
100BULLETIN NO 39
191
The average quality of Caliche contains from thirty to forty
per cent of sodium nitrate and the poorest quality worked ranges
from seventeen to thirty per cent sodium nitrate The Caliche
occurs from six to ten feet below the surface of the ground and
the vein or stratum varies from a foot and a half to twelve feet in
thickness
The process of extracting and separating the valuable nitrate of
soda from the rest of the Caliche is done by means of water
in which the nitrate of soda dissolves and from which it is crys
tallized A description of the process would be tedious Suffice
it to say that a costly plant is required for the purpose and that
the work is so well done that the product when finished con
tains about ninetyfive per cent nitrate of soda which is equiva
lent to 1565 per cent of nitrogen or nineteen per cent of ammo
nia An enormous and annually increasing amount is shipped
every year The amount exported every year to Europe and
America is about one million tons
CHARACTER OE NITRATE OE SODA AND METHOD OF USE
The material has a great number of uses besides its use as a
fertilizer It is used in the manufacture of nitrate of potash
which is needed to make gunpowder and fireworks it is also used
to make nitric acid is an essential in the manufacture of sulphuric
acid upon which the whole superphosphate or acid phosphate in
dustry depends besides a great many other manufacturing proc
esses Its great importance as a fertilizer depends upon its high
percentage of nitrogen and its complete solubility in water thus
being immediately available as plant food the nitrogen in it being
already in the form of a nitrate the form in which plants prefer
to take most of their nitrogen The nitrate of soda being readily
and freely soluble in water is ready for appropriation as plant
food as soon as it is put into the soil Hence it is evident that the
best way to use it is by application as a top dressing immediately
before or after a rain usually in the spring when the plant is up
and needs a good sendoff to develop growth of stalk and foliage
Used in this way the results are very sure and very striking
SULPHATE OF AMMONIA
One other important inorganic source of nitrogen is the salt
known as sulphate of ammonia It is produced chiefly as a by
product in the manufacture of illuminating gas from coal the
KVMI fc19i2 GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OE AGRICULTURE
gas coals all contain a small percentage of nitrogen when sub
jected to dry distillation in retorts the nitrogen is driven off in
the form of ammonia gas and is finally absorbed in sulphuric
acid from which it is crystallized as sulphate of ammonia This
product usually contains about twenty and onehalf per cent of
nitrogen when purified but if sold unpurified as brown sulphate
of ammonia it may not contain more than eighteen per cent of
nitrogen Sulphate of ammonia is freely soluble in water and
has this advantage over nitrate of soda that it does not leach out
of the soil so readily as nitrate of soda does and may therefore
be applied with other fertilizers in the fall to fall crops without
fear of serious loss through leaching during the fall and winter
I have not mentioned all of the various kinds of nitrogenous fer
tilizer materials but have sketched briefly the principal ones from
which nearly all the commercial fertilizers sold in the State of
Georgia are made The next great class of fertilizer material we
discuss will be the phosphates
LETTER NO EIGHT
The Phosphates
In letter Xo 4 bulletin No 38 I alluded to the importance of
phosphoric acid as a constituent of plant food It is in the same
class with nitrogen and potash they being the elements found
only in small quantities in most cultivated soils all the other ele
ments necessary to plant life being usually present in profusion
Phosphoric acid then must be added to the soil if we expect large
yields The various sources of phosphoric acid then are of inter
est
Bones were the first and earliest form in which phosphoric acid
was applied to the soil Bones are a combination of organic and
inorganic matter The organic matter in a bone consists mainly
of fat and a glutinous matter the inorganic matter is chiefly
phosphate of lime This dual composition of a bone can be
demonstrated very graphically by taking the leg bone of an
animal and soaking it for quite a while in weak muriatic acid
The acid will dissolve away the phosphate of lime which givesBULLETIN NO 39
193
rigidity and stiffness to the bone and leaves behind the glutinous
flexible animal matter of the bone which will still retain the
shape of the original bone You can now take this soft organic
matter and tie it into a knot without breaking it This soft ani
mal matter of the bone is rich in nitrogen so that a bone fertile
izer is a double manure both phosphatic and nitrogenous Bones
vary a good deal in composition according to the nature and age
of the animal there is not so much phosphate in the bones of a
young animal as in those of an old one Even in the same animal
the hard thigh bones of the ox for instance will contain more
phosphate of lime than softer bones from other parts of the ani
mal Bones to be of value should of course be ground and the
finer the grinding the better A coarsely crushed or ground raw
bone which has not been treated to remove any of its original
fatty matter will decay with comparative slowness in the soil and
consequently but little effect might be perceived from its applica
tion the first season
A good raw bone will contain on an average twentytwo per
cent of phosphoric acid and four per cent of nitrogen Such a
bone is quite difficult to grind fine and on its fineness depends in
large measure its value as a fertilizer But by boiling and steam
ing much of the fat is removed which has no value as a manure
some of the nitrogen is also removed in the form of glue and gela
tine by the boiling and steaming process This treatment how
ever enables the bone to be ground much finer than the raw bone
and where the process has been carried out very thoroughly as in
the manufacture of glue the resulting ground bone may contain
as high as thirty per cent of phosphoric acid but the nitrogen in
this case will be reduced to less than two per cent Actual experi
ments have shown that all the phosphoric acid from a finely
ground steamed bone may become available in one to two sea
sons in the soil while that from a coarse ground raw bone would
not became fully available in three or four seasons
the mineral or rock phosphates
If bones were the only source of phosphoric acid modern agri
culture would be in a distressing condition since bones could
supply only a very small part of the demand The prices of fer
tilizers would be very much higher than they now are the cot
ton crop of the South and the grain crops of the world would be
very much smaller and the population of the earth very much
less than it now is so true is it that life itself as counted by gener
13 a b
ixiitfc19J
GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
ations rises and falls in greater or smaller volume in unison with
the available supply of plant food in the soil A very large pro
portion of the dense population and increased wealth of the old
world is doubtless due to the discovery of the mineral phosphates
Deposits of these in greater or less quantity have been known for
a long time in the Old World but I shall mention only those
fields in this country which are of great commercial importance
today The first of these in point of discovery and development
were the South Carolina phosphate beds These beds are in the
neighborhood of the city of Charleston S C The rock is found
both in the land and in the rivers in that vicinity This phosphate
is found usually in the form of lumps or nodules varying from the
size of a pebble to quite large masses The deposits vary from one
or two feet to twelve or more in thickness This rock contains
no nitrogenous organic matter like bone but is simply a rock
phospbate It is true however that among the deposits are found
many evidences of life such as immense vertebras of animals and
large teeth of shark marine and other animals The South Caro
lina rock contains from twentysix to twentyeight per cent of
phosphoric acid It is highly esteemed both at home and abroad
as a source of phosphoric acid actual mining began here in 1868
FLORIDA PHOSPHATES
The next great discovery of phosphate rock in this country oc
curred in Florida in 1888 to 1889 There are different forms of
this phosphate first we have the land or boulder phosphate
which occurs in rocky or stony masses of varying size and form
and varying from thirty to forty per cent of phosphoric acid
second the soft phosphate a white powdery material mixed
with more or less kaolin and containing from eighteen to thirty
per cent phosphoric acid thirdly we have the pebble form
consisting of small hard rounded pebbles which occur both in the
beds of the rivers and in deposits on the land They are variable
in composition but range from about thirty to thirtysix per cent
of phosphoric acid The Florida rock constitutes a very impor
tant source of phosphoric acid is highly esteemed and is used
largely both at home and abroad
TENNESSEEPHOSPHATE
Shortly after the discovery of phosphate rock in Florida dis
coveries began to be made in Tennessee in the vicinity of NashBULLETIN NO 39
195
ville and later still important deposits began to be found in
Maury county Tenn near Mt Pleasant This rock like the
others is variable in form and composition but the marketable
varieties range from thirty to thirtyseven per cent of phosphoric
acid There are other important phosphatic deposits in the world
but those just described constitute the important ones for South
ern agriculture Having mentioned the chief sources of nitrogen
and phosphoric acid we will take a birdseye view of the sources
of potash
LETTER NO NINE
Potash its Importance as Plant Food Sources from
Which DerivedWoodashes Stasseurt Deposits
The only source of potash known to our fathers was ashes
mainly woodashes and while potash from this source is a most
excellent manure yet evidently the quantity available must be
quite limited The great majority of soils especially those which
contain much clay usually hold a large reserve of potash and do
not appear to require the special application of potash as a ma
nure Light sandy soils on the other hand and some clay soils
also appear to be quite deficient in potash and are much benefited
by applications of that fertilizer Soils of this nature therefore
stand as much in need of constant potash manuring as of phos
phoric acid and nitrogen applications
Woodashes whilst they may be cheap and easily obtained in
countries where large forest areas are to be cleared in older coun
tries can not be so easily obtained Long before fertilizers be
came a commercial commodity woodashes were highly thought
of by farmers But usually when a farmer buys ashes he buys
in the dark owing to the fact that ashes vary so widely in their
contents of potash As a rule the ashes from hard woods are
richer in potash than those from soft woods The ash of the
red oak for instance contains about six per cent of potash that
of the hickory about nine per cent some pine woods about four
and a half per cent No definite percentage however can be laid
down for any special wood as the same wood will vary in differ
ent localities and the wood of different parts of the same tree will196
GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OE AGRICULTURE
vary the ashes from the twigs and young limbs being richer in
potash than the ashes from the body or trunk of the tree
It is impossible to fix the value of a lot of ashes except by spe
cial analysis of the particular lot owing to this great variability
in composition and owing to the further fact that the ashes may
have been leached or mixed with more or less dirt The average
analysis for good unleached ashes may be taken as five per cent
of potash one and onehalf per cent of phosphoric acid and
thirtytwo and a half per cent of lime According to the values
for fertilizers adopted for the present season a ton of good aver
age ashes at the coast should be worth four dollars and fifteen
cents This calculation allows no value to the lime although of
course it has a decided value on such soils as are deficient in it
Luckily since the middle of the last century farmers have been
no longer compelled to rely on ashes as a source of potash but
have come to adopt in their stead almost universally what are
known as the German or Stassfurt potash salts
These salts are mined in Stassfurt in northern Germany in the
province of Saxony They were discovered by the Prussian gov
ernment while boring for rock salt about the year 1857 At first
they were considered worthless but soon the great Chemist Lie
big began publishing his discoveries concerning plant growth and
nutrition showing potash to be an essential and muchneeded
element in the growth and development of plants This led to
the development of the potash mines and the utilization for agri
culture of the precious salts contained in them The first potash
salt works for the manufacture and sale of the potash salts was
established in Stassfurt in 1862 Some of the crude ores are
suited for agricultural use just as they are dug from the mines
andare known as kainit carnallite sylvinit The kainit contains
on an average of about twelve and a half per cent of potash the
carnallite about ten per cent and the sylvinit sixteen per cent
of potash As there is a great demand for these products all over
the world and the freightage to long distances is quite an item
it became desirable to concentrate the potash in these natural
products as much as possible so as to avoid the cost of transpor
tation on the salts contained in them useless to agriculture
The great factories of the German Kali Works now prepare
from the crude kainit carnallite and sylvinit muriates of potash
containing fortyfive per cent fifty per cent and fiftyfive per
cent of actual potash also sulphates of potash containing from
fortyeight to fiftytwo per cent of actual potash also what is
known as double manure salts with twentysix per cent ofBULLETIN NO 39
197
potash A complete analysis of all these various products and
some others will be found on another page of this bulletin
These deposits are practically inexhaustible in quantity and
will supply the agricultural world for many years to come Should
they ever become exhausted doubtless new discoveries will be
made and if not potash could doubtless be obtained though of
course at greater cost from such waters as those of the Dead
Sea There need therefore be no fear of the supply running
short Having now given you a brief account of the different
raw materials used in the manufacture of guano or commer
cial fertilizers we will next consider the methods in use by the
manufacturers for converting these raw materials into finished
products
THE ACID PHOSPHATE INDUSTRYDESCRIPTION OE PROCESS OE
MANUFACTURE
The foundation of the great modern industry of commercial
fertilizers is the manufacture of superphosphate or as it is more
generally known in this country of acid phosphate of lime The
materials necessary for this manufacture are sulphuric acid and
phosphate rock The plant required for the manufacture of sul
phuric acid is a costly one and the process is somewhat compli
cated Either brimstone from Sicily or pyrites which is a com
pound of sulphur and iron some of which is imported from Spain
and some producedrom mines in this country are the raw mate
rials used in the manufacture
The brimstone or pyrites are burned in specially constructed
burners and the sulphurous gases which result from the burning
are caused to mix with nitrous gases produced from nitrate of
soda and drawn into great towers made of lead and packed with
flints thence they are drawn into immense leaden chambers or
rooms usually three in a row connected together In these cham
bers the sulphurous and nitrous gases are mixed with steam and
condensed into sulphuric acid which falls in rain on the floors of
the leaden chambers It is necessary to construct these chambers
of lead because almost any other material would be destroyed
and eaten out by the action of this corrosive acid
The phosphate rock is hauled to the factory usually a building
located alongside the sulphuric acid chambers it is there thrown
into crushers which break it into small pieces thence conveyed
to the grinding machinery either steel mills or buhrstones where
it is pulverized into a fine meal or flour You would naturally
ask at this point why not use this fine phosphate meal directly
vv JVY198
GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
on the soil without mixing it with the caustic corrosive sulphuric
acid It is simply because this meal is of a rocky nature and only
dissolves with difficulty in the soil waters and as we have seen
plants require theirfood to be easily soluble in water so that the
roots can suck it in The phosphate rock meal no matter how
finely ground dissolves only to a very limited extent in water and
it is necessary to so treat it as to liberate the rockbound phos
phoric acid and render it soluble in water Hence the necessity
for the sulphuric acid
The phosphate meal say it is from South Carolina rock and
contains twentyeight per cent of phosphoric acid combined with
lime to form sixtyone per cent of bone phosphate of lime is first
weighed and we will take say one thousand pounds of it and
dump it into a circular castiron mixer into which has already
been introduced one thousand pounds of sulphuric acid of the
proper strength
The acid and meal are now thoroughly mixed together by ma
chinery in the iron pan The mixture becomes very hot the
strong sulphuric acid attacks the lime combined with the phos
phoric acid of the phosphate meal with amazing and furious en
ergy and appropriates to itself the greater part of the lime in
the form of sulphate of lime gypsum or landplaster and liber
ates at the same moment the phosphoric acid which is only al
lowed to retain its hold on a small part of the lime with which it
was first combined
This smaller portion of lime and the plfosphoric acid with
which it is combined is what the chemists call monocalcicph s
phate or superphosphate of lime It is also known as the acid
phosphate of lime This acid phosphate of lime or superphos
phate is soluble in water we have therefore accomplished what
we set out to do rendered the phosphoric acid soluble This dis
covery was made by the great chemist Liebig who thus put the
entire world in his debt laying the foundations of the great fer
tilizer industry and rendering an inestimable boon to modern
agriculture
LETTER NO TEN
Violent Reaction in the Mixer Nature of Acid
Phosphate
We will now go back to the mixture which we left in the iron
mixer and study it a little further As we saw the chemical enBULLETIN NO 39
199
ergy of the action of the sulphuric acid upon the phosphate meal
was prodigious steam and hot stifling gases are expelled from
the mixture and finally the semiliquid mass is dumped into an
iron car run out upon a track built far above a deep den or pit
the car is tilted and the mass precipitated to the bottom of the pit
this operation is repeated many times until the den or pit contains
hundreds of tons of acid phosphate The mass lying in the pit
gradually becomes drier and drier owing to the escape of steam
and also to the absorption of some of the water in crystal form by
the sulphate of lime or landplaster which has been formed
This water which escapes as steam and which is absorbed as
crystal water came from the sulphuric acid with which it was
mixed The sulphuric acid used in the manufacture is usually
what is known as 50 fifty acid or fifty degree Beaume acid
and contains about fiftyfive per cent of real sulphuric acid the
other fortyfive per cent being water After the semi liquid mass
has remained for a few days in the pile it is dry enough to be
handled and on digging into it we find it to be of a porous honey
combed structure crumbling easily between the fingers If the
acid phosphate is allowed to remain for a still longer time still
more water dries out from it and it becomes hard and lumpy
and requires to be broken up in a disintegrating machine before
h can be manipulated or sacked
But no matter how dry it becomes it readily dissolves when
placed in water the water at once acquiring an acid taste This
acid taste is due not to the sulphuric acid from which it was
made but to the monocalcic phosphate or acid phosphate or
superphosphate of lime which was produced by the splitting up
of the phosphate rock by the sulphuric acid This phosphoric
acid is called the soluble or watersoluble phosphoric acid In a
wellmade superphosphate there is no longer a particle of sul
phuric acid remaining as such Its powerful caustic and corro
sive properties have been absolutely killed or neutralized by the
lime of the phosphate rock A wonderful transformation has
been effected We started with powdered phosphate rock and
dilute sulphuric acid in the material which we have produced
from them there is neither phosphate rock nor sulphuric acid but
we have a mixture of a little free phosphoric acid of monocalcic
phosphate of sulphate of lime or landplaster a little water and a
little sand and a few other impurities such as were found in the
phosphate rock to begin with
The phosphoric acid the monocalcic phosphate and the sul
phate of lime are now harmless soluble in the soil waters and
ready for appropriation as food by the rootlets of the plant200
GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OE AGRICULTURE
WHAT INSOLUBLE PHOSPHORIC ACID IS
In practice the composition of the material will vary somewhat
from what I have just described for instance there will usually
be present a small percentage of what is known as insoluble
phosphoric acid This expression refers to a little phosphate
rock which escaped the action of the sulphuric acid because it is
safer to use a little less sulphuric acid than is required for all the
phosphate rock than to run the risk of getting too much of this
caustic and corrosive liquid and thus spoil the mixture Thus
if on studying the analysis of an acid phosphate or other fertilizer
you see that it contains one per cent of insoluble phosphoric
acid that means to say that the fertilizer contains two and eight
eenhundredths per cent of pure phosphate rock that the sul
phuric acid never touched because the manufacturer didnt put
enough sulphuric acid in the mixture to eat up this two per cent
of phosphate rock and convert it into superphosphate and land
plaster
This insoluble phosphoric acid however is not lost because
while it is not soluble so that the plant may take it up at once it
still remains in the soil and doubtless becomes acted on in the
course of time by the soil waters and eventually appropriated as
plant food There is also another constituent of an acid phos
phate which I did not mention during the first description of the
process of manufacture so as to avoid confusing you by crowd
ing too many names and facts together and that is that in most
acid phosphates there are present small percentages of what is
known as reverted phosphoric acid
WHAT REVERTED PHOSPHORIC ACID IS
Reverted phosphoric acid is that phosphoric acid which has re
verted or gone back from a condition soluble in water to one
which is insoluble in water For instance an acid phosphate may
be analyzed shortly after making and found to contain say four
teen per cent of watersoluble phosphoric acid after standing
for a month it might be analyzed again and found to contain only
twelve per cent of watersoluble phosphoric acid having lost two
per cent of the phosphoric acid soluble in water On examina
tion it is found that this two per cent has reverted or changed
from a condition soluble in pure cold water to a condition in
which it will not dissolve in water but will dissolve in a solutionBULLETIN NO 39
201
made to imitate the water of the soil It is therefore regarded
as being available for the use and growth of the plant
WHAT AVAILABLE PHOSPHORIC ACID IS
When therefore you see in our analysis of a commercial fer
tilizer the expression available phosphoric acid used you may
know that it means the percentages of watersoluble phosphoric
acid and reverted phosphoric acid added together and their sum
is called the available phosphoric acid Usually the percentage
of reverted phosphoric acid in an acid phosphate is small rang
ing generally from one to three per cent I have now described
to you in a brief way the principal materials which enter into the
manufacture of commercial fertilizers
LETTER NO ELEVEN
The Manufacture of Commercial Fertilizers
Having your materials it now remains to make a complete fer
tilizer or guano as it is popularly called It is not really a
guano this name properly belonging to the deposits of seabird
dung and decayed seabirds found on the rainless islands in the
Pacific ocean off the coast of South America and known as Peru
vian guano This material was extensively used both in Europe
and America some twentyfive or thirty years ago but it is now
comparatively scarce and rarely offered for sale The Peruvian
guano was rich in phosphoric acid nitrogen and potash making a
complete fertilizer hence the name guano came to be applied to
the complete artificial fertilizer made by simply mixing together
ingredients rich in nitrogen phosphoric acid and potash
The artificial mixture has this advantage over the natural that
it is easy to make a mixture to suit the requirements of any soil
or crop rich in phosphoric acid and poor in potash or rich in pot
ash and nitrogen and poor in phosphoric acid or any other com
bination which might be desired Suppose a manufacturer wants
to make a complete fertilizer containing eight per cent available
phosphoric acid two per cent nitrogen and two per cent of pot
ash and that he has acid phosphate cottonseedmeal and kainit
to make the goods from how does he go about it He first sends202
GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
samples of all these materials to a chemist and has them analyzed
The chemist reports that he finds the acid phosphate to contain
fourteen per cent of available phosphoric acid that the cotton
seedmeal contains six and a half per cent of nitrogen two and a
half per cent of phosphoric acid and one and a half per cent of
potash and that the kainit contains twelve and a half per cent of
potash With these data to go by the manufacturer after some
figuring calculates that he can make the goods he wants by taking
1050 pounds of the acid phosphate
650 pounds of the c s meal
300 pounds of the kainit
2000 pounds
So he has this formula made up perhaps five hundred tons of
it by having all these materials thoroughly mixed in the above
proportions passing them through his disintegrators screens and
ether machinery until he feels satisfied a complete mixture has
been effected Then to be sure everything is right he has an
other sample drawn from the mixed goods and sent to the chem
ist for analysis who if the mixture has been properly made
ought to report an analysis as follows
Available phosphoric acid816 per cent
Nitrogen211 per cent
Potash236 per cent
Suppose now the manufacturer is called upon by a peachgrow
er who has found that he needs a large quantity of phosphoric
acid and potash for his crop to make him up a goods guaranteed
to analyze ten per cent available phosphoric acid three and a half
per cent of nitrogen and seven and a half per cent of potash
The manufacturer soon sees by a little figuring that he can not
make this goods up with the materials he has on hand but must
go into the market and buy higher grade materials He finds he
can not make out of South Carolina rock an acid phosphate high
enough for his requirements but must buy some Tennessee rock
He does so and after making it up into acid phosphate finds that
it analyzes seventeen per cent available phosphoric acid he also
buys some muriate of potash analyzing fifty per cent of potash
and some sulphate of ammonia analyzing twenty and sixtenths
per cent of nitrogen Having these data he calculates the follow
ing formulaBULLETIN NO 39
203
17 per cent acid phosphate1200 pounds
Muriate of potash 300 pounds
Sulphate of ammonia 300 pounds
Cottonseedmeal 200 pounds
2000 pounds
After thorough mixing and manipulation in the factory as be
fore he sends a sample of the wellmixed goods to his chemist
and receives an analysis like this
Available phosphoric acid1045 Per cent
Nitrogen374 per cent
Potash765 per cent
which makes him feel satisfied as he has guaranteed to make for
his customer a complete fertilizer containing
Available phosphoric acid10 per cent
Nitrogen 35 per cent
Potash75 per cent
and he finds that he has done this with a small margin to spare
Now I am in receipt of questions from several farmers who study
the analyses in the bulletins wanting to know what it is that
makes up the balance of the one hundred per cent in the analysis
of a fertilizer like the one first given which contains
Available phosphoric acid 816 per cent
Nitrogen211 per cent
Potash236 per cent
1263 Per cent
WHAT MAKES THE HUNDRED PER CENT IN THE ANALYSIS OE
FERTILIZERS
They write and say here you have a total of twelve and sixty
three hundredths per cent what is the balance of eightyseven
and thirtyseven hundredths per cent We dont understand it
and we want to know what this big balance consists of Now
there are two ways of answering this question the first is by
giving you the formula according to which the goods were made
which was as you remember one thousand and fifty pounds of
fourteen per cent acid phosphate six hundred and fifty pounds
of cottonseedmeal containing six and a half per cent of nitrogen
and three hundred pounds of kainit containing twelve and a half204
GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OE AGRICULTURE
per cent of potash Therefore the goods in question will be
found on reducing these quantities to percentages to be composed
as follows
Acid phosphate 525 per cent
Cottonseedmeal325 per cent
Kainit 150 per cent
1000 per cent
There you have your 100 per cent and this is the mixture
which gave the analysis of 816 per cent available phosphoric
acid 211 per cent nitrogen and 236 per cent of potash
There is another way of answering the questions of those who
want to know what constitutes the eightyseven and thirtyseven
onehundredths per cent That way would be to make a laborious
and costly analysis in detail of all the various ingredients found
in the acid phosphate the cottonseedmeal and the kainit That
analysis when completed would only gratify your curiosity be
cause the essential elements which alone are of practical interest
the available phosphoric acid nitrogen and potash have already
ieen given I have however made a complete analysis of a fer
tilizer not the particular one we have been discussing but one
very similar to it made from South Carolina acid phosphate cot
tonseedmeal and kainit I give you below a copy of this analysis
which you will see adds up the full one hundred per cent
COMPLETE ANALYSIS OF A COMMERCIAL GUANO OR
r

i
O o
FERTILIZER
Per
MonoCalcic or SuperPhosphate of Lime
6 DiCalcic or Reverted Phosphate of Lime 3
c TriCalcic or BonePhosphate of Lime 1
Sulphate of Lime or Gypsum or LandPlaster 24
f Sulphate of Potash 3
d I Muriate of Potash 0
Potash or Potassium Oxide K20 0
Soda or Sodium Oxide 0
Common Salt or Sodium Chloride 5
Epsom Salts or Magnesium Sulphate 4
Magnesia or Magnesium Oxide 0
Magnesium Chloride
Pyrites or Bisulphide of Iron 0
Peroxide of Iron
Alumina
Fluoride of Lime
Sand or Insoluble Siliinous Matter
AVater
i oProtein
s W t Carbohydrates such as starch sugar and gum
3 1 Fat or Oil
2 J Fibre
0
0
0
5
9
13
8
4
1
Ctnl
52
02
99
60
19
30
50
29
41
14
41
86
40
63
64
39
87
33
20
li
37
77
10000BULLETIN NO 39
205

a Contains water Soluble Phosphoric Acid 578
6 Contains Reverted Phosphoric Acid 158
a and 6 Contain Available Phosphoric Acid 73i
c Contains Insoluble Phosphoric Acid 091
Total Phosphoric Acid 827
d Contains actual Potash 245 per cent
e Contains Nitrogen 211 per cent
Here also is given a complete analysis of an Acid Phosphate
or Superphosphate made from South Carolina rock
Per Cent
a MonoCalcic or SuperPhosphate of Lime 18 i3
b DiCalcic or RevertedPhosphate of Lime 575
c TriCacic or Bone Phosphate of Lime 380
Sulphate of Lime or Gypsum or LandPlaster 4605
Potash 0 12
Soda 0 38
Sodium Chloride 003
Bisulphide of Iron or Pyrites 074
Magnesia 014
Peroxide of Iron 110
Alumina 122
Fluoride of Lime 075
Sand or Silicious Insoluble Matter 929
Water 1250
10000
al Contains water Soluble Phosphoric Acid 1100
6 Contains Reverted Phosphoric Acid 300
a and b Contain available Phosphoric Acid 1400
c Contains Insoluble Phosphoric Acid 74
Total Phosphoric Acid 1574
LETTER NO TWELVE
Full Explanation oe the Preceding Analysis and of the
Subject of Fillers
In this analysis of the complete fertilizer the monocalcic or
superphosphate of lime given at 952 per cent contains 578 per
cent of watersoluble phosphoric acid That is to say in one
hundred pounds of the fertilizer there are nine and fiftytwo hun
dredths pounds of superphosphate of lime which dissolves readily
in water and of this amount five and seventyeight hundredths206
GEORCIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
pounds are pure phosphoric acid In like manner the fertilizer
contains in one hundred pounds 302 pounds of reverted phos
phate of lime and of this amount one and fiftyeight hundredths
pounds are pure phosphoric acid not readity soluble in water but
which does dissolve slowly in the soil and soilwater This is
also sometimes called citratesoluble phosphoric acid because
ir dissolves in a solution of citrate of ammonia made to imitate
the action of soil water The watersoluble phosphoric acid or
578 pounds and the reverted phosphoric acid or 158 pounds
are added together making 736 pounds and their sum is called
the available phosphoric acid being considered as available for
the use of the plant
Under the reverted phosphate of lime you will see in the
analysis there are 199 pounds of tricalcic phosphate or as it is
usually called bonephosphate of lime Of this amount 091
ninetyone hundredths of a pound is pure phosphoric acid but it
is in the form of tricalcic phosphate and will not dissolve in pure
water or in the soilwater and it is therefore called the insolu
ble phosphoric acid It is sometimes also called the acid solu
ble phosphoric acid because when the chemist analyzes it he uses
strong acid to dissolve it The available phosphoric acid and
the insoluble phosphoric acid added together make what is
called the total phosphoric acid or all the phosphoric acid there
is in the fertilizer
VALUABLE QUALITIES OE THE GYPSUM FOUND IN FERTILIZERS
Referring back to the analysis under the item tri or bone
phosphate you will find that the fertilizer also contains twenty
four and sixtenths pounds of sulphate of lime or gypsum or land
plaster which are all different names for one and the same thing
Gypsum is a good fertilizer of itself and has a special action of
its own in the soil breaking up the potashyielding silicates in
clay soils and bringing the potash into a soluble form as sulphate
of potash This gypsum as has been remarked was formed
when the sulphuric acid was mixed with the powdered phosphate
r ck and it is now held a prisoner by the lime in such a way that
it has lost all of its former caustic and corrosive qualities and
can do no harm but only good in the soil
Under the item of gypsum we find 319 pounds of sulphate of
potash this came out of the kainit used in making the fertilizer
and it contains one and seventenths pounds of actual potash
K20 Under this item you find threetenths of a pound ofBULLETIN NO 39
207
muriate of potash which also came out of the kainit and this
contains 019 of a pound of actual potash under this item again
you find 056 of a pound of actual potash This came out of the
cottonseedmeal Adding the three actual potash items together
they amount to two and fortyfive hundredths per cent 245 or
pounds per hundred Lastly look further down the line till you
come to the item protein You already know all about protein
as I have written you so much about it in previous letters This
thirteen and twotenths pounds of protein contains two and eleven
hundredths 211 pounds of nitrogen Now when the State De
partment of Agriculture analyzes a fertilizer it does not make
such an analysis as this because it would be too laborious too
costly and would really do no practical good so they go at once
into the meat of it and analyze the fertilizer for its available phos
phoric acid its nitrogen and potash and calculate its value from
these three ingredients
The analysis of such a fertilizer as we have been discussing
would appear in the annual Bulletin in this form
Available phosphoric acid 736 per cent
Insoluble phosphoric acid 091 per cent
Nitrogen 211 per cent
Potash K20 245 per cent
1283 per cent
As you see this analysis only foots up twelve and eightythree
hundredths pounds per hundred You need no longer ask what
constitutes the other eightyseven and seventeen hundredths
pounds All this extra 8717 per cent is filler filler put in by
nature and not by man
ALL ABOUT FILLERS
In this connection we may profitably say a few words in regard
to fillers A filler may be defined as being any substance put
into a fertilizer or existing there naturally which is not phos
phoric acid nitrogen or potash Fillers are of two kinds natural
and artificial I have just given you an instance of a natural
filler in the complete analysis of the fertilizer made out of acid
phosphate cottonseed meal and kainit and in this mixture only
twelve and eightythree hundredths pounds per hundred consisted
of phosphoric acid nitrogen and potash the rest was all filler
put there by nature in the original making of these materials It208
GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
is true man did put in some sulphuric acid but that was necessary
to make phosphoric acid available or soluble so it can scarcely be
considered as an artificial filler
The artificial filler is the filler put in by man for the purpose
of reducing the total percentage of plant food in a fertilizer The
materials used as artificial fillers are numerous they may be
sand powdered cinders graphitic slate shale pyrites cinder
marl gypsum etc All of them are practically without any value
as fertilizers how is it then you inquire that such substances
can be put into our fertilizers if we have an efficient inspection
by the Department of Agriculture I will explain to you how
that is Suppose that a manufacturer instead of having on hand
only South Carolina acid phosphate cottonseed meal and kainit
when you call on him for an 822 goods has on hand some of the
highest grade materials known to the trade
He has say acid phosphate made from Tennessee or Florida
rock which contains twenty per cent of available phosphoric
acid also nitrate of soda with sixteen per cent of nitrogen dried
blood with fourteen per cent nitrogen sulphate of ammonia with
twenty per cent nitrogen muriate of potash with fifty per cent
of potash with these materials on hand he receives your order
for a fertilizer guaranteed to contain as small an amount of plant
food as the law will permit viz twelve per cent made up of
eight per cent available phosphoric acid two per cent nitrogen
two per cent potash Considering the materials he has on hand
he figures out this formula
825 pounds of 20 per cent acid phosphate
215 pounds of 14 per cent dried blood
75 pounds of 16 per cent nitrate of soda
85 pounds of 50 per cent muriate of potash
1200 pounds
Now in this 1200 pounds of highgrade materials he has all
the plant food you called for with a small margin for safety Y u
called for eight per cent of a ton in available phosphoric acid cl
one hundred and sixty pounds and in his 825 pounds of twenty
per cent acid phosphate he has given you one hundred and sixty
five pounds of available phosphoric acid you called for two per
cent of a ton or forty pounds of nitrogen and in his 215 pounds
of dried blood containing fourteen per cent nitrogen and seven
tyfive pounds nitrate of soda with sixteen per cent of nitrogen
he has given you fortytwo and onetenth pounds of nitrogen InBULLETIN NO 39
209
like manner you called for forty pounds of potash and in eighty
five pounds of fifty per cent muriate of potash he has given
you fortytwo and a half pounds of actual potash Now the best
thing both for you and the manufacturer the cheapest thing for
both of you would be for him to send you that twelve hundred
pounds put up in six sacks which upon inspection and analysis
would show
Available phosphoric acid1375 Per cent
Nitrogen 35o per cent
Potash 354 per cent
But no you wont have it that way you must have a ton ten
sacks of 822 so the manufacturer rather than enter upon a
campaign of education with all of his customers obligingly
freights into his factory eight hundred pounds of powdered slate
mined some hundred miles away utterly worthless as fertilizer
and mixes it in with the twelve hundred pounds of good fertilizer
making one ton This mixture on inspection and analysis shows
Available phosphoric acid825 per cent
Nitrogen210 per cent
Potash212 per cent
A SMALL QUANTITY OE HIGH GRADE FERTILIZER BETTER THAN A
LARGE QUANTITY OP LOWER GRADE
Now suppose you had exercised a little common sense and
bought the six sacks analyzing 1375 35 and 354 you would
have been saved the cost of mining pulverizing and freighting of
the artificial filler to the factory and the freight on four sacks
of it from the factory to your railroad station and the wear and
tear on your mules hauling that extra eight hundred pounds ten
miles to the farm Wouldnt it have been much better to have
bought the six sacks and when you got home if you wanted it in
the proportion of 822 which is a good proportion to have
mixed up the six sacks yourself with woods earth or compost or
even sand before distributing I think I hear you say well thats
true but why dont you fix the law and raise the grade so these
fellows cant put in all this artificial filler
My dear friend there never yet was and there never will be a
law framed which can meet all the conditions of a great social and
industrial problem or which will compensate for the failure to210
GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
exercise his own intelligence on the part of the individual citizen
Think for a moment suppose we should pass a law making it
impossible to use any artificial fillers in the manufacture of
commercial fertilizers by raising the grade to a very high point
Do you not see that by so doing we should at once paralyze this
great industry and cut short the cotton crop of the State since
we would at once bar the use of South Carolina acid phosphate
cottonseed meal and kainit and a number of other good materials
of similar grade and thus at once raise the price of the highgrade
materials to an unheardof degree by greatly increasing the de
mand for them
No the conditions have been very thoroughly studied in every
particular by the Commissioners of Agriculture of the various
States aided and advised by those best qualified by experience and
training to understand the matter in all of its details and the
result of their deliberations is embodied in the new Georgia fer
tilizer law printed in this bulletin This law raises the grade of
commercial fertilizers from a total plant food of ten per cent min
imum under the old law to twelve per cent minimum and pro
tects the farmer in every way that a good and just law
can protect him It will give him the highest grade of fertil
izers he has ever bought it will protect him against fraud it will
guarantee that he gets every pound of fertilizing value that he
pays for in fine it is the best fertilizer law now on the statute
books of any State but even such a law can not prevent the use of
fillers
Only education on the part of the farmer and a demand on
his part for the higher grades of fertilizers will eliminate the use
of fillers When you and your brother farmers study the per
centages of plant food in a fertilizer and prefer to buy five or six
sacks of a high grade goods to buying ten sacks of a goods con
taining only the same quantity of actual plant food then there will
be no more filler put into highgrade fertilizer materials but
the capital of the manufacturer and the skill of the chemist will
be exerted in the effort to take out of the present lowgrade fer
tilizer materials as much as possible of the filler which God and
nature have put there Yours truly
Jno M McCandeESS
State ChemistBULLETIN NO 39
21J
RATIONS FOR HORSES AND MULES AT LIGHT
AVERAGE AND HARD WORK
S P Mattox of Elberton Ga writes asking for some formu
las for feeding mules and horses observing very correctly that a
mule or horse fed on hay and corn the year round will eat his head
off Yes this is a very important matter especially in view of
the high price of grain corn and oats this year When the Geor
gia farmer has failed to raise sufficient corn for his mules the cost
of feeding his work stock where he has to buy Western corn at
ruling high prices must make a ruinous inroad on the net sum he
has received for his cotton crop I have therefore calculated the
following rations for mules and horses at work and at rest using
as far as possible other nutrients than corn and reducing the
cost of feeding materially I have given rations for a mule at
light at average work and at hard work as it is a great waste of
provender to feed the same quantities under all conditions
Rations for mulesand horses of 1000 pounds weight per day
For horse or mule at light work
10 pounds peavine hay
10 pounds corn and cob meal
Nutritive ratio 16g
Ration for average work
10 pounds peavine hay
10 pounds corn and cob meal
3 pounds wheat bran
Nutritive ratio 164
Ration for hard work
10 pounds peavine hay
10 pounds corn and cob meal
10 pounds wheat bran
Nutritive ratio 1155
Ration for light work
10 pounds cornstover
10 pounds oats
3 pounds peameal
Nutritive ratio 168212
GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
Ration for average work
10 pounds cornstover
10 pounds oats
5 pounds peameal
Nutritive ratio i 6
Ration for hard work
10 pounds cornstover
10 pounds oats
10 pounds peameal
Nutritive ratio I 56
COTTONSEED MEAL RATIONS FOR HORSES AND
MULES
The above rations can be substituted for corn when the latter is
high and are much better balanced as regards their nutritive
ratio than the average ration of corn and fodder fed to work
stock Many farmers feed their stock 20 pounds of shelled corn
and 10 pounds of fodder blades and think they are feeding
them in the best manner As a matter of fact the poor mule gets
out of this ration only two pounds of protein when he should at
hard work have nearly three and gets over nineteen pounds of
carbohydrates when a rational standard of feeding would only
call for about thirteen The nutritive ratio of the corn and fodder
ration being 1 96 when it should approximate 1154 In bulletin
36 page 51 season of 18991900 after comparing cottonseed
meal with corn as to their feeding value and showing the great
superiority of the cottonseed meal I made this remark In the
light of these important facts it strikes me as being astonishing
that no experiments appear to have been made to see whether
horses and mules will not eat cottonseed meal and cottonseed
hulls one or both and if not voluntarily whether they could be
gradually trained to do so by mixing them gradually and by slow
ly increasing degrees with corn and oats and hay Since then I
have heard of some isolated cases where the cottonseed meal
ration has been used successfully and as there is no apparent
reason why it can not I ask the Georgia farmers to try some of
the following rations being careful to use only a good quality ofBULLETIN NO 39
213
cottonseed meal avoiding the use of any darkcolored damaged
or musty meal
Ration for light work
12 pounds mixed hay
8 pounds ground corn and oats equal parts
1 pound bright fresh cottonseed meal
Nutritive ratio 16J
Ration for average work
123 pounds mixed hay
10 pounds corn and cob meal
2y2 pounds bright fresh cottonseed meal
Nutritive ratio 165
Ration for hard work
12 pounds mixed hay
10 pounds corn and cob meal
A1 pounds bright cottonseed meal
Nutritive ratio 1 15
Mix in thoroughly with the corn and cob meal and if not
thoroughly relished try mixing in a little fine salt I would be
glad to have reports from any who may try the cottonseed meal
ration as to their success
FERTILIZING FOR COWPEAS
VALUABLE INFORMATION ABOUT COWPEAS PLANTING FERTILIZ
ING SAVING AND CURING THE HAY ETCEXTRACTED EROM
A BULLETIN BY THE SOUTHERN PINES EXPERIMENT STATION
NORTH CAROLINA
Cowpeas are so commonly recommended for green manuring
that the impression prevails that the growing plant itself needs no
fertilizer This is a mistake and often a serious one the more it
is fed the more food it will store up for the crop which follows
It is true the cowpea has power to draw nitrogen from the air and
use it for its own growth but for every pound of nitrogen thus214
GEORGIA DEPARTMENT Of AGRICULTURE
absorbed more than a pound of potash and considerable phos
phoric acid must also be taken up the latter two ingredients do
not exist in the air so they must be supplied artificially The ni
trogen absorbed by the cowpea plant enters into and forms a part
of the entire living plant and dry stubble but can not be made
from nitrogen alone not one atom of nitrogen can be assimilated
unless there are also present certain amounts of potash and phos
phoric acid The growing cowpea must get its potash and phos
phoric acid just as cotton just as corn just as every other grow
ing plant gets themfrom the soil to which they must be applied
in the shape of a fertilizer No plant growth whatever is possible
when potash phosphoric acid and nitrogen are not present and
available and no oversupply of one plant food element can com
pensate for the absence or scarcity of another Each must be
present and in the proper proportion otherwise there can not be a
full growth While cowpeas do have the property of drawing
nitrogen from the air nevertheless a certain amount of this in
gredient is required in the soil in which they grow and must be
artificially supplied if not already present The cowpea plant
begins to take up atmospheric nitrogen when its leaves develop
and on poor soils before this stage is reached the young plants
generally suffer from the lack of nitrogen This poverty of ni
trogen is indicated by a yellowish leaf absence of vigor in the
plant and a general sickly appearance an application of about
seventyfive pounds of nitrate of soda per acre quickly remedies
the trouble
While an artificial application of nitrogen is regulated by the cir
cumstances described there are no such conditions affecting potash
and phosphoric acid Experiments at the Louisiana Experiment
Station show that one acre of average cowpeas contains sixty
five pounds of nitrogen one hundred and eleven pounds of potash
and twenty pounds of phosphoric acid of this the roots and stub
ble alone contain eight pounds of nitrogen eighteen pounds of
potash and five pounds of phosphoric acid These figures vary
of course with different yields but the range of variation is not
wide and only serves to bring out clearly and boldly the fact that
with every pound of nitrogen a certain amount of potash and
phosphoric acid is also assimilated by cowpeas These weights
do not fix absolutely the amount of plant food needed by cow
peas but they do suggest approximately and relatively what the
crop draws from the soil and what even the least worn fields
ought to have returned to them in the shape of plant food to pre
vent the soil from gradually losing its fertility Let it be carefulBULLETIN NO 39
215
ly noted however that there is of necessity some waste in the
application of fertilizers that not all the plant food given a soil
can be gathered up and realized upon in crops There is a loss in
operation in the soil just as there is in a machine or in applying
any other chemical or mechanical force natural or otherwise
With ordinary fertilizers this loss in potash has been roughly
estimated at about onethird in phosphoric acid not less than
onehalf Therefore the actual amount of potash and phosphoric
acid to be provided to enable cowpeas to take up and assimilate
sixtyfive pounds of nitrogen is about 167 pounds of actual pot
ash and forty pounds of phosphoric acid equivalent to 334
pounds of muriate of potash and 300 pounds acid phosphate
This is not given here as a fertilizer formula for cowpeas but
merely to show what an acre of the crop must actually have
As already stated and now repeated and emphasized plant
growth can take place only when all three of the necessary con
stituents are present in sufficient quantities and in an available
condition The moment the supply of any one of these essential
constituents is exhausted normal growth stops and there can
not be a full crop After the cowpea has developed a few leaves
and so long as the plant can continue to take up all of the potash
and phosphoric acid required it will in turn get all the nitrogen
it needs from the air If however the supply of either potash or
phosphoric acid in the soil is insufficient then only a correspond
ing amount of nitrogen will be absorbed from the atmosphere
The practical application of this is then the more phosphoric
acid and potash there is supplied to the growing crop the larger
will be the amount of nitrogen drawn from the air This con
dition is well described as making the crop nitrogen hungry
or to state the proposition in other words if liberal quantities of
phosphoric acid and potash are supplied and nitrogen not given
the plant absorbs sufficient nitrogen from the air to balance the
supply of phosphoric acid and potash already used and not a par
ticle more Nitrogen is more expensive than any other element in
a complete fertilizer hence it is economy to assist the cowpea crop
to secure free of cost the largest possible quantity of nitrogen
from the air The larger the amount of phosphoric acid and pot
ash supplied to the crop to the limit of its healthy feeding the
greater is the assimilation of the free nitrogen of the air and so
financially the larger the investment in phosphoric acid and pot
ash within the above limits the greater the repayment or divi
dend in the form of the more expensive nitrogen The limit of
plant growth is determined largely by the mechanical conditions216
GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
of the soil and a suitable supply of moisture to make the plant
food available Plants grown on soils in good condition can
use a larger amount of fertilizer than those on soils too hard and
dry for the full development of roots
Phosphate and potash fertilizers should always be applied be
fore the seed is planted whether the planting is done broadcast or
in drills In the former case the fertilizer should be sown broad
cast and covered by the plowing or the same harrowing which
covers the peas In the latter the fertilizer may be strewn along
where the rows are to be and afterwards mixed with the soil by
opening the drill with a bulltongued plow A better way is to
run it through a fertilizer distributer to mix it with and apply it
to the soil and open the drill at the same time
A good mixture for cowpeas is 300 pounds acid phosphate and
100 pounds of muriate of potash per acre In case kainit is sub
stituted for muriate four times as much is requiredthat is 400
poundsto furnish the same amount of actual potash If a com
mercial brand of fertilizer be used for cowpeas perhaps the best
proportions on average soils are about eight per cent available
phosphoric acid and six per cent actual potash applied at the rate
of 400 to 500 pounds per acre and thoroughly mixed in the soil
before the peas are sown
If the young plants display a sickly yellow appearance about
seventyfive pounds of nitrate of soda ought to be used as a top
dressing but in order to avoid injury to the plants in top dressing
the nitrate and four or five times its bulk of dry earth should be
mixed together to dilute it and insure a more uniform distribu
tion
As a rule nitrogenous fertilizer is not required for cowpeas and
under the circumstances above mentioned and even when actually
needed a small application suffices The average farm land is de
ficient in nitrogen but when this element is to be supplied in the
form of commercial fertilizer it is better perhaps to apply it to
corn cotton grain grass and other crops which do not obtain it
from the air rather than to the cowpea which does so gather it
for itself It appears that when the cowpea grows on a soil nat
urally rich and well supplied with nitrogen the plant becomes
lazy and draws from the nitrogen already in the soil before
exerting its natural and peculiar power of collecting it from the
air by means of the little nodules on its roots Thus every habit
and characteristic of the plant shows that the true economy of the
cowpea is to restore poor land and make use of potash and phos
phoric acid rather than to deplete good land and use nitrogenBULLETIN NO 39
217
which can be employed to better advantage in producing other
crops which need it more From discussing fertilizer for cowpeas
or other crops no unvarying rule can be formulated Soils differ
so much that a mixture giving good results on one field may fail
or be wasteful on another Fields on the same farm often those
lying side by side differ in their crop requirements One experi
ment at the Delaware Experiment Station showed that where 160
pounds of muriate of potash were used per acre the yield of cow
pea vines was doubled while phosphoric acid was apparently with
out effect Here was a soil naturally strong in phosphoric acid
yet it would not be safe to accept this result as a sure rule for gen
eral fertilizing On most soils oflowproducing power potash
is a most useful element for the cowpea but phosphoric acid is
also more or less needed The one great object of fertilizing is
fully to supply the mineral needs of the plant guided by the well
established principle that when these are supplied in abundance
there is a corresponding gain in nitrogen
A little practical experimenting soon indicates about how much
potash and phosphoric acid to use Applications of different
quantities of these two ingredients on several parts of a field
afford opportunities for comparison Sandy soils are usually de
ficient in potash clays in phosphoric acid to applications of which
they usually quickly respond On sandy soils the cowpea can
make good use of 500 to 600 pounds of kainit and 300 to 350
pounds of acid phosphate per acre If muriate of potash be used
in place of kainit 135 to 150 pounds will answer On clay soils
less potash and more phosphoric acid may be used There need
be no fear that the potash and phosphoric acid above the actual
needs of the crop will be lost It is far wiser to run the risk of
over rather than under supply inasmuch as most of the surplus
will be stored up and available for subsequent crops
PLANTING
Cowpeas may be planted any time in the spring when the soil
is warm enough for planting beans and thereafter until within
two months of when fall frosts are expected Being of tropical
origin the plant develops best in warm weather and nothing is
gained by planting too early This is of special importance in the
North A cold rain may cause delay in germination or decay of
seed and result in irregular stands A few chilling days may
give the young plant a check from which it is slow to recover In
practice the time varies for planting to suit the purpose for which218
GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
the crop is grown The season of beginning its growth materially
modifies its time of maturing as well as its tendency to produce
vines or runners It is a common saying that early planting
makes vines but late planting makes peas For bulky luxuriant
vines for late grazing for green manuring or winter covering
for the ground early planting of some late maturing variety is
correct but where seed is the object planting should be timed
to allow only for safe maturing before frost In the South it is
common to sow late maturing varieties shortly after cotton is
planted and the early kinds from the opening of the spring to late
in August In the North the season is too short for the late
ripening varieties so early maturing sorts should be planted at
about the same time as beans or melons
The choice and advantage of sowing broadcast or in drills de
pends on the object in growing the crop and incidentally the time
of sowing and the cost of seed and labor In broadcasting no la
bor is needed in cultivating and the vines soon cover and shade
the ground so that the crop costs simply the seed and the sowing
and gathering in drills the labor and expense are more and the
quantity and quality of the yield usually better More seed is
required for broadcasting than for drills and at least one bushel
per acre should be used At the North five pecks are suggested
When put in drills these should be two and a half to three and a
half feet apart and the sowing may be done with an ordinary
corn drill A wheat drill can also be used to advantage by plug
ging or tying up the holes so as to make the rows three and a half
feet apart This will require about three pecks of seed per acre
When neither a corn drill nor a grain drill is available the plant
ing may be done by hand scattering the seed in previously opened
furrows and covering by hand or by any convenient implement
The covering should be from one to two inches deep on very
light soils three inches does no harm In a dry season or in nat
urally loose dry land deep planting is advisable When seed is
cheap and labor scarce broadcasting is usually the better plan
but when seed is dear and labor cheap and abundant drilling pays
better In whatever way the planting be clone the ground should
be left level and smooth especially if the crop is to be cut for hay
In the South where crab grass is abundant its growth is liable to
choke out the young peas and check their development in a wet
seasona point which should be given careful consideration in
the choice between broadcasting and drillingBULLETIN NO 39
219
CULTIVATION
When sown in drills peas should he cultivated two or three
times to keep down weeds and mellow the soil until the vines are
large enough to shade the ground The first cultivation should
be given with a smoothing harrow or weeder just as the peas are
coming up and the aftercultivation with a fivetooth cultivator or
at least a cultivator which runs very shallow for deep cultivation
is wholly unnecessary Peas planted between rows of corn
sugarcane or other crops are sometimes given one cultivation
when the main crop is laid by but oftener receive no attention
from planting until gathering sown broadcast of course they
can not be cultivated
Northern fruit growers have discovered a new use for cow
peas After much discussion it has been decided that a wise
treatment for bearing orchards is to give thorough surface culti
vation until about August first and then leave the ground to some
cover crop that is a crop that will make a rapid growth
through the late summer form a soft carpet for falling fruit and
for protecting the land during winter and then leave a large quan
tity of vegetable matter for plowing under in the spring As
early in the spring as possible cowpeas are sown in drills through
the orchardor even in hills two and a half feet apartand
from the time the plants are up constant and thorough cultivation
is given By August first the vines are too large for the culti
vator and they are left to grow at will In some instances crim
son clover is sown among the cowpea vines at the last cultivation
and with a variety like Early Black the clover makes a fair start
and covers the ground after the frost kills the cowpea vines
Such an orchard treatment has many advantages for which no
other plant combines within itself all the virtues and recommenda
tions that it can be planted early permits constant and thorough
cultivation provides a vast amount of vegetable matter decays
during the winter and permits early spring plowing Some or
chardists find it pays as well as benefits the fruits and trees to
turn in hogs and sheep in time for them to eat the early windfall
fruit and work up the excellent pasture into fat marketable live
stock
SAVING FOR HAY
Cowpea hay is best if cut and properly cured when the earliest
pods begin to ripen There is less hay and that inferior in qual220
GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
ity and nutriment if the harvesting be too early but stems be
come hard and woody parts of the leaves and seed drop and are
lost and the hay is even less valuable when cutting is too long
delayed than when it is done before any pods are ripe This hay
cures slowly and is subject to heatingsimilar to red cloverfor
which reason it needs to be thoroughly dry before it is stacked or
moved in a barn Unnecessary handling causes loss of leaves and
should be avoided The haymaking should begin only when the
weather promises to be fair Curing can not be rushed like
that of grasses hence it is better to allow the crop to become a
trifle overripe rather than attempt to save it in rainy weather
The dry yield is usually from two to three tons per acre and no
hay crop of that size can be cut dried and stored without great
labor
Prof E R Lloyd of Mississippi who has had a long experi
ence with the crop describes his method of harvesting and curing
it as follows
The mower is started in the morning as soon as the dew is off
and run until noon or until as much has been cut as can be han
dled in the afternoon As soon as the top of the cut vines is well
wilted the field is run over with a tedder to turn the vines over
and expose them more thoroughly to the air and sun When the
crop is very heavy the tedder is used the second time though this
is seldom necessary Vines which have been cut in the morning
and teddered in the afternoon may usually be put into small cocks
the next afternoon and if the weather promises to be favorable
left to remain in the cocks two or three days before they are
hauled to the barn If it should rain before the vines are put in
cocks they are not touched until the surface is well dried off and
then teddered as though freshly cut Those in cocks are not
opened until well dried on the outside and are then only handled
enough to secure a thorough airing A light rain does little dam
age to the hay even after the curing has begun if handled
promptly and properly and a heavy rain for a day or two may
fall on freshly cut vines and do little or no damage The essential
point in making hay is to do the work as rapidly as possible and
to avoid any handling of the vines when wet with either dew or
rain We find that it pays well to use a tedder for stirring up the
freshly cut vines so as to admit sun and air freely though if a
tedder can not be had the work can be done nearly as well
though more slowly by using a fork
Mr C B Matthews of Virginia after growing the crop for
more than thirty years saysBULLETIN NO 39
221
I cut with a rake reaper beginning in the morning after the
dew is off and continuing to cut until 3 p m throwing the vines
in small piles If the ground is dry and the weather clear I put
the piles into medium sized shocks on the following day handling
carefully with the fork to avoid shattering peas and leaves In
two or three days if the weather is favorable the shocks are ready
to be housed or to put into stacks Not having house room I
stack and top off with wheat straw The peas are gotten out as
the hay is needed in the winter
The two dangers to be guarded against in saving the hay are
overdrying so that the leaves become brittle drop off and waste
and failuretodry so that the thick succulent stems retain suf
ficent moisture to cause mould and decay The former danger
may practically be escaped by cutting before the plants become
ripe the latter by leaving the hay in cocks until it is so dry that
no moisture can be twisted from the larger stems
Some growers provide for curing the hay by erecting sheds
with tiers of poles somewhat resembling tobacco barns The
wilted vines are placed in layers on these poles to give free access
of air above and below each layer to cause gradual evaporation of
juice and moisture and perfect curing This method makes hay
of the very finest quality but is too slow and expensive to be
practiced on a large scale
It is not safe to bale the hay directly from the field Even
when it appears perfectly dry it may still contain sufficient mois
ture to cause heating and moulding if packed at once The only
safe plan is to put it for a few weeks into stacks covered with
straw or into a barn where it should not be piled too deep and
allow it thus to remain until all sweating is over and it is thor
oughly dry It may then be packed without danger of afterwards
finding rusty or mouldy hay in the center of the bales
It is somewhat doubtful if the cowpea can be recommended for
universal hay making at the North It ripens at a season not fa
vorable for curing green fodder and when other farm work is
pressing Good hay has been made from it at the North but the
chances are against great success with it and the Northern farm
er will do better to regard it as a manurial or pasture crop Some
Northern dairymen have used it as a soiling crop cut green and
fed to the cows still its chief value in cold climates is as a nitro
gen gatherer and soil restorer222
GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
SAVING SEED
When the pea crop is grown between corn rows or is fairly
ripe before it is grazed or remains on the ground for a winter
cover it is usually good economy to gather the seed This is
commonly done by handpicking often by women and children
who work for a share usually onehalf of the crop
Some growers prefer the plan of storing the unshelled pods
through the winter This serves in a measure but not completely
to protect the seed from weevil Others in order to save storage
room thresh as soon as the pods are thoroughly dry Instead of
gathering the seed separately some delay cutting until a consider
able proportion of the pods are ripe and then depend on the peas
shelled in handling and found in the bottom of the mow for a
seed supply for the next crop
Threshing may be done any time after the pods are thoroughly
dry on farms where only a few bushels of seed are saved this is
usually done with a flail When grown in quantity they are com
monly threshed more easily rapidly and economically by a pea
huller Sometimes the crop is cured as hay and then run through
an ordinary threshing machine from which the concaves and
alternate teeth of the cylinder have been removed and the speed
reduced by putting on a 20 or 24inch cylinderhead The yield of
seed varies greatly ranging from six to ten bushels per acre
grown between corn rows and only once picked to twenty to
thirty bushels or more grown alone allowed fully to mature and
all the seed saved
The same weevil which attacks the garden bean lays her eggs
on cowpea pods before they are gathered and there is not now
any known means of preventing her doing so If the seed be
stored where there is an even temperature a few degrees above
freezing there is further danger of a second and third brood
hatching during the winter and seriously injuring the seed be
fore spring This injury can be prevented by treating the stored
seed with carbon bisulphide which affords a cheap and complete
protection The treatment is very simple and should be given as
soon as the seed is threshed and before it is stored for the winter
Tut the seed into tight barrels or boxes and pour in about one
ounce of bisulphide for each bushel of seed As soon as the
poison has been poured in tightly cover the top of the barrel or
box with old sacks or any convenient material to confine the
fumes of the chemical and enable it to kill all insects present If
the seed be kept for late planting it may again become infestedBULLETIN NO 39
223
in the spring when a second treatment should be given The
bisulphide does not injure the peas for planting or for table use
but is very inflammable and must be kept away from any fire
A lighted lamp or lantern or even a lighted pipe must not be
brought into the building where the seed has been treated until
the peculiar odor of the chemical has disappeared which will be
in about three days
INFORMATION ABOUT ASHES
According to Wiley
The composition of the ash of woods is extremely variable
Not only do different varieties of trees have varying quantities of
ash but in the same variety the bark and twigs will give an ash
quite different in quantity and composition from that furnished
hy the wood itself In general the hard woods such as hickory
oak and maple furnish a quality of ash superior for fertilizing
purposes to that afforded by the soft woods such as the pine and
tulip trees The character of the unleached wood ashes found in
the trade is indicated by the subjoined analyses The first table
contains the mean maximum and minimum results of the analy
ses of ninetyseven samples by Goessmann
1 MEAN COMPOSITION OP WOOD ASHES
Means Maxima Minima
Iotash 55 19 343 35 129 120 299 102 40 509 75 279 286 25 03 180 23 21 07
Lime
Magnesia

Carbon dioxide and undetermined

The data obtained in sixteen analyses made at the Connecticut
station are given below 224
GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OE AGRICULTURE
Means I Maxima
Minima
Potash
Phosphoric acid
53
14
40
1
In fifteen analyses of ashes from domestic woodfires in stoves
the following mean percentages of potash and phosphoric acid
were found
Potash963
Phosphoric acid232
In leaching ashes lose chiefly the potassium carbonate and phos
phate which they contain Leached and unleached Canada ashes
have the following composition
Unleached
per cent
Leached
percent
Insoluble
Moisture
Calcium Carbonate and hydroxide
Potassium Carbonate
Phosphoric acid
Undetermined
In the wood ashes of commerce therefore it is evident that the
proportion of the potash to the lime is relatively low
The number of parts by weight of the chief ingredients of the
ash in 10000 pounds of woods of different kinds is given in table
below
POUNDS OF THE INGREDIENTS NAMED IN 10000 POUNDS OF WOOD
Dogwood
Florida
Sycamore
Pintanus
Orciili it
tulis
Potash
Phosphoric acid
Lime
Magnesia
902
572
6 41
1167
18 06
955
2473
049
Post Oak
Q oblu
silobaj
Ash F
Ameri
cana
Red Oak
t Qnercus
rubra
Hickory
Varya
lomen
tosa
1685
696
3561
528
1494 1395
115 598
760 2740
010 305
1380
5 83
1840
4 86BULLETIN NO 39
225
White
Oak Q
alia
Magnolia
M
Grandi
flora
Georgia
Pine P
palus
tris
Potash
Phos acid
Lime
Magnesia
10 GO
249
785
090
713
319
1421
294
501
124
1804
203
Yellow
Pine P
mitis
454
096
1516
074
Black
Pine
Picea
migra
Chest
nut
Cauana
vesta or
saliva
Old
Field
Pine
P
mitis
302
092
1246
010
290
109
793
034
079
073
1212
117
15 a b226
GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OE AGRICULTURE
USEFUL REFERENCE TABLES
COMPOSITION FERTILIZER MATERIALS
TABLE INITROGENOUS MATERIAL
POUNDS PER HUNDRED
Nitrogen
Phosphoric
Acid
Potash
Nitrate of Soda
Sulphate of Ammonia
Dried Blood
Concentrated Tankage
Bone Tankage
Dried Fish crap
Cotton Seed Meal
Hoof Meal
151 to 16
19 to 20J
10 to 14
11 to 12
5 to 8
7 to 9
6 to 7i
13 to 14
1 to 2
10 to 15
6 to 8
2 to 3
H to 2
1J to 2
Toco veri nitrogen percentage into ammonia percentage multiply by 1214 Thus
10 per cent nitrogen is equivalent to 1214 per cent of ammonia
TABLE II PHOSPHATE MATERIALS
Nitrogen Available Phos Acid Insoluble Phos Acid Potash
36 88 3589 2828 030 8 94 1433 34 27 2677 6 90 2628 1 3 3335 2632 1 6 1517 1020 2 3


1670 3881 755
Keystone Concentrated Phosphate
076


Peruvian Guano average 7 85 836 261
1215


1419 5 8 6 0 1315
2i to 4 1 to 2i 2 to 3
Steamed Bone Dissolved Bone

BULLETIN NO 39
227
TABLE IIIPOTASH MATERIALS AMD FARM MANURES
POUNDS PER HUNDRED
Actual
Potash
Nitro
gen
Phos
phoric
Acid
Lime
Muriate of Potash
Sulphate of Potash
Double Sulphate of Pot and Magnesia
KainH
Sylvinit
Cotton Seed Hull Ashes
Wood Ashes unleached
Wood Ashes leached
Tobacco Stems
Cow Manure fresh
Horse Manure fresh
Sheep Manure fresh
Hog Manure fresh
Hen Dung fresh
Mixed Stable Manure
50
48 to 52
26 to 30
12 to 12J
16 to 20
15 to 30
2 to 8
1 to 2
5 to 8
040
053
0 67
060
085
063
2 to 3
034
058
083
045
163
050
7 to 9
1 to 2
1 to 1J
016
028
023
019
154
026
10
3035
3540
031
021
033
0 08
024
070
FACTORS FOR CONVERSION
To convert
Ammonia into nitrogen multiply by 0824
Nitrogen into ammonia multiply by1214
Nitrate of soda into nitrogen multiply by 1647
Bone phosphate into phosphoric acid multiply by 0458
Phosphoric acid into bone phosphate multiply by 2183
Muriate of potash into actual potash multiply by 0632
Actual potash into muriate of potash multiply by 1583
Sulphate of potash into actual potash multiply by 0541
Actual potash into sulphate of potash multiply by 185
For instance you buy 95 per cent of nitrate of soda and want
to know how much nitrogen is in it multiply 95 per cent by
1647 you will get 1565 per cent nitrogen you want to know
how much ammonia this nitrogen is equivalent to then multiply
1565 per cent by 1214 and you get 1899 Per cent the equiva
lent in ammoniaKainit
Curnalit
Sylvinit
TABLE IV
Average Composition of Stassfurt German Potash Salts
Name of Salts
In 100 parts are contained
K2S04
A Crude Salts
Natural Products
B Concentrated Salts
Manufactured Products
Sulphate of Potash
Sulphate of PotashMagnesia or Double Manure Salts
Muriate of Potash
9095
7075
Manure Salt min 20 Potash
Manure Salt min 30 Potash
213
lb
972
90
504
17
20
12
son
a
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155
26S
03
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91
83
725
316
476

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07 27
340
02 0 4 08
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124
215
26
04
10
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0 3
06
53
48
a a

J5
KaCl
346
224
567
02
12
25
71
145
212
40 2
262
ej
CaS04
17
19
03
04
09
02
21
22
Oft
532
t
AC
08
05
32
02
03
06
02
02
05
40
35
Water
Calculated to
Pure Potash
K0
Aver
age
Guar
anteed
12
26
4
07
22
116
128
98
174
52 7
499
272
577
527
466
210
306
124
90
124
518
486
259
568
50 5
441
200
300
to
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wBULLETIN NO 39
229
DISTANCES RECOMMENDED FOR PLANTING
Apples standard20 to 30 feet each way
Apples dwarf 6 to 10
Pears standard20
Pears dwarf10 to 15
Quinces 12
Peaches 20 to 25
Plums15 to 20
Cherries14 to 20
Figs10 to 15
Japan Persimmons20 to 25
Mulberries20 to 25
Blackberries 6 to 8 by 4 feet
Raspben ies 6 by 2 feet
Currants 4 to 5 feet by 4 feet
Gooseberries 4 to 5
StrawberriesHills15x15 inches
Matted Rows4x1 foot
Asparagus 4x2 feet
Rhubaro 4x2
Grapes 8x9
Oranges30 x 30
NUMBER OP PLANTS PER ACRE AT VARIOUS DISTANCES
Distance Incties Plants Distance Indies Plants Distance F et Plants Distance Feet Plants
1 X 1 6272640 10 x 48 13068 4x5 2178 9 x 10 884
1 X 3 2090880 15 x 15 27878 4x6 1816 9x11 440
1 X 4 1568160 15 x 30 13939 4x7 1556 9 x 12 403
1 X 5 1254527 15 x 36 11616 5x5 1742 10 x 10 435
2 x 2 1568160 18 x 36 9680 5x6 1452 10 x 12 363
2 x 3 1045440 18 x 48 7260 5x7 1242 10 x 15 290
2 x 4 781080 5x8 1089 10 x 1 242
2 x 5 627264 5x9 968 10 x 20 217
3 x 3 696960 1 x 1 43560 6x6 1210 12 x 12 302
3 x 4 522 720 1x2 21780 6x7 1037 12 x 15 242
3 x 5 318175 1 x 3 14520 6x8 907 12 x 20 181
4 x 4 392040 1 x 4 10890 6x9 8118 15 x 15 193
4 x 5 313612 1x5 8712 6 x 10 726 15 x 18 161
5 x 5 250905 2x2 10890 7x7 88 15 x 20 145
0 X 6 174240 2x3 7260 7x8 777 18 x 18 134
7 x 7 128013 2x4 5445 7x9 691 18 x 20 121
8 x 8 98010 2x5 4356 7 x 10 622 18 x 24 100
X 9 77440 3x3 4810 8x8 680 20 x 20 108
10 x 10 62726 3x4 3630 8x9 605 20 x 24 8
10 x 20 31362 3x5 2901 8 x 10 554 20 x 30
10 x 24 26132 3x6 2420 8x11 495 30 x 24 60
10 x 30 20908 3x7 2074 8 x 12 453 30 x 30 48
10 x 36 17424 4x4 2722 9x9 537 30 x 36 40
AMOUNTS OP PHOSPHOKIC ACID NITROGEN AND POTASH ANNUALLY REMOVED FROM ONE ACRE BY
VARIOUS CROPS
Wheat
Rye
Barley
Oats
Corn
Buckweat
Potato
Sugar Beets
Mangel Wurzel
MeadowHay
Timothy
Green Corn
Red Clover in bloom
Lucerne
Crimson Clover
Sugar Cane
Sorghum
Cotton
H ops
Tobacco
Grapes
Cabbage
Cucumber
Onions
Oranges
35 bushels
30
40
00 It
50 li
30
200 it
15
22
tons
tons
7
20
15
750 lbs seed
600 strobile
1600 leaves
2 tons grapes
31 heads
25 tons
134 tons
20000 lbs fruit
2700 lbs
4000
2300
2900
4100
2210
1450
1 e aves
stubble
3 tons
6
DRY
2 tons
2
and
2
2
tons
250 lbs lint
1200 leaves
1300 stems
lTtops
300 lbs
250
390
25
950
cobs
Phos
phoric
Acid
Nitro
gen
Potash
1500 lbs Ramber
2 tons wood
24
26
21
22
31
30
21
32
46
23
32
46
28
26
11
15
24
9
23
23
11
88
30
37
10
lbs
59 lbs
51
46
55
67
35
46
69
150
83
89
85
105
113
60
153
121
26
84
89
32
150
86
72
24
31
45
38
62
80
9
74
143
264
85
94
164
96
7
36
44
153
10
53
103
39
360
116
72
103
lbs
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BULLETIN NO 39
231
WINTER TREATMENT OF THE SAN JOSE SCALE IN
THE LIGHT OF RECENT EXPERIMENTS
By W M SCOTT and W F FISKE
INTRODUCTION
Since the discovery of the San Jose scale in the East many ex
periments have been made in search of a satisfactory remedy for
it and practically every substance that from the nature of the in
sect gave promise of relief has been tested in one form or another
The question of treatment for nursery stock or other plants that
could be conveniently brought into an enclosure was early settled
hydrocyanic acid gas proving quite efficient but the struggle for
a remedy that would give entire satisfaction in the treatment of
infested orchards has continued and it can not yet be said that the
desired end in all particulars has been reached The great desid
eratum has been to make an application that would effectually de
stroy the scale insects without damaging the trees or endangering
the fruit crop The susceptibility of such plants as the peach to
injury from applications of a sufficient strength to kill the scale
and the difficulty with which protected portions of a tree are
reached have made this an almost insurmountable problem
Unfortunately the results obtained by workers in different sec
tions of the country conflict to such a degree as to usually restrict
their application to limited areas This has necessitated a multi
plicityof experiments in order to determine what remedy is best
suited to particular sections The variability in results has per
haps been greater from the use of petroleum oils than from any
other substance Applications of oils in different localities of the
same State have produced conflicting results Even individual
trees in the same orchard are oftentimes affected differently
The reason for this is not altogether clear but it is highly prob
able that the physiological condition of the plants as well as that
Also published as Bulletin No 4 Georgia State Board of Entomology232
GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OE AGRICULTURE
of the insects would afford at least a partial explanation More
over there is frequently a difference in the composition of what is
supposed to be the same insecticide obtained from different
sources There are probably no two localities that furnish petro
leum identical in chemical composition and even the oil from one
well may not always remain constant in this respect It would
appear therefore that the services of both a physiologist and a
chemist are greatly needed to assist in the solution of the problem
at hand
For several years the petroleum oils have taken the lead as a
remedy for the San Jose scale in the East and they have perhaps
been more extensively used in Georgia than in any other State
more than half a million trees having been sprayed with oils here
during last winter alone The results from the use of both kero
sene and crude oil in this State have been satisfactory upon the
whole but occasional damage to the treated trees as well as lack
of effect against the scale has resulted from applications of the
recommended 20 per ent strength In most cases however
these adverse results are traceable to defects in the pumps careless
ness of the operators in making the application or other causes
more or less within the power of the orchardist to control
Perhaps whaleoil soap though varying greatly in its effect
upon both the scale insects and the fruit buds m different sections
has given more uniform results the country over than any other
substance used For a few years it was the accepted remedy in
many sections and is still given the preference by some workers
It has been very little used in Georgia and has never gained any
prominence as a scale remedy here
The California lime salt and sulphur wash has been for many
years extensively used on the Pacific coast as thefavorite remedy
for the San Jose scale Early experiments with this wash in the
East did not show good results and until recently it has been sup
posed that climatic conditions rendered it valueless here How
ever recent experiments have thrown more light upon the nature
and effect of this treatment and it now promises to become an effi
cient remedy in the Atlantic as it is in the Pacific States
Such insecticides as the resin wash and caustic potash have
also taken part in the struggle against the scale with varying de
grees of success Aside from these better known scale remedies
the fruitgrowers have been invaded with venders of various sure
cure washes and compounds with the usual guarantee attached
It became necessary therefore to determine the value of theseBUEEETIN NO 39
233
various substances in comparison with the oils officially recom
mended by the department and for this purpose the experiments
recorded herein were planned and executed In order to place
the work on a commercial basis and to obtain results that would be
applicable to large orchards each substance tested was applied to
several hundred trees Discrepancies likely to arise in practical
work do not always become apparent in a test upon only a few
trees hence the greater value of practical experiments
CONDITION OF THE TREES EMPLOYED
For several reasons it was not deemed necessary to use other
than peach trees in the experiments although had it been conve
nient other kinds would have been included With the exception
of Le Conte and Kieffer pears which do not appear to suffer from
the attacks of scale the peach and plum are the only fruits exten
sively grown in the State Former experiments have shown that
the plum is slightly less susceptible to injury from insecticide ap
plications than the peach and that it is capable of taking the same
treatment without risk A few cases of infested apple orchards
exist in North Georgia but safe remedies for infested peach trees
can be used with equal effect and safety upon the apple Hence
recommendations for the treatment of infested plum and apple
trees can be based on results obtained in the peach orchard
The experiments were conducted in two orchards both located
at Marshallville Ga One owned by Mr S H Rumph was two
years old and contained 17000 trees and the other owned by Mr
F J Frederick was four years old and contained about 2000
trees
The Rumph orchard was planted in February 1900 and has
since received such cultivation as the growth of cotton between
the rows would allow At planting time the trees were given the
customary amount of fertilizer and have since had only such
amount as they could obtain from that distributedin the cotton
rows The pruning has been light merely the cutting out of su
perfluous branches and no heading back The varieties composing
it are Triumph Dewey Waddell Pansy Red River Tillotson
Carmen Mountain Rose Hiley Slappy and Lady Ingold
This orchard evidently became infested with San Jose scale
from local spread within a few months after it was planted It
appears that cotton pickers while at work among the trees thor
oughly disseminated the scale over the entire orchard on their234
GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE
clothing They frequently left their work and went foraging for
fruit in a neighboring orchard that was badly infested thus es
tablishing a continuous communication between the two orchards
for about ten days The infestation was so thorough that upon
inspection less than 10 per cent of the trees were found entirely
free and from ten to forty trees in each plot of four hundred were
either completely encrusted or nearly so
When the orchard was given to our charge for experimental
work it had received no previous treatment for scale The extent
of infestation the age of the trees and the large number of varie
ties combined to make this orchard an exceptionally desirable one
for the experiment
The Frederick orchard was selected more particularly with a
view of testing the effect of the insecticides on the fruit buds the
Rumph orchard being too young to be expected to bear a full crop
of fruit the following season In varieties it consisted of Carmen
Belle of Georgia Elberta and Emma An inspection previous to
treatment showed San Jose scale on nearly every tree and about
25 per cent were badly infested Scale had been found in
the orchard the previous year but no treatment had been applied
and as a consequence a few trees had died Aside from the effect
of the scale both orchards were in a vigorous condition and weL
supplied with fruit buds
i CONDITION OE THE SCAEE INSECT
The natural life of the San Jose scale being only about ten
weeks for the female and less for the male very few that had
reached maturity during the summer would be expected to pass
the winter alive Our observations in connection with the experi
ments showed that all but a very small per cent of the mature in
sects that began the winter alive died without treatment before
spring Moreover examinations of check trees in early spring
revealed the fact that at least 30 per cent of the immature
scales had also perished during the course of the winter The
cause of this fatality among the halfgrown insects that should
normally pass the winter in good condition is not known In ac
counting for a similar occurrence in Illinois Dr Forbes suggests
that it might be attributable to a severe drouth of the preceding
year This would hardly explain the occurrence here as the trees
in the test orchards were not subjected to a drouth of sufficient
severity to be materially affected
Bull 71 Univ of 111 Agr Exp StationBULLETIN NO 39
2
PERIOD COVERED BY THE WORK
It was intended to divide the work into fall winter and spring
and thus triplicate the experiments with each substance but delay
in obtaining some of the materials and apparatus interfered some
what with this plan On November 30th 1901 the work was
begun and it was continued at intervals as the weather would per
mit through December January February and up to March 7th
when the most advanced buds were beginning to part their petals
The weather conditions in their relation to the results will be
recorded with the details of the experiments For the purpose of
testing summer washes the experiments were taken up again in
July of the present year but results from the summer work can
not be reported at this time
Beginning in March notes upon the results were taken at sev
eral different times until August during which month the last ob
servations were made Had conclusions been drawn from the
early observations alone the recorded results would have been
different In August after the insects had been breeding for some
time the observations were obviously more practical By actually
counting the dead and living scales the percentage of fatality
could be more readily approximated in early spring but after the
insects had passed through a portion of the breeding period the
actual conditions could be more accurately determined
substances employed
It was desired to cover the field of known and promising reme
dies as completely as possible but owing to the extent of the un
dertaking and failure to secure some of the substances a portion
of the test originally planned for had to be omitted It is partic
ularly unfortunate that the Beaumont oil was not tested Repeated
attempts to secure this substance resulted in failure until too late
to make the application However this oil together with other
substances will be tested next winter in the continuation of these
experiments The substances actually used in the tests may be
classified as follows
Oils
Pennsylvania crude 43 gravity
Refined kerosene 1500 flash test
Ohio crude fuel oil
California Distillate236
GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
Soaps
Leggetts Anchor Brand
Leggetts Whaleoil Soap Compound
Goods No 3
Goods No 6 Tobacco
Turpentine Soap
Caustic Washes
Lime Salt and Sulphur
Crude Caustic Potash
Resin Wash
Carbolic Acid Emulsion
GENERAL STATEMENT OE THE WORK WITH CON
CLUSIONS DRAWN FROM THE RESULTS
It is not the purpose of this paper to give the details of the
experiments and the percentages of fatality among the scale in
sects produced by the insecticides but rather to record such con
clusions reached from the results as will be of the most value to
the fruitgrowers in the treatment of their orchards
The Rumph orchard was divided into plots of 400 trees each
and these plots were so arranged that each contained at least five
varieties of peaches and from 10 to 40 badly infested trees In
repeating applications it became necessary to subdivide some of
the plots using only 100 or 200 trees to the test In the Frederick
orchard the size of the plots ranged from 25 to 150 trees with an
abundance of scale throughout each plot
PETROLEUM OIES
Kerosene in mechanical mixture with water was for several
years the chief remedy recommended by this department for the
San Jose scale but experiments begun in the winter of 18991900
indicated that crude oil was slightly more effective and less dan
gerous For two years therefore the latter substance has been
given equal rank with kerosene as a scale remedy here but theBULLETIN NO 39
237
comparative value of the two oils as well as a number of other
points connected with their use as a spray remained indefinitely
settled While it was not possible to cover the entire ground in
one season the results obtained from lart winters work have
thrown considerable light upon the problems in hand
The Pennsylvania crude oil used in the experiments was ob
tained in two lots one from the Standard Oil Company and the
other from the Emery Manufacturing Company Bradford Pa
No distinction could be made between the oils in the two lots both
registering 4343 gravity The kerosene was bought local
ly and was of the grade 1500 flash test
The observations taken between March and June inclusive
when actual counts were made of dead and living scales were
deceiving in some particulars Two applications appeared to have
but little advantage over one and the results upon the whole were
not consistent with what should have been expected The August
observations however cleared up many discrepancies especially
showing superior results from two applwations In making the
earlier examinations the small spaces missed by the spray were
naturally overlooked in most cases the portions best exposed
being the more convenient for making counts to determine the pro
portion of dead to living scales Hence applications that showed
almost perfect results before the scale commenced breeding proved
to be inefficient when the August observations were made
The Comparative Value of Crude Oil and KeroseneFrom
our results it is impossible to make any decision other than that
both kerosene and crude oil are good and perhaps equally the best
remedies that may be employed against the San Jose scale when
they are applied in the proper manner and with due precaution
The results from two applications of either substance at strengths
not lower than 15 per cent were uniformly good but single ap
plications varied to a surprising degree in their effect upon the
scale In the course of the experiments in the Rumph orchard sin
gle applications of kerosene were made to 11 plots and of crude
oil to 22 plots strengths of 10 15 20 and 25 per cents being
used In the majority of these plots the results were not satisfac
tory when contrasted with those obtained from two applicatiois
The extreme variation noticed between the results from single
applications of the same strength made on different days is diffi
cult to account for It occurred to an equal degree in both sub
stances but to a less extent when the mechanical mixture was re
placed by emulsion The working of the pumps the weather con238
GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OE AGRICULTURE
ditions and the season of the year may all have had some in
fluence and occasional carelessness of the man at the nozzle must
be considered one of the most important factors
In the Frederick orchard which it will be remembered consisted
of older trees the results were more uniform throughout Both
the refined and crude oil proved effective as a single application
and plots treated once with only 15 per cent showed very little
live scale in August
In the Rumph orchard neither substance had any apparent
damaging effect upon the trees nor in the Frederick orchard ex
cept when a few trees received an overdose of oil through fault in
the action of the mechanical mixing pump Therefore so far as
the actual observation upon the results indicate the refined and
crude oil may be considered equally effective and as little or no
damage was done to the trees by either equally safe But owing
to the residuum with which the trees are left coated for several
weeks by applications of crude oil it would appear that in general
practice this substance might prove more destructive to the scale
than kerosene
One Versus Two ApplicationsHere the results of our experi
ments speak most decidedly and in favor of two applications as
against one In the Rumph orchard eight plots were treated twice
and all with a single exception satisfactorily A plot sprayed with
10 per cent kerosene in emulsion and followed later with 15 per
cent was the exception and even here the result was better than in
several cases where 25 per cent as one application was used A
15 per cent strength of kerosene in emulsion applied November
30th followed by a 20 per cent strength of the same on February
24th gave as nearly perfect results as anything employed and
the same fall treatment followed by 15 per cent in February was
almost equally perfect
In the Frederick orchard notes taken in August showed a no
ticeable superiority of two applications over one though of ac
count of the better results here obtained with a single spraying
the difference was not so marked as on the younger trees compos
ing the Rumph orchard
The reasons for the additional effectiveness of two applications
even though the same amount of oil was used in a single one are
several The most important is that in two applications the trees
have a double chance of being entirely coated with the spray It
is not always practical to choose perfectly calm days for the work
and if there is considerable wind it is next to impossible to coverBULLETIN NO 39
239
every part of the tree Even under the best conditions unless the
hands that hold the nozzles are exceptionally good a twig or a
portion of a limb is likely to be missed occasionally so that a
second spraying is necessary to complete the work Moreover it
is certain that any strength less than 20 per cent will not kill all
the scales hit and even 20 per cent or 25 per cent may fail to kill
an occasional one while two applications of even 15 per cent or
particularly 15 per cent followed by 20 per cent appear to be
sure There is also good reason to suppose that two weak applica
tions have less injurious effect on the tree than one of greater
strength provided they are made at least thirty days apart to
avoid the accumulative effect
Fall versus Spring SprayingIt was at first intended to carry
out a series of experiments which should determine the relative
values of fall winter and spring spraying but as has already been
stated it was found impossible to procure the apparatus and ma
terials necessary for an extended experiment with oils before
Christmas A few plots which were sprayed in November and
December and a large number that were treated in January were
therefore compared with plots sprayed during late February and
early March Though the results of these later applications were
not uniformly superior to those of the earlier they proved on the
whole to be distinctly better A greater proportion of the scale
were killed and the springtreated plots averaged freer when ex
amined in August than those plots sprayed with the same strengths
and substances in the fall and winter
Perhaps the most reasonable explanation of this is that the
scale insects become more or less weakened by their long sleep
through the winter months and therefore withstand the action
of the oil less effectually On the other hand it might be said
that in the spring time they have begun to arouse themselves from
their state of torpor and even to grow a little and that they are
for this reason more susceptible to the effects of the spray It is
generally believed that the contrary is the case with the tree
which is supposed to be more easily injured by the use of oil dur
ing the winter months than after the flow of sap has begun in the
spring but no information on this point can be gleaned from the
results of our experiments
There are none the less strong advantages in the treatment of
trees in the fall which should not be lost sight of in this discus
Scattered all through the Rumph orchard were trees badly
sion
infested with scale even to the point of encrustation When the240
GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OE AGRICULTURE
last thorough examination of the experimental plots was made
in August it was noticed that such trees when included in plots
that had been successfully treated in the fall and to a less extent
in those sprayed in January had thrown out a much stronger
growth than in those that were left untouched until spring In
some instances there was as much difference as between a com
paratively healthy tree in the one case and a dead tree in the other
and though often less marked than this the superiority of the
fall treatment was generally manifest This must not be con
strued as an argument in favor of fall as against spring spraying
but rather for two applications of medium strength one in the
fall or early winter and the other in the spring This course of
treatment gave results equal to any and excelled by none in our
experimental plots
Mechanical Mixture versus Soap EmulsionKerosene emulsi
fied by the use of soap and variously diluted has for a long time
been one of the most popular and effective remedies against in
sects especially scales and plant lice Its rapidly increasing im
portance and the trouble of preparing the emulsion led to the
manufacture and sale of several classes of pumps designed to mix
the oil forcibly with the water in the act of spraying These have
been constructed on different principles that employed by the
Gould Manufacturing Company and the Spraymoter Company
proving the most satisfactory It was thought that the problem
was solved when it was demonstrated that these pumps could be
made to work successfully and the use of the emulsion on a large
scale was therefore discontinued It was soon found however
that though in the tests the mechanical mixing pumps could be
made to give good results in the field they were not always to be
relied upon and their complexity besides rendering them more
costly and less durable than the single barrel pumps often caused
undue delay for repairs The results of the somewhat extensive
experiments conducted with the view of testing the comparative
values of soap emulsion and mechanical mixture indicate quite
conclusively the superiority of the former in the destruction of
the scale In the form of emulsion a more even application can
be made thus reducing the danger to the trees and enhancing the
effect
Equally as good results were obtained from crude oil applied
with the mechanical mixing pumps when a uniform discharge
could be obtained The Gould kerowater pump with twoBULLETIN NO 39
241
leads of 20foot hose was used and though apparently the best
pump of this nature on the market it can not always be depended
upon for a uniform percentage of oil For some obscure reason
the discharge of either oil or water may become obstructed at
varying intervals and even if this irregularity lasts for but a mo
ment a tree may be seriously injured or the scale infesting it
escape unharmed Moreover owing to the construction of the
pump a slightly greater percentage of oil is usually discharged
through one lead of hose than the other and with nozzles having
small apertures 120 inch Vermorel were used there is always
some separation of the oil and water in the hose and consequent
variations in the composition of the spray from one instant to
another However it should be explained that with constant
care and frequent tests excellent results can be obtained by the
use of these pumps
This point settled the question of comparative cost next arises
and this of course depends largely upon circumstances On one
side we have the added effectiveness and when once prepared the
greater simplicity in manipulation of the emulsion which stand
as points in favor of its use against the added trouble and expense
of its manufacture On the other side is the lack of this trouble
and expense offsetting the lessened effect of the spray the added
initial cost of the pumps and the trouble of keeping them in repair
All of these factors are more or less variable and can not be de
pended upon absolutely Perhaps the only thing that can safely
be said at this time is that considering all things there is no
doubt but that in our experiments the oil was applied with equal
cheapness in the form of emulsion as in mechanical mixture and
certainly with less trouble
The Strength of Oil Required to be EffectiveTests were
made with each of 10 15 20 and 25 per cents strengths of both
oils with varying results on different plots and in the two orchards
In the Frederick orchard the conditions of the scale and of the
trees were such that the oil sprays proved much more effective
than in the Rumph orchard In the former 15 per cent as a sin
gle application did satisfactory work In the latter although oc
casional plots sprayed with 20 per cent and even with 15 per
cent under the best conditions gave satisfactory results only
those sprayed with 25 per cent averaged satisfactory and some
that were treated with this strength during the winter were
found in August to contain an alarming amount of scale
16 a b242
GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE
In summing it up it would seem that the amount of oil to use
would depend almost entirely upon circumstances In the case of
a young healthy orchard thoroughly infested with scale 25 per
cent would be required and even this might not prove sufficient
In an older orchard where the trees had practically reached their
full growth and become in a degree resistant to the scale 20 per
cent or perhaps even 15 per cent if applied with great care and
thoroughness would prove quite effective Two applications
would be much better in either case and would be almost a neces
sity in the former if the Rumph orchard may be taken as typical
In such an orchard 15 per cent in the fall followed by 20 per cent
in the spring would be the ideal treatment and the spring spray
ing might be reduced in strength to 15 per cent without serious
detriment In the older orchard 15 per cent followed by 15 per
cent would certainly be sufficient
The Influence of the WeatherRather to our surprise only
negative results were obtained in the experiments to determine
the effect of the weather which prevailed during the spraying of
the various plots unless as is probable the extreme unevenness
of our results with single applications of oil is due to the minor
weather conditions Not a single tree in the Rumph orchard so
far as observed was injured by either the crude oil or the kero
sene In the Frederick orchard some slight injury was done
which may have been due to cloudy weather followed by rain on
the day of the treatment but more likely to a temporary disorder
of the oilwater pump used In the Rumph orchard spraying was
done under all sorts of conditions except while rain was actually
falling but no logical connection can be traced between the
weather conditions existing at the time of application and the final
results In the case of high winds the results as would be ex
pected were less satisfactory it being almost impossible to cover
trees thoroughly with the spray under such conditions
Too much stress must not be laid on these statements however
as orchards have been repeatedly noted in the past in which trees
sprayed under adverse weather conditions or late in the evening
have suffered while those receiving the same treatment at a more
opportune time have passed through unharmed
Tests with Ohio Crude OilA barrel of oil from Ohio desig
nated by the Standard Oil Co as fuel oil was used on several plots
with good success The heavy residue of paraffine left after the
evaporation was very noticeable much thicker than that left afterBULLETIN NO 39
243
the evaporation of Pennsylvania crude oil and probably owing to
this peculiarity the effects against the scale were somewhat more
marked Several of the plots which were sprayed with the higher
percentages of this oil presented a somewhat sickly appearance
shortly after the foliage put out and for a time some fear was felt
as to their condition Though they finally came through all right
the circumstances would show that the use of this oil for spraying
purposes is attended with too much risk to make its recommenda
tion advisable at least until after further tests
California DistillateThis is the product which is obtained by
distilling oils with an asphalt base like those of California and
Texas A quantity was obtained from California in the form of
emulsion which on arrival was found to have separated some
what It was reemulsified as well as might be and sprayed on a
plot of 200 trees at strengths of 10 per cent 15 per cent and 20
per cent but with no better results than those obtained by the use
of ordinary oils
SOAPS
Whaleoil soap is largely used in the North as a remedy against
the San Jose scale but its expense has to a large extent prohibited
its use in the treatment of large orchards in Georgia Occasion
ally however in small family orchards or in the case of a few
trees in a garden lot the question of expense is not so vital and
an application of soap may prove to be easier and safer than any
other treatment of equal effectiveness A number of experiments
were therefore carried out to determine the comparative worth
of soap and oil as a remedy for the scale Several brands of soap
were used and a number of applications were made from time to
time throughout the course of the work
Strength RequiredOnly two strengths of the soap solution
were used viz ij2 lbs and 2 lbs to the gallon of water Even
under the best conditions the weaker solution was found to be un
satisfactory although two applications at this strength upon De
cember 2d and February 28th gave very good results while
single applications of 2 lbs to the gallon on either date proved
very inefficient Only the strength of 2 lbs to the gallon on
March 6th proved satisfactory
Season of the Year and Weather ConditionsFor some reason
mone of the applications of soap made during the fall and winter244
GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
were successful It is impossible to determine from our notes
whether this is entirely due to the season to adverse weather
conditions or to a combination of both Every application ex
cept those made in March chanced to be followed almost imme
diately by more or less wet weather which may have had the effect
of washing the soap from the trees before its full effectiveness
could be felt The amount of rain in one or two instances was
however so small that it seems stretching the point to account for
all the ill results on this score and there is not much doubt but
that the season of the year had much to do with it
Our results indicate that to be successful whaleoil soap must
be applied as late as possible in the spring before the blossoms
appear and that to get the best results a day or two of fair weather
should follow its application This does not apply to the soda
soaps of which Leggetts Anchor Brand is an example
Comparison with the Oil TreatmentOne application of a
potash soap at the rate of 2 lbs to the gallon of water made un
der the best conditions as outlined above gave as good results in
all respects as single applications of 25 per cent of either kerosene
or crude oil in emulsion or mechanical mixture Ij4 pounds to
the gallon compared favorably with the average results attending
the use of single applications of 20 per cent oil but can not be
recommended except possibly on old trees such as had become
partially resistant to the scale Fall and winter applications gave
results inferior to oils applied at the same time
Results of Comparative Tests of Different BrandsThe whale
oil soaps tested were all potash soaps except Leggetts Anchor
Brand For several reasons this could not be called satisfactory
It is more difficult to dissolve makes a thicker solution so that if
not applied quite warm is difficult to spray at the required strength
and also proves quite destructive to the fruit buds However
this brand was superior to all the others in adhering qualities
under the influence of rains owing to which apparently its ef
fectiveness against the scale was more marked In fact il2
pounds to the gallon applied December 2d gave very fair results
and 2 pounds most excellent results as far as the scale was con
cerned but injured the buds quite seriously Unfortunately the
supply of this brand was exhausted in the fall and not replenished
for spring use so that our experiments can hardly be called com
plete It is possible that il2 pounds to the gallon might prove
effective in the spring and that no serious effect would follow its
use at this seasonBULLETIN NO 39
245
Leggetts Whaleoil Soap Compound at the rate of 12 and 2
pounds to the gallon during the winter and early spring gave
slightly better results than Goods Potash Soap at the same
strengths
Goods Potash and Tobacco Potash Whaleoil Soap were most
extensively tested as these proved easier of manipulation dis
solving with less difficulty and forming a better solution for spray
ing The Tobacco Potash Soap No 6 did not appear to possess
any advantage over the other in fact the first notes indicated a
little better results from the plain potash soap No 3
The suggestion that a cheap grade of soap manufactured in
Macon known as Magic Cleaner might be effective against the
scale was acted upon and a quantity of the soap purchased and
tested It was found that not more than 1 pound to the gallon
could be readily got into solution and that at this strength it was
far from effective
Effect on TreesThe general effect on the trees with the single
exception already cited was rather beneficial than otherwise The
effect of the soap upon the bark was to clean off some of the outer
dead portions and give it a smoother more healthy appearance
and the tree generally seemed to be invigorated by the potash
soaps This is probably due in part to the slight fertilizing value
of the soap most of which eventually must find its way to the
ground and the roots of the trees as well as to its cleansing effect
LIME SALT AND SULPHUR
This wash which has been for some years successfully used on
the Pacific coast was reported by experimenters in the East as
unfitted for use here on account of climatic conditions Princi
pally for this reason it has been neglected in most of the experi
ments made since in the endeavor to find the cheapest surest and
safest remedy for the scale
Results Following its UseFour lots of the wash were pre
pared during the early spring and applied three of them to the
Rumph and one to the Frederick orchard The results upon the
scale were not as is the case with oils and soaps at once apparent
When first the coating began to crumble off the trees so as to
allow the scale to become visible and permit of their examination
comparatively few of the insects were found to have been killed
Fifty per cent on some trees were estimated to be living Early246
GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
in May a complete examination of all the plots was made and at
this date although many of the scale had reached fail maturity
and begun to breed above 10 per cent were estimated on an
average to be still alive Though the insect itself was apparently
healthy in most of these cases the scaly covering was corroded
and imperfect affording slight shelter and the general condition
was such as to make it appear that a second application would have
completed the execution In spite of the large percentage of living
scale some encouragement was felt therefore which was in
creased from time to time during June and July when the plots
were hastily passed through and very little scale noted as occur
ring upon the trees Consequently we were not totally unprepared
for the surprise which the last examination in August had in
store
On August 12th and 16th the plots in the Rumph orchard were
carefully examined and found to contain very few living scales
and these were often in anything but a healthy condition In
fact theresults in one plot were as good as any obtained with two
applications of kerosene in emulsion In the other plots the work
was not quite so thorough but was none the less superior to any
thing except two applications of kerosene or crude oil
Comparison with OilThe advantages of lime salt and sul
phur over oil are several Its cost per gallon ready to spray count
ing only the material and using the California formula would be
from 114 to ii cents according to the strength used Oil to
compete with it in price would have to be purchased at between
6 and 9 cents if used at a strength of 20 per cent Judging fromi
the results of our experiments referred to above it is more
effective than single applications of either crude oil or kerosene
at a strength of 20 per cent It is apparently not prejudicial to
the health of the dormant tree as is oil if applied carelessly or
under adverse conditions
On the other hand the cost and trouble of preparation far ex
ceeds that of the oil emulsion The necessity of making the appli
cation while the mixture is yet warm and its deterioration if
allowed to stand longer than a few hours are not in its favor It
also exerts a corroding influence upon copper and brass and if
much spraying is to be done with it specially made nozzles with
hardrubber apertures are necessary for its use It should not be
made up in brass kettles or used in brass pumps
Strength RequiredThree strengths were used the standardBUEEETIN NO 39
247
formula 30 pounds lime 20 pounds of sulphur and 15 pounds of
salt being diluted to 40 50 and 60 gallons Very little if any
difference in the results could be attributed to the use of the differ
ent strengths and it is likely that the weakest will prove suffi
ciently strong
Weather ConditionsApplications were made at four different
dates viz February 28th March 3d 6th and 7th February
28th was a fair day with a slight breeze from the southwest dur
ing the forenoon freshening into a brisk wind in the afternoon
rendering thorough work difficult On March 1st 133 inches of
rain fell but the temperature 580 max 33 min was cold for
the season On the 5th 23 inch of rain fell followed by two fair
days and a slight rain 02 inch on the 8th No more rain fell
until the 14th when it commenced and continued through the 16th
during which time the precipitation amounted to 475 inches
RESIN WASH
This wash has been long recommended as an effective remedy
for some of the less resistant scales and in a more dilute form as
a summer treatment for Aphids and other softbodied sucking
insects One trial was made of it last winter with poor results
and as it is more difficult to prepare than the lime salt and sul
phur it hardly seems worth further discussion here
CRUDE CAUSTIC POTASH
Crude caustic potash was used on four plots and at three dif
ferent strengths viz 5 10 and 15 pounds to 50 gallons of water
The weakest solution proved very insufficient but the two stronger
ones were quite effective Not even the strongest injured the trees
in the slightest degree so far as could be observed its effect being
rather to improve the appearance of the bark It is however on
account of its strong corrosive action very unpleasant to apply
and detrimental to the hose neither is it as effective as either the
oil treatment the soap washes or the lime salt and sulphur The
results showed that not less than 10 pounds to 50 gallons should
be used and preferably 12 or 15
CARBOLIC ACID EMUESION
Crude carbolic acid in various forms was tried extensively and
all strengths from 4 per cent to 20 per cent of emulsion mixed248
GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
with water The results were most unsatisfactory Less than 15
per cent of the emulsion or one part to 6 did no appreciable exe
cution amongst the scale Stronger than this some effect was
noticed which became quite marked at 20 per cent Even at this
strength the carbolic acid was a little less effective than kerosene
and much more expensive
PRACTICAL WORK WITH OILS IN A LARGE
ORCHARD
In addition to the regular experiments an orchard of 55000
threeyearold peach trees and 1000 plums belonging to Mr W
C Wright of Fort Valley Ga was treated under our supervision
Mr Wright was very much alarmed over the condition of his
orchard and he made a special request of the entomologist to as
sume full control of its treatment
Beginning August 8th 1901 the orchard was given a rowby
row inspection which revealed 1000 badly infested trees well
distributed From these centers of infestation the scale had spread
generally in all directions leaving only a small per cent of the
trees entirely free Beginning August 20th all the badly infested
trees that had been located were sprayed with a 10 per cent
strength of kerosene using the Gould knapsack kerowater
pump This checked the breeding of the scale and was apparently
the means of saving a large number of trees that would otherwise
have perished before time for winter treatment
From December 25th to January 2d each badly infested tree
with 15 or 20 adjacent was sprayed with a 15 per cent strength
of kerosene using the Gould barrel pump In this manner the
1000 trees representing the centers of infestation had received
two applications of oil 10 per cent followed by 15 per cent
and about 15000 trees one application before the general treat
ment of the orchard commenced
It was intended that the entire orchard should be treated with
crude petroleum but delay in obtaining this substance necessitated
the continuation of the use of kersosene Taking the trees in
regular order regardless of previous treatment 17000 wereBULLETIN NO 39
24
sprayed with a 20 per cent strength of kerosene between January
3d and 23d The crude oil had then arrived and from January
25th to February 7th 28000 peaches and 1000 plums were
sprayed with a 20 per cent strength of this substance which regis
tered 434 gravity on the Baume oil scale The remaining 10
000 trees being detached from the main orchard and containing
only a slight infestation of scale were not taken into account in
making notes However they were sprayed with a 20 per cent
strength of kerosene beginning February nth The effect of
the treatment was carefully watched and at the end of three
weeks after 20 per cent kerosene had been applied to the block
of 17000 trees in the general treatment a small per cent of live
scale insects could here be found It was then too early to make
a definite determination of the results but the owner was not
satisfied with the indications and late in February this block was
igiven another application of kerosene at a strength of 15 per cent
Reviewing the treatment the orchard may be divided into plots
which were sprayed as follows
1 Consisting of a part of the 1000 badly infested trees 10
per cent followed by 15 20 and 15 per cent at various periods
during the fall and winter
2 Consisting of the remainder of the above mentioned trees
with 10 per cent kerosene followed by 15 per cent kerosene and
20 per cent crude oil
3 Several thousand trees first sprayed with 15 per cent kero
sene then later with 20 per cent kerosene and finally with 15 per
cent of the same substance
4 The remainder of the trees first receiving the treatment of
15 per cent kerosene and later 20 per cent crude oil
5 A large block sprayed with 20 per cent kerosene in January
and followed with 15 per cent later
6 The bulk of the orchard which was treated only once with
20 per cent crude oil
7 Several thousand trees upon which the application of 20
per cent crude oil was followed by another of 15 per cent of the
same substance
The entire work throughout the season was done in the most
careful manner possible on a large scale Six Goulds barrel
kerowater pumps were used and these were supplied with oil
by extra teams while the water was piped into the orchard The
work was done with negro labor superintended by the owner of250 GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE
the orchard and two intelligent white men who at short intervals
tested the percentage of oil discharges and saw that every portion
of the tree was moistened with the spray When any part of the
tree was found dry it was resprayed even at the cost of turning
the team By constant attention the pumps were kept so adjusted
as to do satisfactory work
The results were most satisfactory When the winter work
was begun the new double hose arrangement by which the oil and
water are kept separate until the nozzle is reached was employed
Instead of producing a mechanical mixture pure oil and pure
water were alternately discharged On one morning in trying to
start five pumps with these attachments a number of trees were
sprayed with pure kerosene resulting in the death of 40 The
new style attachment was discarded and no more injury was done
save possibly the death of about 50 other trees which may be
attributed to the combined effect of the scale and the treatment
The trees bloomed and leaved out normally and bore a magnifi
cent crop of fruit
The scale was as nearly eradicated as we believe possible with
any treatment During the course of spring and summer until
June 17th when the last observations were made we visited the
orchard three times and carefully examined several hundred trees
both in the kerosene and crude oil blocks and found only two
trees bearing live scales These were located in one of the kero
sene blocks where two applications had been made A general
inspection of the orchard on June 17th revealed no further infes
tation of living scales It is understood of course that should
every tree in the orchard be carefully examined a large number
would no doubt show some infestation but the observations have
been sufficiently extensive to warrant the statement that better
results can rarely be obtained with any practical treatment
PREPARATION OF THE INSECTICIDES
For the sake of convenience the formulae and methods of pre
paring such substances as require special preparation were not
given in connection with the discussion of the tests Since the
resin wash and carbolic acid emulsions did not give encouraging
results instruction for their preparation does not appear to beBULLETIN NO 39
251
necessary here and only the emulsion of petroleum oils and the
lime salt and sulphur wash need be treated of at any length
OIL EMULSION
PreparationAn emulsion of either crude petroleum or kero
sene may be made from the following formula
2 pounds potash whaleoil soap
4 gallons water
8 gallons oil
Weigh the soap carefully and place with the water in a vessel
over the fire using a slight excess of water to make up for evapo
ration Fit a pump with a short piece of hose to which is at
tached a nozzle for throwing a straight stream T8 or J4 inch in
diameter Pour the oil into the barrel or tub in which the pump
is set and when the whaleoil soap is dissolved and the solution
begins to boil add it to the oil and pump the whole vigorously
back into itself for a period of at least ten minutes The stream
from the nozzle should be directed straight downward into the
mixture so as to stir itto the very bottom After a few min
utes the oil and soap solution will be seen to combine forming
a thick creamy emulsion which when perfectly made will remain
without change for weeks
Materials and Pump RequiredEither crude oil or kerosene
will give good results in making emulsion The soap should
preferably be some soft whaleoil soap such as Goods No 3 If
a hard soap is used the emulsion will be curdy and only with
difficulty mix with water Country lye soap answers admirably
but must be used in somewhat larger quantity than called for in
the formula given above
The ordinary Bordeaux spray pump answers very well for mix
ing the emulsion but almost any pump will do that can be fitted
with the requisite section of hose and nozzle A Bordeaux or
Seneca nozzle gives a very satisfactory sized stream for this
work though rather small
The water used must be soft for if hard no stable emulsion can
be prepared and it sometimes happens that foreign substances
chancing to be present will prevent the emulsification If a lot
of soap solution and oil for any reason fails to emulsify properly252
GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
the best thing to do is to throw the whole away carefully clean
up the pump wash out all the vessels used and begin over
Properties of the EmulsionThe emulsion if well made of the
proper soap will retain its creamy consistency when cold and is
easily mixed with water in all proportions No alarm should be
felt if a small portion of the soap and water fails to emulsify and
separates at the bottom nor if after being exposed to the air for
some time a thin scum forms over the surface If on long stand
ing globules of free oil rise to the surface or if a thin ring of
oil collects around the sides of the containing vessel the emulsion
should either be thrown away or warmed up and agitated afresh
It will keep in the concentrated condition if well made for weeks
or even months but will quickly deteriorate if diluted
Use of the EmulsionThe emulsion will mix with water in
any proportion but unless kept constantly stirred will rise like
crearn to the surface On this account it is necessary that pumps
in which it is used be furnished with an agitator or else that the
mixture be constantly stirred In diluting the emulsion for use
if it has been made in quantity and allowed to stand it should
first be thoroughly stirred so as to become uniform throughout
The following table shows the properproportions of emulsion
and water required to secure a given per cent of oil
Z3A gallons emulsion 46J4 gallons water for 5 per cent oil
7Y2 gallons emulsion 42 gallons water for 10 per cent oil
11 gallons emulsion 38 gallons water for 15 per cent oil
15 gallons emulsion 35 gallons water for 20 per cent oil
18 gallons emulsion 31 gallons water for 25 per cent oil
22 gallons emulsion 27 gallons water for 30 per cent oil
If desired the emulsion may be prepared in small lots each of
which may be diluted to 50 gallons and a given per cent obtained
For instance for a 50gallon barrel full of the diluted emulsion
the following amount of oil soap and water would be necessary
for the desired percentage
For 25 per cent i2y2 gallons oil 6 gallons water 1 lbs soap
For 20 per cent 10 gallons oil 5 gallons water 22 lbs soap
For 15 per cent 7 gallons oil 4 gallons water 2 lbs soap
For 10 per cent 5 gallons oil iy2 gallons water 154 lbs soapBULLETIN NO 39
25S
Cost of PreparationThe cost of preparation will of course
depend upon the circumstances With proper facilities and the
help of a boy 12 or even 16 gallons of oil may be emulsified at
a time with a little extra trouble and the work thus be carried on
much faster For each 50gallon barrel of oil I2y2 pounds of
soap will be required which will vary somewhat in price accord
ing to the market and freight charges Fifty to sixty cents should
cover it With ordinary price for labor and soap the cost per
barrel for emulsifying oil should be between seventy and ninety
cents
LIME SALT AND SULPHUR
Preparation
Quick lime30 pounds
Salt15
Flowers of sulphur20
Water to make 60 gallons
Slake half the lime carefully and place it in a large kettle with
25 gallons of water grind the sulphur up with a little water
breaking the lumps up as fine as possible and add to the lime boil
As it boils the liquid will gradually become thinner and thinner
the lime and sulphur dissolving simultaneously to form a deep
orange red solution When the sulphur has apparently all entered
into solution which may take two hours or more slake the re
mainder of the lime add to it the salt and pour the two into the
lime and sulphur solution Boil the whole for from half an hour
to an hour longer strain and dilute with warm water to 60 gal
lons Do not let it become thoroughly cold but spray while yet
warm
The principal care in making up this wash is to make sure that
the sulphur is thoroughly dissolved Flowers of sulphur are apt
to be more or less lumpy and these lumps are very difficult of
solution The more thoroughly the sulphur is ground up with
water before being boiled with the lime the less time it will take
in boiling Ordinarily two or three hours constant boiling will
be found necessary
An iron kettle must be used if the boiling is done directly over
a fire A better and cheaper way whenever a head of steam is
available is to place the sulphur lime and salt together in a barrel254
GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
half full of water conduct the steam through a pipe to the bottom
of the barrel and boil for two or three hours with occasional stir
ring to make sure that nothing is settling If a boiler is con
venient a pipe might be so arranged as to conduct steam to a num
ber of barrels at once
whaleoie SOAP
The only preparation required for the use of this substance is to
thoroughly dissolve it in water by boiling The boiling may be
done in a large syrup kettle over a fire or in a barrel into which
steam is conducted Measure the water add to it the desired
amount of soap and stir until the solution is complete
CRUDE CAUSTIC POTASH
This substance needs only to be dissolved in water No heat
is required but frequent stirring will hasten the solution
RECOMMENDATIONS
The results of our experiments do not materially change the
former recommendations of this office for the treatment of the
San Jose scale but they broaden the field of effective remedies
giving the orchardist the option of choosing one of several The
petroleum oils kerosene and crude petroleum which have fur
nished the almost exclusive remedy forthe scale in this State
came through the experiments with more points in their favor
than any other substance tested although the lime salt and sul
phur wash gave almost equally as good results In dealing with
insecticides it is not usually safe to base recommendations upon
one years experience and for this reason alone we are not willing
to give the lime salt and sulphur wash the endorsement that the
results obtained from its use in the tests would warrant How
ever it deserves to be recorded as very promising and given a
place in the recommendations allowing the orchard owners to
choose between it and the oils Results of further tests which
are planned for next winter may place this wash upon an equal
with oils or even show its superiority to themBULLETIN NO 39
255

It will be remembered that in all former recommendations is
sued from this office Bulletin i and Circulars 4 and 5 two ap
plications during the course of the winter have been insisted upon
One application appears to be sufficient for trees that have reached
full growth but the results of our experiments show most con
clusively the necessity for two in the treatment of young orchards
The scale insects on young trees are more virulent multiply
much more rapidly and are afforded a better food supply than
those on older trees hence the number of surviving scales that
would do no particular damage to old trees might seriously dam
age those not yet full grown Moreover it is quite impossible to
reach every portion of a tree with one application particularly if
much wind is stirring and it is usually advisable to make two even
in case of old trees
Concluding not only from the recent experiments but in part
from practical results obtained by the growers the recommenda
tions for next winters work stand as follows
1 Oil EmulsionIn November or early December apply a 15
per cent strength of either crude oil or kerosene in emulsion with
soap and in February or early March before the bloom buds
open repeat the application at a strength of 20 per cent When
obtained in car lots as was done last winter the crude oil is some
cheaper and in general practice it has given slightly more satis
factory results in its effect upon both the scale and the trees hence
it should be given the preference Not having yet completed the
experiments with lowgrade crude oils we can recommend only
the Pennsylvania product registering not less than 43 gravity
on the Beaume oil scale
In spraying a tree the work should be done thoroughly but
quickly moistening every portion of the tree above the ground
without allowing the substance to run down the trunk Begin on
the side of the tree opposite the pump and walk completely around
spraying from the top downward and taking care to reach the
twigs and the inside of the limbs If even small spots or twigs
are left the best results can not be expected On the other hand
the use of an excess of oil will endanger the tree and should be
carefully avoided
2 Oil in Mechanical MixtureThe mechanical mixture of
either crude oil or kerosene applied by the use of the oilwater
pumps may be substituted for the emulsion recommended above
So long as the pumps discharge a uniform percentage of oil re
256
GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
suits equally as good as those obtained from emulsion may be ex
pected In addition to the precautions to be observed in the use
of emulsion the mechanical mixing pumps require constant watch
ing to keep them properly adjusted and the percentageof oil dis
charged should be frequently tested To make these tests catch
the mixture as it is discharged from the nozzle in a bottle with
a straight side allow it to stand until the oil rises to the top and
then with a rule measure the volume of oil as compared with the
volume of water beneath it This will show the proportion of oil
to water discharged If the desired percentage is not obtained the
pump should be looked into and readjusted
3 LimeSaltSidphur WashThe lime salt and sulphur wash
applied in February or March before the trees bloom This
remedy gave such promising results in the tests that we venture to
include it in the recommendations feeling confident of its success
when properly prepared and thoroughly applied The instructions
for its preparation should be carefully observed with particular
reference to the boiling and its application should be thorough
Since no fall or midwinter applications of this wash were made
in the experiments we can at present advise its use only for spring
spraying
4 Whaleoil SoapIn the treatment of family orchards it may
be found more convenient to use whaleoil soap than the other
more complicated remedies Use a potash soap and dissolve it by
boiling in water at the rate of 2 lbs to each gallon Make the
application in the early spring just before vegetation begins using
a spray or cloth mop preferably the former Should only a very
small number of trees be involved they might be successfully
treated by rubbing on the solution with a cloth provided great
care be taken to coat the small twigs as well as the trunk and limbs
More thorough execution to the scale would be expected from
two applications one at a strength of iJ2 lbs to the gallon of
water and the other as recommended above A single application
will not ordinarily give entire satisfaction
Crude caustic potash being cheaper although not so effective
may in some cases be advantageously substituted for whaleoil
soap and indeed in commercial orchards where the scale is in a
weakened condition from the age of the tree this substance may
be used with success For effective work a strength of at least
10 lbs to 50 gallons of water will ordinarily be requiredFrom Bulletin Georgia Department op Agriculture
SERIAL No 40
SEASON 19001901
INFORMATION IN REGARD TO
COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS
AND
CHEMICALS
AND
ILLUMINATING OILS
UNDER THE SUPERVISION OP
O B STEVENS
Commissioner of Agriculture of the Stale of Georgia
JNO M McCANDLESS
State Chemist
K G WILLIAMS
First Assistant State Chemist
17 at
J Q BUKTON
Scond Assistant State ChemistAN ACT
To provide for the registration sale inspection and analysis of
fertilizer materials in bulk in this State of Georgia and to
repeal all laws and parts of laws in conflict therewith
Section i Be it enacted by the General Assembly of Georgia
and it is hereby enacted by the authority of the same That from
and after the passage of this Act it shall be lawful for manufac
turers jobbers dealers and manipulators of commercial fertil
izers and fertilizer materials to sell or offer for sale in the State
of Georgia acid phosphate or other fertilizer materials in bulk to
persons individuals or firms who desire to purchase the same for
their own use on their own lands but not for sale
SEC 2 Be it further enacted That the Commissioner of Agri
culture of this State shall have the authority to establish such
rules and regulations in regard to the registration inspection
sale and analysis of acid phosphate or other fertilizer materials
in bulk sold to persons individuals or firms who desire to pur
chase and use the same as provided in section i of this Act as
shall not be inconsistent with the provisions of this Act and as in
his judgment will best carry out the requirements thereof
SEC 3 Be it further enacted That the same inspection fees
shall be paid by manufacturers dealers jobbers and manipulators
who sell acid phosphate or other fertilizer materials in bulk under
the provisions of this bill as applies to such goods when placed
in sacks barrels or boxes under the general fertilizer laws of this
State and such inspection fees shall be transmitted to the Com
missioner of Agriculture at the time notice of shipment of such
acid phosphate or other fertilizer materials in bulk are made to
the purchaser or purchasers provided for in this Act
SEC 4 Be it further enacted That it is hereby made the duty
of the Commissioner of Agriculture to personally prosecute each
and every offender under the provisions of this Act and upon
conviction such offenders shall be punished as prescribed in sec
tion 1039 of the Code of Georgia and all fines arising therefrom
shall be paid into and become a part of the general educational
fund of the State
SEC 5 Be it further enacted That all laws and parts of laws
in conflict with this Act be and the same are hereby repealed
Approved August 14 1903
260
GEORGIA DEPARTMENT 0F AGRICULTURE
State op Georgia
Office op Secretary op State
I Philip Cook Secretary of State of the State of Georgia do
hereby certify that the attached two 2 sheets of typewritten
matter contain a true and correct copy of the Act to provide for
the registration sale inspection and analysis of fertilizer mate
rials in bulk in this State of Georgia and to repeal all laws and
parts of laws in conflict therewith the original of which is of file
in this department
In testimony whereof I have hereunto set my hand and affixed
the seal of my office at the Capitol in the city of Atlanta this
14th day of August in the year of our Lord One Thousand Nine
Hundred and Three and of the Independence of the United
States of America the One Hundred and Twentyeighth
Philip Cook Secretary of State
REPORT OF THE STATE CHEMIST
State of Georgia Department of Agriculture
Division of Chemistry
Atlanta Ga August 20 1903
Hon 0 B Stevens Commissioner of Agriculture of the State of
Georgia
Dear Sir Attached to this report I beg to hand you tables
of analyses of commercial fertilizers sold in the State of Georgia
during the season of 19021903 The number of brands on the
market this season is 895 as against 735 the previous years The
consumption of commercial fertilizers has reached the unprece
dented total of 628484 tons breaking the hitherto unbroken rec
ord of last season and necessitating the execution of a greater
number of analyses than ever before made in the history of the
department The new fertilizer law of the State consolidating
all of the old fertilizer laws retaining all that was good in them
and adding some new features has been in operation for the first
time during the present seasonBULLETIN NO 40
261
The new system of uniform branding giving in the shortest
and simplest manner possible the essential ingredients of plant
food in the fertilizers has been inaugurated though not with
out some friction with the manufacturers and some extra
expense to them in changing the forms of brands to which
they have been accustomed Two results of importance to the
farming interest will accrue from this change In the first place
as the State of Alabama has already adopted our new law prac
tically unchanged and as I understand the States of Tennessee
and North Carolina are about toadopt it a great saving will be
effected in the matter of sacking and resacking and branding
and rebranding fertilizers shipped from one State into another as
the various laws will require precisely the same brands and guar
antees on all the sacks This expense the farmer would doubtless
have to meet in the end and therefore this useless expense is
saved to him by the form of brand prescribed by the new law
The second result of importance flowing from the style of brand
under the new law is this that it does away with the old sliding
scale of percentages of plantfood almost uniformly adopted
by the manufacturers under the old law For instance when a
manufacturer intended to guarantee eight per cent available
phosphoric acid two per cent ammonia and two per cent of pot
ash under the old law he would brand his sacks thus
Available phosphoric acid8 to 10 per cent
Ammonia2 to 4 per cent
Potash2 to 4 per cent
Under the new law the guarantee must be branded on the sack
in the minimum percentage only which he intends to guarantee
the result is that in order to be on the side of safety the manu
facturer is obliged to give a little more of each ingredient than he
actually guarantees and the purchaser is no longer deceived into
thinking that perhaps he is getting three per cent ammonia or
three per cent of potash under the old sliding scale guarantee of
two to four
Section 4 of the new fertilizer law of Georgia prohibits the sale
of any commercial fertilizer in this State containing less than
twelve per cent of total plantfood viz available phosphoric
acid ammonia and potash when the percentages of the three are
added together as against ten per cent minimum under the old
law We thus have a twenty per cent compulsory increase in the
minimum amount of plantfood allowed by law This is a fact
on which the farmers of the State are to be congratulated that is262
GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
that the minimum guarantee permitted by their new law is twenty
per cent above that permitted by the old law and that it is now
as high as expediency would warrant considering the grades of
the various fertilizer materials from which commercial fertilizers
are now manufactured In spite of the increased compulsory
minimum grade of the fertilizers put on the market this year the
predictions of those who prophesied a corresponding increase in
price have not been verified On the contrary the average sell
ing price this year has been from 25 cents to 1 a ton less thani
the preceding year working under the old law
IN REGARD TO FILLERS
In this connection I beg to insert a portion of a letter written
to a Georgia farmer on fillers as being appropriate
A filler may be defined as being any substance put into a
fertilizer or existing there naturally which is not phosphoric acid
nitrogen or potash Fillers are of two kinds natural and artifi
cial I have just given you an instance of a natural filler in the
complete analysis of the fertilizer made out of acid phosphate
cottonseed meal and kainit and in this mixture only twelve and
eightythree hundredths pounds per hundred consisted of phos
phoric acid nitrogen and potash the rest was all filler put there
by nature in the original making of these materials It is true
man did put in some sulphuric acid but that was necessary to
make phosphoric acid available or soluble so it can scarcely be
considered as an artificial filler
The artificial filler is the filler put in by man for the purpose
of reducing the total percentage of plantfood in a fertilizer
The materials used as artificial fillers are numerous they may
be sand powdered cinders graphitic slate shale pyrite cinder
marl gypsum etc All of them are practically without any value
as fertilizers How is it then you inquire that such substances
can be put into our fertilizers if we have an efficient inspection
by the Department of Agriculture I will explain how that is
Suppose that a manufacturer instead of having on hand only
South Carolina acid phosphate cottonseed meal and kainit where
you call on him for an 822 goads has on hand some of the
highest grade materials known to the trade
He has say acid phosphate made from Tennessee or Florida
rock which contains twenty per cent of available phosphoric
acid also nitrate of soda with sixteen per cent of nitrogen dried
blood with fourteen per cent nitrogen sulphate of ammonia withBULLETIN NO 40
263
twenty per cent nitrogen muriate of potash with fifty per cent
of potash with these materials on hand he receives your order for
a fertilizer guaranteed to contain as small an amount of plant
food as the law will permit viz twelve per cent made up of
eight per cent available phosphoric acid two per cent nitrogen
two per cent potash Considering the materials he has on hand
he figures out this formula
825 pounds of 20 per cent acid phosphate
215 pounds of 14 per cent dried blood
75 pounds of 16 per cent nitrate of soda
85 pounds of 50 per cent muriate of potash
1200 pounds
Now in this 1200 pounds of highgrade materials he has
all the plantfood you called for with a small margin for safety
You called for eight per cent of a ton in available phosphoric
acid or one hundred and sixty pounds and in his 825 pounds of
twenty per cent acid phosphate he has given you one hundred and
sixtyfive pounds of available phosphoric acid you called for two
per cent of a ton or forty pounds of nitrogen and in his 215
pounds of dried blood containing fourteen per cent nitrogen and
seventyfive pounds nitrate of soda with sixteen per cent of nitro
gen he has given you fortytwo and onetenth pounds of nitro
gen In like manner you called for forty pounds of potash and in
eightyfive pounds of fifty per cent muriate of potash he has
given you fortytwo and a half pounds of actual potash Now
the best thing both for you and the manufacturer the cheapest
thing for both of you would be for him to send you that twelve
hundred pounds put up in six sacks which upon inspection and
analysis would show
Available phosphoric acid1375 Per cent
Nitrogen
350 per cent
Potash 354 per cent
But no you wont have it that way you must have a ton ten
sacks of 822 so the manufacturer rather than enter upon a
campaign of education with all his customers obligingly freights
into his factory eight hundred pounds of powdered slate mined
some hundred miles away utterly worthless as fertilizer and
mixes it in with the twelve hundred pounds of good fertilizer
making one ton This mixture on inspection and analysis shows 264 GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OE AGRICULTURE
Available phosphoric acid825 per cent
Nitrogen210 per cent
Potash212 per cent
A SMALL QUANTITY OE HIGHGRADE FERTILIZER BETTER THAN
A LARGE QUANTITY 0 LOWER GRADE
Now suppose you had exercised a little common sense and
bought the six sacks analyzing 1375 350 and 354 you would
have been saved the cost of mining pulverizing and freighting
of the artificial filler to the factory and the freight on four
sacks of it from the factory to your railroad station and the wear
and tear on your mules hauling that extra eight hundred pounds
ten miles to the farm Wouldnt it have been much better to have
bought the six sacks and when you got home if you wanted it in
the proportion of 822 which is a good proportion to have
mixed up the six sacks yourself with woods earth or compost
or even sand before distributing I think I hear you say well
thats true but why dont you fix the law and raise the grade
so these fellows cant put in all this artificial filler
My dear friend there never yet was and there never will be
a law framed which can meet all the conditions of a great social
and industrial problem or which will compensate for the failure
to exercise his own intelligence on the part of the individual citi
zen Think for a moment suppose we should pass a law making
it impossible to use any artificial fillers in the manufacture of
commercial fertilizers by raising the grade to a very high point
Do you not see that by so doing we should at once paralyze this
great industry and cut short the cotton crop of the State since
we would at once bar the use of South Carolina acid phosphate
cottonseed meal and kainit and a number of other good materials
of similar grade and thus at once raise the price of the high
grade materials to an unheardof degree by greatly increasing the
demand for them
No the conditions have been very thoroughly studied in
every particular by the Commissioners of Agriculture of the va
rious States aided and advised by those best qualified by experi
ence and training to understand the matter in all of its details
and the result of their deliberations is embodied in the new Geor
gia fertilizer law printed in this bulletin This law raises the
grade of commercial fertilizers from a total plantfood of ten
per cent minimum under the old law to twelve per cent mini
mum and protects the farmer in every way that a good and justBULLETIN NO 40
265
law can protect him It will give him the highest grade of fer
tilizers he has ever bought it will protect him against fraud it
will guarantee that he gets every pound of fertilizing value that
ihe pays for in fine it is the best fertilizer law now on the statute
hooks of any State but even such a law can not prevent the use
of fillers
Only education on the part of the farmer and a demand on
his part for the higher grades of fertilizers will eliminate the use
of fillers When you and your brother farmers study the per
centages of plantfood in a fertilizer and prefer to buy five or six
sacks of a highgrade goods to buying ten sacks of a goods con
taining only the same quantity of actual plant food then there
will be no more filler put into highgrade fertilizer materials
but the capital of the manufacturer and the skill of the chemist
will be exerted in the effort to take out of the present lowgrade
fertilizer materials as much as possible of the filler which God
and nature have put there
SUGGESTIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
In the matter of suggestion and recommendation for the fu
ture I know of nothing more important to the people of the
State at large and the farmers in particular than the passage of
a general purefood law with provision for its enforcement as
covering my ideas on this subject and as showing the necessity
for such legislation I beg to present below a copy of an address
delivered by me at the Sugar Growers Convention held in Ma
con last May
Respectfully
J M McCandlESS State Chemist
ADDRESS
DELIVERED BY STATE CHEMIST MCANDLESS BEEORE THE SUGAR
GROWERS CONVENTION AT MACON GA MAY 6 I9O3
Mr President and Gentlemen
Being requested a few days since by your President to read a
paper at this convention I suspended temporarily the steady work
we have been doing for months past on commercial fertilizers266
GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OE AGRICULTURE
and decided that I could perhaps help the cane growers and syrup
boilers of the State more effectively by analyzing carefully some
of the syrups on the market than in any other way I therefore
sent out and bought samples of syrup from retail stores in various
parts of Atlanta The instructions to the buyer were in all cases
to ask for Georgia cane syrup and also to inquire the price per
gallon With the aid of Messrs Williams and Burton the As
sistant State Chemists the work has just been completed with the
following results
0 a a Price Per Gallon Reading of Polariscc pe Direct Invert Per Cent Sucrose Per Cent Glucose
1 2 570 570 1042 660 51 6 8S8 594 1303 548 522 550 1072 632 213 150 748 145 209 498 172 1155 213 194 209 774 108 594 545223 316 545 294 576 111 572 538 571 224 39 4
60 60j 50 m 50 COf 50 500 50
3 4 5 468 204
6 7 339
8 9 681
10
11 12 13 484 136
Thus we have practically fifty per cent of the samples of Geor
gia cane syrup purchased at random in the retail grocery stores of
the capital city of Georgia adulterated with glucose Now glu
cose of itself is harmless is in fact a perfectly wholesome sweet
if well made but it is the fraud of which I complain of which the
consumer has a perfect right to complain of which the cane
grower has a just right to complain Here is an article famous
the country over for its peculiar flavorous sweetness which a
citizen of Georgia in the capital city of his own State calling
for Georgia cane syrup and paying the price asked and a good
one for a genuine article can not obtain with certainty We will
pass over the fraud on the consumer what this convention is more
vitally interested in is fraud upon the cane grower Does not the
fact that there is such adulteration show that there is a great and
growing demand for the genuine article which can not be met at
the ordinary price under the present conditions of supply and
demand without resort to fraudulent practices Does it not
show that if the State only exercised a rigid supervision over theBULLETIN NO 40
267
food supply of her citizens and enforced a fixed standard of
purity that the cane grower would profit by it If the adulter
ated stuff now on the market were forced off would not the de
mand exceeding the supply raise the price from 60 cents now
asked and obtained for the fraudulent compound to 75 cents or
more for the genuine article But you will say is there not a
law prohibiting the adulteration of syrup Yes a law was passed
at the last session of the General Assembly making it a misde
meanor to adulterate any syrup after the first day of September
1903 So under the laws of Georgia it is at present perfectly
legal to do all the adulteration you want But suppose we have
reached the first day of September 1903 what good is the law
then There is no provision made to enforce it no funds pro
vided for carrying it out It simply says Hear oh Israel this
is the law and rests confident in the sweet conviction that Israel
will hear and obey
In like manner gentlemen we have various laws on the stat
ute books directed against the adulteration of foods and food
products special laws against the adulteration of milk and cheese
and butter and other articles but making no provision for their
enforcement Gentlemen we have one law on the statute books
against adulteration which is enforced and that is the law direct
ed against fraudulent fertilizers You have a Department of Ag
riculture devoted heart and soul to this end you have inspectors
traveling the length and breadth of the State taking samples of
fertilizer at every railroad station and in many instances on the
farms themselves and you have a small force of chemists working
steadily on the thousands of samples sent out by these inspectors
you have a law prescribing a minimum per cent of plant food
below which a fertilizer shall not fall and you have a Commis
sioner of Agriculture who publishes the results of all these analy
ses so that the consumer may read for himself and see what he
buys You have in consequence one great industry honestly con
ducted More than a half million tons of commercial fertilizers
have been and will be sold this year in Georgia and the harvests
of corn and cotton and oil and meal not to mention syrup will
proclaim in the most unanswerable manner the honesty with
which that great industry is conducted The majority of men in
all industries are honest but there are also rogues whom we must
watch and expose for the benefit of the honest men and the gen
eral public
Gentlemen you have a State Department of Agriculture which
turns into the State treasury every year from the fertilizer tax268
GEORGIA DEPARTMENT Of AGRICUETURE

40000 in excess of the sum required to run it and pay all its ex
penses This 40000 is a special tax levied on a special class
the farmers and spent for the benefit of the general public and all
classes Why can not your association and the Dairymens As
sociation and the other agricultural associations of the State see
to it that a general pure food law is enacted in Georgia a law
drawn both by the chemists who are to execute it as well as legis
lators who are to pass it which will give us pure foods for our
bodies as well as pure food for our soils Give the Department
of Agriculture back a part of the money which it now turns into
the State treasury to aid in the education of the white brown
black and yellow boys and girls of the State Give us a little less
education of everybodys children with this 40000 of special tax
paid by the farmer only and give us a little more pure food by
means of a welldrawn and rigidly enforced law This will ben
efit everybody in general and the farmer in particular by driving
adulterated foods from the market and increasing the demand
for pure milk butter cheese sirup and the other products of the
farm
I do not believe in being extreme nor in driving wholesome
foods out of the market simply from prejudice If a merchant
wants to sellt a mixture of glucose and cane syrup let him so
brand the compound and put the world on notice what he is sell
ing and in like manner with oleomargarine or other wholesome
but cheap products of the factories Let every tub stand on its
own bottom
One word more and I am done you already have the organi
zation in your Department of Agriculture necessary to accom
plish all this Already the Department earns more money than is
needed to carry out such a law as I have outlined but it is taken
from it and a bare sufficiency doled out to it to carry on its present
work My advice to you gentlemen if you want this done and
done well is to model your Department of Agriculture after that
of the United States Department of Agriculture at Washington
and take it out of politics as far as possible Let your Commis
sioner of Agriculture be appointed by the Governor just as the
Secretary of Agriculture is appointed by the President Then
let the Commissioner of Agriculture appoint his lieutenants who
are to help him execute the laws upon the faithful execution of
which so much depends with a view to their fitness for the work
to be done and not with an eye single to the result of the next
election That being done make it impossible for him to remove
those lieutenants from office except for good and sufficient causeBULLETIN NO 40
269
Gentlemen I am firm in the conviction that if you can accomplish
that you will have done a great and glorious days work for
Georgia
ANALYSIS OF THE GEORGIA PEACH
In view of the great and growing importance of the peach
crop of this State and at the request of those interested in the
matter we have in the intervals of official work made and just
completed an analysis giving the more important constituents of
the peach and especially a full and complete analysis of the ash
or mineral matter
Through the courtesy and interest in the matter of State Ento
mologist Scott I received a crate of fine Elbertas and we at once
commenced the analysis The sugar and the nitrogen being the
important and interesting organic constituents were at once de
termined in the fresh fruit with the following results
m Per Cent
Total sugar z 2
Nitrogen 6Q
Equivalent to protein l 0g
Then came the slow process of ascertaining the nature and
amount of the mineral elements contained in the peach We took
one kilogramme about 2 pounds of the peaches and dried
them slowly at a gentle heat as they became dry they were
transferred to a large platinum dish and charred slowly at a some
what higher temperature the process of incineration or reduc
tion to a pure white ash consuming several days and nights It
is necessary to be especially careful in this part of the work to
avoid a temperature above low redness else certain parts of the
ash might be lost When the incineration was finished and the
last bit of carbon was burnt off the pure ash remaining amounted
to 449 per cent of the weight of the peaches used or just about
enough to analyze without wasting any
The analysis of pure peach ash was as follows270 GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
Per Cent
Potash K20 66Q4
Soda Na20
Lime CaO
Magnesia MgO J
Manganese oxide Mnu4j
Oxides of iron and aluminum
Phosphoric acid P2Ob
Sulphuric acid SOs
Chlorine Cl
Silicia Si02 37
10000
The striking point brought out by this analysis is the decided
preference of the peach for the element potassium more than two
I hS of the mineral matter of the peach being potash or potas
S oxide This preference is the more striking when we con
X Z fact thatthe land on whichthese peaches was grown
had received no fertilizer so that the trees had literally to root
for their potash and extract it from the clay of the soil
On talking with peach growers I learn that the weight of a
crate of peaches varies considerably but that probably an average
odd be fortyfive pounds I myself weighed an empty crate
and found it to weigh nearly eight pounds with its baskets so
we wouldprobably not be far wrong in estimating the netgh
of an average crate of peaches at thirtyfive pounds The heaviest
well authenticated yield of peaches in the State is 5019 crates
from 70 trees
It is best to plant not more than 140 trees per acre 140 is
18 66 per cent of 750 and 5019 crates at 35 pounds per crate
ufdPber 1 5665 pounds ilff per cent of this woukl
be V 779 pounds so we may take 30000 pounds of fruit as rep
resenting what might be called a large yield from a thrifty or
CUFom Sett let us calculate the quantities of nitrogen pot
ash and phosphoric acid that would be carried off from an acre
of land by a heavy crop of peaches Assuming our analysis of
the peach and its ash to be an average analysis there would be
carried off per acreBULLETIN NO 40
271
T Pounds
Nitrogen 22
Potash 07 66
Phosphoric acid T6 46
To replace these quantities of plant food carried off by the fruit
alone there would be required
Cottonseedmeal7c0 00
Sulphate of potash 50 per cent 20000
Acid phosphate 10000
Such a crop as that mentioned above is however most extra
ordinary What would be considered a good average crop would
be about onesixth of the above or about one crate per tree Such
an average crop would remove 87 pounds of nitrogen 1628
pounds of potash and 275 pounds of phosphoric acid per acre
winch could be replaced by an application of cottonseedmeal 12k
pounds f PtaSh 35 PUndS add PhosPhate 25
Though in practice it is recognized that the plant does not or
can not make use of every pound of plant food given it and that
theie is considerable waste or loss so that I would advise for
PerCacre appllCEtl0n f not less than following application
FORMULA PLR ACRE FOR PFACHFS
Cottonseedmeal
Sulphate potash jL
Acid phosphate cQ
Of course it is impossible to give a formula to fit all cases
Hie grower should take into consideration the age of his trees
and consequently the amount of the fruit he expects to remove
per acre also the number of trees per acre and the character of
his soil whether clay or sandy rich or poor
I advise the use of sulphate of potash in preference to muriate
or kamit on theoretical considerations I note in the analysis
that only a trace of chlorine has been taken from the unfertilized
soil by the peach whilst nearly 10 per cent of the pure ash is sul
phuric acid It is further well known that the sugar beet abhors
chlorine since muriate of potash and kainit are injurious to it272
GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OE AGRICULTURE
containing as they do large percentages of chlorine whilst sul
phate of potash is beneficial improving the sugar contents
I would urge growers to try a few acres fertilized with muri
ate of potash alongside the same number of acres fertilized with
sulphate of potash and observe the results in the quality and
flavor of the fruit I will take pleasure in analyzing samples so
grown for sugar to ascertain if there be any superiority in fruit
Irown with sulphate over that grown with muriate of Potash
g In conclusion I will say that we have but little to guide us by
way of comparison in this investigation as there seem to be few
If any reliable analyses of the peach on record Atwater who
gives a large number of analyses of other fruits omits the peach
enAnJther year I hope to make analyses of peaches raised on land
highly fertilized and so compare them with the analysis just made
of peaches raised on unfertilized soil and see whether there be
much variation in the relative composition of the ash and also
if possible to settle the question of the relative merit of muriate
and sulphate of potash
I desire to thank my assistants Messrs R G Williams and
Joseph Q Burton for their skillful aid and interest in this inves
tigation Respectfully submitted
John M McCandeESS State ChemistSPECIAL BULLETINS
OF THE
Georgia Department of Agriculture
18 a bPREFACE TO SPECIAL BULLETINS
Instead of the usual Talk of the Commissioner I have deemed
it best to publish in this Commercial Fertilizer Bulletin the discus
sions of the six agricultural subjects that follow in the prepara
tion of which I have been greatly assisted by R F Wright As
sistant Commissioner and J T Derry Historian and Statistician
O B STEVENS
BULLETIN NO 40
275
COTTON
Among the most valuable of all natures productions is cotton
that wonderful plant of the natural order Malvaceae which
through the down of fine cellular hair attached to its seeds sup
plies the raw material for some of our greatest industries and for
the largest part of the clothing of all nations
Linnaeus the great botanist admitted five species of Gossy
pium which is the generic name for all the plants of this kind
By some subsequent botanists the number of species has been esti
mated at twenty and even more Professor Parlatore after
studying cottons which he had seen cultivated in Italy came to
the conclusion that there were but seven species the rest being
merely varieties
The cultivators of cotton have been very extravagant in multi
plying the species or varieties
The Oriental or Indian and the Occidental or American cot
tons constitute the two great typical divisions of the kinds best
known to commerce Numerous varieties of each type consti
tuting distinct races of the same species give ample scope to ex
perimenters in their efforts for the improvement of the plant
There are several varieties of Indian cotton the most peculiar
of which is the purpleblossomed cottontree known as Gossypium
arboreum and Gossypium religiosum the latter name being given
by reason of the fact that it is grown around the temples in India
and supplies the material for the sacerdotal or priestly tripar
tite thread which the Brahmans regard with great veneration as
the emblem of their Trinity This plant conspicuous for its dark
green leaves and redpurple blossoms produces a silky cotton
Although attempts have been made to make it an article of com
merce by hybridizing they have so far been unsuccessful With
the exception of this one the different varieties of India cotton
are but different forms of Gossypium herbaceum One of these
cultivated to a considerable extent in the Levant is known as
Smyrna cotton The cottons of India are usually included in the
generic term Surats Dharwar in the southern part of the Bom
bay Presidency is the only part of India in which exotic cotton
lias been successfully cultivated The great variety grown is
chiefly acclimatized American cotton from seed of the New Or276
GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICUIfURE
leans species Gossypium hirsutum Though cotton of these
various types is grown in China and Central Asia little or no
supply is furnished to other countries
Occidental or American cottons which were not known to the
world until after the discovery of America consist of two great
divisions Barbadensian or blackseeded cottons having pure yel
low blossoms with a reddishpurple spot at the base of the petals
and the Hirsute or hairy cotton with white or primrosecolored
blossoms The cottons most sought after by manufacturers are
those of the Western World known as New Orleans or Upland
and SeaIsland varieties constituting the great bulk of all the
cottons known to commerce The SeaIsland plant produced
chiefly on the lowlying islands off the coast of Georgia sur
passes all other kinds of cotton in the length strength and beauty
of its staple The Georgia Upland sometimes called Boweds
being the result of attempts to cultivate SeaIsland cotton upon
the uplands of Georgia and the New Orleans are known in Eng
lish and European markets as American Cottons and consti
tute the great production of the United States
Of the New Orleans cotton which is perhaps of Mexican
origin there are two varieties one having green seeds and hardy
constitution the other with white tawny or grayish seeds of
longer and more silky staple The longstaple or SeaIsland cot
tons have black seeds
The times for planting cotton are from March 15 to May 15
and at times to June 1 and the crop is gathered from August to
the end of the year and in some localities even later
One of the most important events in the history of the commer
cial world was the invention of the cottongin in 1794 by EH
Whitney of Massachusetts who at the time was the guest of his
aunt the widow of General Nathaniel Greene whose home was
in Georgia Prior to that time the separation of the lint from the
seed was so difficult as to greatly limit the production of cotton
As at that time this was done by hand the task to each person was
four pounds of lint cotton per week this work being done at
night in addition to the usual field work At this rate one person
would require two years to turn out the quantity of cotton con
tained in one average standard bale of 500 pounds Now one gin
in proportion to its power and saw capacity will gin out from
three to fifteen 500pound bales in a single day Probably no
invention ever caused such rapid development of the industry
with which it was associated In 1793 the exportation of cottonBULLETIN NO 40
277
from the United States was 487500 pounds or 975 bales esti
mated at 500 pounds to the bale In 1898 the production was
more than 12000000 bales or 6000000000 pounds which at
the present price of ten cents a pound would bring 600
000000 Without the gin cotton could never have become
the great article of commerce that it is today
To come nearer home the average cotton crop of Georgia for
many years past has been about 1250000 bales or 625000000
pounds estimated at 500 pounds to the bale which at the pres
ent price of ten cents a pound would bring 62500000
But in counting the amount in dollars brought into our State
by a cotton crop so judiciously raised as to bring the above good
price another item is now to be considered
Among the most reliable resources of the Southern farmer
should be counted the profits arising from the sale of his cotton
seed How well can many of us remember the day when after
saving out enough for replanting and some for manuring land
the great remainder of the seed was burned up as useless But
now this byproduct of the cotton brings annually to the farmers
of Georgia millions of dollars Not even the coming of the cot
ton mills to the fields has been productive of more good to the
planter than the establishment of the oil mills that utilize the seed
once held in such poor esteem They furnish to the farmer the
meal cakes and hulls a cheap and wholesome food for all stock
besides supplying him with an excellent fertilizer The cotton
seed also supplies to the fertilizer factories a material rich in
nitrogen to be used in preparing their chemical fertilizer The
farmer can use upon his fields the meal either alone or in the com
post heap and thus furnish his soil with nitrogen the most
costly of all plantfoods
For the oil extracted at these mills there are many uses The
crude oil often refined is known as summer oil and of this we
Tiave a prime yellow oil sometimes called butter oil from which
are manufactured oleomargarine butterine cotolene etc A se
lected yellow oil subjected to cold pressure becomes a salad oil
and has to a considerable extent taken the place of olive oil The
stearine left on the cloth in the filter press after being refined is
used for making butter lard and candles and for purposes of
illumination cottonseedoil ranks next to sperm The bleached
summer oil when cold pressed is called winter white oil and
is used in miners lamps and in making various medicinal com
pounds
278
GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTyRE
Thus we see from every pound of raw cotton of which only
onethird is lint the modern farmer has also the profit arising
from the other twothirds the once so slightly esteemed cotton
seed the value of which is sure to increase as its uses multiply
and has already gone up from 600 to 2600 a ton
According to the wellestablished fact that for every pound
of lint there are two pounds of seed the average cotton crop of
Georgia will give 1350000000 pounds of cottonseed If one
third of these are kept by the farmers for replanting or for use in
homemade fertilizers there will be left 900000000 pounds
which sold at the price of two cents a pound would bring 18
000000
From the bulletin on Cotton Ginning issued by the United
States Census office in the spring of 1903 we quote the follow
ing figures showing the Quantity and estimated value of Up
land and SeaIsland Cotton and seed and total value of crop
grown in 1902
11078882 bales equals 5052277225 pounds of
Upland Cotton valued at414286732 45
And 39363523 pounds of SeaIsland Cotton
valued at 7401208 15
Totals 5091640748 pounds of Upland
and SeaIsland Cotton vauled at421687940 60
To this add 5091641 tons of cottonseed valued
at 80209194 05
And we have as the total value of the cotton
crop of the United States for 1902501897134 6
This is greater than that of any other agricultural product
except corn which for 1901 was valued at 921555768
The wheat crop in 1901 was the largest on record and was
valued at 467350156 which is less than the value of the cotton
crop of IQ02 by 3454697865
But Georgia farmers are particularly interested in the report
for Georgia taken from the same table in the same bulletin which
is as followsBULLETIN NO 40
279
658202602 pounds of Upland Cotton valued
at53972613 00
23105075 pounds of SeaIsland Cotton valued
at 3927862 75
Totals 681307677 pounds of Upland and
SeaIsland Cotton valued at 57900476 12
To this add 681308 tons of cottonseed valued
at 1110532040
And we have as the total value of Georgia Cot
ton crop for 190269005796 52
The value of the Georgia cotton crop is greater than that of
any other State except Texas From the same bulletin we get
the total gross weight of cotton ginned from crop grown in 1902
with average gross weight of square round and SeaIsland bales
for the State of Georgia which is as follows
In square bales 671733379 pounds
In round bales 17083288 pounds
In SeaIsland bales 23705285 pounds
Total number of pounds712521952 pounds
Average gross weight of bales in Georgia is 4859 pounds for
the square bale 256 pounds for the round bale and 3949 pounds
for a bale of SeaIsland cotton
The number of bales ginned in Georgia in 1902 was 1509199
and in Mississippi 1451626 bales But the Mississippi bale
averages 507 pounds making her production by pounds 721869
939 By reason of her SeaIsland cotton however Georgias
crop exceeds that of Mississippi in value by 125452483
For many years Georgia has ranked most of the time as the
second in cotton production Its average yield to the acre is not
so great as one might suppose who has seen the wonderful results
secured on some farms by the employment of the best scientific
methods nor so small as one might expect who has seen the pro
duction on some of our poor lands worked by unskilled negn la
borers employing the loose methods that once prevailed and are
still prevalent on many farms
For many of our farmers no instruction is necessary concern
ing the cultivation of cotton But there are many whose methods2S0
GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OE AGRICULTURE
need great improvement and others who coming from the North
or West and settling in our State are anxious to learn all about
the cultivation and handling of a crop of cotton
PREPARATION AND CULTIVATION
Of course the first step is thorough preparation of the land
Turn up the land well with a turning plow then if the land re
quires it subsoil Next harrow and roll the object being to
make a thoroughly pulverized seed bed so necessary in the grow
ing of any farm product Next put on the amount and kind of
fertilizer needed either by broadcasting or drilling or open the
furrows and bed on the fertilizers if they are put between the
rows When ready to put in the seed a small part of fertilizer can
be distributed with it
As is well known to every Southern farmer cotton requires a
great deal of sunshine It must be so managed as not to overtask
the land by requiring so much of the strength of the soil for the
stalk that there will not be enough left for the nourishment of the
fruit If the plants are allowed to come up too close together
the result will be too much shade and too much running of the
plant to stalk Apply the same principle to the selection of your
seed that you would to any other crop Then put them in the
wellprepared soil at the distance of 12 to 24 inches in the drill
and in rows from 3 to 6 feet apart The proper distance must be
determined by the fertility of the soil The great thing to be
desired is that the stalks when grown should barely meet in the
row In this way there will be secured to the plants the strength
of the land for the fruit thus greatly increasing the average pro
duction to the acre
Before cotton comes up harrow well using the best modern
tools The object in this is to loosen the crust as well as to kiL
grass and weeds always so ready to spring up
If when the cotton has come up the plants should be too close
together thin them to a stand Then use modern harrows and
cultivators which can be obtained at any store which deals in
farm implements
Proper preparation and cultivation of soil are impossible with
the antiquated tools of past generations No farmer can hope to
get the best results from his land without the use of improved
plows rollers harrows planters weeders and cultivators The
man who will persist in the use of oldtime tools and methods
need not be surprised if his neighbor leaves him far behind in the
race The oldfashioned tools will not properly pulverize theBULLETIN NO 40
281
soil nence many clods are left unbroken or to be broken one at a
time With improved implements he can plow the land to the
necessary depth and then crush the clods on a strip seven or eight
inches wide across the field The same implement that firms the
surface will kill the weeds not allowing one to reach a height of
even one inch
FERTILITY
A judicious use of fertilizers will enormously increase the
productiveness of the fields The composting of commercial fer
tilizers with animal manures marl muck and cottonseed will
greatly reduce the cost of fertilization All the manurial re
sources of the farm should be gathered together and saved under
shelter that they may be ready for application to the fields at the
proper time
Right here we think it appropriate to quote the saying of Mr
James M Smith of Oglethorpe who declares that the cow or steer
is our best fertilizer factory He has proved his faith by his
works and has confirmed the faith of others who hold the same
opinion For many years he has kept on hand 500 head of cattle
which he pastures in the summer and feeds in the winter on cot
tonseedmeal and hulls together with other forage usually fed
the stock He has from 75 to 100 milch cows Jerseys Devons
and Holsteins some of pure and others of mixed breeds These
cows have furnished each year 20000 pounds of butter bringing
from 18 to 25 cents a pound wholesale Moreover he has been
able to sell about 100 head of cattle each year without diminishing
his herd from which it is plain that there is a steady increase of
his cattle
His cattle are kept in an inclosure of fifteen acres being moved
occasionally to another lot and every month or so the ground
is turned Thus he has so enriched several hundred acres of
land that on some of them he has raised from 30 to 35 bushels
of wheat to the acre on some 65 bushels of corn and on others
two bales of cotton to the acre
This land once worth at the highest figure 1000 an acre
he now considers cheap at 5000 an acre
Although the average lands of Georgia produce only about one
third of a bale of lint cotton to the acre there are many farmers
of our State who by careful study of the needs of their land by
judicious rotation of crops and skilful use of both commercial282
GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
and domestic fertilizers have taken land no better than the aver
age and brought it to that point where it readily produces one
bale of cotton to the acre
SELECTION OF SEED
The average Georgia farmer does not pay sufficient attention
to the variety of cotton planted or to the selection of his seed
Now what is true of the seed of other plants is also true of the seed
of cotton Some are far better than others
Some of the favorite varieties known to our farmers are the
Prize Schley Moss Improved Russels Big Boll Lees Im
proved Stricklands Improved Camerons Culpeppers Improved
Norris Big Boll Moores Cluster Excelsior Doughtys Excel
sior Texas Burr Haralsons Truitts Todds Improved Gin
house Sheves Improved Edgeworth Berrys English Big Boll
Corputs Fine Griffins Improved
Imported Egyptian cotton has also been tried but with less
satisfactory results than have been obtained from any of the
others
When a farmer has made a selection from some well approved
variety he can still further build up the quality of his cotton by
watching its growth and making selections of seed for his next
years planting from those stalks which have yielded the largest
number of bolls of fine quality and have shbwn themselves capa
ble of resisting any disease that may have appeared in his crop
It is the practice of some of our most successful cottongrowers
to either send some competent hand or go themselves over their
cotton fields and select the best developed bolls gathering a few
from each individual plant After this has been done the bolls thus
selected are put aside apart from all others Great care is taken
that they shall not become heated during the process of drying
In ginning be careful that they are not mixed with any other seed
for carelessness in this respect will defeat the object sought in the
careful selection Continue this method from year to year and
there will be a steady improvement in the cotton
DISEASES OF COTTON
In spite of all the care that a farmer may take to follow every
approved method of improving his land and increasing the aver
age yield to the acre as well as the constant improvement of theBULLETIN NO 40
283
quality of his cotton here and there will appear some one of
the various diseases that attack the cotton plant such as wilt
anthracnose etc all known under the general name of blight If
he will go over these blighted spots he will find here and there
stalks that have resisted this blight It has been proven by ex
periments conducted by the United States Department of Ag
riculture that seed selected from resisting stalks and planted in
this same soil will to a very large extent remove the blight the
next year and a persistent use of this treatment will finally eradi
cate it altogether
The annual loss to planters from the wilt disease is consider
able It is widely distributed through the Southern States and
probably occurs in many places where it has not yet been dis
tinguished from other troubles such as rust and the effects
of lightning says Mr W A Orton of the United States
Department of Agriculture Says the same authority The
wilt is very distinct from any other disease of cotton so that there
need be no difficulty in its identification It usually makes its first
appearance in the spring about the last of May when the plants
are six to eight inches high It appears in welldefined areas
which enlarge if cotton is planted on the same land again The
first outward indication of its presence is a dwarfed growth and
unhealthy appearance of the plants The leaves turn yellow be
tween the veins their margins shrivel up and some plants wilt
and die at once In other plants the progress of the disease is
often slow and many of them live the entire summer and die late
in the season On cutting across the stem of a diseased plant the
woody part will be found to be stained brown wherever the dis
ease is present In the absence of microscopic examinations this
brown discoloration of the internal tissue is the best ocular evi
dence of the presence of the wilt disease
Plants may partially recover from a severe attack of the wilt
disease by the development of strong lateral branches near the
ground Such plants may be distinguished by their dwarfed and
bushy appearance and by the tendency of their branches to lie
prostrate on the ground
The cause of the wilt disease of cotton is a fungus NeoCos
mospora Vasinfecta which attacks the plant from the soil It
first enters the smaller roots and subsequently grows from these
into the taproot and stem filling the waterducts with its myce
lium The result is that the supply of food and moisture carried284
GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
up from the roots is greatly decreased and the symptoms de
scribed above are produced
In the early history of the wilt disease the cause was sup
posed by the planters to be the excessive applications or injudi
cious use of commercial fertilizers and many of the leading
planters in the Sea Islands made careful experiments with various
modifications of their fertilizers such as the use of marl salt mud
kainit and lime and the increase or decrease of the proportions
of phosphoric acid and potash Mr W G Hinson of James
Island South Carolina a very successful planter has informed
the writer that the result of all these trials has been to convince
those who made them that the disease can not be controlled by
any changes in their system of fertilizing
Mr Orton also states that soil fungicides fail to eradicate the
evil Land that has once been infected should not for several
years be planted to okra or any variety of cotton Several years
of rotation of crops will not entirely relieve the situation and it is
yet uncertain how many years of such treatment are necessary for
the complete eradication of the disease Since the greatest spread
of wilt disease is by the growth of the fungus through the soil
from diseased to healthy areas therefore the rotation should in
clude an area considerably larger than that on which the plants
are wilting
Another preventive is to pull up and burn all diseased plants
so soon as discovered
Cattle should not be allowed to pass freely from infected areas
to healthy fields
Mr Orton also suggests that tools that have been used in culti
vating diseased land should be scoured clean and then washed
with a 2 per cent solution of formalin or a 5 per cent carbolic
acid solution
The utmost care should be taken to keep the fungus out of
stable and barnyard manure so that none of it may be found in
the compost heap
The selection of Resistant Races has been tried by the United
States Department of Agriculture with encouraging results In
every infected field there are plants that resist the disease to a
greater or less extent Every degree of resistance may be found
from those nearly killed to those that have continued healthy to
the end of the season though the latter are comparatively un
commonBULLETIN NO 40
285
An experiment was carried out on the farm of Mr H L
Galloway at Dillon S C where twenty races of cotton includ
ing those most prominent in cultivation were planted in a thor
oughly infected field and their comparative resistance determined
by counting in August the number of plants remaining healthy
those partly diseased and those killed The greatest resistance
was shown by the Egyptian cottons Mitaffi Abbasi and Janno
vitch very few plants of which were killed outright though
nearly all were considerably reduced in size The Jannovitch
which was imported from Egypt by the United States Depart
ment through Messrs Barbour Lathrop and D G Fairchild is a
long staple cotton of fine quality said to be the result of a cross
between Egyptian and Sea Island cotton The most productive
strain of Egyptian cotton grown on infected land was Mitaffi
Sea Island cotton though closely related to the Egyptian suf
fered very much seeming to be no more resistant than the up
land cotton growing beside it most kinds of which proved very
susceptible to the disease though there were minor variations
which must have been due to varietal differences
One race of uplands the Jackson limbless showed marked re
sistance surpassing all other uplands and nearly equaling the
Egyptian cottons
Some of the best kinds were among those most injured by the
disease but in each race there were plants that entirely withstood
it Seed from these were saved for other experiments
Microscopic examination has proved that the ability of certain
cotton plants to grow on infected land is due to the fact that the
wilt fungus is unable to enter their principal root system and not
to any lack of infection The examination of the little tufts of
rootlets proved the presence of the parasite yet showed that it
had been unable to penetrate as far as the main stem
An experiment by Mr Elias L Rivers of South Carolina to
ascertain whether the quality of resistance was transmissible
through succeeding generations produced encouraging results
He selected a healthy plant of Sea Island cotton that grew in a
badly blighted field in 1899 Its seeds were saved and planted in
a single row through a field that had been infected with wilt dis
ease for several years while adjoining rows were planted with
seed from his main crop grown on noninfected land Of the
latter 95 per cent were killed while in the row planted with seed
from the resistant plants of Sea Island cotton not a single plant
was killed by wilt They were vigorous and productive and the
286
GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OE AGRICULTURE
dwarfing noted in Egyptian and upland cotton grown by the
United States Department of Agriculture at Dillon S C was not
so marked here The quality of the lint was good though not
equal to the crop from which the selection was made It is prob
able that by crossbreeding resistant individual plants the re
sistant qualities of the two will be combined with the addition
of the increased vigor which usually comes from crossing If on
the other hand the flowers of a resistant plant should be fertilized
by pollen carried by insects from some diseased plant the resistant
qualities would be impaired In selecting resistant races the
pollen of one kind of resistant plant can with great benefit be
carried by hand to the flowers of a different kind of resistant plant
The report of Mr Orton further says The Egyptian cottons
will probably prove of the greatest value when crossed with our
upland races so as to add the vigor and quality of the former to
the productiveness of the latter It is hoped that the department
will be able to extend its work along this promising line Mr
Orton sums up as follows
In addition to selection for resistance all practicable preventive
measures shouldbe applied Rotation of crops is even more im
portant on these infected soils than on healthy ones for the con
tinual growing of cotton on these lands will increase the amount
of disease and decrease the resistance of the cotton
Prompt destruction of diseased plants is also very important
Every effort should be made to avoid the infection of healthy
fields by animals tools washwater from diseased fields diseased
plants infected compost etc As already stated land once in
fected with this disease remains infected for an unknown period
BOLL AND COTTON WORMS
Among the great enemies of cotton are the boll and cotton
worms The annoyance and damage caused by these pests is in
creased by the fact that their larvae resist such ordinary liquid in
secticides as are usually effective against other insects such as
bugs or leafhoppers
The boll worm is the larva of a moth which deposits eggs upon
the leaves of the cotton plant The larvae of this moth grow
rapidly and attacking the bolls utterly destroy them thus cutting
off all chance for any fruit from the points thus attacked
The newly hatched larva sometimes hides itself in a cluster of
expanding leaf buds and after fastening them together with aBULLETIN NO 40
287
few silk threads feeds under the shelter thus formed or bores
into the peduncles and tender growing stems The length of the
larval state is fourteen and a half days during which time the
boh worm undergoes four transformations or molts the first
occurring six days after hatching the second not more than one
and onehalf days after the first the third two days after the
second and the fourth five days after the third The exact num
ber of days between the molts varies slightly They grow slowly
before the first molt but afterwards under favorable conditions
with wonderful rapidity During the period between the first
and third molts they feed without cessation from mornine to
night
When fullgrown the larva goes into the earth for pupation
The pupal state continues from nine days to two weeks and then
the moth issues
Among remedies for getting rid of the boll worm one in ordi
nary use in some localities is a lighted lamp for attracting the
moth But no matter what style of lamp is used this method of
attracting and trapping the boll worm moth is very unsatisfactory
More insects of a beneficial than injurious kind are destroyed
and therefore the use of the lights is a decided disadvantage
Much has been claimed for poisoned sweets as a method for
destroying the moths This method certainly does attract and
kill the moths But the trouble with it is that the poisoned mix
ture dries rather quickly To attain the best results it must be
applied every day during the egglaying period An excellent
plan is to plant cowpeas in rows 6 to 8 feet apart as a trap bor
dering the cotton field They should be planted late so as not to
reach the height of the blooming period before the destructive
August brood of moths appears The peavines to which the
poisoned sweet mixture is applied will prove an excellent trap for
the moths coming forth to feed provided the cotton is early
enough to have passed that point of its blooming period most at
tractive to the moth Therefore early cotton will be more easily
protected by this method than late The poisoned mixture must
be made strong enough to kill the moths and yet weak enough
not to cause the scorching of the leaves if the weather be hot and
sunshiny An excellent plan is to spray only portions of a row
on any one evening This will leave unsprayed healthy portions
for a series of evenings to follow and thus the slaughtering of
moths may be continued during the egglaying period
About 4 ounces of a coldwater solution of arsenic mixed with288
GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OE AGRICULTURE
8 ounces of beer about six hours after the arsenic has been placed
in water was found to slightly injure the vines If applied while
fresh in the proportion of 12 parts of the vinegar solution to 4
of the poisoned liquid it will be efficient and not injure the vines
A very effective remedy which does not injure the vine to any
appreciable extent is 4 ounces of beer to 2 ounces of potassium
cyanide
There seems to be little if any choice in the use of beer or
vinegar with the molasses used for the sweet Fruit vinegar
should be used in the proportion of 4 parts to 1 of molasses
Simple aqueous decoctions have proved a signal failure
The following has been suggested as a good remedy One and
onehalf ounces of pyrethrum added to one pint of headlight oil
and the jar placed in a waterbath In fifteen minutes heated to a
temperature of 160 degrees Fah at which it was maintained for
an hour While hot filter into another mason jar seal and set
aside to cool After cooling emulsify with half as much rain
water A four and onehalf per cent pyrethrum emulsion made
as above described has been found to be very fatal to the larva
without injuring the plant
PROSPECTIVE COTTON YIELD AND PRICES
There is much speculation every year as to the prospective cot
ton yield Practical planters know how vain as a rule are all
prognostications for cotton often disappoints all expectations
sometimes going far beyond them sometimes falling far short
There is no denying the fact that this year the crop had a bad
beginning but there are many chances yet either to improve or
make worse the prospects
If growers in wet territories will make good use of turning
plows and scrapers and by alternately throwing toward and from
the drill give the grass no chance making vigorous use of the
cotton hoes besides it is possible for the crop yet to do fairly well
One great point in the farmers favor this year is that the sur
plus of cotton on hand which formerly kept prices down has been
changed to a deficit The conditions are such that Wall street
manipulators will hardly be able to control the prices which are
apt to reach a good round figure
Their excellence must be our excuse for giving again some
formulas for cotton which we have twice before publishedBULLETIN NO 40
FORMULAS FOR COTTON j
The following formulas for cotton are the result of careful
experiments by trained investigators on worn soil It was found
that cotton required a combination of nitrogen phosphoric acid
and potash Phosphoric acid is the dominant element however
with nitrogen standing next in importance The relative propor
tion of the three important elements of plant food is one part
nitrogen two arid a half of phosphoric acid and threefourths of
potash The quantities required by a crop of 300 pounds of lint
cotton per acre are nitrogen 20 pounds phosphoric acid 50 pounds
and potash 15 pounds The dozen different formulas given below
are so calculated as to contain very nearly these quantities of the
three important elements and are so varied as to meet the re
quirements and convenience of almost every farmer No one
formula can be said to have any special advantage over the other
just use the one you can get together with the greatest convenience
and least cost to yourself Each one will analyze about 20 pounds
of nitrogen 50 pounds of phosphoric acid and 15 pounds of
potash in the whole formula Fertilizers may be applied either
m drill or broadcast where used liberally but if used sparingly
drilling is considered preferable Each formula represents the
amount to be applied per acre to get the best results
Muriate of Potash 30 lbs
Acid Phosphate334 bs
Nitrate of Soda125 lbs
Muriate of Potash 30 lbs
Acid Phosphate 334 lbs
Dried Bloodm lbs
Muriate of Potash 20 lbs
Acid Phosphate28T lbs
Cotton Seed Meal2S6 lbs
Muriate of Potash 10 lbs
AcidPhoswithPot2pc K203I2 lbs
Cotton Seed Meal286 lbs
Cotton Seed Hull Ashes15 lbs
Acid Phosphate261 lbs
Cotton Seed Meal286 lbs
K 58 lbs
A cid Phosphate 00 lbs
Nitrate of Soda 70 lbs
Stable Manure2000 lbs
Wood Ashes unleached164 lbs
Acid Phosphate261 lbs
Cotton Seed Meal286 lbs
Muriate of Potash 20 lbs
Acid Phosphate300 lbs
Nitrate of Soda 64 lbs
Cotton Seed 131 bus
Kainit 64 lbs
Acid Phosphate 273 lbs
Cotton Seed Meal143 lbs
CottonSeed131 bus
fainit 45 lbs
Acid Phosphate264 lb
Cotton seed263 bus
Acid Phosphate266 lbs
Nitrate of Soda 13 lbs
istabe Manure4000 lbs
Commercial fertilizer to analyze as
below
Available Phosphoric Acid1000
Ammonia 4
Potash K207 300
Use 500 lbs per acre290
GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
Any of the formulas given above for cotton would answer well
for wheat if the quantity of acid phosphate in each is diminished
by onehalf and the nitrogen increased by the amount of money
saved on the acid phosphate But in the case of the wheat the
nitrate of soda should not be mixed with the other ingredients
but reserved and applied as a top dressing in the spring when its
effect will be immediate and marvelous imparting a rich green
color to the plant and if as much as ioo pounds per acre are used
increasing the yield 5 to 10 bushels per acre
PARISH FURMAN S FAMOUS FORMULA
Pounds
Barnyard manure 75
Cottonseed 75
Acid phosphate 37
Kainit 133
2000
Use from 400 to 800 pounds per acre
A COMPOST FAMOUS IN LOUISIANA
Green cottonseed 100 bushels
Stable manure 100 bushels
Acid phosphate2000 pounds
Use 400 to 800 pounds per acre
The Georgia Experiment Station formula for cotton Colonel
Redding Director has been tested there with excellent results
It is as follows
Acid phosphate 1000 pounds
Muriate of potash 75 pounds
Cottonseed meal 7 pounds
i775 pounds
Apply so as to get from 200 to 500 pounds of acid phosphate
per acreBULLETIN NO 40
291
CORN
Corn is a general name given to the grain which supplies the
chief article of bread to the people of any country Thus in Eng
land the word is applied to wheat in Scotland to oats and in the
United States to maize or Indian corn
Whenever an American speaks of corn it is maize to which
lie refers When Columbus discovered the western world he
found maize cultivated by the Indians as their chief bread supply
It was long supposed in Europe that this kind of corn originated
in America But the finding of a very ancient Chinese picture
representing this grain proves that in remote ages it was found in
Central and Eastern Asia From the manner in which corn is
spoken of in the 41st chapter of Genesis where the seven lean
ears ate up the seven fat and good ears it is supposed by many that
this was the corn then cultivated in Egypt However this may
be what we know as corn is cultivated at this time not only in
every part of America but also in Europe and Central Asia
It is planted in Georgia from February to June 1st and gath
ered when ripe from August to October The ripened ears are
fed to horses mules and stock of all kinds and when carried to
the mill are ground into a meal which constitutes the chief bread
supply of thousands of people in our country
While the ears are green and tender but near the size which
they will have attained when ripe they form a favorite and whole
some article of diet which is much relished for its sweetness and
excellent flavor There are certain kinds known as sweet corn
which mature earlier than others and are highly prized as a table
delicacy
There are several classifications of corn based on differences
in the shape of the grain and ear The socalled flint corns haye
a thick corneous growth covering the crown of the grain and
starchy portions while in those corns which contain an excess of
starchy matter and less of the transparent flinty portions the
shrinkage of the starchy portion at maturity causes the wrinkling
at the crown of the grain from which the name Dent is derived
There is no other grain which has as many forms as our Indian
corn It is developed in every variety from the short shrubby
stalk growing upon the shores of Lake Superior to the tall corns
of the Ohio and Mississippi Valleys and of almost every section of292
GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
the South Atlantic and Gulf States with their broad palmetto
like leaves and from the tiny ears and flattened closely clinging
grains of the extreme North to the magnificently elongated swell
ing ear of the Southern and Middle Western States with their
deepindented gourdseedlike grains
It forms a large part of the feed for the beef and pork of the
vast West and of the North and South and is raised in great
abundance from the frozen regions of Canada to the Straits of
Magellan Its most prolific area lies between forty degrees north
and thirtyeight degrees south latitude From this area should
be deducted a portion of the equatorial regions
SOIL
The soil best adapted to corn is one that is dry rich and well
pulverized It is hardly possible to find land too rich for it A
rich grass sod is a good preparation for corn When the addition
of manure is required it may be scattered broadcast plowed and
well harrowed in or put in the row with the seed as preferred
For good fertilizers for corn see formula at the end of this article
SELECTION OE SEED
Great care should be exercised in the selection of seed This
should be made from not only the best varieties but also from the
best grains of the variety selected A good rule is to choose the
earliest and largest ears from the most prolific stalks A steeping
of the carefully selected grains from twentyfour to fortyeight
hours before planting in a solution of saltpeter is by some con
sidered an excellent preparation of the seed since this hastens
the growth of the plant is a protection against squirrels birds
and mice and will for a while keep off the worms This steep
ing of course will cause the grains to swell and for this reason
will not be a good preparation for dry soils
PLANTING
Corn is generally planted in rows from three to six feet apart
and from twelve to thirtysix inches in the drill according to fer
tility of soil and amount of fertilizer used
If the land has been well manured by a broadcast dressing be
fore being broken up the method known as flat planting orBULLETIN NO 40
293
running furrows in land thus prepared and planting in these
furrows is a very good one The furrows should be run with a
scooter or bulltongue plow
Each farmer must to a large extent decide for himself as to
the best and most economical fertilizer to use on his land With
a large number of farmers homemade manures are the only avail
able fertilizers Of these horse stable manure heads the list in
value Next comes cowlot manure and after this in succession
come cottonseed vegetable mold and muck from forests and
swamps It is well to gather all the ashes of the farm all the
litter and woodpile scrapings and fencecorner scrapingin fact
all the refuse matter of the farm including the fowlhouse and
pigpen The ashes are best applied by themselves but any of
the others or all combined if used liberally will pay well the cost
of gathering and applying Mr Dick Naylor who used to write
much for the Southern Cultivator advised a heavy broadcast
spreading of manure before the land is turned under in the fall
if the supply is abundant It will thus have all the winter to rot
and mingle the elements of plantfood with the soil If the sup
ply is not very large the best results can be obtained by strewing
it liberally in the drill and planting the corn on it
Colonel Welborn says Mr Naylor advises the application
of manure in broken doses during the growing season But
Mr Naylor thought that though this method might greatly in
crease the yield of the crop it would involve an immense amount
of extra labormore than he thought would pay for the increased
yield
Few things make better returns than cottonseed when applied
to corn It was once the custom to rot the seed before applying
But Mr Naylor thought that the better plan was to open the
drills deep in December or January and strew the sound seed in
liberally Cover with two furrows with a turningplow and by
planting time they will be dead and will not germinate All or
most of the nitrogen they have thrown off in the process of decay
has been absorbed in the soil instead of escaping into the open air
as it does when they rot en masse This drill manuring in Decem
ber and January is a good plan with any heavy manures particu
larly forest humus and muck When Mr Naylor wrote the
above the cottonoil mill was not so much in evidence as at the
present time It is now a question for the farmer to consider if it
will not be better to sell his cottonseed and use the meal made294
GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OE AGRICULTURE
from it in fertilizing his land But what is better still is to feed
the meal to cattle and apply their voidings to the land
Generally speaking corn is planted in Southern Georgia about
March 15th in Middle Georgia from March 20th to April tst
and in North Georgia from March 20th to April 15th In the ex
treme south it is planted about the last of February Bottom corn
and corn after any of the small grains is usually planted in June
the date depending upon seasons
Some plant twice the amount of corn that is desired to remain
and mature They then pull up the surplus plants about the time
of the second hoeing
It is by some considered best to thin out to one stalk in a hill
The best timeto thin corn is just after a rain when the ground is
soft A long narrow strip sharpened at one end is a very good im
plement with which to root out surplus stalks and is easily pro
cured
CULTIVATION
So soon as the plants begin to show themselves the cultivator
should be used between the furrows If this be done thoroughly
and frequently there will be little use for the hoe
Except where the soil is heavy and liable to an excess of mois
ture hilling or heaping around the plants should be avoided
Stirring the ground in dry weather facilitates the admission and
escape of heat and secures the deposit of large quantities of mois
ture even in dry sultry weather Corn and other crops have
sometimes been rescued from the effects of drought by a thorough
use of the plow and cultivator Welldrained darkcolored rich
soils suffer much less than others in seasons of drought
It is fa better to prevent the appearance of weeds and grass
than to kill them after they appear If the young grass appears
before the com is up a good plan is to run a harrow over the
field The young corn will not be injured and the grass will he
destroyed
If the soil has been well prepared and is mellow a great deal
of extra work may be saved by using a small harrow having
sharp slender teeth set backward at an angle of about fortyfive
degrees
If the land is rough other and slower means must be resorted
to The narrow plow then required must be put in deeper but
in this case there is risk of damage to the tender rootlets which
are now running out in all directionsBULLETIN NO 40
295
When the corn has reached a height of three or four inches
plow around it with a narrow scooter or hulltongue running
near enough to throw the soil well around the roots If the land
is badly seeded to grass and weeds it would be hard to find an
implement equal to a good steeltooth harrow for destroying them
for the first cultivation running it as near as possible to the
stalk
What is known as the side harrow is an excellent implement
for cultivating young corn the first time Subsequent cultivation
is done with a double shovel or riding cultivator provided the
land is free of roots stumps and stones
As a general rule three plowings only are necessary but in
case of a very wet spring the rapid growth of grass may require
a fourth
In cultivating corn be careful to leave the roots unmolested
Therefore since the roots grow near the surface shallow cultiva
tion is absolutely essential Hence what is known as barring
or leaving the corn standing on a narrow ridge or bar from si
to eight inches wide is not a good method since by this plan
young roots are more or less exposed But if troubled with bud
worms barring off may work well while the corn is young if
when the stalks have grown too large for the worms to hurt the
dirt is worked back to them again
One good hoeing at least generally is necessary in the cultiva
tion of a corn crop and this should be given immediately after
the first plowing whether that has been done by a harrow culti
vator or scooter
If this has been well done the hoeing will be easy Subsequent
plowings will as a rule be sufficient to keep a clean drill until the
corn has grown high enough to shade the ground
BUDWORMS IN YOUNG CORN
Sometimes budworms so called because of their feeding upon
the little buds do great damage to young corn The following
remedyhas been used by some If you see the bud leaves of the
little stalks wilting and dying bear off the rows close as you would
cotton and with the hoes carefully take the dirt away from the
stalk as near as you can down to where the roots branch off The
worms are thus cut off from the little buds since they can only
enter the stalk under the ground at the point where the little
blades are forming296
GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
They can not bore into the stalk above the ground for lack of
something by which to hold while at work and they will not bore
among the roots
So soon as the stalks are large enough to be beyond danger
from the worms throw the dirt back to them again
Where corn is planted late in May there is not much danger
from budworms
REMEDY FOR CORN WEEVILS
Many remedies against these pests have been suggested The
expedient most generally practised is to gather the corn so soon
as it is dry enough and put it up wet Another remedy recom
mended is salting also intermingling among the corn when
stored the green leaves and branches of the black walnut china
etc It has been suggested to wet and salt the corn sprinkling
every load well with strong brine since this seems to diminish
the number of insects and to make more palatable the shucks in
which the corn should be stored
VARIETIES OF CORN
Many varieties of field corn are used in Georgia as for instance
Blounts Prolific Bradberrys Improved Cockes Prolific Farm
ers Pride Fitzpatrick Geddings Improved Georgia Cracker
Golden Dent Hickory King Ivys Improved Kellys Improved
Marlboro Poor Land Corn Sanders Improved Shaws Im
proved Tennessee White Tennessee Yellow Weeklys Improved
and Woodalls Improved
Each of these has its admirers who prefer it to all others The
seed of many of these varieties can be procured generally in the
nearest town or in wellknown seed stores in the larger towns and
cities of the State
HARVESTING
The frugal fanner makes everything tell in his corn crop He
is not satisfied with the roastingears for table use in the summer
or canned for winter use or with the ripened grain to be ground
into meal or fed to all kinds of stock or with the dried leaves for
fodder and shucks for various purposes but he now makes useBULLETIN NO 40
297
of the stalks as well which in former years were left in the field
to dry up and be wasted
If at the proper time when the kernels are well glazed but be
fore the grain is fully ripe the stalks with the leaves and corn
still on them be cut and shocked closely like wheat or other
small grain the substance remaining in the corn will be sufficient
to mature the grain and the stalks themselves will not dry out
as they would if left standing in the field The corn will soon
mature and can be pulled from the stalks which can then be hauled
to the shredder and made into nutritious hay which then being
baled will be ready for the market
Or if the fanner prefers he can put the stalks into a cutter and
make them into silage If this be mixed with peavines it will
make a feed about equal in value to the wholecorn silage
It is an enormous waste of feed to let the cornstafks dry up
in the field
CORN FORAGE
Of late years corn has frequently been cultivated for forage
When it is desired to raise a crop of this kind the soil should be
in high condition and well pulverized Where the soil is suitable
it is well to prepare the grains in a pickle of saltpeter as in those
intended for ripening Then they may be sown broadcast and
harrowed using about three or four bushels to the acre
Some think it is a better plan to sow thickly in drills and stir
tthe ground with a light plow or cultivator
The sowing may be done early or late though as a general rule
the early sowing produces the better results
Corn forage should be cut before frost and dried like hay pre
vious to housing
More than 27000 pounds of corn forage have been cut on one
acre in Greene county in the Middle Belt of Georgia
USES OF CORN
Not only in Georgia but throughout the United States the
iises of corn are various It is largely fed to all kinds of stock
but to working animals must be fed with care and in cool weather
As a fattener for pork it has not its superior
Every American is familiar with it boiled or roasted on the
ear or cut from the cob and prepared in various ways each of298
GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
these ways of using it being considered among our best table
delicacies When ripe it is hulled in a weak lye then boiled and
known as hulled corn and lye or big hominy Corn sometimes
coarsely ground at others but little coarser than meal and boiled
in water is known as hominy or samp Mush or hasty pudding
is prepared in the same manner of fine meal
Again the meal prepared in various ways is universally es
teemed for the table and corn bread in all its forms is a favorite
food with the large majority of Americans One species of corn
known as popcorn when parched in an Oven or over a hot blaze
breaks open while its starchy portions spread out in flakes of
snowy whiteness and are eaten with great relish by young and
old seated in the home circle around the cheerful fire
Georgias rank as a corngrowing state
In 1890 Georgia was the eleventh State in the area devoted
to corn and in 1901 ranked as the eighth in that respect In the
latter year among the Southern States Virginia Kentucky Ten
nessee and Texas surpassed her in the number of bushels raised
but in the value of her corn crop Georgia surpassed all of these
except Texas The number of bushels raised in Georgia in 1901
was 37857580 valued at 31043216
From 1892 to 1901 inclusive the average yield of corn to the
acre in Georgia varied from nine to thirteen bushels this last
quantity being the average in 1895 The total average during that
period of ten years was 108 bushels to the acre But there are
large areas in many of our counties which under ordinary culti
vation average from fifteen to twenty bushels to the acre and
others which yield from twentyfive to fifty bushels to the acre
Under the most scientific farming from forty to sixty bushels
to the acre are a common yield and there have been produced as
high as 137 bushels to the acre in Spalding county Middle Geor
gia 125 bushels in Cobb county Northwest Georgia 123 bushels
in Wilkes county Middle Georgia 119 bushels in Thomas
county Southwest Georgia 115 bushels in Crawford county
partly in Middle partly in Southwest Georgia 104 bushels in
Cherokee county Northwest Georgia In Chattooga county in
the same section 90 bushels to the acre have often been raised
Although these are unusual yields they show what can be done
in every section of our State under the most scientific or intensive
farmingBULLETIN NO 40
299
THE LARGEST YIELD OF CORN
In the Southern Cultivator and Dixie Farmer for February
1890 we find an account of what is probably the largest yield of
corn ever made The American Agriculturist offered a prize of
50000 for the largest yield of corn per acre Mr Z J Drake
of Marlboro South Carolina came out first with a yield of 254
bushels to the acre and Mr Alfred Rose of New York came
next with 213 bushels to the acre
In each instance the land had been carefully surveyed
every precaution was taken to have the harvesting honestly doner
and the corn was carefully weighed on tested scales
The land of Mr Drake was sandy and had been previously
valued at only eight dollars an acre Thirty years previous this
land had been styled starvation empire and even as late as 1887
the prize acre itself produced only about five bushels of corn
In 1889 the fertilization began in February and was continued
several times during the making of the crop The total material
used was as follows 1000 bushels of stable manure 600 bushels
of cottonseed 866 pounds each of German kainit and cottonseed
meal 200 pounds of acid phosphate 1066 pounds of manipulated
guano 200 pounds of animal bone 400 pounds of nitrate of soda
The value of the stable manure was 5000 and of the other fer
tilizers used 17000
The seed planted was Drakes Improved a variety of gourd
seed corn raised by Mr Drake One bushel was used and the
planting was done on March 2 On June 13 posts and stakes had
to be put up along the rows to keep the stalks from falling The
rows were alternately three and six feet apart the plants five and
six inches apart one stalk in a place The framework to support
the corn was of laths wire and twine somewhat resembling but
terbean frames
Although Mr Drake had dug a well and made full prepara
tions for irrigation the seasons were so fine that the well was not
used at all
The appearance of the corn when green was like that of half a
dozen sugarcane patches piled one on top of the other
So many people came to look at his corn that Mr Drake built
a frame scaffold in the style of an amphitheatre so that curious
visitors could mount up and behold the growing corn which
promised an enormous yield Nor did the result fall short oi
expectation

300
GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
The crop was harvested November 25 1889 and the product
was 254 bushels and 49 pounds
Mr Drake made the following estimate of the cost of produc
tion and the value of the product
Interest on value of land at six per cent 1 50
Plowing 4 00
Harrowing 2 00
Other labor in preparing land 1 00
Value of stable manure 50 00
Value of fertilizers or substances other than stable ma
nure applied 16900
Cost of applying stable manure 2 00
Cost of applying other fertilizers 5 92
Cost of seed 1 00
Cost of cultivating q 00
Other labor in caring for crop 11 00
Cost of harvesting 8 00
Total cost of production64 42
Value of 254 4950 bushels of corn at 75 cts a bush 191 23
Value of iy2 tons of fodder at 10 per ton 15 00
Total value206 23
The cost was above the value of the product but allowing for
the value of the fertilizing material left in the soil it is probable
that the acre should be credited with at least 5000 profit for that
years wonderful crop The land was considered good for a hun
dreddollar crop for several years to come
In this particular instance Mr Drake made a handsome sum
out of his venture since he secured the prize of 50000 offered
by the American Agriculturist and 50000 offered by the
State Agricultural Society of South Carolina
Another instance on record of a large yield of corn is that of
Mr James Barlow of Mississippi who gathered near Crystal
Springs 1400 bushels from twelve acres an average of 116
bushels to the acre
FERTILIZER FOR CORN
Dr John M McCandless the State Chemist after giving the
following formula for wheat states that it is also a good one for
corn with one omission Read what he has to sayBULLETIN NO 40
301
It would be an excellent idea to plant wheat on land from
which you have previously cut a crop of clover or cowpeas The
roots and stubble of these crops enrich the soil with nitrogen de
rived from the air However if you have not such a field ready
choose one from which you have already gathered a crop of cot
ton It is best not to follow wheat with wheat nor corn with
wheat Drag off the cotton limbs and burrs with a harrow turn
up the stalks with a plow and broadcast from twenty to twenty
five loads of stable manure or stable and cow manure mixed to
the acre Lay off the lands eight feet apart across the cotton
rows and then broadcast 400 pounds per acre of this formula
Pounds
Acid phosphate 13 per centI200
Cottonseed meal gQO
Muriate of potash QQQ
2000
or buy from your dealer a fertilizer guaranteed to contain
a Per Cent
Available phosphoric acid g 00
Ammonia 2 Q
ptash vSoo
which is what the above formula would analyze In either case
broadcast 400 pounds per acre Then drag a harrow in each land
so as to thoroughly pulverize the soil and mix the fertilizers in
timately with it This treatment also obviates danger of killing
the seed wheat by reason of the grains coming in actual contact
with the strong chemicals of the fertilizer Select a good variety
of wheat and broadcast It would be well to wet the seed with a
weak solution of sulphate of copper or bluestone before planting
In the spring broadcast over the wheat one hundred pounds
per acre of nitrate of soda It would be well to mix each 100
pounds nitrate with four or five hundred pounds of loose fine
earth so as to insure a more even distribution
A good fertilizer for corn would be the same as that given above
for wheat only omitting the topdressing of nitrate of soda in the
spring
302
GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
A noted formula of the Georgia Experiment Station for corn
and the grasses is
Acid phosphate1000 pounds
Muriate of potash 3 pounds
Cottonseed meal1250 pounds
2280 pounds
Apply enough of the above formula to get from 100 to 200
pounds of acid phosphate per acre
WHEAT
The first public letter issued from the Department of Agricul
ture after the present Commissioner had been regularly installed
was an appeal to the farmers of Georgia to sow largely of wheat
and oats About that time the Macon Telegraph earnestly dis
cussed the question of wheat and other grains and offered prizes
for the best essays on wheatgrowing which were read at a con
vention held in Macon in October 1899 By the continued agita
tion of this question making it a feature of almost every issue
the Telegraph prevailed upon many farmers to plant wheat who
had not done so before A special point made and insisted on
had great weight and that was that the negro farmer who had
a wife or daughter in a white mans kitchen could make cotton
at three cents a pound while the white farmer could not make it
for less than eight cents There was therefore a disastrous com
petition between the white and black cotton planter and the
former was going to the wall on low prices while the latter was
improving his condition and continuing to swell the receipts at
all the ports and all the markets The white man must make a
shift in his farming operations In order to make this point come
home at once and to give a zest to the start the Macon Telegraph
offered gold prizes for the best yield in wheat and these prizes
were awarded at a second wheat growers convention held in
Macon on July 12 1900 This convention was largely attended
and the report from the wheat fields was very gratifying The
honors went to Spalding Bibb and Washington counties TheBULLETIN NO 40
303
good work was fairly started and the year 1900 was the greatest
wheat year that Georgia has ever known
While it is true that cotton and corn are the great staple crops
of our State and the chief sources of our agricultural wealth and
that the North Central and Western States are those best adapted
to wheat growing yet there are large areas of Georgia where the
cultivation of wheat is a very profitable business
From a very early period of the history of Georgia many farm
ers have found that it paid them to raise wheat for their own
family use while others have derived great profit in raising
enough for both home consumption and neighboring markets So
long as thousands prefer bread made from wheat to that from any
other grain will there be a growing and ever increasing market
for him who has wheat to sell
A review of wheat growing in Georgia for a period of fiftytwo
years will prove both interesting and profitable Therefore we
have prepared the following table taken from the decennial re
ports of the United States census and two subsequent reports
found in the year books of the United States Department of Agri
culture for the years 1900 and 1901 respectively
Crop of 1849 reported in census of 1850
1859
1869
1879
18S9
1899
1990
1901
1800
1870
1880
1890
1900
Year Book for 1900
1901
Aeres
475681
19i633
319161
550 674
37099K
Bushels
1088534
2544913
2127017
3159771
1 096312
1765917
5011133
3142167
Value
1547773
47ti0576
2859637
It will prove of interest also to note the average yield of wheat
to the acre estimated in bushels from 1892 to 1901 as given in
the following table
1892 1S93 1894 1895 19H 1897 1898 1899 1900 91 1901
68 72 69 62 80 i 94 100 6 8 82
From the above tables it appears that Georgias largest wheat
crops were in 1879 1900 and 1901 and that for recent times her
best year of average production to the acre was 1898 Of course
average production depends upon fertility of soil skillful cultiva
tion and the seasons which latter are sometimes favorable and
at other times unfavorable But the best soils and seasons fail
to produce the best results where cultivation is careless or un304
GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
skilled One of the best illustrations of this fact is given in 3
little pamphlet entitled The Worlds Wheat Lands written by
Henry F Moore an author of distinction in agricultural matters
This treatise which was printed in London in 1899 after com
paring analyses of American and English soils declares that the
former have twice the average fertility of the latter but that
American soils show much smaller average yields than those of
England The comparison is made between the best soils of each
country
The natural conclusion is that our American farmers have not
yet reached the standard of skillful cultivation which prevails in
England
The best wheat lands of our great prairie States which have
been cultivated for several years do not make the enormous yields
of other years and approximate those yields only under the most
scientific culture
The example of our English cousins proves that the hand of
the diligent maketh rich and that skilled labor will produce even
under less favorable conditions better results than unskilled toil
under more auspicious surroundings As we have said at other
times welldirected diligence and industry are generally crowned
with a suitable return
A skillful farmer will study not only the needs of his soil but
also the variety of wheat best suited to it Some directions may
here prove of benefit
A PEREECT variety oE wheat
First get as early a variety as possible since in some years
even a few days will mean much with this crop Some wheat will
fall before it ripens while the stems of another kind will maintain
an erect position until the grain is perfectly ripe It is best to select
a variety with a strong and stiff stem and one that will best with
stand the extreme cold weather Other things being equal select
the wheat that has a thin skin or bran After choosing your seed
wheat have it ready to plant in October
PREPARATION EOR WHEAT
But the best varieties of wheat will fail to produce the best
crop if the farmer fails in thorough preparation and continued
good management of his soil from year to year One of theBULLETIN NO 40
305
chief objects is to keep the vegetable matter and mineral portions
as near or as much on the surface as possible so that the roots
of the plants may strike out horizontally instead of going down
in a more vertical direction When they spread out horizontally
they form a kind of mat in the soil a few inches deep which
rises and settles down bodily when the ground freezes and
thaws In this way though the soil may freeze a number of times
during the winter still your grain may escape being killed be
cause the roots are matted together horizontally and the plants
are not thrown out of the soil On the other hand if the vege
table matter and fertilizers be mixed with a good depth of soil
the roots strike deep looking for the fertile elements of the soil
and will be raised and broken by the freezes
Now if we can break or turn over a few inches of the top soil
and then pulverize the soil below this stratum keeping the vege
table matter and fertilizers near the surface we will see a remark
able yield in the wheat crop We can remember that before the
war most of our wheat was raised on newlycleared land We
could not plow it deep but simply harrowed or scratched over
the rough new ground and put our grain in Then we had but
little complaint of winterkilled wheat Nature did then for us
what we must do now We must as far as possible restore
the conditions of nature Then we had for the seed bed
of our wheat the rich ashes of the burnt logs and brush
harrowed into the thin stratum of leaf mould The wheat might
have been better in those days had the hard subsoil underlying the
leafmould been broken up with a subsoil plow without having
been turned above the rich mould
To repeat keep the soil that is best or a thin mellow stratum
of rich soil at or near the surface Subsoil as the conditions may
demand
SOIL FOR wheat
The question is often asked why a certain plot of ground that
yields a good crop of almost everything else will not produce
wheat Now why is this so Simply because the roots of the
plants can not find in that particular soil the proper elements of
plantfood to produce the wheat grains In one soil the little
roots find all they need for the perfect development of the kernels
of the wheat while in another soil the roots send out their numer
20 a b
306 GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
ous little mouths in search of the nourishment they so much need
but never find It is not in the soil and it must be supplied or
your expectations of a harvest will prove in vain
The soil adapted to wheat is one in which the predominating
characteristics are loam and clay and this is much improved by a
large proportion of lime furnished by either nature or man Your
soil must be dry underdrained if necessary as it is impossible
to make a large crop of wheat if there is an excess of water in the
land Another feature in a good wheat soil is that it must have
an abundant supply of nitrogenous matter with sufficient phos
phoric acid potash and lime If the soil is lacking in these ele
ments use plenty of barnyard manure Do not be afraid to use
plenty of it and concentrate it It is better to put ten tons on one
acre than to spread it on two for thus you will make more
wheat to the acre and do it with less labor Apply also plenty of
wood ashes this is very important as these ashes contain phos
phoric acid potash lime and soluble silica all essential elements
in the constitution of the wheat plant Dr Lee of New York
says I regard it as a fact of great practical importance that
wood ashes even leached ashes found on nearly every farm
contain all the earthy elements of this invaluable breadbearing
plant The organic elements of the wheat form about 96 per
cent of its substance Mr Todd tells us that water and its con
stituents oxygen and hydrogen carbon and nitrogen are the
four elementary ingredients of all cultivated plants besides their
minerals These are indispensable and fortunately nature has
provided an amount of carbon and nitrogen in the air if not in
the soil more than equal to the wants of vegetation Much of
our lands have been run down by unwise cultivation and are well
nighexhausted These lands need nitrogen and available phos
phoric acid and potash and particularly lime To restore these
elements to our wasted lands sow cow peas after grain and turn
them under in the fall first having broadcasted barnyard manure
ashes and lime continue this plan for a few years and your lands
will grow richer and richer and your harvests will be larger and
larger and you will become more independent as you grow older
It is a wellestablished fact that without nitrogen in some form
it is impossible to grow one kernel of good wheat
It has been said by high authority that a quart of urine from a
horse that has been fed on grain contains nitrogen enough to sup
ply a bushel of wheat Do we appreciate the money value of this
animal product Fill your barns stables and lots with someBULLETIN NO 40
307
good absorbent such as straw cornstalks leaves of the forest
pulverized charcoal swamp muck sawdust and at the proper time
compost them all the products of the farm and you have a most
suitable fertilizer for your wheat
PROPER DEPTH TO COVER WHEAT
Mr Todd of New York has experimented with wheat as fol
lows In row No 1 fourteen grains of wheat were planted one
inch deep in row No 2 fourteen grains were planted two inches
deep in row No 3 fourteen grains were planted three inches
deep and so on until eight rows were planted the depth being in
creased one inch in each row Eight days afterwards it was
found that in row No 1 twelve of the fourteen grains had come
up In row No 2 there were seven grains that had come up in
row No 3 there were eight in No 4 five in No 5 three in No
6 two in Nos 7 and 8 none at all though upon close examina
tion four sickly sprouts were attempting to reach the surface
The legitimate conclusion is that seed wheat must not be planted
too deep suggesting the fallacy of plowing in since by this
method much of the seed will be buried so deep that the stems
can never reach the surface of the ground We would therefore
suggest that it is better to harrow your wheat and fertilizers in
from 1 to 3 inches deep according to the character of the soil re
membering that a thinner covering is required in close heavy
land than in that which is light or sandy A still better plan
when practicable is to use the wheat drill after the land has been
thoroughly plowed fertilized harrowed raked pulverized and
ihen rolled This will leave your land in excellent condition for
the propagation and growth of the wheat plant as well as a
smooth surface so important for the future harvest
A PRACTICAL ILLUSTRATION
Mr W J Bridges the successful competitor in the wheat con
test to which allusion has already been made and who on four
acres in Spalding county raised an average of 65 bushels to the
acre in an interview with a reporter of the Macon Telegraphy said
that the opinion expressed by some that wheat would not yield
satisfactorily if planted in the same place two consecutive years
had not held good in his case and that on sixteen acres of his
land which had been planted in wheat for three consecutive years308 GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OE AGRICULTURE
he had harvested in the fourth year 711 bushels or an average of
about 4432 bushels to the acre The previous spring he had given
it a heavy coat of manure and then planted it in cotton After
he had gathered this crop he ripped out the stalks and turned over
the land with a twohorse plow following that with a cutaway
harrow and then rolling it with a heavy roller He then put in
his wheat with a drill using about four hundred pounds of a spe
cial highgrade potash fertilizer at the same time In planting the
wheat he put in 105 pounds or one bushel and three pecks to the
acre This land which by the way was upland he had four
years before begun to manure with the idea of bringing it up to
where the benefit to it would be permanent By judicious use
of stable manure and droppings from cattle used with fertilizers
he brought it up to where it would make from one and a half to
two bales of cotton to the acre To do this he gave it a very heavy
coating of manure in the spring and saw that it was wellbroken
up with a twohorse plow This he says should always be done
in the spring
The land upon which he made his crop was a gray loamy top
soil with an undersoil of stiff red clay that retains the moisture
to feed the roots The variety of wheat used by him was the
purple or bluestem variety This he soaked in bluestone to prevent
smut which is more to be dreaded than rust He advises the use
of about one pound of bluestone dissolved in boiling water using
about a gallon of water to every two bushels of wheat which
should be thoroughly wet and then sowed
His advice about the time for sowing wheat is that it should
never be sown until after the first big frost in November as it will
then stand more successfully the ravages of the fly or small grub
that begins at the root and saps the vigor from the young shoots
causing them to grow up spindling stalks that are short with
faulty heads In England and in our Western States the drop
pings of the sheep and cattle have added much to the productive
ness of wheat lands But the majority of our farmers are not
stockraisers and need a fertilizer that is immediately available
Therefore artificial fertilizers or commercial manures must be
used for the reason that farm manures can not always be had in
sufficient quantity and are rarely applied in a mechanical condi
tion to be readily assimilated by the wheat plant But the com
mercial manures have been scientifically prepared with special
reference to the needs of different kinds of soils and crops and
though they involve some outlay of money the increase of theBULLETIN NO 40
309
crop will well repay the expenditure Experiments have frequently
proved that a judicious application of 1000 worth of the proper
fertilizers will often bring a return of from 2000 to 3000
worth of grain
FORMULAS FOR WHEAT
The formulas are given of different materials to suit the con
venience of different people living in different localities but all
are so calculated as to contain practically the same amounts of
phosphoric acid potash and nitrogen
The quantities given in each formula are the amounts to be
applied per acre Where the wheat is planted in the fall and
nitrate of soda is given in the formula the nitrate should not be
mixed with other ingredients but reserved and applied with the
topdressing in the spring when its effect will be immediate and
very marked imparting a rich green color and increasing the
yield
In those formulas where nitrate of soda is not an ingredient
the result will be much better if you can afford to apply 75 or 100
pounds of nitrate of soda in the spring as a topdressing in addi
tion to the other formula applied in the fall
The formulas prepared by Dr J M McCandless our State
Chemist are as follows
Muriate of Potash30 lbs
Acid Phosphate167 lbs
Nitrate of Soda 125 lbs
Cotton Hull Ashes 20 per
cent K2O45 lbs
Acid Phosphate110 lbs
Cotton Seed Meal286 lbs
Kainit64 lbs
Acid Phosphate137 lbs
Cotton Seed Meal143 lbs
Cotton 8eed13 13 bus
Muriate of Potash30 lbs
Acid Phoiphate167 lbs
Dried Blood167 lbs
Muriate of Potash20 lbs
Acid Phosphate140 lbs
Cotton Seed Meal 286 lbs
Unleached Wood Ashes 164 lbs
Acid Phosphate130 lbs
Cotton Seed Meal286 lbs
Acid Phosphate133 lbs
Nitrate of Soda13 lbs
Stable Manure 2 tons
Muriate of Potash15 lbs
Acid Phosphate with 2 per
cent Potash120 lbs
Cotton Seed Meal286 lbs310
GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OE AGRICULTURE
Kainit58 lbi
Acid Phosphate150 lbs
Nitrate of Soda70 lbs
Stable Manure 1 ton
Kainit45 lbs
Acid Phosphate132 lbs
Cotton Seed26 23 bus
Muriate of Potash20 lbs
Acid PhosphateJ50 lbs
Nitrate of Soda64 lbs
Cotton Seed13 13 bu
Commercial Fertilizer to analyze
as follows
Available Phosporic Acid
4 12 to 5 per cent
Ammonia 485 percent
Potash 3 per cent
Apply BOO poundi per acre of this last
Although the formulas in the first of these paragraphs do not furnish
those quantities of nitrogen phosphoric acid and potash removed by a
crop of thirty bushels of wheat per acre yet they will furnish very satis
factory formulas especially if the nitrate of soda at the rate of 100 lbs
per acre is applied as a top dressing in the spring
Each of the above formulas will be excellent for cotton if the
amount of acid phosphates in each is doubled
WHEN TO SOW WHEAT
Winter wheat may be sown too early in the fall or too late
so we must select the time between these periods to put in the
seed As we have stated before this plant encounters many
enemies which flourish only at certain periodssay in the fall
soon after the wheat comes upthen other enemies in the spring
before harvest Drouth wet weather freezing and thawing all
have to be considered by the man who would grow wheat suc
cessfully
Now then looking to the dreary winter we find the strongest
wheat plants those that are most firmly rooted with a system of
luxuriant leaves sufficient to cover the surface of the ground
will endure the rigors of our cold blizzard in winter so common
of late years with less injury But on the other hand if we plant
too early so that the plants attain a large size in a few weeks
hordes of insects in the form of the wheat fly will almost de
stroy the plants This fly flourishes between the early and the
late sowing So we are forced to choose the late seed time and
in order to be prepared to resist the adverse influences of winter
we must plow and harrow and pulverize and manure the soil and
so enrich the seedbed that the young plant will spring up from
the seed deposited in the soil after the dreaded foes have run theirBULLETIN NO 40
311
course and still have sufficient time to become wellrooted before
the cold winter sets in
To be more definite let the seed be put in as late in the season
as it can be and still have sufficient time to throw out a system
of roots and leaves large enough to cover the entire surface of
ground before the cold blizzards come upon it Our best wheat
growers in Georgia plant from October 1 to November 1 Every
intelligent farmer will study his environments his soil and cli
matic conditions and then use his best judgment

WHY WHEATGROWING IS BENEFICIAL
The great majority of farmers in Georgia have some lands
well adapted to wheat and would we confidently believe find it
advantageous for more reasons than one to raise wheat in sufficient
quantities to at least supply their family use The nearer a farmer
comes to raising all his food supplies the larger will be the profit
derived from cotton his great money crop
Good and wholesome food goes a long way to make home at
tractive The farmers children will not stay any longer than
they can help on the old place if they find the eating somewhere
else to be far better than that furnished at home Corn bread will
do very well and be eaten with a relish if it be known that there
is good wheat bread on the family table for whoever wants it
And when a farmer raises his own wheat and has it ground into
flour at his own neighborhood mill he knows that the material
from which his bread is made is pure and not adulterated by some
unhealthy substance This is more that he can be certain of when
he buys Western flour Homeraised wheat means pure food and
pure food means health and strength It means not only good
bread but good and pure material out of which the careful house
keeper can prepare at very moderate expense dainty and healthful
dishes which children always relish and which are not unaccept
able to the most stalwart man It means better food for chickens
and consequently more and better eggs The food prepared from
wheat for our milch cows furnishes them with those elements es
sential to the production of good milk and this of course pro
duces better and richer butter an article of food whose value
as a promoter of health and vigor can hardly be overestimated
In the warm weather which prevails in Georgia for at least half
the year butter is a healthier article of diet than meat Firstclass
sweet milk and buttermilk and the best of butter are delicacies
312
GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
within easy reach of even farmers of very moderate means and
nothing will so enable them to enjoy these as a good supply of
homeraised wheat
Wheatgrowing adds to the healthfulness of a people The
adulteration of flour has been a prolific source of indigestion and
ruined health When the farmers raise their own wheat and
going with it to a neighborhood mill have it ground into flour
they become unto themselves a pure food law and may be cer
tain that their bread at least is free from unhealthful ingredients
WHEATGROWING MEANS GOOD FLOUR MILLS
Just as cotton mills follow cotton fields so flour mills follow
wheat fields and new industries are added to keep money in cir
culation at home Those States are the most prosperous whose
people raise most of their own supplies and have at the same time
something which other States and nations wish Hence the farm
ers of Georgia in common with their neighbors of all the South
ern States are furnished by nature with opportunities for wealth
possessed by few in other lands They have in cotton the great
est money crop of the world if they will but feed themselves and
families by the produce of their farms and thus be in a position
to exercise large influences in fixing the price of cotton
The more diversified the industries of a State the greater will
be its power and wealth The nearer a farmer comes by diversity
of crops to living entirely at home the larger will be the bank
account to his credit from the sale of his cotton and the more in
dependent will he become Independent farmers will mean for
Georgia independent merchants and manufacturers and increased
wealth and power for the State
In 1880 the farmersof Georgia were raising wheat to a large
extent and we had 1139 flour and grist mills There then came a
decline in wheat production and the number these mills was re
duced to 719 in 1890 In 1898 there began a revival of wheat
growing and the census of 1900 reported 1123 mills for 1899
The great wheat crop of 1900 caused a large increase of flour
mills and the introduction of the most improved machinery for
grinding wheat into flour
An increase of our wheat crop means a corresponding increase
of firstclass mills with all that they mean of increased wealth and
independence for our StateBULLETIN NO 40
313
WHEAT FOR THE MARKET
There are sections of Georgia where the farmer will find it
profitable to do more than raise wheat for home consumption
where the lands are so well adapted to this grain that they produce
abundantly and easily yield all that is needed at home and a large
surplus for the market besides Fanners possessed of such lands
need no special exhortation to quicken their zeal
There have been under scientific cultivation large yields of
wheat in the counties of Bartow Chattooga Walker Gordon
Cobb Cherokee Whitfield Floyd Milton DeKalb Walton Car
roll Coweta Troup Clarke Elbert Wilkes Oconee Spalding
Bibb Jones Wilkinson and Washington representing North
Middle and the upper part of Southern Georgia On some of the
best lands of North Georgia forty bushels of wheat to the acre are
raised without any specially scientific farming
The Atlanta Milling Cos mills have a capacity of 6500 bush
els of wheat or about 1600 barrels of flour in one day If
worked to their full capacity all the time they would grind over
2000000 bushels of wheat in a year which means about 508000
barrels of flour But since they are seldom worked to their full
capacity they will grind on the average 4900 bushels of wheat
or 1200 barrels of flour in a day and the yearly output will aver
age about 1500000 bushels of wheat ground into 381000 bar
rels Of flour
There are several other mills in Georgia with capacities for
grinding from 1500 to25oo bushels of wheat a day There are
hundreds more of smaller capacity
Thousands of bushels of wheat are annually brought to all the
larger mills from the great grain States of the North and Central
West Our Georgia farmers who own good wheat lands could
it seems to us triple their production without any danger of over
stocking the market and thus keep at home thousands of dollars
that now go from Georgia to fill the purses of our brethren of
the West

SUGARCANE
The original home of the sugar cane is not known but it is
thought by many to have been first cultivated in the region ex
tending from CochinChina to Bengal Although the manufac
314
GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
ture of sugar from the sugarcane is now a large branch of human
industry its great development is of comparatively recent date
Sugar appears to have been but vaguely known to the Greeks
and Romans Theophrastus spoke of it as honey in reeds and
the Latin poet Lucan has a line which indicates a knowledge of
its existence but merely as a curious fact where he speaks of
those who drink sweet juice from the tender reed
Strabo quotes an inaccurate account from Nearchus of the
Indian honeybearing reed and various classical writers of the
first century of the Christian era speak of the sweet sap of the
Indian reed and even of the granulated saltlike product which
was imported from India and called by them saccharum from a
word of the Sanskrit or Indian Hindoo language meaning
gravel and sugar
The cultivation of cane spread from Persia into Arabia then
into Sicily and Italy During the middle ages Venice was the
center of the great sugar trade and a Venetian citizen received
a reward of 100000 crowns for the invention of the art of making
loaf sugar
The Spaniards in their turn became the great disseminators
of the cultivation of the sugarcane for sugar and syrup They
planted cane in Madeira in 1420 carried it to San Domingo in
1494 and to other portions of the West Indies and of South
America occupied by them early in the sixteenth century It
was from the duties levied on the importation of sugar into Spain
from San Domingo that Charles V obtained funds for the palaces
built by him at Madrid and Toledo
Sugarcane is said to have been brought to this country first by
French Jesuits in 1751 They planted it on the present site of
the city of New Orleans But it was not until some time between
1794 and 1800 when the revolution of St Domingo sent hun
dreds of their planters into Louisiana that its growth became in
that State an object of importance But what they brought was
the small yellow Creole In 1805 cane was brought to Georgia
from the island of Otaheite and Georgia was for a time the cen
ter of the sugarcane industry in the United States In 1829
there was built upon the plantation of Mr James Hamilton
Couper known as the Hopeton plantation a large sugar house
which at the time of its erection was in advance of any similar
plant in Louisiana or the West Indies On this plantation the
raising of cane and the manufacture therefrom of syrup and sugar
gave the most satisfactory results This noted plantation wasBULLETIN NO 40
315

in Glynn county five miles by water from Darien sixteen by land
from Brunswick and fifteen from the Atlantic Ocean
In later years cotton and rice so absorbed the interests of Geor
gia planters that the cultivation of sugarcane was neglected and
the magnificent sugarmill once so successfully operated by Mr
Couper was allowed to fall into ruins and a few years ago the
machinery was sold for scrap iron
Louisiana which obtained its first sugarcane of the kind now
cultivated from Georgia in 1825 had for long years before
the Civil War taken the lead of this industry in the United States
Although the sugarcane industry in Georgia has at no time
since its first inauguration entirely ceased yet it has been over
shadowed so completely by other enterprises that at one time there
seemed to be danger of its complete collapse
The Georgia Department of Agriculture has made constant and
earnest efforts to bring about a revival of this important indus
try
At a meeting of the Georgia Dairymens Association held at
Grantville October 12 and 13 1899 Hon R F Wright As
sistant Commissioner of Agriculture delivered an address in be
half of pure food laws the prime object on that occasion being to
protect the dairy products of the State This purpose was how
ever enlarged to cover legislation in behalf of pure food gen
erally thus embracing pure syrup and sugar along with all kinds
of food
A resolution prepared by Mr H J Wing dairyman at the
Georgia Experiment Station which was unanimously adopted
read as follows
Resolved That a Standing Committee of five be appointed by
the President of which Hon R F Wright Assistant State
Commissioner of Agriculture shall be the chairman to consider
and act for this Association upon laws and legislation regarding
dairy products their substitutes and imitations and PURE FOOD
GENERALLY and
Resolved That the said committee be instructed to use all
proper effort to secure the enforcement of the existing State laws
upon the subject of frauds and substitutes in dairy products and
to procure by legislation or otherwise any funds additional au
thority or amendment to the laws which may be found necessary
to this end
Resolved That such committee be instructed to cooperate with316
GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE
any proper organization its committee or representatives seeking
pure food legislation in this State
President R J Redding appointed on the committee the fol
lowing R F Wright chairman J Pope Brown W L Wil
liamson H C White H J Wing
To which committee the name of President R J Redding was
added by special action of the Association
Hon O B Stevens Commissioner of Agriculture had a con
versation with Secretary Wilson of the United States Department
of Agriculture in August 1900 at the meeting of the Commis
sioners of Agriculture in Raleigh North Carolina in which he
urged that the attention of the United States Department of Agri
culture should be given to cane culture in Georgia and that the
proper steps be taken for its encouragement
A bill prepared by Dr McCandless for the protection of syrup
from Georgia cane was introduced by Hon Pleasant Stovall rep
resentative from Chatham county at the session of the Georgia
Legislature in the summer of 1903
Captain D G Purse of Savannah has been very zealous in
arousing the interest of the planters of Middle and South Geor
gia in the cultivation of sugarcane and in enlisting the cooper
ation of the United States Department of Agriculture in behalf of
this great industry He has also taken great interest in the en
actment by the Legislature of laws to prevent the adulteration of
Georgia cane syrup His excellent book on sugarcane is highly
recommended by this Department to the people of Georgia
Captain Purse Colonel T J James Mr J Byron Wight and
others have made trips to Louisiana to obtain all possible infor
mation on this important subject
The great railway systems of Georgia the Central Southern
and Plant are taking a lively interest in the promotion of cane
growing
Through the earnest efforts of all these parties and under the
persistent teaching and advice of the Georgia Department of Ag
riculture powerfully backed up by the sucessful efforts of such
men as Mr J Byron Wight his two brothers W B Rodden
berry and several others there has been a great revival in the
cultivation of sugarcane and the manufacture therefrom of syrup
and sugar
At the Fourth Annual Convention of the Cotton States Asso
ciation of Commissioners of Agriculture held at Nashville Ten
nessee August 26 27 and 28 1902 Mr J Byron Wight CairoBULLETIN NO 40
317
Ga made an address on the Steps necessary to build up the
sugarcane industry of the South which is so exhaustive and
practical that we give it here in full
steps necessary to build up the sugarcane industry oe
the south
By J B Wight Cairo Ga
No industry can thrive that is not a financial success In view
of this we are led to ask Will it pay to build up our sugarcane
industry Is there room for it Is there a demand for its prod
ucts Will it pay the farmer who is in the sugarcane belt to
decrease his acreage in cotton and increase that in cane
If these questions can beanswered with a positive yes and
the correctness of the answer impressed upon our farmers then
the most important step necessary to build up the sugarcane in
dustry has been taken
WILL IT PAYf
In discussing the question of profit I speak from the stand
point of one who has been intimately associated with the growing
of sugarcane all his life and whose chief business is now the
making of syrup My representations of the industry too will
be from average conditions as they exist in Southwest Georgia
conditions however that can be duplicated in the greater parts of
South Georgia South Alabama South Mississippi and almost all
of Florida
To bring an acre of sugarcane to maturity and to manufacture
it into syrup costs approximately as follows
Seed cane to plant one acre10 00
Fertilizers 10 00
Cultivation and rent of land 10 00
Stripping and hauling to mill 10 00
Manufacture into syrup 20 00
13 empty barrels at 110 each 14 30
74 30
As an offset to this the grower has
13 barrels of syrup of 32 gallons each at 25 cents
per gallon104 00
or a profit on one acre of 2970
318 GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
Most farmers would say that the above estimate of cost is too
much and the selling price of syrup is below rather than above
the average of the last three years Many farmers who have no
cane mill of their own get a neighbor to make their syrup for
them In this case the grower delivers the cane at the mill while
the mill owner performs all the labor of manufacturing each
paving for the barrels to contain his share of the product lhe
crrower receives as his part threefourths of the syrup made and
The manufacturer onefourth The account then stands as fol
lows
Cost of making and delivering cane to mill as
above40 00
94 empty barrels at 110 IO 73
50 73
The grower then has 9 34 barrels of syrup at 25 cents per
oallon 7801 a net profit to the grower of 2727 per acre
But the tendency is towards larger and better central mills
which get a higher percentage of juice from the cane and make a
better quality of syrup Following the custom in Louisiana these
mills pay so much per ton for the cane delivered at the mill One
such mill in my neighborhood paid last season four do lars per
ton for cane Let us see how the account stands under this plan
remembering that an acre of cane yielding thirteen barrels of
syrup will make at least eighteen tons of cane
18 tons cane at 4 per ton7200
Less cost of production etc as above 4Q0
Or a net profit per acre of3200
Let any farmer compare this with the net profit from any or
dinary field crop he produces and the comparison will be greatly
to the advantage of the canegrower
I wish to emphasize the fact that the above represents not
what can be done on pet patches but what is easily accomplished
on larger areas with land that will produce a half bale of cotton
per acre Pet patches do much better than this An ordinary
onehorse farmer George R Oates Cairo Ga tell me that
for the last fifteen years he has never made less than fifteen bar
rels of syrup per acre and that more frequently than not his yieldBULLETIN NO 40
319
has been twenty barrels Last season I made 697 gallons of
syrup on one acre and 800 gallons per acre is occasionally real
ized
It should also be mentioned that sugarcane is freer from
disease and is hardly so susceptible to adverse conditions as are
most field crops
On the basis of the above then there can hardly be but one
answer to the question Will it pay to build up our sugarcane
industry
Ninetynine per cent of the cane made in States east of Louisi
ana is manufactured into syrup May there not therefore be
an overproduction of syrup Yes there may be but when we
recall that ninety per cent of the syrup sold in our grocery stores
is an inferior adulterated product that the demand for pure goods
is increasing and that almost an unlimited market can be found
for the best quality of pure unadulterated cane syrup there need
be little fear of overproduction in the near future What has
been done at Cairo is an example of how the demand for such
syrup may be built up Sixteen years ago it was hard to find a
market for the 1500 pounds annually shipped from the town and
one years crop was frequently not sold before another one was
produced Now with more careful methods of manufacture and so
producing a better grade of goods 12000 barrels are easily sold
before another crop is made It is marketed from Massachusetts
to Texas 3644 barrels of last seasons crop going from Cairo to
the latter State alone The fact that syrup is shipped from Geor
gia through Louisiana to Texas may seem strange to one who
does not know that syrup made on the higher and lighter
lands of the States from South Carolina to Mississippi is much
superior in flavor to that made in the great canefields of the Mis
sissippi bottoms but so it is The purefood laws that have been
enacted in some States and that will likely follow in others will
also aid in making a market for the fine cane syrup And let me
stress here the importance of these laws not only to the canegrow
er but to the farmer in every branch of agriculture The purchaser
has a right to know the character of the goods he is buying and
to have his health protected from the poisonous elementsthat
abound in many of them
However I grant that there might easily be an overproduction
of syrup then what is to be done The answer is easy This
surplus could readily be turned into sugar There is no doubt
that canegrowing in Louisiana is profitablewhere most of it is320
GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OE AGRICULTURE
made into sugar Can it be made equally profitable here Let
us see Louisianas yield of cane per acre is given by a high au
thority as averaging 22 tons per acre with a sucrose content
of twelve per cent This is chiefly produced on the low heavy
lands in the river bottoms where the expense of preparation and
tillage is much greater than with us and where each plantation
is honeycombed with drainage ditches supplemented by an ex
pensive pumping station for the removal of the excess of water
Our lands yield eighteen tons of cane per acre with an aver
age sucrose content of sixteen per cent
Now for the comparison 22 tons of Louisiana cane mill
extraction seventyfive per cent of juice sucrose twelve per cent
contains 4050 pounds of sugar Georgia cane yields eighteen
tons per acre mill extraction seventyfive per cent of juice suc
rose sixteen per cent contains 4320 pounds of sugar
In neither case will the full calculated amount of sugar be real
ized in manufacture but Georgia will more nearly approximate
it than Louisiana from a fact well known to all chemists that the
higher glucose content of Louisiana cane renders a larger per
cent of sugar uncrystallizable In short if Louisiana can make
sugar af a profit Georgia and Florida and Alabama and Missis
sippi can and with the United States last year not including our
insular possessions making only eighteen and onehalf per cent
of the sugar she consumed there is room for all the cane we can
grow
In the face of these facts there can be no doubt that cane
growing for making both sugar and syrup will pay and that its
extension should be pushed by our agricultural authorities
SUGARCANE VS BEETS
Another comparison may be to the point The sugarbeet in
dustry has been greatly encouraged by the United States Depart
ment of Agriculture and by the agricultural departments of the
several States in which the beets are successfully grown Under
this stimulus the production of beet sugar in the United States
was last year more than double that of any previous year and
that it was made at a profit goes without saying
Now let us see how the results between sugarbeets and sugar
cane stand According to the Yearbook of the Department of
Agriculture for 1901 page 495 the cost of growing and harvest
ing an acre of sugarbeets without taking into consideration theBULLETIN NO 40
321
rent of the land averages 30 The average yield is ten tons
per acre which sell at the factory at 4 to 450 per ton This
gives a gross return of 48 to 54 and a net profit of 18 to 24
We have before seen that the average net profits on sugarcane
are 27 to 32 per acre or from 8 to 9 more per acre than is
realized by our more thrifty Northern farmers for their beets
This too in face of the fact that sugarcane requires less skill in
its cultivation cheaper machinery in its manufacture and is grown
on land of much less value
There is food for thought along here Our Southern farmer
is conservative He likes togo in the good old paths his grand
father trod He plows and hoes his cotton by day and dreams
of the fleecy staple by night But there are signs that he is waking
up and when he does and cane fields take the place of some of our
cotton plantations there will be some heavier purses and some
happier homes
A FEW NEEDS
1 Better lands are needed for the profitable production of
sugarcane than the average It may pay some farmers to make
125 pounds of lint cotton per acre but cane on a like basis is un
profitable Paying crops of cane require the use of renovating
crops like cowpeas velvet beans and otner legumes This will
lead to rotation of crops with general improvement of lands and a
consequent increase in profits on all crops grown Cotton as the
sole money crop has been carried to an unreasonable extreme
among us Were cotton the only crop which can profitably be
grown by the farmer this condition of affairs would have some
justification but with a better paying crop that can be produced
in all the southern section of the cotton States and whose product
is in demand for home consumption as well as export our de
votion to cotton is wellnigh idolatrous
2 There are few leakages on the farm greater than that
which characterizes the crude methods used in the manufacture
of our cane into syrup A good mill will get a 75 per cent ex
traction of juice from the cane but a 50 per cent extraction is all
that many of our mills realize or a loss of onethird of the juice
which goes to waste in the bagasse This is a waste that hardly
any other crop than cane could stand or any other than the South
ern farmer would tolerate Large central mills with a high per
21 a b322 GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
centage of extraction and equipped with the best machinery for
making a fine quality of syrup would be to the advantage of the
grower and the manufacturer of cane and would add greatly to
the popularity of the syrup produced and the demand for it in the
markets of the country
3 Our farmers need the aid and encouragement bothof
our National and State Departments of Agriculture in solving
many of the problems incident to the most economical production
and manufacture of cane into syrup and sugar Many of these
problems are such as can only be worked out by scientists and
specialists The sugarbeet growers have been liberally aided in
this way and its justification is seen in the impetus that has been
given to sugarbeet culture that could have been brought about in
no other way Congress at its last session made a start in the
direction of aid to the canegrowers that ought to be productive
of much good
In conclusion let me say we have in sugarcane an industry
that is worthy of the most careful nurture and one than which in
the section suited to its growth there is none more promising for
the diversification and improvement of our agriculture
We are indebted to Mr R L Pritchard Land and Industrial
Agent of the Central of Georgia Railway for the following ad
dress of Mr W B Roddenberry of Cairo Ga in which that
gentleman one of the most practical and successful farmers in the
cane belt of our State tells the farmers and delegates to the Cane
Growers Convention at Macon how he succeeded with sugar
cane making over 5000 a year clear profit
My experience in growing sugarcane does not date back quite
as far as my experience in eating the syrup but it is proper to say
I have been growing cane at Cairo Ga for a numbers of years
and am now engaged in growing it in Florida as well as in Geor
gia and right here I want to say that while it is an indisputable
fact that Cairo is far in the lead in this industry in Georgia and
also why I fully believe the claim that the soil around Cairo is es
pecially and better adapted to the making of a finer quality of
syrup than the average soil of any other section of the cane belt
still I believe that there are many sections in Georgia Florida and
Alabama that can very successfully grow sugarcane and make a
very superior quality of syrup
Now in order that the figures which I shall give of cost and
profits may be rightly understood and that right conclusions may
be drawn from them and in order that practical application mayBULLETIN NO 40
328
be made of the facts and suggestions contained in my experience
it is necessary to make some explanation touching my farming
operations in general as I believe the best way to make a success
of sugarcane in Georgia is to combine with it a diversification of
crops and stock
1 The size of the farm whereon my sugarcane is grown
is what is commonly called in Georgia a thirteenhorse farm
and consists of 380 acres in cultivation including all crops
2 The system of farming is with wages hands ten to twelve
regular hands being employed at 9 and rations per month Ex
tra help for hoeing etc being mainly negro women at forty cents
per day In harvest time extra men laborers cost fifty cents to
seventyfive cents per day
3 The stumps are all out which enables the use of labor
saving implements such as three and fourhorse discbreaking
plows harrows twohorse cultivators weeders mowers reapers
and corn harvesters
4 Farm located one and threequarter miles from shipping
point Cairo value of land 16 per acre
5 Accurate account kept of all expenditures and receipts
6 Diversifiedcrops are grown and stockraising to a limited
extent combined with the farming operations
As sugarcane is my main money crop I endeavor to make
the miscellaneous crops pay every dollar of running expenses of
the entire farm including cost of manufacturing the cane into
syrupthus making the gross proceeds of my cane crop represent
the net profits of the entire farm and in order to accomplish this
I find it necessary to restrict the acreage in sugarcane to about
fifty acres each year
I shall now give the figures covering my crop in 1902 taking
notice of the miscellaneous crops first and leaving sugarcane to
the last
70 acres in cotton yielded 37 bales sold for cOQ 00
12 acres in Georgia collards yielded 3750 seeds 700 00
12 acres in watermelons yielded 9 cars 630 00
io acres in sweet potatoes yielded 1100 bushels sold
600 bushels of same for 20 OQ
Total
37 00
Thirty acres in oats yielded 22 bushels per acre Oats fob324
GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OE AGRICULTURE
lowed by peas Used both oats and peas in feeding stock after
saving enough for seed in 1903
Sixty acres velvet beans Pastured same with forty head cat
tle from October 1 to January The cattle came out fat enough
for beef and left about onethird the vines which were turned
under in January
One hundred and fifteen acres in corn and pinders alternate
rows The yield of corn was thirteen bushels per acre which
was unusually low All the corn is used in feeding stock and the
pinders used in fattenning hogs the hogs being turned in field
harvested the pinders
Twentyfive acres in pinders used in fattening hogs This
twentyfive acres of pinders in addition to the pinders in the
cornfield fattened 135 head of hogs which made 21600 pounds
of pork
Sold for1296 OO
Beef cattle sold for 210 OO
Milk cows sold for 120 00
Total receipts from all crops outside of cane4696 00
The total expenditure for running the farm including fertil
izers labor overseer cost of making syrup taxes and all other
expenses except permanent improvements was 4420 This
amount deducted from the total receipts leaves a net profit 011
above item of 276
Having eliminated the miscellaneous crops we now come to
the consideration of the cane crop proper
I had 46 acres planted in cane of which amount I put down
3 acres for seed in 1903 and ground 43 acres This cane was
all weighed on wagon scales and yielded 876 tons being about
20 tons per acre from this cane I made 18952 gallons of syrup
15000 gallons of same was put in tin cans and sold for an aver
age price of thirty cents per gallon exclusive of the package and
3952 gallons was put in barrels and sold for an average price of
twentyseven cents per gallon exclusive of the barrels making
the total amount received for syrup 5567 and this amount added
to the 276 profit on the miscellaneous crops makes 5843 which
represents my total profit on the entire farm
The above plan of diversified farming is the way I think a
sugarcane crop should be grown and such a system of farming
is so fascinating to me that I have moved from town to the counBULLETIN NO 40
325
try in order to be in close touch with every detail of the farm also
in order to raise my boys Close to natures beart
I kept an approximate account of the cost of growing and
manufacturing this cane crop separately from the general farm
account and I will now go into details of same
First in order is the cost of the seed cane this item costs me
nothing and need not cost any canegrower anything My seed
came from the stubbles of previous years cane crop and in order
to make this seed cost nothing I plant cotton on the stubble after
burning off and harrowing down well with tooth harrow and I
let the cotton and stubble cane grow together I almost invariably
get enough cotton to pay all expenses of fertilizing and cultivat
ing the stubble cane and get enough seed cane to plant the same
number of acres in cane the succeeding year Of the seventy acres
in cotton in 1902 mentioned above fortythree acres was cane
stubble land and yielded nearly a half bale of cotton to the acre in
addition to the stubble cane with which I planted my 1903 crop
this half bale of cotton per acre more than paid the entire expense
of growing and putting down seed cane Sometimes we can get
an extra growth of cane from stubbles and grind a portion and
still have enough left to plant same number of acres the next year
and at same time make cotton enough to pay all expense of grow
ing the stubble cane It is therefore a safe proposition to say
that seed cane need not cost anything
Having disposed of one important item viz the seed cane
I will now give the items of expense on the fortythree acres of
cane in round numbers
Per acre
Labor preparing land 1 00
Stripping seed cane and planting 3 00
Cultivating plowing and hoeing 5 00
1200 pounds commercial fertilizer 12 00
Labor stripping cutting and piling 4 00
Labor hauling cane to mill 5 00
Manufacturing into syrup 15 barrels 15 00
Total cost per acre45 00
This does not include feed and hire of teams nor land rent
nor interest on money invested for the reason that I make the
teams selfsustaining outside of the cane crop and as the land be
longs to me the total profit represents the amount I receive for
rent of same and includes the interest on money invested326 GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
Taking above cost per acre as a basis fortythree acres of
cane at 45 per acre would cost 1935 Subtracting this amount
from the amount received for syrup 5567 leaves the net profit
on the fortythree acres of cane 3632 which is 8447 Per acre
Now by subtracting the profit on the cane 3632 from the total
profit on the entire farm 5843 we have left 2211 which rep
resents the entire profit on the miscellaneous crops when severed
from the cane crop and as the miscellaneous crops occupied 334
acres of the farm we have a net profit of 662 per acre on general
crops against 8447 Per acre on sugarcane I will say in passing
that this profit is exceeded by many of our smaller canegrowers
who plant cow peas and other rich spots
While the above profit was satisfactory to me it is a fact that
this profit would have been increased about 50 per cent by the
use of a firstclass modern manufacturing plant
In order to substantiate this statement I will now go into the
subject of my method of manufacture and for the benefit of those
of our canegrowers who are using horsepower and who are
contemplating putting in small steam cooking plants I will de
scribe minutely and in detail my outfit and my method of opera
tion by thus going into minute details those present who are
familiar with more modern and scientific methods may see how
crude are our processes even at their best
My manufacturing plant consists of one fortyfive horsepow
er steam boiler two fifteen horsepower engines two 2600 No 3
roller mills large rolls eighteen inches in diameter two galvan
ized iron cooking vats with copper coils for steam heat and the
necessary pumps piping and tanks also wagon scales cane der
rick cane car bagasse carrier etc The total cost of this outfit ap
proximates 2500 including the building
The two mills are not geared together so as to get the best ex
traction by running same cane through both mills as is done in
modern mills but are set up on the ground side by side both
mills being run at same time and fed lightly in order to be able to
key them tighter than if fed full I have frequent breakdowns
with these mills as they are too frail to do the work I try to make
them do
I secured an extraction of juice estimated at about 64 per
cent of the weight of the cane with these mills One fifteen
horsepower engine is sufficient to drive both mills and I have
the second engine simply as a reserve in case of accident to engine
in useBULLETIN NO 40
327
The cane is tied in bundles with ropes laid across the wagon
beds in the field about 1000 pounds in each bundle two bundles
to the load after weighing each load on wagon scale the cane is
lifted from wagon by a hand derrick and placed on small car
which is shoved to an inclined platform in front of the mills and
dumped from the car which works on pivot onto the inclined
platform the bundles of cane sliding down the incline to the mills
so that one hand can easily feed each mill The bagasse is carried
by elevators from each mill to a platform from which it is carted
in dumpcarts direct to the field and scattered on the land as fast
as ground to be plowed under later
The juice is filtered through a small box of black moss as it
comes from the mills to remove the coarse fibre and is then ele
vated by a steam jet to a larger moss filter this filter being a fifty
gallon barrel packed full of black cleaned moss this filter barrel
is placed in the top of the building so that the juice will flow from
the same into the juice tank which is made of galvanized iron
and is large enough to hold two charges of juice
The two cooking vats are placed side by side and at such ele
vation as will permit juice to flow by gravity from juice tank into
first cooking vat and from this vat into the second cooking vat
The first vat is used for defecating or skimming and after the juice
is thoroughly skimmed in same it is then allowed to flow into
second vat where it is evaporated into syrup and another charge
of juice let into first vat and this process goes on in this way con
tinually At the outlet from the first vat into the second vat I
use a bag filter made of thin seaisland sheeting this bag is
about six feet long and two feet wide it must be this large to
allow the juice to run through rapidly this filter or strainer re
moves a considerable portion of sediment and solid matter that
can not be skimmed off because it will not rise to top The solid
matter thus removed is largely the same class of matter that is re
moved by use of settling tanks in uptodate cane mills The skim
ming process is kept up constantly in the second or finishing vat
until the juice is reduced to syrup of a density registering 34 de
grees Beaume then the syrup is drawn out into syrup tank from
which the syrup is canned or barreled If canned it is done while
the syrup is very hot and hermetically sealed at once The syrup
is strained through heavy flannel bag as it flows from finishing
vat into syrup tank and it is surprising how much black solid mat
ter we get from the syrup with this flannel strainer when it is con
sidered that the juice has been filtered through three feet of moss328
GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OE AGRICULTURE
then skimmed thoroughly in first vat and strained through cotton
bag as it goes into second vat and then skimmed continuously
while evaporating Just here I will mention that I have found it
advisable to allow the heavy scum commonly called the blanket
to rise slowly and thoroughly in the skimming vat before break
ing or removing the same being very careful not to let any of it
boil in and to wait a minute or two after shutting off the steam be
fore removing it in order to allow the scum to harden somewhat
and it is decidedly better to remove the blanket by raking it off
with a paddle rather than to skim it off with the ordinary skim
mer commonly used by farmers In order to facilitate the remov
ing of the blanket I have my skimming vat constructed with a
flange on one side twelve inches wide and inclined at an angle
of about 45 degrees and under the lip of this flange I have a gut
ter into which the scum is raked and from which it flows into the
skimming barrels
I have four barrels for skimming the bottom of each being
tapped with iron pipe which is connected with same steam jet
with which I elevate the juice from the mill I fill the skim
ming barrels in rotation and by the time I begin filling the last
barrel the skimmings in the first barrel have become clarified by
slight fermentation so that practially all the scum has risen to
the top and left the clear juice in the bottom of the barrel I then
pump this clarified juice by means of the steam jet from the first
barrel into the moss filter from whence it flows into the juice
tank I then keep up this regular rotation of filling and emptying
these skimming barrels and by this method I am able to use about
twothirds of the skimmings This clarified juice from the skim
mings is slightly acid when it goes into the juice vat and this
aids somewhat the clarification of the juice in the skimming vat
I use no lime or sulphur in clarification and have succeeded
so far in making as bright a syrup by the above method as some
of my neighbors make by the use of sulphur and lime I will
state however that these parties do not use settling tanks which
may account for the fact that they do not make any better grades
of syrup with sulphur and lime than I make without it This is
one of the problems among many others that we are looking to
the Department of Agricuture to settle for us
As to the quality of the syrup thus made I will say that I have
here samples of the product for your inspection I do not claim
that this syrup is better than that made by some others in my
section who are equally careful and painstaking and who emBULLETIN NO 40
329
ploy practically the same methods and in justice to the smaller
canegrowers of my section who are still using the oldfashioned
horse mill and iron open kettle I desire to say that in some in
stances they succeed in making an excellent grade of syrup but
the great disadvantage in this method is the lack of uniformity in
the grade of the syrup
My cooking vats are elevated sufficiently to allow the con
densed steam from the copper coils in the vats to flow into a tank
which is elevated slightly above my steam boiler and from this
tank it is pumped while hot into the steam boiler This is an im
portant factor in cutting down the expenses for fuel
My plant described above is a fair representation of a dozen
or more such plants located around Cairo and represent our larg
est and best outfits with the exception of one at Ingleside plan
tation operated by the Messrs Wight where they have a three
roller mill weighing 8000 pounds and where they use sulphur
and lime for clarifying also except one now being located about
eighteen miles from Cairo in Decatur county with a capacity of
200 tons of cane per day This plant is a secondhand outfit from
Louisiana and it is proposed to make sugar on same as well as
syrup
The capacity of my plant is 35 tons of cane in twentyfour
hours and by buying cane from my neighbors I am able to run
day and night
Now I will go back to the proposition that with a modern
and firstclass outfit my profit would have been increased about
fifty per cent
By a modern outfit I mean a sixroller mill with a crusher or
a nineroller mill with a capacity of at least 200 tons of cane in
twentyfour hours Such a mill should give an extraction of
seventyeight per cent by the aid of saturation between the rolls
The mill should be equipped with chaincarrier and feeder and
best cooking outfit including sulphur and liming process settling
tanks and filter process so as to utilize practically all the skim
ming Such a mill would make possible the use of the bagasse
for fuel which would save about twothirds the fuel and would
also greatly reduce the expense of manufacturing
With a mill of this description of large enough capacity I
could have waited to begin grinding until my cane was matured
This would have saved a considerable waste as will be seen from
the following data
330
GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OE AGRICULTURE
I began grinding cane October 20 and finished December 18
During the first half of this grinding season I secured an average
of 19 gallons of syrup from a ton of cane and during the latter
half I secured 23 gallons per ton Thus you see I could have
gained four gallons of syrup on every ton of cane ground during
the first half of the season by waiting until the cane was matured
to begin grinding This would have given me 1752 gallons in
crease in the syrup output This increase in syrup at twenty
seven cents per gallon is 473 As stated beforemy mills gave
an average extraction of sixtyfour per cent With a mill that
would give an extraction of seventyeight per cent the increase
would have been 4136 gallons of syrup at twentyseven cents
111672
The approximate cost of manufacturing on my outfit is 1
per barrel of thirty gallons whereas on a firstclass plant the cost
would be reduced to about fifty cents per barrel This would
have been a saving on my crop of 315 These three items of
saving aggregate 190472 which is slightly more than fifty per
cent of my entire profit on this cane crop This gain does not
include the saving by using practically all the skimmings With
an uptodate cane mill the net profit per acre on my cane crop
in 1902 would have been approximately 128 instead of 84
It may be claimed that 1902 was an exceptionally favorable
season and to some extent that is true but I beg to submit that
with the most unfavorable seasons I have never failed to get a
yield of ten 30gallon barrels of syrup per acre and with this
minimum yield the net profit is 5632 per acre with my crude and
wasteful plant and would be 84 per acre with a firstclass mill
The speaker then told the convention how he prepared for
planting his crop dug his seed cane before freezing temperature
set in using stubble cane if available or shortjointed canethe
shorter the better In bedding he covered roots with moist earth
Best time for bedding just before a rain In preparing land he
broke his land deep in the fall or winter and harrowed in the
spring with a disc plow Used a disc cultivator to lay off rows
In planting used guano distributor with eightinch round shovel
on same to open the furrow Cut cane in pieces from one to two
feet longaiming to get four or five eyes on each piece
We are forced to the conclusion that sugar cane can not be
grown profitably in Georgia without the aid of fertilizers and
in order to emphasize the great importance of fertilizers I willBULLETIN NO 40
381
state at the outset the result of an experiment made last year on
this point
The yield per acre on good land not fertilized was twelve
tons cane and the maximum yield on the same land with 2000
pounds guano per acre was thirtynine tons thus giving a gain
of twentyseven tons cane per acre as the result of 2000 pounds
guano the twentyseven tons cane at 350 per ton is worth
9450 and the 2000 pounds guano cost 21 this shows a net
gain of 7350 per acre as the result of this fertilizer
On my crop last year I used 1200 pounds of guano per acre
at two applications of the following formula Twelve hundred
pounds 16 per cent acid phosphate 400 pounds 8 per cent cotton
seed meal 200 pounds nitrate soda 200 pounds muriate of
potash
Seeing that the possibilities in sugarcane for the South
eastern States are so great it is of vital importance that we get
one method of culture and manufacture perfected and that we
get the syrup introduced into all the markets and by right busi
ness methods so advertise and push the sale of the goods through
all proper channels that there will be no slacking off in the already
greatly increasing demand
As to improved methods of culture and manufacture we are
looking to the Department of Agriculture to help solve many
of these problems beginning with the best way to save seed
Can the tops be utilized for seed How is the best way to pre
serve and utilize the stubbles When is the best time to plant
fall or spring Which is the best variety What is the most
profitable fertilizer What width rows What class of soil is
best What preceding crops to plant Will irrigation pay
And many other questions in culture are unsettled and need in
telligent and persistent experimentation And when it comes to
manufacture we need to know what kind of machinery to buy
What is greatest profit point as to extraction Will saturation
of bagasse in milling injure quality of syrup How to best
utilize the skimmings How to clarify juices How to make
syrup of uniform color and density How to prevent fermenta
tion in barrels How to make heavy syrup and prevent granu
lation The last two points are of vital importance They are
the Scylla and Charybdis of the syrup business It is imperative
that we steer clear of thin syrup that will sour on one hand and
of thick syrup that will turn to sugar on the other Fermentation
is the bane of the syrup industry and while Ave have been for

332
GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
tunate for some years in being able to dispose of practically the
entire output before the warm weather and fermentation set in
wre have no assurance that it will always be so
We ought to be able to put our syrup on the market unadul
terated at all seasons of the year in barrels and with safety
guarantee it not to work or ferment
Trusting that I have so presented the cultivation of sugar
cane in Georgia and have propounded a sufficient number of
questions to put this convention and the people of Georgia to
thinking I thank you for your patient hearing
Proper efforts are being made to establish refineries where
most needed Other necessary steps have already been taken and
other enterprises are being planned which give bright promise
of placing Georgia hereafter in the leading position which right
fully belongs to her as a great sugar and syrup State which her
capabilities are ready to secure to her so soon as the proper use is
made of them
Already some of the best table syrup made in the United
States goes forth from Thomas Brooks Decatur and the adjoin
ing counties Cairo Bainbridge Quitman Thomasville and other
towns of South Georgia are deriving large profits from the trade
in syrup made from the sugarcane and already these syrups
have been pronounced among the finest flavored that are found
in any of the markets in the United States
Good work in cane experimentation is being done at the four
stations organized under appropriations by the United States De
partment of Agriculture and located at Guyton Waycross Quit
man and Cairo
Complete plants for the making of sugar can be obtained at
several places in the United States But it is probable that the
most improved machinery can be obtained in New Orleans where
every manufacturer is familiar with its practical use Every up
todate factory must have a firstclass mill with filter presses
clarifiers evaporators settlingtanks juicetanks and syruptanks
One embarking in the business of syrupmaking must study care
fully the sterilization of syrup which after being sterilized must
be kept indefinitely in sterilized vessels
If the most improved methods are used the cost of extracting
the juice from the stalks and converting it into syrup is a mere
fraction of a cent per gallonBULLETIN NO 40
333
SOILS ADAPTED TO CANE CULTURE
The best soils for sugarcane are those naturally rich and fertile
though remunerative crops can be grown upon those of moderate
fertility if well prepared and fertilized Climate rainfall and
manure are more important factors than soils Sandy soils with
out manures produce small stalks while calcareous soils develop
a cane of superior size and quality rich in saccharine matter
Canes that are grown on rich alluvial soils not properly drained
are poor in their sugar produce and though they yield a large
quantity of syrup it is not of the best
PREPARATION AND PLANTING
Before planting all soils should be well prepared properly fer
tilized and perfectly drained It is best to break or flush the land
then bed into rows from five to six feet wide Next the bed should
be opened and in this furrow the cane should be planted The
part of the stalk selected for seed should be deposited in an open
furrow and well covered which covering in the fall should be
several inches thick Removing the extra soil in early spring
tends to secure early germination The preparation of the soil
should be thorough and deep Cultivate rapidly and as shallow
as the soil will permit and lay by when the canes shade the
ground
It has been the practice of some to plant the entire cane and
of others to use only the portion which is least fitted for making
sugar On this point Dr W C Stubbs of Louisiana says It
can be positively asserted that the upper third of our canes can
be profitably used for planting our crop and we can send the lower
twothirds of our entire crop to the sugarhouse thus increasing
largely our sugar yields and diminishing our heavy outlay an
nually for seed
The cane may be planted any time between September and
March But it is the general practice to plant in January and
February after sugarmaking is completed After the frost has
disappeared the earth is removed by the plow from each side of
the cane and the top earth is then scraped off with the view of
preventing too early vegetation It should be kept clear of weeds
and grass by frequent and careful hoeing until it has produced
shoots enough to afford a full stand334
GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OE AGRICULTURE
In the latter part of May or early June it should be hilled about
four inches after which it should be let alone till ready for the
mill The bottom of the stalk begins to ripen in August or Sep
tember from which time it ripens upward at the rate of about six
inches a week until about the middle of October when it is usually
ready for the mill
FERTILIZERS EOR CANE
In the cultivation of cane it is very desirable to insure a large
growth by September ist Hence the fertilizers used should con
tain enough nitrogenous matter to produce this result Phos
phoric acid is very beneficial to its growth Potash may be
necessary upon light sandy soils
Experiments have shown that the limits of profit in the use
of fertilizers for sugarcane are between forty and fifty pounds
of nitrogen obtained from cottonseed meal and from forty to
eighty pounds of phosphoric acid
HARVESTING
So soon as the cane is ready for harvesting it is customary to
top it or cut off the upper end of the stalk as far as the leaves are
dry Then after the leaves have been stripped from the standing
stalk it is cut close to the ground with a cane knife and carried
in carts to the mill where it is at once passed through the rollers
for expressing the juice
The juice so soon as extracted is put into the kettles boiled
skimmed and reduced to the point where it is ready for granula
tion or conversion into sugar
The stalks from which the juice has been extracted are shredded
like cornstalks and being mixed with ground grain are fed to
stock with success By some they are held in higher esteem when
thus prepared than cornstalks or cottonseed hulls
THE GRASSES AND HAY
While Georgia has won great reputation as a corn and cotton
State ranking high on these products she has also in some sec
tions shown a gratifying progress in the production of hayBULLETIN NO 40
335
It is not the object of any pamphlet sent out by the Georgia
department of Agriculture to advise the abandonment of the
greatest money crop with which any people were ever blest viz
cotton but to urge the addition of another which under the con
ditions that attend its cultivation in Georgia can with very little
trouble and expense add millions of clear money to the bank ac
count of our farmers
If we look upon an agricultural map of the United States we
shall find that lands bring the highest prices in States or parts
of States where the grasses and forage crops are cultivated with
greatest care while on the other hand lands sell cheapest where
the greatest efforts are made to raise all cotton and kill all grass

NATIVE GRASSES
There are many grasses and forage plants that do well in Geor
gia when properly cultivated but we have also those which live
in spite of neglect and even survive efforts at extirpation
Among these the most important is a grass that at one time
was by many farmers considered a great pest but is now held
in high esteem over the greater part of Georgia This is the well
known and most useful Bermuda Graiss which was introduced
from the West Indies but has made its home for so long a time
over such large sections of the South that it may be considered
naturalized if not a native It is the best pasture grass known
to the Southern States because it can endure the greatest amount
of summer heat and will stand a drouth that would kill most
other grasses
Colonel T C Howard at one time Secretary of Georgia De
partment of Agriculture said The desideratum of the South
is a grass that is perennial nutritious and adapted to the climate
While we have grasses and forage plants that do well when
nursed we have few that live and thrive here as in their native
habitat The Bermuda and crab grass are at home in the South
they not only live but live in spite of neglect and when petted
and encouraged they make such grateful returns as astonish the
benefactor I have known 114 worth of hay sold from seven
eighths of an acre of Bermuda grass in one season I have
known this pest socalled extirpated after twenty yearssod
that had been undisturbed by any tooland astonishing crops
both of cotton and corn raised in place of it the first year In
deed I doubt if even the farfamed blue grass sod is a better336
GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE
fertilizer and every one knows what the Western Virginians
think of that as a restorer of impoverished land
Bermuda will furnish for seven months of the year and for
nine months in the average year the best pasturage that can be
possibly had for all kinds of stock and in that way will pay bet
ter than any land on the farm In Georgia our farms have too
little land devoted to pastures and therefore it is feed feed feed
for twelve months in the year to the detriment of our pockets
and the injury of our stock that are never so healthy as when on
a good pasture
Those who have tried Bermuda for pasturage have been de
lighted with the results It will stand the severest grazing and
after stock has been pastured upon it its growth is largely in
creased Bermuda grass will thrive on any land where cotton
grows well One acre of it will it is claimed on soil suited to its
growth maintain ten sheep for ten months of the year It is good
for any kind of stock remember
If Bermuda is supplemented by pasture of winter grasses for
grazing sheep it will enable a farmer to not only increase his
meat supply but will also furnish him with wool to sell to
those who need it for manufacturing purposes Besides he can
with little expense maintain a fine herd of cattle to furnish him
with milk and beef for home use and for the market and also
oxen with which to work his land Horses and mules also enjoy
it and thrive upon it
The large number of earthworms that gather under a Ber
muda sod add greatly to the fertility of the soil When in sum
mer hogs are turned into the pasture the worms and grass which
they greatly enjoy make a very fattening food
There are years in which we can have Bermuda grass the year
round But this is not always the case Therefore in order to
have on the same land good winter and summer pasturage tear
up the Bermuda sod by the plow and then after harrowing but
before rolling sow white clover and hairy vetch These will
grow up in the late fall as the Bermuda dies down and when the
hot weather comes on the Bermuda will spring up again and
take their place
Bermuda makes excellent hay wherever it is allowed to grow
to a sufficient height for mowing To make good hay and ob
tain the largest yield it must be mowed from three to five times
every summer for if left until the culms harden it will not five
the best results When properly mowed and cured it is doubtfulBULLETIN NO 40
337
if any hay which comes to our markets is eaten by all kinds cf
stock with more relish than that made from Bermuda grass
There have been some very large yields of this hay in Georgia
In Greene county situated in the middle Georgia belt there have
been raised on one acre thirteen thousand nine hundred and fifty
three pounds of the best Bermuda hay
Remember that while the cultivation of many other grasses
involves some expense Bermuda can be had by the poorest
fanner
The man who devotes most of his land to cotton will do well
to select for his pasture that which has a good Bermuda sod
Perhaps there are some who do not know the manner of setting
land with a Bermuda sod For the benefit of such we give the
following directions This grass is not usually propagated by
seed since this is the more expensive method But if this plan be
preferred the seed can be sown in early spring late summer or
early fall The usual plan is to cut pieces of the turf and scatter
them along shallow furrows or sow them over the land wellpre
pared by plowing and harrowing and cover or compress the roots
into the soil with a roller or drag brush or the plants can be
gathered root and branch from any patch of ground covered by
them and after being shaken free from earth passed through
a cutting box as though being prepared for the stall Then sow
these little cuttings by hand broadcast before the harrow in the
spring Every joint will germinate and bud and the grass will
speedily take possession of the field
If a farmer should desire to changeins pasture which some of
our best agriculturists do frequently for the puqose of devoting
the land to other crops he can kill out the Bermuda by one of the
following methods Run a coulter or narrow bull tongue plow
through it then turn the surface over but not under with a turn
ing plow that has been set to run very shallow This turns the
roots over exposing them to cold and frost which will certainly
kill it The other method is Leave it ungrazed then broom
sedge will grow up and certainly kill it in three or four years
If the fanner has not other land well suited for pasturing he
can before making the change set a sufficient portion in Bermuda
in the manner already described Then he can soon have another
fine pasture and where the late one stood when he turns up the
Bermuda sod in the manner already described he will find land
that has been rendered marvelously fertile by both the Bermuda
and the droppings of the cattle that have grazed upon it It is
22 a b338
GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OE AGRICULTURE
doubtful whether it would have been any more improved by those
wonderful restorers of wornout land the cowpea or the velvet
bean of which we will treat more fully farther on Bermuda
grass seed cost 75 cents a pound or for 100 pounds and upwards
at the rate of 65 cents a pound
Crab and Crowfoot grasses are both well known and are es
teemed both for hay and pasture The crowfoot is confined to
the lower and sandy lands of the State and the hay made from
it is generally more highly esteemed than that from crab grass
The hay from these grasses while large in quantity is light as
comparedto that of better grasses that is under ordinary treat
ment But if they are cut before the seed is ripe or as soon as
they are in blossom there will be little complaint of this sort
Crab grass springs up wherever cultivation ceases and rapidly
takes possession of the field After oats if cut when in flower it
will make a very large yield of hay sometimes giving more forage
than was obtained from the oats that preceded it If managed well
it forms an excellent pasturage all summer and until late in the
fall If immediately after cutting the oats or other grain hogs
are for a short time turned in to eat up the shattered grain which
remains and then turned out and all stock excluded until the grass
gets a good start the farmer will have a splendid pasture until
frost It is not well to pasture clover and the cultivated grasses
to any considerable extent during the summer When the cool
weather comes and the crab grass is no longer available the stock
can be turned in upon the clover and cultivated grasses By this
sort of management the Southern farmer has a great advantage
over his Northern brother Especially is this true of the dairy
man In Bibb county on the border of Middle and Southern
Georgia there have been cut from one acre in one season over
9000 pounds of crab grass hay
Gamma or Sesame Grass is one of the largest and most beauti
ful perennial grasses reaching often a height of seven feet It is
found over the whole South from the mountains to the coast
and its leaves bear a strong resemblance to those of corn The
hay cut from it is very much like fodder and is much less ex
pensive The roots are strong Although it is a difficult task to
plow it up very close grazing will kill it and the mass of dead
roots plowed under will greatly enrich the soil Since the seed
break off from the stem a single seed at a time and hence vege
tate with great uncertainty it is usual to propagate it by setting
out slips of the roots about two feet apart each wayBULLETIN NO 40
339
THE BROME GRASSES
The brome grasses vary widely in their agricultural value
The Bromus inermis or awnless brome grass also called
smooth and Hungarian brome grass is highly valued as a forage
and hay plant in the West and in some places in our own and
other Southern States on account of its drouthresisting quali
ties Rescue grass bears a somewhat similar relation to the
agriculture of the South says F H Hillman assistant in the
national seed laboratory for botanical investigations and experi
ments in his excellent pamphlet on The Seeds of Rescue Grass
and Chess Chess or cheat says the same writer is less
valuable than either viz Bromus inermis or rescue grass
Some value is assigned to it in certain localities but it has been
long and widely recognized as a most troublesome weed The
frequency with which it occurs in grain fields has led to1 the er
roneous belief adhered to by many farmers even to the present
day that chess is a degenerated form of wheat Chess seeds are
often abundant among the seeds of the cereal grains and the
larger grass seeds and sometimes occur with red clover seed
Hon Frederick V Coville National Botanist says For some
reason confusion has arisen in the Southern States regarding
rescue grass and chess Seed of the latter which though occa
sionally grown as a forage crop is ordinarily a grainfield weed
has been offered for sale repeatedly under the name of the former
which is a valuable forage grass and it has been thought de
sirable to issue a brief description of the two so that both seeds
men and purchasers may be able to distinguish them Mr Hill
mans pamphlet which was prepared under the direction of Mr
A J Pieters botanist in charge of the seed laboratory farther
says With the aid of specimens or descriptions there should
be no difficulty in distinguishing the seed of rescue grass from
that of chess The differences between the seed of chess or cheat
and that of its near ally Bromus racemosus are more difficult to
detect but from a practical standpoint this is not so important
since the two plants are very similar in habit and it is probable
that in many localities the latter would prove quite as undesirable
as chess
The seed of Rescue Grass Bromus unioloides also called
Schraders Brome grass and Arctic grass are thus described
Florets or seeds 2 to 1 inch long strongly compressed from the340
GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OE AGRICULTURE
sides sharply keeled along the back lanceolate as viewed from
the side the apex tapering and usually tipped by a short awn at
the base of which the glume is slightly notched margins of the
glume membranous edged and usually not infolded except at the
base veins 4 or 5 on each side of the midnerve or keel evident
as narrow ridges palea twothirds to threefourths the length of
the glume which wholly incloses it grain folded lengthwise and
tightly clasping the infolded center of the palea The florets are
light or yellowishbrown or strawcolored often greenish and
sometimes purplish The surface varies from smooth to very
finely roughhairy the latter condition being particularly evident
on the veins and pedicel When spread thinly on a level surface
the seeds lie on one of the flattened sides
The seeds of Chess Bromus secalinus also called Cheat and
Willards Broine Grass are described as follows
Florets about J4 to 516 of an inch long exclusive of the awn
which varies from 127 to 19 of an inch not compressed cylin
drical or somewhat spindleshaped obtuse at the apex glume
notched at the apex above the insertion of the awn margins more
or less infolded below the middle narrowly or scarcely membra
nous edged above the middle usually not all flaring at the apex
veins tliree on each side of the midnerve very indistinct palea
equal to the glume deeplygrooved conformably with the grain
the keels hispidciliate and partially or wholly exposed grain
equal to the Glume and Palea or chaff open exposed at the
apex of the floret deeply grooved reddishbrown sometimes
occurring free from glume and palea The florets are light or
darkbrown and mostly smooth and sometimes have a
fused luster under the lens
The more evident characters by which rescue grass seed and
chess may be distinguished upon comparison are as follows
Rescue grass seeds being strongly compressed lie only on one
side when resting on a level surface and thus appear lanceshaped
or broadly awlshaped tapering uniformly to a sharp shortawned
point In contrast the chess seed are from little more than one
fourth to onehalf as long more robust not evidently flattened
nearly cylindrical grooved along one side abruptly pointed the
apex with a very short or somewhat longer awn or awnless
When resting on a level surface they may lie slightly at one side
of the midvein of the back exposing to view the grooved face
and a part of one side or they may lie on the grooved face show
ing the back They more rarely rest directly on the back Fur
ight difBULLETIN NO 40
341

thermore the general color of a sample of chess is much darker
brown than one of rescue grass seed
Of the upright chess or Bromus racemosus it is only neces
sary to say that the florets are about Yi of an inch long exclusive
of the slender awn which varies from a little more than 17 to Yz
of an inch in length similar to those of chess in general form
These seeds are as easily distinguished from rescue grass seeds
as are those of chess They are most readily distinguished from
chess seeds by the broader glume longer awn and shorter palea
and grain
The following statement of the relative values of rescue grass
and chess is contributed by Mr Carlton R Ball Assistant Agros
tologist of the Department of Agriculture
Rescue grass was introduced into the South some fifty years
ago and has since been widely cultivated Its chief value is for
winter and early spring grazing It is very hardy and makes a
luxuriant and rapid growth throughout the winter under favor
able conditions Although it is an annual plant it is said to be
come a shortlived perennial under close grazing which prevents
the production of seed In ordinary practice the grass is allowed
to reseed itself each season Where grazed stock should be taken
off long enough to allow seed to ripen in the early summer If it
is cut for hay in March the aftermath will usually reseed the
ground A summer crop may be grown on the same ground if
it be taken off early enough to allow the young plants to begin
their growth in the fall Rescue grass is best adapted to rich
loamy soils On light poor soils it is probably inferior to rye
or oats for pasturage or hay
Chess is becoming more and more common in Southern wheat
fields
In feeding value as indicated by chemical analyses chess ranks
lower than most grasses including rescue grass This has been
proved to be true of it even in the Northwest where it is so
largely used for hay
Two years ago the Georgia Department of Agriculture pub
lished an article on rescue grass which we will repeat here as a
fitting close of the discussion of this division of the subject of
native grasses
RESCUE GRASS
One of our friends has requested that we republish an article
that appeared about two years ago on Rescue Grass We take
pleasure in complying with this request342
GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OE AGRICULTURE
Rescue grass is probably the finest for winter grazing and the
most prolific in southern latitudes It requires a rich loamy soil
and comes up in September growing rapidly during even the
coldest winter It affords a rich pasturage of the most succulent
stems and leaves from December i to May i or it may be mowed
for hay two or three times during April and May and then allowed
to mature a crop of seed which in gathering will shatter or leave
enough seed on the ground to reseed the land so that one sowing
if properly treated will suffice
After mowing two or three times from ioo to 150 bushels of
seed may be made on an acre The seed may be sown from June
to February but to get the best results it should be sown in June
when peas are sown for forage
There are some peculiarities about this grass seed It will not
germinate in summer The colder the weather in winter the
faster it grows unless the stems have commenced jointing when
a freeze will kill it down only to come out again however greatly
increased in thickness When not mowed the grass grows slowly
but when it is mowed or grazed upon the growth is hastened
The plots upon which the grass has been sown can be broken up
from June 1 to 15 fertilized and sown in peas or planted in corn
and field beans By this method the grass will not only be im
proved but splendid crops of peavine hay or of corn and beans
can be made The seed that are left on the ground in May will
lie dormant until the cool nights in September
The seeds are quoted by seedsmen at 25 cents per pound but
about 100 pounds may be obtained from Dr A M Winn Son
of Lawrenceville Ga at 15 cents per pound or 12 cents a pound
if as much as 10 pounds are bought also 150 pounds can be ob
tained from Mr J T Baxter of Suwannee Ga at the same price
The foregoing information is furnished largely by Mr J T
Baxter who has successfully grown Rescue grassState De
partment of Agriculture
The seed of Bromus inermis cost 25 cents a pound or 20 for
100 pounds The seed of Bromus secalinus chess or cheat
12 cents a pound for 14 pounds and upward 11 cents a pound
Johnson Grass is a stout erect perennial grass having rather
broad leaves and large panicle which is open at flowering time
It resembles ordinary sweet sorghum but is smaller and more
slender The introduction of Johnson grass into this country is
said to have been after the following manner Governor Meansr
of South Carolina having received a request from the Sultan ofBULLETIN NO 40
343
Turkey to send him some one who could teach the Turks the art
of raising cotton sent over a gentleman who upon his return
brought with him among the seeds of other plants those of the
now famous Johnson grass Colonel William Johnson who
owned a large plantation at Marion Junction near Selma Ala
bama about the year 1840 while on a visit to South Carolina
obtained seed of this grass and sowed it on the bottoms of his
farm on the Alabama river Having been first cultivated to any
great extent by Colonel Johnson this grass received over a large
section of country the name of Johnson grass though in South
Carolina it was known as Means grass from the name of the
Governor who was instrumental in its introduction and by this
name it is still called in many localities
It is sometimes called also Guinea grass though this name
properly belongs to a very different plant whose botanical name is
Panicum Maximum
Different localities have given it different names some of
which were given by seed dealers in order to create a demand for
a supposed new grass Some Of these names are Aleppo grass
Alabama Guinea grass Cuba grass Egyptian grass Green Valley
grass Syrian grass St Marys grass False Guinea grass also
Arabian millet Australian millet Egyptian millet Morocco mil
let and Evergreen millet
In sixty years from the time of its introduction it has spread
westward to Texas and along irrigation ditches of New Mexico
Arizona and California thence along the coast region to Oregon
and Washington It is evidently well adapted to the vast area
over which it has spread partly because many persons recogniz
ing its value for hay and pasture have purchased the seed and
have established meadows from which by infection it has been
still more widely disseminated
All kinds of farm stock feeding upon this grass and running
at large scatter its seed which wherever dropped quickly germi
nates and has a vigorous growth Johnson grass thrives best in
rich moist alluvial soil It makes a good quality of hay if cut
while just in flower Meadows should be broken up at least every
third year so as to loosen the matted stems Meadows thus
treated need no reseeding When this grass is turned in the
spring cowpeas may be sown with it when in the fall it is well
to use oats with it It affords good pasture during the summer
when treated in the same way as meadows344 GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
Mr N B Moore who lived and died near Augusta Ga pre
ferred this grass to any other for hay on account of its luxuriant
growth and abundant yield From his one hundred acres of grass
land he derived annually an income of from seven to ten thousand
dollars
For twelve years prior to 1865 Mr Moores land had received
annually five hundred cords of stable manure hauled from Au
gusta besides wood ashes in large quantity From 1867 to 1874
this land was top dressed with commercial fertilizers In autumn
it was his habit to have the land scarified both ways with sharp
steeltoothed harrows and then to sow over the stubble a peck of
red clover per acre which with volunteer vetches came off about
the middle of May The second yield of clover was uniformly
eaten up by grasshoppers The taproot remained to fertilize the
then coming grass which he had cut when from two to three feet
high
The difficulty of eradicating Johnson grass has caused it to be
much dreaded by farmers and in Texas laws have been passed
regulating its use
It can be destroyed by hand labor digging out the under
ground stems If fallow land be plowed during hot dry weather
thus exposing the stems to the heat of the sun the grass will soon
be killed Severe frosts produce the same result Extra hand
labor during the cultivation of a cotton crop will also kill it If
a farmer desires to set a field with Johnson grass let him prepare
a good seedbed by first turning up the land with a turning plow
then go over the furrows with a subsoil plow Next let him
harrow and roll Then sow the seed broadcast
The price of Johnson grass seed is about 15 cents a pound or
11 for 100 pounds
COWPEAS AND PEAVINE HAY VELVET BEAN ETC
Until something more than thirty years ago the cultivation of
cowpeas was confined mainly to the cottongrowing States but
so famous have they become as a soil renovator that they are now
a staple crop in the border Southern and some of the Middle
States holding in many latitudes throughout the South the place
held by clover in the North The name pea is not a strictly
correct term as applied to this plant since it is closely related to
our common beans and does not in general appearance resemble
a pea except in its blossom and fruitBULLETIN NO 40
345

Of course the cowpea will do better on good land than on
poor but whenever it is necessary to bring up a piece of wornout
land this is the first crop that can be grown upon it A better
soil renovator would be hard to find and a succession of crops of
these valuable legumes has been frequently known to bring the
most wornout soil to a condition of profitable production Valu
able as are peavines and peas for stock feed their chief excellence
is this property of restoring exhausted lands
Of the many varieties of the cowpea the best known in Geor
gia are the WhippoorwUl the Black Clay the Red Clay and the
unknown
The cowpea is probably superior to all other leguminous plants
in producing maximum results in minimum time The vines and
roots supply to the soil as much humus as clover with this great
advantage they will grow upon soil which clover would wither
and die Peas can be sown in Georgia any time between April 1
and August 1 in other words in the late spring or early and
middle summer The soil may be prepared by breaking it with
a twohorse plow About one bushel and a half to the acre should
be sown and then the ground should be well harrowed Some
fanners prefer to drill the peas in rows from 2A to 3 feet apart
placing the peas at intervals of one to two inches in the row
After they have come up a cultivator should be run between the
rows
Peas planted between the corn rows at the second or last plow
ing of the corn furnish a large amount of feed
The best time for cutting hay is when the first pods begin to
turn yellow while the leaves are yet green and the stems tender
If the cutting is delayed until all the peas have ripened the stalks
will be hard and the leaves will fall off thus being wasted Be
careful to cut in clear weather and after the dew is off
In the early fall the crop of peavines is either harvested for
hay or buried for fertilizer The more economical plan as we
have said in other publications of this department is to harvest
the crop for hay then turn under the stubble and the roots which
are said to contain the greater part of the elements so essential for
the renovation of the soil
The average production of peavine hay to the acre is from
2500 to 4000 pounds but under scientific cultivation good lands
have been known to yield over 10000 pounds to the acre The
cowpea succeeds well under the most diverse conditions of soil
and climate from the extreme South to the Central and Northern346
GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OE AGRICULTURE
States flourishing on rich alluvial lands and making fairly good
yields on the most barren and wornout hillsides It is essen
tially a supplementary or intermediate crop In the peachgrow
ing districts it is much used for planting in orchards for which
purpose it is very useful It is a very beneficial crop also in the
trucking sections for planting between rows of asparagus or for
the purpose of occupying the ground after the removal of any
early spring crop
The cowpea like other plants of the bean family draws a part
of its nitrogen from the air and therefore when plowed under
leaves the soil not only richer in vegetable matter than before but
also in the most expensive fertilizing element nitrogen so that
the farmer need apply only the potash and phosphoric acid It
also improves the mechanical condition of the soil by the opening
and loosening effect produced by its deepfeeding roots The cow
pea being the principal leguminous plant of the South since it is
grown for hay forage and the crop of peas or seed and being so
important as a soil renovator should be most carefully protected
from disease
The most troublesome ailment of this important plant is the
wilt disease or pea sickness which has of late become quite preva
lent and has caused much damage in the two Carolinas Georgia
Alabama Mississippi and Louisiana This disease is similar to
that in cotton okra watermelon and other plants and yet they
are not intercommunicable that is the cowpea disease attacks
nothing but the cowpea and so on with each of the others The
cotton wilt fungus has been found in the soil after seven years
devoted to other crops In the cowpea however the amount of
wilt is greatly diminished when other crops intervene but it is
doubtful whether the soil can be entirely rid of the fungus in this
way
The substitution for a time of some other leguminous crop for
cowpeas seems to offer a good remedy For this purpose the
velvet bean appears to be the best It is not subject to wilt but is
somewhat liable to the rootknot worm or nematode It is even
superior to the cowpea for shading out grass producing a
heavy growth of forage which makes excellent hay or if plowed
under makes a valuable fertilizer But it requires a long season
and except in the extrme South does not ripen seed which is
therefore very expensive On account of its trailing habit and
long runners it is difficult to cut it for hay or to plow it underBULLETIN NO 40
347

Its tendency to climb into the trees also renders it objectionable
in orchards
The soy bean and Florida beggar weed may be also used
as a substitute crop But there is no complete substitute for the
cowpea hence the value of finding one that is resistant to the
wilt disease
Mr W A Orton assistant pathologist of the United States
Department of Agriculture on whose treatise on Some Dis
eases of the Cowpea we have drawn in this article says that
Mr T S Williams of Monetta S C has found that the Iron
Cowpea cultivated by him has proved resistant to the wilt dis
ease
Mr Orton says The writer visited Mr Williams
and saw the fields in question The Iron pea was making a
vigorous healthy growth where other varieties had died
the year before In one field where the Iron pea
was growing by the side of a common field cowpea the Iron pea
was healthy while the other died very badly from the wilt dis
ease No nematodes were found in any of these fields A neigh
bor of Mr Williams who for two years had all his peas die
planted the Iron pea this year 1901 at Mr Williams suggestion
and made an excellent crop
Experiments were made by the United States Department of
Agriculture in cooperation with Mr Williams at Monetta S C
on land thoroughly infected with cowpea wilt On May 29
1901 a number of varieties of cowpea soy bean velvet bean
and some Japanese forage plants were planted on one and one
half acres The soil was sandy in good condition and well fer
tilized A crop of winter oats had been removed and the land
thoroughly prepared All the varieties tested were planted by
hand in the same way in rows about 3 feet apart and 18 inches
apart in the hill two to ten seeds in a hill according to the nature
of the variety The field was well cultivated The care taken in
planting secured a good stand and nearly all the plants grew well
until July Then the wilt disease appeared among the cowpeas
and the injury was increased by the presence in the soil of the
rootknot worm or nematode with the addition of a severe
drought in July and the early part of August The velvet beans
did very well making a heavy growth but the seed did not ma
ture They seemed to be completely resistant to the wilt disease
The soy beans were a disappointment suffering from nematode
and the dry weather The Japanese cowpeas doing fairly welt348 GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OE AGRICULTURE
for a while were at the last considerably injured by wilt and the
nematode All of the American cowpeas made a good start and
had an equal chance but the Iron cowpea was the only one that
made any crop In an article by Herbert J Webber physiologist
and W A Orton assistant pathologist on A Cowpea Resistant
to Rootknot Heterodesa Radicicola or the Iron Cowpea is
thus described
The Iron cowpea is quite distinct in character from any other
varieties known to the writers One peculiarity is its habit of
continuous bloomingit may have flowers and ripe fruit on the
same plant As a result of this it continues to ripen its seed over
a considerable period and retains its foliage meanwhile This is
a decided disadvantage if the peas are grown for their fruit but
if the crop is grown for forage the attendant character of retain
ing the leaves green until frost allows the grower greater latitude
in harvesting and this may be a decided advantage While some
other varieties of cowpeas possess some qualities superior to the
Iron the latter is surely a good variety for general purposes and
is especially valuable on account of its diseaseresistant quali
ties The Iron cowpea is to be highly recom
mended for cultivation on all soils that are known to be infested
with one or the other of these diseases Wilt or Rootknot On
soils free from these diseases some other variety may give better
results though the Iron is a good hay variety In peach and
plum orchards and places where it is feared the cowpea would
induce the spread of rootknot the Iron variety can be grown
without danger
The Iron cowpea however may not always prove resistant
From the varieties so well known in Georgia a careful and ob
servant farmer may find seed of plants that have proved resistant
If wilt disease or rootknot which may both be described under
the common term of blight should attack a portion of his crop
even in the part of the field attacked he will find plants that have
resisted successfully the ravages of blight Let him select from
these plants those that amid the surrounding ruin have proved re
sistant and save these for his planting for next season A similar
method of thwarting the attacks of the blight has been tried with
cotton and has proved successful Therefore from his favorite
varieties the farmer can find resistant plants by observing proper
care and diligence
The Velvet Bean has been planted in parts of Florida for moreBULLETIN NO 40
349
than twenty years and wherever used has proven a wonderful
soil renovator
In Middle Georgia this bean should be planted in April or
May or about the same time that cowpeas are planted and aborr
in the same manner say from three to five beans in a place from
12 to 14 inches apart in 3foot rows When the bean begins to
run use the plow or cultivator One or two plowings will be
sufficient The average yield per acre is about 15 to 25 bushels
of the beans
The vines which are very abundant make fine forage for cattle
and horses or can be left on the land to be turned under in the
fall This is said to be a splendid renovator of exhausted lands
some even preferring it to the cowpea
The Soja Bean also called Soy bean and Coffee bean is an
erect annual legume with hairy stems and leaves and has from a
remote antiquity been cultivated in China and Japan This bean
whose botanic name is Glycine Hispida was largely introduced
into this country and Europe about twenty years ago since which
time thorough trials of its value for forage and food have been
made The number of varieties is quite large These vary in
the color of their seeds and the length of time which the plant
require for coming to maturity The seed is planted in drill
2y2 to 3 feet apart and at the rate of about half a bushel to the
acre The cultivation is very much like that of Indian corn The
Soja beans are sometimes planted between the hills of corn
They are fed to stock green as silage or as hay For ensilage or
green forage they can hardly be surpassed but since their haulms
are somewhat woody they do not make the best quality of hay
As green forage they will make in favorable localities from 6 to 8
tons per acre while the yield of beans is from 40 to 100 bushels
to the acre It is claimed by some that the feeding value of this
bean is greater than that of any other known forage plant except
the peanut The bean contains from 32 to 42 per cent of protein
and from 12 to 21 per cent of fat in fresh material The hay
contains from 14 to 15 per cent of crude protein and from 12 to
21 per cent of fat in fresh material When fed to milch cows a
ration of soja beans increases the yield of milk improves the
quality of butter and causes the animal to gain rapidly in weight
in China and Japan this bean is an article of human diet and
substances similar to oil cheese and butter and a variety of dishes
relished by the people of those countries are prepared from it350
GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OE AGRICULTURE

WHEAT HAY
There are farmers in Georgia notably in Troup county who
hold wheat hay in high esteem as feed for stock They consider
it a wellbalanced ration taking the place of both grass and gram
The method of curing wheat for hay is as follows Cut the
stalks close to the surface of the ground while the grain is in
fairly good dough state If you wait later the straw will be
come woody if you cut earlier there will be waste since weight
and nutriment will be wanting Be sure that the cutting is done
on a morning which gives good promise of a clear day Alow as
you would other grass but rake into windrows the afternoon of
the day on which the cutting is done The following day carry
it into the barn and this is all that will be needed if the weather
is clear and warm The barn curing like the field curing is
quickly done In ten days or two weeks after the hay has been
put in the barn it should be baled This baling should not be de
layed longer than two weeks since in that case it loses not only
its nutriment but also its pleasant odor and beautiful color
This hay makes from two to three tons or from 4QOO to
6000 pounds to the acre and brings from 1500 to 1800 per
ton
Peavine hay brings from 1200 to 1400 per ton Bermuda
from 1300 to 1500 per ton Johnson grass from 800 to
1000 per ton English vetch and Red Clover mixed 1200
to 1400 per ton shredded comstalks from 500 to 600 per
ton
ALEALEA OR LUCERNE AND CLOVER
Although Alfalfa or Lucerne is cultivated to some extent in
Georgia it has not received the attention that its merits should
claim It is doubtful if any forage plant excels it for abundant
yield longevity and hardness It is a species of clover and will
flourish under heat that would kill any other kind of clover Al
titude does not affect it so much as the depth and warmth of the
soil or the depth of the watertable beneath the surface It will
grow on favorable soil at almost any altitude from the level of
the sea to 7000 feet above the sea Although it is not injured by
a considerable amount of sand in the soil yet it thrives best in
a rich sandy loam containing lime and having a porous subsoilBULLETIN NO 40
351
It requires much nursing and careful preparation to secure a
good stand but when that has been obtained upon suitable soil
it may yield abundant crops for thirty or more years It rarely
reaches a sufficient height for hay during the first year but attains
its best growth in the third year If it has been properly man
aged up to that time it makes splendid hay and the number of
cattle that one acre of it will feed throughout a season by soiling
is wonderful Alfalfa is a good grass for hay but not for pas
turage because the trampling of stock so compacts it that the plant
deteriorates It may be used as pasture for hogs which being of
lighter weight do not injure it so much and ten or twenty of
them can obtain sufficient forage for an entire season from one
acre of it The price of Alfalfa lucerne seed is 17 cents a
pound or for 30 pounds and upwards i6y2 cents
Crimson or Scarlet Clover requires for its best growth a rich
clayey loam containing more or less carbonate of lime and yet
not a calcareous loam For green manuring it ranks high and
makes excellent pasture during the fall months when other green
crops have dried up It is an annual and on favorable soil obtains
a height of three feet
After it has made its growth during the fall and winter months
the clover can be cut in the spring and its stubble turned under
Then the same field may be planted in corn It is excellent food
for milch cows since it produces a full flow of milk but it should
never be fed to the stock after it has ceased flowering The prac
tice of feeding stock with the straw after it has been raised and
threshed as a seed crop should be avoided The price of crimson
or scarlet clover seed is 10 cents a pound or for 30 pounds and
over 9 cents
Such land as will produce remunerative crops of wheat or corn
is well adapted to Red Clover This grass though inferior to
lucerne or Alfalfa in the quantity and quality of its hay does
notwithstanding make abundance of good hay with this advan
tage that it affords splendid pasturing which Alfalfa does not
There have been fine clover fields among the mountains in Mid
dle Georgia and on the coast notably on Hutchinsons Island op
posite Savannah
A suitable soil for clover is one containing a large percentage
of clay Extremely sandy soils will not do for it but with a
sandy surface and a clay subsoil the clay may be brought to the
surface and manured The subsoil for clover must be dry It will352
GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OE AGRICULTURE
not thrive on wet lands but will flourish even on bottom lands
that have been thoroughly drained
Captain C W Howard a recognized authority in his Man
ual on the Cultivation of the Grasses and Forage Plants at the
South published in 1881 says Clover should be cut for hay as
soon as a portion of the heads begin to turn brown Earlier than
this it is too watery later it is too woody The great ob
ject is to cure it as much as possible in the shade The hay when
cut at the proper time and cured in this way will be of a nice
green color with all the leaves and blossoms attached No
live stock should be turned upon a clover field until the clover is
in blossom The temptation to violate this rule is very great
Clover springs so early and our live stock is so hungry that the
inducement is very great to put them upon the clover before the
proper time But it would be less costly to buy food than to do
this By too early pasturing the clover is killed out and it is
then said that clover will not succeed at the South
Precautions should be taken in turning horses or cattle into a
clover field If they are hungry at the time they will overeat
themselves and the result is an attack of what is called haven
The animal swells and often in a short time dies To prevent
this live stock turned into a clover field should previously be
fully fed they should not have had access to salt within twenty
four hours they should not the first day remain more than half
an hour and the dew should have been dissipated Kentucky
red clover seed cost 17 cents a pound or for 30 pounds and up
wards 15 cents a pound
White Clover will in the South grow tall enough to be cut
by itself which is not the case in the North In the spring it
affords excellent pasture for hogs sheep and cattle and is also
good for horses until the blossoms fall when it salivates them
This is also true of the second crop of red clover White clover
is highly prized in England for its manurial properties
OTHER GRASSES
Timothy called sometimes cattail and sometimes herds grass
is useful only for hay and should be cut when in full bloom The
welldrained rice land of the Georgia coast will produce it in per
fection as will also the richest of the bottom land that is dry
enough for wheat The price of timothy seed is 10 cents a
pound or for 25 pounds and upwards 8 cents a poundBULLETIN NO 40
353
Herds Grass called in New England Red Top may be sown
in the fall or in the spring either alone or with wheat barley
rye or oats It is often sown with other grasses as timothy and
clover Being a permanent grass for all soils and a universal
feeder it is of special value to every farmer When it has been
cut for hay its aftermath makes excellent late summer and fall
pastures The seed of herds grass or Red Top cost 10 cents a
pound or 100 for a bushel of 14 pounds
Italian Rye grass though shortlived and having a duration of
only two or three years is a very valuable grass when early forage
is desired Indifferent to climate and texture of soil and requir
ing only dryness and richness it grows successfully in every part
of Georgia thriving best on rich moist alluvial lands and calcar
eous loams If sowed in August or September it will be ready
for grazing in February Although giving large yields for hay
or winter grazing it is doubtful whether it be more valuable than
barley or rye for these purposes
The Vetch or tare is found in two varieties the winter and
summer vetch The latter is not much esteemed in Georgia be
cause it will not for summer soiling yield as much green forage
as corn The hairy winter vetch being ready for the first cut
ting during the first warm spell in February is very useful for
soiling early in the spring The seed should be sown early in
August allowing one bushel to the acre Where land has been
wellmanured the vetch yields a large amount of early cut food
or it may be made into nutritious hay or may be used as a winter
pasture All stock eat it green and cured It does not thrive on
wet lands but needs considerable rain during its early growth
The price of the seed is 15 cents a pound Sow 15 to 20 pounds
to the acre on Bermuda grass sod or with small grain
Millet in its various varieties eight of which have been culti
vated in this country is used for soiling purposes for hay and for
seed All the millet family requires a strong rich deep soil suffi
ciently clayey to retain a large amount of moisture but at the
same time the land must be thoroughly drained For the growth
of a large crop of millet there is needed not only a clay soil in a
moist situation but this soil must be enriched by the application
of wellrotted stable manure kept in good tilth and thoroughly
prepared by frequent plowings or harrowings The millet must
be cut as soon as it begins to head and before it blooms More
than fifty bushels of seed to the acre have been raised on rich land
vj v 354
GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OE AGRICULTURE
and the hay made from it is of good quality and large quantity
Captain Howard said that for forage purposes it was not superior
to oats and was inferior to the vetch Millet is an annual The
seed of German millet best Southern cost 225 per bushel
Meadow Oat Grass is excellent for winter pasturage Though
rich upland is its proper soil it will grow on more sandy soil than
most of the artificial grasses It matures so rapidly that seed
sown in the spring will produce seed in the fall Since the seed
becomes ripe even while the stalk is green it can be saved by cut
ting off the heads with a cradle and tying in bundles after which
the rest can be mowed for hay Cattle should not graze upon it
in summer and fall After Christinas they can feed upon it until
the latter part of February or even later until the other grasses
spring unless it is designed to make hay of it
Orchard Grass which is so called because it grows wild in or
chards or in thinned woodland ranks next to Meadow Oat grass
for winter pasturage or for hay In order to be sweet and nutri
tious it should be cut as soon as it blossoms The seed cost 20
cents a pound or 275 per bushel of 14 pounds
Blue Grass so celebrated in Kentucky and Tennessee is used
to some extent in Georgia for lawns and yards thriving very well
in some of the soils of Georgia The Texas blue grass so called
from its native State is a hardy perennial and has a vigorous
growth It will grow luxuriantly in fertile soils especially in
calcareous loams It is an excellent pasture grass for the extreme
South remaining green throughout the year growing through
the winter months and blooming in the latter part of April or the
first of May The seed of blue grass cost 15 cents a pound
Oats cut just before the straw begins to turn make a valuable
winter forage for horses cattle and sheep They should be cut
with a mowing blade and cured as hay and before feeding should
be cut up with a cutting knife
The trouble with all annual grasses is that the same operation
must be repeated every year which is a great annoyance consid
ering that there are so many others just as good which last for
many years
Corn when desired as a forage crop is planted very close to
gether and on rich and wellprepared soils makes an enormous
yield There have been cut of it from one acre in Greene county
as much as 27130 pounds in a season The whole crop is cut
while yet green and tender and then properly cured If desired
for ensilage it is cut up green and deposited in a silo pitBULLETIN NO 40
355
Cane Forage is prepared in a similar way from sorghum cane
and gives an immense yield
Will the cultivation of grass for hay be a paying investment
in Georgia We think that we can safely answer yes even if the
farmer does nothing more than save the money which he now
pays out for Northern and Western hay
But he can do more than that By raising a good hay that is
uniform in quality and weight and neatly baled he will find a
ready market for its sale in our towns and cities among those who
now purchase that which is imported from other States
Everything must have a beginning There was a time when no
one thought of raising peaches for the market in Georgia but
our orchards now bring into our State millions of dollars every
year
If a good article of grass is produced in sufficient quantities
there will be no trouble about finding a market Many a tract of
land now lying waste can with its waving grass help to swell the
coffers of its owners and many a red old hill all seamed with
gullies can cover up its scars with a beautiful carpet of living
green upon which graze its wellfed herds whose milk and flesh
or toil will prove a certain and unfailing source of income
The Georgia Experiment Station furnishes the following excel
lent formula for fertilizer for corn and the grasses
Acid phosphate1000 pounds
Muriate of potash 30 pounds
Cottonseedmeal1250 pounds
2280 pounds
Apply enough of the above formula to get from 100 to 200
pounds of acid phosphate per acre
TABLE SHOWING THE PRICES OF THE VARIOUS
GRASS SEEDS AND THE NUMBER OF POUNDS
TO BE SOWN TO THE ACRE
Bermuda Grass65 cents a pound wholesale 150 retail
Two pounds will seed an acre broadcasted on wellplowed or
finely harrowed land After broadcasting plow in lioiK orj as
many think better roll down356
GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
BROME GRASSES
Bromus Inermis or Hungarian Brome Grass20 to 25 cents
a pound wholesale Sow 40 pounds to the acre
Bromus Unioioides Rescue grass or Arctic grass25 cents
a pound wholesale Sow 40 pounds to the acre
Bromus Secalinus Chess or Cheat11 to I24 cents a pound
wholesale
clover SEEDS
Alfalfa or Lucerne164 to 17 cents per pound wholesale
Sow 15 pounds to the acre
Red Clover15 to 17 cents per pound wholesale Sow i6
pounds to the acre
Scarlet or Crimson Clover9 to 10 cents per pound wholesale
Sow 15 pounds to the acre
OTHER GRASS SEEDS
Blue GrassTrue Kentucky Blue Grass and Texas Blue
Grass 15 cents per pound wholesale Sow 30 pounds to the
acre
Herds or Red Top Grass10 cents per pound wholesale Sow
40 pounds to the acre
Italian Rye GrassSow 30 pounds to the acre
Johnson Grass9 to 15 cents a pound according to amount
purchased
Kaffir CornSow 10 pounds per acre
Meadow Oat GrassSow 30 pounds to the acre
Millet Common also Hungarian5 cents per pound or
225 per bushel of 50 pounds Sow 50 pounds to the acre
Millet Pearl or Cattail15 cents a pound Sow 10 pounds
to the acre
Milo Maize Guinea or Dhoura CornSow 6 pounds to the
acre
Orchard Grass20 cents per pound 275 per bushel of 14
pounds Sow 50 pounds to the acre
Soja BeanSow onehalf bushel to the acre
Sorghum Forage10 cents a pound Common country seed
for forage 150 per bushel
Timothy8 to 10 cents a pound according to amount pur
chased If sown alone sow 15 pounds to the acre There are
45 pounds to the bushelBULLETIN NO 40
357
Vetch Hairy15 cents a pound Sow broadcast two bush
els to the acre If sown in August September or October in
States south of the latitude of the Potomac it has given fine re
sults for pasturage in early spring or for mowing for hay in
April If sown upon Bermuda grass sod or with small grain
sow 15 or 20 pounds to the acre
English Vetch8 to 10 cents a pound
TRUCK FARMS AND MARKET GARDENS
Long before the Civil War truckfarming was an industry of
all that section of Georgia contiguous to Savannah and an im
portant part of the cargoes of vessels sailing from that port con
sisted of fruits and vegetables for Philadelphia New York and
Boston Augusta too was one of the points from which melons
fruits and vegetables were sent northward either by rail or by
steamer from Charleston and Savannah
Of recent years there has been a steady growth in this business
and now not only in the neighborhood of our cities and towns
but even near little stations scattered along the great lines of
railroad that traverse all sections of Georgia market gardens have
multiplied until trucking is one of the recognized industries of
our State
The neighborhood of Savannah is still one of the chief centers
of this business The soil in that section of Georgia is well
adapted to the raising of fruits and vegetables and the climate
is such that one crop or another can be grown almost every
month of the twelve
If one is satisfied that a business will pay there is no difficulty
about getting him to embark in it There are many in Georgia
who would find it profitable for them to engage in this business
Let us look for a moment at what has been accomplished by
some of our citizens who have engaged extensively in truckfarm
ing
Soon after the close of the Civil War Major Garland M Ryals
moved from Virginia to Georgia and settled in Savannah He
began the business of truckfarming devoted himself diligently
to it and has been rewarded by the accumulation of considerable358 GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE
property He keeps up a constant rotation of crops From one
acre he gathers 400 crates of cabbage selling them at 135 a
crate or 54000 for the product of one acre
After the cabbages have been gathered he raises a crop of corn
which brings him 3000 Then he raises a fall crop of radishes
the sale of which added to the other amounts will bring the
total income of one acre to about 700 in one year
Another farmer near Savannah gathered over 500 bushels of
cucumbers from a single acre which sold for a little more than
540 bringing him an enormous profit
Another truckfarmer sold from one acre 400 worth of beetsr
for which vegetable there is always great demand in the Northern
markets in early spring
The truckfarmers in the vicinity of Savannah grow lettuce ire
midwinter with no other protection during the cold spells than a
light covering of leaves or canvas
English peas constitute one of the most profitable crops Since
in South Georgia they are ready for the table at Christmas time
they bring in the Eastern markets the highest price One farmer
reports a net profit from two acres of this crop of over 600 in
one season
The crop of tomatoes can be so planted as to come in just as
the Northern supply is exhausted and they always command good
prices One man who had a small truck farm west of Savannah
made 250 net from less than one acre of tomatoes
Mr L C Oliver of Bloomingdale on the line of the Central
of Georgia Railway gives the following estimate of cost and
profit by the acre on the Irish potato crop alone Expense for
fertilizing seed planting and working gathering and freight
was 100 The product of that acre was sixty barrels at 4 a
barrel amounting to 240 This gives a net profit of 140 an
acre on this one crop
Irish Potatoes were at one time raised in Georgia entirely for
home consumption But the demand for early vegetables in the
Northern markets is such that it has caused a great increase in
their cultivation The truckfarmers of Georgia have not been
slow to recognize this fact
Our Irish potatoes command the early and best prices and the
Georgia truckfarmer need fear no danger of being forced out of
the market by his Eastern or Western competitors
In April 1895 a South Georgia truckfarmer shipped north 150
barrels of Irish potatoes which brought him 750 a barrel or
1125BULLETIN NO 40
359
Ordinarily two crops of Irish potatoes are made in the year
There is an instance where a farmer in Decatur Georgia raised
three crops in one year
Sweet Potatoes will thrive in our climate in almost any loose
welldrained soil A light sandy loam gives the best selling
potato
The sweet potato draws potash nitrogen and phosphoric acid
from the soil and these must be restored by the proper kind of
fertilizer But the best method of deciding which kind of fer
tilizer one needs for his potatoes is to try two or three different
kinds of fertilizers on patches of the same kind of soil hJid watcb
the result In storing sweet potatoes they should be partly dried
and cleaned and then stored in a dry warm place
Sweet potatoes may follow almost any kind of a crop but
should not follow a sod because they are then too liable to at
tacks by cutworms
Deep plowing is rather a disadvantage to the sweet potato Of
course the crop must be kept clean until the vines have taken
possession of the field
At this time Celery is being grown in Florida at a profit of
1500 to 2000 per acre and there are many places in Georgia
along the various lines of railway where just as good results may
be obtained
Asparagus is also a very profitable crop ranking in this respect
but a little below celery The expense of cultivation is no greater
than that of any other field crop but like all quickly maturing
plants it requires heavy applications of manure This should be
applied in late winter or just before the shoots appear
The vicinity of Brunswick the Georgia port of the Southern
and Plant or Atlantic Coast Line systems of railway is the center
of a large trucking business All kinds of vegetables and early
fruits do well here The bottom lands of the rivers of South
eastern Georgia after being drained are admirably suited to cel
ery cabbage potatoes strawberries and other products With
some vegetables as many as three crops can be raised on the same
ground in one year
Eastern Georgia already supplies a large part of the demand
for early vegetables and fruits in the markets of the North and
East and all Southern Georgia is rapidly entering the list of com
petitors for this trade In peaches Southern Georgia still takes
the lead but in favorable seasons Northwest Georgia follows close
behind while Northeast Georgia is also forging to the front360
GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
Middle and Northwest Georgia over their lines of railway make
large shipments of vegetables peaches berries and other fruits
to Louisville Cincinnati Chicago and the Northwest
Georgia has already become the greatest peach State in the
Union There are now over 16000000 trees in her commercial
orchards of which more than 8000000 are in bearing In a good
season the peach crop will bring into the State many millions of
dollars The subject of peaches however belongs rather to horti
culture than to truckfarming
Georgia stands unrivaled in her watermelons and enjoys a na
tional reputation So extensive is the cultivation of watermelons
and so large their shipments and sales that this crop is already
counted as one of the great money producers of Georgia Al
though only about 28000 acres were reported in the last United
States census yet when all raised for the markets and for home
use are taken into the count the number of acres devoted to
watermelons will closely approximate if they do not exceed 100
000 The transportation of the watermelon crop of Georgia re
quires in a good season 10000 cars As many as 316000 melons
have been sold in or shipped from Augusta in one season
Of more than 73000 acres reported to the census bureau in
1900 as being used in the cultivation of miscellaneous vegetables
there was a detailed report of only 38504 acres Of these 27874
acres were devoted to watermelons 2871 to cabbages 1707 to
muskmelons or cantaloupes 900 to tomatoes and 1603 to other
vegetables Of course we know that these figures are far below
the reality and that the total of 73489 acres reported as devoted
to miscellaneous vegetables is far below the real number thus em
ployed
Hence the total value of the miscellaneous vegetables including
melons which is reported at 3009306 must fall short of the
real value of all produced in Georgia Irish and sweet potatoes
are not included in the list of miscellaneous vegetables but are
reported separately as follows Irish potatoes 8477 acres produc
ing 553129 bushels valued at 326853 sweet potatoes 70620
acres producing 5087674 bushels valued at 2354390
The onion crop was reported separately as 418 acres producing
44618 bushels valued at 44592 Thus we see the value of the
vegetables of Georgia in which by the United States census are
included watermelons and cantaloupes was reported in 1900 at
5735141BULLETIN NO 40
361
Of small fruits there were reported 1634 acres with a product
valued at 90785 Of grapes it was reported that 4754 acres
showed a product valued at 170603
Adding the values of small fruits and grapes to that of all
vegetables reported we have 5996529 or in round numbers
about 6000000 no contemptible sum and it must be remem
bered that this is below the true figures which the government
authorities have not been able to fully ascertain
The peach crop of Georgia was a failure in 1899 the year for
which the estimates were made for 1900 but in any good season
its value is many millions
Raspberries with proper attention make good yields in North
and Middle Georgia
Blackberries are abundant both wild and cultivated Among
the latter the Early Harvest is the most favorably known be
cause it is early but it is no better in flavor or quality than many
of our native varieties The vines should be set out in rows 3x6
feet Cultivation is no more troublesome than that of cotton
but the demand for them is limited
The yield is several thousand quarts per acre and the cost of
picking is about one and onehalf cents a quart
The strawberry is our best market berry and is of many kinds
Those best suited to our market are
The Excelsior a very early berry enormously productive of
very large size when not allowed to mat too thickly in the row
of a dark red color the Lady Thompson a wellknown South
ern berry which follows the Excelsior in ripening of large size
prolific firm having a good flavor the Brandywine the
Clyde the Wilson the Sample the Bubach all mid
season berries of excellent quality and very productive the How
ell medium late William Belt an enormous berry medium
late the Cumberland Triumph medium late one of our most
productive and beautifully colored berries the Gandy a very
late berry exceedingly productive of the largest size and among
the best flavored especially adapted to Middle and North Geor
gia Among other berries especially adapted to the Piedmont
section of Georgia we would recommend Johnsons Early
which in some sections bears a good second crop and the Green
ville very productive oi good size color and quality from
medium to late in season
Tne Bnbach and Sample belong to the pistillate variety and require to be fert lzed
toy the plIf n from other berries For this purpose we specially commend tue Brandy
wine which should be planted near them in alternate rows362
GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OE AGRICULTURE
Proper preparation and fertilization are more essential than
the character of the soil Many of our lands contain sand and
clay but these can be made very productive of strawberries by
adding other ingredients in large quantities especially potash and
phosphoric acid Mulching with straw is necessary prime straw
having proved the best material for this purpose Coarse litter
lot and stable manure to which potash must be added may be
applied in the fall with good results A crop of peas will add
much to the productiveness of land intended for strawberries
The truckfarmer must start out with the idea of using large
quantities of phosphoric acid and potash with such animal ma
nure as he can raise on the place
A Mr Duncan near New Albany Indiana who for thirty
years has made large profits on strawberries does not find it
necessary or profitable to follow a custom very prevalent in some
localities of transplanting every year He kept one plot of several
acres for fifteen years and has this year a plot from which he has
taken nine crops He manages thus After harvesting his crop
he runs over the patch with his mower set to cut very low As
soon as they are sufficiently dry he burns off the patch Then he
goes through with the small barshear plow cutting the row down
to the desired width and throwing the dirt away from it He next
cultivates the middles out thoroughly and finally goes through
with the hoe thinning out the plantsin the row He claims that
this is more profitable than setting out a new plot since he gets
a larger yield of fruit than from new settings He covers his
plants with straw in November instead of waiting until the ground
is frozen as many do This is in brief what is said of Mr Dun
cans method by Greens Fruit Grower and Home Companion
published in Rochester N Y In this same journal we notice
that a Mr A W Purdy says I have observed that rows of
strawberries that have been worked down narrow in taking up
plants the last spring are producing double the crop and fruit
double the size and better every way than matted plots where
the rows have not been worked between I would have hit it
had I run my spring tooth cultivator between all of our rows
two or three times tearing out weeds grass and plants I am
more and more convinced that as a rule strawberries are set too
close and are allowed to make too wide matted rows I am satis
fied that to grow strawberries for fruit from three to three and
a half feet apart each way is best and they should be cultivated
both waysBULLETIN NO 40
363
One farmer in Lamkin Iowa reports that two years ago he
sold 500 worth of strawberries from 26 rows 220 feet long or
about half an acre and last year from the same patch sold 300
worth His experience does not seem to prove that he did as well
on the same patch the second year as the first But experiences
vary
Mr S S Smith of Decatur Ga well known in the Atlanta
market as a cultivator of fancy strawberries and who has ex
perimented extensively with different varieties from a plot cover
ing a third of an acre set with Lady Thompsons and Clydes
in medium matted rows gives the following results of experi
ments He set out his plants in November of 1900 in the fol
lowing spring he gathered a small crop in the spring of 1902 he
sold 250 worth of large handsome berries in the spring of
1903 without resetting he sold 300 worth of enormous berries
from the same plot He thinks it very essential that the plants
should not be allowed to mat too closely in the row and also that
they should be kept entirely free of grass and weeds and receive
the highest fertilizing and cultivation
Strawberries are native to the North and South with this ad
vantage in favor of the latter that in the South the seasons are
longer and hence with proper attention more money should be
made from an acre than in the North
Cost of an acre of strawberriesPlowing 300 harrowing
300 marking 50 cents plants 8000 2500 average price
trimming and preparing 500 setting plants 400 cultivating
with horse 750 hoeing six times 1800 fertilizer onehalf
ton 1500 4 tons straw 2000 applying straw5oo About
100 for first year Usual sales from an acre about four times
the cost says a correspondent in the Rural Neiu Yorker
For home supply it pays very well to set out potted strawberry
plants for fruiting next year but for market use it would hardly
pay Potted plants are excellent for those who have small gar
dens or who have neglected to set a new bed of strawberries the
previous spring but want to have some fruit next spring Small
pots can be used to set the new plants in Fill them with rich
soil and bury the plants in the earth to their tops where new run
ners are forming Place the end of a runner on top of the center
of each pot A little clod may then be laid upon it to hold it in
place until its roots take good hold of the soil When well
rooted they can be taken out of the pots and set in place where ther334
GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
new patch is to be If properly treated and tilled they ought to
bear well the next fruit season
We have said thus much about strawberries because they have
already become one of the most important crops of our truck
farmers here in Georgia
SOME DISEASES OF GARDEN PLANTS
Plants like animals have their peculiar diseases which arise
from different causes Some impair the productiveness of the
plants while others kill them entirely
The Irish potato has a disease known as scab which is
caused by a fungous growth upon the surface of the potato If
seed potatoes be soaked in formalin just before being planted the
adhering fungi will be killed and the risk from scab be greatly
diminished Onehalf pint of formalin to fifteen gallons of water
makes a good solution A pint of formalin can be purchased for
seventyfive cents The same solution can be used for several
bushels
Potato blight is caused by a fungus which attacks the leaves
of the plant Spraying is the remedy for this disease
Club root is a disease of the cabbage cauliflower and turnip
From eighty to ninety bushels of lime applied to each acre is an
excellent remedy for this disease
INSECT PESTS OF THE GARDEN
The cabbage worm is one of the most destructive pests of the
garden It comes from the eggs laid by the butterfly which
is frequently seen hovering about the cabbage patch The pupa
cases may be seen during the winter on trees and fences and un
der boards and stones Destroy these cases and you will greatly
diminish the chances for a cabbageworm visitation the next
spring Birds greatly aid in the destruction of the pupa cases
and the larvae Paris green on young plants will kill many larvae
The plant louse is very troublesome but can be easily killed by
spraying The squash bug does great damage to young plants
and is difficult to get rid of Young squashes and other young
plants can be protected to a great extent by small nettings If a
small board be laid near the young plants the bugs will collect
under it during the night for shelter and can be easily killed in the
jnorning Since these bugs prefer squash their attacks on cucumBULLETIN NO 40
365
bers or melons may be largely prevented by planting squashes here
and there among the melons
They serve as trap plants and it will be easier to pick the
bugs off these than to go over the whole field
The flea beetle is dangerous to potatoes eggplants tomatoes
and other garden plants The larvae live inside the leaves tun
neling through them as it were Plaster soot ashes or tobacco
will repel the attacks of this insect upon the garden
Weevils are frequently found among garden seeds A good
remedy is to put infected seed in a tight box or bin and place on
top of the pile a dish of carbon bisulphide in the proportion of one
teaspoonful to each bushel of seeds Canvas or heavy cloth should
be spread over the bin so that the fumes can not escape into the
air but will be forced down through the mass of seeds killing the
weevils or other insect pests that may be there In order to in
sure complete success the seeds should be thus fumigated for from
two to five days
Do not go near the bin with a light because the fumes of carbon
bisulphide are very inflammable
Every farmer whether he engages in the trucking business or
not should have a garden in which to grow all the vegetables
needed for the home table and the small fruits also
In making a truckgarden for the market the vegetables and
small fruits should be planted in rows so that the cultivating
tools may be drawn by a horse or mule
The miscellaneous vegetables and fruits which so many people
are apt to consider as too insignificant for their attention often
prove more profitable than the larger crops It is true in this
case as in others that the weak things of this world sometimes
surpass the mighty
Of course the large crops must be raised but there is a vast
amount of soil in Georgia now lying idle which can be utilized
for market gardens for whose products there is an everincreasing
demand not only abroad but in the rapidly growing cities and
towns of our own State for which the supply is often inadequate
We give here again the special formulas for trucking crops
prepared by State Chemist John M McCandless together with
his remarks prefacing them366
GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
SPECIAL FORMULAS FOR TRUCKING CROPS
Those who raise early vegetables for market or what are
known as trucking crops require special formulas The trucker
must get his crop to market early or he is likely to find no market
for it He therefore must force his crop in every practicable way
One of the chief methods of doing this is by the use of very rich
or highgrade fertilizers used in very large quantities per acre
one thousand and even as high as two thousand pounds per acre
of the very highest grade fertilizer being often used Large
quantities of nitrogen are required and part of this nitrogen must
be in the form of the very soluble nitrate of soda which dissolves
in water as readily as sugar or salt This valuable ingre
dient of trucking crops should not be mixed with acid phos
phate especially if the latter is damp if the mixture is intended to
stand for any great length of time before use There is a ten
dency for the acid phosphate to cause a decomposition of the
nitrate of soda with a resulting loss of nitrogen As to the
amounts to be used per acre the trucker must use his own judg
ment and experience with his soil remembering that economy m
this direction has not been found to pay by those wishing an early
market crop of vegetables It is rarely the case that less than five
hundred pounds per acre will pay The formulas given below
have been selected mainly from some of the trucking bulletins of
the North Carolina Agricultural Experiment Station
A lor Celery 7 per cent Ammonia 5 per cent Available Phosphoric
Acid 8 per cent Potash
1 300 lbs Nitrate of soda
800 Fish scrap
600 Acid phos 13 pr ct
300 Muriate potash
1
2000
2 250 lbs Nitrate soda
000 Dried blood
850 Acid phos 13 pr ct
300 Muriate potash
69 pr ct Ammonia
will yield 55 Avail phos acid
30 Potash
2000
will yield 55
I
72 pr ct Ammonia
Avail phos acid
Potash
B For Irish Potatoes 6 per cent Ammonia 7per cent Available Phos
phoric Acid 8 per cent Potash
300 lbs Nitrate of soda
600 Cottonseed meal
800 Acid phos
300 Muriate potash
1
2000
will yield 7
54 pr ct Ammonia
72 Avail phos acid
81 PotashBULLETIN NO 40
367
2
300 lbs
COO
800
300
Nitrate of soda
Fish scrap
Acid phos 14 pr ct
Muriate potash
1
2000
J
58 pr ct Ammonia
will yield J6S Avail phos acid
78 Potash
200 lbs Nitrate soda
900 Fish scrap
600 Dissolved bone black
300 Muriate potash
2000 I 220 lbs 500 970 310
2000 5 300 lbs 600 8 0 300
2000 3 300 lbs 600 800 300
Nitrate soda
Dried blood
Acid phos 14 pr ct
Muriate potash
Nitrate soda
Cottonseed meal
Acid phos 13 pr ct
Muriate potash
64 pr ct Ammonia
will yield j 66 Avail phos acid
78 Potash
61 pr ct Ammonia
will yield 68 Avail phos acid
80 Potash
f 54 pr ct Ammonia
will yield 60 Avail phos acid
83 Potash
Nitrate soda
Tankage
Acid phos 13 pr ct
Sulph potash H G
2000
I 55 pr ct Ammonia
will yield 1 64 Avail phos acid
78 Potash
J
For Beets and Lettuce 6 per cent Ammonia 5 per cent Available
Phosyhoric Acid 8 per cent Potash
300 lbs
800
60
300
2000
Nitrate soda
Cottonseed meal
Acid phos 13 pr ct I f
Muriate potash f Wl11 Jeld j 4
I 18
2 pr ct Ammonia
200 lbs
800
700
300
Nitrate soda
Fish scrap
Acid phos 11 pr ct
Muriate potash
2000
J
will
yield
59 pr ct
54
78
Avail phos acid
Potash
Ammonia
Avail phos acid
Potash
D
For Cabbage Cauliflower Cucumbers and Melons 6 per cent Ammo
nia 5 per cent Available Phosphoric Acid 7 per cent Potash
1 300 lbs Nitrate soda
750
700
250
Cottonseed meal
Acid phos 11 pr ct
Muriate potash
2i00
will yield
60 pr
8
60
48
71
ct
Ammonia
Avail phos acid
Potash368
GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OE AGRICULTURE
E For Spinach 5 per cent Ammonia 8 per cent Available Phosphoric
Acid 6 ptr cent Potash
1 200 lbs Nitrate soda
650 Fish scrap
950 Acid phos 14 pr ct
230 Muriate potash
2000
2 300 lbs Nitrate soda
500 Cottonseed meal
1000 Acid phos 14 pr ct
200 Muriate potash
2000
52 pr ct Ammonia
will yield 77 Avail phos acid
60 Potash
50 pr ct Ammonia
will yield 76 Avail phos acid
56 Potash
F For Radishes and Turnips 5 per cent Ammonia 7 per cent Available
Phosphoric Acid S per cent Potash
1 250 lbs Nitrate soda
550 Cottonseed meal
900 Acid phos 13 pr ct
300 Muriate potash
2000
46 pr ct Ammonia
will yield 65 Avail phos acid
83 Potash
J
G For Asparagus 5 per cent Ammonia 7 per cent Available Phosphoric
Acid 8 per cent Potash
1
t
49 pr ct Ammonia
1 200 lbs Nitrate soda
700 Cottonseed meal
800 Acid phos 13 pr ct
300 M
20u0
uriate notash wiU yield A Avai1 Phos aoid
unatepotasn g4 Potash
H For Egg Plant and Tomatoes 5 per cent Ammonia 6 per cent Availalle
Phosphoric Acid 7per cent Potash
1 200 lbs Nitrate soda1
700 Cottonseed meal I ln
840 Acid phos 13 pr ct J49 Pr ct Ammonia
260 Muriate potash
2000
Avail phos acid
Potash
I For Onions 5 per cent Ammonia 5 per cent Available Phosphoric Acid
8 per cent Potash
1 200 lbs Nitrate soda
750 Cottonseed meal
750 Acid phos 11 pr ct
300
2000
51 pr ct Ammonia
MurVtotash wlU yield 5l AvaiL Phos
J
PotashBULLETIN NO 40
369
J For Sweet Potatoes S per cent Ammonia 7
Acid 8per cent Potash
1 100 lbs Nitrate soda1
400 Fish scrap
1180 Acidphos 11 pr ct I
320 Muriate potash will yield
2000 J
2 100 lbs Nitrate soda
500 Cottonseed meal
1100 Acid phos IS pr ct
300 Muriate potash
per cent Available Phosphoric
35 pr ct Ammonia
78 Avail phos acid
83 Potash
2000
K For Beans and Peas Sper cent Ammonia
Acid 7per cent Potash
1 100 lbs Nitrate soda
450 Cottonseed meal
1200 Acid phos 11 pr ct
250 Muriate potash
35 pr ct Ammonia
78 Avail phos acid
83 Potash
2000
will yield
7per cent Available Phosphoric
29 pr ct Ammonia
71 Avail phos acid
69 Potash
24 a b
370
GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
TREATMENT OF ORCHARDS INFESTED WITH SAN
JOSE SCALE
WILMON NEWELL STATE ENTOMOLOGIST
r
Bulletin No 4 of the Georgia State Board of Entomology is
sued in September 1902 and Bulletin No 5 issued in Novem
ber 1902 by Prof W M Scott former State Entomologist
give full and practical instructions for treating scaleinfested
orchards A number of experiments have been conducted by
this office since the publication of the above and these results have
been such that it seems advisable to place them before the fruit
growers in the present bulletin
The development of successful methods of controlling the San
Jose scale has been rapid but not until recently has full and sat
isfactory control been possible When the Georgia State Board
of Entomology was established in 1898 the occurrence of San
Jose scale in a commercial orchard was commonly considered as
meaning a total destruction and several owners of infested or
chards had even given up all hope and had allowed their trees
to succumb to this dreaded pest The undertaking before Prof
Scott was a most formidable one but through the hearty support
and cooperation of the State Board of Entomology as well as
the hearty assistance given by the horticulturists of the State he
was enabled to bring to the aid of the orchardists all known meth
ods of fighting the San Jose scale as well as the results obtained
by experiments in various parts of the United States In addition
to this Prof Scott carried on extensive experiments each year
looking to the improvement of methods and the possible intro
duction of new and better measures His efforts in this line have
been attended by marked success and the progress made by Geor
gia in successfully controlling the San Jose scale has not been
exceeded by any other State Indeed we feel safe in saying that
today the commercial orchardists of Georgia are better equipped
for and more thoroughly understand controlling this dreaded
pest than those of any State in the Union
The various materials washes and patent compounds that
have promised to prove at all successful have been tested in Geor
Aso published as Bulletin No 8 of the Georgia State Board ol EntomologyBULLETIN NO 40
371
gia Of all the substances tested however none have proved at
all satisfactory under Georgia conditions except the oil treat
ments and the limesulphursalt wash
WINTER TREATMENTOIES
The use of oils both kerosene and crude petroleum has been
extensive in Georgia orchards The results upon the whole have
been highly satisfactory and the efficiency of the oil in killing
San Jose scale can not be doubted While a few isolated cases
of injury to the trees have occurred they are in most cases trace
able to defective spraying machinery or to carelessness on the
part of the negro laborers employed The oils have been applied
with mechanical mixture pumps or in the form of emulsions
with soap The latter has proved the most satisfactory and we
have heard of but one case of injury to trees where the emulsion
was used Even in this case the evidence indicates that the mix
ture was not properly emulsified by powerful agitation and hence
a perfect emulsion was not obtained
The mechanical mixture pumps referred to above consist es
sentially of two separate tanks for containing the oil and water
a separatepump for each and mechanical devices whereby the
flow of each can be regulated to secure the percentage of oil de
sired During the past few years the writer has made careful
tests of several such pumps manufactured by different firms In
no case have we found a pump which can be depended upon to
maintain even approximately a given percentage In one experi
ment a new pump direct from the factory and pronounced by the
makers as being in perfect condition was kept constantly running
for one hour The levers and pumps were set to throw a mixture
of 15 per cent oil and 85 per cent water Tests made during
the hour showed that the percentage of oil varied from 10 to
S2l2 per cent Such pumps can not be depended upon especially
as any slight derangement or clogging is most certain to result
in the percentage varying to a dangerous degree or in stopping
the flow of either the oil or water Undiluted oil sprayed upon a
peachtree is almost certain to kill the tree while pure water is
useless so far as the scale insects are concerned
Where intelligent white labor is available and the pumps are
kept in order and frequently tested to see that the percentage is
fairly constant the mechanical mixture pumps can be effectively
used Indeed large commercial orchards have been sprayed with
these pumps without a single tree being injured Where negro372
GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OE AGRICULTURE
help is used however the risk is greater The laborers are prone
to stop a pump long enough for the oil and water in the hose to
separate They also exercise less intelligence and judgment in
keeping pumps in order and properly adjusted It is likewise
almost impossible for a foreman to keep several pumps under
constant supervision and keep all properly adjusted To the or
chardist who has successfully controlled the scale by using the
mechanical mixtures of oil and water without injury to his trees
we do not recommend the adoption of other measures However
we can not unqualifiedly sanction the use of mechanicalmixture1
pumps
At the time of publishing Bulletins Nos 4 and 5 of this office
no more efficient agency than that of the oils was known The
limesulphursalt wash had not at that time been sufficiently tested
to warrant its full recommendation for Georgia conditions While
some slight injury to trees has occurredin most cases through
defective machinery or work in other cases perhaps through
circumstances not wholly under the control of the orchardist
the owner of infested orchards may well compare the slight dam
age done with the inevitably heavy damage that would have re
sulted from the scale had not the treatment been adopted
Professor Scotts experiments have shown that a strength of
less than 20 per cent of oil with water is not effective against
the San Jose scale Experiments carried out by the writer in the
peach belt of northern Ohio in 190001 gave similar results and
also showed that a percentage of 35 per cent or over of oil re
sulted in injury to the trees even when perfectly dormant For
all conditions the safe percentage is probably as low as 25 and
hence we are confined to very narrow limits i e the use of oiL
either crude oil or kerosene at a strength varying between 20
and 25 per cent Experiments have been conducted by this office
in which oils and the limesulphursalt wash were used side by
side on infested trees The comparative results are given below
in the paragraph treating upon the latter preparation
OIL EMULSIONS
Where it is deemed advisable to use any of the oils they are
most safely applied in the form of emulsions For the prepara
tion of the emulsion we can do no better than to give the direc
tions published by Prof W M Scott in Bulletin No 5 which are
as follows
Formula and DirectionsAn emulsion of either crude peBULLETIN NO 40
373
troleum or kerosene may be made according to the following
formula
2 pounds potash whaleoil soap
4 gallons water
8 gallons oil
Weigh the soap carefully and place with the water in a vessel
over the fire using a slight excess of water to make up for evap
oration Fit a pump with a short piece of hose to which is at
tached a nozzle for throwing a straight stream 316 to Y inch in
diameter Pour the oil into the barrel or tub in which the pump
is setaway from the fireand when the whaleoil soap is dis
solved and the solution begins to boil add it td the oil and pump
the whole vigorously back into itself for a period of at least ten
minutes The stream from the nozzle should be directed straight
downward into the mixture so as to stir it to the very bottom
After a few minutes the oil and soap solution will be seen to com
bine forming a thick creamy emulsion which when perfectly
made will remain without change for weeks
For a 20 per cent strength add water to make 40 gallons
For a 15 per cent strength add water to make 53 gallons
For a 10 per cent strength add water to make 80 gallons
Materials and Pump RequiredEither crude oil or kerosene
will give good results in making emulsion The soap should pre
ferably be some soft whaleoil soap such as Goods No 3 If a
hard soap is used the emulsion will be curdy and only with diffi
culty mix with water
The ordinary Bordeaux spray pump answers very well for
mixing the emulsion but almost any pump will do that can be
fitted with the requisite section of hose and nozzle A Bordeaux
or Seneca nozzle gives a very satisfactory sized stream for this
work though rather small
The water used must be soft for if hard no stable emulsion
can be prepared and it sometimes happens that foreign sub
stances chancing to be present will prevent the emulsifkation
In case limestone or hard water is to be employed it should be
broken by the addition of a small quantity of lye If a lot of
soap solution and oil for any reason fails to emulsify properly
the best thing to do is to throw the whole away carefully clean up
the pump wash out all the vessels used and begin over
Properties of the EmulsionThe emulsion if well made of
ihe proper soap will retain its creamy consistency when cold and374
GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE
is easily mixed with water in all proportions No alarm should be
felt if a small portion of the soap and water fails to emulsify and
separates at the bottom or if after being exposed to the air for
some time a thin scum forms over the surface If on long
standing globules of free oil rise to the surface or if a thin ring
of oil collects around the sides of the containing vessel the emul
sion should either be thrown away or warmed up and agitated
afresh
When diluted the emulsion may slowly rise like cream to the
surface and in order to prevent this the spray pump in which it
is to be used should be provided with an agitator
As stated above we do not consider the oil treatment nearly so
effectual as the limesulphursalt but where oils are used we
consider the 20 per cent emulsion the best form for winter treat
ment
THE TIMESULPHURSALT WASH
As the San Jose scale first appeared in the United States upon
the Pacific coast various remedies were tried by Oregon and Cali
fornia fruitgrowers Their experience developed the fact that
for California conditions the limesulphursalt wash gave excel
lent results Upon the appearance of the scale in the East this
same wash as well as others was tested under eastern conditions
An experiment with the limesulphursalt wash was conducted by
Prof C Iy Marlatt of the United States Department of Agri
culture in 1894 but the results were reported as extremely un
favorable
Professor Marlatts negative report evidently had the effect of
discouraging further experiments along this line by entomolo
gists it being taken for granted that the wash could not be suc
cessful under climatic conditions prevailing in the South and East
Accordingly attention was directed mainly to the various oils and
soaps in the hope of securing a satisfactory treatment
In 1900 Professor Marlatt again conducted experiments with
the limesulphursalt washt and in this case exceptionally good
results were obtained In 1901 Prof S A Forbes undertook
detailed experiments with this wash in Illinois and secured ex
cellent results
In the winter of 190102 the writer carried out experiments
with this same wash in Ohio under the direction of Prof F M
Webster and the results obtained compared favorably with those
obtained by using whaleoil soap and the kerosene treatments
then in extensive use in Ohio peach orchards
Bulletin No 3 n series Div of Ent pp 61 and 71
t Bulletin No 30 n series Div ol Ent pp 3137
Bulletin No 71 111 Ag Bxp StationBULLETIN NO 40
375

So far as we are able to determine the first extensive use of the
limesulphursalt wash in the East was by Mr E C Green who
during the winter of 190102 employed this preparation almost
exclusively in treating scaleinfested peach orchards in Iillinois
under the direction of Prof S A Forbes State Entomologist
At about this time Prof W M Scott commenced experiment
ing with this wash in Georgia The unfavorable report made by
Prof Marlatt in 1894 caused entomologists to go slow in using
and recommending this insecticide and Professor Scott with his
usual precaution first tested it in a small way His experiments
of 190102 gave promise of the wash being successful under
Georgia conditionst In the winter of 190203 the limesulphur
salt wash was tested much more extensively by Professor Scott
and was also used by the owners of several large commercial or
chards The results of these treatments were given by Professor
Scott in his address before the Georgia State Horticultural So
ciety at Athens Ga August 3 and 4 1903 and will appear in
the proceedings of that society A brief mention of the results
obtained will not however be out of place in the present connec
tion
In February 1903 the Ohio Fruit Land Companys orchard at
Myrtle Ga was sprayed with the regular strength of limesul
phursalt wash under direction of the manager Mr C W With
oft All trees were thoroughly coated and after the spraying
was finished Prof W M Scott selected a number of badlyin
fested trees for continued careful observation No extra pains
were taken in treating these trees hence they furnished a reliable
indication of the efficiency of this treatment as generally carried
out The trees selected for study were all heavily incrusted with
San Jose scale and the most of them were in such bad condition
that their recovery was not expected The trees have been ex
amined from time to time during the present season and the re
sults of the examination are given in the following table
f Bulletin No 4 Ga State Board of Entomology pp 2021TABLE I
Effect of the LirneSulphurSalt Wash upon Trees Heavily Incrusted with San Jose Scale
6 o m u H Treatment Condition when Sprayed Date Examined Per cent of Live Scale Larvse Found Condition of Tree at Date of Examination
1 Limesulphursalt wash in Feb 03 Incrusted 1 April 2003 20 0
1 I n 2 June 17 03 4 0 Scales slufflng from hark new healthy bark forming beneath scales
i t ii 2 Aug 7 03 3 Trace 0 Luxuriant growth Bark clean and bright Very few old scales still adhering to bark
2 April 20 03 22 0
June 17 03 8 0 Same condition as tree No 1
Aug 7 03 5 Scattering II 1 u
3 i Incrusted and nearly dead at time of treatment June 17 03 4 0 Tree fully recovered and making a vigorous growth
4 Incrusted Had put out water sprouts June 17 03 7 2 0
CO

OS
o
w
o
w
o

H
o

o
w
lH
o
ii
a
w
9 5 it Incrusted June 17 03 5 8 0 Growing well
11 6 it tt June 17 03 3 0 M it
tt tt Aug 7 03 10 Trace Vigorous growth
7 tt Incrusted and considered past all chance of recovry June 17 03 4 5crawling larvae found on entire tree Putting out well
it it t Aug 7 03 About 1 immature Hcaie per twig Healthy vigorous growth

1 From notes by Prof W M Scott
2 Examination by Scott and Newell
3 By trace meaning that a careful examination of from five to fifteen minutes was required to find a living
scale
4 Found a few halfgrown female scales most of which had recently died On entire tree found but 3 live scales
5 At this date found 2 adult and 4 partially grown females on trunk of this tree and an average of 1 immature
scale on each young shoot
6 Trees 1 2 3 and 4 are all of the variety Bell SynBelle of Georgia
7 Examination showed large numbers of adult females brown and discolored but not yet dried outthat had
but recently died
8 At this date many adult females had but recently died Under a number of adult female scales were found
living larvfe but none could be found crawling about or established upon the bark or twigs
9 Variety Early River
10 On Aug 7 found one adult female with larvae underneath scale and 6 immature females Many scales of
this years breeding had established themselves on treated portions of the bark but had recently died
11 Variety Early River
E
i
55
O
o

378
GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICUETURE
From the above results it will be noted that several very inter
esting points are brought to light
First the limesulphursalt is not immediately destructive to
the adult insects but for a considerable time does prevent the
larva from establishing themselves on the treated portions
Second that the wash slowly corrodes the scaly covering ulti
mately exposing the mature insect to the action of the weather
and offering ready access to predaceous enemies
Third that after much of the material has been washed from
the trees the larvae can establish themselves and grow for some
little time but that sufficient material evidently remains to even
tually kill the great majority of them The death of larvae in con
siderable numbers was noticed on several of the above trees as
much as five months after treatment An insecticide which ex
erts a continuous action for several months is obviously more de
sirable than one which even though more powerful is effective
for a few days only
Experiments with the limesulphursalt were conducted in a
number of other orchards by Professor Scott and orchards treat
ed independently by the owners were also kept under supervision
during the summer In all of them the same gratifying results
were secured
In no case was there any indication of injury to the trees ex
cept where the wash was applied after the buds began to open
In such cases the fruit budsand in some instances the twigs
were killed back thereby decreasing the fruit crop In the or
chard of Mr S H Rumph at Marshallville Ga three plots each
containing Belles and Elbertas were used in a comparative ex
periment Plot I was sprayed in February with an oil emulsion
containing 20per cent of oil Plot 2 was sprayed in December
with the limesulphursalt Plot 3 was given the same treatment
as No 2 and in addition was sprayed again with the limesul
phursalt wash in early March just before the buds opened
Space can not be taken here to give the results of the various ex
aminations but briefly stated the trees sprayed with limesul
phursalt wash in December have had as little scale upon them
this summer as have the trees sprayed with oil emulsion in Feb
ruary The double treatment i e spraying with limesulphur
salt in December and again in early March was far more effective
than either the December treatment alone or the oil emulsion
treatment in February
The orchard of Mr J D Hendrickson at Lee Pope Ga was
sprayed under the efficient direction of the manager Mr C GBULLETIN NO 40
879
McCarty with 15 per cent of oil using a mechanical mixture
pump This treatment was followed about two weeks later with
a thorough spraying with limesulphursalt About 55000 trees
were given this treatment and not more than five or six trees were
in any way injured These injured trees we were informed by
Mr McCarty were given several applications of the oil mixture
Our earlier examinations of this orchard the present season failed
to reveal a single living scale even on trees previously incrusted
thus showing that the treatment had been thorough and effective
When the writer last examined this orchard on September 8
1903 only a very few living scales could be found
From the experience of the past year we must conclude that
the limesulphursalt wash is more effective than the various
emulsions and mixtures of oils and that it is safer The advan
tages and disadvantages of the two may be compared as follows
OILS
Complicated mechanical mixture
pumps must be used or the oil made
into an emulsion
Mechanical mixture
readily get out of order
pumps
The oil and water mixture re
quires constant testing to see that
the percentage of oil does not ex
ceed the limit of safety
LIMESULPHUKSALT
Simply constructed and powerful
pumps can be used
Single or simpler pumps are
less likely to get out of order and
breaks are more quickly noticed
No testing of percentage is neces
sary
When the pumps are stopped for The limesulphur
ly length of time the oil and wa homogeneous hence
r in the hose will separate and rate upon standing
any
ter i
The limesulphursalt mixture is
hence does not sepa
LCJL HI Ull jiwkiw t
either pure oil or pure water willbe
thrown when the pump is again
started
The necessity of frequently being
compelled to send to distant points
for oil and often consequent delay
of treatment at proper time
Composed of common materials
obtainable in almost every town and
village in the State
MAKING THE LIMSSULPHURSALf
The standard formula which was used in the experiments
cited above is as follows
Lime unslaked 3 lbs
Sulphur 20 lbs
Salt 55 bs
Water 6 lbs
380
GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OE AGRICULTURE
We have been most successful in making this mixture accord
ing to the following plan Place about onefourth of the water
in an iron kettle and bring to a boil When the boiling point is
reached add the unslaked lime and during the consequent violent
boiling add the sulphur which should previously have been
mixed with water and keep well stirred A few minutes later
add the salt and continue the boiling for two hours Water may
have to be added from time to time to make up for evaporation
sufficient water should be kept in the kettle to prevent burn
ing but more than this is not desirable At the end of the two
hours add water to make 60 gallons and strain through a fine
mesh iron strainer into the tank of spray pump Apply while still
This wash has a marked corrosive action upon brass and cop
per and so far as possible iron should be used in handling it and
in the pumps Brass and copper pumps can however be used
with a minimum amount of corroding if they be thoroughly
washed out with clear water after each days spraying
In applying this wash the trees should be thoroughly coated
using Vermorel nozzles As soon as dry the coating appears
white and if portions of the trees have escaped application these
are readily noticed The trees should be carefully examined and
if it is found that any part no matter how small has escaped it
should be sprayed even if necessary to drive through with the
pumps a second time
In large orchards the limesulphursalt mixture can be made
most economically and rapidly by using live steam and boiling
the materials in tanks or barrels
summer treatment
For several years past the use of a ten per cent oil emulsion or
a dilute whaleoil soap solution has been considered about the
only available summer treatment for San Jose scale Durin the
past year however Prof W M Scott conceived the idea of
using the hmesulphursalt as a summer wash on the trunks and
limbs of scalemfested trees It has been tested at several points
m the State and has proven highly satisfactory as a means of
checking the scale The regular strength as given in the formula
above is used the wash being applied to the trunks and larger
limbs with a mop or paint brush None of the mixture is placed
upon the foliage or young growth and of course does not affect
the scale upon these parts The killing of practically all scaleBULLETIN NO 40
381
upon the trunk and large limbs not only materially reduces the
scale already upon the tree but checks the rapid rate of increase
Infested trees thus treated during the summer months have a
much better chance of withstanding the attacks of the scale untiL
thorough winter treatment can be undertaken
conclusions
1 That for successful control of the San Jose scale thor
ough winter treatment must be adopted Summer treatment
while extremely valuable for checking scale in recently discov
ered cases can not alone prevent serious damage to the trees
2 That a thorough spraying with the limesulphursalt wash
in December and again in late February or early March is the
most effective treatment for San Jose scale that has yet been de
vised
3 That a single spraying with limesulphursalt in February
or early March is more effective than the same application made
in December or January and is slightly more effective than win
ter treatment with 20 per cent crude oil or kerosene
4 That the limesulphursalt mixture is entirely harmless to
deciduous fruit trees if applied when these are in a dormant con
dition but that its application after the buds begin to open will
result in injury to the latter and to the twigs
SPRAY PUMPS
For general orchard work in the application of such mixtures
as oil emulsion the limesulphursalt wash and Bordeaux mix
ture a strong wellmade barrel sprayer is usually the most use
ful Among those that deserve mention here are the Pomona
manufactured by the Goulds Manufacturing Company Seneca
Falls N Y the Advance manufactured by the Deming Com
pany Salem Ohio and the Eclipse manufactured by Morrill
Morley Benton Harbor Mich The Field Force Pump Com
pany Elmira N Y the Bean Pump Company Hudson Mich
the Myers Pump Company Geo H Stahl Quincy 111 and the
Spray Motor Company Buffalo N Y are also manufacturers
of good spray pumps
The Beck Gregg Hardware Company and the Cotton States
Belting and Supply Company both of Atlanta Ga also handle
spraying machinery382
GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
Each pump should be fitted with two leads of twenty or twenty
five foot discharge hose Vermorel nozzles and cutoff cocks An
order for a pump should specify that these attachments are
wanted
For use in yards gardens and family orchards a knapsack
pump will usually be sufficient Even a small bucket pump may
be found useful for light work These may be obtained from al
most any manufacturer of spray pumpsFrom Bulletin Georgia Department of Agriculture
SERIAL No 41
SEASON 19001901
INFORMATION IN REGARD TO
COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS
AND
CHEMICALS
ILLUMINATING OILS
UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF
O B STEVENS
Commissioner of Agriculture of the State of Georgia
JNO M McCANDLESS
State Chemist
R G WILLIAMS
First Assistant State Chemist
J Q BURTON
Second Assistant State ChemistREMARKS OF THE COMMISSIONER

Each crop year has its own peculiarities and this is no1 excep
tion Last year corn and cotton were retarded by cool weather
rains and cool nights while this year they were retarded over
large areas by longcontinued drouth Yet the farmers of Geor
gia raised paying crops last year and we trust that by the bless
ing of God they will do the same this year
At the time that we sent out letters for information concerning
the crop conditions for our MayJune report things did not look
very promising except for fruit Since then there has been
marked improvement in both cotton and corn and the promise of
the best peach year ever known in Georgia has been fulfilled
With about 6000000 coming into our State from the peach or
chards and the hope of remunerative crops of corn and cotton
even if they should happen to fall below normal in production our
farmers should take courage and labor with renewed energy The
ravages of the cotton boll weevil in certain sections of Texas have
awakened considerable apprehension among the farmers of the
South This pest has not yet crossed the Mississippi and it is to
be hoped that the measures for preventing its spread may prove
successful
The Georgia Department of Agriculture the State Entomolog
ical Department the Horticultural and Agricultural Societies
held consultations and the outcome of these deliberations is the
legislation providing quarantine regulation against the wreevil
While it behooves us to take every precaution against its introduc
tion into our fields we feel assured that a remedy against this insect
will be discovered as has been done in the case of all previous ene
mies of our crops
Professor O F Cook of the United States Entomological
Bureau has been experimenting with the Guatemalan ant which
he says is the great destroyer of the weevil and other enemies of
cotton and itself in no way harmful to crops Of course we are
inclined to look with suspicion upon all such defenders lest they
prove as great a pest as the English sparrow But if the Guate
malan ant is what Professor Cook claims for it then we can con
gratulate ourselves that the remedy has been discovered
25 a b386
GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
There are some who claim that the South can by a more scien
tific system of cultivation raise 15000000 bales of cotton each
year and still others say that within the present limits the South
will some day raise 80000000 bales Whether these extrava
gant figures shall ever be reached is of little practical advantage
to us just now
We think we can congratulate ourselves that for several years
at least the supply will fall enough short of the demand for cur
great staple to insure us remunerative prices and to put the pros
perity of Southern farmers on a permanent basis
It is difficult under present labor conditions to see how our
fanners are to increase the production of cotton Perhaps it may
lc done if they can draw away laborers that have flocked to the
cities and towns If thev can do this it may be to the detriment
of manufacturing interests Will not intensive farming go far
towards the solution of this problem
Some contend that in immigration is found our best solution
The Department of Agriculture is in favor of progress and con
siders the bringing into Georgia of a desirable class of immi
grants a step in the right direction But what we want is immi
gration of Americans from other States of the Unionpeople
who are imbued with American ideas and a clear understanding
of themso that the South may continue to be as in the past the
best example of true Americanism in race and in principles
SUGARCANE

Encouraging reports come to us about sugarcane We have
information that leads us to believe that this industry is taking on
new life in Georgia and encourages our hope that at no distant
day the Empire State of the South will take the rank that she is
capable of holding as a syrup and sugarproducing State
In order to bring this to pass it is notnecessary to devote a
single acre less to corn and cotton the two leading staples of
Georgia We desire to see our State hold even a higher rank
than now as a corn and cotton growing Country but we will also
gladly hail the day when Georgia brings her sugarcane crop to
a valuation that shall place it on a par with what are now our
principal wealthproducers in the field of agriculture
During the decade ending with ioo South Georgia outstripped
the other sections of the State in the increase of population This
ought to mean rrtuch for the growth of the sugarcane crop the
larger part of which is raised in South GeorgiaBULLETIN NO 41
387
OUR EXPERIMENT STATION
The experiment station at Griffin under the conduct of Hon
R J Redding and his energetic assistants is doing a good work
for Georgia in sending out valuable literature through our daily
papers as well as in the great objectlesson presented by the well
managed farm
To the influences of the experiment station near Waycross un
der the management of Professor Arthur Given of the United
States Experiment Station Department is due in a very large
measure the increased interest in the cultivation of sugarcane all
over Southern Georgia
RAISE YOUR OWN SUPPLIES
We have so repeatedly given advice about the best methods of
preparing the soil and cultivating various crops that we will not
repeat them at this time But we repeat again the advice that we
have given over and over and that we expect to continually offer
It is this Let all our farmers raise their own supplies No
matter how low the price of anything that you purchase it is not
cheap if you can grow it yourself Raise your own corn wheat
oats and hay and make on the farm food supplies for man and
beast Have poultry hogs mutton and beef raised at home and
have milch cows enough to supply your table with milk and but
ter Then you will reduce to the minimum the articles that you
will be compelled to purchase for table use Your cotton or sugar
cane will then be money crops giving you the ability to dress well
improve your dwellings purchase the best farm implements and
keep the best of stock besides laying up for a rainy day
OUTLOOK IS ENCOURAGING
In view of progress already made we feel that we can congratu
late the farmers of Georgia as well as our merchants and manu
facturers whose success is largely based on that of our agricul
tural classes on the improved conditions all over our State and
the bright prospect of increased advancement by Georgia in popu
lation wealth and all that gees to make a people great and good
O B Stevens
Commissioner of Agriculture
388
GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
REPORT OF THE STATE CHEMIST
State oe Georgia
Department of Agriculture
Division of Chemistry
Atlanta August 25 1904
Hon 0 B Stevens Commissioner of Agriculture of the State of
Georgia
Dear Sir Attached to this report I beg to hand you tables of
analyses of commercial fertilizers sold in the State of Georgia
during the season of 19031904 the number of brands on the
market this season is 1241 as against 895 the previous year
Each succeeding year now breaks the record of the previous year
in the number of tons of fertilizer sold in this State the record
for this season shows the hitherto unapproached figures of 689
91672 tons I desire at this time to call your attention to the
report which 1 made to you last year in which I urged the pas
sage of a general purefood law for Georgia since that time
whenever the opportunity has offered in the course of the year
I have made such analyses of foodstuffs as our limited time per
mitted This work is far from being as complete as I would like
but is the best that could be done with the time and means at
my disposal I shall not burden you in this place with the tech
nical details of the chemical work done but will rapidly summar
ize the results
The analytical data are given in the accompanying tables I
have a private record of the places from which all the articles
analyzed were purchased I have however deemed it best to
designate all such articles simply by number as doubtless most
merchants are themselves ignorant and innocent of any adultera
tion being as much in need of the protecting arm of a rigidly en
forced law against adulteration as the consumer
COFFEES
Of ten samples of coffee bought in open market none were
found to be adulterated the price of coffee has however been
low and the incentive to adulteration smallBULLETIN NO 41
389
BUTTERS
Of fifteen samples of butter three were found to be reno
vated butters or process butters one of them having been
made to take up as much as 44 per cent of water Renovated
butters are old or rancid butters which have been processed so
as to make them taste like fresh butter three were rancid al
though genuine butters none were found to contain oleomar
garine or cottonseed oil thus indicating the efficiency with which
the present Federal law outlawing these products is enforced
One sample No 15 bought as butterine was the most respect
able in the lot masquerading under no false colors as most of
the butters did but was clean pure beef fat with perhaps a touch
of clean pure cottonseed oil in it Such honest commercial
products are deserving of wider appreciation and consumption
OLIVE OILS
Of eleven samples of olive oil two were found to contain cot
tonseed oil one peanut oil two were rancid and one was marked
cooking oil not claiming to be olive oil it was cottonseed od of
excellent quality clean and nutty in flavor
VINEGARS
Nine samples of vinegar were bought and analyzed cider
vinegar was called for in each case Of these only three could be
called genuine cider vinegar the rest were spirit vinegars and
were deficient in strength of acetic acid one contained vinegar
eels and three had mouldy growths
In this connection and as showing the importance to the agri
cultural interests of the State of legislation in regard to cider
vinegar as well as other pure foods I quote in full from a letter
of Mr A S Gardner of College Hill Farm Cobb county Ga
to the department
June 24 1903
Mr O B Stevens Commissioner of Agriculture State Capitol
City
Dear Sir I have noticed from time to time in the daily
papers of this city that members of the Legislature would do
something for the protection of farmers to prevent adulteration390
GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OE AGRICULTURE
of certain products made by them I know that certain States
have pure food laws and it is a serious offense for any one to
adulterate or manufacture anything that would be injurious and
sold under the name of a harmless product
For instance we are advised to grow fruits as a paying crop
and I am satisfied that there are thousands of bushels of apples
that could be put into vinegar in the State of Georgia that now
absolutely go to waste as the growers are not near enough to
market to ship them with a profit and most of the apples come on
at a time when the market is glutted with other vegetables and
fruits and same can not be handled in a profitable way but if
the farmers could utilize their apples to make vinegar and cider
it would save thousands of dollars annually to the fruitgrowers
and small farmers of the State
I know this from experience I had three or four years since
I made fifty barrels of vinegar from my apples which was the
product of a private orchard This was the only way I could
save the apples This vinegar made from pure applejuice has
been offered to the wholesale and retail trade in several cities is
Georgia who will not buy pure apple vinegar for the simple
reason that they can procure vinegar manufactured from acids
that has never seen an apple and is thoroughly injurious to use
as a vinegar
Growers of apples can not manufacture vinegar out of pure
applejuice without going to a cost of 25 cents per gallon and
for tllls reason tan not compete with acid vinegars that can be
manufactured for three or four cents per gallon and sold to the
wholesale and retail trade for ten cents per gallon and then sold
to the consumer at 25 to 40 cents per gallon They know that the
vinegar they are selling is not what the consumer thinks he is
buying
The people in this State are protected from bad oil and imita
tion butter etc and I am sure that there is nothing 30 injurious
as the vinegar that is made and sold in this State I will venture
to state that there is not one gallon out of a thousand used in this
State that is pure
There is no use to advise farmers and fruitgrowers to plant
orchards of apples for market for it will not pay without they
can have the same protection that other States give their
producers
There is always a lot of hot air when the Legislature meets inBULLETIN NO 41
391
the papers about some benefit that the farmer would get but that
is about all he gets in the end
I will appreciate it very much if yon will suggest some way
whereby this product can be protected and I will take much
pleasure in cooperating with you toward this end
Yours very truly
A S J Gardner
College Hill Farm Marietta Cobb county Ga
Further comment is unnecessary as showing the importance of
purefood legislation to the development of the peach apple and
cider and vinegar industries of the State
CATSUPS
Of eight samples of catsups four were dyed with aniline colors
six contained benzoic acid as preservative and one salicylic and
benzoic acids
On the subject of antiseptics in food Dr Scoville who lias
studied the subject says
It is claimed by the manufacturers who make use of them
and also stated by some authorities that the use of antiseptics
in small quantities in foods is not harmful However they are
always used in sufficient quantities to delay fermentation and
fermentation stopped by such means out of the stomach will as
the food still contains the antiseptic be stopped in the stomach
to a greater or less degree making more work for the digestive
juices and consequently retarding digestion The quantity used
is often too small to have a direct effect when absorbed into the
system but put a little formaldehyde in the milk each day add
to this a little benzoic acid in the tomato catsup a little salicylic
acid in the canned fruits and vegetables a little boracic acid in
meats and oleomargarine a little copper or zinc from the beauti
ful green of the pickles and peas and the meal has deposited
some poisonous material which with the repeated deposits of
other meals must and does have a harmful effect upon the
stomach nerves and health
Some manufacturers compound and put these acids upon the
market under the names of preservaline freezme freezem
and similar labels to be used by those who are ignorant of the
antiseptics from which they are made or the effect of such anti
septics upon the system When labeled and sold under these392
GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

names they are guaranteed to be perfectly harmless and to keep
all kinds of perishable food substances perfectly fresh and in a
sound state in any kind of weather and temperature for any
length of time without the use of ice The strong paralyzant
power claimed for antiseptics is sufficient to condemn their use
in foods for a substance which can preserve perishable foods
under any condition and for any length of time will also affect
the delicate digestive ferments of the stomach
There is an overwhelming testimony from scientists that these
antiseptics are for various reasons and in different degrees harm
ful when taken into the system Even those who favor their use
in small quantities agree that their use should be made known to
the consumer Recognized experiments show them to be anti
digestive and accumulative that they are eliminated by the kid
neys and that such elimination gives rise to various forms of
kidney trouble that some of them affect the higher nervecenters
and depress the heart action
Dr J Kister of Berlin has recently carried out some re
searches on the physiological effects of boracic acid The in
gestion of from 40 to 50 grains of boracic acid daily by strong
and healthful subjects gave rise in from four to ten days to
albuminuria which persisted concurrently with the administra
tion of the drug In further experiments 15 grains a day sufficed
to produce vomiting and diarrhea The administration of 15
grain doses in a normal subject was followed within two hours
by its appearance in the urine complete elimination taking eight
days With half that dose excretion began at once and lasted
five days The doctor considers that the daily ingestion of even
small doses of boracic acid is apt to give rise to cumulative effects
which may ultimately determine toxic symptoms and his experi
ence tends to show that young persons are much more susceptible
to the influence of the drug than is the case later in life
Chief Chemist Wiley of the U S Bureau of Chemistry con
siders salicylic acid very deleterious to health and states There
is no preservative which paralyzes the ferments which create
decay that does not at the same time paralyze to the same extent
the ferments that produce digestion He also savs The very
fact that any substance preserves food from decay shows that it
is not fit to enter the stomach especially if the stomach be delicate
and the digestion feeble and again he states I maintain that
no food should ever be offered for sale which contains a preserva
tive without that fact being plainly marked upon itBULLETIN NO 41
393
Prof E H Jenkins of the Connecticut Agricultural Experi
ment Station says These modern preservatives are used with
out any notice being given by the vendor that they are used and
when this notice is not given that opportunity and right of the
individual toi find out whether they will or will not injure him is
taken away
Dr Albert B Prescott of the University of Michigan states
T believe that in general preservatives and antiseptics in food are
unfavorable to digestion and injurious to health x
Prof Mitchell of Wisconsin states Any antiseptic which is
an active antiseptic is necessarily deleterious to health It stops
the working of the normal enzymes or ferments and it stops the
digestive processes which take place in the organs and it stops
in a measure the changes which take place normally in the food
products possibly in some cases
Whatever questions concerning the use of antiseptics in foods
are unsettled these are facts they are a cumulative harmful
drug and should be taken into the system only upon the pre
scription of a physician or upon the knowledge of the one who is
eating the food that it contains an antisqjtic they supplant to some
degree the cleanliness and care necessary to produce wholesome
foods cover up deficiencies and cause the use of many food arti
cles of an unhealthy character the use of the more harmful
should be prohibited the use of small quantities of those less
harmful should be rigidly restricted and only permitted when the
fact of their use is made known to the actual consumer
Watching the various food products with regard to antiseptics
alone is a large task so extensively and recklessly are they used
in the numberless articles of food on the market Many food
industries are built upon this principle of preserving foods en
tirely with antiseptics it is a wrong principle and should be dis
couraged The representatives of such food factories present
many arguments and schemes to protect the profits which accrue
from the substitution of a pinch of some antiseptic for the more
costly methods of ice sugar cleanliness and care employed by
the manufacturers of the best food articles To cite a fact axio
matic of all drugs that the single instance of a mild antiseptic in
minutest quantities has but very little effect in the system does
not defend the reckless use of antiseptics a practice dangerous to
the publics health394
GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OE AGRICULTURE
CANNED CORN
In eight cans of corn examined saccharin was found present
as a preservative in four Nos i 2 5 and 8 contained old hard
grains with bits of shuck present 3 4 and 6 showed dark stains
indicating action on the walls of the can
FLOUR
Twelve samples of flour were examined without finding any
evidence of adulteration showing the benefit of the national law
against adulterating or mixing flour which is at present being
enforced Some years since the writer as chemist to the board
of health of Atlanta examined a number of samples of flour and
found a large percentage adulterated with corn flour a specially
prepared product
CONDENSED MILKS
By reference to the table of analyses you will observe that these
milks are composed of a large amount of cane sugar together
with the milk sugar fat and protein of ordinary milk concentrated
to about onethird the bulk of the average milk The only ob
jection I can urge against these milks is that the degree of dilu
tion recommended on the labels for feeding infants is so great
about fourteen times that a child would be practically starved
if fed upon them as directed or else be compelled to swallow
large quantities of an illbalanced ration with resulting gastric
disturbances as you may see by referring to the table where 1
have calculated the percentage of milk solids and fat in the milk
diluted as recommended and placed them alongside of similar
quantities in normal human milk You will note the great differ
ence between the two and the poverty of the diluted milk in both
fats and solids
WHISKIES
Of eleven samples of whisky analyzed all were artificial or imi
tation whiskies but two one of these was corn whisky the other
was whisky with the Government stamp showing it to be bottled
in bond The imitation or artificial whiskies are all made by
diluting cologne spirits or strong alcohol with water coloring
with caramel and then flavoring with a trace of essence in some
cases a little genuine whisky is blended with the mixtureBULLETIN NO 41
395
POISONOUS TABLEWARE
As illustrating the many insidious dangers that lie in wait for
man woman and child in their food and drink I noticed the other
day while eating at a leading restaurant a bottle of pepper sauce
with a metallic dropper or short tube passing through the cork
Being suspicious of it and as it was just in the condition to test
being in actual use I pulled it out of the bottle and carried it off
without leave I now make public acknowledgment of the theft
and will make full restitution on complaint of the owner On
pouring a little pure water through this metal tube so as to rinse
out the dried pepper sauce and then examining the solution I
found lead in abundance so that every person who used that
pepper sauce on their food swallowed each time a small close of
acetate of lead or sugar of lead Having noticed a number of
similar droppers or tubes in use at many of the leading soda
fountains in acidphosphate bottles and limejuice bottles I bought
another stopper from a leading soda supplyhouse and found it
also to contain lead as part of the alloy There is no excuse for
the use of these metallic poisoners save criminal ignorance and
carelessness Reese says in his work on Toxicology All the
salts of lead are poisonous chronic poisoning may result from
the continued internal use of any lead compound or from acci
dental introduction of the metal into the system through drinking
water which has stood in contact with lead pipes or articles of
food containing it Lead colic is one of the earlier symptoms fol
lowed by paralysis or palsy Doubtless many cases of obscure
spinal cerebral and cardiac disease are really owing to chronic
leadpoisoning that element having been introduced unsuspected
into the system
ATLANTA AND MACON MILKS
Of eight samples of milk from Macon one was found to be
skim milk and two were watered milks the rest of good quality
Of fifteen samples of milk from Atlanta one was skim milk
though sold as good whole milk one was watered and three
showed evidence of careless or filthy handlingfor two the price
of 10 cents a pint was demanded396
GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OE AGRICULTURE
CATTLE AND STOCK FEEDS
The growing importance of the dairy and stockfeeding indus
try in Georgia demands protection for that rapidly increasing
class of feeders who do not and can not produce their own feed
stuffs The meanness of the man who will adulterate foods sold
to human beings who are endowed with reason and can at least
complain if they suspect food fraud is far exceeded by the mis
creant who adulterates foods for dumb brutes who can not com
plain and must eat what is set before them or do without
The most outrageous fraud I have met with is that of a sample
sold as wheatbran and which consisted entirely of the ground
husk or chaff of rice This material is produced in large quantity
in Louisiana and Texas and to some extent along the Georgia and
Carolina coasts This outer hull of the rice grain contains only a
very small percentage of protein and fat and of this small amount
none is digestible owing to the fact that this hull is a mechanical
irritant to the stomachs of animals being composed largely of
silica the ends of the fibers being sharp and pricking almost like
a needle If an animal could be induced to eat the stuff it would
produce sickness and vomiting In this particular case the buyer
brought suit against the seller for cheating and swindling I was
appealed to by the buyer and analyzed the stuff went to the place
set for trial to testify but was never called on as the case was
settled
Feeling the great importance of the matter I have procured
with your kind assistance thirtytwo samples of commercial feeds
from Atlanta Macon and Augusta analyses of which will be
found in the accompanying tables In four samples of feed I have
been able to detect with the microscope the presence of this fraud
ulent and injurious adulterant rice hulls and in two out of five
samples of wheatbran the presence of ground corncobs The
protein which is the specially valuable ingredient in all these
feeds varies from 7 per cent to 43 per cent and yet practically
the same price of 25 a ton is charged for them all many of the
poorer feeds being sold at higher prices than the richer Low
grade sea island cottonseed meal with 25 per cent protein is sold
as a feedstuff at about the same price as the highgrade upland
meal with 45 per cent protein
Evidently a system of inspection and analysis is needed and a
law requiring all manufacturers and dealers in commercial feed
to register their brands with the Commissioner of AgricultureBULLETIN NO 4I
397
and to brand on the sacks the guaranteed percentage of protein
and fat claimed for their respective products just as is now done
with commercial fertilizers The analyses and the valuations
should be published annually as is the case with commercial fer
tilizers so that the consumer may see just what he is buying and
be governed accordingly The State Chemist should advise the
feeder how to make and mix his own feeds to obtain the best re
sults and at the least outlay of cash also to avoid such feeds as
No 7 which is sold as a combined medicine and food and at the
enormous price of 10 a hundred or 200 a ton It is composed
of linseed meal bran charcoal salt and a little gentian as a bitter
and is really worth little more than any of the other feeds
The passage and strict enforcement of such a law would be
followed by a marked reduction in the prices of mixed feeds a
clearer understanding on the part of the feeder of the principles
of scientific feeding a keener appreciation of the value of cotton
seed meal as the best and cheapest feedstuff in the world and con
sequently an increased consumption and enhanced value for the
same together with the development of the beef and dairy in
dustries of the State
But we do not want a new and separate law for feedstuffs
spread on the statute books with no provision for enforcement as
we now have laws for pure milk butter cheese syrup and so
forth but we do need one general comprehensive law directed
against adulteration of all kinds of food or drink whether in
tended for the use and consumption of human beings or of stock
Such a measure to be of value must carry with it ample provision
for its enforcement and execution just as the fertilizer law is at
present enforced and executed I drew up such a bill modeled
upon the national pure food law which passed the House at the
last session of Congress The measure was introduced in the
Georgia Legislature and was favorably recommended by the
House Committee on Agriculture but owing to the congested
condition of business in the House failed to come up for action
I feel however very hopeful of its passage another year Should
it pass it will necessarily add heavily to the duties of this division
and I would here call your attention to the fact that the force of
chemists now at work is no greater than it was fifteen years ago
although the fertilizer tonnage and inspections have more than
doubled in that time
New duties have also been added by the passage of a law pro
viding for the inspection of spirits of turpentine and making the398
GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
State Chemist the referee in cases of dispute between the inspector
and parties charged with adulteration In consequence of the
operation of this new law unexpected and arduous duties have
been imposed upon the chemical division this year and samples
of turpentine analyses of which are urgently desired by the naval
stores inspector are now waiting in the laboratory for analysis
until a relaxation of the pressure of other duties gives an oppor
tunity to reach them Many analyses desired by citizens of drink
ingwaters to ascertain their purity and other general work must
necessarily be refused for lack of time and the force to execute
them There should be some remedy for this state of affairs
The State Chemist should have authority with the consent of
the Commissioner to employ additional assistance whenever de
manded by the exigencies of the public service
Just after the tables of analyses of foods to which I have been
referring I give a copy of the proposed new pure food law which
was favorably reported by the House Committee on Agriculture
I also reprint from the journal of the American Chemical Society
in which it first appeared a new method for the analysis of tur
pentine and the detection of adulteration therein As there were
no methods in the books by means of which the adulteration of
turpentine with kerosene and wood spirits could be detected it
became necessary for me to work out a method of procedure in
which I have fortunately succeeded and which has been very
kindly noticed by seme of the most distinguished chemists in the
country
Respect full submitted
Jno M aIcCandless State ChemistBULLETIN NO 41
CIDER VINEGARS
399
No Acetic Acid Per Gent Total Sol ds Per Cent Ash Alkalinity of Ash Remarks
352 022 005 01 CC Adulterated
0 349 021 002 01
3 452 2 48 035 24 Genuine
4 416 11L 02S 20 Adulterated
5 299 009 0 028 01
6 4 53 025 003 01 1
I 4 42 227 037 40 Genuine
8 300 021 0 03 0 1 Adulterated
9 429 270 035 35 Genuine
No 2 contained vinegar eels
Nos 3 5 and 9 showed moulds

PARTIAL ANALYSES OF CATTLE FEEDS
PROM ATLANTA MACON AUGUSTA
Nos Nitrogen Protein Price per 100 Name
1 160 1000 S 1 60 Chick feed
0 204 1275 1 30 Dairy feed
5 243 1519 1 10 Wheat bran
7 284 1775 10 l0 Stock feed
S 267 10 ill 1 30 Wheat bran
9 270 1687 1 30
11 672 42 00 1 10 O S Meal
12 170 1062 1 25 Wheat bran
15 618 386 1 10 C S meal
18 198 1237 1 25 Cow food
21 162 1012 1 40 Stock food
22 160 10 00 1 25
24 4 18 2612 1 15 C S meal
25 446 27 87 k
26 426 2662 1 15 CS M seconds j
27 438 2737 1 15 C S meal
28 400 2500 1 07 Sea Island meal
29 712 4450 C S meal
30 604 3775
31 672 4200 i 25 I
32 696 43 50 1 25 a u
33 044 275 Rice hulls
No 2 contains rice hulls
No 12 contains ground cobs400
GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
COMPLETE ANALYSES OF CATTLE FEEDS
FROM ATLANTA MACON AUGlSTA
Nos W ater Protein Fat Crude fibre Ash Carbohydrates Price per 100
3 1124 988 360 179 162 7187 150
4 885 881 321 1577 1091 5245 130
6 978 775 S93 1335 634 5885 150
13 865 918 528 567 210 6912 125
14 825 912 368 1123 360 6412 140
16 9 32 781 284 1067 350 6586 125
17 830 762 2 77 1315 434 6382 130
19 928 966 917 837 719 831 304 351 305 1122 1260 1157 3 45 656 357 6464 6048 3567
20
23

Nos 4 6 and 20 contained rice hulls
MILK SAMPLES FROM ATLANTA
Nos Specific Gravity Total Solids Fat Acidity
1 1031 1270 400 Normal
2 1030 1120 2 90 i
3 1028 1470 650
4 10315 1330 440
5 1032 1260 370 76 o
6 10315 1425 520 Normal
7 10315 1185 320
8 1029 14 35 580
9 10325 1235 340 I
10 1025 1560 760 41 o
11 3 8
12 10315 1210 340 Normal
13 1029 1260 430 n
14 1027 12 40 460
15 1029 1005 220 n
No 2 is skimmilk
Nos 4 and 5 were sold at 10 cents a pint No 5showed evidence of care
less or filthy handling
No 7 was sold as skimmilk
Nos 10 and 11 showed evidence of careless or filthy handling
No 15 is watered milkBULLETIN NO 41
401
MILK SAMPLES FROM MACON
No Specific Gravity Total Solids Fat Acidity
1 1029 1436 580 Normal
2 10305 1282 420
3 1029 1340 500
4 1031 1030 240
r 1 0235 890 240
6 10302 1250 400
7 10238 920 260
8 1031 1270 400
No 4 is skimmi k
No 5 is watered milk
No 7 is watered milk
BUTTERS
Nos Water Volatile Acda Iodine Number Heat of Bromination Fat 1
1 1176 22 co 32 9 c 8579
a 2 1826 252 345 1 O 7743
a 3 2347 281 325 925 7084
4 1228 306 2957 85 8466
a 5 4397 251 3174 90 5167
6 1457 27 3072 875 8208
7 1227 25 4 4224 1200 8521
8 1239 278 348 9 8249
6 9 1556 3187 9 8040
610 1332 266 3213 9 835L
11 976 273 3456 975 8589
612 1215 27 3507 95 8461
13 874 327 2816 8 8637
14 1180 288 3520 925 8538
c 15 953 34 5555 145 8615
a Renovated batters
b Rancid
c Butterine
All except 15 contained artificial coloring matter chiefly annatto
26 a h402
GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
COFFEE
Nos Water Per Oeut Ash Specific giavity of 10 Infusion Nitrogen
1 345 570 10105 245
2 393 562 1010 230
3 331 490 10102 232
4 3 05 660 10105 218
5 291 538 1C102 225
193 582 1010 222
7 2 535 1010 244
8 532 5 18 10103
9 188 487 10103 222
10 538 526 1010 220
All genuine
OLIVEOILS
Nos
Iodine No
Heat of
Broimnation
1 834
2 803
a 3 97 7
4 816
c5 809
66 821
67 832
8 827
9 812
a10 1017
aU 1087
22
22
245
21
23
21 5
2
22
22
27
275
Halphen Test
No color
Red
No color
Red
Deep Bed
Becehi Test
No reduction
Dark
No reduction
Dark
Very dark
a Oottonseedoils
6 llancid
c Contains arachidic acid showing peanutoil
WHISKIES
No
Per Cent
Alcohol
by
Weight
Ptr Cent
Alcohol
by
Volume
Acidity
as Acetic
Acid
In gr per
U S tsai
Bthers
as Kthyl
Acetate
In grs per
U S Gal
Fusel Oil
us Amyi
Ale hoi
In grs per
US Gal
Total Solids
in Grains per
U S Gallon
Per Cent
Coloring
Matter Re
moved by
Fu lers
Earth
1
2
a
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
3450
3595
3364
3288
3125
3781
3372
2919
3279
3203
3335
4130
4290
4035
3945
3765
4495
4040
3525
3937
3850
40 00
6264
8352
8004
8700
2436
8352
32364
2784
1 392
2958
4524
2088
7095
8676
7095
8166
3062
14036
47977
9769
4105
10263
4105
4112
23 47
3879
2552
2042
6125
74008
565
3534
6158
3079
12992
15700
27025
28333
12858
725
12354
12013
118 96
7668
6893
80
77
77
75
85
No color
44
82
80
80
No color
No 7 is a genuine whiskey bottled in bond
No 12 is simply dilute alcohol analyzed for the purpose of comparison
No 6 is corn whiskey all the others are artificial whiskiesNos
ANALYSES OF CONDENSED NiiLK WITH CRITICAL COMPARISONS
2240
2340
2560
2500
3200
2000
2550
Fat
10S
1270
950
1090
850
1080
1100
lilk Sugar
1375
1080
1340
IB00
1370
1410
1430
Proteids
8 95
8 50
11 25
880
7 62
10 15
9 10
210
2 05
2 50
185
190
200
210
Cane Supar
by difference
Diluted 14
times
Hi k
Suiids
Human Milk
4200
3655
3775
3625
3628
3695
3800
303 092
341 108
312 081
320 095
270 0 72
316 092
311 094
Fat
Proteids
Sugar
Ash
Water
320
2 39
683
029
8729
10000
The results in columns 8 and 9 show what would be the composition of the different brands when diluted fourteen
times for infant use as is recommended on most of the labels The figures in column 10 give the composition of
normal human milk Briefly womans milk contains 1271 milk solids 32 fatversus about 3 milk solids and
less than 1 fat in the diluted condensed milks
a
i1
r
w
2
O
o
to404 GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
PROPOSED NEW PURE FOOD LAW FOR GEORGIA
An Act entitled an Act to prevent the adulteration misbranding
and imitations of foods for man or beast of beverages candies
and condiments or the manufacture and sale thereof in the
State of Georgia prescribing a penalty for the violation hereof
providing for the inspection and analysis of the articles de
scribed by the Georgia State Department of Agriculture charg
ing the States solicitors with the enforcement hereof and pro
viding means therefor and repealing all laws or parts of laws
in conflict herewith
Section i Be it enacted by the General Assembly of the State
of Georgia and it is hereby enacted by authority of the same
That from and after the passage of this Act it shall be unlawful
for any person or corporation their agent or servant or while
acting as agent or servant of any other person or corporation to
manufacture for sale or offer for sale within the limits of this
State any article of food or drink which is unwholesome mis
branded or adulterated within the meaning of this Act
DEFINITIONS
Sec 2 That the term food as used herein shall include all
articles used for food drink confectionery or condiment by man
or domestic animals whether simple mixed or compound The
term misbranded as used herein shall apply to all articlesof
food or articles which enter into the composition of food the
package or label of which shall bear any statement regarding the
ingredients or substances contained in such article which state
ment shall be false or misleading in any particular
ADULTERATIONS AND MISBRANDING
SEC 3 That for the purpose of this Act an article shall be
deemed to be adulterated
In case of confectionery
If it contains terra alba barytes talc chrome yellow or other
mineral substances or poisonous colors or flavors or other ingre
dients deleterious or detrimental to healthBULLETIN NO 41
405
In case of food an article shall be deemed to be adulterated
First If any substance or substances has or have been mixed
or packed with it so as to reduce or lower or injuriously affect its
quality or strength
Second If any substance or substances has or have been sub
stituted wholly or in part for the article
Third If any valuable constituent of the article has been
wholly or in pate abstracted
Fourth If it contain any added poisonous or other ingredient
which may render such article injurious to the health of the per
son consuming it
Fifth If it consists in whole or in part of a filthy decomposed
or putrid animal or vegetable substance or any portion of an
animal unfit for food whether manufactured or not or if it is
the product of a diseased animal or one that has died otherwise
than by slaughter
An article of food shall be deemed to be misbranded
First If it be offered for sale under th distinctive name of
another article
Second If it be mixed colored powdered or stained in a
manner whereby damage or inferiority is concealed so that such
product when sold or offered for sale shall deceive or tend to de
ceive the purchaser
Third If it be labeled or branded with intent so as to deceive
or mislead the purchaser or purport to be a foreign product when
not so or is an imitation either in package or label of another
substance of a previously established name or which has been
trademarked or patented
Fourth If the package containing it or its label shall bear any
statement design or device regarding the ingredients or the sub
stance contained therein which statement design or device shall
be false or misleading in any particular or if the same is falsely
branded as to the State Territory or place in which it is manu
factured or produced
Provided however that an article of food which does not con
tain any added poisonous or deleterious ingredients shall not be
deemed to be adulterated or misbranded in the following cases
First In the case of mixtures or compounds which may be
now or from time to time hereafter known as articles of food un
der their own distinctive names
Second In the case of articles labeled branded or tagged so as
to plainly indicate that they are mixtures compounds combina
tions imitations or blends Provided that the same shall be la406 GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OE AGRICULTURE
beled branded or tagged so as to show the character and con
stituents thereof And provided further that nothing in this Act
shall be construed as requiring or compelling proprietors or man
ufacturers of proprietary foods which contain no unwholesome
added ingredients to disclose their trade formulas except in so
far as the provisions of this Act may require to secure freedom
from adulteration or imitation Provided further that no dealer
shall be convicted under the provisions of this Act when he can
establish a guaranty signed by the wholesaler jobber manufac
turer or other party from whom he purchased such articles to
the effect that the same is not adulterated or misbrancled within
the meaning of this Act designating it And provided further
that said guarantor or guarantors reside in the State of Georgia
Said guaranty to afford protection shall contain the name and
address of the party or parties making the sale of such article to
such dealer and said party or parties shall be amenable to the
pi isecutions fines and other penalties which would attach in due
course to the dealer under the provisions of this Act
SEC 6 That the State Department of Agriculture is hereby
charged with the duties of inspection and anaiysis required for the
proper enforcement of this Act That the Commissioner of Ag
riculture is hereby directed to appoint officers who shall perform
all the duties required in the execution of this Act That the
Commissioner realizing the responsibilities resting on him for the
protection of the lives and health of the people shall in making
these appointments be guided by the results of careful and dili
gent inquiry into the character fitness and reputation for integ
rity and industry of all the officers whom he may appoint who
may be in any way entrusted with the execution of this law that
such officers when appointed shall hold office during good be
havior and attention to duty and shall not be removed from office
except for cause
Sec 7 Be it further enacted That as soon as this Act be
comes effective the Commissioner is authorized to appoint a food
inspector for the State of Georgia who shall receive a salary not
to exceed 1500 per annum and actual expenses while discharg
ing his duty His whole time shall be at the disposal of the Com
missioner and his duty shall be to travel about the State as di
rected and take samples of food and feedstuffs as directed and
forward them to the Department of Agriculture for scientific ex
amination and analysis The Commissioner is also authorized to
appoint on the passage of this bill by and with the advice and
consent of the State Chemist two additional chemists The highBULLETIN NO 41
407
est salary paid to any assistant chemist shall not exceed 1500
per annum He shall also provide a stenographer and porter for
the State Chemist and such stationery and office supplies as may
be necessary He may also appoint an additional clerk in his
own office if required all of these expenses to be paid out of the
funds appropriated for carrying out the provisions of this Act
SEC 8 That samples for analysis shall be taken by the duly
qualified and sworn inspector who shall take samples of such
articles as may be directed by the Commissioner of Agriculture
and in the manner described below wherever practicable sam
ples shall be taken in original unbroken packages such packages
shall be wrapped in paper and tied securely and sealed over the
cord with sealingwax on which the inspector shall impress his
official seal That in case where it is not practicable to send the
sample for analysis in an original package as for mstance in the
case of syrups or other liquids in barrels or flour in barrels etc
the inspector shall take a fair sample of the same in the presence
of the seller place it in a suitable receptacle securely close and
wax it and impress his official seal upon the wax and forward the
same to the Commissioner of Agriculture In the execution of
his duties the inspector shall have free access at all reasonable
hours into any place where it is suspected that impure foods are
being manufactured or wherein any article of food or drink adul
terated with any deleterious or foreign ingredient exists In call
ing for and taking a sample of any goods the inspector shall ten
der to the seller the market price asked for the same
SEC 9 That all manufacturers dealers jobbers and manipu
lators of feedstuffs for domestic animals stock or cattle who may
desire to sell or offer for sale in the State of Georgia such feed
stuffs shall first file with the Commissioner of Agriculture of the
State of Georgia upon forms furnished by said Commissioner of
Agriculture the names and brands of the various feedstuffs or
mixtures of feedstuffs which they may desire to sell in this State
either by themselves or their agents together with the name and
address of the manufacturer or manipulator and also the guaran
teed analysis thereof in protein and fat and if a mixture of dif
ferent feedstuffs stating the names of the different ingredients
Before selling or offering for sale in this State such commercial
feedstuffs the manufacturer or seller should brand or attach to
each bag barrel or package thereof the name and address of the
manufacturer the name or brand of the feedstuff the net weight
of the package in pounds and the guaranteed analysis of the feed
stuff giving the guarantee of protein and fat in minimum per408 GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
centage only These items only shall be branded or printed on
the sack or attached to the package in the following order
i The number of net pounds in package
2 The brand name or trademark of the material
3 The Guaranteed Analysis
4 Protein per cent
5 Fat per cent
6 Name and address of manufacturer
If the feedingstuff be sold in bulk or in packages belonging
to the purchaser a statement covering the above information shall
be furnished by the seller to the buyer When cottonseedmeal
is offered for sale as a feedstuff it must contain not less than
thirtyeight and sixtenths per cent of protein unless said meal
be made from Sea Island seed when upon application the Com
missioner of Agriculture will fix a standard below which such
meal shall not fall The sale of all mouldy and damaged feed
stuffs is prohibited as feeds except on full notice in writing to the
purchaser of the nature and extent of the damage The feeding
stuffs which are required to conform with these provisions of the
law include All feedingstuffs except cottonseedhulls hays and
straws whole seeds and meals of wheat rye barley oats Indian
corn buckwheat and broomcorn not mixed with other sub
stances but sold separately as distinct articles of commerce
Should any of these materials otherwise exempt be mixed or
adulterated with any substance for purpose of sale the package
which contains it or in which it is offered for sale must have
plainly marked or indicated thereon the true composition of the
mixture or the character of the adulteration
Sec 10 Be it further enacted That all manufacturers and
manipulators or agents representing them who have registered
their feedstuffs in compliance with section 9 of this Act shall for
ward to the Commissioner of Agriculture a request for tax tags
stating that said tax tags are to be used upon brands of feedstuffs
registered in accordance with this Act and said request shall be
accompanied with sum of twentyfive cents per ton as an inspec
tion fee except in the case of cottonseedmeals where the present
fee of ten cents a ton must be paid whereupon it shall be the duty
of the Commissioner of Agriculture to issue tags to parties ap
plying who shall attach a tag to each bag barrel or package
thereof which when attached to said package shall be prima
facie evidence that the seller has complied with the requirements
of this Act Any tags left in the possession of the manufacturerBULLETIN NO 41
409
shall not be used for another season and shall not be redeemed
by the Department of Agriculture
SEC 11 That it shall be the duty of the Commissioner of Ag
riculture and the State Chemist to fix standards of purity for food
products in accordance with those adopted by the Committee on
Food Standards Association of Official Agricultural Chemists of
the United States Whenever the State Chemist shall find by
analysis that adulterated misbranded or imitation food products
have been manufactured for sale or put on sale in this State he
shall forthwith furnish a certificate of analysis to that effect to
the Commissioner of Agriculture who shall transmit the same
to the State solicitor in the comity where said adulterated mis
branded or imitation food product was found It shall be the
duty of the State solicitor to prosecute all persons violating any
of the provisions of this Act as soon as he receives the evidence
transmitted by the Commissioner of Agriculture
Sec 12 Every certificate of analysis duly signed by the State
Chemist of Georgia and impressed with his official seal shall be
presumptive evidence of the facts therein stated and shall be ad
missible in any of the courts of this State on the trial of any issue
involving the merits of any adulterated misbranded or imitation
food product
Sec 13 The State Chemist shall make an annual report to
the Commissioner of Agriculture on adulterated foods which re
port may be included in that now made on commercial fertilizers
and published therewith
Sec 14 Any person or corporation violating any of the pro
visions of this Act shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor and
shall for the first offence be punished by a fine of not less than
twentyfive dollars nor more than two hundred dollars and all
necessary costs
Sec 15 That the Commissioner of Agriculture shall have
authority to establish such rules and regulations as shall not be
inconsistent with the provisions of this Act and as in his judg
ment will best carry out the requirements thereof He may ex
ercise discretion as to the class of products he first subjects to
rigorous inspection and analysis realizing that the fullest and
most complete execution of this law under a limited appropriation
must be a matter of growth His first efforts shall be more par
ticularly directed to fostering young and growing agricultural
industries of the State as the dairy beef fruit and syrup indus
tries by suppressing adulteration in butter cheese milk feed
stuffs ciders vinegars and syrups410
GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OE AGRICULTURE
Sec 16 Be it further enacted That in order to enforce and
carry out the provisions of this Act the sum of ten thousand dol
lars or so much thereof as may be necessary is hereby appropri
ated and set aside out of the fees arising from the inspection and
analysis of fertilizers and so much thereof as is necessary is made
immediately available
Sec 17 No action shall be maintained in any court in this
State on account of any sale or other contract made in violation
of this Act provided this Act shall not go into effect until after
the first day of August 1905
SEC 18 Be it further enacted That all laws and parts of laws
in conflict with this Act be and the same are hereby repealed
R printed from the Journal of the American Chemical Society
Vol XXVI No 8 August 1904
THE TECHNICAL ANALYSIS OE SPIRITS OF TUR
PENTINE WITH A NEW METHOD FOR THE DE
TECTION OF PETROLEUM ADULTERATIONS AND
OF WOOD SPIRITS OF TURPENTINE
By Jno M McCandeess
Received May 26 1904
An Act passed by the last General Assembly of Georgia pro
vided for the appointment of an inspector of naval stores for this
State forbade the adulteration of pure spirits of turpentine with
petroleum wood turpentine or other adulterants and in case of
dispute between the party charged with adulteration and the in
spector provides that a properly drawn and sealed sample be sent
to the State Chemist to decide the issue In this way it has be
come my duty to study the existing methods for the analysis of
turpentine and the detection of its adulteration A good review
of the previous literature on the subject is given by Worstall in
his interesting article in the Journal of the Society of Chemical
Industry 23 302 1904 and as stated by him this literature
is scanty and the various tests given including specific gravity
etc somewhat unsatisfactory The usual adulterants are petro
leum oil gasoline rosin spirits and recently there has been introBULLETIN NO 41
411

duced another possible adulterant in the turpentine distilled from
pine wood and old lightwood knots and stumps sometimes called
stump turpentine or stump spirits Realizing the necesity of per
sonal experience with samples of undoubted purity and previous
history and being well situated for the purpose of obtaining such
samples I secured from different sections of the State a number
of samples of genuine turpentine representing the entire turpen
tineproducing area of the State also a number of samples of
wood spirits of turpentine
As a preliminary test Dunwoodys 99 per cent acetic acid test
was tried but without success in detecting known adulterations
The following figures for iodine absorption specific gravity and
flash test were next obtained The iodine absoiption determina
tions were carried out precisely in the manner prescribed by Wor
stall1 weighing carefully about 01 gram of each sample into
glassstoppered flasks using 40 cc of Hiibl solution and allow
ing the action to proceed for eighteen hours in the dark conduct
ing careful blanks at the same time Flash tests were made in
the Elliott closed cup in the manner prescribed for the test of il
luminating oils in Georgia
Specific Iodine numbers Flush
giav ty at point
Nature of sample 165 o 1 2 F
Pure spirits of turpentine Ware Co Ga 0868 383
Oalhoun Co Ga 08653 388 388
Deoatur Co Ga 08695 380 375
yellow Tel
fair Co Ga 08927 371 85
Pure spirits of turpentine Wilcox Co Ga 08725 3S0 89
Einanuel Co
Ga 08668 397
Pure spiritsof turpentine Brooks Co Ga 0872 384
Marianna Fla 364 87
Savannah Ga 08655 3949
Mixture 96 per cent of above and 4 per
cent kerosene 383
Adulterated sample from city 0863 373 83
inspector R No 1 0864 364 373 87
2 08065 356 88
3 08665 3907 89
Wood spirits from Mobile 08625 282
City Store 0888 352
Cordele 08605 3519
Waycross steam pro
cess H 08725 33L
Wood spirits Waycross steam process R 08805 293 412
GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
Allen gives the specific gravity of genuine oil as ranging from
0864 t 0870 as is evident from an inspection of the above
table adulteration may exist and the specific gravity give no in
dication of it Likewise with the flash tests samples afterwards
shown to be adulterated flashed at as high a temperature as the
genuine oil Doubtless spirits adulterated with gasoline or with
kerosene flashing at a lower point than that permitted by the
Georgia law ioo F in the Elliott cup would respond to this
test Although I had hoped for much more decisive evidence
from the iodine absorption it becomes evident from the varia
tions in the figures for undoubtedly genuine oil that the process
can not be relied on for detecting small percentages of adultera
tion with petroleum
Turning next to the methods of Armstrong as given by Allen
in Commercial Organic Analysis second edition Vol II I
found the first method of distillation in a current of steam unsat
isfactory and leaving the mind in doubt in case of small percent
ages of adulteration I found this method for detection of pe
troleum naphtha by polymerization with sulphuric acid followed
by steam distillation better even for kerosene but timeconsum
ing and tedious and permitting adulterations of 5 per cent and
under of kerosene to escape detection I had no difficulty in
detecting 10 per cent adulteration by this method but in the case
of a 4 per cent mixture I failed utterly to discover it In this
latter case the final volume of the distillate amounted to just 4
per cent or entirely within the limits for genuine oil as given
by Allen for pure spirits in his description of the method More
over the final product could not be positively identified as the
process had destroyed the characteristic fluorescence of the petro
leum even when dissolved in ether At this point it occurred to
me to test the refractive index of the oils resulting from the
steam distillation and polymerization Obtaining important re
sults from this procedure after much labor and experiment the
following comparatively easy and rapid method of detecting pe
troleum was worked out
Transfer 100 cc of the oil to a 600 cc flask preferably of Jena
glass add 50 cc of concentrated sulphuric acid from a graduate
a few cubic centimeters at a time agitating the acid thoroughly
with the oil and cooling in a current or basin of water if the
action is very violent between each addition of acid When all
the acid has been added and there is no further rise of tempera
ture on repeated agitation add 25 cc of water to the flask con
nect the flask by means of a doublebored cork and a suitableBULLETIN NO 41
413
bulbtube with a Liebig condenser and also a large flask contain
ing water A current of live steam is now sent through the
mixed oils and acid in the flask at such a rate as not to project
any of the dark oils into the bulbtube intervening between the
flask and condenser Distil until the volume of distillate mixed
water and oil reaches 100 cc now separate the oil from the
water and test with a few drops the refractive index then meas
ure the oil approximately transfer to a small dry flask of 50 cc
capacity glassstoppered and add as much fuming sulphuric acid
as there was of oil agitate violently removing the stopper oc
casionally for the escape of sulphur gases Pour the resulting
mixture into cold water separate the oil which floats transfer it
to a distilling flask and repeat the distillation in a current of
steam Distil to a volume of 100 cc separate the oil from the
water as before take the refractive index then polymerize the
resulting oil for the third time with at least an equal volume or
better twice its volume of fuming sulphuric acid The resulting
mixture is again poured into cold water the oil separated and
washed with cold water its volume noted and the refractive index
again taken The instrument used in taking the refractive indices
was the Zeiss butyrorefractometer provided with a centesimal
scale ranging from ND 142 to 149 For the sake of conven
ience and greater distinctiveness the results given below are ex
pressed in terms of the centesimal scale of the butyrorefractom
eter These may be translated into corresponding refractive in
dices by means of the table given on page 342 volume III of
Wileys Principles and Practice of Agricultural Analysis All
readings were made at a temperature of 25 C and by sodium
light
Oil from Oil from Oil from
lit poly an 1 poly SrUpoly Final vl
N iture of sample merizatton merization merization co
Calhoun Co turpentine79 5S 435 l
Decatur Co 74 48 320 12
Savannah purespirits82 5S 35 0 07
Pure spirits with i per cent kerosene 72 43 250 14
2 65 39 210 22
4 57 34 180 27
Adulterated samples frominspectorR No 1 49 17 130 35
2 70 45 200 21
3 71 43 220 20
5 cc of pure keroseneIS 120 29
Wood spirit Cordele80 66 430 20
crude79 64 310 17
steam process69 45 300 18
Mobile78 64 370 20414
GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
In no case was I able to reduce the reading below 30 with
genuine turpentines or wood spirits but with adulterated spirits
containing even as little as 1 per cent of kerosene the reading
fell as low as 25 on the third polymerization and could be slowly
reduced to 22 by continued treatment with fuming acid the
greater the percentage of adulteration the lower in the scale
would the reading fall
I have not succeeded yet in making the method quantitative
though the chemist would run but little risk in certifying the
final volume to be the minimum percentage of petroleum when
the refractometer reading is as low as 22 Adulteration with
naphtha or kerosene with low flashpoint would show still lower
readings than those obtained above The kerosene sold in this
State flashes at or above ioo F in the Elliott cup it is there
fore to be expected that adulteratioon with kerosene of a lower
flashpoint would show a somewhat lower reading Adultera
tion with rosin spirits may be shown by the LiebermanStorch
test
Adulteration with wood spirits is unlikely since there is but
little difference in price between wood and genuine spirits The
crude wood spirits may be known by its odor but with a highly
refined article it would be different Adulteration of this kind
may be detected as follows Kerosene or naphtha having been
proved to be absent by the above process of polymerization a
distillation is carried out on 100 cc of the sample in a flask made
precisely acording to the specifications of Engler for the distilla
tion of illuminating oil
The flame used must be small the thermometer rise very slow
ly and the first 05 cc of distillate collected by itself drop by
drop and the refractive index taken at 25 C In the case of
no genuine oil will this fall below 60 being usually 61 to 63
Several samples of wood spirits show readings as low as 59 58
and even 57 When the wood spirits do not show a low initial
reading they nearly always show a high reading on the final por
tion of the distillate I have adopted the 97th and 98th cc of
the distillate as being in practice the most convenient to collect
separately for the purpose of taking the final refractive index
In the case of genuine spirits this reading will not exceed jj
usually much less but with wood spirits will especially if the
initial reading be high exceed jy and may even reach 90 A
further distinction between genuine and wood spirits may be ob
served during this distillation in nearly all genuine spirits 95
per cent will have distilled over by the time the temperatureBULLETIN NO 41
415
reaches 1650 C whereas with wood spirits when 95 per cent
have come over the thermometer is much higher than 1650 It
is possible that the methods described above may with modifica
tions be applied to the detection of turpentine in the more costly
essential oils I have to thank Messrs Williams and Burton of
this laboratory for their indispensable aid and valuable sugges
tions during the progress of the work
TABLES OF ANALYSES
COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS
SEASON OF 19031904
27 a bAnalysis of Commercial Fertilizers for Season of 19031904
QO
BY WHOM REGISTERED
AND PLACE OF BUSINESS
A D Adair McCarty
Bros Atlanta Ga
Armour Fertilizer Works
Atlanta Ga
NAME OF FERTILIZER
OR CHEMICAL REGISTERED
u Fertilizer Ingredients Fertilizer Ingre
N 0 a s Actually Found by State dients Claimed by B
C U Chemist Manufacturers sa
2 3 2 a E o 3sa a es
e9 5iJ C S e H aS 3 Cfl 0 J Ct c 1 3
z 03 K is k V

c a
t
Adairs H G Blood and Bone
Soluble Pacific Guano
Ammoniated Dissolved Bone
Blood and Bone
McOartys H G Cotton Grower
Cotton Special
Soluble Bone
Fruit Special
David Harum Ex H G
Adairs Formula
Adairs Special Potash Mixture
H G Potash Compound
Compound
A M 134
Adairs H G Dig Bone
Dis Bone
Dissolved Bone
Manure Salts
King Cotton
Ammoniated Dis Bone and Potash
Blood Bone and Potash
African Cotton Grower
Superphosphate with Nitrogen and Pot
ash No 1
Superphosphate with Nitrogen and Pot
ash No 3
X
G
W
FF
G
I
M
A
G
G
G
R
C
G
W
G
A
DD
Z
J
O
O
5
52
180
24
28
7
49
137
155
53
107
103
112
55
175
51
51
64
58
12
40
45
38
49
620
214
1150
557
101
450
62
902
1347
215
46
1240
681
216
1149
213
565
851
1134
145
473
430
292
1135
10 68
1180
885
11 23
1135
1110
10 90
12 13
10 95
11 05
8 93
10 58
1078
1373
16 30
15 58
1368
8 50
12 33
1005
10 20
11 75
11 23
2 48
1 67
178
1 66
1 70
91
94
115
3 14
185
170
4 93
247
1 06
97
3 16 10
2 10
2 38 8
1 28 9
2 41 10
314 10
161 10
2 10
4 10
2 10
4 41 8
4 25 10
6 33 10
425 13
16
14
12
1 10
2 31 8
2 10
6 28 9
408 9
1 35 10
3 34 10
20
2
y
7
3
82 3
120 40
17 48
16 24
16 46
17 63
15 48
14 15
15 97
23 47
11 48
12 15
13 08
14 98
15 13
13 19
12 72
11 49
17 93
16 18
17 91
30 73
20 84
14 88
15 94
19 80
16 24
14 94
14 74
16 24
14 35
12 65
14 35
23 38
10 80
11 20
12 50
14 00
14 45
13 00
11 70
10 40
17 00
14 94
16 24
27 99
19 14
12 65
14 35
o
O
w

w
PJ
K

o

o
3
n
C
ij
a
Sunrise Standard
High Grade
Special
Cotton Special
Special fotash Mixture
Armours Cotton Producer Shield Brand
Armours White Cloud
Helmet High Grade
No 822
No 825
No 838
No 853
No 933
No 857
No 814
No 921
No 282
No 285
No 388
No 583
Bentona Red Rooster
Truitts Champion Guano
Superphosphate and Potash
Potash
Potash
Potash
Potash
Potash
Star Alkaline Bone
Bone
Sunrise Bone
Bone
Bone
Star Phosphate
Sunrise Dissolved Bone
Armours Superphosphate
Superphosphate
Superphosphate
Superphosphate
w 187 1151 8 70 188 2 01 8 165 2 16 15
I 38 461 1218 1 65 2 02 10 165 17 67
s 120 978 1018 107 2 30 9 82 2 14 69
A 230 908 10 55 181 214 10 165 2 17 24
KE 29 512 10 13 174 3 9 165 3 17 47
Y 117 712 1205 1 65 3 58 10 165 3 lo 91
JJ 88 14U9 850 196 2 10 8 165 2 16 37
G 97 463 11 65 177 2 06 10 165 2 17 76
H 1IH 655 948 1 65 224 8 165 2 16 10
Z 16 422 880 190 2 8 165 2 16 29
Z 12 419 878 2 57 728 8 24 6 22 97
H 116 1055 888 428 3 15 8 412 3 25 17
V 25 726 1053 271 3 15 9 247 3 21 05
Y 30 441 10 351 5 88 8 412 7 25 68
Z 14 420 875 114 4 8 82 4 15 44
UD 87 859 920 1 65 179 9 16 1 15 54
G 7 80 1135 212 2 22 8 165 2 18 84
X 6 44S 978 165 516 8 1 65 5 18 76
FT 33 126 988 246 521 8 247 6 21 56
Z 93 1077 973 412 256 8 412 3 24 68
MVI 19 8S0 9 83 191 3 29 9 165 3 18 08
1 88 983 1105 1 26 242 10 16 2 15 98
P 9 279 1073 234 10 2 11 56
G 93 1211 10 68 438 10 4 13 26
R 10 356 940 4 8 4 12 11
1 132 999 1328 484 13 4 15 34
GG 25 598 16 4 21 16 4 16 58
r 21 454 1318 457 12 4 15 04
00 126 1373 9 38 366 10 2 11 80
G 96 462 865 442 8 4 11 97
00 97 1371 10 2 10 2 10 80
p 37 291 1035 4 10 4 12 72
DP 86 858 14 48 414 13 4 15 53
Y 00 19 96 438 1370 1590 14 90 14 14 12 93 12 28

R G 8 125 46 355 479 431 12 83 1740 13 93 12 16 13 10 94 13 91 11 65


G 130 481 14 03 14 11 72
14 94
16 24
12 85
16 24
16 44
17 09
14 94
16 24
14 94
14 94
21 05
23 94
19 14
26 95
13 90
14 74
14 94
17 49
21 05
23 94
16 44
16 24
10 80
12 50
11 20
14 45
16 40
13 80
10 80
11 40
10 80
12 50
14 45
11 70
11 70
10 40
13 00
11 05
11 70
w
a
f
f
w
1
oAnalysis of Comm rcial Fertiizers for Season of 19031904
BY WHOM REGISTERED
AND PLACE OF BUSINESS
NAME OF FERTILIZER
OR CHEMICAL RSUISTJJD
Armour Fertilizer Works
Atlanta GaContd
Alabama Chemical
Montgomery Ala
Co
Atlanta Oil and Fertz Co
Atlanta Ga
Total Phosphoric Acid
Truitts H G Acid Phosphate
Acid and Potash
Acid and Potash
Armours Raw Bone Meal
Nitrate of Soda
Kainit
Cotton Seed Meal
Loyds Excelsior Guano
Liberty Bell Guano
ieorgia Al Guano
Rex Be ne Compound
H G 104 Potash Acid
S C Acid Phosphate
Rex Dissolved Bone
Susquehanna Ex H G Guano
Capitola H G Guano
Standard Guano
Beef Blood and Bone Mixture
Gilt Edge IT G Guano
Standard Guai o
Cotton Grower
Floyds H G Blood Guano
Meal Guano
Bruces Big Bowl Guano
Guano
Buckeye Special
Mark and Number Fertilizer Inspector 4 s 3 O o 2 Fertilizer Ingredients Actually Found by State Chemist Fertilizer Ingredients Claimed by Manufacturers a OS B D a s
2 n to p M m 3 0 2 5 C u be o Z a o
IawHawkins High GradeG
I
I
I
00
F
O
NN
AA
F
R
F
F
F
F
G
DD
MM
I
G
DD
MM
G
B
S
DD
MM
84
83
85
16
100
44
41
17
10
171
2
68
64
69
29
38
70
65
15
18
17
276
52
18
44
105
16
981
980
982
1121
1155
429
1217
537
106
923
115
1105
1104
1106
127
1408
1410
783
87
1407
1158
1207
1116
1405
84
933
88
1053
10 40
1370
2640
10 15
9 68
S 68
1003
1218
13 58
15 25
14 08
11 85
1075
11 25
10 68
10 65
1075
10
12 18
9 55
1220
12 15
1030
3 56
1588
5 56
1 31
165
1 90
2
4
3 38
1274
2 49
218
1 32
1 02
2 22
1 65
1 65
1 89
175
1 99
1 65
101
231
2 43
2 05
257
2 25
4
2 58
1 64
154
178
3 58
1 66
2
2
2
1
2
3
18
46
68
10
10
13
22
10
8
8
10
10
12
14
10
10
8
9
10
8
10
10
10
8
10
10
3881 10
14 50
6 18
1
1 65
1 65
2 41
1 65
1 65
82
1 65
1 65
82
1 65
1 65
1 65
1 DO
82
1 65
11 14
12 75
14 37
24 51
52 40
10 82
21 62
15 57
16 07
16 69
11 03
13 91
11 42
12 51
22 15
18 88
15 24
14 78
19 90
16 37
16 72
17 03
18 13
16 60
17 67
16 94
20 20
c u rt
s
o
10 80
12 50
14 45
48 75
10 20
23 67
14 10
14 94
14 94
10 80
12 50
10 40
11 70
19 80
16 24
14 94
12 85
16 24
14 94
12 65
16 24
16 24
14 94
16 24
14 35
16 24
o
c
w
o
w
c
a

a

w
lJ
w
lJ
o

o
n
a
c
i
a
w
MAshepoo Fertilizer Co
Charleston S O
Hays H G Guano
Braselton Bros Farmers Club
Jewells Standard Guano
Blood and Bone
Slaughter House Guano
C P Lively Sons H G Guano
Susquehanna Ex H G JJis Bone Pot
Gilt Edge Dissolved Bone and Potash
Gapitola Dissolved Bone and Potash
Red Cross Dissolved Bone and Potash
Capitola Acid Phosphate
Atlanta H G Aeid Phosphate
Ashepoo H G Fertilizer
Blood and Dissolved Bone
uray Land Guano
Eutaw H G Golden Fertilizer
Blood and Bone Guano
H B S Cos Blood Bone and Potash
Compound
H B S Cos Standard B ne Guano
Willinghams Boss Guano
H U Batemans Special Guano
H G Harpers Choice Fertilizer
Commassee Blood and Dissolved Bone
Ashepoo H G Super Acd Phosphate
Standard Golden Harvest Pot
ash Acid Phosphate
Eutaw Standard Acid Phos and Potash
Enoree Acid Phosphate
Bronwood Acid Phosphate
H G Batemans Special Acid Potash
Ashepoo H G Acid Phosphate
Kutaw Standard XXX Acid Phosphate
H G Batemans Acid Phosphate
Muriate of Potash
Nitrate of Soda
German Kainit
G
DD
G
DD
DD
UD
GG
MM
00
QQ
G
vl
HH
S
A A
B
K
DD
DD
K
K
K
Y
H
S
w
0
c
R
L
HH
11
H
K
L
272
112
278
58
57
128
27
10a
101
8
11
33
40
142
2
45
258
0
52
195
201
lOo
177
141
55
75
109
199
27
5
202
178
205
25
1206 10 178 236 10
1 356 1203 169 226 11
1208 925 2 12 234 8
847 1090 94 1 36 9
841 i 10 58 145 154 8
1171 1095 165 2 10
59H 14 411 13
1411 928 3 54 8
14 1093 204 10
1264 1195 2 51 10
8b 14 38 12
554 15 08 14
r89 1125 192 266 10
1 188 10 95 110 148 10
535 1055 19b 2 37 8
1 1 14 11 17b 2 38 10
128b 1065 20b 1 58 9
490 1188 1 25 1 33 10
489 1035 1 90 2 bb 8
821 1110 1 8b 1 33 9
1154 1075 33b 10
1280 1125 32L 4 10
708 10 83 1 05 3 Ofc 9
1051 1215 4 61 10
1187 1148 2 03 10
738 1185 2 46 10
1395 1148 217 10
680 943 4 8
1278 1243 4 53 10
262 1590 14
690 1340 1618 13 14
1279
105 5296
1281 15 60
211 1277
165
165
165
82
165
165
165
8
165
1 65
165
82
165
loo
b29
319
481
2 16 97
2 17 91
2 17 59
2 13 93
2 15 56
2 16 85
4 15 19
4 11 64
2 11 43
4 13 38
11 94
12 40
2 18 50
1 14 60
2 17 82
2 17 64
1 17 56
1 15 57
2 17 75
1 16 97
6 Ho 76
4 24 16
6 15 72
4 14 41
2 11 77
2 12 26
2 11 90
4 12 lb
4 14 53
12 93
11 31
13 11
45 45 01
51 48
12 10 85
16 24
16 89
14 94
12 85
14 94
16 24
14 45
11 20
10 80
12 50
10 40
11 70
16 24
12 65 w
14 94 a
16 24 t1
14 74 w
H
tH
12 65 3
14 94 2 o
14 74
25 05
23 35
13 70 tH
12 50
10 80
10 80
10 80
11 20
12 50
11 70
11 05
11 70
38 25
48 87
10 20 to
Analysis of Commercial Fertilizers for Season of 19031904
BY WHOM REGISTERED
AND PLACE OF LUJ1NESS
NAME OF FERTILIZER
OR CHEMICAL REGISTERED
Adrian Guano Co Adrian
Ga
Alabama Cotton Oil Co
Demopolis Ala
Alabama Cotton Oil Co
Huntsville Ala
Selma Ala
Americns Oil Co Ameri
cus Ga
Abbeville Cotton Oil Co
Abbeville Ga
Arnold Co Elberton Ga
D C Alford Co Hart
well Ga
The Anderson Co Com
merce Ga
Atlanta Fert and Imp Co
Atlanta Ga
Andrew Glenn Co Carl
ton Ga
Albany Warehouse Co Al
bany Ga
Atlantic Chemical Co The
Norfolk Va Tarboro
N C Columbia S C
James Pride
Honor Bright
Nonesuch
VViregrass Potash Mixture
Cotton Seed Meal
Cotton Seed Meal
Totton Seed Meal
Cotton Seed Meal
3 u Fertili get Ingredients Ferti izer Injrre 9
a Actually Found by State dients Claimed by I
C u 0 Chemist Manufacturers M
a J Si 2 X s8 2Z
C h 5 a o a J 2o rt w j o c IS be o g n 3 0 c
CO oJ
3 Ji
CO 33
CC 36
CC 35
CC 34
Cotton Seed Meal
Standard Guano
Peerless Standard Guano
andsake B
Anderson High Grade
Planters XXXX H G Blood and Bone
E C Special for Truck Farmers
I
G
00
F
U
FF
S
S
Pride of Carlton
A G Oos Acid Phosphate
A W Cos Acid and Potash
Atlantic H G Ammoniated Guano
47
on
26
1
48
95
9
33
89
B 34
G 108
G 109
S 69
71
105
831
834
833
832
99
1122
306
326
574
1304
1112
476
47
96S
970
993
1110
10 10
9 80
10 80
935
9 70
13 70
1148
11 25
998
10 70
10 58
12 33
413 1170
188 356 9
1 90 2 59 8
108 330 8
4 8
fi 20
6 18
6 56
6 22
5 48
578
1 79 2 10 9
1 26 3 16 9
115 2 10 9
1 84 275 10
1 81 2 15 10
270 416 9
1 89 2 21 8
4 8
2 36 10
1 65 2 30 10
165 165 82 3 2 3 4 19 03 17 63 15 33 11 72
618 23 73
G18 618 23 67 24 91
618 L65 85 85 l5l 2 2 23 80 21 36 22 35 16 35 15 73 17 07
165 165 248 2 2 4 18 46 17 70 21 81
165 2 4 17 66 12 87
2 12 61
165 2 17 59
14 94
11 20
10 80
16 24
to
to
oco o o
w
o
O C3

S16 44
14 94 hi
13 05 w
11 20
w
23 67 w
23 67
23 67 H
23 67 o
23 67
23 67
15 16 w
12 88 o
12 88 c
rl
H
16 24 a
16 24 w
20 03
Macon Ga
Allison Cannon Lavonia
Ga
Baugh Sons Co Balti
more Md
Blakely Oil Fertilizer
Co Blakely Ga
Brown Bros Elberton Ga
BlackshearMfg Co Black
shear Ga
Available Phosph
t
A Cs Cotton Fertilizer
Animal Bone and Potash
Baughs Corn Fertilizer
Special Potato Manure
General Crop Grower
H G Vegetable Guano
Potato Guano
Special Manure for Melons
H G Cotton and Truck Guano
Genuine Lobos Peruvian Guano
Peruvian Guano
Peruvian Guano
Baughs 104 Mixture
Raw Bone Meal
Pure Dissolved Animal Bone
16 Acid Phosphate
H G Acid Phosphate
Muriate of Potash
Cotton Grower
B O F Cos Favorite
Corn Grower
McDowells Favorite
Special Mixture
New Land Special
Popular Favorite
B O F Co Potash Acid
Blakely Dissolved Bone and Potash
Bone
Cotton Seed Meal
Granite City Guano
Acid Phosphate and Potash
Baxters Special
Home Compound
oric Acid 1455Commercial value computed from this
14 00
1530
DD 28 497 875
S 39 578 9 65
F 53 303 8 55
Y 68 697 9 83
Z 60 1072 9 08
BB 4 525 1133
V 48 947 8
BB 3 524 715
BB 2 523 1095
a 152 660 1118
c 79 407 2565
Y 14 1083 26t50
N 17 176 25U0
K 83 915 1120
K 39 1238 2160
H 183 1053 16 38
H 256 1165 16 68
K 55 913 16 55
K 56 827
L 10 200 1045
L 1 201 12 90
L 41 272 1270
L 76 786 1105
AA 63 666 1240
L 12 202 10 75
AA 64 667 1268
AA 62 665 12 30
KK 80 1162 15 03
L 40 271 1565
KK 81 1163
S 8 325 9 05
s 7 324 11 73
z 122 1258 725
Q 10 375 1045
1 95 211
171 229
173 234
112 412
202 815
112 145
418 717
412 728
2 99 402
178 3 05
2 79 3 30
282 326
281 282
422
372
230
49 65
168 259
88 2
83 325
166 3 55
172 293
426
2 92
424
354
666
225 2 56
239
320 640
125 205
8
8
5
10
6
6
10
10
24
24
24
10
21
13
16
14
10
10
9
10
8
10
10
13
14
8
10
6
165 2 16 50
165 2 16 45
165 2 15 84
82 4 16 18
165 10 22 08
82 1 14 88
412 7 27 68
412 7 27 02
33 4 22 98
165 2 18 32
3 350 21 46
3 350 21 17
3 350 21 60
4 13 46
370 22 36
206 20 83 13 44 13 35
48 42 20
165 2 17 13
82 1 15 58
82 3 16 34
16 3 18 26
165 2 18 81
4 13 20
2 13 32
4 14 19
4 15 37 12 77
618 25 25
165 2 18 07
2 13 95
288 5 23 31
123 150 15 25
14 94
14 94
13 90
19 79
12 65
26 04
26 04
23 38
16 24
12 50
Co

17 85 r1
13 00 g
11 70 U
40 80 S
14 94
12 65 2
14 35 P
16 44
16 24 t
11 20
10 8U
12 50
14 45
11 70
23 67
14 94
10 80
20 25
13 7g
toAnalysis of Commercial Fertilizers for Season of 19031904
BY WHOM REGISTERED
AND PLACE OF BUSINESS
NAME OF FERTILIZER
OR CHEMICAL REGISTERED
Blackshear Mfg Co
Blackshear GaContd
k 3 1 B k S u k a cs q w B z i s S3 o s Fertilizer Ingredients Actually Found by State Chemist Fertilizer Ingredients Claimed by Manufacturers 3 c s 11 Si
s 0 s to E rid 3D On fr B 2 w 5 O
32
cold
c 6
3S
Blood and Potash
o Potash Compound
Imperial Peruvian Fertilizer
Poor Land Guano
iood Land Manure
Favori te Cotton Fertilizer
Sea Island Standard
Sea Island High Grade
Prolific Cotton Grower
Plow Boy Guano
Blackshear Champion Fertilizer
Cotton Cracker Guano
Walkers Excelsior Fertilizer
Wyleys Cane Formula
Blackshear Ammoniated Dis Bone
Petersons Prolific Cotton Grower
Brooks Cane Grower
H G Acid with Potash
Blackshear Acid with Potash
12 Acid Phosphate
Baker D 4 Royston Ga
13
16
Dark Cotton Seed Meal
Improved Sea Island Meal
German Kainit
Muriate Potash
Farmers Soluble
Q
Q
z
CO
z
z
o
z
o
Q
II
z
Y
Z
Y
BB
Q
CO
o
Y
O
Q
z
C
Q
BB
9
7
6
64
9
10
12
41
9
1
5
11
115
109
45
14
34
61
10
51
11
13
104
158
6
12
127
374
373
415
837
416
417
8 90
990
11 28
9 53
1180
8 53
236110
592 1120
233
37
632
418
711
1078
444
530
773
836
234
694
235
377
1132
963
372
1080
1182
9 20
973
1150
9
1225
9 90
10 03
10 03
8 03
11 23
1103
12
1305
16 20
10 68
1 86
132
187
184
1 05
2 94
172
178
197
94
1 65
2 01
1 86
2 20
174
185
257
4 38
474
198
76
03
55
47
01
71
72
84
38
20
38
98
50
62
21
02
12
50
2
11
8
11
8
8
11
9
9
10
9
11
9
6
11
10
12
13
16
165
123
165
165
82
247
165
1
165
82
165
165
165
2 47
165
165
2 47
370
453
165
16 85 4 94
17 57 16 75
24 21 21 14
16 96 14 94
15 44 14 IS
20 99 18 50
16 47 14 94
18 06 16 89
18 34 16 44
14 04 12 85
17 21 16 24
16 95 14 74
19 56 17 74
19 67 20 84
16 56 14 94
18 19 16 44
21 07 18 90
11 78 12 30
11 48 10 80
10 40 10 40
11 08 11 05
13 17 13 00
16 96 14 72
18 15 17 46
10 20 10 20
42 93 40 80
18 13 14 94
to
4
o
w
o
w
o
a

w
H
w
H
o

o
w
n
J
C
wBrannon W A Co More
land Ga
Birmingham Fertilizer
Birmingham Ala
Boyd Douglas Griffin Ga
Rusha S J Buford Ga
Butts DLDevereauxGa
Bennett Co Dublin Ga
Blanchard Humber Co
Columbus Ga
Bakers Standard
Bone and Potash
Moreland Special Fertilizer
H G Guano
Standard Guano
134 Dis Bone and Potash
Standard Dis Bone Potash
H G Acid Phosphate
Birmingham H G Fertilizer
S G
Dis Bone Nitrogen Pot
H G Ammoniated Super
phosphate
H G Profit Producer
S G Acid and Pot Mixt
H G Potash Bone
SG Bone Ash
H G Dis i one and Muri
ate Potash Mixture
S G Acid Phosphate
H G Acid
Superphosphate
German Kainit
Boyds H G Acid
Bushas H G Guano
Butts Best
Cotton Girl
ZZZ
B Bs Sambo Guano
Champion Guano
Joyners
Humbers Compound
Muscogee High Grade Guano
Muscogee Guano
Acid Phosphate and Potash
Potash
Potash
C
C
L
C
0
c
z
c
c
c
AA
0
A
DD
T
T
T
II
II
II
GG
FF
FF
FF
GG
GG
FF
20
149
163
166
162
165
161
164
83
72
66
61
63
10
56
34
65
16
43
94
19
26
49
140
109
110
9
10
27
28
34
141
142
29
30
35
336
1189
1353
1386
1382
1385
1381
1384
405
40
594
397
398
37
305
590
399
1394
163
llli
42
559
843
959
955
1406
634
1166
636
600
723
1138
1346
601
602
724
963
1463
1178
1210
1010
13 60
1068
14
1120
9 78
11 43
15 20
13 23
10 55
12 03
8 48
1305
13 50
1483
1695
186
14 20
10 65
12 85
11 93
13 33
970
10 25
9 38
1158
12
10 90
1035
11 05
1298
2 62
1 65
174
168
1 75
85
1 65
245
1 65
185
1 38
223
2 10
1
2 99
586
2
4 17
421
2 64
1304
175
1 79
175
1 80
172
183
165
40
34
86
39
53
44
44
37
54
66
52
11
24
09
13
10
10
8
13
10
12
10
8
10
14
12
10
10
12
12
14
16
ii
10
10
8
10
10
10
10
8
10
12
12
165
247
165
165
165
165
82
165
165
165
165
1
1
165
1 65
16 75
15 57
21 78
18 19
16 99
14 84
11 24
11 75
17 31
16 50
13 68
20 46
24 27
11 15
13 96
11 68
13 32
11 37
12 24
13 62
10 87
11 83
17 00
22 44
17 33
14 14
16 82
16 38
17 38
18 07
18 23
19 67
18 60
13 27
14 63
14 39
14 94
14 45
19 80
16 24
14 94
14 45
10 80
10 40
16 24
14 94
12 65
19 60
24 65
10 80
12 50
11 20
12 10
10 40
11 70
13 00
10 20
11 70
16 24
18 79
14 94
12 50
14 94
14 74
14 94
16 24
16 24
19 10
17 80
12 50
13 80
13 80
a
a
r1
o
4
to
01Analysis of Commrcial Fertiizers for Season of 19031904
BY WHOM REGISTERED
AND PLACE OF BUSINESS
NAME OF FERTILIZER
OR CHEMICAL REGISTERED
Bartow Investment Co
Bartow Ga
Bulloch Oil Mill States
boro Ga
Bainbridge Oil Mill Bain
bridge Ga
Buckeye Cotton Oil Co
Macon Ga
Augusta Ga
Braselton Bros Hoschton
Ga
Brooks Tabor Lavonia
and Royston Ga
Barnett E A Washing
ton Ga
Benton Supply Co Monti
cello Ga
Bradley Fert Co Boston
Mass and CharlesnSC
Bartow Cotton Hustler
Cotton Seed Meal S I
Cotton Seed Meal
Cotton Seed Meal
Cotton Seed Meal
u N cto N M Pi C J Sg B Z 3 o ea E o Fertilizer Ingredients Actually Found by Stute Chemist Fertilizer Ingredients Claimed by Manufacturers T
Ml 9 IB B III c s p tn n o
Special B B B
B T Standard Guano
H G Guano
Georgia Mixture
Brooks Best
Black Diamond
Superb
Bone and Potash No 3
Barnetts Standard Fertz for Cotton
for Cotton
Jasper Cotton Grower
Bentons Black Crow
Big Owl
Bone and Potash Compound
Tuckers Big 6
Bradleys H G Soluble Guano
Standard Potent Superphos
phate
V 70 951
0 27 247
AA 93 1110
H 121 656
T 55 718
DD 61 849
S 17 334
B 85 1301
B 8t 1302
S 154 1191
S 153 1190
S 137 1186
B 87 1303
W 143 752
W 199 1260
MM 17 879
MM 15 878
MM 12 877
MM 60 890
MM 61 891
DD 93 1086
S 60 586
1045
11 35
10 50
11 93
9 20
12 20
1148
1248
1403
1183
10 53
1113
10 68
9 65
1313
12 08
10 95
191
496
652
6 58
6 24
2 39
1 90
170
1 12
1 37
178
186
9 98 2 01
2 91
2 34
2 64
2 24
2 66
2 54
3 30
3 33
3
252
2 35
1 47
127
2 27
2 13
4 38
2 26
1 38
11
8
10
8
9
8
11
14
10
8
10
10
8
10
12
10
165 2 18 16
370 18 87
618 24 79
6 IS 24 99
618 23 87
165 2 19 51
165 2 17 69
1 65 2 17 69
165 2 16 51
205 2 50 20 13
165 2 18 99
245 3 21 42
3 14 27
165 2 18 70
165 2 17 05
m 1 14 77
m 1 15 14
165 2 16 67
2 12 94
4 14 17
165 2 17 76
185 1 16 88
S
oO u
E 4 ee
o s
114 94
14 72
23 67
23 67
23 67
16 89
14 95
16 24
14 94
17 33
14 94
20 38
14 25
16 24
14 94
12 66
12 66
14 94
10 80
13 80
16 24
15 40
to
J5

o
w
o
o
w

w

H
O

O
2
o
c
r
H
c
w
wBostwick Mfg Co Bost
wick Ga
Butler Heath Butler
Camilla Ga
Ooweta Fertilizer Co
New anGa
Bradleys Standard Potent Superphos
phate
Bradleys Ammoniated Dissolved Bone
Standard B D Sea Fowl Guano
Bradleys Standard X Super Potash
Acid Phosphate
Bradleys Standard Palmetto Acid Phos
phate
Cotton Fertilizer
Acid Phosphate
and Potash
Cotton Seed Meal
Heaths Cotton and Corn Fertilizer
H G Acid Phosphate
W O C A Pure Blood Guano
Coweta Special Fertilizer
Special Fertilizer
H G Fertilizer
Animal Bone Fertilizer
Ammoniated Superphosphate
of Lime and Potash
Aurora Ammoniated Phospho
A A P Bone Ammoniated and Potash
Sea Bird Special Fertilizer
H G Guauo
Standard Guano
Ammoniated Superphosphate
Special Formula Ammoniated
Acme Soluble Guano
Boyds Animal Bone Guano
Pope Browns Special Formula for Cotton
134 Coweta Dissolved Bone and Potash
124 Coweta Dissolved Bone and Potash
1U4 Coweta Dissolved Bone ai d Botash
84 Coweta Dissolved Bone and Potash
Coweta H G Dissolved Boi e and Potash
Standard Dis Bone and Potash
Boyds Acid Phosphate with Potash
R
S
BB
I
R
M
M
iVl
34
58
8
126
3o
180
111
114
X
A
M
I
X
vv
XX
vv
A
A
X
G
G
G
A
1
G
A
141
139
70
130
9
14
29
4a
15
8
32
103
30
16
26
61
36
104
75
39
72
37
eO
73
13
486
585
5z7
1400
485
13t6
1043
9 88
1115
1158
1488
1008
1420 1405
1421 1105
1004
1002
313
898
445
59
546
618
60
lr9
459
944
395
1415
608
568
60
707
315
603
1417
5til
41 b
314
58
10
15 38
10 95
11
1163
1063
8 95
10
10 58
1213
1098
1160
9 53
1188
12 80
10 88
11 55
1055
14101
13251
10 13
840
13 33
10 25
1030
2
180
207
122
152
167
2 17
2 47
187
176
92
165
1 11
68
41
82
95
12
98
65
01
145
4 30
352
3 16
117
1 37
3 37
223
2 07
126
2 62
236
2 38
3 40
4 26
449
430
4 55
2 37
2 47
2 32
9
9
9
10
12
8
14
12
8
14
10
10
10
10
8
10
9
10
10
10
8
10
10
10
10
9
13
12
10
8
12
10
10
185
165
185
165
247
247
165
165
165
82
247
165
165
82
82
165
165
165
165 2
618
123
250
2
3
3
17 11
16 18
17 94
11 82
12 27
14 40
11 73
13 43
17 10
12 59
17 26
20 12
21 63
17 8d
16 19
14 81
15 90
15 30
21 43
16 68
16 54
14 52
16 83
18 20
17 56
18 97
15 38
15 02
12 83
11 92
13 27
11 36
11 26
15 40
14 74
15 40
10 80
10 40
14 94
11 70
13 80
23 67
13 98
11 70
16 24
19 80
19 80
16 24
14 94
14 35
14 74
12 65
19 80
16 24
14 94
12 65
14 35
16 24
16 24
16 44
14 45
13 80
12 50
11 20
12 10
10 80
10 80
w
a
t
w
p
aAnalysis of Commercial Feriizers for Seas n of 19031904
00
o
M
o
o
o
w

o

o
tH
n
c

BY WHOM REGISTERED
AND PLACE OF BUSINESS
NAME OF FERTILIZER
OR CHEMICAL REGISTERED
Fertilizer Ingredients Ferti izer Inere e
0 Actually Found by State dients Claimed by
12P fe C 0 rill 3 Chemist Manufacturers T i 3
JSS
H Lt ft rt b fi p Z o 2 O 2 3 J 5 gJ to 33 a 3 e On J3 O o d S 5 c Z x a o S a K Si3
Ss
Ooweta Fertilizer Co
Newnan Ga
Ohickamauga Fert Works
Ohickamauga Tenn
Columbia Guano Co Nor
folk Va Tarboro N C
Columbia S C Maoon
Ga
lobb W S Canton Ga
Oarmichael J R Jackson
Ga
Coweta H G Acid Phosphate
Standard Acid Phosphate
16 Acid Phosphate
Sea Bird H G Acid Phosphate
Ohickamauga H G Fertilizer
H G Plant Food
Complete Fertilizer
Georgia Homestead Guano
Old Glory Mixture
Canton Standard Guano
Ben Hur H G Guano
Ohickamauga HG Dissol vd Bone No 16
HG Dissolvd Bone No 14
Dissolved Bone
134
Columbia H G Cotton Grower
Roanoke Ammoniated Guano
Columbia Soluble Guano
1 C Quillian Bros Cotton Guano
Columbia Bone and Potash Mixture
Bon and Potash Mixture
Bone and Potash Mixture
Acid Phosphate
Pride of Cherokee
A 46
S 62
I 29
I 42
A 128
A 138
D 25
Butts County Guano A 118 817 1080 174
40
36
4
129
42
5
27
170
43
112
1
53
23
48
49
MM 151
SS 22
5641408
587 12 10
457
778
81
823
652
1097
1096
140
820
1144
141
654
1387
825
9 9
275
584
287
716
717
937
1343
16 95
1515
11 10
10 78
8 45
923
11 25
10 78
10 58
17 40
15 38
1708
14 70
1193
11
8 45
9 13
10 68
13 63
9 83
12 23
1118
1 87
1 68
1 83
171
98
1 69
2 62
1 95
1 92
1 68
1 84
38
84
81
28
50
15
62
4
2
3
2
2 37
268
4
2 89
2 52
2 41
14
12
16
14
10
10
10
8
10
16
14
12
13
10
9
8
8
10
12
8
12
10
165
165
166
1 6fi
82
165
165
2 06
165
2 50
11 75
10 46
13 61
12 44
18 00
17 55
17 36
16 18
14 41
17 00
21 18
13 91
12 59
13 70
15 89
18 21
18 78
17 02
16 61
11 81
14 86
11 44
10 59
18 60
11 70
10 40
13 00
11 70
16 24
16 24
14 94
14 94
12 65
14 91
19 80
13 00
11 70
10 40
14 45
16 24
16 44
14 94
14 94
10 80
13 80
11 20
10 40
18 02
17 41 14 94Continental Fertilizer Co
Nashville Tenn
Cumberland Fertilizer Co
Nashville Tenn
Comer Oil Mill Comer Ga
Canon Oil Fertilizer Co
Canon Ga
Conyers Oil Co Convert
Ga
Carroll County Oil Mfg
Co Carrollton Ga
Cooper W W Flowery
Branch Ga
Cumberland Bone Phos
phate Co Portland Me
and Charleston S
Carlton Oil Mill Carlton
Ga
Combahee Fertilizer Co
Charleston S C
Cowart Lofton Co Ar
lington Ga
The Daniel Sons Palmer
Co Millen Ga
BearH G Guano PS
Beef Blood and BoneY
Economy GuanoQQ
Standard Complete GuanoD
Boll ProducerFF
Potash MixtureA
Special A
H G Dissolved BoneY
Eddystone H G Ammoniated Bone X
FertilizerQQ
Alligator Packing Houe Guano fP
H G Ammoniated Bone0
Double ExtractPP
Black Hawk StandardPP
H GPP
Alligator Tan FourPP
Thirteen FouruO
H G Acid Phosphate and
PotashPP
Cotton Seed MealS
Cotton Seed Meal
Cotton Seed Meal
Cotton Seed Meal
H J C Sons High Grade
H J C Sons H G Acid Phosphate
Cumberland Bone Snperphoste of Lime
Cotton Seed Meal
Combahee Potato Guano
Arlington Standard Guano
Daniels 4 Guano
Cotton and Corn Guano
S
MM
X
DD
DD
CC
6
43
1
2
25
43
41
22
22
5
59
42
i
54
65
ii
41
30
67
186
122
134
40
114
7U
134
180
8b
87
1344 10 38 2 63 3 56 10
443 10 70 1 65 2 12 10
1250 1085 146 3 44 10
n 1080 192 3 54 8
558 11 171 2 02 11
563 10 43 2 30 10
816 1013 4 10
439 14 13 14
446 10 33 180 2 10 10
1251 11 43 3 25 3 16 10
1426 13 08 115 2 8
11 T 11 38 123 3 72 10
I34 12 63 1 25 249 10
13 1085 1 65 1 32 o
132h 11 43 2 15 216 10
1326 1080 516 10
1126 1370 3 44 13
1325 1435 3 33 14
571 967 7 14
704
1377 6 72
946 656
1245 1295 2 27 254 10
503 1038 1503 1013 15
168 1 69 9
969 1328 6 66
953 417 610 7
1320 983 144 2 73 8
760 10 13 189 2 31 8
761 888 191 234 8
246 3
165 2
82 3
165 2
1 65 1
2
4
165 2
2 46 3
165 2
165 2
2 47 3
165 2
165 2
4
4
A 18 4
6 18
6 18
618
165
165
618
412
165
165
165
21 04 19 77
16 79 16 24
17 38 14 35
18 96 14 94
17 10 16 04
11 33 10 80
12 58 12 60
11 78 11 70
17 03 16 24
23 43 19 77
16 59 14 94
17 21 16 24
17 04 19 80
16 21 14 94
18 95 16 24 w r1
14 01 12 50
14 42 14 45
14 75 15 10 i
26 83 23 67 2
26 50 23 67 o
25 44 23 67

24 92 23 67
20 66 16 24
12 38 12 35
16 15 14 74
25 25 23 67
27 73 24 99
16 06 14 64
17 37 14 94
16 66 14 94
Analysis of Commercial Fertilizers for Seas n of 19031904
BY WHOM REGISTERED
AND PLACE OF BUSINESS
NAME OF FERTILIZER
OR CHEMICAL REGISTERED
The Daniel S ns Palmer
Co Millen Ga
Dothan Guano Co Do
than Ala
Davis W A Co Macon
Ga
Phosphate
Davis Fertilizer Co Quit
man Ga
Empire State Chemical Co
Athens Ga
Daniels Potash an
Grange Mixture
lorn and Cotton Compound
Davis Amazon Guano
Potash Acid
Carolina Acid
Dav s Home Compound with Potash
Special Cotton Favorite
South Georgia Triple Potash
Cane and Melon H G
Corn and Cane Fertilizer
Charleston Potash Compound
Charleston Acid Phosphate
Hodgsons 1033
1053
Red Star Special Guano
Tap Root Guano
Gem of Athens Guano
Hodgsons Standard Guano
Potomac Guano
Special Grain Guano
O K Bone Meal and Potash
Morning Glory Acid Phosphate
King Acid Phosphate
Acid Phosphate with 4 Phosphate
H G 104 Acid Phosphate
Hodgsons 16 Acid Phosphate
c t o
s a
cs cu co
0
Q
Q
R
H
R
Q

jr
JT
JT
JJ
7
M
M
S
s
M
B
S
VI
B
B
M
S
M
M
i
s
Fertilizer Ingredients
Actually Found by State
Chemist

83
54
55
87
90
210
37
62
55
54
5
60
61
70
115
21
23
15
111
121
16
40
110
80
24
23
61
7f
866
867
731
352
1283
774
1020
1016
1015
101
1018
1019
12 6
1228
337
338
193
1313
979
194
12291
11 25
815
9 33
10 13
10 45
14 65
10 35
11 65
8 35
11 65
9 50
11 33
16 08
11 50
11 10
10 78
10 05
888
9 33
8 98
10 20
9 43
131211270
625 10
339
549
9 30
1108
6231615
139
1 65
1 83
59
82
104
145
165
2 64
411
1 95
209
199
1 75
181
97
1 30
4 41
3 02
2 12
2 77
4
3 92
4 65
3 01
2 23
2 32
3 60
48
36
45
52
20
62
2 93
3
2 50
114
2 60
4 20
445

10
7
8
S
10
14
10
9
8
9
8
8
13
10
10
9
10
10
10
12
10
8
10
16
1 65
1 65
1 65
4
3
212
2
4
1
4
3
3
2
4
3
S
3
2
2
2
2
3
1
1
2
4
4
13 66
15 03
15 90
17 56
12 79
12 12
14 59
16 82
14 01
16 84
16 18
13 02
13 05
21 73
27 07
18 96
18 16
16 80
16 65
16 88
14 98
15 14
11 82
11 31
12 21
13 58
13 09
12 50
15 14
15 04
14 94
12 50
11 70
12 65
14 55
13 05
16 44
14 94
11 20
11 05
19 80
25 24
16 44
16 24
14 94
14 94
14 94
14 35
12 65
11 25
10 80
11 20
12 50
13 00
a

g
w
o

o
5
o
a
f

c
w
wEtiwan Fertilizer Co
Charleston S C
Empire Guano Co Nash
ville Tenn
Eufaula Oil Co Eufaula
Ala
Elberton Oil Mill Elber
ton Ga
Everett Mercantile Co
Pelham Ga
Elberton Oil and Fertilizer
Co Elberton Ga
Hodgsons Acid Phosphate
Peruvian Guano
Nitrate of Soda
Muriate of Potash
Kainit
Etiwan Blood and Bone Guano
Etiwan Cotton Compound
Plow Brand Ammoniated Dis Bone
Etiwan Special Potash Mixture
Diamond Soluble Bone with Potash
Diamond Soluble Bone
Etiwan H G Acid Phosphate
Etiwan Dissolved Bone
Genuine German Kainit
Empire Favorite Manure
Cotton Grower
Standard Cotton Grower
Ammoniated Dissolved Bone
Potash Mixture
Acid Phosphate
Acid Phosphate H G
Eastman Oil and Fertilizer
Co Eastman Ga
Furman Farm Improve
ment Co Atlanta Ga
Cotton Seed Meal
E M Cos H G Guano for Cotton
and Corn
C S Compound Standard Fertilizer
Standard Acid Phosphate
Acid Phosphate
Cotton Seed Meal
Furmans H G Blood and Bone
Fertilizer
Cotton Special
Harvest Queen
18
106
94
B
Y
L
JI
JJ
I
C
JJ
1
03
X
DO
MM
X
K
Y
X
548
1227
1043
Cotton Seed Meal C
S
JJ
s
s
s
s
u
X
A
A
W
105
60
26
2
24
52
73
23
118
72
10
129
85
99
170
114
100
90
3
77
4
96
95
94
7
4
2
70
204
1309
696
261
799
70S
780
40i
79
989
638
943
1172
930
941
922
1331
942
35
50
12
9
9
10
13
14
15
14
247
1592
30
05
08
38
03
320
1028
321
976
975
974
383
6
48
812
1261
1 72
247
174
9 18
818
12 25
1125
988
12 05
1120
11 58
9 03
2 66
50
13
2
3
2
4
2
82
1 11
2 07
176
14
2111
10
8
8
8
10
13
14
13
72
52 10
401 10
6 30
680
147
2 04
654
2 59
1 72
1 17
135
2 57
294
206
3 65
333
341
268
3 45
344
8
10
10
12
14
10
10
10
10
10
8
236
1560
1 05
247
165
82
1
165
165
618
618
165
165
618
24
165
82
8
265
50
12
Available Phosphoric Acid 1360 Commercial value computed on this
12 46 11 70
21 85
52 53 51 48
42 50 42 50
10 88 10 20
17 96 16 24
19 54 IS 50
16 59 14 94
11 66 11 20
13 03 10 SO
12 14 11 05
12 44 11 70
11 84 11 05
10 81 10 20
14 79 14 35
14 14 13 21
17 10 14 94 r
16 88 16 24 r1
12 54 12 50 i3
10 40 10 40 V
11 72 11 70
24 06 23 67 o
25 71 23 67 4 h1
15 57 14 94
17 14 14 94
12 31 10 80
13 01 12 50
11 8S 11 20
24 85 23 67
21 47 19 80
20 43 16 24
16 90 14 35
15 84 13 05 03

Analysis of Commercial Fertilizes for Season of 19031904
BY WHOM REGISTERED
AND PLACE OF BUSINESS
NAME OF FERTILIZER
OR CHEMICAL REGISTERED
Mark and Number Fertilizer Inspector 1 S g o 4 Fertilizer Ingredients Actually Found by State Chemist Fertilizer Ingredients Claimed by M a n u f actu rers a S 3 o s 3 Csc Z fc s s
a T a e w to a yg a g d bo o g 2 M m a 0 Hi
B
13 O
IS
o 5
OS
Furman Farm Improve
ment Co Atlanta Ga
Fort Gaines Fertilizer Co
Fort Gaines Ga
Farmers Oil Guano Co
Sandersville Ga
Florida ManufacturingCo
Madison Fla
Flowery Branch Gin Oil
Co Flowery Branch Ga
Furmans 912
Pride
FarmersFriend
Koswell Standard Fertilizer
Staffords H G Guano
Gossetts High Grade
Premium Cotton Grower No 4
Premium Grower No 4
Furmans Bone and Potash
Furmans Potash Special
Parish Furmans Formula
Furmans 155
H G Dissolved Bone No 16
H G Dissolved Bone No 14
Paullins Clay Co Fertilizer
Rust Proof Guano
Paullins H G Blood and Bone
Dissolved Bone
Bone and Potash
Farmers Extra
Standard No 1
Acid Phosphate
Cotton Seed Meal
Sea Island Cotton Seed Meal
Cotton Seed Meal
G 106 466 11 UO 130 2 65 9 82 2 16 42
A 167 904 805 1 98 2 02 8 65 2 16 07
A 69 811 11 25 1 65 244 10 65 2 17 42
G 105 465 10 45 1 65 2 45 8 65 2 16 91
234 910 10 SO 184 248 10 fif 2 17 46
A 162 903 10 78 175 2 61 10 65 2 17 58
G 102 464 14 43 4 33 13 4 15 66
X 41 6i 13 05 4 09 13 4 14 55
A 3 49 10 93 4 40 10 4 13 44
E 8 13 11 667 8 4 15 42
A 4 50 10 63 2 23 10 2 11 40
Y S3 715 15 23 5 08 it 5 16 81
A 39 16 16 03 16 13 02
A 52 15 58 14 12 72
A 90 1109 10 65 177 2 28 9 1 65 2 17 29
AA 77 1209 9 45 1 82 3 12 8 66 3 17 39
AA 76 671 1078 4 10 4 13 00
AA A A 79 80 672 673 14 03 13 43 14 12 2 11 72 12 49
2
11 39 64H 11 68 1 23 5 16 9 1 5 18 63
11 32 639 9 65 1 70 254 8 1 65 2 16 64
HH 26 6S6 15 14 12 35
HH F DD 30 20 43 688 110 504 654 378 662 18 70 18 24 85 14 98 25 12

C
12 85
14 94
16 24
14 94
16 24
16 24
14 45
14 45
12 50
11 20
10 80
16 60
13 00
U 70
15 59
15 79
12 50
11 70
11 70
16 CO
14 94
11 70
23 b7
14 72
CO
to
o
w
o
w
o
o
w

H

S
H
O

O
5
n
r
i3
W
wFort Valley Oil Co Fort
Valley Ga
Farmers Cotton Seed Oil
f Mill Martin Ga
Farmers Oil Mill Roys
ton Ga
Fairburn Oil Fert Co
Fairburn Ga
Farmers Oil Mill Com
merce Ga
Farmers Oil Fert Co
Lavonia Ga
Federal Chemical Co Lou
isville Ky
Farmers Cotton Oil Fer
tilizer Co Toccoa Ga
Fayetteville Oil Co Fay
etteville Ga
Georgia Cotton Oil Co
Atlanta Ga
Albany Ga
Augusta Ga
Columbus Ga
Cotton Seed Meal
Daybreak Fertilizer
The Complete Fertilizer
Cotton Seed Meal
Cotton Seed Meal
Cotton Seed Meal
Cotton Seed Meal
Cotton Seed Meal
H
S
S
LL
B
S
c
c
Y
c
Y

Cotton Seed Meal
Cotton Seed Meal
Cotton Seed Meal
Cotton Seed Meal
Cotton Seed Meal
Daybreak H G Acid Phosphate and
Potash
Daybreak H G Acid Phosphate and
Potash No 2C
Daybreak H G Acid Phosphate and
Potash No 3
Daybreak S G Acid Phosphate and
Potash No 1W
Daybreak S G Acid Phosphate and
Potash No 2C
Daybreak Pure H G Acid Phosphate DD
Daybreak Pure Standard Acid Phos I
Kainit W
Nitrate SodaW
B
TT
J
L
N
KK
39 125 1183 332 874 893 1184 155 918 435 1216 434 40C 1399 745 154 852 785 747 911 1305 1010 1055 1148 1140 1380 12 95 1163 1008 1128 1425 1268 6 80 636 698 684 698 714 2 50 2 02 169 195
19
15
16
11 HI
28 176 9 177 8 69 154 90 27 70 74 95 298 2 202 2 4 427 452 4 246 1294 8 8 10 10 12 12 10 8 10 14 12
96 16 672 680 648 624 640 654
93
1
16 149 789 1236
83
70
34l 767
618 25 71
618 24 26
618 26 31
618 25 84
618 26 31
618 165 165 165 165 2 0 2 2 26 84 19 94 17 81 17 34 18 14
2 13 27
4 14 64
4 14 00
4 11 25
16 2 12 11 78 11 86 10 84 10 81 52 80
618 25 45
618 25 71
618 618 618 618 24 66 23 87 24 39 24 85
23 67
23 67
23 67
23 67
23 67
23 67
14 94
14 94
16 24
16 24
11
12 10
H
13 80 h1 3
12 50
0
11 20
4

10 80
11 70
10 40
10 20
52 80
23 67
13 67
23 67
23 67
23 67
23 67
4
co
COAnalysis of Commercial Fertilizers for Season of I9031904
BY WHOM REGISTERED
AND PLACE OF BUSINESS
Georgia Cotton Oil Co
Atlanta Ga
Macon
Rome
Grovania Oil and Fertilizer
Co Grovania Ga
Griffin Oil Co Griffin Ga
Greene Co Oil Co Union
Point Ga
Georgia Fertilizer and Oil
Co Valdosta Ga
NAME OF FERTILIZER
OR CHEMICAL REGISTERED
I
s
U u 0
ES OJ
Ginn Hendricks Bow
man Ga
Gibbs L Y Sons Co
Savannah Ga
Georgia Chemical Work
Augusta Ga
Cotton Seed Meal
Cotton Seed Meal
Cotton Seed Meal
Cotton Seed Meal
Cotton Seed Meal
Valdosta High Standard Guano
South Georgia Complete Fertilizer
Lanes Ammoniated Dissolved Bone
Bone and Potash Compound
Special Potash Compound
Acid Phosphate
Acid Phosphate
Cotton Seed Meal S I
German Kainit
A 12
00
G Hs Formula
W G Cos Manipulated Guano
Excellent Georgia Guano
Gibbs High Grade Guano
Georgia Standard Acid Phosphate
Patapsco Guano
Ammoniated Dissolved Bone
Maryland Ammoniated Dissolved Bone
and Potash
H
A
W
Q
L
JJ
JJ
JJ
L
JJ
BB
L
44
23
14
61
32
113
6
2
160
36
6
162

s
S 156
CO 123
BB 10
G 247
BB 11
N 15
C 6
R
28
57
1120
181
67
392
871
264
1335
796
794
1005
802
526
1006
1192
1040
528
1205
529
472
34
Fertilizer Ingredients
Actually Found by State
Chemist
Fertilizer Insre
dients Claimed by
Manufacturers

C
1198
9 53
915
14 05
9
1598
1748
1083
878
10 08
12 23
12 80
11 25
8 20
7
694
618
7 06
678
1 65
165
114
388
1 82
170
1 78
1 86
182
186
4841 9 38 192 115
3
2 39
181
339
4
1248
2 34
212
141
256
2 09
212
12
8
14
16
9
9
12
10

c v a
gS
O c3
5
618
618
618
618
618
165
165
165
370
165
165
165
165
P65
165
1651 1
S26 37
26 17
23 67
26 57
25 65
18 37
16 26
13 84
14 61
11 85
12 98
13 96
15 31
10 51
17 63
15 71
16 22
18 85
10 92
17 68
15 86
15 99
23 67
23 67
23 67
23 67
23 67
16 44
14 94
14 94
13 80
11 20
11 70
13 00
14 72
10 20
14 94
14 94
14 74
16 44
10 40
16 24
14 94
14 74
CO
4
o
w
o
w
o
a
w

w

H
O

o
o
c
f
Cj
w
wGrasaelli Chemical Co Bir
mingham Ala
Hodgson Cotton Co Ath
ens Ga
8ae Empire State Chemi
cal Co Athens Ga
Harris Moore Hampton
Ga
Pea Gull Compound
Baltimore Soluble
Early Trucker
High Grade Melon Fertilizer
Crown Guano
Mastodon Ammoniated Soluble Phos
Georgia Formula
Special Peruvian Compound
Cotton Seed Meal Mixture
Meal Mixture
Good as Gold Guano
Superior Meal Mixture
Hem Cotton Grower
Three Oaks H G Guano
Extra High Grade Guano
H G XX Acid Phosphate with Potash
Acid Phosphate with 4 Potash
Bone and Potash
Acid Phosphate
Patapsco Acid Phosphate
H G Extra Acid Phosphate
Extra Dissolved Bone Phosphate
Dissolved Bone Phosphate
12 Dissolved Bone Phosphate
Dissolved Bone Phosphate
German Kainit
Nitrate of Soda
Grasselli H G Fertilizer
S G Fertilizer
S G Bone Ash
H GPotash Bone
H G Acid Phosphate
Kainit
Moores Special Pride
R 15 358
c 7 35
N 38 522
0 57 1360
N 22 516
P 55 364
F 9 32
H 42 180
1ST 13 259
N 34 521
N 23 517
N 25 518
N 117 1294
N 33 520
N 74 1197
N 16 260
f 56 365
F 8 31
W 101 748
R 13 357
R 27 483
F 26 113
0 148 1247
H 41 1363
C 92 678
F 27 114
M 92 1042
AA 120 1341
AA 24 541
AA 22 540
AA 25 542
AA 21 539
AA 26 542
A 270 1431
11
11
7
10
11
11
9
10
110
9
9
11
10
8
10
10
8
11
13
13
12
15
13
12
17
28
63
65
13
30
15
70
50
13
45
80
73
65
78
53
60
40
73
13
93
85
53
28
25
93
124 221 10
86 121 10
4 12 505 7
376 538 10
1 67 3 10
171 2 10
1 85 2 02 8
1 09 3 10
165 1 09 9
165 2 8
177 3 9
165 2 20 10
165 214 9
247 2 8
170 418 10
4 34 10
446 8
217 10
108 12
1 08 12
2 08 12 14
13
12
16
1254
1528 145
145 10
176 219 8
346 8
315 10 14
12
189 278 10
1
82
412
330
165
165
165
82
165
165
165
165
165
246
165
1485
165
165
165 2
15 90
14 02
25 45
26 18
18 01
17 19
16 71
15 56
15 54
15 88
17 36
17 53
16 84
18 15
18 60
13 18
11 85
12 06
12 04
12 57
12 71
12 69
11 23
10 56
14 25
12 66
50 41
16 04
16 43
12 17
12 90
12 28
10 20
17 69
14 10
12 65
24 99
23 38
17 09
16 24
14 94
14 35
14 74
14 94
16 44
16 24
15 59
17 61
17 94
12 50
11 20
10 80
11 25
11 25
12 10
11 70
11 C5
10 40
13 00
10 20
49 00
16 24
14 94
11 20
12 50
11 70
10 20
16 24
w
a
f
r1
w
o
OrAnalysis of Commercial Fertilizers for Season of 19031904
BY WHOM REGISTERED
AND PLACE OF BUSINESS
NAME OF FERTILIZER
OR CHEMICAL REGISTERED
Harris Moore Hampton
Ga
Hays A N Covington Ga
Hoschton 0 0 Mill and
Mfg Co Hoschton Ga
Hammack Kish Sons
Coleman Ga
Heard Swift Co Middle
ton Ga
Hartwell Oil Mill Hart
well Ga
Hogansville Dry Goods
GroGo HogansvilleGa
Home Mixture Guano Co
Columbus Ga
Pure Dissolved Bone and Potash
H G Acid
Newton County Guano
Special Guano
Guano No 1
A N Hays Guano
Jackson County Favorite Cotton Pro
ducer
Hoshchtons Pride and Big Indian Cot
ton Grower
DeLaperrieres Special Red Elephant
Cotton Seed Meal
Cottons Favorite Standard
Acid with Potash
Acid Phosphate
Middleton Cotton Seed Compound
Cotton Seed Meal
u 2 cto t U O a u m 3 z J i 3 Z 0 a 1 g Fertilizer Ingredients Actually Found by State Chemist Fertilizer Ingredients Claimed by Manufacturers t s
c 9 to O c u be 5 2 M O Oh
Hogansville H G Fertilizer
Home Mixture No 1
No 2
No 3
No 4
Ammoniated Fertilizer
Acid and Potash No 2
104
A 233
A 177
MM 7
MM 80
MM 81
MM 82
DD 94
DD 62
DD 13
DD 110
AA 83
AA 81
AA
65
16
25
13
1
18
59
2
85
W
I
F
H
H
GG
H
H
AA
909
905
925
926
92
928
1087
850
1173
1091
676
674
675
965
333
455
103
69
182
1082
70
350
538
1305
15 10
9 80
1373
1158
1005
1210
1145
13 93
958
1313
1550
11 15
11 68
1165
9 55
1178
1078
1165
12 38
1153
1 22
102
2 57
1 22
171
198
165
6 96
177
258
3
2 90
2 76
2 29
165
1 65
1 65
1 66
1 65
1 73
82

260
206
259
2 21
295
2 59
1 20
244
278
4 06
166
2 40
404
13
14
8
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
14
708 6 18
10
9
8
10
8
10
10
10
165
82
330
165
165
165
3
618
165
165
165
165
165
166
165
82
13 63
12 41
15 18
17 43
21 06
15 49
18 04 16 24

5a a
s j
61
o a
5
13 60
11 70
14 94
14 35
23 54
16 24
18 78
18 84
26 24
16 86
13 00
12 67
17 79
26 64
17 83
16 63
16 34
18 05
18 76
14 28
12 68
13 52
16 24
21 55
23 67
14 94
10 80
11 70
14 94
23 67
16 24
14 74
14 94
16 24
16 64
12 65
10 80
12 50
W
OS
o
w
o
w
o
d

H

Si
H
O

O
w
lH
o
a
f
a
M
WHome Fertilizer Chemical
Works Baltimore Md
Hand Trading Co Pelham
Ga
Hogansville Oil Mill Ho
gansville Ga
HarlanBMCalhounGa
Harper Hewell Dewey
Rose Ga
Heard Co Oil Fertz Co
Franklin Ga
Jersey Oil Mill Jersey Ga
Jelks W A Co Haw
kinsville Ga
Jones W O Co Elber
ton Ga
Jacksonville Oil Mill Co
Jacksonville Ala
Jackson Mercantile Co
Jackson Ga
Kitchens T L Mitchell
Ga
122
No 4
124
Acid Phosphate No 14
Acid Phosphate
Kainit
Muriate of Potash
Nitrate of Soda
Oerealite Top Dressing
Boykins Dissolved Animal Bone
Everybodys Fertilizer
Wrights Home Compound
McBrides Cotton Formula
Acid Phosphate
Cotton Seed Meal
Cotton Seed Meal S I
Cotton Seed Meal
H G Potash Mixture
S G Bone and Potash
H H Cotton Seed Meal Guano
Heard County H G Fertilizer
Cotton Seed Meal
Cotton Seed Meal
Jelks Special Guano
Our Triumph Guano
Jelks Double Strength Potash Acid
Bone Phosphate
Standard Guano
Acid Phosphate
Acid Phosphate
Jacksonville H G Fertilizer
Jacksonville H G Potash Acid
W CsH G Guano
Acid Phosphate
Kitchens MixtureHH
H 75 346
H 67 1364
H 80 348
H 6 351
KK 37 768
KK 39 769
KK 40 770
KK 38 1079
CO 162 1379
TJ 116 1180
UU 19 1290
Q 46 777
0 45 776
JJ 4 795
L 15 204
L 17 205
r 19 453
E 1 11
E 5 15
S 66 966
I 70 784
1 26 456
B 66 1393
Y 76 700
Y 75 699
Y 77 701
Y 96 706
S 5 322
S 10 327
s 11 328
LL 18 875
X 84 939
A 134 822
A 123 1221
HH 47 1233
1398
1010
1405
1615
1710
1276
1470
10
10 33
865
1508
11 43
1213
11 60
1178
1060
985
1175
1505
840
1273
10 50
1010
1085
1140
1425
1588
744
219
116
2 03
185
674
404
646
197
168
654
680
125
124
205
165
2oi
1233 1053 135 227 9
211
411
425
5189
344
2 54
172
3
4
227
266
216
269
422
5
242
167
408
224
420
223
12
8
12
14
16
12
9
850
8
14
10
10
10
850
850
10
14
8
10
8
10
10
10
13
1485
9
165
82
165
165
618
370
6 18
165
165
F65
2 13 47
4 12 65
4 15 34
13 10
13 71
12 10 89
50 44 10
52 40
250 30 07
19 37
2 15 08
150 17 47
3 16 87
12 40
25 51
15 84
24 59
4 13 43
2 12 41
2 18 90
2 17 62
24 85
25 71
2 15 89
4 16 67
5 14 43
11 78
2 16 87
2 12 29
4 12 89
2 16 50
4 13 22
2 18 52
11 86
2 15 82
12 16
11 20
13 80
11 70
13 00
10 40
42 50
49 00
34 42
15 84
12 85
14 84
15 79
11 70
23 67
14 72
23 67
12 50
10 80
14 94
16 24
23 67
23 67
13 91
15 61
13 15
11 10
14 94
10 80
11 20
16 24
12 50
16 24
11 05
13 45
w
cj
r1
f
w
o
4
wAnalysis of Commercial Fertilizers for Season of 19031904
BY WHOM REGISTERED
AND PLACE OF BUSINESS
NAME OF FERTILIZER
OR CHEMICAL REGISTERED
Louisville Fertilizer Go
Louisville Ky
Lathrop Cotton Oil Co
Hawkinsville Ga
Lowe T J Mableton Ga
Lawrenceville Oil and Mfg
Co Lawrenceville Ga
Lazaretto Guano Go Bal
timore Md
Lovett Byrd B Jr Bro
Sandersville Ga
Eagle H G Guano
Perfect Guano
Standard Ammoniated Bone
Ammoniated Bone
134
Potash Special
Potash Mixture
Excelsior Tenn Acid Phosphate
Cotton Seed Meal
Ammoniated Dissolvd Bone and Potash
Red Land Guano
Cotton Seed Meal
Louisville Mfg Co Luis
ville Ga
H G Truck Guano
Sandy Land Rust Proof Formula
Mogul Guano
PlantersPride Guano
Kitchens Formula
0 S M Mixture
D W Jd Meal
Washington County Guano
Acid and Potash
Mogul Acid
Millers Pride
Stones C S M Mixture
Clarks Cotton Boll
C u o
t U O
aj u ti
s
Fertilizer Ingredients
Actually Found by State
Chemist
saw
2
89
145
130
53
90
IT 18
G 169
A 75
U 6
J 28
J 29
B 64
Y 185
HH 14
II 34
HH 80
II 38
II 37
II 33
V 41
HH 24
HH 25
V 73
V 24
V 60
813
1060
821
1230
897
386
964
901
382
1140
1141
1117
1329
1232
641
1232
645
644
640
918
684
685
952
532
950
12 80
1170
1128
10 03
1348
10
1148
16
995
1048
743
968
9 53
888
1030
980
753
958
11 03
10 93
920
9 25
9281
134
165
1 46
165
6 36
1 24
189
664
5 98
113
1 44
145
102
94
216
1 65
Fertilizer Ingre
dients Claimed by
Manufacturers
TO W j
o
285
271
231
3 04
414
401
2
2 27
150
206
1 23
178
571
428
2 23
213
3
3
3 13
260
313
3 26
3 91
286
232
10
10
8
8
13
10
10
16
8
9
10
8

13 a
5
165
165
165
165
618
124
165
618
650
1
165
165
1
82
165
165
206
123
165
240
1
17 76
17 94
16 70
17 14
14 88
12 51
12 05
13 00
24 26
15 08
16 91
25 18
16 24
16 24
14 94
14 94
14 45
12 50
10 80
13 00
23 67
14 58
14 74
23 67
32 01 32 85
16 26 16 00
15 44 14 94
14 96 14 94
15 20 13 65
14 62 13 70
17 28 15 79
16 47 15 59
12 43 12 50
12 47 11 20
18 70 17 15
15 10 14 21
16 47 14 94
CO
00
o
w
o
w
o
o
w

H
o

o
5
o
a
f
i
a
w
wLane Tillman Co Val
dosta Ga
Lowry BrosDawson Ga
Mutual Fertilizer Co Sa
vannah Ga
Marietta Fertilizer Co At
lanta Ga
H G 124
John Lanes Kolb Gem
Sea Island King Cotton Grower
Premium Bone Compound
Acid Phosphate
Kainit
Lowrys 104 Acid
Bone and Potash
and Bs Cotton Hustler
Superphosphate
Ammoniated Dis Bone
Soluble Pacific
Productive Bone
Productive Bone Superphosphate
Productive Bone Superphosphate
Harvest Fertilizer
Ellis Cumberland Fertilizer
Cumberland Fertilizer
B and S Special S I Cotton Fertilizer
Suwannee Ammoniated Bone Guano
Special Sugar Cane Grower
Lamar Kellers Special Truck buano
Long Cotton Grower
Potash Mixture
Compound
Dissolved Bone with Potash
Acid Phosphate
H P
Ellis
Chas
Phosphate
Phosphate
Phosphate
German Kainit
Lion H G Guano
Royal Seal Guano
Tonawanda Guano
Coopers H G Guano
Solid South Guano
Planters Pride Guano
Marietta Guano
Beef Blood and Bone Compound
V
JJ
JJ
JJ
JJ
JJ
C
KK
O
O
Y
EE
ITU
FF
UU
NN
O
UU
z
u
z
EE
Y
O
O
JJ
JJ
Q
k
EE
0
G
G
E
G
G
M
C
G
74
45
48
47
46
49
95
49
42
43
111
31
53
124
28
10
13
8
40
19
88
54
DO
77
66
91
93
15
53
34
16
63
64
13
61
60
25
20
68
1267 1268 413
804 873 189 209
807 888 166 245
806 9 40 435
805 808 15 48
13 22 4
679 1185
1159 13 20 216
427 1098 196 221
48 910 190 226
710 975 175 128
518 898 175 226
1292 1028 261 364
1113 960 191 135
1424 1065 215 2 08
1033 10 123 170
237 923 169 2
1289 943 172 364
610 1005 165 3
387 908 173 206
1075 745 262 4 63
861 783 358 507
709 965 192 351
757 1053 512
755 820 406
1030 1048 476
1029 378 13 23
1445 1275
78
514 940 17 03
12 36
223 1173 218 266
224 1148 219 267
21 1105 173 224
222 1148 2 45 317
221 1005 177 2 78
1401 993 149 226
43 10 05 176 246
226 10 95 112 268
12
8
8
8
14
10
10
10
8
9
8
9
9
950
10
9
8
650
6
9
10
8
10
13
14
12
16
io
10
10
10
165
165
165
165
247
165
206
82
165
330
165
165
2
410
165
165
4
2
2
4
12
4
2
2
2
1
2
4
1
2
1
2
4
3
2
4
4
3
4
4
14 35
16 27
15 92
12 41
12 06
11 23
13 70
11 71
18 07
16 70
15 78
16 12
20 98
16 29
18 37
14 60
15 87
17 49
17 12
15 96
20 04
23 81
18 18
13 79
11 38
13 45
11 20
11 99
10 88
13 67
10 50
19 67
21 19
17 38
20 83
17 83
15 88
17 02
15 67
13 80
14 94
14 94
11 20
11 10
10 20
12 50
10 80
16 24
14 94
14 74
14 94
19 99
14 74
17 26
12 65
14 94
22 09
16 44
14 94
19 70
23 43
16 44
12 50
11 20
10 80
11 05
11 70
10 40
13 00
10 20
16 24
16 24
16 24
16 24
14 94
14 94
14 94
12 85

o
Analysis of Commercial Fertilizers for Season of 19031904
BY WHOM REGISTERED
AND PLACE OF BUSINESS
NAME OP FERTILIZER
OR CHEMICAL REGISTERED
s
t H ft
ffl gj m
Marietta Fertilizer Co
Atlanta Ga
E
Fertilizer Injrredients
Actually Found by State
Chemist
Mabbett Groover
man Ga
Quit
Lion Special Guano
Magic Cotton Grower
Jewells Standard Guano
Jewells Blood and Bone Compound
Greens Favorite
Lion Truck Guano
M F Cos 134
Lion H G Acid Phosphate with Potash
Golden Grain Grower
Wheat and Clover Grower
M G C Dissolved Bone
Dissolved Bone with Potash
Marietta Acid Phosphate with Potash
Jewells Dissolved Bone with Potash
Lion Potash Mixture
Special
HG Acid Phosphate
Marietta H G Acid Phosphate
Piedmont Acid Phosphate
Acid Phosphate
Lion H G Dissolved Bone
German Kainit
Muriate of Potash
Georgia State Ammoniated
Melon and Cane
Cotton and Corn Compound with Nitro
gen
Bone and Potash Compound
A A 56
G 141
QQ 3
DD 30
X 64
K 73
G 66
QQ 1
E 14
M 26
R 48
C 22
QQ 2
DD 32
MM 23
MM 24
G 57
G 58
56
MM 113
x 59
F 61
DD 124
JJ 66
JJ 120
JJ 64
JJ 60
663J10
1396 10
1249
498
1429
914
225
1248
22
550
487
45
1248a
500
882
883
218
219
217
935
220
304
1170
1022
1336
1021
1257
10
10
11
10
14
10
8
13
10
10
13
10
10
9
16
14
13
12
14
63
73
80
93
23
32
93
63
78
03
40
50
65
10
95
03
28
40
53
35
9 63
1103
Fertilizer Ingre
dients Claimed by
Manufacturers

s
o
Cm
S
o a
on
96
82
165
88
175
295
166
174
82
352
167
232
2
262
444
403
514
4
2
223
2
1 07
2 02
214
415
1268
50
2 18
331
309
3 53
10
10
8
9
10
10
13
10
8
12
10
10
11
10
10
10
16
14
12
12
14
8S 3 15 78
8i 1 13 69
16c 2 17 03
H2 2 14 30
165 2 17 89
33J 4 22 80
4 15 72
4 13 88
4 11 70
2 12 77
2 11 25
2 11 12
1 12 38
2 10 82
2 10 98
4 12 59 13 02 11 88 11 31 10 74 11 92
12 10 64
50 42 50
65 2 16 19
65 3 17 71
82 3 14 18
4 12 77
14 35
12 65
14 94
12 85
16 24
23 38
14 45
12 50
H 20
12 10
10 80
10 80
10 60
10 80
10 80
12 50
13 00
11 70
10 40
10 40
11 70
10 20
42 50
14 94
16 44
13 70
11 20
o
o
w
o
w
o
d
w

o

o
M
o
c
H
c
w
wMontezuma Mfg Co Mon
tezuma Ga
Monticello Cotton Oil Co
Monticello Ga
Milledgeville Oil Mill Mil
ledgeville Qa
Madison Oil Mill Madison
Ga
Mitchell County Fertilizer
Co Camilla Ga
Maysville Oil Mill Mays
ville Ga
Morton Oil Mill Millen Ga
Mortimer Edmund Co
New York
Manning W J Powder
Springs Ga
Mandeville Mills Carroll
ton Ga
Mallett Nutt Jackson
Ga
Middle Georgia Fertilizer
Co Dublin Ga
Maret A J Lavonia Ga
Bone and Potash Compound
Charleston Dissolved Bone
Superior High Grade Dissolved Bone
Muriate Potash
Ideal Guano
Feltons Favorite
McKenzies Cotton Grower
Cotton Seed Meal
Cotton Seed Meal
Cotton Seed Meal
Cotton Seed Meal
Cotton Seed Meal
Cotton Seed Meal
Cotton Seed Meal
Genuine Peruvian Guano
Mannings High Grade
Legal Tender H G G S M Guano
Legal Tender S G 0 S M Guano
XX Impd Cotton Seed Meal Guano
XXX Impd Cotton Seed Meal Guano
XXXX Impd Cotton Seed Meal Guano
Free State Special Fertilizer
10 H G 4 Potash Acid Phosphate
B B B H G Guano
Standard Grade Guano
Morris Choice
Dukes Mixture
Lavonia Standard Grade
High Grade
TT 115
JJ 68
JJ 1
TJ 70
F 108
H 189
H 191
H 138
MM 117
K 35
W 18
A 137
a 44
0 4
F 19
J 54
I 101
I 109
I 12h
I 99
I 121
I 117
I 155
A 269
A 266
A 267
II 23
S 40
s 41
1179
1024
793
1025
1388
1056
1058
659
936
547
393
1000
581
109
1390
985
986
991
984
990
938
1380
1318
1316
1317
635
579
580
11 35
14 58
16 50
10 38
10 95
10
20 30
12 18
10 03
9 28
9 48
11
1005
9 53
11 08
11 40
10 80
8 98
9 08
9 80
1240
4 10 13 16

50 98
422 8 82
217 204 10 165
197 276 8 165
646 720 686 706 618 618 618 618



664 618
720 618 335 618 618 313

4 04 2050
2 04 258 10 165
176 270 10 165
1 65 2 8 165
1 90 2 70 9 165
165 254 11 165
2 16 2 99 10 2
250 339 9 250
4 10
1S6 2 36 10 165
141 176 8 165
181 250 8 115
115 342 8 82
199 2 60 8 165
194 246 10 165
50
395
13 37
12 07
13 32
42 50
16 29
18 60
17 94
24 59
27 03
25 91
26 57
25 18
27 03
23 67
26 03
19 43
17 22
15 77
17 33
17 34
15 50
19 92
13 20
16 91
15 76
16 52
15 19
17 74
19 15
12 50
11 05
13 00
42 50
14 75
16 24
14 94
23 67
23 67
23 67
23 67
Total Phosphoric Acid Available Phosphoric Acid 1778 Commercial value computed on this
23 67
23 67 V
23 67
h1
3
3
16 24 o
16 24 4
14 24 HH
16 02
17 31
16 66
19 24
12 50
16 24
14 94
14 94
13 05
14 94
16 24

hi
Analysis of Commercial Feririzers for Seasm of 19031904
to
o
w
o
w
o
o
w

lJ

O

o
V
n
o
C
r1
H
c
w
m
BY WHOM REGISTERED
AND PLACE OF BUSINESS
NAME OF FERTILIZER
OR CHEMICAL REGISTERED
Monroe Fertilizer Co Mon
roe Ga
McDonald WeaverCuth
bert Ga
McDuffieOil and Fertilizer
Go Thomson Ga
McClure Payne Duluth
Ga
McOonnell L J Co
Royston Ga
McCawMfgCoMaconGa
McKae Oil and Fertilizer
Co McRae Ga
National Fertilizer Co
Nashville Tenn
Napier Bros Macon Ga
Nunnallys Choice
Walton High Grade
Cotton Producer
Cotton Producer
Monroe Standard
Nunnallys Bone and Potash
Bone and Potash
McD Ws Acid and Meal
Bone and Potash
Cotton Seed Meal
McClures H G Special
Royston High Grade
Standard Grade
Bone and Potash Compound
Cotton Seed Meal
Telfair Tip Top
Telfair Tip Top
South Georgia Crop Grower
Good Luck
Cotton Seed Meal
Old Hickory Guano
Cotton Grower
H G Acid Phosphate
Farmers Samson Guano
Celebrated Black Rock Acid
DD
DD
DD
DD
DD
DD
DD
L
L
DD
S
S
s
A
U
Y
U
u
D
Y
T
FF
K
K
231
82
119
120
146
21
22
9
78
58
52
12
13
14
10
24
120
26
61
42
80
83
79
11
14
496
857
1094
109
1246
494
495
199
787
366
844
329
3150
331
55
389
713
839
1129
840
703
953
1101
169
171
1150
11 92
1058
10 45
10 03
14 38
1290
910
9 25
10 88
1275
10 35
1475
10 30
1058
988
905
9 58
11 98
16
10 43
1510
1 69
172
172
175
165
165
720
186
191
177
674
1 65
176
165
6 38
173
165
165
9
10
8
10
8
13
10
8
10
2 31
222
2 46
409
3 57
3 58
2 34
551
151
225
226
10
10
8
13
8
10
16
8
14
165
165
165
165
165
165
618
165
165
165
618
165
165
165
6i
165
165
165
01 Fertilizer Intrr odients Ferti izer Inere
0 Actually Found by State dients Claimed by
G U Q m u P rt v m 3 Chemist Manufacturers merrial V uiily Foi y Analysis
s to si 3 o d be o jd
a g ll ijii j 3 i3
Z A t B C Cm V
s
VT3 U
curt
o rt
O
16 93
18 06
17 41
17 34
16 66
15 34
12 82
16 52
11 80
27 03
17 76
19 06
17 25
15 65
25 51
17 76
18 13
16 45
13 16
24 33
15 81
18 58
13 00
16 74
12 37
14 74
16 24
14 94
16 24
14 94
14 45
10 80
14 94
10 80
23 67
16 24
16 24
14 94
14 45
23 67
16 44
16 44
14 94
11 20
23 67
14 94
16 24
13 00
14 94
U 70Neely The E C
Waynesboro Ga
Co
National Cotton Seed Prod
uct Co Memphis Tenn
Old Dominion Guano Co
Atlanta Ga
German Kainit
Burke County
Burke County
Neelys Acid Phosphate and Potash
Acid Thosphate
G Guano
Ober G Sons Co Bait
more
Md
Cotton Seed Meal
Greens Choice
Uncle Remus Guano
H W Camp SonsH
Crowleys H G Guano
S P Thompsons H G Guano
Kirbys H G Guano
Old Dominion H G Guano
D P Moon Cos H G Guano
Old Dominion S G Guano
Southern Ammoniated Dissolved Bone
Potent Pacific
Farmers Special Guano
Blood and Bone Guano
W F Camps H G Guano
W L Peels Ex H G Guano
H W Camp Sons Dissolved Bone and
Potash
Old Dominion Dissolved Bone and Pot
ash
Old Dominion Dissolved Bone and Potash
Dissolved Bone and Potash
Dissolved Bone and Potash
Dissolved Bone and Potash
Dissolved Bone and Potash
Dissolved Bone and Potash
Peels Wheat Grower
Old Dominion Dissolved Bone
Dissolved Bone
Dissolved Bone
Dissolved Bone
Obers Special Ammoniated Dissolved
Bone
K
V
N
N
N
LL
A
A
G
G
G
G
I
MM
J
B
T
X
X
DD
G
12
2
9
11
10
4
53
2
208
207
163
159
110
100
24
50
17
13
29
117
205
170
408
256
258
257
1375
567
65
1201
1200
1064
1063
99i
932
152
1115
414
122
613
1093
11
G 206 1199
I
X
I
I
R
A
I
E
RR
A
X
LL
111
23
90
14
71
16
16
4
34
119
24
14
447
1254
451
730
61
452
14
1338
818
1352
873
990
9
825
16
1115
1103
1173
11 65
1113
1088
1135
11 53
8 03
9 18
10 15
11 28
11 50
1025
1115
1230
1108
10 43
11 65
1288
1505
10 83
918
863
1405
13 53
14 03
1673
1304 172 12 1 10 87 16 13
169 9 1 65
272 161 9 1 05 1 18 78
573 8 4 12 83
14 6 IS 13 00 23 21
604
190 265 10 1 65 2 18 37
193 2 63 10 1 66 2 18 36
247 3 06 10 1 65 2 20 97
2 30 3 04 10 1 65 2 20 34
165 2 86 10 1 65 2 17 70
166 2 74 10 1 65 2 17 47
165 224 10 1 66 2 17 32
1 65 242 10 1 65 2 17 58
178 2 57 8 1 65 2 15 87
165 257 8 1 65 2 16 18
1 65 282 8 1 65 2 17 02
91 321 10 1 3 15 66
94 1 32 10 1 i 14 29
2 20 3 03 10 1 65 2 19 09
279 416 10 2 47 3 22 57
510 13 4 14 92
2 12 2 11 51
4 10 4 12 78
370 13 4 13 42
4 12 4 14 37
3 15 3 14 93
219 10 2 11 50
3 33 8 4 11 39
280 8 12 13 14 4 10 59 11 73 11 39 11 72


16 13 47
165 3 04 10 1 65 2 18 92
10 20
14 74
14 74
11 20
11 70
23 67
6 24
16 24
16 24
16 24
16 24
16 24
16 24
16 24
14 94
14 94
14 94 u
14 95
13 25 11
16 24 A
19 80 3
o
14 45 f
ti
12 10
12 50
14 45
13 80
14 90
10 80
11 20
11 20
10 40
11 05
11 70
13 00

16 24
Analysis of Commercial Fertilizers for Season of 19031904
BY WHOM REGISTERED
AND PLACE OP BUSINESS
NAME OF FERTILIZER
OR CHEMICAL REGISTERED
Ober G Sons Co
timore Md
8
2 U ft
3 y w
Bal
Ocilla Oil Fertilizer
Co Ocilla Ga
Oliver W J Cotton Oil
Mill Shellman Ga
Obers Farmers Standard Ammoniated
Phosphate
Obers Soluble Ammoniated Superphos
phate of Lime
Obers Farmers Mixture
A T H G Ammoniatd Dissolvd Bone
A T Ammoniated Dissolved Bone
Obers Acid Phosphate with Potash
Dissolved Bone and Potash
Dissolved Bone
DD 33
Oconee Oil Fertilizer
Co Athens Ga
Cotton Seed Meal S I
Olivers Acid and Meal Formula
Acid Meal and Potash
Corn Maker
Cotton Maker
Cotton Seed Meal
Athens H G Guano
S G Guano
Oconee H G Guano
Special Guano
Blood and Bone Special Guano
HG
S G
Athens H G Acid Phosphate
Oconee H G Acid Phosphate
Dissolved Bone and Potash
Dissolved Bone and Potash
L
S
M
M
M
W
W
M
M
M
W
QQ
22
163
34
35
17
84
13
U 49
AA 68
A a 67
AA 66
AA 125
183
80
83
178
99
117
119
34
88
147
118
6

Fertilizer Ingredients
Actually Found bj State
Chemist
501
151
661
575
576
1391
973
1098
1153
1125
1190
10 90
983
1165
894 1598
1128
670
669
6i
1342
1321
1210
626
1266
1044
750
1147
555
1174
1174
7511
12621
1068
11 05
1075
1208
1028
1010
10
1025
12 30
11 85
10 95
14 53
13 28
1098
1063
Fertilizer Ingre
dients Claimed by
Manufacturers
3 ft o
182
1 80
110
186
113
618
1 65
147
1 99
167
176
165
223
2 60
243
240
2 61
2 40
656
2 34
202
2 69
174
4 52
202
2 36
1 53
280
3 61
2
2
106
308
9
10
9
8
10
14
8
10
9
12
io
8
10
10
9
10
8
14
14
10
10
165
165
82
165
370
165
165
245
165
618
165
165
165
247
247
165
165

gig

O BJ
17 94
18 09
15 58
24 67
15 22
14 56
12 16
13 18
16 23
15 93
16 54
18 88
19 73
23 67
16 43
16 01
16 96
17 15
19 45
17 44
18 77
12 04
11 24
10 63
12 12
15 59
14 94
12 85
16 24
12 85
11 20
10 80
11 70
14 72
14 94
16 24
17 38
19 24
23 67
16 24
14 94
16 24
19 80
19 14
16 24
14 94
11 70
11 70
10 80
10 80

o
w
o
w
o
o
w
a

H

H
O

o
w
II
o
a
r
w
wCotton Seed Meal
Tankage
Muriate of Potash
Nitrate of Soda
Planters Oil Co Albany
Ga
Planters Cotton Oil Co
Augusta Ga
Planters Oil Mill Gaines
ville Ga
Pittard John T Winter
ville Ga
Powhattan Chemical Co
Richmond Va
Pettit Hugh Co Mem
phis Tenn
Putney Fertilizer Co Put
ney Ga
Pioneer Guano Co Albany
Ga
Phoenix Grocery Co Fitz
gerald Ga
Quitman Oil Co Quitman
Ga
Read Phosphate Co Nash
ville Tenn
Cotton Seed Meal
Cotton Seed Meal
Cotton Seed Meal
Standard
Potash Acid
Magic Cotton Grower
Cotton Seed Meal
Standard Guano
Millers Fertilizer
Acid Phosphate
German Kainit
Blood and Bone Guano
Samson Guano
Dissolved Bone with Potash
Dissolved Bone with Potash
Charleston Acid Phosphate
Phoenix Standard Guano
H G Guano
Special Guano
Cotton Seed Meal
Cotton Seed Meal
Cotton Seed Meal S I
Reads Blood and Bone No 1
Soil Food
Blood and Bone Special
Matchless Cotton Grower
Farmers Friend
Farmers Special Manure
Boss Cotton Grower
H G Ammoniated Bone
N
DD
B
B
1
60
102
100
42
68
59
2
102
162
C
JJ
L
L
JJ
KK
Z
KK
L
C
Z
Z
Z
JJ
Q
L
F
M
R
NN
II
H
Q
F
75
118
119
74
21
38
20
117
114
80
78
127
112
26
140
36
47
176
16
8
95
59
17
186
631
1046
1045
161
1011
848
892
1308
1194
181 1297
1027
997
998
1026
764
591
763
996
682
1074
1073
1133
1178
772
1003
1
628
1152
1034
633
534
870
107
1093
1155
983
664
7 38
15
6 68
5 82
6 60
185
1030
1118
16 40
1260
938
10 80
9 35
14 35
990
11 33
1140
978
878
11 83
1103
10 58
1275
1145
1220
186
6 28
181
150
1 48
165
153
165
86
590
618
374
77
69
65
65
97
114
178
5208
2 64
228
2 33
302
5
1272
2 31
2 43
2
360
2 86
326
518
2 30
241
1 32
1 21
167
3
2 46
227
10
10
15
io
8
10
8
14
8
10
10
8
10
9
9
10
10
10
618 25 18
659 24 35
15 50 44 26 49 50
618 25 32
618 22 49
613 25 05
165 2 18 04
2 12 03
165 2 17 10
618 24 00
165 2 17 82
1 3 19 06 13 26
12 10 67
165 2 17 63
165 2 16 19
2 11 32
4 11 74 11 95
165 2 16 51
165 2 18 17
82 5 17 24
618 22 75
618 23 67
3 70 14 85
165 2 16 74
165 2 15 92
82 1 14 71
165 2 16 24
1 65 2 16 33
82 3 16 64
82 2 15 89
165 2 18 33
23 67
21 74
42 50
49 50
23 67
23 67
23 67
14 94
10 80
14 94
23 67
14 94
14 95
12 35
10 20
16 24
14 94
10 80
11 20
11 70
14 94
16 24
16 05
23 67
23 67
14 72
14 94
14 94
12 65
15 59
15 59
14 35
13 50
16 24
i3
3
o
Analysis of Commercial Fertilisers for Season of 19031904
BY WHOM REGISTERED
AND PLACE OF BUSINESS
NAME OF FERTILIZER
OR CHEMICAL REGISTERED

Read Phosphate Co Nash
ville TennContd
Royster F S Guano Co
Norfolk Va Tarboro N
C Columbia S C Ma
con Ga
Reads Cotton Flower
Red Diamond Special
H G Guano
Skinners Special Mixture
Johnson Brannans H G Guano
H G Guano and
Cotton Seed Meal
Reads Alkaline Bone
Special Potash Mixture
Bone and Potash
Bone and Potash
Bone and Potash
Bone and Potash
Bone and Potash
Matchless Acid Phosphate
XXX Dissolved Bone
H G Acid Phosphate
Straight Acid Phosphate
German Kainit
German Kainit
Royster H G Soluble Guano
Bonanza Tobacco Grower
Farmers Bone Fertilizer
Potomac Ammoniated Fertilizer
Royscers Bone and Potash Mixture
Bone and Potash Mixture
Bone and Potash Mixture
H G 14X Acid Phosphate
58
67
26
4
217
A 218
H 21
X 87
F 35
F 37
H 78
H 134
R 20
L 121
F 34
N 12
JJ 110
JJ 111
C 30
W 75
K 118
M 27
W 76
K 41
M 40
K 122
R 120
J
e
jg
Fertilizer Ingredients
Actually Found by State
Chemist

Fertilizer Ingre
dients Claimed by
Manufacturers
3 o
o3

05
8691040
9381085
519 880
253
1219
1220
121
940
119
157a
347
658
359
208
118
471
1176
1177
156
741
1299
551
742
824
627
1403
8 80
1040
10
11
10
11
13
9
10
12
15
14
17
16
08
50
73
10
08
28
10
88
38
93
15
13
168
247
3 32
171
165
2 07
10
8
9
10
11
10
12
921115
48
93
85
85
10
20
25
40
196
2 30
174
165
3 11
3
4
317
224
262
2 05
4
221
4 09
4
4 02
2 01
1246
1226
2 98
309
227
330
2 08
4
251
9
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
12
12
13
14
13
10
9
10
10
12
14
165
246
330
165
165
165
165
247
165
165
17 54
20 35
22 67
16 65
16 70
18 20
12 19
12 97
11 69
17 17
12 03
12 57
12 85
12 67
12 30
13 74
13 08
10 50
1041
18 40
18 61
16 67
17 89
11 58
12 63
12 69
12 61
16 44
19 77
22 09
14 94
16 24
16 24
10 80
12 50
10 80
12 50
11 20
11 20
12 10
10 40
11 05
11 70
11 05
10 20
10 20
16 24
18 50
14 94
16 44
10 80
12 50
13 80
11 70
05
O
w
o
w
o
a
w

H
g
W
H
O

o
n
a
wRamspeck G A Decatur
Ga
Richland Oil Co Richland
Ga
RutledgeOilCoRutledge
Ga
H G 16 Acid Phosphate
Ramspecks Bone Phosphate Special
Bone Phosphate Special
Bone Phosphate Special
Sunny South Bone Phosphate
Acid
Acid
Reynolds Bros Washing
ton Ga
RaganJT CoDawson
Ga
Ray 0 P Lavonia Ga
Scholze BrosChattanooga
Tenn
Smith V R Douglasville
Ga
Sparta Oil Mill Sparta Ga
Smith T N J W Ten
mile Ga
Shores W A Baldwin Ga
Screven County Oil Mill
Sylvania Ga
Stevens Martin Co
Carl ton Ga
Swift Fertilizer Works At
lanta Ga
Cotton Seed Meal
H G M M
H P Wallace H G
No 1 Bone and Potash
No 2 Bone and Potash
Acid Phosphate
Cotton Seed Meal
Reynolds Guano
Acid
Terrell County High Grade
Standard Grade
Cotton Grower
Complete Fertilizer
Special Fruit Tree and Berry Grower
Truck Farmers Friend
H G Meal Mixture
Cotton Seed Meal
S and S AmmoniatedDissolved Bone
Smiths Mixture
W A Ss H G Guano
114 Bone and Potash
Cotton Seed Meal
Q A T
s m Cos h g Guano
Carlton Potash Bone
Swifts Special H G Guano
Monarch
Pioneer Tobacco Grower
Cotton King H G Guano
R
G
G
G
G
G
G
FF
M
M
M
M
M
M
P
W
c
c
s
D
D
D
X
T
II
II
S
S
o
S
s
s
K
K
DD
A
119
166
167
165
1
169
170
65
185
137
136
135
132
14
51
153
54
18
135
42
43
41
115
96
31
41
48
49
47
31
7
73
10
7
108
24
qo 16 80 16
1066 1050 246 338 8
1067 14 10 142 148 10
1065 1370 170 292 10
1068 1288 120 1 40 10
1069 1670 260 10
1070 725 1367 15 60 12
6 36
965 185 208 10
1050 10 58 174 233 10
1049 11 80 2 12 10
1048 1305 215 12
1047 192 297 14 40 14
7 20
8 90 1 90 264 8
753 1588 14
249 1080 1 85 288 10
41 984 165 276 8
1185 1065 1 98 181 8
1099 11 95 1 65 2 07 8
1100 11 58 155 657 8
1098 1123 165 356 8
945 1105 191 268 10
954 638 6 52
10 05 165 3 92 9
647 9 03 1 28 313 8
582 11 05 1 65 2 10
583 1118 512 11
432 572 6 20
1035 166 212 8
1275 10 227 2 63 10
971 10 50 450 8
168 9 73 3 83 313 950
165 8 93 3 68 455 8
1089 945 165 375 8
68 1110 276 228 9
246
82
165
82
61
165
165
618
165
1L65
165
165
1 65
165
165
165
618
165
82
165
618
165
165
il2
329
165
247
13 68
20 40
17 70
19 59
16 12
15 66
12 74
24 26
16 73
17 19
12 07
12 91
11 96
27 03
16 89
12 92
18 16
16 54
17 59
17 57
50
20 81
18 36
18 36
24 72
17 90
15 35
16 92
14 21
23 73
16 60
18 82
13 24
24 21
24 40
17 37
20 85
13 6o
18 47
12 65
16 24
12 65
10 80
10 40
23 67
16 24
16 24
10 80
lz 10
11 70
23 67
14 94
11 70
16 24
14 94
14 94
14 94
19 19
15 79
16 24
23 67
16 01
13 05
16 24
13 15
23 67
14 94
16 24
11 20
24 20
22 05
16 64
18 29

3
O
Analysis of Commercial Fertilizers for Season of 19031904
BY WHOM REGISTERED
AND PLACE OF BUSINESS
NAME OF FERTILIZER
OR CHEMICAL REGISTERED
Swifts Fertilizer Works
Atlanta GaContd
u Fertili zer Incrredients
Actually Found by State
C u o Chemist
a 25 c
cfl v tn 3 o G o J a ae
z 3 K a
Swifts Farmers Favorite H Q Guano
Eagle H G Guano
Golden Harvest Standrd Guano
Red Steer Standard Guano
Cotton Plant Ammoatd Guano
Plow Boy Guano
Cotton and Corn Grower H G
Guano
Atlanta H G Phosphate and
Potash
Farmers Home Phosphate and
Potash
Plantation S G Phosphate and
Potash
Wheat Grower Phosphate and
Potash
Field and Farm Phosphate and
Potash
Special H G Acid Phosphate
Cultivator H G Acid Phosphate
Chattahoochee S G Acid Phos
phate
Fields Gray Land Mixture Phosphate
and Potashp p
Swifts Raw Bone Meal K
Bone Meal JJ
Nitrate of SodaW
78
6
51
88
4l
43
DD 109
B
E
E
E 10
3
213
22
24
116
53
194
702
311
468
360
173
174
1090
1119
1
16
20
78
1282
66
288
1156
1298
1389
1259
9 40
10 20
11 25
1110
10 68
1193
1153
12 63
1140
875
1018
1163
1853
1650
1343
1405
2180
2680
185
1 70
1 65
1 95
2 09
1
2 27
4 49
2 55
1572
3 06
2 37
2 21
2 31
161
139
3
4
3 22
431
276
2 08
514
Fertilizer Ingre
dients Claimed by
Manufacturers
O
a x j
o
Total Phosphoric Acid
10
8
8
9
10
10
12
10
8
10
10
16
14
12
12
23
25
165
165
165
165
165
82
247
329
247
1317
E
Ep
j
I 17 41
16 85
15 53
18 20
17 80
14 83
20 13
14 21
12 74
11 95
sE
EE
c d
5
m 44
16 24
14 94
14 94
14 74
12 65
19 80
13 80
12 50
11 20
1155 10 80
11 28 14 64 13 32 10 80 13 00 11 70
12 63 10 40
16 10 23 23 22 37 51 87 13 80 43 45
oo
O
W
O
o

H
e
W
12
H
o

o
II
o
a
SO
WStandard Chemical Oil
Co Troy Ala
oSmithonia Oil Mill Simth
onia Ga
Strickland A J Mfg
Works Valdosta Ga
Smith B G Supply Co
Social Circle Ga
Smith CV Co Tennille
Ga
Southern Cotton Oil Co
Acworth Ga
Arlington Ga
Athens Ga
Atlanta Ga
Cartersville Ga
Cedartown Ga
Cordele Ga
Dawson Ga
Forsyth Ga
Fort Gaines Ga
Greensboro Ga
Harmony Grove Ga
Jackson Ga
Jefferson Ga
Lavonia Ga
Locust Grove Ga
Macon Ga
Monroe Ga
Newnan Ga
Talbotton Ga
Augusta Ga
Savannah Ga
Warrenton Ga
AVashington Ga
German Kainit
19 284
Blood and Bone
avy Crockett
Farmers Favorite
Cotton Seed Meal
S G Sea Island Cotton Grower
Dissolved Bone and Potash Mixture
Pride of Walton
S S A Smiths Special Acid
Cotton
Cotton
Cotton
Cotton
Cotton
Cotton
Cotton
Cotton
Cotton
Cotton
Cotton
Cotton
Cotton
Cotton
Cotton
Cotton
Cotton
Cotton
Cotton
Cotton
Cotton
Cotton
Cotton
Cotton
Seed Meal
Seed Meal
Seed Meal
Seed Meal
Seed Meal
Seed Meal
Seed Meal
Seed Meal
Seed Meal
Seed Meal
Seed Meal
Seed Meal
Seed Meal
Seed Meal
Seed Meal
Seed Meal
Seed Meal
Seed Meal
Seed Meal
Seed Meal
Seed Meal
Seed Meal
Seed Meal
Seed Meal
C V S Cos Blood and Fish Scrap
AA
S
B
B
JJ
JJ
DD
DD
II
27
32
99
100
51
50
74
75
42
J
L
M
G
PP
00
Y
C
A
A A
W
B
A
DD
S
A
A
DD
I
H
38
3
71
23
6
34
10
8
9
61
1
80
102
1
38
17
8
19
34
N 71
O 7
EE 56
T 34
P 75
544
573
1307
1310
810
809
853
854
648
1142
197
024
100
1327
1123
436
36
54
664
390
1300
815
488
577
62
53
493
460
74
1012
231
862
715
650
I
11 15
9 93
10 35
905
8 75
12 33
14 60
I
1073
174 1 95 1 94 6 80 1 65 179 165 5 94 13 20 2 2 21 176 2 24 505 287 4 19 2 55 8 8 8 8 8 10 13 9
6 18
6 78
6 92 688 6 56
6 38 6 18 624 6 66
6 28 6 70 6 66 6 48
6 56
6 82
6 92
6 52 6 24
6 18
6 18
5 72
5 30
658 680
12 11 22 10 20
1 65 2 17 29 14 94
1 65 2 17 36 14 94
1 65 2 17 21 14 94
6 18 25 71 23 67
1 65 2 15 82 14 94
4 12 58 11 20
1 65 18 95 16 24
4 15 65 14 45
165 3 14 57 16 44
6 18 22 88 23 67
6 18 23 67 23 67
6 IS 25 65 23 67
6 IS 26 11 23 67
6 IS 25 98 23 67
6 IS 24 92 23 67
6 18 24 33 23 67
6 18 23 67 23 67
6 18 23 87 23 67
6 18 25 25 23 67
6 18 24 00 23 67
6 18 25 38 23 67
6 18 25 25 23 67
6 18 24 66 23 67
6 18 24 92 23 67
6 18 25 78 23 67
6 18 26 11 23 67
6 18 24 79 23 67
6 18 23 87 23 67
fi 18 23 67 23 67
6 18 23 67 23 67
6 18 22 IE 23 67
6 18 20 77 23 67
6 18 24 9 23 67
6IS 25 71 23 67
w
a
p
r
w
o
4
4Analysis of Commercial Fertilizers for Season of 19031904
BY WHOM REGISTERED
AND PLACE OF BUSINESS
NAME OF FERTILIZER
OR CHEMICAL REGISTERED
AYaynesboro Jones
Waynesboro Neely
Southern States Phosphate
Fertilizer Co Savan
nah and Augusta Ga
Cotton Seed Meal
Cotton Seed Meal
A ugusta H G Guano
Ammoniated Dissolved Hone
P and F Ammoniated Fertilizer
A G C Formula
S S Superlative Bone Guano
Superlative Bone Guano
H G Soluble
Sea Island Cotton
Old Peruvian
So States P F Cos Standard
Peruvian Sol uble Standard
Giant High Grade
Fish Bone and Potash
Fish Bone and Potash
Blood and Bone Guano
Phospho Iotassium
Extra Potash Compound
Paragon Ammoniated Guano
T Z Daniels Special
Kelleys Cotton Seed Meal Mixture
S S Phosphate Potassium
Extra Potash Compound
Bone and Potash
Special Acid Phosphate

Fertilizer Incrredients
Actually Found by State
Chemist
N 43 1131
N 6 254
N 49
N 42 1007
P 17 23 10 63
P 21 285 8 80
L 2i 207 8 60
N 53 1296 855
L 34 266 888
Z 92 1076 8 40
uu 30 1291 973
L 33 265 10
H 5 73 1088
r 36 268 845
CO 56 1036 11 88
EE 67 865 1015
P 62 367 1073
y 47 69 1170
p 63 368 10 30
H 53 184 10 45
P 15 282 870
EE 16 508 9 58
0 80 758 9 28
HH 50 1234 10 33
FI 53 184 1045
P 15 282 8 70
P 41 294 1055
P 2s 290 8 75
596
582
572
604
225
175
201
190
342
3 43
2 20
1 95
2 32
117
2 16
210
2 06
2 20
4
4 36
2 65
309
210
228
225
220
3 12
1
2
405
4
210
3 08
2 71
405
4
220
4
Fertilizer Ingre
dients Claimed by
Manufacturers

950
8
8
8
950
9
10
8
8
10
10
10
9
10
8
8
8
9
10
8
10
8
618
618
618
330
330
206
165
165
165
165
206
82

S a

3
22 94
22 48
22 15
23 21
18 76
15 87
16 57
16 29
23 05
23 92
18 43
17 52
16 92
16 13
17 90
17 06
15 58
14 58
14 29
12 83
11 65
17 03
18 90
15 47
12 83
11 65
11 33
11 69
23 67
23 67
23 67
23 67
17 26
14 94
14 94
14 94
22 09
22 09
17 27
16 44
16 24
14 94
14 94
16 24
14 35
12 65
12 85
12 50
11 20
14 94
17 15
12 85
12 50
11 20
10 80
11 20
Or
o
o
w
o
w
o
a
w

w
H
O

o
o
a
a
w
wSavannah Guano Co Sa
vannah Ga
Tennessee Chemical Co
Nashville Tenn
Augusta Acid Phosphate
Acid Phosphate
S S Dissolved Bone
Dissolved Bone
Dissolved Bone
Dissolved Bone
Kainit
Uruguay Ammoniated Bone
Peruvian Standard Ammoniated Bone
Brazilian Standard Ammoniated Bone
I Stricklands C S M Mixture
Pulaski Triple Potash Compound
Wire Grass 1 and Ammoniated Bone
Our own Ammoniated Bone
Excelsior Ammoniated Bone
Diamond Cotton Food Ammoniatd Bone
Pine Land Triple Potash Ammoniated
Bone
Peerless Ammoniated Bone
Bone Fish and Potash Ammoniatd Bone
Our Jewell Ammoniated Bone
Fruitland Special
Cotton Seed Meal Mixture
XX Cotton Seed Meal Mixture
10 and 2 Compound
10 and 4 Compound
10 and 4 Compound
8 and 4 Compound
12 and 2 Compound
13 and 4 Compound
12 and 4 Compound
Peerless Acid Phosphate
English Dissolved Bone Acid Phosphate
XXXX Dissolved Bone Acid Phosphate
Kainit
Ox H G Ammoniated Bone
Fertilizer
Cotton Guano
Slaughter House Bone
EE 70
T 141
C 153
EE 20
P 39
V 4
L 35
EE 27
U 5
N 1
Q 57
FV 20
EE 7
O 22
0 18
EK 11
K 1
V 9
U 13
0 8
EE 64
Y 40
r 111
H 74
KE 8
O 23
L 24
N 2
AA 47
T 25
T 54
H 72
O 26
O 25
H 4
G 174
X 51
H 3
1081
noo
962
510
293
409
267
511
611
251
868
556
505
243
379
506
164
410
385
384
864
442
956
345
899
244
210
252
662
714
593
344
24b
245
72
1107
619
71
1170
1245
12
13 13
14
16
1158
10 43
918
9 65
1140
925
1003
998
1015
1060
1045
968
898
1190
1015
913
1180
1175
1115
10 60
13 60
14 65
1280
1543
1420
17 05
1120
1148
1173
10 30
179
102
183
165
96
95
180
178
181
12
2
2
2
2
3
3
1
1
1
75
76
95
58
61
83
89
57
48
12
48
40
27
35
39
74
167
247
198
165
345
2 54
340
4 52
368
149
232
229
490
475
420
2
460
480
1290
2
328
165
2
12
lii
12
13
14
16
10
9
8
8
10
8
9
9
9
9
9
10
9
8
10
10
10
8
12
13
12
14
12
15
io
10
10
165
83
165
165
83
3 30
247
165
165
12
2
2
2
2
3
3
1
1
1
3
2
3
4
3
1
2
2
4
4
4
2
4
4
165
246
165
165
11 97
15 35
10 40
11 13
11 70
13 00
10 20
18 20
14 85
16 41
16 44
16 06
14 52
16 21
16 01
16 65
18 19
17 36
14 91
24 13
22 07
16 25
16 73
12 21
14 40
13 89
13 06
13 14
16 03
14 57
12 63
11 83
13 68
10 96
17 09
21 00
18 15
16 43
11 25
14 65
10 40
11 05
11 70
13 00
10 20
16 24
12 89
14 94
14 94
14 38
13 08
14 74
14 74
14 74
16 44
15 59
13 08
22 09
19 80
14 74
14 94
10 80
12 50
12 50
11 20
12 10
14 45
13 80
11 70
10 40
12 35
10 20
16 24
19 77
15 39
14 94
g
o
Analysis of Commercial Fertilizers for Season of 19031904
BY WHOM REGISTERED
AND PLACE OF BUSINESS
NAME OF FERTILIZER
OR CHEMICAL REGISTERED
u u Q
b
Tennessee Chemical Co
Nashville TennCon
Tabor Almand Elberton
Ga
Tennille Oil Co Tennille
Ga
Tuscarora Fertilizer Co
Atlanta Ga
Union Fertilizer Co At
lanta Ga
Ox H GSpecial Crop Producer
Special Truck Guano
Cotton and Grain Grower
134
Potash Formula
Potash Mixture
H G Dissolved Bone
Granite City Fertilizer
Bone and Potash
Bone and Potash
Cotton Seed Meal
Tuscarora Big Crop Fertilizer
Monarch
Standard Cotton Special
Dissolved Bone and Potash
H G Dissolved Bone and Potash
Tuscarora Acidulated Bone
H G Dissolved Bone
Kainit
Champion Extra High Grade
Buffalo High Grade
Georgia High Grade
Peruvian High Grade
Beef Blood and Bone
Old Plantation Guano
Union Cotton Grower
Dixie Guano
MM 5
G 175
G 13S
A 182
A 179
H 26
J 20
S 98
s 2
d 1
HH 29
V 90
0 137
DD 17
FF 140
0 77
GG 45
KK 51
KK 72
G 39
T 16
X 57
G 34
R 107
S 56
R 108
X 891
889
1108
1059
906
142
469
150
977
319
318
687
1349
121
49
1137
403
605
1160
1161
137
1368
1353
132
917
1277
1287
1354
Fertilizer Ingredients
Actually Pound by State
Chemist
2
jag
1025
1080
11
1335
1113
10 03
14 85
9 68
12
10 90
10 48
1080
9 05
10 20
1078
13 60
15 93
1368
11 80
1185
13 53
1045
9 43
11 23
1118
1
345
168
197
6 32
2 07
247
165
Fertilizer Ingre
dients Claimed by
Manufacturers
a a

13 01 x

sg
5 0n 2 P
B
4 33
440
3 03
418
3 51
2
2 07
255
4 41
218
314
2 39
201
4 25
307
12
3
223
2
2 45
2
2 20
146
142
10
10
8
13
10
10
14
8
10
10
10
9
8
10
10
13
14
10
10
10
10
9
8
8
8
65
16 24
24 74
17 86
14 83
12 82
10 82
12 25
17 15
12 56
13 43
24 13
18 09
20 44
15 95
13 21
13 21
14 05
12 95
10 20
20 92
17 77
16 85
17 59
14 85
17 79
15 85
15 45
1
o rt
5
14 35
23 38
14 94
14 45
12 50
10 SO
11 70
14 94
10 80
12 50
23 67
16 24
19 14
14 94
10 80
12 50
14 45
21 70
10 20
19 80
16 24
16 24
16 24
12 89
14 94
14 94
14 94
to
Q
w
o
W
o
o
w

w
2
i3
o

o
w
hi
n
a
3
w
wTJpson County Oil Mill
Thomaston Ga
Uniontown Cotton Oil Co
Union town Ala
VirginiaCarolina Chem
Co Richmond Charles
ton Atlanta and Savan
nah
Merrimac Guano
Animal Bone and Peruvian Compound
Farmers H G Potash Acid Phosphate
Bone and Potash Mixture
U O Potash Acid Phosphate
Farmers H G Dissolved Bone
Union Acid Phosphate
Dixie Acid Phosphate
Merrimac Acid Phosphate
G
B
R
RR
QQ
RR
G
G
G
Cotton Seed Meal
38
38
109
26
7
28
12
13
14
15
Cotton Seed Meal
Atlantic Fertilizer Cos
Atlantic Acid Phosphate with Potash S
Baldwin Fertilizer Cos
Ammoniated Dissolved BoneA 20
Georgia State GrangeW 7
Farmers Standard Q 40
Blood Bone and Potash H 39
Special Potash Bone FormulaE 11
Potash CompoundF 5
Bone and PotashC 3
Wheat and Grass GrowerD 5
Dissolved Bone PhosphateCO 19
Georgia State Grange Acid Phosphate 0
Berkley Chemical Cos
Acid Phosphate with PotashO
W C Bradley Cos
H G Soluble Guanof GG 12
Soluble GuanoIFF 31
Potash AcidKK 56
Potash AcidKK 28
Standard Potash Acid0 188
Commercial Guano Cos
Chatham Ammoniatd Bone Vegetator O 37
Jones Special FormulaT 115
Marrimans Cotton BollF 42
Complete Cotton FertilizerIL
136
1113
918
1339
1263
1337
84
86
148
1061
1193
61
828
775
179
309
28
308
9
570
46
1340
1080
1203
923
1120
14
1368
1463
1450
10 08
12 65
9 93
1055
1133
1253
843
1158
10 60
1348
1303
2 23
116
426 1145
595
721
1241
765
1392
425
1242
302
273
11 40
1175
10 53
1295
1085
970
1088
1130
855
706
668
1 66
174
165
87
1 74
178
468
95
165
207
239
2
5
527
267
2
213
224
116
115
4
4
456
33
57
38
2
2
4
2
228
476
306
2
231
8
10
10
8
8
11
12
12
12
10
10
8
9
10
10
8
10
10
13
12
10
10
10
10
12
10
10
10
165
82
20 69
15 15
14 67
13 08
12 15
11 70
11 49
12 11
12 02
26 58
25 32
10 85
18 10
16 69
15 88
13 80
14 14
11 48
11
11
11
11 07
14 94
12 65
12 50
11 20
11 20
11 70
10 40
10 40
10 40
23 67
23 67
10 80
16 24
14 94
14 74
12 65
12 50
11 20
10 80
10 80
11 05
10 40
13 91 12 50
17 73
17 81
13 32
13 04
11 58
28 38
15 40
17 08
17 71
16 24
16 24
12 50
12 10
10 80
28 35
14 35
16 24
14 94
a
C
f
w
3
o
OSAnalysis of Commercial Fertilizers for Season of 19031904
BY WHOM REGISTERED
AND PLACE OF BUSINESS
NAME OF FERTILIZER
OR CHEMICAL REGISTERED
VirginiaCarolina Chemi
cal Co Continued
Pomona Guano
Marrimans Ammoniated Bone
Excelsior Bone Compound
Georgia Bone Compound
Peruvian Bone Compound
Exeelsor Acid Phosphate
Pomona Acid Phosphate
Chicoras Fertilizer Cos
Compound Guano
Ammoniated Dissolved Bone
Acid Phosphate with Potash
Durham Fertilizer Cos
Durham Ammoniated Fertilizer
Davie Whittes
Owl Brand Guano
Davis WarehouseCos
Davis H G Ammoniated Bone
Davis H G Potash Acid
Edisto Phosphate Cos
Ammoniated Dissolved Bone
Soluble Guano
Potash and Dissolved Bone
Acid Phosphate witli Potash
Acid Phosphate with Potash
Dissolved Bone
Imperial Fertilizer Cos
Blue Ridge Soluble
Double Anchor Soluble
Ck9
S
rt a M
S a
b
NN 9
M 54
0 11
P 11
P 10
V 6
L 49
G 115
K 23
C 34
DD 54
G 20
KK
GG
H
MM
XX
F
P
L
I
VV
32
16
29
20
8
18
45
31
53
66
1032
630
38
607
280
29
274
478
545
158
845
97
766
597
124
881
1378
108
295
263
Fertilizer Ingredients Fertilizer Ingre 9 B S
Actually Found by State dients Claimed by
Chemist Manufacturers OS

3 3 3 a bo o h a Sis 03 g o c 3 5 g UJ
5 Pm Ph o
908
9 35
1073
10 25
8 78
1510
13 03
1210
885
12
9 93
11 23
1178
1295
9 13
1045
1050
9 30
1075
1473
w
S 03

C 0 Si
II
o 5
781 913 1
740 1053 1
175 2 16
176 223
4
2
414
204 2 90
165 238
110
197 115
190 231
173
1 67
1 38
218
291
2
2 29
464
410
225
224
1
10
10
8
14
12
10
8
11
9
8
10
12
9
10
8
10
12
165
165
105
165
165
165
165
16 10
16 E6
12 97
10 96
11 82
12 41
11 07
19 65
15 61
11 96
16 22
18 13
17 80
13 49
15 74
15 89
13 36
12 13
11 49
12 17
16 53
15 83
14 94
14 94
12 50
10 80
11 20
11 70
10 40
16 24
14 94
10 60
14 74
14 94
16 24
12 10
14 94
14 74
12 50
U 20
10 80
10 40
14 94
14 74

P
W
o
w
o
a
w

w
h
w
4
o

o
s
o
a
U
a
x
XXX Blood and Bone0
XXXX Bone and PotashL
Acid Phosphate with Potash G
Peerless Acid Phosphate and Potash 0
Imperial Dissolved Bone B1
Kennesaw Guano Cos
Kennesaw Standard Guano A
H G GuanoI
Blood Bone and Meal H
Potash SpecialE
Double Potash Bone T
Wheat GrowerMM
Acid Phosphate X
H G Acid PhosphateX
Pure Animal Bone Meal J
Navassa Guano Oos
Navasea Cotton Fertilizer M
Navassa Dissolved Bone with Nitrogen
and Potash BD
Navassa Potash Acid00
Navassa Acid Phosphate
Orr Cos
Blood Bone and Potash6
Cotton and Grain GrowerS
Ammoniated Bone8
Magnolia Acid Phosphate with Potash S
Powers Gibbs Cos
Eagle Island Ammoniated Guano
Raisin Monumental Cos
Dixie Guano
Giant Guano
Empire Guano
Acid Phosphate
Standard Fertilizer Cos
High Grade Guano
Royal H G Guanoj
Standard Guano
33
120
21
85
38
80
2
56
8
63
35
36
27
10
CO
0
V
c
w
J
w
p
12
142
28
29
27
26
12
2
18
40
37
2S
41
49
26
157
1252
98
406
300
317
449
185
18
1243
885
614
615
143
190
1023
1178
9 40
1133
1345
915
1230
10 05
10 80
8
1145
1368
1625
2165
10 60
178
427
491 1180
1374 993
277 1263
342
343
341
340
622
829
241
949
160
394
1145
736
289
1188
9 98
1093
1326
938
843
170
172
90
3 90
165
101
113
5 09
210
192
169
94
8 30
10 03
15 18
11 38
11 43
11 50
8
165
174
176
169
250
2
2 03
2 01
431
4
235
137
4
165
172
165
165
269
338
264
143
206
223
240
110
9
10
8
10
12
8
10
9
10
8
10
12
14
3
220
2
221
10
8
12
10
8
9
12
9
14
10
10
165
165
165
82
165
82
165
165
82
165
165
165
165
165
165
165
165
16 08
13 88
13 03
11 74
11 34
16 28
17 97
13 82
11 33
11 46
13 44
11 49
13 16
22 03
16 93
14 76
12 45
10 93
18 93
17 52
15 04
12 43
15 88
13 51
15 83
15 62
12 46
17 98
17 57
17 22
15 13
14 74
12 50
11 20
10 80
10 40
14 94
16 24
12 85
10 80
11 20
12 50
10 40
11 70
14 94
12 65
11 20
10 40
16 24
14 91
12 85
11 25
14 94
14 94
14 94
14 74
11 70
16 44
16 24
16 24
14 94
bd
a
I
o
Total Phosphoric Acid

Cn
OiAnalysis of Commercial Fertilizers for Season of 19031904
BY WHOM REGISTERED
AND PLACE OF BUSINESS
NAME OF FERTILIZER
OR CHEMICAL REGISTERED
VirginiaCarolina Ohemi
cal CoContinued
CTO
t i ft
cs a w
Standard Fertilizer CosContd
Standard Cotton Fertilizer
Acid Phosphate with Potash
Acid Phosphate
Bone and Potash
Bone and Potash
Southern Fertilizer Cos
Pure Animal Bone Fertilizer
Scotts Gossypium Phospho
Blood Formula
Acid and Meal Formula
Potassa Phospho
Gossypium Potassa
Rome Corn and Cotton Grower
Georgia State Standard Ammoniated
Superphosphate
Cotton Boll Guano
Oglethorpe Ammoniated Dis Bone
Port Royal Cotton Fertilizer
High Potash Formula
Scotts Animal Ammoniated Guano
Farmers Ammoniatd Uissolvd Bone
Tennessee Special Wheat Grower
Cotton 4 Acid Phosphate
Cotton Boll Bone and Potash
Rome Bone and Po ash
Rome Standard Guano
Rome Blood and Bone
Rome Acid Phosphate
G
P
F
W
C
G
A
P
W
C
N
D
235
2
15
14
24
228
19
14
39G
56
55
22
F 7
F 1
JJ 35
MM 37
F 12
12
2
7
7
3
12
CC 122
HH 6
O 36

1201
276
105
749
47
1202
63
28
31
250
1009
651
30
24
801
886
102
77
369
412
75
26
39
1039
691
1361
Fertilizer Ingredients
Actually Found by State
Chemist
1068 196 248
898 424
15 45 11 93
4
1060 2 12
910 467 586
1155 183 2 13
10 58 1 20 1
1203 1 12 115
1435 2 40
8 196 801
1020 185 151
10 192 223
8 80 2 06 2 37
9 63 167 207
9 10 182 246
1275 97 3 30
9 90 2 11 130
1010 1 65 127
10 60 4
9 65 4 01
1145 370
10 63 220
728 1 96 256
10 95 1 03 1
12 65 1
Fertilizer Ingre 1 v a
dients Claimed by B
Manufacturers i 32 S
qS
5 3
SSs QJ M sfl
c 0 aj O C3
o
9 165 1 18 12 14 74
8 4 12 03 11 20
14 12 65 11 70
10 4 13 75 12 50
10 2 11 29 10 80
8 494 5 28 90 28 35
10 165 2 17 96 16 24
10 82 1 14 28 12 65
10 82 1 15 09 12 65
13 2 13 96 12 75
8 i65 i 21 08 19 19
850 165 150 16 61 14 84
8 165 2 17 32 14 94
8 165 o 17 13 14 94
8 165 2 16 13 14 94
8 165 2 16 60 14 94
10 82 3 16 89 14 35
9 1 65 1 17 09 14 74
9 165 1 15 68 14 74
10 4 12 89 12 50
8 4 12 28 11 20
10 2 13 19 10 80
10 2 11 38 10 80
8 i 65 2 15 96 14 94
10 82 1 13 96 12 65
12 10 82 10 40
Or
OS
O
a
o
w
o
a
w

g
w
H
O

o
w
II
o
a
r1
wF
Q
BB
C
C
H
G
K
H
M
C
Y
F
H
0
Double Potash Bone
Port Royal Dissolved Bone
Ga State Standard Acid Phosphate
Phosphate
Scotts H G Acid Phosphate
Southern Phosphate Works
Olympic Guano
Monarch Guano
Penguin Guano
Ocmulgee Guano
Tip Top Dissolved Bone with Nitrogen
and Potash
Extra Strong Potash Acid
Potash Acid Phosphate
Acid Phosphate with Potash
Black Diamond Acid Phosphate
Stono Phosphate Cos
Soluble Guano
Jas G Tinsley Cos
Stonewall GuanoMM 46
S W Travers Cos
Beef Blood and Bone Fertilizer1
Wando Phosphate Cos
Blood Guano P 7
Soluble Guano N
V 0 C Cos
Royal H G Guano for WheatI 44
Champion CompoundZ 1
Georgia Planters FormulaV 7
Truck Farmers Special Guano EE 47
Meal and Potash MixtureF 40
H G Grain FertilizerW 51
H G Cotton FertilizerV 13
Extra H G 20th Century Guano C 25
Monroe GuanoDD 81
Oil Mill H G FertilizerMM 90
Oil Mill Standard FertilizerB 6S
Washington Oil Mill Standard Fertilizer P 52
H G Fertilizer P 53
33
4
11
4
45
123
19
15
38
6
1
49
2
10
81
117
371
529
S3
163
657
96
172
178
188
3
693
25
76
404
887
286
278
1293
1145
424
1350
860
301
737
411
153
856
931
1118
298
299
8
1323
1280
13 33
1548
1005
13 20
878
10 33
10 58
13 23
1285
1068
1478
1085
9 53
993
9 48
983
1143
10 05
1105
1148
1020
1165
1050
1118
10 03
10 70
875
980
11 65
1 91
182
182
165
115
1 65
4 30
147
269
2 32
134
1
2 01
140
404
121
165 202
166 112
172
82
1 32
3 28
88
75
65
75
72
85
79
190
1 75
2 48
2
12
12
12
14
9
10
10
12
11
10
14
20
45
03
28
33
58
71
43
54
221
10
8
10
10
8
10
10
10
9
10
10
165
165
165
165
165
165
16c
16
8
82
330
82
165
165
247
165
165
165
165
165
11 45
11 21
10 92
11 28
12 66
16 68
19 47
16 27
15 89
14 11
12 91
11 80
12 97
12 17
16 12
15 95
15 48
16 31
16 79
17 43
14 76
16 68
24 30
14 68
19 56
18 54
21 97
16 24
16 69
16 25
17 40
17 83
11 20
10 40
10 40
10 40
11 70
14 74
16 24
14 94
14 74
12 65
12 10
10 60
12 50
11 70 W
d
14 74 P
W
14 94 S

14 74 a
p
14 94 4
14 74
16 24
13 70
14 35
23 38
13 70
17 94
17 94
19 80
14 74
16 24
14 94
14 94
16 24 i3Analysis of Commercial Fertilizers for Season of 19031904
BY WHOM REGISTERED
AND PLACE OF BUSINESS
NAME OF FERTILIZER
OR CHEMICAL REGISTERED
VirginiaCarolina Chemi
cal CoContinued
Warren County Oil Mill H G Fertilizer W 78
Standard W 77
XXXX Blood and Bone Guano0 30
Phoenix Bone and Potash OC 17
VC 134 H G Special Potash Formula VV 63
153 Special Potash FormulaGG 15
104 Bone and PotashX 49
Taylors Special Dis Bone with Potash A 9
Premium Potash CompoundFF 26
H G Acid PhosphateGG 48
Cotton Seed MealGG 43
German KainitC 21
Nitrate of SodaP 47
Muriate of PotashH 23
V C C Co Savannah
Florida Fruit Growers FormulaL 106
Strawberry Special FertilizerZ 31
Old Dominion Potato ManureNN 20
Imperial Truck Fertilizer l 00 120
Fertilizer W
High Grade Sea IslandCC 59
Scoco GuanoC 115
Lefflers Special Ammonted Dis Bone 0 72
CompoundCC 32
Axons Cotton FertilizerO 55
Good LuckN 54
Rust Proof T 114
Complete Cane FertilizerJJN 3
I 0 U Fertilizer Ingredients Cj
3 Ja Actually Found by State dients Claimed by
C t o B Chemist Manufacturers
u o2
b tf OJ CO 3 o u o i a 3 O 4 fcc it 3 Cm ft a p be o 2 43 w 0
744
743
474
569
912
596
1355
814
719
606
44
296
123
994
589
L146
900
391
831
683
756
830
754
1013
957
1035
1195
10 43
1118
1218
1460
15
11 95
1110
1350
1673
165
182
166
765
6 45
9 50
1285
10 33
985
873
875
1108
8 35
8 83
988
8 65
694
1520
355
4 28
374
275
342
2 76
81
80
02
80
73
88
257
13 14
3 10
5088
3 62
4 52
777
3 34
4 34
3 56
2 15
218
3
2 22
216
316
224
10
8
9
12
13
15
10
10
12
16
7
6
7
10
10
9
8
8
18
165
165
165
618
l485
289
247
412
330
330
165
165
165
82
165
165
1 65
330
c 0 rt
17 54
18 05
14 15
15 49
14 98
13 98
13 65
13 55
13 47
26 05
10 94
50 16
43 24
22 35
24 75
27 82
22 86
24 28
19 82
16 16
16 07
15 71
15 84
15 87
17 91
20 38
14 94
16 44
13 80
14 45
14 90
12 50
12 50
12 10
13 00
23 67
10 20
49 00
40 80
20 08
18 90
27 54
23 38
23 38
16 44
14 94
14 94
i4 35
14 94
814 94
115 79
20 39
oo
17 82l16 24
w

W
61
ii
O

O
K
ti
O
a
r1
H
a
w
wVienna Cotton Oil Co Vi
enna Ga
Villa Rica Cotton Oil Co
Villa Rica Ga
Warthen Irwin Sanders
ville Ga
Winder Oil Mill Co Win
der Ga
Woodbury Oil Mill Wood
bury Ga
Willingham C B Macon
Ga
Walton Oil Co Social Cir
cle Ga
Walker Bros Griffin Ga
Wholesale Mercantile
Cotton Co Cartersville
Ga
Wilcox Ives Co Savan
Dah Ga
Special H G Acid Phosphate
Cotton Seed Meal
Cotton Seed Meal
Standard Guano
Double Potash
Johnsons Pride
Cotton Seed Meal
Cotton Seed Meal
Hub Guano
Willinghams H
Phosphate
Cotton Seed Meal
Cotton Seed Meal
G Celebrated Acid
146
17
26
30
84
35
PD 105
R

K
DD
A
Yow Cooper Avalon Ga
TerrapinIiW
So States Standard Ammoniated Bone
A AAA Triple Potash Ammoniated Bone
Egyptian Standard Ammoniated Bone
Chilian Standard Ammoniated Bone
8 and 4 Compound
10 and 4 Compound
Standard Dissolved Bone Acid Phos
phate
English Dissolv d Bone Acid Phosphate
Kainit
Avalon Scientific Special
H G Acid Phosphate
76
11
E 18
L 1
TI 4
EE 63
EE 13
L 39
CO 109
1332
437
612
637
1168
642
1088
735
167
166
855
56
38
2
21
168
169
1795
1045
1248
1085
10
1498
618
720
170
96
129
716
712
2
1214 1015
1951 970
3811015
863 1095
507 905
270 653
103712
2691348
102 1378
388
1195 1118
11961653
2 23
5 26
312
16
654
7
168
193
179
1
178
322
1 87
2
138
370
115
2 63
451
412
10
14
13 88
264
10
9
9
10
8
8
10
12
12
16
618
618
165
1
1
618
618
175
618
618
165
165
165
83
165
165
14 26
23 67
26 90
16 89
18 34
16 55
26 78
26 65
18 43
13 00
23 67
23 67
14 94
16 00
13 65
23 67
23 67
16 57
12 33 11 70
24 73
26 25
16 43
16 44
18 23
13 99
16 58
12 62
12 60
11 46
11 71
11 80
18 77
13 34
23 67
23 67
16 24
14 74
16 44
12 68
14 94
11 20
12 50
10 40
10 40
10 20
15 59
13 00
w
d

o
en460
GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OE AGRICULTURE
Averages of Arnmoniated Fertilizers which Contain Available Phosphoric
Acid Ammonia and Potash
Available Phosphoric Acid Ammonia
873 284
1036 298
1051 273
1083 279
1152 270
953 259
1030 253
1020 248
1022 253
978 247
1035 229
1015 243
1030 245
1047 2 46
1030 280
1037 275
1010 256
996 234
966 232
975 251
957 239
994 228
988 225
974 225
1029 210
1032 210
1039 216
1027 210
1024 215
1049 218
Potash
For the season of 18745
For the season of 18756
For the season of 18767
For the season of 1S778
For the season of 18789
For the season of 187980
For the season of 18801
For the season of 18812
For the season of 18823
For the season of 18834
For the season of 18845
For the season of 18856
For the season of 18867
For the season of 18878
For the season of 18889
For the season of 188990
For the season of 18901
For the season of 18912
For the season of 18923
For the season of 18934
For the season of 18945
For the season of 18956
For the season of 18967
For the season of 18978
For the season of 18989
For the season of 18991900
For the season of 19001901
For the season of 19012
For the season of 19023
For the season of 19034
531
279
243
225
164
135
145
258
148
157
151
164
196
214
190
195
185
181
189
202
215
208
205
210
216
2OS
224
248
255
267BULLETIN NO 41
General Average of Acid Phosphates and Acid Ihosphates with Potash
461
For the season of 1S745
For the season of 18756
For the season of 18767
For the season of 18778
For the season of 18789
For the season of 187980
For the season of 1S801
For the season of 18812
For the season of 18823
For the season of 18834
For the season of 1SS45
For the season of 18856
For the season of 18867
For the season of 18878
For the season of 18889
For the season of 188990
For the season of 18901
For the season of 18912
For the season of 18923
For the season of 18934
For the season of 18945
For the season of 18956
For the season of 18967
For the season of 18978
For the season of 18989
For the season of 18991900
For the season of 190001
For the season of 19012
For the season of 19023
For the season of 19034
Available
Phosphoric
Acid
Potash
1105
1199
1168
1310
1320
1244
1260
1248
1255
1259
1287
1262
1345
1381
1396
1383
1376
1274
1363
1330
1301
1283
12 53
1266
1242
1225
1274
1239
1225
1308
385
464
454
216
163
128
130
105
156
148
140
168
185
207
181
188
209
169
152
205
226
236
267
287
262
283
295
315
323
342462 GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OE AGRICULTURE
The number of brands inspected analyzed and placed upon the market
for each season since the organization of the Department is as follows
For the season of 18745 110 brands
For the season of 18756 101 brands
For the season of 18767 125 brands
For the season of 18778 127 brands
For the season of 18789 162 brands
For the season of 187980 182 brands
For the season of 18801 226 brands
For the season of 18812 270 brands
For the season of 18823 354 brands
For the season of 18834 336 brands
For the season of 18845 869 brands
For the season of 18856 345 brands
For the season of 18867 322 brands
For the season of 18878 337 brands
For the season of 18889 355 brands
For the season of 188990 440 brands
For the season of 18901 492 brands
For the season of 18912 608 brands
For the season of 18923 598 brands
For the season of 18934 738 brands
For the season of 18945 874 brands
For the season of 189561062 brands
For the season of 189671178 brands
For the season of 189781300 brands
For the season of 18989 779 brands
For the season of 18991900 699 brands
For the season of 19001 640 brands
For the season of 19012 735 brands
For the season of 19023 895 brands
For the season of 19034 1241 brands
The number of brands marked with a star are incorrect and misleading
as in the season of 18978 843 brands were inspected analyzed and admit
ted to sale and not 1300BULLETIN NO 41 463
COMPARATIVE TRADE IN FERTILIZERS
The following table shows the number of tons inspected for each of the
last thirty seasons
There were inspected during the season of 18745 4864800 tons
There were inspected during the season of 18756 5531600 tons
There were inspected during the season of 18767 7582400 tons
There were inspected during the season of 18778 9317800 tons
There were inspected during the season of 18789 8504900 tons
There were inspected during the season of 18798011958300 ton6
There were inspected during the season of 1880115242400 tons
There were inspected during the season of 1881212532700 tons
There were inspected during the season of 1882312537700 tons
There were inspected during the season of 1883415184900 tons
There were inspected during the season of 1884517015300 tons
There were inspected during the season of 1885616070500 tons
There were inspected during the season of 1886716607808 tons
There were inspected during the season of 1887820800739 tons
There were inspected during the season of 1S8S9202869 36 tons
There were inspected during the season of 18899028811230 tons
There were inspected during the season of 1890130673400 tons
There were inspected during the season of 1891229634200 tons
Tags were sold during the season of 18923 for30751930 tons
Tags were sold during the season of 18934 for31561200 tons
Tags were sold during the season of 18945 for22653220 tons
Tags were sold during the season of 18956 for33561780 tons
Tags were sold during the season of 18967 for40197910 tons
Tags were sold during the season of 18978 for42408100 tons
Tags were sold during the season of 18989 for34286930 tons
Tags were sold during the season of 18991900 for412755 50 tons
Tags were sold during the season of 19001 for47884770 tons
Tags were sold during the season of 19012 for49380802 tons
Tags were sold during the season of 19023 for6284843 tons
Tags were sold during the season of 19034 for6899165 tons461
GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OE AGRICULTURE
THE COTTON BOLL WEEVIL
A BRIEF DISCUSSION OF THE BOLL WEEVIL PROBLEM WHAT
THE GEORGIA STATE BOARD OF ENTOMOLOGY IS DOING TOW
ARDS PREVENTING THE POSSIBLE INTRODUCTION OF THIS
PEST INTO GEORGIA AND THE RECENT BOLL WEEVIL
QUARANTINE LAW ENACTED BY THE GEORGIA LEGISLATURE
By WILMON NEWELL State Entomologist
HISTORICAL
The Mexican boll weevil has during the past year 1903
caused a very heavy loss to the cotton growers of Texas This
loss for the season is estimated by Dr Howard of the United
States Department of Agriculture at approximately 25000
000 This represents the loss to the planters but the total loss to
manufacturers transportation companies and business men
doubtless reaches as much as 100000000 The extreme prob
ability that the insect will eventually reach all sections of the
cottongrowing areain the United States and that it is likely
to be distributed in the transportation of cottonseed and other
agricultural products makes it of special interest to all cotton
planters
All hope of exterminating the insect has been abandoned as
it has already spread over a territory which normally produces
about onethird the cotton of the United States Aside from
its occurrence in Texas the pest is also found in Mexico and
Cuba The first record of its damage to cotton dates back to
1856 when it appeared as a pest of cotton in the State of Coa
huila in Mexico Its ravages increased for several years until
the culture of cotton was entirely abandoned in the hope of ex
terminating the pest About twentyfive years later cotton
culture was again commenced but the weevil still persisted and
soon did as much damage as before The weevil gradually
spread toward the Texas border and as early as 1888 or 1889
had appeared near Matamoras Mexico near the mouth of the
Rio Grande river opposite Brownsville Texas The Rio GrandeBULLETIN NO 41
465
river which is a wide stream at this point seemed to check the
weevils northward movement for a time but in 1892 it ap
peared near Brownsville on the Texas side of the river It is
of course possible that individuals were blown across the river
by winds or even flew across but in the light of knowledge
since acquired it seems more than probable that the weevils
were brought across the river in unginned cotton or in cotton
seed Now the country around Brownsville is not a cotton
growing section of great importance and had the culture of
cotton been entirely stopped in that section for three or four
years the weevil could in all probability have been extermi
nated The government entomologists in 1894 counseled the
Texas legislature to take the necessary steps towards wiping
out the insect while this was still possible but this advice was
disregarded Many similar cases may be cited where States
have failed to make adequate appropriations for controlling in
sect pests and diseases while these were still confined to small
areas yet when later on the pest had caused widespread dam
age and covered large areas big appropriations have been made
m a vain attempt to remedy the trouble which could have been
so cheaply prevented in the first place
In 1894 the weevil appeared at Alice and San Diego Texas
on the Mexican National Railroad Its spread subsequently has
been at an average rate of about fifty miles per year until at
present it covers nearly all the cottongrowing area of Texas
and has reached the boundaries of the Indian Territory on the
north and Louisiana on the east It has in fact already ap
peared at two or three points in the latter State That this
spread will continue until all parts of the cottongrowing area in
this country are reached there seems no question The prob
lem confronted is indeed a national one Not only are the
planters and business men in the infested territory affected but
even the cotton mills of New England and of the Old World
must sooner or later feel the effects of the increased price of
cotton as a result of short crops due to the weevil attacks So
also will the customerthe man or woman who wears cotton
clothingfeel the increased cost of cotton goods regardless of
whether he may live in Texas Georgia New York or London
The high prices prevailing for cotton although these high
prices can be attributed to the work of the boll weevil in part
only have stimulated European countries to develop cotton
culture in their colonial possessions as rapidly as possible so it
30 a b466
GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
is not impossible that in future years the United States will
furnish a much smaller part of the worlds cotton supply than
heretofore There is a possibility of course that the boll wee
vil may obtain a foothold in these new cotton countries al
though the agents of foreign countries who have been purchas
ing cottonseed in the United States during the past year have
avoided for the most part the weevilinfested area
WHAT THE BOLE WEEVIL IS
The adult weevil is a brownish beetle varying from three
sixteenths to onefourth of an inch in length It is provided
with a long snout or bill and is not unlike the common
acorn weevil in appearance In color the boll weevils vary
from a light gray to a chocolate brown or black As a usual
thing the older the beetle the darker in color it becomes ow
ing to the minute hairs wearing off the body The boll weevil
is a not distant relative of the strawberry weevil and the plum
curculio There are many common species of weevils which
so closely resemble it that the novice can tell them apart only
with difficulty The adult beetles pass the winter in trash
rubbish cottonbolls etc about the cotton fields and also in
the leaves and rubbish of timber lands These weevils appear
in the spring at about the time the first cotton plants appear
above the ground and having fasted since the previous autumn
now feed to a considerable extent upon the tender buds and
stems of the young cotton plants
As soon as the first squares appear the female beetes com
mence egg deposition The female eats a hole into the square
or form and deposits an egg therein This process is then re
peated upon the next square form or bloom and so on Each
female deposits from fifty to seventyfive eggs in this manner
and with few exceptions each egg is deposited in a separate
square or form
The egg hatches in two or three days after being deposited
into a minute worm or larva which immediately commences
feeding on the interior of the square The square or form in
variably falls to the ground at this time and the larva contin
ues its development therein In from twelve to seventeen days
this larva reaches full growth becoming about threesixteenths
of an inch in length and is white and plump It now passes
into the pupal stage still remaining in the square During the
pupal stage it takes no food and this stage lasts from seven to
ten days at the end of which time it changes to the adult beeBULLETIN NO 41
467
tie and again commences the life cycle We thus see that an
entire generation of weevils is developed approximately every
thirty days during the entire growing season of cotton During
the winter season a large percentage of the weevils are killed
by unfavorable weather by the attacks of birds and animals
etc so that early in the spring there are comparatively few of
them Their damage to the cotton early in the season is there
fore hardly noticeable but as each thirtyday period brings an
increased generation the weevils are abundant enough by July
15th or August Est to puncture and destroy every square formed
upon the plants So long as plenty of squares are at hand the
eggs are deposited in times in preference to the bolls
but when the weevils have becotna so abundant that the supply
of squares does not equal their demands eggs are then laid in
the green bolls Bolls set early in the summer escape in
jury from the weevil but after about Julyi5th in the weevil
infested district every square is destroyed as fast as formed
I THE QUESTION OF RKMEDIESlFORTHE BOLE WEEVIL
INo really satisfactory remedy has been found for the pest
The fact that the insect feeds very little except in the larval
stage and the fact that this stage is entirely protected within
the square or boll makes it impossible to kill the insects by
the application of arsenical poisons to the plants The first
brood which appears in the springfrom winter quarters
feeds to some extent upon the young cottonplants and some of
them can be killed by applying poison at this time The adult
insect has a hard and horny covering making it impracticable
to destroy it by contact insecticides
However the government entomologists who have experi
mented against this pest extensively the past few years in
Texas have found several means by which the ravages of the
pest can be reduced and a profitreturning crop made in spite
of the weevil These measures are all simple and can be ap
plied by any farmer In the first place no topcrop can ever
be made in a weevilinfested district If cattle and mules
are turned into the cotton fields three or four weeks before the
first autumn frosts and are allowed to eat off the young squares
and forms a large number of weevils and larvae will be de
stroyed and a much smaller number will be left to go into win
ter quarters During the winter a large number of these wee
vils are destroyed through natural agencies so that the follow
ing spring they will be quite scarce Fromwhat has been said46S
GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
above the reader will note that these few remaining will not
become seriously abundant until July or August An early
variety of cotton should therefore be plantedas early as pos
sibleand rushed to early maturity by frequent and early cul
tivations This will enable the plants to set a good percentage
of bolls before the weevils become abundant enoughto destroy
all the squares These bollsset early in the seasonwill
constitute the crop and the only crop that will be secured
We mentioned above the fact that the squares containing wee
vil eggs fall from the plants soon after these eggs hatch Now
if these fallen squares be kept gathered up from the ground
and burned the succeeding broods of the weevil will be reduced
in numbers During midsummer the sun is ofttimes hot
enough to kill the larvae in these fallen squares as they lie on
the ground provided they are not shaded by the cottonplants
For this reason the rows should be planted well apart and
plants far apart in the rows The rows should run also east
and west instead of north and south in order that as much di
rect sunlight as possible may reach the ground about the cot
ton plants
This method of planting should be adopted by every cotton
planter even though no weevils are present for these methods
also reduce the damage done by the boll worm and cotton
caterpillar insects which appear every year in greater or less
numbers
We do not here propose to discuss in detail the various ways
of combating the weevil as the pest has not yet been found in
Georgia The above is given as showing in what direction
repressive measures must be taken when this pest ultimately
appears in Georgia
The boll weevil in its natural spread ty flight probably
could not reach Georgia for several years but unfortunately
the insect may be at any time introduced in shipments of cot
tonseed or baled hay or even baled cotton from the infested
districts of Texas or Louisiana
Every farmer in Georgia should closely watch his cotton
during the growing season and whenever he finds any new or
unusual insect upon his cotton should send samples of it to
the State Entomologist Atlanta Ga for determination The
latter party will at all times take pleasure in answering inqui
ries of this kind and always free of charge If the first occur
rence of the weevil can be detected as soon as it appears and
before it has a chance to spread over any considerable area itBULLETIN NO 41
469
may be possible by drastic measures to stamp it out right there
and prevent losses of many thousands of dollars Once it ob
tains a good start however there will be no such a thing as
extermination Because remedial measures have been men
tioned above the reader should not conchide that the weevil
can be circumvented or that as good crops can be made when
it is present No matter what measures may be employed or
remedies used the cotton crop is certain to be severely cut down
by the weevil Then too many remedial measures are expen
sive aud their cost must be deducted from the profits of the
crop
We know full well that the first appearance of the boll wee
vil is likely to be around cottonmills oilmills lumber camps
and along newly constructed lines of railway because it is at
such places that most important agricultural products from
Texas are used
THE WORK OF THE STATE BOARD OF ENTOMOLOGY AND THE
GEORGIA QUARANTINE LAW
The last State Legislature of Georgia was fully alive to the
danger which threatens the cotton interests of Georgia through
the possible introduction of this pest An Act of the General
Assembly approved August 15 1904 provides quarantine
measures against this insect by placing restrictions upon the
shipment of a number of agricultural products from Texas and
Louisiana to Georgia points The main text of these quar
antine regulations are given below in Sections 16 and 17 of the
Act cited The Legislature also made a special appropriation
of 2000 immediately available to be used for the purpose of
disseminating information regarding the boll weevil among the
planters of Georgia for enforcing the quarantine regulations
and for a systematic investigation with a view to determining
whether this pest has already obtained a foothold in the State
The Department of Entomology has in course of preparation
at the present time a bulletin describing and illustrating the
boll weevil its mode of work and a description and illustration
of common insects closely resembling the weevil and which
are often mistaken for it This bulletin will be distributed
among the farmers of the State in order that they may be fa
miliar with the appearance of the insect and be better prepared
to keep a close lookout for it
All reported occurrences of the weevil in Georgia are being470
GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
carefully investigated by the State Entomologist and fields ire
localities where Texas cottonseed or cotton have been received
within recent years are being carefully examined
It is now fully realized that the boll weevil was introduced
into Texas from Mexico in seedcotton or in cottonseed and
many of the isolated outbreaks of the weevil in North Texas
can be traced directly to shipments of agricultural produce from
the infested sections While as yet there is no authentic record
of the weevil occurring east of the Mississippi river still it
must be borne in mind that no systematic effort has been made
to determine this point The farmers in the region east of the
Mississippi have had no actual experience with the past and
even should the weevil occur in isolated outbreaks the average
farmer is likely to ascribe the damage to some other cause On
the other hand the entomologists in these States who are
thoroughly familiar with the insect have not heretofore been
provided with the time or money for making the necessary in
vestigations and for keeping a close lookout for the pest
The new Georgia law is being placed in operation with all
possible dispatch and it is confidently expected that all the
main dangers of introducing the boll weevil into Georgia will
be eliminated Within a year also the department fully ex
pects to have thoroughly investigated all of the many reported
occurrences of this insect in the State The following sections
are taken from an Act of the General Assembly of the State
of Georgia approved August 15 1904 and give in detail the
quarantine measures now in effect against the boll weevil
Section 15 It shall be unlawful for any person to know
ingly bring into the State of Georgia any living Mexican boll
weevil or any cottonbolls squares plants or seeds containing
the adult pupal larval or eggstage of said Mexican boll wee
vil unless the person shall immediately upon its discovery at
once destroy the same or turn over the same to the State Ento
mologist Violation of this section shall be punished as pro
vided by Section 1039 of the Penal Code of Georgia of 1895
Section 16 No cotton seed seedcotton cottonseedhulls
or cottonlint in bales or loose shall be brought into this State
from any points in the States of Texas and Louisiana or from
any other point in any other State or country wherein the Mexi
can boll weevil is known to exist without having attached
thereto in a prominent and conspicuous manner a certificate
signed by a duly authorized State or governmental Entomolo
gist stating that said cottonseed seedcotton cottonseedhullsBULLETIN NO 41
471
or cottonlint was grown in and that the shipment of same
originated in a locality where by actual inspection by said of
ficial or his agent the Mexican boll weevil was not found to
exist Any steamship railroad or express company or other
common carrier or any firm person or corporation bringing
into this State any of the articles above mentioned without the
specified certificate attached shall be deemed guilty of a mis
demeanor In case any common carrier enumerated violates
this section then the general manager of such common carrier
or the captain of such offending vessel shall be deemed guilty
and upon conviction shall be punished as provided by Section
1039 of the Penal Code of Georgia of 1895
Section 17 No oats hay fodder husks straw forage of
any kind corn in the husk or shipments of nursery stock fur
niture glassware machinery or supplies of any description
which are packed or partially packed in or with straw hay
husks grass leaves moss or other material originating upon
farms or plantations shall be shipped into this State from points
in Texas and Louisiana or any other State or country in which
the Mexican boll weevil is known to exist without having at
tached thereto in a conspicuous manner the certificate provided
for in Section 16472 GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
COMMON INSECTS AFFECTING THE APPLE
By E I SMITH Assistant State Entomologist
Applegrowing in Georgia at the present time represents only
a small per cent of the fruit industry of the State Other
fruits such as peach pear and plum have been considered as
better adapted to this climate In South Georgia we find only
a few appletrees planted and these principally for family use
in Middle Georgia apples are grown somewhat extensively
while in North Georgia an apple orchard of commercial size is
not an uncommon sight It is true however that nearly every
one having a family orchard attempts to grow a few apple
trees in fact a family orchard in its true sense would not be
complete without a few choice varieties of apples For this
and other reasons it may not be out of place at this time to
mention a few of the insects that are most liable to interfere
with successful and profitable applegrowing The fact that
one may see standing at the present time apple treesparticu
larly in North Georgiaso old that the oldest inhabitants can
not tell when they were planted would indicate that the apple
grows naturally in this climate and that it might be developed
into an important part of Georgias fruit industry
The commercial applegrower will find that his trees must
be protected from insects and that they will need as much at
tention as any other class of fruit Those who grow only a
few trees will also find it advisable to watch out for insects in
order to secure the best quality of fruit
The complete list of insects which may at times prey upon
the growing appletrees and on the fruit is a very long one In
this paper only four of the most injurious will be considered as
it would occupy too much space to mention all of even the
common apple insects
THE WOOLLY APHIS
Schizoneura lanigera
This little insect belongs to the same family as the plantlice
which infest the buds and leaves and differs principally in that
it secretes a white cottony substance about the body and in
fests asa rule the roots of the tree Its presence on the roots
will be indicated by cottony masses under which if examined
closely may be found the pinkishbrown bodies of the lice ByBULLETIN NO 41
473
feeding on the roots they cause abnormal swellings or galls the
tissue of which soon dies and the result is that most of the
roots are destroyed and the tree from losing its main support
is liable to be blown over by a high wind Besides the root
form of the woolly aphis there is an aerial form which infests
the trunk and limbs but the injury is not great This form
feeds in cracks old cuts or bruised places on the tree and on
account of their white appearance may be readily seen The
damage done is mainly a killing of the bark at the point of
contact They may be readily destroyed by spraying with
strong whaleoil soap solution one pound to the gallon of water
with kerosene emulsion or with some tobacco decoction such
as Rose Leaf Tobacco Extract or a tobaccowater made by
boiling three pounds of tobaccostems in five gallons of water
for three hours I believe that the aerial form is more of an
advantage than otherwise as it serves to give warning of the
more serious injury occurring on the roots A tree infected
at the root with woolly aphis usually presents a sickly appear
ance a yellowish foliage with a noticeable scarcity of leaves
The aphids in this climate live through the winter ashi
bernating agamic females and commence to multiply rapidly
at the approach of warm weather Later in the season winged
individuals are developed which fly to other trees and start new
colonies
The remedy is easy to apply but its efficiency depends upon
starting when the aphids first appear and while the trees are
young Tobaccodust seems to be an effective remedy this
has been used with gratifying success in Ohio To apply to
four to fiveyearold trees remove the soil about two to three
feet on each side of the tree to a depth of three to four inches
and in this opening sprinkle about five pounds of fine tobacco
dust and then replace the dirt Larger quantities may be used
on large trees Other remedies such as boiling hot water pot
ash soap ashes etc have been tried but with only moderate
success The tobacco remedy should be applied in the spring
as soon as the ground is settled and its thorough success de
pends on starting before the trees get old and badly injured
BORERS
Another common injury to apple trees is caused by borers in
the main trunk near the surface of the ground There are two
borers that may cause serious damage the roundheaded and
rhe flatheaded borers These names are applied to distinguish474
GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
the borers and as the names imply one is nearly cylindrical
with a head about the same size as the body whilethe other
has a flattened head very broad compared to the width of the
body There is also a difference in the life history of the two
which should be understood in order to successfully combat
them
THE ROUNDHEADED BORER
Saperda Candida
The adult roundheaded borer is a beautiful beetle about
threequarters of an inch in length of a pale brownishvellow
color above with two broad creamy white stripes running the
entire length of the body These beetles appear during May
and June and the females soon commence to deposit eas in
cracks or minute crevices made by the beetles at or near the
base of the tree These eggs hatch in about two weeks into
minute worms which immediately bore through the bark and
commence to feed on the sapwood For the first year they con
fane themselves to the sapwood making a diskshaped burrow
about the size of a silver dollar Unless several are present in
ADAiree e mJmJ Wil1 n0t be very noticeable the first season
At the close of the first season the larva or borer which is as
yet only halfgrown goes to the lowest part of the burrow and
remains quiet during the winter The second year of the bo
rer s life is passed in the sapwood but it does not confine its
work to a small area but may go around a small tree cbm
pletely girdling it Where more than one borer is present in a
a tree this is often the result The second winter is also passed
m the lowest part of the burrow Three years are required for
the borer to attain full size The third season of a borers ex
istence finds him boring into the heart of the wocd and in the
case of a small tree the channel may extend nearly or quite to
he opposite side The borer attains its full development the
third year and after boring into the heart of the tree the chan
nel through which it entered is closed with sawdust like cast
gLa noter opening is gnawed out through which the
adult beetle will escape the following spring In this latter
channel the larva passes the third aud last winter of its life
and in the spring the complete change to adult takes place and
there emerges the beautiful beetle already described ready to
deposit eggs for the next generationBULLETIN NO 41
475
When a borer is present in a tree the only remedy is to dig
him out with a sharp knife This should be done during Au
gust and September Knowing the life history it is evident
that borers should be removed every year in order to get them
while still in the first seasons development If any have gone
into the heart of the tree a wire may be thrust in and worked
around in the opening When examining the trees for borers
look for discolored patches of bark which if pressed with the
anger will be found hollow underneath Oftentimes there will
be an exudation of sap with some of the sawdust intermingled
showing that the larva is working underneath The sap or
gum however does not often come out in great quantities as
with the peachtree borer
Besides apple the roundheaded borer may also infest pear
quince juneberry native crabs ash and probably other trees
THE FEATHEADED BORER
Chrysobothrisfemorata j
The adult flatheaded borer is a beetle about onehalf inch in
length body flattened and oblong tapering somewhat toward
the posterior end The color is greenish black with bronze
reflections the legs shine like burnished gold and the feet are
shining green About the life history of the flatheaded borer
but little need be said only that it is supposed to complete its
transformation in a single year From eggs that are laid this
summer adult beetles will develop to emerge next spring The
remedy is the same as for the roundheaded borer and should
be attended to at the same time i e August and September
Aside from the knife remedy the trees may be protected by
a coat of whitewash or a thick alkali soap solution A still
better plan would be to wrap the trees to a height of eighteen
inches with thick brown paper tied firmly and pressed into the
cracks so that no insect can crawl up underneath Dirt should
be piled around the lower end of the band Whitewash may
be applied above the band Whatever is used as a protection
must be applied as early as May 1st to be thoroughly effective
If paper is used it may be removed after the 1st of August
This exterior covering of the trunk serves only to discourage
the female in the deposition of eggs476 GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
THE CORDING MOTH
Carpocapsa pomonella
Ti7TSS is ne f the enemies that has come to us from the Old
World and has now spread to nearly all parts of the United
States where apples are grown A large per cent of the
wormy apples are caused by the larva of this moth The
adult moth is a most beautiful insect but on account of
its small size is seldom seen The moth appears in the spring
about the time the appletrees are in bloom and eggs are de
posited on the young apples usually close to the blossom end
lie eggs hatch in from four to ten days into minute worms
There are a variety of opinions as to how the little larva first
enters the apple but it is known that a majority crawl into the
blossom and then burrow into the flesh of the apple Many of
the infested apples drop before attaining half size and if so the
larva continue to feed in the fallen apples until grown when
they burrow out and spin cocoons in some protected place under
loose bark or m some rubbish Frequently the infested apple
will not drop and then the larva when full grown crawls out
and down the trunk until it finds a suitable place to spin a co
coon Knowledge of this habit is important when looking for
some remedy or means of control
Remedies
Spraying with some arsenical poison has proved to be profit
able but this must be done at the proper time or it will be of
littleservice This time is just after the petals have fallen while
the calyx end of the apple is wide open At this time also it
will be noticed that the apples all stand erect in such a way
that a drop of water or spray mixture will be held as in a cup
Thus the first meal that the little larva gets will be a poisoned
one and as most of the larvae enter the blossom end they will
never live to enter the apple This poison spray is best ap
plied in the form of Bordeaux mixture 4650 i e 4 pounds
oi Milestone and 6 pounds of quicklime in 50 gallons of water
with the addition of 6 ounces paris green to each barrel of
Bordeaux The Bordeaux sticks better than paris green water
and also acts as a fungicide and hence is of double value
Taking advantage of the habit of the larva after leaving the
apple of crawling down the trunk to find a sheltered place in
which to spin cocoons we have a simple method of trapping theBULLETIN NO 41
47 T
larvae by putting bands around the tree For this purpose
strips of burlap old sacks or brown paper may be used These
bands should be four or five inches wide and held in place by
stout twine Place one band on the trunk and one on each
main limb These bands should be put in place within three
weeks after the blooming period and examined every ten days
and the larvse or pupae in the cocoons destroyed The cocoons
will be readily found as they are white in color although only
half inch long The bands must be examined at least every ten
days or some adults may escape and this is just what we wish
to prevent478
GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
CROP REPORTS
We have selected for this compilation two specimen crop re
ports
MAY CROP REPORT ISSUED JUNE 15 I9O3
The crop report of the Georgia Department of Agriculture
issued June 15 1903 shows the acreage of the principal crops
and their condition and prospects up to June 1st as near as can be
ascertained from the answers to 1500 letters sent out in May to
reliable persons in different sections of every county in Georgia
these answers being returned the 1st and 5th of June As is well
known the cool weather rains and very late spring so retarded
planting that every crop was late Just so soon as the weather
permitted the farmers with energy and pluck so characteristic of
the people of our State went to work with a determined effort to
offset by diligent labor the backwardness of the season which
was late from ten to thirty days varying in different sections
The greater part of May was very favorable and to some extent
counteracted the unfavorable conditions which at first prevailed
The last ten days have been so wet as to set the crop back again
somewhat but favorable weather from now on may yet crown
the labor of our farmers with abundant harvests
As will be noticed from the details which follow this is the
most exhaustive report that we have sent out from this depart
ment Answers were received to a large majority of the circulars
sent out averaging from five to fourteen from each county
After making a careful tabulation and accurate average of nearly
sixty thousand answers to questions sent out from this depart
ment we submit the following result
CORN
Acreage compared to last year Condition and prospect
Southern section J4 gEMSg
Average for State 99 87 M days late
Acreage for State June 14 1902 84 per cent condition and
prospect for State 1902 yy per centCROP REPORTS 1903
479
OATS
Condlti n and Per cent of erop now
Acreage compared to last year Prospect standing sown last fall
Northern section89 percent 91 percent 25 per cent
Middle section 95 98 63
Southern section 101 91 61
Average for State 95 93
Acreage for State June 14 1902 84 per cent for State 1902
77 per cent
WHEAT
Condition and prospect Condition and prospect
Acreage compared to last year compared to last year compared to anaverage
Northern section97 percent 91 percent 82 percent
Middle section 92 89 82
Southern section 81 94 87
Average for State 90 91 83
Acreage for State June 14 1902 87 per cent condition and
prospect June 14 1902 69 per cent
COTTON
Per cent of acreage Per cent of condition Per cent of amount of f ertiliz
compared to 1902 and prospect er used on cotton as compared
Northern sectionl04 per cent Planted 14 days late 86 pr ct 102 Der cent
Middle section102 Planted 17 days late 82 pr ct 106
Southernsectionl03 Planted 15 days late 82 pr ct 106
Average for State 103 Planted 15 days late 83 pr ct 105
Acreage for State June 14 1902 96 per cent condition and
prospect for State June 14 1902 100 per cent Of the fertil
izer used on cotton in 1903 the commercial fertilizer was 86 per
cent the homeraised manure 14 per cent
SUGARCANE
Average per cent compared to last year Per cent of stand compared to an average
Northern section 9U per cent 95 per cent
Middle section 92 91
Southern section 75 111
Average for State 88 99
Acreage for State June 14 1902 91 per cent condition and
prospect 1902 96 per cent
RICE
Average in low land rice compared to last Average in upland rice Condition and
year compared to last year prospect
Northern section 100 per cent 100 per cent 70 per cent
Middle section 95 91 95
Southern section 89 90 91
Average for State94 94 85
Average forState June
141902 87 90 93480
GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
SORGHUM
Area compared to last year
Northern section 97 per cent
Middle section 101
Southern section 103
Condition and prospect compared to last year
98 per cent
05
94
Average for State 100 96
Average for State June 14 1902 Acreage 99 per cent condi
tion and prospect 96 per cent
CEOVER AND GRASSES
Area compared to last year Condition and prospect compared to last year
Northern section 9S per cent 101 per cent
Middle section 102 103
Southern section 95 71
Average for State 95 91
Average for State June 14 1902 Acreage 102 per cent condi
tion and prospect 97 per cent
FRUIT
Peaches
Per cent of full crop now
indicated
Northern section 20 percent
Middle section 30
Southern section 38
Apples Pears Grapes
40 percent 37 percent 83 er cent
44 39 90
35 36 87
Average for State
29
40
37
87
The number of peachtrees in commercial orchards is reported
as follows 7429000 in the northern section 3047000 in the
middle section 6251000 in the Southern section making a grand
total of 16727000 Probably not more than 60 per cent of
these have reached bearing age The number of apple trees is
reported as follows 2032750 in the northern section 81200 in
the middle section 200500 in the southern section the total
being 2314450 The number of pear trees reported is as fol
lows 74500 for the northern section 55300 for the middle
section 185000 for the southern section making a total of 314
800 The number of acres reported in vineyards is for the
northern section 7272 for the middle section 2767 for the
southern section 2217 making a total of 12156 The acres in
berries are for the northern section 1612 for the middle sec
tion 938 for the southern section 649 being a total of3i99
The amount of berries sold this year as compared to last year is
for the northern section 113 per cent for the middle sectionCROP REPORTS 1903
481
101 per cent for the southern section 98 per cent making an
average for the whole of 104 per cent Five hundred of the
1500 reports sent out were mailed to the commercial fruitgrow
ers of our State
STOCK
Condition of sheep compared to an average
Northern section 95 per cent
Middle section
Southern section
95
93
Condition of work stock
compared to an average
98 per cent
91
93
94
Stock of hogs com
pared to last year
91 per cent
91
93
92
Average for State 94
Blindstaggers and cholera are the diseases reported as affect
ing stock and most of these diseases are chargeable to damaged
western corn The moral is Raise your own corn and hay and
remove this complaint
s 0 0 10 03 Is B ft ft ft D OS ft CO 0 0 0 is 5 ED bC 03 O 05 Bi be o3 o3 0 fc 0 CrJ 0 a 0 t SH pi 0 Q B c 11 0 W 3 c3 s CLl Wages with board paid full hand u ft c u 0 0 a O Credit price of corn per bushel Corn purchased compared to last year 0 Li 05 ft B 0 a u tJ 0 M W 3 2 03 l0 03 W
Northern section Middle section Southern section 86 87 66 79 104 106 104 19 25 38 31 41 39 50 34 23 10 50 9 50 10 80 72 cts 74 cts 80 cts 91 cts 94 cts 101 cts 98 115 106 96 101 103
Average for State 105 28 37 35 10 25t 75 cts 95 cts 106 100
31 a b482
GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
GEORGIA CROP REPORT
September 24 1903
The crop report of the Georgia Department of Agriculture is
sued September 24 1903 and based on the answers to nearly
1000 letters sent to reliable persons in different sections of every
county in the State shows the condition and prospect of our prin
cipal crops up to the middle of the current month
The report shows a deterioration in the prospects of some of
the crops especially cotton
Everything was set back by the late spring and when the pros
pect seemed good for a rally from the early unfavorable condi
tions a longcontinued drouth set in which was at last broken
by chilling ams that did much damage especially to cotton
Rust also has appeared in some sections and in many in
stances the boll worm and caterpillar have made serious inroad
Hay and rice that had not been housed suffered considerable
damage
The present condition and prospect of the various crops as
compared to last June is as follows
COTTON
June 15 Sept 24
srnfion3 c
Mddje section82 p c 68 p c
Southern section8 J
For entire State g ft c
It is estimated that the entire crop will be about 19 per cent
less than last years crop
CORN
June 15
Northern section Qr D c
Middle section82 p c
Southern section 84 p c
For entire State 87 p c
Sept 24
1903
85 P c
82 p C
90 p c
86 p cCROP REPORTS 1903
483
RICE
June 15 Sept 24
1903 1903
Northern section70 p c No rpt
Middle section 96 p c 95 p c
Southern section91 p c 87 p c
For entire State85 p c 91 p c
Rice shows a considerable increase
SUGARCANE
June 15 Sept 24
1903 1903
For entire State96 p c 85 p c
The forage crops of the State show a condition and prospect
of 85 per cent as compared with 97 per cent on June 15 1903
The condition of live stock for the State shows 93 per cent
as compared with 94 per cent last June
For sweet potatoes tobacco cowpeas and groundpeas there
was no report last June The condition and prospects of these
crops on September 24 1903 are reported as follows
SWEET POTATOES
Northern section75 per cent
Middle section80 per cent
Southern section82 per cent
Fntire State79 per cent
TOBACCO
Northern section 84 per cent
Middle section96 per cent
Southern section82 per cent
Entire State87 per cent
COWPEAS
Northern section72 per cent
Middle section74 per cent
Southern section86 per cent
Entire State J per cent
GROUNDPEAS
Northern section74 per cent
Middle section83 per cent
Southern section88 per cent
Entire State82 per cent
Cotton appears to be the greatest sufferer There is a very
slim chance for improvement in this crop
Corn is doing fairly well and so is sugarcane Corn on bot
tom lands is good In some sections poor on uplands
Rice seems to be holding its own better than any other crop

DATE DUE
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