THE LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF GEORGIACrA lxfSELECTIONS FROM THE Annual Fertilizer Bulletins Georgia Department of Agriculture 1898 to 1904 HON O B STEVENS Commissioner of Agriculture He that maketh two ears of corn or two Wades of grass to grow upon a spot of ground where only one grew before deserves better of mankind and does more essential service to his country than the whole race of politicians put togetherDean Swift ATLANTA GA Geo W Harrison State Printer The Franklin Printing and Publishing Company 19C6MAR 6 1945INTRODUCTION The Georgia Department of Agriculture during the past seven years has published no annual but instead saved its money for the purpose of publishing and sending out a mass of information concerning all the industries of the State the growth of its cities towns railroads manufacturing commercial and agricultural enterprises About 10000 copies of Georgia Historical and Industrial and 4000 copies of Georgias Resources and Advantages have been distributed throughout the United States with no cost to the recipients except for express or mail charges The Depart ment has also sent out every year from twenty to twentyfive thousand copies of the annual fertilizer bulletins several thousand of the administrative reports and many monthly talks In the present volume we present our annual bulletins from 1898 to 1904 including but once any matter that is contained in more than one annual fertilizer bulletin It will be noticed that bulletin 37 in this volume is not like the others a fertilizer bulletin being the only exception to our since adopted rule of numbering all bulletins on other subjects than those treated in the fertilizer bulletin as additions to said bulletin as for instance after bulletin 41 additional ones between that and bulletin 42 were called Bulletin 41a Bulletin 4H tc Georgia Department oe AgricultureFrom Bulletin Georgia Department of Agriculture SERIAL No 35 SEASON J898J899 INFORMATION IN REGARD TO COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS AND CHEMICALS AND ILLUMINATING OILS UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF O B STEVENS Commissioner of Agriculture of the State of Georgia Z JNO M McCANDLESS State Chemist P L HUTCHINSON First Assistant State Chemist R G WILLIAMS Second Assistant State Chemist Tfl5THE LAW GOVERNING THE INSPECTION OF TILIZERS AND FERTILIZER MATERIAL For the convenience of both manufacturer and consumer the law regulating the sale of Commercial Fertilizers passed and ap proved October 9 1891 is given in full below AN ACT To amend and consolidate the laws governing the inspection analysis and sale of commercial fertilizers chemicals and cot tonseed meal in the State of Georgia and to repeal all other laws and parts of laws in conflict therewith and for other purposes Section I Be it enacted by the General Assembly of the State of Georgia That all manufacturers of or dealers in commercial fertilizers or chemicals or cottonseed meal to be used in manu facturing the same who may desire to sell or offer for sale in the State of Georgia such fertilizers chemicals or cottonseed meal shall first file with the Commissioner of Agriculture of the State of Georgia the name of each brand of fertilizers or chemi cals which he or they may desire to sell in said State either by themselves or their agents together with the name of the manu facturer the place where manufactured and also the guaranteed analysisthereof and if the same fertilizer is sold under different names said fact shall be so stated and the different brands that are identical shall be named SEC II Be it further enacted That all fertilizers or chenncals for manufacturing the same and all cottonseed meal offered for sale or distribution in this State shall have branded upon or at tached to each bag barrel or package the guaranteed analysis thereof showing the percentage of valuable elements or ingre dients such fertilizers or chemicals contain embracing the foil own ing determinations Moisture at 212 deg Fahper cent Insoluble phosphoric acidper cent Available phosphoric acidper cent Ammonia actual and potentialper cent Potash K2Oper cent8 GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE The analysis so placed upon or attached to said fertilizer or chemical shall be a guarantee by the manufacturer agent or per son offering the same for sale that it contains substantially the ingredients indicated thereby in the percentages named therein and said guarantee shall be binding on said manufacturer agent or dealer and may be pleaded in any action or suit at law to show total or partial failure of consideration in the contract for the sale of said fertilizer chemical or cottonseed meal Sec III Be it further enacted That it shall be the duty of the Commissioner of Agriculture to forbid the sale of either of the following Any acid phosphate which contains less than ten per centum of available phosphoric acid any acid phosphate with potash which contains a sum total of less than ten per centum of available phosphoric acid and potash when the per cents of the two are added together any acid phosphate with ammonia which contains a sum total of less than ten per centum of available phosphoric acid and ammonia when the per cents of the two are added together any acid phosphate with ammonia and potash which contains a sum total of less than ten per centum of avail able phosphoric acid ammonia and potash when the per cents of the three are added together that no brands shall be sold as ammoniated superphosphates unless said brands contain 2 per cent or more of ammonia And also to forbid the sale of all cottonseed meal which is shown by official analysis to contain less than 7 per cent of ammonia Nothing in this Act shall be construed to nullify any of the requirements of an Act entitled an Act to require the inspection and analysis of cottonseed meal Sec IV Be it further enacted That all persons or firms who may desire or intend to sell fertilizers chemicals or cottonseed meal in this State shall forward to the Commissioner of Agricul ture a printed or a plainly written request for tags therefor stating the name of the brand the name of the manufacturer the place where manufactured the number of tons of each brand and the number of tags required and the person or persons to whom the same is consigned the guaranteed analysis also the number of pounds contained in each bag barrel or pack age in which said fertilizer chemical or cottonseedmeal is put up and shall at the time of said request for tags for ward directly to the Commissioner of Agriculture the sum of ten cents per ton as an inspection fee whereupon it shall be the duty of the Commissioner of Agriculture to issue tags to parties so applying who shall attach a tag to each bag barrel or package BULLETIN NO 35 9 thereof which when attached to said bag barrel or package shall be prima facie evidence that the seller has complied with the requirements of this Act Any tags left in possession of the manufacturer or dealer at the end of the season shall not be used for another season nor shall they be redeemable by the De partment of Agriculture Sec V Be it further enacted That it shall not be lawful for any person firm or corporation either by themselves or their agents to sell or offer for sale in this State any fertilizer chemi icals or cottonseed meal without first registering the same with the Commissioner of Agriculture as required by this Act and the fact that the purchaser waives the inspection and analysis thereof shall be no protection to said party so selling or offering the same for sale Sec VI Be it further enacted That the Commissioner of Agriculture shall appoint twelve inspectors of fertilizers or so many inspectors as in said Commissioners judgment may be necessary who shall hold their offices for such terms as said Commissioner of Agriculture shall in his judgment think best for carrying out the provisions of this Act The greatest com pensation that any one inspector of fertilizers shall receive shall be at the rate of one hundred dollars per month and his actual expenses while in the discharge of his duty as such inspector It shall be his duty to inspect all fertilizers chemicals or cottonseed meal that may be found at any point within the limits of this State and go to any point when so directed by the Commissioner of Agriculture and shall see that all fertilizers chemicals or cot tonseed meal are properly tagged Sec VII Be it further enacted That each inspector of fertil izers shall be provided with bottles in which to place samples of fertilizers chemicals or cottonseed meal drawn by him and shall also be provided with leaden tags numbered in duplicate from one upward and it shall be the duty of each inspector of fertilizers to draw a sample of all fertilizers chemicals and cottonseed meal that he may be requested to inspect or that he may find unin spected and he shall fill two sample bottles with each brand and place one leaden tag of same number in each sample bottle and shall plainly write on a label on said bottles the number corre sponding to the number on said leaden tags in said bottles and shall also write on the label on one of said bottles the name of the fertilizer chemical or cottonseed meal inspected the name of the manufacturer the place where manufactured the place where10 GEORGIA DEPARTMENT Of AGRICULTURE inspected the date of inspection and the name of the inspector and shall send or cause to be sent to the Commissioner of Agri culture the sample so drawn by him annexed to a full report of said inspection written on the form prescribed by said Commis sioner of Agriculture which report must be numbered to corre spond with the number on said sample bottles and number on the leaden tags placed therein and it shall also be the duty of said inspectors of fertilizers to keep a complete record of all inspections made by them on forms prescribed by said Commissioner of Agriculture Before entering upon the discharge of their duties they shall take and subscribe before some officer authorized to administer the same an oath faithfully to discharge all the duties which may be required of them in pursuance of this Act SEC VIII Be it further enacted That the Commissioner of Agriculture shall have the authority to establish such rules and regulations in regard to the inspection analysis and sale of fer tilizers chemicals and cottonseed meal not inconsistent with the provisions of this Act as in his judgment will best carry out the requirements thereof SEC IX Be it further enacted That it shall be the duty of the Commissioner of Agriculture to keep a correct account of all money received from the inspection of fertilizers and to pay the same into the treasury after paying out of said sum the expenses and salaries of inspectors and for the tags and bottles used in making such inspections Sec X Be it further enacted That all contracts for the sale of fertilizers or chemicals in the State of Georgia made in any other manner than as required by this Act shall be absolutely void provided that nothing in this Act shall be construed to restrict or avoid sales of acid phosphate kainit or other fertilizer material in bulk to each other by importers manufacturers or manipulators who mix fertilizer material for sale or as preventing the free and unrestric x shipment of these articles in bulk to manufacturers or manipulators who mix fertilizer material for sale SEC XI Be it further enacted That any person selling or offering for sale any fertilizer or chemicals without having first complied with the provisions of this Act shall be guilty of a mis demeanor and on conviction thereof shall be punished as pre scribed in section 4310 of the Code of Georgia Sec XII Be it further enacted That all laws and parts of laws in conflict with this Act be and the same are hereby re pealedBULLETIN NO 35 ll FORMAL REQUEST FOR REGISTRATION ToOB STEVENS Commissioner of Agriculture Atlanta Gar You are hereby requested to register for sale and distribution in the State of Georgiamanufactured by at THE FOLLOWING IS THE GUARANTEED ANALYSIS OE THE BRAND Moisture at 202 deg Fahper cent Insoluble phosphoric acidper cent Available phosphoric acidper cent Ammonia actual and potentialper cent Potash K2Oper cent The ammonia is in the form of Nitrate of soda has been used in the manufacture of this brand Theis put up inof lbs each It is identical with In consideration of being allowed to sell and distribute the above brand before the official analysis thereof is made agree and bindt cancel all sales thereof and forfeit all claims for purchase money therefor if after the official analysis is made the Commissioner of Agriculture shall prohibit its sale in accordance with law 2 Under section IV relating to requests for tags in order that no delay may occur in shipments the manufacturer or dealer need not notify the Department at the time of the request for tags of the name of the purchaser or consignee but must notify the Com missioner in writing of every sale or consignment or the day in which the same is made This notice must distinctly state the brand of the fertilizer or the name of the chemical or fertilizer material and the number of tons together with the name of the purchaser or consignee and their places of residence It must re quest inspection and contain an agreement to cancel all sales12 GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE thereof in the event the Commissioner shall prohibit its sale in accordance with law The following form may be used substan tial compliance with the above rule being regarded as sufficient NOTICE OF SALES AND CONSIGNMENTS AND RE QUEST FOR INSPECTION 189 To 0 B Stevens Commissioner of Agriculture Atlanta Ga You are hereby notified thathave this day made the following sales and consignments and request that the same be inspected T3 a 0 fl ri c S 5 a pq H M 3 s 5 s d 0 B O 0 O 0 3 M 3 53 p 0 O cd fc la In consideration of being allowed to sell and distribute the above before the official analysis thereof is made agree and bindto cancel all sales thereof and forfeit all claim for purchase money thereof if after the official analysis is made the Commissioner of Agriculture shall prohibit its sale in accordance with the law Manufacturers and dealers by this rule are not required to de lay shipment in order that the inspection may be made but are re quired to see that their goods are properly tagged the inspection being made while the fertilizer or fertilizer material is in the hands of the purchaser or consignee 3 All orders for tags must be sent direct to this department and the request must be accompanied with the fees for inspection at the rate of ten cents per ton for the fertilizer or fertilizer ma terial on which they are to be used Manufacturers and dealers or their agents may request tags in such quantities as they see fit but each request must state dis tinctly the brand or brands on which they are to be used with the number of tons of the brands or of each of said brands It is not necessary that the fertilizer or fertlizer material be actually on hand atthe time the request is made but manufacBULLETIN NO 35 13 turers or dealers can order such a number of tags as they may need during the season bearing in mind that no tags carried over will be redeemed by the department In the event that more tags are ordered for any brand than it is ascertained can be used on the sales and consignments of that brand by proper notice with the consent of the Commissioner the tags can be used on another brand put up in packages or sacks of the same weight and sold or consigned the same season 4 If a fertilizer be offered for registration inspection or sale branded as either of the following Ammoniated Superphosphate Ammoniated Dissolved Bone Ammoniated Guano Guano Fertilizer or other words implying that the same is an ammoniated super phosphate the guaranteed analysis must claim that it contains not less than two per cent of ammonia actual or potential 5 That part of section III excepting from the operation of the Act an Act to require the inspection and analysis of cottonseed meal leaves the inspection of that article under the Calvin bill which requires that all cottonseed meal for whatever purpose used be inspected It is therefore necessary and is required that a request for inspection be sent to the Commissioner and that the inspection be made in the hands ef the manufacturer dealer or their agent or if shipped in the State at some convenient point before the meal is sold or distributed In all cases fees will be sent direct to the Commissioner who will immediately order the nearest inspector to make the inspection CALVIN BILL COTTONSEED MEAL A bill to be entitled an Act to require all cottonseed meal to be subjected to analysis and inspection as a condition precedent to being offered for sale and to forbid the sale in this State of such cottonseed meal if it be shown by the official analysis that the same contains less than yz per centum of ammonia to prescribe a penalty for the violation of the provisions of this Act and for other purposes14 GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OE AGRICULTURE Section I Be it enacted by the General Assembly of Georgia and it is hereby enacted by the authority of the same That from f the passage of this Act it shall not be lawful for any Srson or persons to offer for sale in this State anycotouted meaT until the same shall have been duly analyzed by the State Semis and Inspected as now required by law in the matter of all Te tlizers and chemicals for manufacturing or composting all term izerid cottonseed meal SSe in thi iSe f it be shown by the official analysis that the nntins less than 7V2 per centum of ammonia provided that tle pro sions o Susie as to the per centum mentioned in his s ction S not apply to meal manufactured from seaisland coSon seed but the Commissioner of Agriculture shall upon Ae passage of this Act fix and make public a minimum per centum which shall control as to the cottonseed meal referred to mltooroviso provided further that if any cottonseed meal shul i o analyze up to the required per centum of ammonia same may be Offered for sale as secondclass mea provided the analysis be made known to the purchaser and stamped on the SaSc II Be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid That there shall be branded upon or attached to each sack barre o nackaee of cottonseedmeal offered for sale in this State the true analysis as determined by the State Chemist and the number of oounds net in each sack barrel or package P Sec HI Be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid That it shall be the duty of the Commissioner of Agriculture to take all steps necessaryto make effective the provisions of sections i iVit further enacted by the authority aforesaid That anv person or persons violating the provisions of this Act shall beydeeme0d guilty of a misdemeanor and on conviction shall be nunished as prescribed in section 4310 of the Code of 1882 P Sec V Be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid That all laws and parts of laws in conflict with this Act be and the same are hereby repealed Approved July 22 1891BULLETIN NO 35 BLALOCK BILL 15 COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERSHOW BRANDED AND GRADED No 358 An Act to prescribe three grades of complete commercial fertiliz ers for the branding of the same upon each sack or package of fertilizers and for other purposes Section 1 Be it enacted by the General Assembly of Georgia That from and after the passage of this Act it shall be unlawful to sell any complete commercial fertilizer in this State unless the grade of same is branded upon each sack or package thereof in letters of not less than one inch SEC 2 Be it further enacted That the grades of such fertil izers shall be divided into three to wit High grade which shall contain not less than fourteen per cent of plant food Standard grade which shall containnot less than twelve per cent of plant food and Low grade which shall contain not less than ten per cent of plant food provided this Act shall not go into effect until after the first day of August 1898 Sec 3 Be it further enacted That a failure to comply with the requirements of this Act shall subject the seller thereof to all the pains and penalties now of force for failure to have fertil izers properly inspected Sec 4 Be it further enacted That all laws and parts of laws in conflict with this Act be and the same are hereby repealed Approved December 21 1897 COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS HOW BRANDED ETC No 170 An Act to amend section 1 of an Act entitled An Act to prescribe three grades of complete commercial fertilizers for the brand ing of the same upon each sack or package of fertilizers and for other purposes so as to make it unlawful to sell any commer cial fertilizers in this State unless the grade of the same is branded upon each sack or package thereof in letters not less than one inch16 GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Section i Be it enacted by the General Assembly of Georgia That from and after the passage of this Act the above recited section be and same is hereby amended by striking from the third line of said section the word complete so that when amended said section shall read as follows Be it enacted by the General Assembly of Georgia That from and after the passage of this Act it shall be unlawful to sell any commercial fertilizers in this State unless the grade of same is branded upon each sack or package thereof in letters not less than one inch provided that this Act shall not be construed as applying to cottonseed meal and German kainit and muriate of potash and that said Act shall not go into effect until the first day of August 1899 Sec 2 Be it further enacted That all laws and parts of laws in conflict with this Act be and the same are hereby repealed Approved December 22 1898 REMARKS BY THE COMMISSIONER The efforts of the Department of Agriculture have been directed mainly to promoting an improved and increased production in the different branches of agriculture that go to sustain and sup port the farmer Assuming that everything used on the farm should be raised at home so far as our principal crops are con cerned it is only relative production that the department seeks to stimulate that is to say that increase in production which is not accompanied by any corresponding investment or other addi tional expense and the effort of which is simply to increase the farmers profits by reducing the cost of production To this end and that of creating a better demand and better market for our home products all the energies of this department shall be di rected We must abandon credit prices and reduce our farms to where we can run them on a cash basis It is a fact that the products sold by the farmers are disposed of at the lowest price and what he buys is bought at the highest price This has always been so and by the laws of trade and commerce will continue to be so OUR LANDS Rotation means to raise crops that barring accidents each suc ceeding crop shall be as good as the first without doing the landBULLETIN NO 35 17 harm How First by using good judgment in selecting such crops as are suitable to the soil Second by using fertilizers to supply the soil with plant food suitable for the crops to be raised Third by working year after year with manures drain age irrigation terracing plowing deep on red lands harrowing rolling always having in view a purpose to make the land better and better crops are sure to follow Do not wait until your land is run down but commence at once We have men with limited means who have bought land on credit who at some time expect to own their homes clear of debt Speaking then especially to this class of men I would say you require strong arms and brave hearts industry that makes every day count for some progress economy that puts every hour of work and every penny earned where it will help provide for the family improve the farm or lift the mortgage Do not think yourself a poor man if you have health The man who continually bemoans his condition is lost in the struggle Preachers tell us we are saved by faith but the Scriptures teach us we are saved by hope You will find that you need both I speak to you from experience But with these quali ties any man may select a piece of good farming land with its rich clay soil and feel confident of paying for it STOCK The practical farmer who makes farming a success will keep all the stock he can maintain Stock of every variety should be kept but only the improved breeds To be sure of good milch cows on the dairy farm save the heifers of the best cows bred to a sire from a good milk and butter producing family It costs a trifle more to produce a pound of pork than it does to produce a pound of beef but there is this much to be said in favor of hogs they will grow and multiply more rapidly than any other domestic animal Hogs sold or slaughtered before they reach two hun dred pounds as a rule pay the producer best Land will produce more food and support more stock if none of it is used for pas turage With the present price of farm products and cost of labor however a large reliance on pasturing is necessary but there ought to be some provision made on every farm for addi tional food for stock when the pastures get short in summer For this purpose sown or drilled corn sorghum millet peas popcorn and such other forage as you can grow should be planted 2b18 GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE XNDUSTRIAL EDUCATION OF OUR CHILDREN Instruction is not always education Neither does knowledge of fS7a wavs render an individuals faculties available The doething useful enlarges life and happiness assure as booklearning is useful to increase ones store offarts Muse s fA he ifmiSd mental training received from the schools by the aver individual Unequal development in plant or animal life fads ver fos rh m the essentials of an upright character and a SS53S3 STpNtate University To love work to have the habit of in dustfv and to find pleasure in work thoroughly well done means sucels hapmness and a useful career Again activity is the law of a usefuf life and by fttS without ttfsrj trs the sane ty of the home and the nobility of womans missiori w 1 neith sustain life nor relieve the weary round of domestic affairs which dailv grows more complex and disheartening Waees syhfink and wants increase Whence shall come relief OnTy by such education of our youth as will enable thel tomak evey dollar earned bring its full measure of valuetthe en lightened and skilled wageearner More knowledge and better foodTn the home means more vigor and courage in the word of industrymeans less sickness and less enforced idleness Out ot industry comfortable homes can our people Tien StfStS e ignorance and give then industral educatonBULLETIN NO 35 19 DEBT An illustration of the depressing financial condition which pre vails in Georgia today is the mortgaging of farm lands and bring ing the farmer into bondage to the Eastern moneylenders Every town has its loan agents and the work goes briskly on The mortgage is the bulldog of obligation it is the heaviest thing of its size known to mankind Georgia gathers from her fields 3 000000 each year and sends it away to liquidate the interest ac count of the mortgages which cover a large area of the farming lands in this State and year after year this drain deepens and in creases Where will the end be A contented rural population is not only a measure of strength and an assurance of peace but a resource of courage and bravery when war is upon us The country districts have been the nursery of the public men who have made this country great Washington was born in the country Jefferson and Henry Clay were farmers Webster dreamed amidst the solitude of the forest Our own Ben Hill walked between the plowhandles Gov Brown gathered the golden grain from the wheat fields Alexander Stephens found immortality under the trees of his country home Cobb Toombs and Calhoun were country gentlemen and statesmen The char acter of almost every man in history was formed in the leisure and deliberation of village or country life Let the farmers in simple thrift and economy make their homes independent Let them in frugal industry make themselves sustaining In sacrifice and denial let us keep free from debt and obligations Let us make them homes of refinement in which we shall teach our daughters that modesty patience and gentleness are the chief charm of woman Let us make them temples of liberty and teach our sons that an honest conscience is every mans political law that his sovereignty rests beneath his hat and that no spendthrift can rob him and no force justify the surrender of the simplest right of a free and independent citizen We are placed in this world for but one purpose That purpose is progress and to us is delegated the duty to improve and develop the children God has given us The child of the present is the citizen of the future The children of today will fill the positions of trust in State and church and will fill also the prisons and penitentiaries It rests with us there fore which place our children will occupy for the social purity of the future depends largely upon the training of today It is a responsibility which we as parents can not avoid It can not20 GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE be transferred Parents should know the J boys mothers should be more companionable with their daugh ters and guard carefully their social intimacies and environment Bv foUovSig this plan much needless sorrow and many painful heartaches may be avoided and when on that last great day we sha 1 be calledto stand before the Judge of all the earth and the question is askedWhere are the jewels entrusted to your keep ing we may be able to answer Lord all are here O B Stevens Commissioner REPORT OF THE STATE CHEMIST Atlanta Ga July 29 1899 Hon 0 B Stevens Commissioner of Agriculture of Georgia FERTILIZERS Dear Sir The season of 18981899 now ending has furn ished a period of steady and continuous labor to the workers m the chemical division of the Department We have made during the season fortyfive hundred and eighteen determinations in cluding the necessary revisions and repetitions Although the number of tons of fertilizers sold in the State during the season has fallen from 424081 in 189798 the number of brands in spected and analyzed has only been reduced from 843 m the pre vious season to 779 in the present season The work has con sisted as is usual of analyses of guanos or complete fertilizers containing two per cent or more of ammonia of plain acid phos phates of acid phosphates with potash also of acid phosphates with ammonia and potash but containing less than two per cent of ammonia also analyses of cottonseed meals and of potash saUs kainit and muriate of potash all of which will be found in the accompanying table of analyses Although the price of phosphate rock has advanced materially during the season I have allowed the relative commercial value to remain at the same figure as last year I have however made an innovation in the usual practice of the Department and have assigned to the insoluble or acid soluble phosphoric acid the comBULLETIN NO 35 21 mercial value to which it is entitled viz ten cents per unit It cost at the time the value was assigned very close to that figure at the mine Additional value is given to it by the cost of freight and pul verizing I therefore think it only just to assign to it at least a portion of its commercial value more particularly as it has an unquestionable agricultural value very slowly becoming available in the soil though of course not comparing in this respect with the available phosphoric acid It has hitherto been the practice to assign to it no value whatever The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station assigns to insoluble phosphoric acid in mixed fertilizers sold in that State a value of two cents per pound or forty cents a unit SPECIAL SAMPLES In addition to the regular samples taken by the inspectors we have made a number of analyses of special samples these being samples taken by the inspectors at the special request of farmers of goods already bought by them I think sir you are to be con gratulated upon having accomplished in a quick and satisfactory manner by this plan what is accomplished in a slow and bungling way under the operation of the Ellington bill Under the latter the farmer who is suspicious of his fertilizer has it analyzed after the crop season is gone and his crop has failed Under your plan the farmer who is suspicious of his fer tilizer has a special analysis made for him and learns the value of his fertilizer before he puts it in the ground The samples this year were unusually late in coming in it being February 1st before the regular inspectors samples began to come in Con sidering the late start and the delays incident to the unusual amount of work done in the laboratory this spring and summer on illuminating oils sold in this State it must be allowed that we have accomplished the seasons work in remarkably good time SUGGESTIONS FOR NEXT SEASON Of suggestions for the next season I have only two to offer 1 st That the bottles supplied to the inspectors for taking sam ples of fertilizers should be of at least treble the capacity of those found in stock which have been in use the past season 2d That you appoint at least one InspectorGeneral of Fer tilizers for the entire State a man of experience judgment and capacity whose duty it shall be to instruct the local inspectors in22 GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE the art of taking fair correct and impartial samples of mixed fertilizers wherever found The taking of a fair and correct sample of a goods made from three or four materials of widely differing relative weights requires more of judgment thought and painstaking care than at first sight might appear Such re forms the necessity for which could only be discovered after actual experience would serve to protect both the consumer and the manufacturer It would be highly desirable if the great volume of fertilizer analysis could in some way be reduced as for instance by the method already suggested by you a reduction in the annually increasing numbers of brands put upon the market many of which represent the same goods under different names As to the advisability and the means for attaining such reduction I leave the same to your wisdom and discretion but will give you some of the reasons why it seems to me highly desirable In the first place if the multiplication of brands continues in the same increasing ratio in the future as they have in the past it will not be long before the clerical force of the Department as well as the chemical force of the Laboratory will have to be in creased AVAILABILITY OF FERTILIZER NITROGEN In the next place it is highly desirable that the States chemists should have the time and opportunity necessary for doing experi mental work on the methods proposed for determining the avail ability of the nitrogen occurring in the various forms of material that are used as a source of ammonia in fertilizers such as cotton seed meal blood tankage garbage tankage fishscrap hoof meal leather scrap raw steamed and roasted The great increase in the fertilizer trade of the United States and the South in particular offers temptations for the utilization of various waste materials in the manufacture of commercial fertilizers The chemist is able to tell with comparative ease how much of the nitrogen in a fertilizer is derived from nitrates how much from ammonia salts and how much from organic matter but the nature of the organic matter is not differentiated by our ordinary methods of analysis into blood cottonseed meal hoof meal etc so that it is possible for a fertilizer to be adulterated now with some nonavailable form of nitrogen without the analy sis disclosing that factBULLETIN NO 35 Although I have reason to believe that little if any such adul teration ifas been practiced in the South up to the present turn ill with the growth of the industry we should be prepared to meet this condition should it arise and in order to do so Experimental work is still necessary Only five or six ablator e in the United States have so far applied themselves to the solu bn of this problem and I am desirous that this Laboratory doing more fertilizer work with a smaller force than any othei in the country should not be laggards in the work The Shepard Laboratory of Charleston followed by the Con necticut Agricultural Experiment Station are the pioneers in this line of work in this country They attempted to estimauthe availability of the nitrogen in different materials by digestion n a acid solution of pepsin briefly as follows First the mtrogen was estimated in the raw material say dried blood hen after digestion for twentyfour hours with the pepsin solution the residue remaining undissolved was carefully analyzed and the nitrogen estimated in it The difference between the two was of course the nitrogen which had passed into solution and which was regarded as being available as plant food The conclusions from the experiments of the above investi gators are given in a report of the Connecticut Agricultural Ex periment Station from which I quote i The nitrogen of dried blood cottonseed meal castor pomace andmaize refuse was in every case soluble in pepsinhydrochloric acid by 24 hours digestion to the extent of 75 per cent or more 2 The nitrogen of fish dried animal matter and of bone was in every case soluble to the extent of over 52 per cent 5 The nitrogen of leather steamed or extracted by benzine was in no case soluble to the extent of over 36 per cent that ot horn shavings ground hoof and horn felt waste and wool waste was considerably less soluble than the nitrogen of leather In the above experiments the solubility of the materials is made a test of their availability as plant food Now of course the soil and vegetation tests must be the ultimate Court of Appeal to pass or condemn a fertilizing material This fact was recognized by Chemists Johnson and Jenkins of the Connecticut Station and they made a series of careful pot experiments with plants using the different materials which they had analyzed by their pepsin acid method as nitrogen fertilizers The testimony of the plants was that their method of analysis was in the main a fairly good gauge of the availability of the24 GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE different materials Their method however made one very se rious mistake and was reversed by this vegetable Court of Ap peals In the case of hoof meal and dissolved leather the plant was satisfied with such nitrogenous food and showed a high de gree of availability in the nitrogen contained in them Now it requires almost as much time to go to the Supreme Courtsof Corn Cotton and Wheat with our suspicious fertilizer as it would to carry the case of John Doe vs Richard Roe to the Supreme Court of Georgia So it is evident that such a method will not work in the fertilizer control and inspection of a great State We are driven back upon the chemists laboratory He must devise some rapid method of deciding the question whether the nitrogen of a fertilizer is available to the plant or not and do it in the same speedy and satisfactory way in which he has done it as regards the availability of phosphoric acid and potash Work has been progressing on the question evidently it must be slow work as each new method proposed must be submitted to vegetation tests for confirmation of their accuracy But good progress has been made very recently notably the work done by Chemist J P Street of the New Jersey Experiment Station and I now think it highly probable that within a year or two at most the chemists of the country will be able to agree upon a method for deciding the availability of the organic nitrogen of a fertilizer and one which they will not hesitate to submit to the arbitrament of the High Court of Appeals above referred to Owing to the great volume of fertilizer analyses we have been compelled to make under our present system it has been abso lutely impossible for me to leave and attend the meetino of the Association of Official Chemists which met in San Francisco in the early part of July and so to hear the last word which may have been said on this important question of nitrogen availability I desire during the next season to take part in testing the relia bility of the new methods proposed and to apply them to the samples of the inspectors in order to see whether we need any amendments to our fertilizer laws in Georgia and if so what So that any manufacturers of commercial fertilizers sold in the btate of Georgia during the coming season who may use such materials as wool waste hair or leather scrap raw steamed or treated need not be surprised if in the Bulletin issued a year hence there should be a star and figures giving a low percentage of available ammonia alongside the column giving the total am moniaBULLETIN NO 35 25 You will appreciate the fact that if we are again called upon to make about 4500 fertilizer analyses in a period of less than six months there will be little or no opportunity for such work I therefore wish you Godspeed in your effort to reduce the steadily increasing number of brands annually put out THE FILLER QUESTION Let us be frank fair honest and just with each other with the manufacturers and the public What is a filler A filler is an inert earthy material usually in the form of a powder It may consist of pulverized locomotive cinder of graphitic schist of iron cinder from the pyrites furnaces of powdered coalslack of crematory ashes and other substances These materials often contain very small amounts of nitrogen phosphoric acid and potash but usually unavailable or only very slowly becoming available in the course of time in the soil The business of producing this material has grown rapidly of late years so that companies have been organized and factories have been built for the purpose of pulverizing the crude materials and selling the product to the fertilizer companies Now why is this done The general public elevates its brows and smiles knowingly The demagogue talks to the farmer and says that a nefarious business is being practiced and winked at by those in authority Is there an underground traffic going on Is there a fraud and a swindle being perpetrated on the farmers of the country By no means not at all under the existing conditions the trade is a perfectly legitimate one One of the chief causes for the use of a filler is the inequality in the character of the ma terials out of which all fertilizers are made For example Charleston rock contains about 2770 of phosphoric acid the other 73 is a filler put there by nature and if we want the 27 phosphoric acid at anything like a reasonable price we must take the 73 filler along with it In Florida and Tennessee nature has been kinder here she gives us 30 and 35 phosphoric acid and only adulterates her goods with 70 to 65 of filler Suppose a manufacturer is located at Atlanta He buys a high grade Tennessee rock treats it with sulphuric acid and produces an acid phosphate with 18 available phosphoric acid His Charleston competitor produces one with 13 available He comes into the Atlanta mans territory and sells his 13 goods for as much money as the Atlanta man gets for his 18 goods because nature has put in his filler for him and because the pur26 GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE chaser is sufficiently ignorant to be content to buy the acid phos phate by name and not by analysis Is it wrong for the Atlanta man to protect his interests and commercial existence by using a filler to put him on an equality with his rival I think not No fairminded man will say so And yet no man can deny that the filler business is an evil and a growing one No man deprecates it more than I My ambition is to see the day come when the Georgia farmer will always demand the highest grade goods which the art of the chemist and the manu facturer combined can produce Such a demand would stimulate invention and discovery by the chemist and the application of them by the manufacturer so that in a very few years the farmer would be hauling home on his wagon a ton of fertilizer equal in manurial value to three or more tons of the present fertilizer When at home he could mix it with his own filler sand woods earth or anything suitable for the sake of convenient and thor ough distribution The saving in freight alone on a lot of use less matter would be very great both to the manufacturer and the farmer But agricultural education only can bring about such a demand Let us hope for it in the future That is the only thing that will forever abolish the filler evil Is there no present remedy Yes much can be done to ame liorate the evil I would suggest the repeal of section III of the present Act and in its stead the passage of an Act forbidding the sale of any acid phosphate containing less than 1370 available phosphoric acid This would not discriminate against either of the three great phosphate fields of the South and would prevent the sale of much 10 acid phosphate loaded with filler I would absolutely prohibit the sale of the goods known as ammo niated acid phosphates and acid phosphates with ammonia and potash containing less than 2 of ammonia or potash Such goods are usually loaded with filler and are made in response to a demand for cheap goods They are not cheap they are really higher than a smaller quantity of high grade goods containing the same amount of plant food I think there should be a minimum of 2 of ammonia and also 2cc of potash in all mixed fertilizers There never has been a minimum for potash in this State There is no good reason why there should not be Potash is fully as important an element of plant food as any other I think that in place of section III there should be a section for bidding the sale of any acid phosphate with less than 13 ofBULLETIN NO 35 27 available phosphoric acid of any acid phosphate with potash containing less than 10 available phosphoric acid and 2 of potash and of any complete fertilizer with less than 8 available phosphoric acid 2 of ammonia and 2 of potash it being of course provided that an increase of ammonia or potash might offset a decrease of phosphoric acid Such a law if enacted would give our people the highest pos sible minimum guarantee they could have without discriminating against the Charleston phosphate deposits and would unques tionably have also the effect of reducing the amount of filler used to the minimum and would effect a saving to the farmers and the manufacturers of this State of many thousands of dollars paid out for freight on fillers and for the labor expended in producing the material and the profits on the business HIGH CHARACTER OF THE FERTILIZER TRADE In concluding that part of my report relating to fertilizers I wish to say that speaking from my experience for the past four teen years as a private commercial chemist who has had as clients many of the leading manufacturers and analyzed for the factories all the different materials used in compounding their goods that contrary to the popular prejudice in regard to the matter I be lieve there is no trade or business carried on in Georgia upon a more honorable plane than the fertilizer trade Whilst many of the goods are far from being of as high a grade as they might be they owe their existence to the popular demand for just as cheap goods as the law will permit to be sold OILS On the third day of July I made to you an emergency report on the illuminating oils being sold in the State a copy of which I append as being part of my report of work done for the year Since making the above report I have made experiments on some samples of oil concerning which serious complaints were made that they would not give a good light In all cases I found there was no ground for complaint on this score if proper care and attention was given to the lamp the wick and the burner The precautions necessary to secure good light from any oil I have brought together in a series of rules which will be found on an other page of this bulletin Elsewhere will be found a copy of the law of the State of New York regulating the sale of oils in that State which will probably be of assistance in framing a new28 GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE law for Georgia which will I am satisfied not only give the peo ple of this State safer but also better and more economical oils than they have hitherto been able to obtain A comparative experiment made by me shows that a quart of oil standing the New York test burns seven hours longer than an oil burning at 1200 F under the Georgia law WORK OF THE ASSISTANT STATE CHEMISTS In concluding my report sir I wish to bear tesimony to the careful accurate faithful and able work done during the past season by First Assistant State Chemist P L Hutchinson and Second Assistant State Chemist R G Williams Their work has been steady continuous and arduous requiring both mental and physical labor and that closeness of attention to small de tails to prevent the creeping in of errors which only a practical chemist can appreciate Without their intelligent aid in both the oil and fertilizer work of the season I could have accomplished only a small fraction of what has been done They have my sin cere thanks and they are also due yours for considering the character and responsibility of the work they do the mental and educational qualifications required for performing it and the meager salaries they receive their work is certainly less appre ciated in a substantial way than that of any other officers of the State I will not close this report sir without referring to the kindly aid and wise counsel you have given me from the very beginning of our relationship and in your absence Assistant Commissioner Wright has ably and zealously filled your place and extended the same uniform support and courteous assistance In fact my cordial thanks are due to all the employees of your office who have aided me in more ways than I have time or space to men tion Respectfully submitted Jno M McCandeESS State ChemistBULLETIN NO 35 29 THE EMERGENCY REPORT ON OILS Atlanta Ga July 3 1899 Hon 0 B Stevens Commissioner of Agriculture Dear Sir During the past winter and spring you sent several of your newly appointed oil inspectors to me to be instructed in the use of their instruments My attention was in this way called to the very crude and ancient instrument which we have been using for testing oils in Georgia for many years past and also to the very bad and unfortunately worded law on the subject now on the statute books of the State Suspecting that the methods in use were giving us but little protection from unsafe oils during a lull in the enormous volume of fertilizer analysis we have been doing I suggested that you order each of the inspectors to send me a sample of oil to test together with the result of their tests Accordingly under date of May 24 you sent each one a circular letter ordering them to do so As I found opportunity I tested all of these oils carefully and found my suspicions confirmed There were notable differences between my results and those of a number of the inspectors These differences were sufficient to throw some of the oils even below the dangerously low limits prescribed by the statute Your inspectors are not to be blamed for these differences but the law itself and the instru ment used which is prescribed by the law The instrument used is known as Tagliabues open tester it consists of a small glass vessel which is immersed in a copper vessel containing water The water is heated by a small alcohol lamp which transmits its heat through the water to the oil Now the law prescribes just how the test is to be made as follows Heat with alcohol small flame when the thermometer indicates 90 degrees Fahrenheit remove lamp at 95 degrees try for flash with small bead of fire on end of string held within a quarter of an inch of the surface of the oil Replace lamp and work oil up gradually from this point until the burning point is reached removing lamp every four degrees and allowing oil to run up three degrees before replacing lamp flashing oil each time just before lamp is replaced until re sult is obtained30 GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Evidently the author of the above believed that language was designed to conceal thought Let us suppose the inspector mak ing his test and following the strict letter of the law Let us sup pose that he has brought the oil up to a temperature of 116 de grees and has tried for flash without result he replaces his lamp following the strict letter of the law and waits till the temperature reaches 120 degrees when he removes the lamp and then waits till the temperature reaches 123 degrees before he tries for flash again We have here an interval of 7 degrees at any one of which the oil may have flashed or burned without the inspector who tracked the law closely being aware of it Evidently this is nonsense and can not be the meaning of the law because the law also says no kerosene or fluid of any sort the fire test of which is less than 120 degrees Fahrenheit shall be sold within this State and yet according to the formula prescribing the exact way in which to make the test it would be impossible to detect an oil the fire test of which lay between 116 degrees and 120 de grees Fahrenheit the legal limit Again what does the fire test mean Does it mean the flash point or the burning point of the oil It can not be settled except as against the con sumer from the language of this law evidently the flash point is the point of danger or the point at which inflammable ex plosive vapor is given off and yet the law says work the oil up gradually until the burning point is reached flashing the oil each time until the result is obtained What result Manifestly the burning point Now if this law was not drawn by the attorneys and chemists of the oil companies it might just as well have been Nothing whatever is said in the law about the necessity for avoid ing drafts of air which might blow away the vapor from the sur face of the testing cup before the operator could apply his flame no caution to the operator to avoid breathing upon the surface either of which accidents would cause the oil to appear better than it really was I mention these as some of the reasons why no blame should attach to your inspectors if their results varied a few degrees from mine or for that matter even if they passed almost any old oil that might be put upon the market The investigations of the British government of Drs Chandler and Elliott chemists for the New York State Board of Health have demonstrated conclusively that the open form of tester is a wholly unreliable instrument and that a closed tester imitating as nearly as possible the conditions which obtain in an ordinary lamp is the form which should be adopted Elliott after tryingBULLETIN KO 35 31 all the various forms of open and closed testers in use finally set tled upon a form of closed tester which gave him the most uni form results and which was adopted by the State Board of Health of New York The New York law recognizes the fact that the flash point is the danger point the point at which explosive in flammable vapors are given off It says nothing about fire test or burning point but adopts 100 degrees F in a tester like a lamp as the limit below which an oil shall not flash I have made tests of some thirty different oils from different parts of the State by our own tester and also by the New York State instrument and my results fully confirm theirs Only two oils out of the thirty examined would be allowed to go to sale in the State of New York Many of those which would be rejected in New York as unsafe and unfit for public use would not only pass in our State but would be regarded as extra good quality Some of our oils also in the New York instrument at the ordinary temperature without the application of any heat would emit explosive vapor There is a clause in our law which says The fire test shall be determined by an inspector who shall use Taghabues or other well defined instrument prescribed by the Commissioner of Agri culture Now sir I recommend that you take advantage of this clause and immediately order the adoption of the New York State instrument by your inspectors While it is true the law says noth ing about your changing the fire test of 120 degrees F it does authorize you to change the instrument and must by implication give you the power to change the temperature and mode of opera tion to that most suitable for the new instrument adopted I issue this sir as an Emergency Report in view of the quantity of un safe oilat present on the market in Georgia and against which our present law and system of inspection afford the people no adequate protection Between now and the next meeting of the Legislature I propose to go more thoroughly into the subject than I have as yet had an opportunity to do and submit to you a further report and recommendations on the subject Respectfully submitted Jno M McCandlESS State Chemist On receipt of this report the Commissioner issued an order that it be spread on the minutes of the Department and that a copy be mailed to each inspector of oils After advising with the AttorneyGeneral the Commissioner decided that the State Chemist was right in his interpretation of32 GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE the laws and thereupon ordered the oil inspectors to try for burn ing point at n611701180HQF respectively so as not to miss the true burning point if it should be at either of these degrees He also ordered the inspectors to seize and hold all oils found below the law by the test so applied and with the precautions recommended by the State Chemist in testing until the oil com panies should obey the orders of the Department and bring the rejected oils up to the legal standard He also ordered the adoption of the New York State instru ment as recommended by the State Chemist to take effect from the fifteenth day of September 1899 HOW TO AVOID HAVING POOR LIGHTSOIL NOT ALWAYS TO BLAME DIRECTIONS FOR THE CARE OF LAMPS Many of our people are strongly of the opinion that an oil which falls below the limits prescribed by law is a poor oil in the sense that it will not give a good light This opinion is incorrect An unsafe oil need not necessarily be a poor illuminant and gen erally is not Many have poor lights because of a lack of care and attention to their lamps and wicks The following points should be carefully heeded by those who would get the best re sults from their lamps 1st Use a good wick The open woven wick known as the American wick is excellent Do not use too long a wick cut it only a few inches longer than is necessary to reach the bottom of the lamp Do not have a great coil of wick in the lamp 2d In adjusting a new wick fit it to the burner soak the wick in the oil light the wick let the lamp burn a few minutes then blow it out and trim your wick by moving the finger over the charred part evenly and smoothly in one direction only Repeat until the surface feels smooth and even this is always the best plan to pursue in trimming the wick Do not use shears unless perhaps to cut off long and uneven threads at the start Always trim the wick in this way after each nights use 3d Remember that dirt will get into oil little particles that perhaps you can not see and this floating dirt will gradually accumulate in the wick which acts as a filter to hold back the dirt as the oil ascends the wick After a time this dirt chokes up the pores or interstices in the wick and partially destroys its powerBULLETIN NO 35 33 of capillarity Then the light begins to fail because the oil can not get to it So dont economize on wicks They are much cheaper than eyesight Put in a new one when needed Dont pin or sew a piece of cloth stocking or red flannel on to the end of your wick to eke out its existence and at the same time expect to get a good light 4th Remember that ocasionally say once in ten days or when ever needed the dirty dreggy oil in the bottom of the lamp should be thrown out It may be saved if desired by filtering it through a piece of fine cotton cloth Then rinse out the lamp with some clear bright oil Dont clean the inside of your lamp with water if you do the light will probably be bad when you next use it sputter and give you trouble 5th Occasionally say once in ten days or when you see it is needed give the burner a thorough cleaning boil it with hot water and soda so as to get out all greasy dirt and open up the air passages Then dry it thoroughly in the sun or over the stove before using 6th Dont buy red oil it never gives as good a light as the same quality of oil without the red coloring matter If you at tend carefully to all these rules and still get poor light then you may abuse the oil companies but not before In all the cases of poor light and bad oil I have so far in vestigated the trouble must have been due to neglect of some of the above simple precautions which ought to be adopted in every wellregulated household Remember that the State will see to it that no unsafe oil is furnished you and that because a lamp gives a poor light is no evidence that the oil is unsafe In the recent oil investigation I examined some oils which were un doubtedly unsafe and below the law but yet when I burned them day after day in a properly caredfor lamp no fault could be found with the light they gave The following extracts from the laws of the State of New York are printed here for convenience of reference Sec 24 Standard and storage of illuminating oils No person shall manufacture or have in his possession or sell or give away for illuminating or heating purposes in lamps or stoves within this State any oil or burning fluid wholly or partly composed of naph tha coal oil petroleum or products thereof or of other substances or materials emitting an inflammable vapor which will flash at a temperature below one hundred degrees Fahrenheit according to the instruments and tests approved by the State Board of Health Sab34 GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE The State Board of Health shall prescribe the tests aiiJ instru ments by which such oils and fluids shall be tested and shall adopt such measures to enforce the provisions of this section and such rules and regulations for collecting examining and testing samples of such oils and fluids as to them may seem necessary The pub lic analysts employed by or under the direction of such board shall test the samples of such oils and fluids as may be submitted to them under the rules of the board for which they shall receive such reasonable compensation as the board may allow Naphtha and other illuminating products of petroleum which will not stand the flash test required by this section may be used for illuminating or heating purposes only in the following cases 1 In street lamps and open air receptacles apart from any build ing factory or inhabited house in which the vapor is burned 2 In dwellings factories or other places of business when vaporized in secure tanks or metallic generators made for that purpose in which the vapor so generated is used for lighting or heating 3 For use in the manufacture of illuminating gas in gas manu factories situated apart from dwellings and other buildings Any person violating any provision of this section shall forfeit to the city or village or if not in a city or village to the town in which the violation occurs the sum of one hundred dollars for every such violation and for every day or part of day that such violation occurs This section shall not apply to the city of New York and shall not supersede but shall be in addition to the ordinances or regula tions of any city or village made pursuant to law for the inspection or control of combustible materials therein COMMERCIAL VALUES OF FERTILIZERS AND FER TILIZER MATERIALS FOR THE SEASON OF 1898 1899 About the first of January quotations at Savannah on the prin cipal ingredients used in the manufacture of Commercial fertil isers were as below Acid phosphate 1314 at 650 per ton of 2000 lbs German kainit 12 K20 1000 per ton of 2240 lbs ex vesselBULLETIN NO 35 35 Muriate of potash 80 at 3900 per ton of 2000 lbs ex vessel in bags Phosphate rock in Charleston at 300 per long ton Quotations for ammoniates are given at Atlanta Dried blood at 3000 per ton of 2000 lbs Tankage 10 ammonia at 2255 Per ton f 2000 lbs Cotton seed meal 1600 per ton in 100 ton lots Mt Pleasant Tenn phosphate rock containing 75 bone phosphate of lime at 491 long ton in Atlanta The above prices are quotations at wholesale figures for lots of 500 tons and over spot cash exship car or warehouse Savannah Charleston and Atlanta Since these quotations were obtained there has been an advance in the price of most materials notably phosphate rock which has advanced more than one dollar per ton On basis of above quotations the following commercial values have been calculated and have been used in calculating the values of all the goods offered for sale in the State during the season of 18981899 as exhibited in the table of analyses Available phosphoric acid 2lA cents a pound Insoluble phosphoric acid y2 cent a pound Ammonia calculated from nitrogen 10 cents a pound Potash K20 44 cents a pound It is usual however in the fertilizer trade and very convenient in calculation to use the system of units A unit means in tech nical talk one per cent of a ton or twenty pounds so that con verting the above prices per pound into prices per unit by simply multiplying by 20 we have Available phosphoric acid 65 cents a unit Insoluble phosphoric acid 10 cents a unit Ammonia calculated from nitrogen200 a unit Potash K20 85 cents a unit For example suppose we have a fertilizer with 8 available phosphoric acid 125 insoluble phosphoric acid 345 am monia and 275 of potash we calculate its value thus 8 X 65 cents a unit 520 125 X 10 cents a unit 125 345 X 200 a unit 690 275 X 85 cents a unit 234 i456S Inspection sacks mixing and handling 260 1716536 GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OE AGRICULTURE Therefore the relative commercial value of the above goods is seventeen dollars sixteen and a half cents per ton The above figures represent as nearly as we can arrive at it the wholesale cash cost of the goods at central points of distri bution and production If it is desired to learn the retail cost it would be necessary to add to the above total the freight to the particular point interested and also storage insurance interest taxes and the dealers or manufacturers profits The figures I have given above cannot from the nature of the case be exact as prices fluctuate from day to day and month to month but they approach with reasonable accuracy the wholesale cost of the goods It may be interesting to our Georgia farmers to know what are the commercial values assigned in other States I will give three two Southern and one Northern NORTH CAROLINA VALUATIONS Available phosphoric acid 4 cents a pound or 80 cents a unit Ammonia 12 cents a pound or 240 a unit Potash K20 5 cents a pound or 100 a unit These prices are intended for small lots in bags on board the cars ALABAMA VALUATIONS Available phosphoric acid 5 cents a pound or 100 a unit Ammonia 112 cents a pound or 230 a unit Potash 5 cents a pound or 100 a unit Intended for small lots in bags on board cars CONNECTICUT VALUATIONS Available phosphoric acid 4j4 cents a pound or 85 cents a unit Insoluble phosphoric acid 2 cents a pound or 40 cents a unit Ammonia calculated from nitrogen 13 cents a pound or 260 a unit Potash as sulphate 5 cents a pound or 100 a unit Potash as muriate 42 cents a pound or 85 cents a unit The above are the retail cash prices in the large markets of the raw materials which enter into the composition of fertilizers in ConnecticutBULLETIN NO 35 37 A LITTLE ADVICE ON PURCHASING It will be seen from an inspection of these valuations in other States that the Georgia farmer has nothing to complain of in the prices at which he can purchase plant food It should be borne in mind always that State valuations are relative and ap proximate only and are only intended to serve as a guide It is much to be desired that farmers should study the analyses giving the actual percentages of plant food more and pay no attention whatever to namesand brands They should realize for in stance that in nine cases out of ten brands known as Pure Dis solved Bone contain not a particle of bone but are made simply out of phosphate rock They are every whit and grain as good as if they were made from bone the available phosphoric acid from rock being just as available and identically the same as the available phosphoric acid from bone The proof that such brands are not made from bone is that they contain no ammonia and if they were made from bone the percentage of ammonia would be stated and it would be charged for This is only one instance of the folly of being influenced by names and brandsmany might be given Remember that a multiplicity of brands is also ex pensive to the manufacturer and you have to pay the cost in the long run Study the markets select a time for purchasing when general trade in fertilizers is dull club together with some of your neighbors whose credit is of the best or better who have a little spare cash and then order from a reliable manufacturer stipulating if you have a preference just what materials the goods shall be made from and especially the guaranteed percentage of ammonia phosphoric acid and potash Let the maker call it any thing he pleases In this way you will be sure to have a firstclass goods bought at the lowest market price But if you are going to wait till the last minute to buy your fertilizers at the very time when everybody else wants his and are going to buy on time and pay interest why then be assured your fertilizers are going to be expensivejust as your clothing or any of your household goods would be if bought in the same way FORMULAS FOR COTTON The following formulas for cotton are the result of careful ex periments by trained investigators on worn soil It was found that cotton required a combination of nitrogen phosphoric acid38 GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OE AGRICULTURE and potash Phosphoric acid is the dominant element however with nitrogen standing next in importance The relative pro portion of the three important elements of plant food is one part nitrogen two and a half of phosphoric acid and three fourths of potash The quantities required by a crop of 300 pounds of lint cotton per acre are nitrogen 20 pounds phosphoric acid 50 pounds and potash 15 pounds The dozen different formulas given below are so calculated as to contain very nearly these quantities of the three important elements and are so varied as to meet the require ments and the convenience of almost every farmer No one formula can be said to have any special advantage over the other just use one you can get together with the greatest convenience and least cost to yourself Each one will analyze about twenty pounds of nitrogen fifty pounds of phosphoric acid and fifteen pounds of potash in the whole formula Fertilizers may be ap plied either in drill or broadcast where used liberally but if used sparingly drilling is considered preferable Each formula repre sents the amount to be applied per acre to get the best results Muriate of Potash 30 lbs Acid Phosphate 334 Nitrate of Soda 125 Muriate of Potash 20 lbs Acid Phosphate 281 Cotton Seed Meal 286 Cotton Sed Hull Ashes 45 lbs Acid Phosphate 261 Cotton Seed Meal286 Wood Ashes unleached 164 lbs Acid Phosphate 261 Cotton Seed Meal 286 Kainit 64 lbs Acid Phosphate 273 Cotton Seed Meal 143 Cotton Seed 13bus Acid Phosphate 266 lbs Nitrate of Soda 13 Stable Manure4000 Muriate of Potash 30 lbs Acid Phosphate 334 Dried Blood 167 Muriate of Potash 10 lbs AcidPhoswithPot2K0 32 Cotton Seed Meal 286 Kainit 58 lhs Acid Phosphate 300 Nitrate of Soda 70 Stable Manure2000 Muriate of Potash 20 lbs Acid Phosphate 300 Nitrate of Soda 64 Cotton Seed 13hus Kainit 45 lbs Acid Phosphate 264 Cotton Seed 26jbus Commercial fertilizer to analyze as below Available Phosphoric Acid 10 00 Ammonia 485 Potash K0 300 Use 500 lbs per acreBULLETIN NO 35 39 Any of the formulas given above for cotton would answer well for wheat if the quantity of acid phosphate in each is dimin ished by onehalf and the nitrogen increased by the amount of money saved on the acid phosphate But in the case of the wheat the nitrate of soda should not be mixed with the other ingredients but reserved and applied as a top dressing in the spring when its effects will be immediate and marvelous imparting a green rich color to the plant and if as much as one hundred pounds per acre are used increasing the yield five to ten bushels per acre The Georgia Experiment Station formula for cotton Colonel Reckling Director has been tested there with excellent results It is as follows Acid phosphate1000 pounds Muriate of Potash 75 pounds Cotton seed meal 700 pounds 1775 pounds Apply so as to get from 200 to 500 pounds of acid phosphate per acre The formula of the same station for corn and the grasses is Acid phosphateTooo pounds Muriate of potash 30 pounds Cotton seed meali250 pounds 2280 pounds Apply enough of the above formula to get from 100 to 200 pounds of acid phosphate per acre SPECIAL WHEAT FORMULA The Director of the Experiment Station at Beauregard France is authority for the following If farmyard manure is supplemented by liberal application of commercial fertilizer as follows Acid phosphate350 pounds Sulphate of ammonia 13 pounds Muriate of potash 9 pounds40 GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE applied in the fall and followed in the spring by a op dressing of 90 pounds of nitrate of soda a yield of over 45 bushels of wheat per acre may be attained The above are the quantities used per acre Nitrate of soda is worth at the coast 3350 per ton in large lots Mr A A Smith fertilizer broker Prudential building Atlanta Ga has signified his willingness to furnish it in small lots of one ton or even less at the rate of 3800 per ton deliv ered in Atlanta COMPOSITION OF FERTILIZING MATERIAL TABLE INITROGENOUS MATERIALS Nitrate of Soda Sulphate of Ammonia Dried Blood Concentrated Tankage Bone Tankage Dried Fish Scrap Cotton Seed Meal Hoof Meal POUNDS PER HUNDRED Nitrogen Phosphoric Acid 15 to 16 19 to20 10 to 14 11 5 to 12J to 8 7 to 9 6J to 7J 13 to 14 1 to 2 10 to 15 6 to 8 2 to 3 lto 2 Potash 1J to 2 To convert nitrogen percentage into ammonia percentage multiply by 1214 Thus 10 nitrogen is equivalent to 1214 of ammonia TABLE IIPHOSPHATE MATERIALS POUNDS PER HUNDRED 1 Nitrogen Available Phosphoric Acid Insoluble Phosphoric Acid S C Rock Phosphate S to 4 litc2 2 to 3 12is 1419 58 69 1315 2628 13 3335 2632 16 1517 1620 23 S C Rock Superphosphate Fla Rock Phosphate Lands Fla Pebble Phosphate Fla Superphosphate Ground Bone Steamed Bone Dissolved Bone BULLETIN NO 35 41 TABLE IIIPOTASH MATERIALS AND FARM MANURES POUNDS PEP HUNDRED Actual 1otash Nitro Phos phoric gen Acid 7 to 9 1 to 2 1 to H 2 to 3 034 0 16 058 028 083 023 045 019 163 154 050 026 Lime Muriate of Potash Sulphate of Potash Double Sulphate of Potash and Magnesia Kainit Sylvinit Cotton Seed Hull Ashes Wood Ashes unleached Wood Ashes leached Tobacco Stems Cow Manure fresh Horse Manure fresh Sheep Manure fresh Hog Manure fresh Hen Dung fresh Mixed Stable Manure 50 48 to 52 26 to 30 12 to 12J 16 to 20 15 to 30 2 to 8 1 to 2 5 to 8 040 053 067 060 085 0 63 10 3035 3540 34 031 021 0 33 008 024 070From Bulletin Georgia Department of Agriculture SERIAL No 36 SEASON 18991900 INFORMATION IN REGARD TO CHEMICAL FERTILIZERS AND CHEMICALS AND ILLUMINATING OILS UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF O B STEVENS Commissioner of Agriculture of the State of Georgia JNO M McCANDLESS State Chemist P L HUTCHINSON First Assistant State Chemist R G WILLIAMS Second Assistant State ChemistELLINGTON BILL No 168 An Act to regulate the sale of fertilizers in this State to fix a method for determining the value of the same and for other purposes Section i Be it enacted by the General Assembly of Geor gia and it is hereby enacted by authority of the same That from and after the passage of this Act it shall be lawful for any pur chaser of fertilizer from any owner thereof or agent of such owner to require of the person selling and at the time of sale or delivery to take from each lot of each brand sold a sample of its contents Sec 2 Be it further enacted That said sample so taken shall lie mixed together and placed in a bottle jar or such other re ceptacle as the purchaser may present It shall then be the duty of such purchaser and seller to deliver said package to the Ordi naryof the county who shall label same with the names of the parties and of the fertilizers Sec 3 Be it further enacted That said Ordinary shall safely keep said package allowing neither party access to the same save as hereinafter provided The Ordinary shall receive a fee of ten 10 cents from the party depositing such sample for each sam ple so deposited Sec 4 Be it further enacted That should said purchaser after having used such fertilizer upon his crops have reason to believe from the yields thereof that said fertilizer was totally or partially worthless he shall notify the seller and apply to the Ordinary to forward the said sample deposited with him or a sufficiency thereof to insure a fair analysis to the State Chemist without stating the names of the parties the name of the fertil izer or giving its guaranteed analysis the cost of sending being prepaid by the purchaser Sec 5 Be it further enacted That it shall be the duty of said State Chemist to analyze and send a copy of the result to said Ordinary Sec 6 Be it further enacted That should said analysis show that said fertilizer comes up to the guaranteed analysis upon46 GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE which it is sold then the statement so sent by the State Chemist shall be conclusive evidence against a plea of partial or total fail ure of consideration But should said analysis show that such fertilizer does not come up to the guaranteed analysis then the sale shall be illegal null and void and when suit is brought upon any evidence of indebtedness given for such fertilizer the state ment of such State Chemist so transmitted to the Ordinary shall be conclusive evidence of the facts whether such evidence of in debtedness is held by an innocent third party or not SEC 7 Be it further enacted That in lieu of the State Chem ist should the parties to the contract agree upon some other chemist to make said analysis all the provisions of the act shall apply to his analysis and report to the Ordinary Sec 8 Be it further enacted That should the seller refuse to take said sample when so requested by the purchaser then upon proof of this fact the purchaser shall be entitled to his plea of failure of consideration and to support the same by proof of the want of effect and benefit of said fertilizer upon his crops which proof shall be sufficient to authorize the jury to sustain defend ants plea within whole or in part whether said suit is brought by an innocent holder or not Sec 9 Be it further enacted That all laws and parts of laws in conflict with this Act be and the same are hereby repealed Approved December 27 1890 REMARKS OF THE COMMISSIONER While the condition of the farmers of Georgia is by no means all that it should be under the advantages that we possess in our soil and climate yet it is much improved over that of one year ago The short cotton crop and the fact that the mills of the South used more of the great staple than ever before combined to raise the price of cotton For the first time in history the South fixed this price and the farmer who was so fortunate as not to be forced to rush his crop upon the market received a good profit on his labor and investment Another fact in the better ment of his condition is that he raised during the past season more than usual of his own food supplies in consequence of which many debts were paid and many mortgages raised The fanners of Georgia harvested this year more wheat than at any otherBULLETIN NO 36 47 period since 1865 in fact more than in any other three years since the Civil War More attention too has been paid to meat supplies and this fall will see smokehouses on many farms filled with ham bacon and sausage from hogs fed and slaughtered at home That the West is the granary and smokehouse of Geor gia is less true now than for many years past It has been many years since the agricultural interests of Georgia were in such good shape The farmers have in the past twelve months made encouraging progress toward the goal of independence Nor should we fail to mention the good peach crop of 1900 which notwithstanding all hindrances has brought good profits to some of our own fruitgrowers Although this crop as a whole did not prove as remunerative as early indications promised yet the money it has put into circulation within our State entitles it to rank among the great new money crops of Georgia It has paid during the dull season thousands of dollars to the laborers em ployed in gathering packing canning and shipping the fruit The total number of carloads shipped by the Central of Georgia railroad up to August 11 was 1378 The total statistics in cluding the shipments of other roads have not yet been compiled but if the claim be true that the Central has handled 50 per cent more than all the other railroads combined the total number of carloads shipped this season will not be far short of 2500 The sugarcane industry of Georgia has also made gratifying progress The growing of the cane and the manufacture of syrup in South Georgia has doubled in the last two years Last fall a gentleman in Tennessee sold 150 barrels of Georgia syrup in six days Dr H E Stockbridge of the Florida Experiment Station has recently made a discovery of great importance to the sugarcane growers of the South A quantity of the gray moss which fes toons the trees of South Georgia if put into a barrel will act as a sieve through which the juice will trickle into a vessel pre pared to receive it leaving behind in the moss the foreign ele ment that causes fermentation We predict that in the near future a number of sugar refineries will be established in South Georgia These will give a wonder ful impetus to this great industry The more we add to the productions of Georgia the more will we increase the general prosperity Therefore it is gratifying to note the possibilities which Georgia offers for the addition to her resources of another great money crop48 GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Tobacco of the best grades has been successfully raised in sev eral sections of the State but seldom in greater quantity than is required to meet the individual wants But more attention is being paid to this valuable crop especially in South Georgia In Decatur county about eight miles from Bainbfidge a tract of 600 acres has been devoted to this plant and yields the very finest quality of Sumatra tobacco A farmer in Dodge county raised on onetwentieth of an acre 160 pounds of Sumatra leaf tobacco and was offered 80 for his little patch This would mean 1600 for the product of one acre This proves that there is money in this crop We do not hesitate to declare that Georgia possesses possibili ites for successful agriculture unsurpassed in the world There is no reason why our farmers should depend upon any other sec tion or country for food supplies for man or beast The suc cess of some of our most scientific fanners in wheatgrowing rais ing as high as 40 50 and even 65 bushels to the acre gives con vincing proof of our ability to raise our own bread supplies and have some for exportation besides And when we come to food for stock no country has a better store of native grasses with the additional advantage that the many foreign grasses so highly esteemed elsewhere will with proper management grow luxu riantly in Georgia soil and yield a handsome profit In the new plan of cutting shocking and shredding the corn stalk by machinery we have a method far superior to the old one of pulling fodder and leaving the stalks standing in the fields In the peavine also the farmers of Georgia possess the most nutritious hay as well as a splendid renewer of exhausted soils and preserver of those that are yet in good condition Even the cottonseed once cast aside as useless after enough for the plant ing of a new crop had been saved supplies in its meal and hulls rich food for stock and in its meal a superior article for supplying nitrogen to the compost prepared for fertilizing the soil With all the advantages thus possessed every inducement is offered the farmer for raising meat for his own family and for the neighbor ing markets At present the Western beef by its superior quality holds the field even in the small towns crushing out local com petition All the money carried out of the State for the purchase of Western beef mutton pork and ham can be kept at home for circulation among our own people if the Georgia fanner will pay more attention to the raising of stock Considering the difficul ties that have beset them on every side the farmers of GeorgiaBULLETIN NO 36 4 a have done well For their long and heroic struggle of thirtyfive years and for the difficulties they have overcome they deserve ail praise But the phenomenal success of some of our Georgia farmers has shown the marvelous possibilities within our grasp So long as the greater proportion of the beef and butter consumed in our towns comes from the North and West so long will there bi an urgent call for improvement Would a few suggestions be inappropriate here While in many quarters there has been great improvement in the breeds of cattle and while more care than ever before is being given to the raising of stock are not many of our farmers still neg lectful of this important interest We would suggest that all who have hitherto been negligent on this line begin at once to pay more attention to the improvement of the breeds of cattle sheep swine and poultry The raising of more and better forage crops will stimulate the raising of the best beef cattle for home consumption and for sale in the domestic markets besides im proving our soil which is suffering every year under the system of clean cotton culture Georgia ought to be an exporter of highgrade beef Although much has been done in the establish ment of dairy farms and creameries can not more of our farmers help to make these industries a power in Georgia by improving the breeds of milch cows thus obtaining milk in the greatest quantity and of the best quality for the dairy or for the creamery to convert into butter and cheese Would it not put money into the pockets of some enterprising men to raise not only the meat consumed on their own tables but enough of it to sell in our own markets and even beyond the borders of Georgia In proof of what can be done we point with pride to the prosperous farms and beautiful homes of the dairy farmers of our State As things now are even a very large proportion of the poultry sold in our larger cities is imported The best breeds of poultry are within the possibilities of every farmer and by their much prized prod ucts they can add largely to his store of ready cash In view of the fact that the per capita production of farmers is in Georgia only 177 while in New England it is 317 and in 1 He West 519 we venture the suggestion that there must be something in our system that needs improvement We must seek out the most intelligent uptodate methods of farming Might not some changes in our farming methods bring about the raising of more grain and grasses more vegetables and fruit lab50 GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE more and better beef cattle more milk and butter and cheese more pigs and sheep more ready money in the pockets of our farmers more prosperity to the agricultural classes hence more plenty contentment and happiness among all classes of our population More active continuous intelligent supervision of all the labor on the farm is necessary to success Again we would say let every farmer keep an account with his land charging it up with all that it costs him and giving it credit with all that it pays The same business methods which make the successful merchant or manufacturer will make the suc cessful farmer One great need of our farmers is the formation of a farmers institute or club in every county in which may be discussed the best methods of agriculture the latest and best machines for la borsaving and other things of interest and profit to the farmer Industrial education is as necessary to the farmer as to the me chanic Nature studies should form a prominent part of the curriculum of our public schools From the kindergarten to the university the pupil should be taught to know something of na tures ways and in special schools the farmer should prepare for his profession just as the physician the lawyer the preacher or the mechanic does for his This is a day of machinery the proper handling of which demands education Nowhere does ma chinery pay better than on a farm provided it be wisely bought and judiciously managed The West makes much greater use of farm machinery than Georgia This ought not so to be A farmer can no more afford to be behind the age than can a man engaged in any other business In the physical as well as in the spiritual world growth is life stagnation is death The old methods will no longer answer If the Georgia farmer knows not the method by which his brother of the North and West grows prosperous and rich then he must learn it If capitalists outside of Georgia come in and buy up our lands and rent them out to our own people our State will soon be in the condition of Ireland Progress must be the watchword of the farmers of Georgia and progress is finding out the best methods and adopting them What the farmer has learned for himself he must teach his chil dren at home and then send them to school where that education can be continued and enlarged No other profession brings man into such close communion with nature and through nature man can best look up to natures God and hold communion with the source of all light and lifeBULLETIN NO 36 51 Gallant Phil Cook who had been farmer lawyer soldier rep resentative in Congress and Secretary of State of Georgia when asked what line of business required the greatest exercise of in telligence unhesitatingly replied that of the farmer Cicero the great Roman orator senator and farmer considered agricul ture the noblest occupation of man Indeed the first business to which the Creator himself appointed man was farming And the Lord God took the man and put him into the garden of Eden to dress and keep it A high calling then is yours farmers of Georgia Our State is great in her developed resources greater in her possibilities oi soil climate and varied productions but greatest of all in her peo ple of heroic moldbrave in grappling with whatever diffi culties beset their path lawabiding conservative and Godfear ing to a degree not often seen in these days of social unrest and gloomy skepticism In our rural population is the best hope of the State Let us then so train and educate our boys and girls that they may love the old homestead and be attracted to the farm with its snowy cotton and golden grain its meadows filled with wellbred wellkept stock its orchards laden with luscious fruit its streams so guided and directed by a master hand as to irrigate when necessary each thirsty piece of ground its farm implements of the best make and kept in the best condition everything about the place indicating thrift prosperity and re finement O B Stevens Commissioner of Georgia REPORT OF STATE OIL INSPECTOR State of Georgia Department of Oils Atlanta Ga August 23 1900 Col O B Stevens Commissioner of Agriculture Atlanta Ga Dear Sir I beg leave to submit the following report as a synopsis of the situation of the Oil Department since you placed me in charge Upon arriving at your office on January 2 1900 I was soon52 GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE made acquainted with the conditions existing at that time I found that though the Elliott Tester had been in use for some time there were only a few storage stations in the State that contained oil that came up to the required standard This was in no way due to negligence on the part of the Inspectors but was on account of the large amount of lowgrade oil that was stored at the different points in the State previous to the enact ment of the present law now of force And though the new oil that was coming into the State from day to day passed the re quired standard after it was emptied into the storage tanks being mixed with the lowgrade oilthe result was that the product that was being placed on the market was not up to the required standard of safety Recognizing that the only way to accomplish the object that was intended by the new law was to enforce a rule that all tanks containing oil below the standard should be emptied and thoroughly cleansed before any other oil should be allowed to be put in them and the local Oil Inspectors were instructed to carry out these requirements and thoroughly test all the oil put in the tank before they allowed it to be offered for sale I have visited the most important stations in the State and endeavored to give such instructions and advice to the local in spectors as would procure the enforcement of the law at the earliest possible moment In addition to my visits to the stations I have been to many points in the State where complaints have been made as to the quality of the oil and I found after issuing our book of instruc tions in regard to the care of lamps that the necessity of going in person to these points has been eliminated to a large extent That the amount of oil received in the State since January first is less than for the coresponding period of last year has been due as you will see from the enforcing of the above restrictions viz Stopping the bringing in of oil until the tanks were cleaned It has been very gratifying to note the interest that has been taken in the organization of this department by the local in spectors There is now no delay in receiving our monthly re ports by the 6th or 7th of each month I think the organization of the department is now such as to expedite business in the most thorough manner That the law has been enforced you need nothing more to con vince you than the fact that recently Dr McCandless required some oil of a low grade for the purpose of making some tests inBULLETIN NO 36 53 the laboratory He was unable to procure it within the confines of the State and was forced to send outside the State to get what he needed As to the safety of the present oil that is on sale I made before you and others this morning with oil bought in the open market showing you the impossibility of burning the oil or exploding the lamps under the most adverse conditions provided the stand ard is kept up to the requirement of the law The State Chemist having from his analysis of the oils now on the market arrived at the conclusion that there was nothing in them which would cause an explosion or even cause them to take fire at the ordinary temperature and having reported to you that he believed such an accident could be in all probability im possible after conferring with him I decided to make a practical test with a burning lamp in your presence The lamp was turned over and fell upon a plank floor the lamp brokethere was no explosion the oil ran out upon the floor the flame of the burning wick not setting fire to the oil I dropped lighted matches info the oil which refused to take fire until it had soaked into the wooden plank which then of course being saturated with the oil in a thin layer ignited just as a wick saturated with oil would ignite There was however an interval of fully five minutes before this occurred Lighted matches dropped into a lamp half full of oil were quenchedthe oil refus ing to take fire and there was no explosion as there were no volatile gases arising from the oil to bring about an explosion though the day was an unusually hot one I am satisfied that at this time there is no oil in the State that does not come up to the requirements of the present law and the standard of the Elliott Tester The obstacles that were necessary to overcome in order to accomplish this end you are aware of that it has been successfully accomplished in so short a time is largely due to the hearty and intelligent cooperation of the local inspectors at the different points to the untiring zeal and assistance of Dr McCandless and the cooperation and encouragement given by yourself I sincerely trust the public whose lives and property are now so well protected from danger from this source will appreciate our efforts and give us their assistance in maintaining the present regulations for the future I am truly yours Glascock Barrett State Oil Inspector54 GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OE AGRICULTURE THE NEW GEORGIA OIL LAW AN ACT To prescribe the method of testing illuminating oils in this State and the manner in which test shall be made and to provide for the appointment of a General Inspector to aid in the inspection of such oils and for other purposes Section i Be it enacted by the General Assembly of Georgia and it is hereby enacted by authority of the same That from and after the passage of this Act it shall be the duty of the Commis sioner of Agriculture of the State of Georgia to appoint a General Inspector of Oils of said State whose duty shall be to go from point to point about the State at the direction of the Commissioner of Agriculture to inspect such oils as may be desired instruct the local inspectors in the art of taking fair correct and impartial samples of oils for illuminating purposes and to test the same under provisions of this act to check up all accounts and books of account of local oil inspectors and to see that said moneys due the State from fees paid for oil inspections are paid into the State treasury and to see that said local oil inspectors fairly correctly and impartially discharge the duties imposed upon them by this Act and existing laws not in conflict herewith and perform such other duties as may be prescribed by the Commissioner of Agri culture If any dispute arises as to the test of any oils then said General Inspector shall take a fair sample of said oil and forward it to the State Chemist who shall make a final test and his de cision shall control in all matters of dispute Said General In spector shall be paid a salary not to exceed 10000 one hun dred dollars per month and actual and necessary traveling ex penses while in discharge of his duties and said salary and travel ing expenses shall be paid out of the fees collected from oil in spections provided however that this Act shall not be in con flict with sections 15791584 and other sections of the Code of Georgia providing for the appointment and compensation of local oil inspectors Sec 2 Be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid That no person shall manufacture or have in his possession or sell or give away for illuminating or heating purposes in lamps or stoves within this State any oil or burning fluid wholly or partly com posed of naphtha coal oil petroleum or products thereof or ofBULLETIN NO 36 55 other substances or material emitting an inflammable vapor which will flash at a temperature below 100 degrees Fahrenheit when tested in the closed oil tester known as the New York State or Elliott Oil Tester according to the following formula to wit Fill the water bath with fresh well or hydrant water up to the lead mark on the inside then immerse the oil cup in the water and pour in oil so as to fill the cup up to within oneeighth of an inch of the flange Take a piece of blotting paper and remove all air bubbles from the surface of the oil by lightly touching them with the paper Next carefully with a dry towel or cloth wipe the upper inner parts of the oil cup so as to remove any drops of oil that might have spattered on the upper part of the cup Then put on the glass cover of the oil cup pass the thermometer through the hole in the cork to such a point that the mercury bulb will just be covered by the surface of the oil Next light the lamp and introduce it under the water bath So adjust the flame that the temperature will rise at the rate of two degrees a minute Wait until the temperature reaches ninetynine degrees F then light a wooden toothpick and pass the flame through the semi circular opening in the glass plate at such an angle as to clear glass cover and to a distance about half way between the oil and the cover The motion should be steady and uniform rapid and without pause The appearance of a slight bluish flame shows that the flashing point has been reached If the oil flashes at this point it should be branded State or Georgia Rejected If it does not flash at this point it should be branded State of Georgia Approved Naphtha and illuminating products of petroleum which will not stand the flash test required by this section may be used for illuminating or heating purposes only in the following cases 1 st In street lamps and open air receptacles apart from any buildings factory or inhabited houses in which the vapor is burned 2d In dwellings factories or other places of business when vaporized in secure tanks or metal generators made for the pur pose in which the vapor so generated is used for lighting or heat ing 3d For use in the manufacture of illuminating gas m gas manufactories situated apart from dwellings and other buildings The Inspector shall provide at his own expense instruments for testing oil and stencils for branding packages to read thus State of Georgia Approved with the name of inspector and date of58 GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE inspection The Inspector shall brand all oils and fluids falling below ioo degrees flash test in the Elliott Tester State of Geor gia Rejected with name of inspector and date of inspection If the inspector shall find any illuminating oil or fluid under the flash test required by law or falsel branded he shall cause the offender to be prosecuted Sec 3 And it is hereby made the duty of such General In spector of Oils to personally prosecute each and every offender under the provisions of this Act and upon conviction such offender shall be punished as prescribed in section 1039 of the Code of Georgia and all fines arising from prosecution under this Act shall be paid into and become a part of the general educa tional fund of this State Sec 4 Be it further enacted That all laws and parts of laws in conflict with this Act be and the same are hereby repealed Approved December 20 1899 REMEDIES FOR INSECTS AXD PLANT DISEASES Department of Entomology Atlanta Ga August 15 1900 To Hon 0 B Stevens Commissioner of Agriculture Dear Sir In accordance with your request I beg to submit herein brief notes on remedies for insects and plant diseases with directions for the preparation and application of the same It should be explained that these notes are taken in part from my paper before the State Horticultural Society at its 1899 ses sion with additional matter collected from recent field experi ments It requires a considerable degree of intelligence to successfully combat insects and fungi A correct knowledge of the life history and feeding habits of the particular species to be treated is essen tial to successful results Some insects may be susceptible to treatment in one stage of their existence while they could not be affected in another stage Furthermore it is necessary to know what remedy is indicated in the particular case to be treated and when to make the applicationBULLETIN NO 36 57 The use of remedies can not be relied upon entirely for protec lion against crop pests Preventive measures play an important role in the methods of controlling such pests as does also me chanical operations such as hand picking cultivation rotation of crops and destruction of affected plants The larger Cornstalk Borer a serious enemy to corn in the South can not be reached by insecticides but can be easily controlled by the destruction in the fall of the old cornstalks in which they hibernate and by rota tion of crops No spraying operations will control Peach Yellows and Rosette complete destruction of affected trees being the only remedy The Curculio and Monilia rot can be held in check in a great measure by the destruction of affected fruit Burning the webs of webworms often proves more effective than applications of insecticides A knife or wire is used to remove borers from peach trees a sheet and club are used to capture the Curculio hoods are placed over young cucumbers and melon plants to pro tect them from the Cucumber Beetle and Squash bugs trenches are dug to entrap the Army Worm and various mechanical methods of destroying insects have been devised Also culture and care of an orchard have much to do with the control of in sects and diseases clean culture which should always be given an orchard will greatly lessen the number of various insects that are common to orchard trees Grass weeds and other debris afford protection to them while in the pupa state or hibernating and the destruction of such protection will result in the destruc tion of a great many insects Good cultivation and the use of fertilizers keep the trees in a healthy vigorous condition thereby rendering them less susceptible to attacks of insects and diseases Pruning also should not be neglected Dead and diseased limbs should be closely pruned off and removed from the orchard Dead trees should not be allowed to stand The Fruit Bark Beetle and the Black Knot Fungus are thus controlled Yellows and Rosette are prevented from spreading by the removal of affected trees Careful observation and skillful management will render the use of insecticides and fungicides less requisite INSECTICIDES Insects are divided into two classes according to their manner of feeding 1st Haustellate insects or those that possess a tube hke proboscis with which they pierce the tissues of plants and suck their juices which class embraces the plant lice plant bugs mealy58 GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE bugs and scale insects 2d Mandibulate insects are those that possess biting mouthparts and obtain their food by gnawing or chewing the tissues of plants to which class belong the grass hoppers beetles caterpillars and others This natural classification of insects necessitates the division of insecticides into two classes viz contact poisons and food poi sons The former are used against sucking insects and are applied directly to their bodies producing death by entering the body through the breathing pores or by closing the breathing pores and by corrosion and irritation Food poisons are intended for biting insects and should be applied to the plants upon which they feed lo be taken into the alimentary canal with the food CONTACT POISONS Contact poisons consist principally of soaps oils resin washes tobacco and gases The most important of these are kerosene whaleoil soap and hydrocyanic acid gas KeroseneKerosene in some form has been used as an in secticide for many years and since injurious scale insects have become so prevalent it is almost indispensable It is used pure in the form of kerosene emulsion and in mechanical mixture with water While pure kerosene is a deadly insecticide it also often proves highly injurious to plant life and should be used with caution Indeed it is rarely necessary to use pure kerosene ex cept possibly in severe cases of scales and where the plants are expected to be killed as well as the insects When used at all with the expectation of destroying scale insects and saving the infested trees it should be applied in the finest possible spray and when the weather conditions are favorable for rapid evaporation Our experience with the use of kerosene against the San Jose scale in this State has been that about 50 per cent of peach trees treated are killed and 10 per cent of plum trees and where the treatment was thorough almost complete destruction to the scale was the result Kerosene in the form of emulsion has perhaps been more widely used than any other contact poison For many years it has been the remedy for plant lice scale insects and certain caterpillars as well The usual formula for making it is as followsBULLETIN NO 36 59 KEROSENE EMULSION FORMULA Kerosene2 gallons Whaleoil soap1 pound Water1 gallon The soap is dissolved in the water by boiling The solution is then removed from the fire and the kerosene added The mixture is then churned violently while hot by pumping it back into itself with a force pump for about five minutes when it should assume a creamy consistency Used for plant lice and softbodied scale insects as a summer treatment the emulsion should be diluted with from 10 to 15 parts of water and applied with a spray pump It can also be made effective against armored scales if applied to the young scales while issuing and unprotected Used as a winter treatment for scale insects while the trees are dormant the emulsion to be effective should be diluted with only 2 or 3 parts of water Kerosene in mechanical mixture with water is fast taking the place of the emulsion and has the advantage of doing away with the work required to make the emulsion The mixing of the kero sene and water takes place in the act of spraying and no prepara tion of the insecticide is necessary A special kerosene sprayer is required to apply the mixture This mechanical combination of kerosene and water is the remedy that we have adopted for the San Jose and other scale insects in this State Various other remedies have also been tried but the kerosene mixture is the most practical efficient remedy for our purpose We have made extensive experiments with this treatment resulting in the proof that the San Jose scale can without question be controlled by its use Our experiments have shown that 20 to 25 per cent kero sene can be safely used on peach trees in a dormant condition while stronger percentages may do damage Even with 25 per cent we have injured some trees by applying the mixtures when the weather conditions were not right Bright dry days should be selected for the work and spraying should not be continued late in the evening It is important that the best conditions for rapid evaporation of the kerosene be afforded otherwise it will penetrate the bark and injure the trees If the trees are badly infested two applications are necessary to place the scale under control The first should be made early in the fall soon after the foliage is shed 60 GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE and the second at any time during the winter or spring preferably just before the buds open If the first winters treatment is thorough only one annual winter application should be neces sary thereafter As a summer treatment applied during the growing period it is not safe to use over 10 per cent and peach foliage may even be scorched a little with that strength The winter treatment is more satisfactory and should be adopted even where summer applications have previously been made The dense foliage renders a thorough wetting of the trees difficult and the leaves will protect many scales It is often neces sary to spray during summer in order to hold the scales in check until a winter application can be made It may be applied at any time during the summer when living scales are detected but preferably while young are issuing Kerosene when applied to fruit even when immature will give it a decided kerosene flavor which can be detected after the fruit has ripened Also vegetables soon to be eaten should not be sprayed with kerosene This objectionable flavor often goes to the table with the vege table Whaleoil SoapAny good soap may be effectively used as an insecticide for softbodied insects but the socalled whale oil soaps are the best They are made of fish oil and caustic potash or caustic soda The potash soap has proved to be the most effective against insects and as it remains in solution better than the other soaps is more easily applied As a winter treat ment for the San Jose scale two pounds of soap to one gallon of water are required to be effective The solution should be sprayed or mopped on the trees while warm If two applications are to be made one should be made in the fall and the other in the spring before the buds open if only one application is necessary it should be made in the spring as there is less danger of killing fruit buds at that time Some trouble has been experienced with the soap destroying the discharge hose when two pounds to the gallon are used One pound to the gallon of water affects the hose very little and this strength should be used in dealing with the Forbes and other less resistant scales than the San Jose For young larva of scales plant lice mealy bugs pear slugs and other delicate insects one pound to four gallons of water is sufficient One pound to two gallons of water has been found to injure tender foliage such as neach foliageBULLETIN NO 36 61 Hydrocyanic Acid GasThe gas treatment has been used for a number of years in California for scale insects on citrus trees and in recent years has been employed in the East to combat the San Jose scale It is specially valuable for disinfecting nur sery stock and is now being extensively used by the nurserymen of this State as a precautionary measure against scale insects It has also been successfully employed in Southwest Georgia in orchard work against the San Jose scale by means of enclosing the trees in tents Owing to the heavy expense attached to this treatment however it is now very little used by our growers and the kerosene treatment is being generally adopted instead The wide distribution of the San Jose scale over the country has created a demand from fruit growers for some kind of insur ance against such pests Inspection certificates have been gen erally accepted but there is still a demand for further protection This protection is afforded by the use of hydrocyanic acid gas in the treatment of nursery stock Be it said to the credit of our nurserymen that they have not been slow to adopt this treatment and to take any other precautions necessary to protect their cus tomers Quite a number of them have constructed fumigating houses and fumigate trees shrubs cuttings buds vines stocks and everything they grow and handle The building should be in a convenient place on the packing grounds and the stock fumigated as it is dug and brought from the nursery From our experiments conducted last fall I found the best re sults were obtained from the use of the following formula 1J4 ounces of potassium cyanide 98 per cent pure i ounces of commercial sulphuric acid best grade 5 fluid ounces of water for every 150 cubic feet of space en closed The plants to be fumigated are placed in a room in any conve nient manner The water is poured into an earthenware vessel just inside the door and the acid added Then the cyanide which should be previously weighed out into a paper bag is added from a dipper or other instrument with a handle It is not necessary to empty the cyanide from the bag The door is then quickly closed and the fumigation is continued for 35 or 40 minutes Then the door and ventilator should be opened and no one should enter the house under ten minutes thereafter The gas is a deadly poison and the work should be clone with caution62 GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE TobaccoTobacco is a valuable insecticide used in several forms The decoction of tobacco is specially useful as a remedy for plant lice The decoction is made by steeping five pounds of tobacco stems in three gallons of water for three hours Then it is strained and diluted with water to make seven gallons It is then ready to be applied to plants affected with the Black Aphis and other plant lice For the rootinhabiting individuals of the Black Aphis and the Wooly Aphis of the apple tobacco dust should be applied around the base of affected trees in the radius of two feet Three or four inches of the surface soil should be removed and about three pounds of the dust scattered over the space In case of nursery stock the dust should be scattered along on each side of the rows in furrows The whole tobacco stem may be used for the same purpose The rains extract the tobacco and carry the decoction down around the roots killing the insects it comes in contact with Tobacco leaves smudged in a greenhouse for about 15 or 20 minutes will destroy plant lice and other green house pests Pyrethrum or Persian Insect Powder is the powdered flowers of the Pyrethrum plant and is used against roaches ants mos quitoes and other household insects cabbage worms and other smoothbodied caterpillars It may be used as a dry powder pure or diluted with flour or it may be used as a spray at the rate of one ounce to two gallons of water It is not poisonous to man and therefore is valuable to use where the arsenical poisons would be objectionable Bisulphide of CarbonIs a volatile liquid and furnishes a remedy for internal feeding insects such as the bean weevil and the angoumois grain moth and subterranean insects as rootin habiting lice and root maggots The grain or other products to be treated should be put in a close box or bin and the liquid poured over it at the rate of one pound to the ton of grain The box should be securely covered over for twentyfour hours FOOD POISONS The chief food poisons are the arsenical compounds Paris Green London Purple Scheeles Green and Arsenite of Lead These poisons furnish more or less efficient remedies for nearly all biting and gnawing insects as potato beetle cabbage worms cotton worms and plum curculio Paris Green is the most popular arsenical and usually gives theBULLETIN NO 36 63 most satisfactory results It is a very fine crystaline powder composed of arsenic copper and acetic acid acetoarsenite of copper and has quite a uniform composition London Purple is a fine powder prepared from the waste prod ucts in the manufacture of analine dyes and is variable in com position containing principally arsenic and lime It is less ef fective than Paris Green and owing to its slight solubility is liable to scald the foliage but has the advantage of being less expensive Arsenate of Lead is a white substance precipitated from the combination of arsenate of soda 3 parts and acetate of lead 7 parts in water It is easily kept in suspension and can be used at a much greater strength in water than any of the other poisons without injury to the foliage Application of the ArsEnicalsFor general purposes any of the arsenicals may be used at the rate of one pound to 150 gal lons of water applied with a spraypump On very resistant foliage as the potato one pound to 100 gallons may be used and on tender foliage as that of the peach only one pound to 350 gal lons should be used With all except the arsenate of lead it is usually necessary to use about two pounds of lime to every 100 gallons of water to neutralize the free arsenic and prevent it from scalding the foliage In preparing the mixture make the powder into a thin paste in a small quantity of water and add the lime then strain the mixture into the spray tank containing the required amount of water The arsenicals may also be used as dry powders dusted on the plants through a cloth bag or powder gun either pure or diluted two or three times with flour or gypsum Poisoned Bait may be used to advantage when it is not prac tical to apply the poison to the plants attacked Such bait is par ticularly useful in destroying cutworms wireworms grasshop pers and roaches A bran bait is made by mixing together one ounce of arsenicals or white arsenic one ounce of sugar and six ounces of bran with water to make a wet mash This mash is dis tributed in small lots over the infested territory around the plants attacked Green Bait may be also prepared by dipping bunches of succu lent vegetation in a strong solution of arsenicals and distributing them among the infested plants Green bait is specially valuable for cutworms White HeleboreAside from the arsenicals White Helebore64 GEORGIA DEPARTMENT 01 AGK1CUITUKE is another substance used for biting insects and is particularly valuable for the currant worm pear tree slug and other species of sawflies It should be sprayed on plants at the rate of one ounce to the gallon of water FUNGICIDES The diseases of plants to which fungicides are applicable are due in the main to a lower order of plant life known as parasitic fungi A few are external parasites and develop on the surface of the host plant as the mildews but the most of them enter the host and ramify its tissues forming a network of minute threads coming to the surface only to fruit It is obvious then that reme dial agencies can not reach the parasite within the tissues of the plant without destroying the plant also Hence fungicides must be used largely as a preventive treatment and should be applied in most cases before the symptoms of the disease have appeared Remedial work therefore consists principally in preventing the spores of the fungi from gaining lodgment and germinating It is of course impossible to foretell with any degree of certainty when crops will be attacked by these parasites but from reason and experience of past years we may anticipate certain diseases and spray as a kind of insurance against them Other important preventive measures consist in collecting and destroying all diseased fruit leaves and other waste parts of plants and judicious fertilizing tilling draining and pruning BordeauxNumerous fungicides of various kinds and com positions have been tested to determine their efficiency in prevent ing fungous diseases but only a few have come into prominence Among these Bordeaux mixture is the most economical and effective and is now the most popular fungicide in use It is not only a cheap and safe fungicide but also possesses the property of beneficially affecting the plants treated Copper Sulphate Blue Stone and quicklime are the materials used in the preparation of Bordeaux and it is necessary to use sufficient lime to take into combination all the dissolved copper If any of the copper remains in solution it will burn the foliage of the plant It is therefore safest to use the lime a little in excess For general purposes we believe the best results will be obtained from the use of the following formula Copper Sulphate Blue Stone4 pounds Lime unslacked5 pounds Water5 gallonsBULLETIN NO 36 6ft On peach and other susceptible foliage the following formula should be used 3 pounds of Copper Sulphate 6 pounds of lime 50 gallons of water We have thoroughly tested this formula and find that no serious damage to the foliage will result from its use Stronger mix tures are quite injurious To Prepare BordeauxWeigh out the required quantity of copper sulphate 4 pounds for the standard formula into a piece of gummy sack or cheesecloth and suspend it just beneath the sur face of 25 gallons of water contained in a tub The sack can be tied to a stick laid across the top of the tub and should remain suspended for 24 hours or until all the copper sulphate is dissolved Slack the lime in another vessel by pouring on water slowly but sufficient to keep the lime moist until it is slacked and converted into a perfectly smooth paste Then add enough water to make 25 gallons of lime water Then slowly pour the copper sulphate solution and the lime water together through a wire gauze strainer into a 50gallon barrel pouring both solutions at the same time The mixture should then be thoroughly stirred for three or four minutes and it is ready for use If spraying is to be done on a large scale it will be found expe dient to prepare stock solutions of copper sulphate and lime to be used as needed Stock solutions are made much in the same way as the smaller quantities are prepared 50 pounds of copper sulphate are dissolved in 50 gallons of water and 50 pounds of lime are slacked and diluted to 50 gallons It will require about two days for that quantity of copper sulphate to dissolve Each gallon of the copper sulphate water contains one pound of copper sulphate and each gallon of lime water contains one pound of lime To make 4550 formula of Bordeaux take 4 gallons of copper sulphate solution and 5 gallons of lime water dilute each to 25 gallons and pour together as explained above The stock solution should be thoroughly stirred before using For the 3650 for mula 3 gallons of the copper sulphate solution and 6 gallons of the lime water will be required Two to eight ounces of Paris Green may be added to every 50 gallons of Bordeaux and thus form a combined insecticide and fungicide the smaller quantity being used for peach and other sus ceptible foliage and the larger quantity for very resistant plants as potatoes 5 a b66 GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Ammoniacal Solution of Copper CarbonateAside from the Bordeaux mixture the ammoniacopper carbonate solution is per haps the most valuable It is prepared by the use of 3 pints aqua ammonia 26 degrees 5 ounces copper carbonate 45 gallons water Make the copper carbonate into a thin paste by adding a small quantity of water add the ammonia water slowly and dilute with water to make 45 gallons The advantage in the use of this prep aration is that in spraying fruit no staining will result as is often the case with Bordeaux It furnishes an excellent remedy for the downy mildew and brown rot of the grape Time to apply FungicideNo definite directions can be given as to when and how often spraying should be done The grower must decide this himself from the nature of the enemy to be fought For the brown rot of the peach plum and cherry three or four sprayings are necessary The first should be applied in the spring just before the fruit buds begin to open the second just after the blooms are shed followed by the third in about two weeks and the fourth any time thereafter that it may seem necessary from indications of rot The 4550 formula of Bordeaux or simply the four pounds of copper sulphate in 50 gallons of water without the lime may be used for the first spraying and 3650 Bor deaux formula for all subsequent sprayings For peach leaf curl only one application of Bordeaux 4550 formula is necessary This should be made immediately before the fruit buds begin to open For the black rot downy mildew and anthracnose of the grape three applications of the 4550 Bordeaux formula should be made the first when the buds begin to open the second in 15 days after the first and the third after the fruit is well set For the applescab fungus the 4550 Bordeaux formula should be used and four ounces of Paris Green may be added to destroy insect pests that are nearly always present on the apple tree The trees should be sprayed just before the bloom buds open and again immediately after the blossoms are shed In order to obtain satisfactory results from the use of fungicides it is necessary that the substance used should be thoroughly ap plied to all parts of the plants subject to the attacks of fungi Spraying is often a waste of time and material Unless the work is thoroughly done it perhaps had better not be done at all Respectfully submitted W M Scott EntomologistBULLETIN NO 36 67 REPORT OF THE STATE CHEMIST Hon 0 B Stevens Commissioner of Agriculture of the State of Georgia Dear Sir The season of 18991900 is now nearing a finish and I furnish you herewith tables of analyses of the variousbrands of fertilizers sold in the State the past season The number of tons of fertilizers sold in the State has been 412755 as compared with 342869 tons the previous season the number of brands however has been reduced from 779 last year to 699 this season The nature of the work has been of the usual character as will be disclosed by an inspection of the annexed tables of analyses showing the percentages of valuable plant food in the various guanos acid phosphates acid phosphates with potash and with ammonia cottonseed meals and potash salts etc manufactured and sold by the various companies and dealers in and out of the State VALUATIONS The commercial values for this season have ranged materially above those for last year When fixing the values for the year on the first of January I found by correspondence and inquiry that the price of phosphate rock of brimstone of pyrites and of all the ammoniates both animal and vegetable had had a pro nounced rise These quotations you will find given on another page of this bulletin and calculating from these quotations the price of available phosphoric acid was placed at 70c per unit as compared with 65c the previous season the unit price of am monia was also raised from 200 a unit to 220 The price of potash alone remained the same at 85c per unit COTTONSEED MEALS In the case of cottonseed meals I have departed from the usual course heretofore pursued of valuing them only according to their percentage of ammonia In this bulletin the value of the ammonia in the meal is calculated at 220 per unit and to this value 342 is added for upland meals to cover the value of the 18 per cent potash and 27 per cent phosphoric acid which is the average content of those meals in the case of sea island meals68 GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 260 is added to cover the value of the 15 per cent potash and 19 per cent phosphoric acid which is the average content of these meals BONE MEALS Inasmuch as the availability of the nitrogen and phosphoric acid in bone meals is considered by the best authorities to vary according to the fineness to which these meals are ground I decided to adopt the Connecticut plan with such goods that is to weigh the sample carefully as soon as the bottle is opened then to pass it through a sieve with meshes i50th of an inch in diameter and weigh the fine meal which passes through so as to get the percentages of coarse and fine meal in the sample before putting it through the usual process of preparation for analysis To the nitrogen from the fine bone meal a valuation of 220 a unit is given to that from the coarse a value of 160 a unit is given To the phosphoric acid from the fine meal a value of 70c a unit is given to that from the coarse a value of 60c a unit is given AVAILABILITY OF FERTILIZER NITROGEN Recalling to your attention the remarks made in my report of last year on the availability of fertilizer nitrogen a great deal of laboratory work has also been done the past year along this line The Association of Official Chemists has now taken up this mat ter and its members are doing steady though necessarily slow work toward the development of chemical methods for estimating the availability of the nitrogen as plant food in the various fer tilizer materials on the market In connection with our chemical work on this line I made some pot experiments on oats this spring which may be of interest to you Twelve flower pots each 10 inches in diameter at the top were selected carefully painted in side with asphalt paint to prevent the absorption of any of the fertilizing constituents into the pores of the pots These pots be ing numbered were all filled to within an inch of the top with sifted coal ashes containing no nitrogen To each pot was added acid phosphate containing 3 grams phosphoric acid also 3 grams sodium chloride also y2 gram magnesium sulphate also 25 grams carbonate of lime also 2 grams of 50 per cent muriate of potash These chemicals were thoroughly incorporated with theBULLETIN NO 36 69 sifted coal ashes Also in order to furnish a little organic matter some muck containing only 310 per cent of nitrogen was addei to the extent of 3 per cent of the weight of the coal ashes The pots now contained all the elements of plant life with the excep tion of sufficient nitrogen This was now supplied as follows To pots Nos 1 2 3 4 garbage tankage was added in increasing amounts to No 1 an amount equal to gram nitrogen to No 2 y2 gram nitrogen to No 3 Ya gram nitrogen to No 4 gram nitrogen to No 5 hoof meal was added containing gram nitrogen to No 6 cottonseed meal containing 1 gram nitrogen to No 7 powdered leather containing 1 gram nitrogen to No 8 nitrate soda containing J2 gram nitrogen to No 9 nitrate soda containing 34 gram nitrogen to No 10 nitrate soda containing 1 gram nitrogen to No 11 nothing to No 12 nothing Carefully selected oat seed to the number of 25 were planted in each pot and when all were up were thinned out to a uniform stand of 18 plants to the pot All the pots received exactly the same care and the same amount of water each day The accom panying photographs skilfully made by Mr R G Williams as sistant chemist will tell the story of the effects of the different nitrogenous fertilizers better than any words of mine can describe It will be observed that the effect of the leather seemed to be positively injurious the showing made in that pot No 7 being even more stunted than in the pots without any nitrogenous fer tilizer on the contrary pot No 5 to which hoof meal was added a material which a few years ago was commonly condemned as a worthless and fraudulent fertilizer shows about as healthy and vigorous growth as any of the pots Unfortunately during the very wet weather in June last lice attacked the plants in the pots in some to a greater extent than in others thus rendering it use less for me to analyze the plants and determine the exact quan tities of nitrogen which they had been able to extract from the various fertilizers and thus report in a more scientific way as to the relative availability of the different nitrogenous fertilizers used OILS The new law regulating the sale and inspection of illuminating oils which we succeeded in carrying through at the last session of the Legislature though not without a hard fought battle has70 GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE worked smoothly during the past season since it came into opera tion You and the very efficient General Oil Inspector Mr Bar rett and the people of the State of Georgia and the oil com panies are all to be congratulated upon the character of the illum inating oil now supplied and sold throughout the State The fol lowing table of analyses of oils taken at random from different sections of the State will show that the above is not an idle boast 0 Z 302F 392 482 579 Left in the Retort 1 1100 318 4600 55 57 R 09 276 2000 28 235 6 05 317 48 155 43 4 05 2775 40 225 925 b 05 325 35 5 245 700 b 25 37 34 200 650R I 2 5 385 33 20 600 8 11 345 375 225 44 9 18 375 405 16 42 JO 12 375 385 185 43 In the above table the figures in the second column represent the percentages of oil which distilled over at a temperature below 302 F They consist of light oils or naphthas The figures in the next three columns show the percentages of oil distilling over at and below the temperatures named viz 3920 F 482F 570F These oils constitute the good normal burning kerosene oil The figures in the last column represent the oil remaining in the retort and refusing to distill at a temperature of 572F This fraction constitutes what is known as heavy oil or lubricating oil I give below an analysis for sake of comparison made last year of the kind of oil which was commonly sold in the State before the present law went into effect Left in the Retort 1600 302 F 392 482 572 1400 3100 2400 1500 You will at once notice the remarkable manner in which the light inflammable oils or naphthas have been removed from the oils now sold in the State as compared with those sold a year ago and that over 90 per cent of the oils now sold consists of pure burning oil You will also note that samples Nos 1 6 7 8 9 10 are marked with an R That means that those oils whilst ofV CT BULLETIN NO 36 71 very good quality otherwise still contain too much naphtha or light oil to stand the test of the instrument now legalized in Geor gia and by which all oils are now being tested In other words it appears from the analyses so far made that no oil containing as much as one per cent even of light oil distilling below 302 F will stand the flash test of the new Georgia instrument In other words we have now on the market in Georgia a quality of oil which in all probability will not only not explode but not even take fire if the lamp in which it is burning should be accidentally turned over and broken PHOTOMETRIC TEST I further made a photometric test of the oil we are now con suming I filled a lamp having a one and a half inch flat wick open woven with the oil we are now consuming I carefully weighed the lamp with its oil and chimney then lit it tested it in the photometer and found its average candle power to be 16 44 After burning for three hours I again weighed it noted the loss of oil and found that the lamp consumed 267 grams of oil per candle power per hour A similar test with oil of the old quality showed a consumption of 356 grams of oil per candle power per hour or 333 per cent greater consumption of oil per candle power per hour I have sir to thank you and Assistant Commissioner Wright for your kind and steadfast support in the work of the year nor must I close this report without referring with deep appreciation to the sterling honest faithful though silent and unobtrusive work of the Assistant State Chemists Messrs P L Hutchinson and R G Williams Respectfully submitted Jno M McCandlEss State Chemist72 GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE CHEMISTRY IN AGRICULTURE Letters on Agriculture Addressed to the Georgia Farmers letter no one as to stock feedingmatter an important onethe chemistry of the animal body and its elements hxplained To the State Chemist Atlanta Ga Dear Sir I am a young farmer almost discouraged with farming and the low prices of cotton I had thought of devoting more attention to my stock and write to ask if chemistry can throw any light on that subject as all farmers admit that it does on the subject of fertilizers Can you give some good formulas tor feeding I have a good common school education but want you to be plain so I can understand what you say Georgia Farmer To Georgia Farmer Dear Sir Your letter received and the questions you ask open up a wide field for discussion and are of the greatest prac tical importance not only to the farmer but to the general pros perity of the whole country Yes chemistry can throw a great flood of light on the subject of stock feeding which is a part of the general subject of animal nutrition The subject is usually treated last in nearly all works on agriculture but I am now going to write to you about it first because you seem specially interested in it and also because I believe that if a general and intelligent interest in the subject of stock raising could be awakened in the country it would do more for our agricultural regeneration than any one thing that I can think of I could answer the main question of your letter at once by giving you some formulas for feeding but I am not going to do that because you would not see any sense in it or any good reason for it and I desire that you should understand the prin ciples of feeding first then you will take an intelligent interest inBULLETIN NO 36 73 it and be more successful in it than if you went at it blindly by mere rule of thumb I am going to assume that there are numbers of farmers like yourself in Georgia with limited but fair education who are dis gusted with the allcotton policy and that this letter addressed to you personally is also of interest to them and so I 9hall print it in the Monthly Talks of the commissioner of agriculture that it may have a wide circulation among the farmers and perhaps be of interest and benefit to them as well as yourself to whom it is addressed I expect to write one of these letters for each of the Monthly Talks according as I may find opportunity and time to spare from my other duties and to continue them as long as I think I have anything of practical value to say to the farmers As I am not writing these letters for those well versed in scientific agriculture but for beginners I shall commence with elementary principles I will discuss in a brief manner some of the principles of animal nutrition or of feeding The animal body is composed of water that constitutes from 40 to 60 per cent of it and also of protein fat and ash of which last bones are the chief part The protein of the body includes all of the matter in the body containing nitrogen The lean meat the casein of milk or the curd the white of eggs or albumen are all forms of protein The term albuminoids derived from albu men is often used to mean the same as protein although that use is not strictly correct The albuminoids are a class of bodies in cluded under the general name of protein The flesh the skin the hair the muscles the heart the liver the brain the blood the nerves all the internal organs the nails the horns the hoofs and in fact a large part of the bones all consist largely of protein So we see this substance protein is indeed a most important one life cannot exist without it and when we go into the market to buy it in its most concentrated forms as in beef mutton pork and milk we find we have to go down into our pockets just a lit tle deeper than for the other necessaries of life The carbohydrates and fat are also necessary to animal life The word carbohydrate is derived from carbon of which char coal is a good example and the word hydrate is from the Greek for water An example of a pure carbohydrate is starch we eat it usually in the form of meal flour rice and potatoes of which it forms the greater part Sugar is the first cousin of starch in deed it can be made from it and is also included under the term74 GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE carbohydrates These carbohydrates are the principal source of the fat of our bodies and are the chief source of animal heat and the energy of the body in fact they are a sort of fuel and are so to speak burned in the body heat and work being a result of their oxidation or burning just as heat and work or motion are a result of the burning or oxidation of coal in an engine So we see these carbohydrates are important but we also find they are cheap as compared with protein why are they cheap Because as their name implies they are derived from the very abundant and cheap substances water and carbon The water is given us free in the form of rain and the carbon also in the form of carbonic acid which is breathed out continually into the atmosphere by every living animal on the surface of the earth by every chimney and hearthstone which warms a happy family by every smokestack factory and locomotive which min isters to our wants and necessities Carbonic acid forms a prin cipal part of all this smoke although it is not the black part which we see but the invisible part which is clear and colorless like the air Vast streams of it are pouring out constantly into the air why does it not stifle and suffocate us as it would if poured into the rooms where we live It is because all plant life lives on it the great forests absorb it the crops of wheat corn and cotton consume it the lilies and the roses eat it and drink it They take this deadly gas into their wonderful little bodies and work it over and over together with the water which they suck out of the soil until they turn it back again into the very starch from which it started and deposit it in their cells to be consumed by men and other animals again and again in a wondrous never end ing cycle We see now why the carbohydrates are cheap because they are never used up because they form an endless chain Do what we will with them eat them up burn them up they bob up again serenely ready for fresh consumption They come out of the air which is free to all and all that they can cost is the labor connected with handling and getting theminto marketable shape But you ask is not the same thing true of protein No indeed and in my next letter I will give you some of the reasons why protein is more costly Yours truly Jno M McCandless State ChemistBULLETIN NO 36 75 CHEMISTRY IN AGRICULTURE LETTER NO TWO STATE CHEMIST WRITES LETTERS ON ELEMENTS IN PLANT AND ANIMAL LIFENATURE SHORT ON PROTEINCLOVER AND LEG UMES HIGHLY FAVORED IN ABSORPTION OF FOOD FROM THE ATMOSPHERE Georgia Farmer Dear Sir In my last letter I wrote you about the carbohy drates the functions which they fill in the animal economy and gave you some of the reasons for their abundance and cheapness I also indicated some of the uses of protein and what an im portant part of our bodies it was also that it was costly material compared with the carbohydrates and promised to give you some of the reasons why it was more costly Nature can afford to be generous and even lavish with the carbohydrates because she is saving and even stingy with the water and carbonic acid which enter into their composition not a pound of either does she allow to go to waste Apparently she is very prodigal with both but in reality not The floodgates of heaven open and pour out mil lions of gallons of water in places where it is needed and also in places where it is not needed but every drop which is not absorbed and used by the thirsty earth runs back into the sea ready to be distilled again and again from its surface by the heat of the sun and used over again and again and the same with carbonic acid gas as I illustrated to you in my last letter That is the highest sort of economy which uses its raw ma terials over and over again without their wearing out But in the case of protein Mother Nature is not so generous as with carbo hydrates Indeed she is stingy and niggardly and why Be cause she is wasteful of her raw material Nitrogen is the es sential element in the raw material out of which protein is built Like carbonic acid nitrogen is also a gas colorless and invisible It constitutes in round numbers fourfifths or 80 per cent of the atmosphere We inhale it in every breath but it has no effect upon us whatever merely serving to dilute the oxygen which supports our life and which constitutes the remaining fifth of the atmosphere For illustration let us suppose we burn up the dea76 GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE body of a dog and at the same time a pile of wood In the act of burning the protein which forms so large a part of the animals body is decomposed and its nitrogen escapes into the atmosphere not to be taken up and used over again by growing plants like the carbonic acid and water which result from burning the pile of wood but to remain as an inert gas in the atmosphere unable to enter into or be absorbed by the growing crops about which it circulates Although they may be in sore need and distress for the lack of that very nitrogen they can not absorb it and use it while still in the gaseous form although there are oceans of it around and about and touching them To illustrate again let us suppose the dead body of the dog de cays in the earth in the neighborhood of growing crops the nitro gen of the body will be converted by slow process of decay and by the agency of the putrefactive organisms or microbes into ammonia and nitrates In this last form of nitrate which is fa miliar to you in the white salt known as saltpeter the roots of the plant are at last able to absorb the nitrogen which constituted a part of the animals body and to use and work it over in their little cells and bodies and thus convert it into vegetable protein which is then in a condition to be eaten by animals say by a sheep and thus to become a part of the lean meat of its body which in turn being eaten by man as mutton becomes a portion of his body But observe the wastefulness of nature in this case unless that carcass decay at the proper time and place in the vicinity of grow ing crops or plants there is grievous waste The protein of the body will decay as usual and be converted by the nitrifying or ganisms or microbes I mentioned above into nitrates Now these nitrates are very soluble in water and unless the roots of the plant are at hand to appropriate them they are carried off in the drainage waters into the springs creeks and rivers and pass into the sea a total loss so far as agriculture is concerned By reflecting on these facts you will begin to appreciate the value of soluble nitrogen to realize why it is that a pound of beef costs more than a pound of bread and also to realize the great mistake made by Mother Nature in not creating all plants free and equal in their ability to absorb nitrogen from the at mosphere just as they absorb carbonic acid and water In passing and to illustrate the fact that Nature is not republi can or democratic in her instincts and does not believe in grant ing equal rights and privileges to all her children I will mention the fact that the general law I have stated above about plants notBULLETIN NO36 77 being able to appropriate the free nitrogen of the air has its ex ceptions and that a few favored children of nature have this spe cial privilege granted to them The favorites who enjoy this natural monopoly are the clovers and legumes This last named covers all of the plants of the pea and bean family This excep tion to the general law is one of immense importance to Agricul ture and we will dwell on it later when we come to discuss the subject of fertilizers In my next letter I intend to give you a table giving analyses of the different more important feedingstuffs and showing the percentage of water protein carbohydrates fat and ash found in them All the elements found in the animal body are also found in the plants on which the animals feed For this reason I will at the risk of being a little tedious explain a little more fully than I have already done some of the terms to be used in the table of analyses of feedingstuffs WaterThis is essential to the proper distribution of the nourishing fluids through the animal system and is usually more than half the live weight of the animal No matter how dry a feedingstuff may appear to be it always contains a considerable quantity of water say from 10 to 90 per cent of its weight Though this water may render the food more succulent and palat able it is of no more value than the water which the animal drinks So for this reason and because the variation of the water content is so great comparison of the different foods is usually made on a dry basis that is the dry matter left after expelling the water by heat I have already described Protein quite fully and will say no more about that In addition to what I have already said about Carbohydrates I will add that the chemist usually divides them into two groups one they call nitrogen free extractwhich consists of the starch sugar and gums in the plant the other group they call cellulose or fiber The fiber of wood of hay and straw is largely cellulose Cotton fiber is almost pure cellulose Though so dif ferent in appearance both starch and cellulose are carbohydrates Coarse fodders hay and straw contain much fiber The grains wheat and corn contain only a little fiber but much nitrogen free extract or starch and some sugar Cellulose is identical with starch in chemical composition and may be converted like starch by suitable treatment with acids and alkalies into dextrin and then into grape sugar The glucose or 78 GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE grape sugar largely used in candy manufacture is made almost entirely by chemical treatment of corn starch with acid Grape sugar occurs in small quantities in the different feedstuffs and during the course of digestion in the body it is formed in large quantity from the starch and other carbohydrates The ash is what is left after burning a feedstuff It consists principally of potash soda lime magnesia and of carbonic sul phuric and phosphoric acids These constitute the mineral salts of foodstuffs and during the process of digestion the animal ab sorbs what it needs of them and the rest is excreted with the ma nure The term fat in the table of analysis means the fat or oil winch is in the foodstuff k is of the same composition practically as the fat of the frody The fat of the feedingstuff is either assimi lated in the body as body fat or else burned to furnish heat and energy Yours truly Jno M McCandlEss State Chemist CHEMISTRY IN AGRICULTURE LETTER NO THREE Science of Feeding VALUABLE INFORMATION FURNISHEDIMPORTANCE OF COTTON SEEDHOW THE PROGRESSIVE FARMER MAY CALCULATE THE BEST RATION FOR HIS STOCK To Georgia Farmer Renewing my letters to you which have for a time been inter rupted by more pressing official duties I here give you the table of analyses of the more common feeding stuffs which I promised you in my last iBULLETIN NO 36 79 TABLE SHOWING DIGESTIBLE MATTER IN IOO POUNDS OF FEED STUFF Dry Matter Protein Carbohy drates Fat 0T3 O o Corn Fodder Rye Fodder Oat Fodder Oowpea Corn Silage Hay made from Orchard Grass Timothy Crabgrass Mixed Grasses Red Clover White Clover Crimson Clover Cowpea Roots Grains etc Turnips Rutabagas Corn grain Oats grain Wheat grain Cotton Seed Whole Corn Meal Corn and Cob Meal Ground Corn and Oats equal parts Wheat Bran Wheat Middlings Wheat Shorts Cotton Seed Meal Cotton Seed Hulls Whole Milk Skim Milk Separator Milk Butter Milk Whey 207 234 378 163 209 901 868 800 871 847 903 914 893 950 114 891 890 895 899 8500 849 881 885 840 882 918 889 130 96 94 99 66 110 205 209 168 050 478 289 504 322 658 1146 1049 1079 081 088 792 925 1023 1108 701 646 739 12 01 1279 1222 370L 042 348 313 294 3 87 084 1208 1411 2206 808 1179 4199 43 72 3845 48 26 3535 4182 3813 3840 646 774 6669 4834 6921 3313 6520 5628 61 20 4123 5315 5000 1652 3095 477 469 5 24 400 474 037 044 104 025 065 140 143 141 133 166 148 129 151 011 011 428 418 168 1844 325 372 287 340 383 1258 169 370 083 029 106 031 I hope you will now go back and carefully read again my pre vious letters and fix in your mind the explanations there given of the various terms which are used in the above table of analyses what protein is and what function it fills in the animal economy building muscle and lean meat blood nerves hair tendons and even part of the bones also the office of the fat and the carbo hydrates producing fat in the body keeping up its heat and pro ducing force or energy You will then better understand the table just given This is a short table selected from numerous analyses as con80 GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE taining the materials most likely to be met with on the average Southern farm and used for the feeding of stock The above table does not give the complete analysis of the feed ingstuffs mentioned but gives the digestible matter in ioo pounds of each feed For instance the complete analysis of cottonseed meal is as follows Water 82 per cent ash 72 per cent pro tein 423 per cent carbohydrates 292 per cent fat 131 per cent or total 100 per cent By referring to the table however you will see that about five pounds of the protein is indigestible and about 13 pounds of the carbohydrates are also indigestible The figures in the above table have been obtained by careful feed ing experiments and are the result of much painstaking careful conscientious work and are therefore very valuable as being prac tical in the best sense Only that part of the food is of value to the animal which passes into the circulation after being acted on by the fluids of the stomach and intestines and being taken up by the blood goes to repair the waste of the body to make new flesh to add fat or to serve as a source of energy or work In preparing these tables of digestible matter the experimenters carefully weighed the ani mals at the beginning of each experiment carefully analyzed the rations fed to them carefully saved every drop of liquid and solid of the dung and urine and analyzed them and then studiously comparing all the results calculated the digestible matter in 100 pounds of each feedstuff and these percentages they called the digestion coefficients Such tables as these are the basis of scientific feeding Little as you may think of it this subject is of the utmost practical importance not only to the agricultural com munity but to the general prosperity of the nation The experience of the past decade has demonstrated and I hope conclusively to our farmers at least that the day has passed when their exclusive attention can be devoted to the production of one crop and that crop one which is not essential to the life of man at least in the way in which it is at present handled it is only conducive to the comfort of the human family as raiment but it can be so handled as to minister not only to their comfort but to the development and sustenance of life itself To explain my meaning in as few words as possible is this that we have been raising cotton for the sake of its fiber to be spun into cloth when we should have been raising it also for the sake of its precious seed born into the world in a manner befitting its royal origin as the son of King Cotton swaddled and encircled in the downiestBULLETIN NO 36 81 fur and t naked and forlorn as is the wont of earthly prince lings It does seem as if this jealous care of Mother Nature should have made us recognize earlier the great value of the little seed which she wrapped up so carefully As I said we have been rais ing it for the sake of its fibre to be spun into cloth when we should have been raising it chiefly for the sake of the protein and carbo hydrates of its seeds to be transmuted by wonderful alchemy of the brute creation into beef milk mutton and pork with the lint simply thrown in as a byproduct When we consider the wonder ful nutritive value of cottonseedmeal and hulls after the oil an other byproduct has been extracted from them and the further fact that this rich nutritious food may be passed through the domestic animals giving them life growth and development and yet in that process lose only about 10 per cent of the rich fertiliz ing constituents found in theoriginal food and yielding a manure of the very best quality it does seem as though nature had been too lavish and generous in her gifts to us in the South We have been slow to realize the importance of the talent which we have buried but the day is breaking and ere long we shall by developing the various products of this wonderful plant become the richest people in the world and by consequence the center of civilization refinement and the arts I have thus di gressed from the technical details we have been discussing for the purpose of impressing more strongly upon you their importance In my next letter with the aid of another table and some expla nations I hope to be able to show you how to calculate for your self a scientific ration for the stock you are feeding Yours truly John M McCandless State Chemist a b82 GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE CHEMISTRY IN AGRICULTURE The Feeding oe Stock LETTER NO FOUR ANALYSIS SHOWING HOW TO PREPARE FOOD OBTAINING BEST RE SULTSAN INTERESTING EXPOSITIONSOME VALUABLE INFOR MATION AS TO QUANTITIES TO BE USEDMUST BE RICHER WHEN WORKING Georgia Farmer Dear Sir Since my last I have received your letter asking for the analysis of Bermuda hay and also other letters asking for analysis of other feedingstuffs This has decided me to extend the table given in the last letter so as to cover almost any feeding stuff found on the farm This table I present below and it is to be filed away and used in connection with the one already given DIGESTIBILE MATTER IN IOO POUNDS OF FEEDINGSTUFFS Feeding Stuffs Green Stuffs Dry Matter Protein Carbohy Crabgrass Bermuda grass Red top in bloom Orchard grass in bloom Meadow fescue in bloom Timothy Kentucky blue grass Hungarian grass Red clover Crimson Clover Alfalfa or Lucerne iHay made from Bermuda grass Corn fodder Red top Hungarian grass Meadow fescue Mixed grasses and clover Alsike clover Alfalfa and Lucerne Wheat straw Rye straw Oatstrawroots and tubers Beets Mangelwurzels Carrots o 3 7 oo l 4 9 23 28 34 27 30 38 34 289 202 J93 282 857 700 91 923 800 871 903 91 6 904 929 908 130 910 114 381 140 206 1 ill 149 228 301 192 307 210 389 489 337 482 450 420 616 815 106S 080 074 1 58 121 1 03 081 drates 991 1711 2124 1591 16 78 2371 1983 1563 1482 31 1120 3938 3412 4683 5167 4334 4275 4170 3733 3794 4271 4163 884 565 783 Fat 071 060 058 058 042 077 0S3 036 0 69 044 041 085 086 095 1 34 170 146 136 138 046 0 35 074 005 011 022BULLETIN NO 36 83 In the above table the words corn fodder have the usual sig nificance given them in the South meaning the cured leaves of the corn in the previous table the words corn fodder under the heading of green fodder have the meaning usually given in the North that is to say it means the entire plant usually sown thick and not simply the leaves You will remember that the special functions of food are to renew the wastes of the body and to provide material for growth in the young and growing animal and also to furnish heat and energy The animal must provide for these out of the digestible matters in the ration of food furnished to it the indigestible parts are of no value The question which now concerns us is how much shall we feed our stock of the different kinds of foods we have analyzed You know yourself that when you are hard at work you require more food and richer food than when you are idle Nature calls for it and it is not different with your horse or mule he requires more nutriment when at work than when standing in the stall When at work he uses up the tissues of the body and protein or carbohydrates in his food are needed to rebuild those else he will grow poor and weak even when at rest he requires a certain amount of nutriment to maintain the normal heat of the body and carry on the process of the vital functions but not so much and if fed as much the disposition will be to grow fat In the case of the cow giving milk she requires food adapted to the production of milk She is a wonderful machine for con verting fat carbohydrates and protein into milk the protein of the food goes to make the casein of the milk the fat of the food to make cream or butter and the carbohydrates to make milk sugar and also fat so she requires generous feeding just as much as the horse at hard labor and even more so if she is to maintain a generous flow of milk and at the same time maintain her own normal weight If you dont give her food enough or food of the proper kind she will begin to make milk from the tissues of her own body then she will become thin and then the flow of milk will be checked and its quality will deteriorate Thus it is important to know how much as well as what to feed so that we shall not waste by giving more than is required nor starve by underfeeding or feeding the wrong kind of food for an animal can be surely though slowly starved by feeding an abund ance of carbohydrates and an insufficiency of protein or vice versa To enable us to calculate the proper rations for animals84 GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE at work and animals at rest for growing and mature animals for milch cows and fattening animals a great number of experiments have been made and the tables of Wolff a celebrated German experimenter have been most widely followed I give them below WOLFFS FEEDING STANDARDS POUNDS PEE DAY PER 1000 POUNDS LIVE WEIGHT Total Dry Digestible Digest Carbhy Digestible Fat Matter Protein drates Lbs Lbs Lbs Lbs Horse at light work 2100 1 5 9 5 0 4 Horse at average work 225 18 12 06 255 28 134 0 8 175 07 80 0 15 240 16 113 03 Oxen at hard work 260 270 24 25 132 150 05 05 Oxen fattening 1st period 260 30 148 07 Oxen fattening 3d nd 250 2 7 14 8 06 0 4 Milk Cows 240 25 125 Wool Sheep coarse breeds Wool Sheep fine breeds 200 12 10 3 0 2 225 15 114 025 Fattening Sheep 1st pd 260 30 152 05 Fattening Sheep 2d pd 250 3r 144 06 Fattening Swine 1st pd 360 50 275 Fattening Swine 2d pd 310 40 240 Fattening Swine 3d pd 235 27 17 5 Average live wgt Fe r Day anc 1 Per Head per head Lbs Growing Fat Swine Age 2 to 3 months 50 21 038 150 3 to 5 months 100 34 050 250 5 to 6 months 125 39 054 296 6 to 8 months 170 46 058 347 8 to 12 months 250 52 062 105 Growing Cattle Age 2 to 3 months 150 38 060 21 030 1 3 to 6 months 300 70 10 41 030 1 6 to 12 months 500 120 13 68 030 12 to 18 months 700 168 14 91 028 18 to 24 months 850 204 14 103 026 Growing Sheep Age 5 to i months 56 16 018 087 0045 6 to 8 months 67 17 017 085 0004 8 to 11 months 75 17 016 085 0037 11 to 15 months 82 18 014 089 0032 15 to 20 months 85 19 012 088 0025 BULLETIN NO 36 According to the above standard a horse of 1000 pounds at light work would require iy2 pounds of digestible protein 9 pounds of digestible carbohydrates and 04 of a pound of digest ible fat the same horse at hard work would require 28 pounds protein 134 pounds carbohydrates and 08 pounds fat all of course digestible In order to show the use of the above tables let us calculate the ration for a milch cow Let us suppose we have on hand peavine hay green rye fodder corn meal and wheat bran Referring to the table we find Wolff recommends 24 pounds dry matter 2l2 pounds digestible protein i2l2 pounds digestible carbohydrates and 04 pound fat Now referring to the table in the last letter we find cowpea hay contains 893 pounds per 100 of dry matter then 1 pound will contain 893 of a pound dry matter and 12 pounds will contain 12 times 893 or 1071 pounds dry matter Now set this down in a column to itself Next we see by the table that cowpea hay contains 1079 Per cent digestible protein Then 1 pound would contain 1079 and 12 pounds would contain 12 times as much or 129 pounds digestible protein Set this result down in another column to itself In like manner we find that 1 pound contains 384 digestible carbohydrates Therefore 12 pounds contain 461 pounds and also 1 pound of the hay contains 0151 of fat Therefore 12 pounds contains 17 of a pound each of which is set down in a separate column to itself Now in like manner calculate the dry matter in 20 pounds of green rye fodder You will find it to be 468 pounds Set this under the dry mat ter in the peavine hay and so on with the protein and carbo hydrates and fat in the rye fodder Thentake 4 pounds of corn meal and 4 pounds of wheat bran and pursue exactly the same course and when you are through you ought to have a table like this Dry Pro Carbohy pt Matter tein drates 12 pounds pea hay 1071 129 461 17 20 ryefodder 468 041 282 08 4 cornmeal 340 028 261 13 4 wheatbran 354 048 165 11 40 233 246 1169 49 There you see you have almost the theoretical standard set by Wolff It is a little short however in carbohydrates and dry matter and if you wish you can add 2 pounds cottonseedhulls which when you have calculated it out and added the results to86 GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE the proper columns will increase the dry matter to 2411 pounds and the carbohydrates to 1231 pounds but will only add 03 to the fat making it 52 of a pound and will not quite add 1100 to the protein So with this addition you have a practically theo retical ration for a cow of 1000 pounds weight giving milk You will see by reference to the table that she requires almost as rich and nourishing food per 1000 pounds weight as a heavily worked ox that is because she is producing milk as well as main taining the body heat and carrying on the vital functions Sup pose however your cow only weighs 800 pounds instead of 1000 you can economize by giving her 80 per cent of each of the food stuffs or 9 610 pounds of pea hay and 16 pounds of rye fodder and so on It is not to be understood that a ration will not an swer which does not strictly coincide with Wolffs standards These standards are a guide to help to rational feeding and a reasonably close approximation to them is what is desired The intelligent feeder will of course continue to use his common sense judgment and observation Thus different cows show a different capacity to appropriate food and differ in the amount of milk produced when in full flow Again while a strict ad herence to the standard might produce the greatest amount of milk say yet a departure from it might under certain conditions yield a better money return on account of variations in the price of feedstuffs Of course judgment and common sense must always guide but other things being equal a balanced ration is of course to be always preferred A ration is said to be balanced when the dry matter protein carbohydrates and fat are mixed together in the proportions given by Wolffs standards and to be unbalanced when it varies considerably from those proportions There is always more latitude allowed for variation in the dry matter than in the other ingredients a ration may vary several pounds in dry matter when made up from different foodstuffs and yet have approximately the desired relation between the pro tein and carbohydrates The protein may vary say in the ration for a milch cow from 220 pounds to 26 and still be called a bal anced ration the carbohydrates from 12 to 14 pounds and the fat from 4 to 100 pound in the dairy cow ration and still be con sidered a balanced ration Still the experience of the most suc cessful feeders is that the nearer the ration approaches the stan dard other things being equal the better the results You will find both profit and intellectual exercise in figuring out balanced rations for your stock in long evenings when youBULLETIN NO 36 87 have nothing else to do I will help you figure one more ration for your dairy cow and then leave you to do your own figuring for the future Let us suppose vou are caught without any hay or green food at all and only have on hand cottonseed meal cottonseed hulls and corn and cob meal Pursuing the same plan as minutely de scribed before you will have Fat 25 34 67 116 Dry Matter 15 pounds corn and cob meal1333 12 cotton seed hulls1019 45 cotton seed meal 413 Pro tein 06 78 167 2765 251 Carbohy drates 464 685 74 1243 This ration vou will see made from entirely different materials is about as well balanced as the first it is however lacking in the succulent appetizing green fodder of the first So if you hap pen to have on the farm some roots turnips rutabagas or carrots add 4 or S pounds of these to the days ration to stimulate appe tite and promote good digestion The cow will appreciate it as much as you would your turnip salad at dinner although there is but little nourishment in them in the way of dry matter protein etc One important point Please do not forget the rations must be carefully weighed at least one time You can provide yourself with some cheap boxes and measures which when filled will hold just so many pounds of the different feedstuffs so that if you take some pains to carefully gauge them with a pair of hand scales the first time you weigh out a new ration after that you can meas ure it out John M McCandless State ChemistGEORGIA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE CHEMISTRY IN AGRICULTURE LETTER NO FIVE Beep Butter and Milk ITS PRODUCTION IS OF VAST IMPORTANCE TO SOUTHERN FARMERS A VERY INTERESTING TOPICTHE CHEMICAL DEPARTMENT GIVES FURTHER INFORMATION ON THE FEEDING OF CATTLE VALUES OF CORN MEAL COTTONSEED AND COTTONSEED MEAL COMPAREDIMPORTANT SUGGESTION TO FEED THE LATTER TO HORSES AND MULES Georgia Fanner Dear Sir This subject of beef butter and milk production out of the seed hulls and meal of the cotton plant is of such vast moment and importance to the Southern farmer to the enrich ment aggrandizement and financial independence of this whole section that I am not going to leave it vet at the risk of wearying your patience As cottonseed meal and hulls are not always readily procurable by the farmer and as it may under certain conditions pay him better to use cottonseed instead of hulls and meal as for instance where he has a long haul and when the mills owing to poor trade and demand for oil may not be paying as good a price for seed as their feeding value to the farmer calls for I will give you some rations for feeding using seed instead of hulls and meal for feeding and recite some interesting experi ments of the Mississippi Experiment Station in regard thereto Two lots of four cows each were taken and lot Xo i was fed this ration for each cow Peavine hay 5 pounds silage 20 pounds wheat bran 4 pounds cottonseed meal 3 pounds Lot No 2 received as a ration for each cow peavine hay 5 pounds silage 20 pounds wheat bran 4 pounds and cottonseed 16 pounds The experiment lasted for four weeks and at the end of that period lot No 1 had produced 1237 pounds of milk and lot Mo 2 had produced 1334 pounds of milk also lot No 1 had lost 20 pounds each in weight and lot No 2 had gained r 1 pounds each in weight As a result of this experiment we see that 6 pounds of whole cottonseed are superior to 3 pounds of cotton seed meal both as milk and flesh producersBULLETIN NO 36 89 EXPERIMENT NO 2 The same cows were fed the following ration Lot No I lo each cow peavine hay 5 pounds silage 20 pounds wheat bran 4 pounds cottonseed meal 34 pounds and to lot No 2 exactly the same ration except that in place of the meal 6 pounds of whole seed were substituted At the end of four weeks lot No 1 had produced 1403 pounds of milk and lot No 2 1395 pounds The result of this experiment indicated that 3 pounds of meal are just about equal to 6 pounds of seed EXPERIMENT NO 3 The same cows were fed the following rations Lot No 1 re ceived for each cow peavine hay 10 pounds silage 15 pounds wheat bran 2 pounds corn and cob meal 6 pounds and cottonseed 6 pounds Lot No 2 received for each cow precisely the same ration except that 4 pounds of cottonseed meal were given in place of the cottonseed At the end of the period lot No 1 had produced 1302 pounds of milk and lot No 2 1586 pounds show ing the 4 pounds of meal to be decidedly superior to the 6 pounds of seed Summing up the following conclusions may be drawn concerning the rations First that 6 pounds of seed are superior to 3 pounds of meal second that 6 pounds of seed are about equal to 3 pounds of meal third that 6 pounds of seed are not equal to 4 pounds of meal fourth that one pound of meal would therefore be equal to 171 pounds of cottonseed The Mississippi station then continued its valuable experiments comparing cottonseed and cottonseed meal with corn and cob meal as milk producers The same quantities of peavine hay silage and wheat bran were fed as before except that in these experiments cottonseed was compared with corn and cob meal in the first set of experiments and in the second set cottonseed meal was compared with corn and cob meal Without going into the minute details of the experiments as before I will content my self with giving the conclusions reached by the station as a result of their work First that the lot receiving the 6 pounds of cotton seed gave a better yield of milk than the one receiving 6 pounds of corn and cob meal Second the lot fed 6 pounds of cottonseed gave better results than the one fed 8 pounds of corn and cob meal and also that 6 pounds of corn and cob meal gave just as much milk as did 8 of the same meal In the second set of experiments90 GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OE AGRICULTURE comparing cottonseed meal with corn and cob meal the following conclusions were reached First that 3 pounds of cottonseed meal are equal to 6 pounds of corn and cob meal second that 3 pounds of cottonseed meal gave as satisfactory yields of milk as 8 pounds of corn and cob meal did but the latter caused the cows to fatten third 3 pounds of cottonseed meal are better than either 6 or 8 pounds of corn and cob meal in the dairy rations used fourth that in a well balanced dairy ration 2 pounds of corn and cob meal are about equal to 1 pound of cottonseed meal Summarizing the following conclusions were drawn First that 1 pound of cottonseed is equal to 117 pounds of corn and cob meal or to 058 of a pound of cottonseed meal Second that 1 pound of cottonseed meal is equal to 171 pounds of cottonseed or to 2 pounds of corn and cob meal Third that 1 pound of corn and cob meal is equal to onehalf pound of cottonseed meal or to 085 of a pound of cottonseed The Mississippi station officer then concludes as follows Ac cording to these results if corn is worth 40 cents per bushel or 1428 a ton cottonseed should be worth 278 cents a bushel or 1670 and cottonseed meal 2856 a ton If cottonseed are worth 10 cents a bushel or 600 a ton corn should be worth 91 cents a bushel or 510 a ton cottonseed meal should be worth 1026 a ton When cottonseed meal is worth 1600 a ton cottonseed should be worth 154 cents a bushel or 928 a ton and corn meal should be worth 143 cents a bushel or 800 a ton Thus you see that the three conclusions above are valuable to yon because they enable you to calculate for yourself whether you can afford to feed corn at all to your cattle and from the above figures it appears that you can not afford to do so at all at any price per bushel that corn ever sells at in this section of the coun try because its feeding value is so far below its money value when compared with the feeding value and money value of cottonseed and cottonseed meal Conclusion No 1 also enables you to tell when you are getting a fair value for your cottonseed For instance in todays Con stitution cottonseed meal is quoted at 22 a ton in Atlanta If cottonseed meal is worth 22 then cottonseed should bring 212 cents per bushel at 60 bushels to the ton for its feeding value as com fared zvith the feeding value of meal In the light of these important facts it strikes me as being astonishing that no experiments appear to have been made to sec whether horses and mules will not cat cottonseed meal and cotBULLETIN NO 36 91 tonseed hulls one or both and if not voluntarily whether they could be gradually trained to do so by mixing them gradually and by slowly increasing degrees with com and oats and hay I have been unable to find a record of any such experiment if ever made and I am going to send a copy of this letter to the Director of our Georgia Station and beg him to make a test of the matter at the Georgia Station If it could be done even in part it would have a farreaching effect in reducing our bill to the West for corn and oats and substituting a far more efficient feed in its nutritive value at a less cost I will be glad if you will write me if you have ever tried to feed cottonseed meal or hulls to your horses or mules Yours truly John M McCandlEss State Chemist CHEMISTRY IN AGRICULTURE LETTER NO SIX Rations for Fattening Steers ALSO RATIONS FOR PIGSEXPLANATION OF TERMS USED IN SCIEN TIFIC AGRICULTURE SUCH AS NUTRITIVE RATIO CALORIE ETCCOOKING OF FOODFEEDING FOR FAT AND FOR LEAN Georgia Farmer Dear Sir I am in receipt of your letter asking for a ration for fattening steers for market also a ration for pigs I will an swer these questions and wind up the subject of stockfeeding with this letter The same rations we have already calculated for a dairy cow will also answer well for fattening steers but as the purpose for fattening steers is to produce beef as cheaply as possible for market we cant afford to use the more dainty and varied diet given to the cow but will settle on the cheapest ration we can find to do the work and this ration is cottonseed meal and hulls and water The ration consists of twenty pounds of hulls and six pounds of cottonseed meal gradually increased to twenty four pounds of hulls and eight pounds of cottonseed meal per 1000 pounds of live weight or the rations may be mixed in the above proportions and the cattle allowed to eat all they will92 GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Now if you will take the trouble to figure out the digestible protein and carbohydrates in these rations with the aid of the tables you already have and in the manner previously indicated you will find they are not nearly so scientific and wellbalanced as those given you for the dairy cow but still they answer the purpose well because of their cheapness and ready accessibility nd as I indicated before the money cost of the different feed stuffs must govern to a certain extent in preparing a ration if you have some surplus corn on the farm which you dont have to buy the ration would be made more efficient by adding it thus twentyfour pounds of hulls six pounds of cottonseed meal and four pounds of corn meal or corn and cob meal In regard to your query for a good ration for your pigs I find that the Massachusetts Experiment Station recommends the fol lowing For pigs weighing 20 to 70 pounds 2 ounces of corn meal per quart of skim milk pigs weighing 70 to 130 pounds 4 ounces of corn meal per quart of skim milk pigs weighing 130 to 200 pounds 6 ounces of corn meal per quart of skim milk buttermilk will answer as well as skim milk Give them all they will eat up clean but on no account ever give your hogs cotton seed or cottonseed meal Experiments at the Mississippi and Texas stations both show that they are apt to prove fatal to pigs and hogs In your letter you speak of reading somewhere about the nu tritive ratio of a ration of food and ask for an explanation of the term also of the term fuel value as applied to food The nutritive ratio of a food or ration is the relative proportion exist ing between the digestible protein and the digestible fat and carbo hydrates in the substance In order to find the nutritive ratio use this rule Multiply the digestible fat in the substance by 2j4 and add this product to the digestible carbohydrates in the sub stance Then divide the sum by the digestible protein in the sub stance The result will be the nutritive ratio Thus for example let us calculate the nutritive ratio of cottonseed meal Turn back to your table you find C S meal contains 1258 per cent digesti ble fat multiplying this by 225 you have 2830 add to this 1652 the percentage digestible carbohydrates found in the table for cottonseed meal and you have 4482 Divide this by 3701 the percentage of digestible protein and you get 12 Therefore the nutritive ratio of cottonseed meal is as 1 to 12 or as it is often written 1 i2BULLETIN NO 36 93 In like manner calculate the nutritive ratio of corn meal you will find it to be as 1 to 1034 or 1 1034 Therefore cottonseed meal is said to have a narrow nutritive ratio because there is so little difference or such a narrow margin between the proportion of digestible fat and carbohydrates added together and the per centage of digestible protein On the other hand corn meal is said to have a wide nutritive ratio because there is a wide differ ence between the two in corn meal You can in the same way cal culate the nutritive ratio in any of the different rations we have figured out If in a ration you find the nutritive ratio to be a good deal more than 1 6 you will call that a wide ratio if a good deal less than 1 6 you will call it a narrow ratio Only a few natural feeds conform closely to the standards given for the various purposes of feeding The hays grasses and other coarse products of the farm mostly show a very wide nutritive ratio and they are only adapted for the maintenance of an animal which is neither working giving milk or taking on fat other products such as cottonseed meal glutenmeal and linseedmeal show a very narrow nutritive ratio and are also1 poorly adapted for feeding by themselves and need to be mixed in the proper pro portions as you already know with substances of a wider nutri tive ratio Now that you are interested in scientific feeding you will in reading articles about it often come across the terms fuel value of a food and also the calories of a food A simple ex planation will also make these terms clear to you You will re member we found that food when consumed in the body yields heat and energy The fuel or heat value of the different nutritive substances has been measured by refined methods and has been expressed in calories A calorie is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one pound of water four degrees Fahr It has been found by experiment that the fuel value of one pound of protein is i860 calories that the fuel value of one pound of fat is 4220 calories so that the fuel value of a pound of fat is two and a quarter times as much as the fuel value of a pound of pro tein or carbohydrates which is of course the reason why you multiplied the digestible fat by 2j4 before adding it to the carbo hydrates in calculating the nutritive ratio The fuel value of Wolffs standard ration for a dairy cow is 29590 calories If you will bear in mind these explanations it will enable you to under stand the terms in almost any article you may come across in your reading about scientific feeding9 4 GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE In concluding my letters to you on feeding there are two other points on which I will touch briefly First in regard to the cook ing or steaming of food a number of experiments have been made both at home and abroad on this important subject and the testi mony is that the cooking of feed for the great majority of food products is useless and in some cases worse than useless The experiments have beeen made on hay potatoes corn meal barley and rye In most of these trials not only has there been no gain from cooking but even a positive loss that is to say the quantity of food required to produce one pound of gain in weight was larger when the food was cooked than when it was fed raw and in some cases the unfavorable effect of cooking was very marked The following exception to this rule however is noteworthy The Mississippi Station experimented for three years in feeding steamed cottonseed to cows and their conclusion was very favor able to the practice They report that the milk and butter from cows fed on steamed cottonseed cost less than that from cows fed on raw seed and only a little more than half as much as that from cows fed on cottonseed meal also that the butter from steamed cottonseed is superior in quality to that from either raw seed or cottonseed meal The Texas Station also reports that it pays to boil cottonseed for steers Although the testimony is against cooking feed for animals as a rule it is in favor of soak ing the feed in water before feeding it was found that pigs would eat more of soaked corn meal and shorts than of the dry and con sequently gained more in weight on it The second and last point to which I want to call your attention is to feeding for fat and lean It has been a somewhat mooted question as to whether the proportion of fat and lean in the bodv of an animal could be influenced by the nutritive ratio of the ration fed to it The results of the experiments made tend to demon strate the truth of the theory that a narrow ration would produce more lean meat and that a wide ration would produce a carcass carrying more fat than lean Professor Sanborn of Missouri made a number of experiments in the feeding of hogs and his results showed that pork produced by feeding skim milk shorts wheat bran middlings and dried blood and such food having a large proportion of protein and therefore having a narrow nutritive ratio was much leaner had much less fat than pork fed on corn meal which had a wide ratio Experiments in feeding steers at the Kansas Station also demonstrate that the ration with a large proportion of protein inBULLETIN NO 36 95 it produces a beef with more lean and less fat In this connection it would appear that the ration I gave you above of hulls and meal would be well adapted to the production of lean meat in the beef If you desired to feed more especially for lean use a ration of twenty pounds of hulls and eight pounds of cottonseed meal per 1000 pounds of live weight per day or mix together in that pro portion and allow the steers to eat all they will That would give you a ration having the narrow nutritive ratio of 1 125 whereas Wolffs standard calls for a ration with a ratio of 16 This last would produce a much fatter sort of beef than the hrst and as the tendency among the people more especially in the towns and cities is to prefer beef and pork with more lean and less fat than formerly it is important for those who would cater to this trade to consider carefully this method of feeding Yours truly John M McCandlESS State Chemist THE QUALITY OF GEORGIA WHEAT STATE CHEMIST GIVES ANALYSES OE NINETEEN GEORGIA SAMPLES SOME ABOVE THE STANDARDCLEARLY SHOWN THAT GEOR GIA FARMERS CAN RAISE AS FINE WHEAT AS IS GROWN ANY WHERE Hon 0 B Stevens Commissioner Dear Sir I have the pleasure to present to you in the accom panying tables analyses of 19 samples of Georgia wheats This work was undertaken last fall at the suggestion of Mr W G Cooper of the Atlanta Journal who kindly procured the samples of wheat for me I think it well to bring the matter to the atten tion of the readers of the Bulletin both for the purposes of in creasing their interest in wheat growing to show them they can grow as fine wheat in Georgia as is grown anywhere in the world and further to put such of the farmers as desire to forward sam ples of their best wheat to the next State fair on notice that careful analyses will be made of these samples similar to those given in the table attached showing the comparative food values of Geor gia grown wheat I assure you that I do not think the samples the analyses of which are given in the table could be called picked samples as many of them showed evidences of imper96 GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE feet cleaning from chaff dirt etc and yet I propose to compare them with wheats which may fairly be assumed to have been care fully selected The wheat to which our wheat is compared in the accompanying tables was sent to the Worlds Columbian Exposi tion in Chicago for exhibition It may fairly be supposed that each exhibitor sent the best he had The analyses of these wheats were made by or under the supervision of the chief chemist of the United States Department of Agriculture Dr H W Wiley The methods described by him as used in his analyses were carefully followed in the analyses of the Georgia wheat CHEMICAL ANALYSES OF GEORGIA WHEAT NAME OF GROWER VARIETY o o 5 A 3 O J Y Dver Adairsville E T Me iehee Floyd Co J T Lewis Gordon Co M Talmiidge Jasper Co H R Jackson Bartow Co E H Dun son L grange A T Dallis Lagrange E H Dunson Lagrange A T Dillis Lagrange GeKRoiertsonLagrante WLYoung Troup Facory ieo Veach Adairvilie Geo V ach Adai sville N CNapier Walker Co N C Napier Walker Co G o Veach Adairsville Geo Veach Adairsville Geo Veach Adairsville Geo Veach Adairsville Fulcaster weevil eaten Fulcaster Ftileaster weevil eaten Blue Stem Fulcaster While Giant sen Georgia Blue Stem Fulcaster Learde Dalis Lirge White Large While Georgia Blue Stem Smooth Wheat Old Funaster Missouri Large While E T Fulcaster New Fulcaster Wheat No 1 No 2 weevil eaten No 3 945 945 195 997 i 05 1080 1007 1255 1150 1176 1295 1136 1110 110 1188 1102 II 02 1091 1070 50 2OS 48 213 22a 220 211 1 9 1 202 185 75lt0 56 202 43 180 10 198 31 190 37 179 00 1 92 12 1S1 56 1S1 37 190 25S j d n o 6i a c c3 p 182 194 189 15 145 177 T168 192 158 1 00 1 8 150 111 191 1 51 182 i u L66 183 a 7515 7305 7406 7501 7471 7092 313 6964 7266 7110 7069 72 79 7lH 7338 7045 7324 7271 7423 7420 1883 2005 2050 22 Ml 2466 3403 2882 3110 2261 2845 2850 2707 2490 2197 781 1046 785 816 953 1344 1117 1251 934 1130 1108 1084 980 2 3256 1278 2241 88i 2582 1041 3270 1293 2917l1172 Average Georgia Wheat 1087 12591195 1671 Typical American Wheat of the best quality 1060 1225Jl75 175 72 90 265111046 72 15 26601125 Aocording to the rules for asceitaining comparative food values adopted by the judges at the Worlds Columbian Exposition at Chicago the average Georgia wheat would have been rated at10925 The average of the samples exhibited at Worlds Fair would rave been rated at 10854 At your request I will give a brief explanation of the terms used in the analyses so that they may be better understood by those interested in the work First the samples were ground to a flour outer coat and all and placed in stoppered bottles From these bottles suitable quan tities were weighed out for analyses The moisture is the loss in weight suffered by the samples on drying it at a temperature of 212 degrees Fahrenheit The albu minoids or protein are found by estimating the percentage of nitrogen and multiplying this by 625 The albuminoids are soBULLETIN NO 36 97 called because they resemble in their chemical character albumen or white of an egg They are also known as protein and consti tute a very important element of the wheat When assimilated by the body they make lean meat or muscle and nourish the blood The albuminoids or protein are the most valuable and expensive constituents of our food The ether extract consists principally of the oil or fat in the flour and it is obtained by repeatedly extracting the flour with ether which has the property of dissolving oil or fat The oil is assimilated by the body as fat and also produces heat and energy in the body The carbohydrates of wheat consist principally of starch with small quantities of sugars and a little fiber They are converted into sugar in the body and also produce heat and energy and are a source of fat They are much more abundant than protein and consequently much cheaper The ash is the mineral matter of the flour and supplies phosphorus and mineral salts to the body The dry gluten usually bears a pretty constant relation to the percentage of protein the samples having the high est content of dry gluten also show the highest percentage of pro tein The moist gluten also usually varies with the percentage of total proteid matter This is an item of special interest to the baker A wheat with high percentage of moist gluten will produce a flour of more value to the baker than one with a low content Such flour will make bread rising better giving a larger and more porous loaf and also retain a larger quantity of water than flour with a low moist gluten Such a flour is very valuable to the baker The glutinous matter of wheat is what so especially distinguishes it from the other cereal grains as a breadmaker The glutinous matter entangles in its meshes the gases produced during the process of fermentation or rising and holds them making the loaf light and porous By studying the accompanying tables of analyses you will see that while some of our Georgia wheats are deficient in the valu able properties enumerated above others are well up to and above the standard set by the average wheats exhibited at the Worlds Fair in Chicago The States showing a higher average in the valuable con stituents of the wheat than Georgia were Maine Montana Ne braska Wyoming South Dakota Wisconsin Iowa Pennsylvania West Virginia and Kentucky those lower being Illinois In diana Ohio Michigan Oregon Washington and North Carolina 7 a b98 GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OE AGRICULTURE Georgia New York and Kansas are so nearly on a parity that a distinction can hardly be drawn It has been stated by an officer of the United States Depart ment of Agriculture that the poorest wheats were grown in the Southern States Whilst this statement may be true for the lo calities from which the samples were obtained on which the statement was based it certainly is not true for such sections of Georgia as are represented by the samples sent in by you It is to be regretted that a wider area of the State could not have been covered in the present investigation and that fuller information was not furnished by the growers as to the yield per acre nature and amount of fertilizer used etc Replying to your inquiry as to a remedy for weevils in wheat or corn bisulphide of carbon is regarded with most favor A little is poured into shallow dishes and placed on top of the grain in the covered bins Cover with oilcloths to retain the vapor Keep bins or buildings closed from twentyfour to thirtysix hours Disinfect infested grain in small bins before placing in large masses for long storage Care should be exercised as bi sulphide of carbon is very inflammable Yours truly John M McCandlEss State Chemist This investigation will be continued when the next crop ma tures BRAINS AS FERTILIZERS ADDRESS DELIVERED BY STATE CHEMIST MCCANDLESS OE GEORGIA BEFORE THE SECOND ANNUAL CONVENTION OP THE COTTON STATES COMMISSIONERS OF AGRICULTURE ASSEMBLED AT RALEIGH N C AUGUST 30 I9OO Mr Chairman and Gentlemen of the Convention I am asked to answer the question Do the farmers of my State buy fertilizers for the brand name or for the nitrogen phosphoric acid and potash they contain If the former What is the best method of bringing about a change The answer to this ques tion for a great majority of farmers in my State is I fear the same as for their brothers in other States Yes they do andBULLETIN NO 36 99 under the circumstances what else can be expected of them They are guided as most men by the light of experience they buy what they have tried and found to be good They buy Gossypium Phospho for the same reason that you would buy a Stetson hat and Sea Bird guano for the same reason I would buy a Rodgers knife Each and every brand has its advocates These brands are like the Kentucky colonels whiskey Somes better than others but nones bad Luckily for the uneducated farmer the State has thrown her protecting JEvis between him and fraud and the purchase of a worthless fertilizer in these days is a practical impossibility if the chemist with his crucible and the inspector with his sampler half way do their duty There was a time within the memory of those not vet old men when the contrary was the case Let us not then blame the farmer of small education who laboriously earns the meaning of the printed page if he shakes his head dubiously at rows of figures expressing percentages of potash nitrogen water soluble phosphoric acid insoluble phosphoric acid available phos phoric acid and total phosphoric acid terms indicating about as little to him as if written in Greek or Sanscrit and pins his laith to his old reliable brand of guano put up by an honorable house who never yet swindled him a goods rivaling the complexion of old Pompey who helps him to straw it and its aroma grateful to his nostrils mingling with that of the freshly turned furrow suggests to him visions of whitening bolls and golden grain I honor him and his sturdy AngloSaxon conservatism yet 1 must admit his methods to be unscientific unphilosophical and in the long run costly and extravagant Now what is the remedy Gentlemen there may be many in genious plans proposed many makeshifts but there can be only one comprehensive satisfactory and satisfying reply to this ques tion and it is given in the one word education Let us try and realize this fact We all concede it in a halt hearted sort of way but that is not enough we must become alive with it we must burn it into our hearts and souls and consciences so that we may inspire the same sort of sentiment in him who is in deepest and most urgent need of it If we who are dependent on the development and expansion of the arts trades and sciences for a livelihood desire increased wealth and prosperity we must seek them through the increased wealth and prosperity of the farmer100 GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Today the man who conducts a successful mercantile or manu facturing industry makes use of all the aids which art and science labor and invention can devise in order to cheapen the cost of his production and undersell his rival competitor or drive him from the field in defeat The farmer alone seems not aware that the strenuous struggle of competition is invading his domain also as well as that of the business world More than once has fivecent cotton warned him that he must cheapen the cost of production or face privation and poverty What then for him is the first essential It is that he must make two blades of grass to grow where one grew before How By learning the true philosophy and theory of manures and fertilizers An admirer once asked the great English artist Turner the vividness of whose paintings never faded what he mixed his colors with Turner looked at him quietly a moment and then replied I mix my colors with brains I repeat it if the Southern farmer is to rise superior to his environment and master the situation he must mix his manures with brains How shall he do this He has the brains but they are crude and uncultivated A schoolmaster and a different sort of school master from the present kind must be sent to him This schoolmaster must be a different type He will demand and command a larger salary than the present type he will get it he is worth it Money must be raised missions to instruct the heathen Chinee in the art of butchering Americans and Chris tians must cease and the money be devoted to the holy cause of elevating and instructing and carrying a new gospel of Hope of Enlightenment of Ambition into the hungry heart and arid life of the average Southern cotton farmer Think of it you who have influence in your communities and clo all in your power to discourage this fruitless and wicked waste of money which should be spent on your brother at home who hath the emptiness of Ages in his face and the Desolation yf Ignorance in his heart There is yet another source from which money may be raised for this holy cause without laying the burden of additional tax ation on the weary shoulders already bowed under it The tax which the white farmer and his white brothers of the cities pay into the public treasury for the purposes of education must be used for the benefit of those from whence it came Gentlemen I will speak to you direct as though you were the men most deeply interested O farmers of the South rise in your might trample under your feet the timeserving politiciansBULLETIN NO 36 whom you send to your General Assemblies and rc with men of your own kind honest and true who know needs and know your rights and knowing dare maintain Let the black man have all that is his due let the taxes drawn from his property go to educate his children but let not one cent of the bloodmoney wrung from your hard sweat and toil be so misapplied Spent where it belongs in the cultivation of your brains and those of your children it will return to you an hundred fold but spent as it is it only tends to build up the black Dumb Terror and will in time reduce you by competition with him to the condition pictured by the poet a creature without hope stolid and stunned a brother to the ox Spent as it is it will only hasten the day of the inevitable racial conflict and make the battle the harder for you when it comes Let us suppose we have made a change and raised the money needed to bring about a change in the methods of teaching then when you seek a teacher for your country school seek for one bearing a diploma and credentials of excellence from your State Agricultural College Give that young man the preference over the one who still wastes his time declining Greek verbs and Latin nouns and the opportunity for acquiring a practical education In this dawn of the twentieth century glorious with the light of real knowledge and real science employ by preference that young man as teacher who has a good English education and who has mastered what the books and his professors can teach him of the Science Of Agriculture If necessary pay him twice the salary for which you could hire the other and then proceed to get all out of him there is in him Let him teach at least six months in the year and six days in the week Let him teach your daughters and younger sons in the morning and yourself and older boys in the afternoons or even ings the three Rs if necessary but at all events all he knows about agriculture both theoretical and practical Let me outline a lesson or two which he can give you He must have a chemical laboratory in your country schoolhouse but I promise you it will not cost you all told more than 25 He will need a plain table say six feet long a gasolene lamp burning with a blue flame some porcelain crucibles some filter papers He will need a bottle of molybdic solution a bottle of platinum solution some muriatic acid some ammonia solution some prepared lime a jar of acid phosphate of guano of muriate of potash of kainit a jar of cottonseed meal of dried blood of tankage and of102 GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE ground phosphate rock He will have learned in his college of agriculture how to manipulate these tools one afternoon he will call up his class as many as can conveniently stand around him and see what he does He will take his bottle of ammonia and let the whole class smell it they are not apt to forget it they will know it the next time they meet it in the road He will then take some cottonseed meal mix it up with some prepared lime put it in a tube either metal or glass and heat it and at the proper time he will let you smell it you will all know what it is without his telling you he will do the samething with the dried blood and the tankage and the guano and you will never again have any doubt that ammonia is in all these materials Though you will then realize that the smell you have always taken for ammo nia was really not ammonia at all but something else He will then take some cottonseed meal some wheat some corn and burn them in three separate crucibles and while they are burning he will take some acid phosphate mix it with water in a glass and filter it into another glass then add to it some of the molybdic solution and you will see a beautiful yellow powder fall in the glass He will explain to you that the essential constituent of that yellow powder is phosphoric acid and wherever you see it you may be sure there is phosphoric acid He will show you the same in the guano and in the phosphate rock he will next dissolve some muriate of potash in a glass and add some platinum solution to it you will see some beautiful golden crystals fall the essential constituent of which he will ex plain to you is potash he will also show it to you in the kainit By this time the cottonseed meal the wheat and corn will be burnt to ashes he will pour a little acid on these ashes filter them and by appropriate steps he will show you the same phosphoric acid and the same potash that you saw in the different fertilizers You will now appreciate better than you ever did in your lives before the meaning of the words ammonia phosphoric acid and potash and you will be morally certain that they came out of the wheat and the corn and the cottonseed meal of which you were never before sure though you may have heard it all your lives Whilst he is giving you some semiweekly or triweekly lessons in theoretical agriculture he will also be carrying on an experi ment which may last over some weeks of time He will have a committee of your class to buy some flower pots or make some boxes and to procure some dry barren sand in which you never saw anything grow he will fill pot No I with the sand and plantBULLETIN NO 30 103 some seed in it he will mix the balance of the sand with all the other elements which he will have taught you are necessary to plant development except such substances as yield ammonia phos phoric acid and potash He will fill up the remaining pots from this mixture and plant some more seed n pot No 2 in pot No 3 he will put dried blood and in No 4 acid phosphate in No 5 muriate of potash in No 6 dry blood and acid phosphate in No 7 dry blood and muriate of potash in No 8 acid phosphate and muriate of potash in No 9 dried blood acid phosphate and mu riate of potash 1 You will help him every day to water these pots with just the same quantity of water and you will watch the seeds burst and grow and develop and the result will be a marvel a delight a Lviction and an education to you You will realize then as you have never realized before no matter how many times it may have been told you nor how often you may have read Jt that for its full development your crop must have nitrogen phosphoric acid and potash or it will starve Your teacher will then explain to you how you can apply this pot experiment to plots of ground on your own farm and thus make an accurate and reliable analysis of your soil such as no chemist in the present state of the science could make in the laboi ator even if you paid him a large fee The analysis you can thus make inexpensively will be selfevident and will show you whether your soil requires nitrogen phosphoric acid potash 01 lime one or both or all When you have reached thus far in your agricultural educat01 you will no longer buy your fertilizers for the brand name but you will study the annual bulletins of the departments f01 the percentages of needed plant food and if you dont find there ust what you want you will order the raw materials carry then to the enormous compost heaps and manure piles resulting from die great herds of stock you are now keeping and there you wiH mix up together with brains apply to the land by the ton wi ere you nL apply by the pound and you will conclude at he end of haivesfyear that the 1200 or i5oo salary of the young man from the agricultural college was not such a bad investment for your community after allBulletin Georgia Department of Agriculture SERIAL No 37 CATTLE QUARANTINE LAWS RULES AND REGULATIONS Texas Fever and Cattle Tick GOVERNING COUNTIES OF GILMER FANNIN UNION TOWNS AND RABUN ISSUED BY BUREAU OF AGRICULTURE O B STEVENS Commissioner R F WRIGHT Assistant AUTHORITY FOR MAKING RULES AND REGULA TIONS AN ACT To protect the cattle of this State from all contagious or in fectious diseases to authorize and empower the Commissioner of Agriculture of this State to establish maintain and enforce quarantine lines and make such rules and regulations as he may deem proper and necessary for the purpose of carrying into effect the provisions of this Act to prohibit the driving of dis eased cattle through said State or cattle calculated to spread dis ease to provide a penalty for violation of same and for other purposes COMMISSIONER of agricultures duty Section i Be it enacted by the General Assembly of the State of Georgia and it is hereby enacted by authority of same That the Commissioner of Agriculture of this State shall im mediately upon the passage of this Act and from time to time thereafter ascertain in what sections of this State cattle are free from contagious or infectious diseases and splenetic fever QUARANTINE FOR CATTLE Sec 2 Be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid That wherever the cattle of any section of this State are found to be free from contagious and infectious diseases and splenetic fever said Commissioner of Agriculture is hereby authorized empowered and required to establish and maintain such quaran tine lines and to make and enforce such rules and regulations as may be necessary for the protection of such cattle COOPERATION WITH OTHER STATES SEC 3 Be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid That the said Commissioner shall cooperate with the officials of other States and with the Secretary of Agriculture of the108 GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE United States in establishing such quarantine lines rules and regulations as he shall deem proper and best for the protection of the cattle of this State free from any of the diseases referred to in the foregoing sections of this Act PENALTY SEC 4 Be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid That any person or persons company or corporation who shall violate any quarantine provisions rules or regulations established by the Commissioner of Agriculture of this State under the authority conferred by this Act shall be guilty of and upon con viction punished as for a misdemeanor Sec 5 Be it further enacted That all laws and parts of laws in conflict with this Act be and the same are hereby re pealed Approved December 20th 1899 PROCLAMATION OF THE RULES AND REGULATIONS FOR THE CONTROL OF CONTAGIOUS OR INFEC TIOUS DISEASES OF CATTLE To Whom it May Concern In accordance with the authority and power conferred by the General Assembly of Georgia in the Act No 374 laws of 1899 entitled An Act to protect the cattle of the State from all con tagious or infectious diseases to authorize and empower the Com missioner of Agriculture of this State to establish maintain and enforce quarantine lines and make such rules and regulations as he may deem proper and necessary for the purpose of carry ing out the provisions of this Act to provide penalties for viola tion of the same and for other purposes I O B Stevens Commissioner of Agriculture of the State of Georgia after due inquiry into the conditions of cattle raising in this State and the prevalence of communicable cattle diseases do hereby set forth and declare the following rules and regulations for the control of contagious or infectious diseases of cattle in the State of Georgia April 30 1901 Signed O B Stevens Commissioner of Agriculture BULLETIN NO 27 109 RULES AND REGULATIONS The term cattle used in these regulations shall include bulls oxen steers cows heifers yearlings and calves The terms contagious or infectious diseases shall include all diseases of cattle which are communicable from animal to animal for example contagious abortion tuberculosis actino mycosis anthrax rabies or splenetic fever including red water bloody murrain acclimation disease Texas cattle fever tick fever and other local names Section i Whenever any contagious or infectious disease of cattle shall exist in any portion of this State the infected cattle or infected material which may convey disease or both animals which may have come in contact with such disease shall be quarantined on the premises or in lots or buildings in which they may be found until such a time as danger from the spread of disease has passed all necessary disinfection is com pleted and they are released by order of the Commissioner of Agriculture Sec 2 The annual regulations and amendments thereof of the United States Department of Agriculture concerning inter state cattle transportation are hereby adopted as a portion of these regulations during such time as said regulations are in force Sec 3 No cattle shall be transported driven or caused to be driven or allowed to stray from any place in the quarantine district in this State into the districts exempted from the Fed eral quarantine by the United States Secretary of Agriculture between such dates as the Secretary and the Commissioner of Agriculture shall determine upon Provided that this order shall not apply to cattle transported by rail consigned through such exempted districts to other States which are transported in accordance with the Federal regulations relating to inter state transportation of cattle Sec 4 No cattle originating in the area of other States pre scribed by the Secretary of Agriculture of the United States as having a contagious or infectious disease known as splenetic or Southern fever among its cattle shall be transported driven or caused to be driven or allowed to stray at any time of the year across or into any portion of this State in which cattle are110 GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE declared by the said Secretary of Agriculture as being exempted in whole or in part from the operations of the Federal regu lations concerning transportation of cattle originating in cer tain areas Provided this section shall not apply to interstate traffic in cattle by rail or by boat transacted in accordance with the Federal regulations relating thereto or to uninfected cattle exempted by special permit of the United States Secretary of Agriculture Provided further that between such dates and under such regulations as may be agreed upon by the said Sec retary of Agriculture and the Commissioner of Agriculture of this State cattle may be so transported driven or caused to be driven or allowed to stray when found free of infection SEC 5 When cattle from the infected areas as defined by the Secretary of the United States Department of Agriculture in the annual regulations concerning cattle transportation and the amendments thereof shall have moved or been moved in violation of these regulations or their amendments the feeding places yards and pasturages upon which the said cattle have been moved shall become infected districts and subject to the same regulations as other infected areas the limits of said in fected area shall be defined by the extent or range allowed the animals from the infected areas and by the efficiency of the exclusion of otner cattle from said infected districts SEC 6 Notice is hereby given that cattle infested with the Boophilus Bovis or Southern cattle tick disseminate the con tagion or splenetic fever therefore cattle which are found in the exempted districts infested with Boophilus Bovis tick shall be considered as infectious cattle SEC 7 Such infectious cattle or cattle suspected of being infectious shall be kept in close quarantine and not admitted to the public road or free range until such time as they are disin fected or proven to be uninfected and permission is granted by the Commissioner of Agriculture for their removal SPECIAL ORDER no 1 Whereas the cattle owners of Gilmer Fannin Union Towns and Rabun Counties have appealed to this Department for protection of their cattle from splenetic fever and cattle ticks and it appears that the cattle of a greater portion of said counties are free from these pests it is hereby ordered SEC 1 That no cattle shall be driven into the counties of Gilmer Fannin Union Towns and Rabun from any part of this State in which the cattle are declared infected with spleneticBULLETIN NO 37 Ill fever infection by the United States Secretary of Agriculture or from any other State or portion thereof in which the cattle are declared infected until such cattle are exempted from the quarantine regulations by the said Secretary of Agricul ture SEC 2 That all cattle within the aforesaid area which are infested with cattle ticks or which are suspected of being in fested with such ticks shall be placed in close quarantine and not allowed on the public roads or at large until such a time as shall be proven that they are not so infested and they shall be released by order of the Commissioner of Agriculture The Commissioner will upon application of the Ordinary or cattle owners of any county temporarily forbid the entrance of cattle from any infected county or district until such time as danger of infection from said county or district is past This local quarantine will be published in local newspapers and suf ficient notices will be posted on the public roads Georgia Department of Agriculture Federal Cattle Quarantine Line Special Regulation No i Authorized by Georgia laws of 1899 No 374 Protection of cattle against infectious diseases On and after this date no cattle bulls steers oxen cows heifers yearlings pr calves shall be led driven or caused to be driven allowed to stray or carried in any manner into the counties of Gilmer Fannin Union Towns and Rabun Violation of the above is a misdemeanor By order of O B Stevens Commissioner Atlanta Ga April 30 1901 DUTIES OF CATTLE INSPECTORS 1 To see that the rules and regulations this day issued by the Commissioner of Agriculture of Georgia found in another por tion of this bulletin be strictly enforced and carried out 2 To locate all territory in your division or district of tins State that may now or hereafter become infested with fever ixks112 GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Take any legal steps necessary to prevent the ticks from spreading therefrom to any other territory in Georgia 3 Place all infested cattle and pastures in quarantine and report same giving location of infested areas to the State Com missioner of Agriculture Atlanta Georgia 4 Use all possible means to the end of exterminating the licks on such infested farms or areas Urge the cattlemen to gre ise them and care for their cattle looking to the prevention of further propagation of the tick 5 Advise the burning over both in fall or spring of all in fested pastures or ranges with a view to the destruction of the cattle tick You will be held strictly to account for any trouble arising from the neglect of these instructions This April 30th 1901 NoteCattle inspectors receive salary from the State Department and can not make any charges for inspecting cattle TEXAS FEVER AND CATTLE TICK No disease to which our cattle is susceptible has such an im portant bearing upon the cattle interests of the Southern States as Southern Cattle or Texas Fever For this reason we have deemed it wise to issue from this department a short bulletin giving the salient points of the cause history and present conditions with a few common sense suggestionsas to the prevention of this dread disease known as the Texas Fever To a very large degree this disease prohibits the im portation into our Southern country of pure bred anin als from areas north of the United States quarantine line of which we may be desirous for the building up of our dairy and beef cattle interests Besides it lias resulted in a barrier being placed by the Federal authorities known as the Federal Quar antine Line for the protection of Northern cattle against the exportation of our Southern stock to Northern markets ex cept these cattle be carried by rail or boat for immediate slaughter which cripples to a great degree the Southern cattle industry on account of this cattle disease It has been provedBULLETIN NO 7 113 by experiment that when ticks which have been living on the blood of or Southern cattle are transported to latitudes north of the Federal Quarantine Line and become attached to cattle in those sections or when Northern cattle from above the quarantine line are brought South and subjected to h0t by ticks from our stock the animals will contract this malady which proves that the tick is the means through which the con tagion is conveyed Now what we are most interested in is how to get rid of the tick for when we destroy this pest we remove the source of this dreadful disease which is called by many names to wit Murrain Bloody Murrain Red Wri ter Yellow Water Black Water Acclimating Fever etc and according to the authorities all of these diseases are noth ing more nor less than the Texas or Southern Cattle Fcer Nearly all authorities agree that this bovine tick fever is a specific fever communicated not in a direct manner from one animal to another but indirectly through the medium of cattle from infected pastures roads and other places and in an indirect manner conveying the disease to susceptible animals which are exposed to those infected surroundings 1 When it is known that beef cattle above the Federal Quar antine Line are worth from one to one and onehalf cents per pound more than the same grade of cattle below the line our people in Georgia can readily see the enormous profits they have lost for years past By virtue of the fact that most if the counties of our State are tickinfested they will see the impor tance of energetic systematic and judicious work looking to the suppression of this dreaded pest named by Dr Cooper Curtice as the Boophilus Bovis WHEN AND WHERE THE TICK IS FOUND The cattle tick is found in warm weather in most of the States that lie south of the 35th parallel of latitude During the heat of the summer the Northern distribution is sometimes extended into Northern markets but it is killed off in the fall or early winter months In mild winters the tick may be found at any time of the year in South Georgia but in some of the counties in extreme North Georgia the tick is practically exter minated by the frosts of winter and does not reappear until brought back in the course of cattle traffic In severe winters this extermination extends further southward 8 a b114 GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OE AGRICULTURE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN TICKS Dr Cooper Curtice gives the following description of ticks The fact that at least three species of ticks may be found on cattle and that one is diseasebearing and outlawed would seem to complicate matters The existence of the other two species however enters very little into the problem practically for they are easily told apart and are quite different in habits All these ticks look alike especially the large females which are those usually seen They are often as large as a castoroil beanseed and usually leaden blue in color have a soft leathery body provided with four pairs of little legs and a hard little head with movable mouth parts The three va rieties can be distinguished by a glance at their heads In the cattle tick the color is solid chestnut brown In the variety that also pesters people horses and dogs the head has a little bright often golden spot at its back edge from which it has gained the name lone star tick pass or spot tick The third variety which is often found on deer dogs and other animals has the head nearly white or with a white margin It is com monly called deer tick dog tick or bear tick These char acters will always serve to distinguish the species While the male which is ah inconspicuous little fellow always accom panies the female his presence is of no practical importance since it is the female which attracts our attention and against which all efforts must be made Their resemblance especially in the head parts to the females and their association with females enables the observer to readily classify them The lone star tick and the dog tick usually attach themselves to animals when the latter are going through the woods or in marshy places while the cattle tick rarely gets on man or other animals save possibly horses and is always found in pastures where cattle have spread them The star tick and the dog tick usually get about the ears dewlap and sides of cattle while cattle ticks are most numerous on the lower edges of the dewlap along the underparts and n the thighs of the cattle This is because the little ticks are the most numerous where the cows rest and get on them from short The lone star and the dog tick are most commonly found from June to August and then seem to disappear They areBULLETIN NO 37 115 soon followed by seed ticks which get upon one walking through the pastures and sink their heads beneath the skin Often at the same time the middling or yearling an inter mediate size between the seed and adult tick is encountered These are but different stages of either of the above ticks Cattle ticks are not numerous in the spring but rapidly increase in numbers as the seasons wear or until they are said to literally shingle the cows by their hosts The same steps of growth occur as in the other species but they rarely if ever get upon people and spend their whole existence upon the cattle It thus happens that the careful investigator may find all the stages from the seed tick which may be seen by very close examination up to the unsightly adult female LIFE OF THE CATTLE TICK Most authorities agree that all cattle ticks come from eggs laid by other ticks and can only reach maturity on cattle that the tick drops from the cow and remains passive for a few days then begins to lay eggs and in two weeks she has laid some two thousand eggs to be hatched out in from three to six weeks ac cording to the temperature of the weather These eggs are gen erally deposited under a bunch of grass leaves or sticks being sheltered from the direct rays of the sun When hatched the young ticks or seed ticks spread out short distances and at tach themselves to the nearest blade of grass or twig and collect at their tops and there appear to merely exist in wait for their future hostthe cow After arriving on the cattle they remain there from three to four weeks when the females become mature and fall from the cattle to the ground wherever the cattle happen to be when the tick becomes mature Hence the places most frequented by the cattle in the pasturage is where you will find the most infectious yet any place may become infected provided the cattle pass over it and drop the tick at such a place In summing up the life history of the tick Dr Cooper Curtice says 1 Ticks are introduced on farms by cattle 2 Seed ticks appear in from twentyfive days to six weeks 3 Ticks grow to maturity in about four weeks after they at tach to cattle 4 Ticks when mature fall to the ground to give rise to new multitudes116 GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OE AGRICULTURE SOME REMEDIAL SUGGESTIONS If proper and judicious work be done there is no good reason why the farms and counties of North Georgia should remain in fected longer than twelve months In point of fact many militia districts as well as almost entire counties are practically free of the diseasecarrying tick We would not advise the discrimina tion between ticks as all ticks are noxious and loathsome Early spring is perhaps the best time to begin work for the destruction of a single tick in spring is often the means of preventing thous ands from coming into life A female tick which lays from two to twentyfive hundred eggs will likely produce one thousand pairs of ticks One tick in spring or summer will be sufficient to stock a farm of ordinary size in one year Fields used for growing crops must be considered as uninfected since frecment plowing and turning over the soil destroys the tick to a large degree Old fields may be disinfected by burning off the dry grass in early spring and during the fall but as to marshy places and corners and small plots of woods that can not be burned off we would ad vise that they be fenced from the cattle as they would furnish suf ficient number of ticks to reinfect the whole pasture If a large area now used for pasturing cattle be divided by a fence and use be made of only onehalf of the pasture for cattle not allowing cattle to trespass upon the other half of the pasture this method would practically free the latter half of the pasture from ticks in twelve months If however the pasture be small and conditions are not suited to the above method then the cattle must be carefully and continuously picked during the spring and summer using from time to time sulphur and lard or any grease that is most convenient If this handpicking is continued daily a small farm can be cleaned of the ticks in a short while Oils and grease however have their uses on farms and aid materially in disin fection and save labor in the handpicking process A little tar mixed with the grease is advisable The cattle should be thor oughly rubbed from time to time with these ointments But there can be no successful exterminations of the tick unless the county at large cooperates in this matter to the extent that the highways and market places and stock yards shall be kept free of infection So if cattle men generally will carefully comply with the rules and regulations and adopt the above suggestions they will find that the extermination of the tick is but an easy matter requir ing patience and perseverance with only a small expenseBULLETIN NO 37 117 SOME OF THE SYMPTOMS OF THE DISEASE Dr Curtice says that experiment and observations show that the majority of cases break out and die in from 10 to 21 days after infection For the first few days there is no fever or any indication of the disease but either on the fifth or sixth day a very high fever breaks out which often renders the animal deliri ous or stupid their heads droop their ears lop cudchewing is suspended and other signs of ill health follow They usually die towards the end of the first week of fever although some last into the second week while a small percentage survive lne urine of diseased animals is usually deeply stained and appears even dark or black red resembling the color of coffee The eye balls and other mucous membranes show a yellow cast If the animals survive the attack of fever they remain poor and recover very slowly The virulence of this disease varies at different seasons of the year and in different animals All who may desire to study this question fully from a scientific point we would advise that they write to Dr D A Salmon Chief of the Bureau of Animal Industry at Washington D C for bulletins on Texas fever and cattle tick If this little bulletin should create an in terest in the study of this disease and the remedies therefor and bring about a cooperation of the people looking to the suppres sion of this disease its object will have been accomplished Get rid of the tick and you get rid of the disease ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Much of the data given in this paper is taken from a bulletin from the North Carolina Bureau of Agriculture by Dr Cooper Curtice who was at the time of issue State Veterinarian of North CarolinaFrom Bulletin Georgia Department of Agriculture SERIAL No 38 SEASON I900J90J INFORMATION IN REGARD TO COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS AND CHEMICALS AND ILLUMINATING OILS UNDER THE SUPERVISION UP O B STEVENS Commissioner of Agriculture of the State of Georgia JNO M McCANDLESS State Chemist R G WILLIAMS J Q BURTON First Assistant State Chemist Second Assistant State ChemistRULING BY THE COMMISSIONER OF AGRICULTURE OF THE STATE OF GEORGIA By the Commissioner It is hereby ordered in pursuance of sections 2 and 8 of the Act governing the inspection of fertilizers and fertilizer material that all manufacturers of commercial fer tilizers or others who shall affix or place a brand upon sacks or packages of commercial fertilizers or fertilizer materials in ac cordance with section 2 of the Act are hereby prohibited from enlarging upon or adding to the determinations prescribed by the law for instance it is forbidden to brand on the sack the words Equivalent to Bone Phosphate of limeper cent after or in explanation of the brand Available Phosphoric Acid per cent In the judgment of the Commissioner such practices are con fusing and misleading and are hereby prohibited for the future For the convenience of the brander section 2 of the Act is here re peated Sec 2 Be it further enacted That all fertilizers or chemicals for manufacturing the same and all cottonseed meal offered for sale or distribution in this State shall have branded upon or at tached to each bag barrel or package the guaranteed analysis thereof showing the percentage of valuable elements or ingredi ents such fertilizers or chemicals contain embracing the following determinations Moisture at 212 cleg Fall per cent Insoluble phosphoric acid er cent Available phosphoric acid per cent Ammonia actual and potential pe1 cent Potash K2 O Per cent The analysis so placed upon or attached to said fertilizer or chemical shalf be a guarantee by the manufacturer agent or per son offering the same for sale that it contains substantially the ingredients indicated thereby in the percentages named therein and said guarantee shall be binding on said manufacturer agent or dealer and may be pleaded in any action or suit at law to show total or partial failure of consideration in the contract for the sale of said fertilizer chemical or cottonseed meal O B Stevens Commissioner22 GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE By the Commissioner It is ordered That supplementing and explaining the order of August 7 1901 relative to the brand ing of packages of commercial fertilizers it shall be optional with manufacturers in case of the fertilizer not containing a given in gredient whether they brand the word None opposite be name of that ingredient or omit the name altogether For example in the case of an acid phosphate with potash the manufacturer may brand Moisture Insoluble Phosphoric Acid Available Phosphoric Acid and Potash with the guaranteed percentages opposite or he may add the word Ammonia if desired as in the regular formula and brand opposite it the word None In the case of bone meals it is ordered that the percentages of Moisture Ammonia and Phosphoric Acid be given and not the percentage of Bone Phos phate Potash being optional as above This September 4 1901 O B STEVENS Commissioner REMARKS OF THE COMMISSIONER Last year it was my privilege to congratulate the farmers of Georgia on the greatly improved condition of the agricultural in terests of our beloved State The causes which produced the fa vorable changes in our affairs are still in operation The summers are no longer seasons of idleness and stagnation Instead of the straggling orchards and small vegetable gardens supplying only the immediate wants of the family we have now from the Tennessee line almost to Florida thousands of acres of choice peach trees in bearing whose luscious fruits are bringing millions in money into our State Big truck farms of potatoes tomatoes beans and other vegeta bles near every city and large town are busy supplying the home markets and those of the North and East The terraced hillsides are covered with vineyards whose grapes rival the growth of the sunny slopes of Italy or the vineclad hills of France while the products of our orchards are unsurpassed by those of any other land The interest aroused in wheat and oats which one year ago made the production of these grains the largest that Georgia had ever known has suffered no abatement and new flour mills of the most improved type are springing up on every handBULLETIN NO 38 123 The sugarcane crop has increased at least fifty per cent in the last year A few years ago it was seldom that one could see even a twentyfiveacre field of sugarcane Now there are many fields of one hundred or one hundred and fifty acres The inter est in its cultivation is steadily growing and in the near future su garcane will vie with corn and cotton in wealthproducing power and Georgia will take the stand which rightfully belongs to her among the sugarmaking States Though cotton and corn were set back three weeks by the late season and still further damaged by the drouth both are now in fairly good condition and promise an encouraging reward for the labor bestowed upon them The making of this years cotton crop cost more than usual on account of the high price of labor and all food supplies While cotton is always an uncertain crop the present outlook barring certain sections is fairly good The or chards too were cut short to a considerable extent by late frosts and the attacks of the borer But notwithstanding these draw backs the Elberta specials are daily speeding northward to all the great cities east of the Mississippi and disposing of their precious freight to eager purchasers Every report that comes in now shows an improvement throughout the general fields in cotton corn peaches and melons although there are some sections where the damage can not be re paired In some places where cotton was injured beyond recovery the farmers turned the land over to grass and are raising hay and under the circumstances they could not have done a wiser thing If the past may be taken as an index of the future and if we ac cept as true the reports that are coming in from the great grain States of the West and there seems to be no reason to doubt them we must expect all foodstuffs for man and beast to be even higher than at present The scarcity and prices of this year are a lesson and a warning for the future Hence they plainly act with wisdom who are turning to good use the grasses on their land The mowing machine and where that can not be had the scythe can now come into play and fill the barns with the best food obtainable Make everything count that can be used for this purpose and fill the barns One of the most encouraging signs for the agricultural interests of Georgia is the rapid and steady increase in the production of hay which has grown more than one hundred per cent in the last few years Let the good work go on until Georgia raises all her own hay corn wheat oats and other crops that give food to man and beast124 GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Side by side with the increase in hay making is the growing in terest in the improvement of the breeds of both dairy and beef cattle There are more milch cows of the finest blood and more of the high grade beef strains than ever before in the history of our State The same is true of all such stock as hogs poultry horses and mules But we regret to say that in the number of sheep Georgia has fallen off more than 100000 in the last ten years And yet the sheep and wool industry could be made to pay as well as cotton Cannot something be done to protect and foster this great interest and thus save to Georgia this wealthproducing factor It has been well said that the only way to keep good opportunities from slipping away is to be on the watch for them The sheepkill ing dog is named as the prime cause of the decline in sheep hus bandry It has been proved by experiment in the West that a few Angora goats kept with a flock of sheep will promptly attack and quickly put to flight any dogs that venture into the enclosure where they are kept In the mountainous section of North Georgia especially the Angora goat will find a congenial home It is claimed by some that the animal is more profitable than sheep There is a growing market for the hides and hair and the flesh is said to be equal to mutton The skins of Angora kids are in great demand by the manufacturers of fine leather goods The mohair from these goats is used for robes and rugs These are merely suggestions to those who have the means and inclination to invest in Angoras which at present bring high prices The cost of keeping them is very little Full information concerning them can be obtained by writing to the American Angora a paper published in Kansas City Mo If no way can be devised to keep the opportunity for wealth offered in sheep husbandry from slipping away from us it may be well to consider the subject of the introduction of the An gora At all times during the present season encouraging reports have been coming in to the Department of Agriculture concerning su garcane rice and potatoes Of these crops we have received the tidings doing well even at times when the prospects for other crops looked gloomy enough With these assured and all others promising better let us be thankful and take courage The announcement has been made in our papers that some Chi cago and other Northwestern capitalists are about to organize a big stock company to develop the cassavaproducing areas ofBULLETIN NO 38 125 Northern Florida and Southern Alabama Their idea is that cas sava is superior to corn for stock food and that its cultivation will make the South the foremost stockraising section of the Union It is claimed that cassava contains more starch than corn potatoes or any other product It is said that an average acre of Alabama land will yield twenty tons of cassava which will pro duce 8000 pounds of starch or just double that produced by the same land planted in corn Cassava is a splendid fatproducing food for stock and is also a palatable and nutritious human food Experiments are being made with it in Georgia also and it is believed that in cassava we will find another good money crop for our State The success of many of our best farmers in restoring wornout lands to fertility is very encouraging Good farming says Lockhardt consists in taking large crops from the soil while at the same time you leave the soil in better condition for succeeding crops This says Frank Sher man Peer a practical farmer and noted writer on agricultural matters strikes me as being the best definition of what consti tutes good farming I have ever seen It is the very science of farming By judicious rotation of crops and proper fertilizing many wornout lands have been built up and their productive power wonderfully increased By continuing the same process from year to year they should at length be restored to the fertility of the virgin soil The bluegrass region of Kentucky the Miami Valley of Ohio and the Valley of the Mohawk in New York State are illustra tions of what intensive farming will do for a country As far as the eye can see there is not a bare hillside or an unsightly gully but everywhere the delighted eye of the tourist rests upon a green carpet of grass or garden products or fields of gram As fast as one crop is taken from the ground another takes its place While the land yields abundantly the stubble of the gathered crop is turned under as a fertilizer of the soil for a succeeding crop In tensive farming in Georgia will produce the same resu ts In many parts of the State we hear complaints of the scarcity of labor Can not a remedy for this be found in the scientific cul tivation of a smaller area making it produce as much as the larger one and at a greatly reduced expense through the reduction in theforce hired to work the fields A progressive spirit is abroad among the farmers of Georgia Each year sees an increase in the number of those who study he needs of their land and use such methods of fertilization as the soil demands who use the most improved machinery who know 126 GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE how to supply their stock with nutritious food raised upon their own lands and how to make the stock also contribute their share toward the improvement of the soil There are in fact more up todate men among our agriculturists than ever before as any one can see who travels along the lines of our great railroad sys tems There are more dairy and stock farms than ever before and eachyear adds to their number More and more attention is being paid to Nature studies in our schools How plants grow and the things needed for their suc cessful cultivation already form a part of the course in many schools but much on this line remains to be done Especially in our rural schools should these subjects be carefully taught The attractions of farm life can be greatly increased if farmers whose lands are contiguous will build their homes close together with their neighborhood store school lecture room and church so that they can have the advantages of social life and mutual pro tection Dwelling in neighborhood settlements they will escape the dangers arising from isolation and the loneliness which makes rural life monotonous and distasteful to so many people The same methods pursued in Georgia will make our rural dis tricts as attractive as those of Kentucky Ohio or New York Nothing is more calculated to repel the stranger seeking a home than a view of bare red hills seamed by unsightly gullies But a rural scene which presents to the eye of the homeseeker either the green of the growing crops or the golden yellow of the ripened harvest or the whitening bolls of the snowy cotton while here and there the landscape is dotted with pretty farmhouses taste fully adorned by verdant lawns and flowers of every hue inclines the prospector to settle among those whose farms present such an appearance of thrift and prosperity To show what great opportunities Georgia offers to the thrifty agriculturist we give a statement of some of our leading crops and their value for the season of 18991900 Cotton 1345699 bales valued at48024822 Cottonseed meal and cottonseed oil valued at 14000000 Corn 35000000 bushels valued at 20000000 Wheat 5000000 bushels valued at 5000000 Oats 7000000 bushels valued at 3500000 Hay 200000 tons valued at 2500000 Rice 7500000 valued at 375000 93399822BUEEETIN NO 38 127 To the value of these crops we can add several other items The rye and barley produced in Georgia are valued at 200000 The Irish potatoes are nearly 400000 bushels valued at 300000 The sweet potatoes are about 5000000 bushels valued at 3500000 Total value4000000 In 1890 sugarcane yielded 3500000 gallons of syrup valued at1000000 And 1250000 pounds of sugar valued at 65000 The census of 1890 credited Georgia with 264000 pounds of tobacco The census of 1900 will show a very large increase as this department has now returns from Decatur county alone which produced in 1900 1500000 pounds of Sumatra tobacco worth 300000 When the census returns are in on this crop we believe that it will show more than 100 per cent increase for cane culture in Georgia has more than doubled in the last five years When we add three millions more for the products of our or chards and market gardens we see that the agricultural and horti cultural products of Georgia are worth more than 100000000 Of the 98000 bales of seaisland cottonraised in the United States for the season of 18991900 Georgia produced 60000 or about 62 per cent of the entire crop Its value was about 3 500000 already counted in the value of the entire cotton crop of Georgia It may be well to add here the output of some of our leading crops under the highest state of cultivation During the year 1899 the Mac on Daily Telegraph offered a wheat prize for the best four acres of wheat grown in Georgia The prize was won by a Middle Georgia farmer who made 65 bushels of wheat to the acre on the fouracre plot The man who won the second prize made 55 bushels to the acre We might cite here numbers of in stances where 100 bushels of corn to the acre have been produced 125 bushels of oats 600 gallons of good Georgia cane syrup to the acre and other crops in proportion under the best scientific methods Thus we see Georgia offers an inviting field to the enterprising homeseeker presenting to him such variety of soil that he can make his choice and raise whatever crop he pleases In fact he can find nowhere a land which will more surely give a generous reward to intelligently applied labor O B Stevens Commissioner 128 GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE REPORT OF STATE OIL INSPECTOR State of Georgia Department of Oils Atlanta Ga May 30 1901 Hon 0 B Stevens Commissioner of Agriculture Atlanta Ga Dear Sir Recognizing the immense good that our oil pam phlet containing laws on the subject of oil and instructions in re gard to the care of lamps has done in the past I feel that it is to the best interest of the department and the State at large to issue a second edition of the same You will note as will the people of Georgia with much interest that since the enforcement of these laws there has not been an explosion of a lamp in Georgia as is shown by investigation by our local inspectors at the different points with the exception of one instance near Toccoa and upon investigation we found that this occurred previous to the using up of the oil that was stored at that point when these laws were put into effect We have noted a number of accidents caused by explosions of lamps in other States where laws similar to ours are not in effect We publish herewith a few of these clippings burned by a lamp explosion Uniontown Nov 25 SpecialWhile Mrs Dr R M Hill was sewing last night at Farmington the lamp exploded and the burning oil drenched her dress and wrapped her in flames in an instant She is seriously injured and Dr Hill was badly burned in an attempt to rescue his wife BOSTON WOMAN KILLED BY AN EXPLODING LAMP She Tried to Extinguish it by Blowing Dozen the Chimney and it Burst Boston Nov 26Mrs Julia Mclntyre aged twentyone was fatally burned by an explosion of a lamp which she attempted to extinguish by blowing down the chimney last night She died after ten hours of sufferingBULLETIN NO 38 129 DEATH FOLLOWS LAMP EXPLOSION Mamie Milan Was Burned to a Crisp in a Pillar of Flame and Her Mother Received Fatal Injuries Mauch Chunk Dec 8As the result of the exploding of a coaloil lamp Mamie Milan fourteen years old is dead and the girls mother is so badly injured and burned that her death is momentarily expected The Milans reside in East Mauch Chunk The women of the house were sewing and Mrs Milan knocked the lamp over She asked her daughter to grasp the lamp and as the child did her mothers bidding it exploded completely covering and saturating her clothes with the oil which instantly took fire In her fright and terrible agony the girl ran into the yard where her mother who followed caught her and clasped her in her arms At this moment the flames of the girls clothing shot up as high as the secondstory window of the house The body of the daughter was almost burned to a crisp and the mother was so severely injured by the flames that she can not re cover This comparison should show conclusively the value of the present laws and enforcement for the public safety of life and property Our records show that from month to month the con sumption of oil in our State is increasing consequently there should be more care as to the quality of oil and the care of lamps in order to prevent accidents and get the best results The value of our laws is shown by the inquiries we have received from other States in regard to them with a view to adopting similar legis lation in regard to protection from the results of dangerous oil in their States We ask the cooperation of the public in maintain ing the present standard of this department of the State govern ment and we assure them that the local inspectors as well as my self will esteem it a privilege at any or all times to correct any errors that might occur Dr McCandless State Chemist will al ways cheerfully analyze any samples that are supposed not to come up to the standard if our citizens will forward same to him Respectfully submitted Glascock Barrett State Oil Inspector 9ab130 GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Reviewing the work of the past year with reference to the oil inspection of the State I have to report that none of the oils which have come under my supervision or test have been of inferior quality They have all proved to beof most ex cellent quality as illuminants and free from the excess of naph thas or light oils which render kerosene oils so dangerous to life and property in many other States Reading the report of our State Oil Inspector Mr Barrett and noting the various instances he oives of the destruction of life and property by exploding lamps in other States we can not but congratulate ourselves and the people of the State upon the new oil law which is now oper ative in Georgia and which drives the inferior grades of oil across her borders The excellence and efficiency of our law has been recognized by other States and application has been made for copies of our law by the authoritiesof the States of Arkansas Virginia North and South Carolina with a view to the change of their oil laws and the introduction of the Georgia law Congratulating you upon the thoroughness of the system of oil inspection you have inaugurated and upon the efficiency of the inspectors you have appointed to carry out the same I am Very truly yours Signed Jno M aIcCandlESS State Chemist August 30 1901 Since writing the above three lots of oil have been detected by your inspectors as failing to meet the requirements of the Georgia law one lot was inspected at Cornelia one at Griffin and one at Augusta Ga In each case the companies viz the Wilburne Oil Company the Atlanta Oil Company and the Standard Oil Com pany appealed from the decision of the local inspectors to me In each case there was no doubt of the inferiority of the oil and I was enabled to sustain the local inspectors The State inspector Mr Barrett then rejected all of these oils and ordered them shipped out of the State Respectfully J M McCandlESS State ChemistBULLETIN NO 38 131 INSPECTION AND CERTIFICATION OF NURSERY STOCK By W M Scott State Entomologist ITO GEORGIA NURSERYMEN The law governing the inspection and certification of nursery stock prescribes that the annual inspection of nurseries shall he completed on or before November 1st of each year but the exe cution of the Act as concerns details of the work is left largely to the discretion of the entomologist The time of the inspection last year was from necessity extended through the month of No vember and indeed a few unimportant inspections were made as late as December The recent addition of an assistant to the working force will greatly facilitate the work in the future and the inspection this season will doubtless be completed within the prescribed time The regular inspection work is not begun until August 15th hut the business methods of a few nurserymen require an earlier inspection and in such cases the inspection may be made as early as the first of July An inspection made before the 15th of August however must be supplemented by another later in the season The reason for delaying the work as late in the season as practicable is apparent when the life history and habits of the San Jose scale are considered this being the principal pest for which the inspection is made In this climate the scale is breeding and is capable of being communicated to the nursery certainly as late as November A certificate issued upon an early inspection therefore would give little or no assurance of the absence of scale from the nursery particularly where it is located in an infested neighborhood Moreover June budded peach trees will not have made sufficient growth to admit of a satisfactory inspection before October It is clear too that insect injuries and disease effects are more conspicuous near the close of the growing season A certificate at best does not give unqualified evidence of the entire absence of seriously injurious insects and diseases It is proposed therefore to make the inspections under the most fa vorable conditions and to make supplemental inspections after the stock is dug wherever the surroundings are such as to cause sus picion As complete an assurance as possible of the cleanliness Also published as Bulletin No 3 of the Georgia State Board of Entomology132 GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OE AGRICULTURE of the stock is thus obtained and it is hoped that there may be established thereby a confidence in the products of the Geor gia nurseries equally advantageous to the nurserymen and or chardists Some nurserymen have a careless habit of leaving old unsalable stock heeled in on their yards from year to year This practice affoKs a harboring place for insects and diseases andwe strongly condemn it A case in point Last year the writer found San Jose scale in a bunch of old stock heeled in on the yard of one of our nurserymen and although no scale could be found in the nursery blocks the regular certificate could not be issued to the owner Wherever such conditions are found our certificate will be withheld until they are corrected Aside from the San Jose scale the following are on the Boards list of dangerously injurious pests The New Peach Scale Black Knot Peach Yellows Peach and Plum Rosette None of these have yet been found in any of the nurseries but with the excep tion of the Yellows they all occur in the State to a slight extent and are carefully looked for when the inspections are made Last year seventy nurseries were inspected four of which were found infested with San Jose scale ana from the owners of which the regular inspection certificate was withheld It should be clearly understood here that no nurseryman whose premises are found infested can obtain the regular certificate A nurseryman a portion of whose premises is infested but in such a manner as not to endanger the remainder may be given a special certificate provided however that all stock growing in the infested portion shall be destroyed and the remainder fumigated under our per sonal supervision Likewise where a nursery is located in a scale infested neighborhood even though no scale can be found on the nursery grounds fumigation will be required and a certificate will be given to the owner of such a nursery only upon the conditions sxpressed in writing that he will fumigate every plant before it is sent out This requirement is based upon the following rule of the rules and regulations adopted by the Board of Entomology January 18 1899 Rule 9 The State Entomologist shall have power to require any nurseryman of the State to fumigate his stock with hydrocy anic acid gas when in his judgment the presence of any pest in the nursery or in the neighborhood of the nursery warrants such treatment for the better protection of the agricultural interests of the State Upon failure of any individual firm or corporation to comply with this requirement the State Entomologist is hereby authorized to withhold his certificate from the sameBULLETIN NO 38 133 Some of our nurserymen even though not compelled to meet the above requirement have voluntarily adopted the plan of fum igating all stock including buds and grafts grown or handled by them We most urgently advise all nurserymen to adopt this plan not only as a precaution against the San Jose scale but to destroy the woolly aphis and other injurious insects liable to be conveyed on nursery stock The State of Virginia has placed the official ban upon the woolly aphis and crown gall and other States are bringing grad ual pressure to bear for the reduction of these pests The regula tions of our State Board make no provisions for the disposition of stock affected with the woolly aphis or crown gall leaving it to the discretion of the inspector Our own observations in the orchards of the State show these agencies to be seriously injuri ous either producing death or greatly retarding growth of af fected trees For some time it has been a question as to what action should be taken with regard to these troubles and so far nurserymen have only been requested to withhold from the mar ket all affected stock In the future we will require the destruc tion of plants visibly infected with crown gall and all apple trees sufficiently infested with the woolly aphis to show knots on the roots In cases of slight infestation by the woolly aphis only fumi gation or whale oil soap treatment will be required At the time of the regular inspection it will not be possible to determine the extent of these pests in the nurseries as the roots will not then be exposed and only a few trees in each block can be pulled up for examination Then after all we must depend largely upon the honesty and integrity of the nurserymen for the enforcement of our instructions In this connection it should be stated that we have had the hearty cooperation of the Georgia nurserymen in our work and it is largely due to them that the law has been successfully executed In addition to fruit trees the following if offered for sale are classed as nursery stock and are subject to the regulations gov erning the inspection and transportation of the same Strawberry plants vines ornamental trees and shrubs and greenhouse plants not including cut flowers The following is the form of the certificate issued to nursery men whose premises conform to the requirements of the board 134 GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Georgia State Board of Entomology Atlanta Ga official certificate no 7o Whom it May Concern This is to certify that in accordance with an Act of Assembly approved December 20 1898 I have on theclay of made an inspection of the nurseries of at and that I found the stock in these nurseries apparently free from the San Jose scale and all other insects and diseases of a seriously injurious nature This certificate is to cover only stock grown in the above named nurseries and becomes invalid twelve months from date State Entomologist When it is desired to use this certificate on stock other than that grown by the nurseryman to whom it was issued it may be so used provided such stock is already covered by our State cer tificate or the official tags of the board issued to nurserymen out side of the State The regular inspection certificate must not be used by dealers in nursery stock who are not themselves growers Buying and re selling plants is certainly a legitimate business and we have made provision whereby dealers may readily comply with the law The dealer must furnish this office with the names of all the nursery men from whom he proposes to purchase stock and if our records show that all of them have met with the requirements of the board a certificate to that effect will be granted Also whenever practicable the stock handled by dealers will be reinspected All nursery stock offered for transportation must be plainly labeled with the official inspection certificate in accordance with the following rule of the board Rule 4 Any trees shrubs or other plants commonly known as nursery stock shipped within the State of Georgia without each box bundle or package in each car load or less than car load lot being plainly labeled with an official entomologists certificate to the effect that the contents of the same have been inspected andBULLETIN NO 38 135 found to meet with the requirements of the Board of Entomo ogy in accordance with section to of the Act cited above shall be liable to confiscation upon the order of the jnspector Any nurseryman upon application to this office with dimen sionsof his fumigating house will be furnished heormu and full instructions for fumigating When desired if necessaiy we will personally superintend the beginning of the work The formula that we have adopted is 1 ounce of potassium cyan ide 08QQ per cent l ounce of commercial sulphuric acid 3 ounces owater to every 106 cubic feet of spacem the room Sue of exposure 50 minutes Our experiments have shown that the time may be extended to one hour without danger of injury t0 Wesh togive notice here that all fumigating houses should be placed in order for approval at the time of nursery inspection So far as possible the nurseries will be taken up systematically wifh respect to location in order to avoid traveling over the same ground more than once It is hoped that demands foreariyn fpection will not materially interfere with this plan butwhen tor any good reason a certificate is desired in advance of our schedule we will arrange for an earlier inspection nTO NURSERYMEN OF OTHER STATES AND COUNTRIES DOING BUSINESS IN GEORGIA Although the present regulations governing the transportation nf mirserv stock from other States and countries into Georgia have beenin fore since January 1899 there still remains some coSusfon as to their provisions Every year osjdUe prises in the enforcement of our law which usually results in deTay in the delivery of the stock involved if not total lossof the same We make no attempt to quarantine against healthy rseiw stock grown in other States but on the contrary we m vite legitimatebtrade from outside nurserymen and only ask that they comply with the simple provisions of our State law Our position can best be explained by quoting section 13M the Act of the General Assembly of Georgia approved Decembei 20 1808 and rules S 6 7 and 8 of the rules and regulations of the Ceora Stae Board of Entomology adopted under that Act Sectn 3 Each and every person residing in States or coun tries outside of the State of Georgia dealing in or handling tree nlants cuttings vines shrubs bulbs and roots m this State shall gistel nfme or firm and file a copy of his or its certificate of136 GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE inspection furnished by the Entomologist fruit inspector or other duly authorized government official of his State or country with the chairman of the board of control Upon failure so to do said stock shall be liable to confiscation under order of the in spector Rule 5 Each and every box bundle or package of trees shrubs and other plants commonly known as nursery stock shipped in car load lots or less than car load lots into the State of Georgia from any other State or country shall be plainly labeled with a certificate of inspection furnished by the Ento mologist fruit inspector or other duly authorized official in the State or country in which said stock was grown and also with the official tag of the Georgia State Board of Entomology hereinafter provided for said certificate and tag to be valid for only twelve months from the date they bear in accordance with sections 9 and 13 of the Act cited above Such shipments not so labeled shall be liable to confiscation upon the order of the inspector Rule 6 Upon the filing of the proper certificate as above pre scribed in accordance with section 13 of said Act and upon request of any person or persons residing in States or countries outside of the State of Georgia dealing in or handling trees shrubs or other plants in this State the certificate of the said Board of Entomology will be issued to the same without charge and official tags bearing a facsimile copy of such certificate and the seal of the State Board will be furnished such applicants at cost viz Sixty cents for the first hundred or part thereof and twentyfive cents for each additional hundred Rule 7 No transportation company or common carrier shall deliver any box bundle or package of trees shrubs or other plants commonly known as nursery stock shipped from any other State or country to any consignee at any station in the State of Georgia unless each box bundle or package is plainly labeled with a certificate of inspection furnished by the official Entomolo gist of the State or country in which said stock was grown and also with the official tag of the Georgia State Board of Entomol ogy hereinabove provided for Rule 8 Transportation companies shall immediately notify the State Entomologist Atlanta Ga when by oversight negligence or otherwise any shipment of uncertified stock is received at any station or wharf in the State and it shall be his duty to proceed as speedily as possible to investigate and dispose of such stock as provided for in the Act cited above Guided by rules 7 and 8 the transportation companies of theBULLETIN NO 38 137 State have greatly assisted us in the enforcement of the law It is clear that shipments of uncertified stock could not readily be detected without the cooperation of these companies and we take occasion here to acknowledge our obligation to them In addition to this however during the shipping season we make personal visits to the principal distributing points for the purpose of in specting nursery stock entering the State also voluntary assist ance is rendered by members of the State Horticultural Society who report any suspicious shipments that may come under their observation With our forces thus organized failure on the part of any nurseryman to observe the law will usually be detected We hope however that uppn a better understanding of our posi tion further trouble of this nature may be avoided The official tag provided for in the rules quoted above reads substantially as follows Georgia State Board oe Entomology Atlanta Ga official certificate No To Whom it May Concern This is to certify that the certificate ofInspector for the State ofhas been filed with the Georgia State Board of Entomology stating that the Nursery Stock grown in the nurseries of at was inspected onand found to conform with the requirements of this Board This certificate is invalid after State Entomologist We make this tag valid for twelve months from the date of in spection as shown in the certificate upon which it is based unless the certificate is limited to less than twelve months in which case our tag is given the same limit It is intended however that these tags shall cover only the fall shipments of the current year and the following spring shipments It is our policy to accept without discrimination certificates of other States issued by authorities legally constituted for that purpose as a basis for the official tag of the board but we reserve the right to withhold the tag from any nurseryman who is known 138 GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OE AGRICULTURE to be handling diseased or infested stock even though he holds a clean certificate A case in point In the spring of 1900 a nur seryman shipped into this State stock infested with San Jose scale under his State certificate and our tag In due season again he filed his renewed certificate in this office with application for official tags to cover the following fall and spring shipping season We refused to issue the tags upon the ground that the applicant had sent out scaleinfested stock from his nursery in the early part of the same year Not being satisfied with our ruling he unfor tunately undertook to fill his Georgia orders without tags and not until we had destroyed some 30000 trees for him was he con vinced that our law was effective We hasten to explain how ever that these trees were examined and found to be infested with San Jose scale before they were destroyed and that whenever by oversight the tag has been omitted from a shipment which proves upon inspection to be in good condition it will ordinarily be re leased The owner of the trees destroyed in the case cited above pro posed to bring suit to recover damages and the writer submitted the case to the AttorneyGeneral of Georgia who rendered the following decision State oe Georgia AttorneyGenerals Office Atlanta November 12 1900 Mr IV M Scott State Entomologist Atlanta Ga Dear Sir Replying to your request of this date will say that under the Act creating the State Board of Entomology approved December 20 1898 and the rules and regulations of the board adopted in accordance therewith the State Entomologist has au thority to confiscate any and all nursery stock that may be shipped into this State unaccompanied by an inspection certificate and the official tag of the board even should such stock be not infested with dangerously injurious insects or diseases and that he is authorized and it is his duty to destroy any and all nursery stock shipped into the State which is infested with the San Jose scale or other dangerously injurious insect or infected with danger ously injurious plant diseases without reference as to whether or not such stock is covered with an inspection certificate and the official tag of the board Yours very truly J M Terrell AttorneyGeneralBULLETIN NO 38 189 Whenever it is found that our tags are being used upon stock infested with dangerously injurious pests they will be recalled from the grower of such stock or cancelled by publicity For reasons explained in Part I of this bulletin which see certificates issued upon inspections made prior to July 1st of each current year cannot be accepted Either the original certificate or a duplicate copy is desired The nurserymans printed copy will not be accepted For our position upon such troubles as the woolly aphis and crown gall we refer you to Part I which gives the requirements placed upon the Georgia nurserymen and so far as practicable we expect these requirements to apply to outside nurserymen doing business in Georgia With few exceptions our relations with outside nurserymen have been of the most pleasant nature and we wish to assure them that within the bounds of the law we always stand ready to facilitate their trade in Georgia REPORTS LETTERS ON AGRICULTURE FORMULAS TABLES OF ANALYSIS ETC BY STATE CHEMIST REPORT OF THE STATE CHEMIST Hon 0 B Stevens Commissioner of Agriculture of the State of Georgia DER Sir We have now completed the analytical work of the season of 19001901 now drawing to a close and you will find at tached tables of analyses of the various brands of commercial fer tilizers sold in the State of Georgia during the past season I he number of tons of fertilizer sold in the State has been 478847 compared with 412755 tons the previous season and 306734 tons ten years ago and 152424 tons twenty years ago lhe rec ord shows that whilst there has not been a uniform increase in the consumption of fertilizers year by year still viewing the past140 GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE ten and twenty years as a whole the increase in consumption has been remarkable The Georgia farmer is no fool and his con tinually increasing consumption of chemical fertilizers together with the increase of taxable values demonstrate that they pay in the long run and attest the good quality of the goods sold in the State in the most practical way possible No one who understands the conditions of the trade can doubt for a moment that this grat ifying result is due very largely to the careful system of in spection maintained by your department the great number of samples taken by your inspectors in every quarter and corner of the State and the subsequent rigid and impartial analysis of these samples in the laboratory The number of brands put on the mar ket have shown a gratifying tendency to decrease being 640 as against 699 last season The large number of analyses made over and above the number of brands includes analyses of brands specially taken at the request of farmers and also of cottonseed meals kainits and muriates of potash which have no brands VALUATIONS The prices of ammoniates during the past season mounted up to an average of 30 cents a unit more than last season or to the rather high figure of 250 per unit This however was offset to a certain extent by a reduction of 10 cents a unit in available phos phoric acid from 70 cents to 60 cents a unit The price of potash remains the same as in the previous year at 85 cents a unit COTTONSEED MEALS In the case of cottonseed meals I have continued the new method of valuing them adopted last season viz of calculating their ammonia contents at the ruling rate of 250 a unit and adding to the result 315 for upland meals to cover the value of the 18 per cent potash and 27 per cent phosphoric acid which is the average content of these meals in the case of seaisland meals 241 is added to cover the 15 per cent potash and 19 per cent phosphoric acid which is the average content of these meals OILS Reviewing the work of the past year with reference to the oil inspection of the State I have to report that none of the oils which have come under my supervision or test have been of in ferior quality They have all proved to be of most excellentBULLETIN NO 38 141 quality as illuminants and free from the excess of the naphthas or light oils which render kerosene oils so dangerous to life and property in many other States Reading the report of our State Oil Inspector Mr Barrett and noting the various instances he gives of the destruction of life and property by exploding lamps in other States we can not but congratulate ourselves and the people of the State upon the new oil law which is now operative in Georgia and which drives the inferior grades of oil across her borders The excellence and efficiency of our law has been rec ognized by other States and application has been made for copies of our law by the authorities of the States of Arkansas Vir ginia North and South Carolina with a view to the change of their oil laws and the introduction of the Georgia law Congratulating you upon the thoroughness of the system of oil inspection you have inaugurated and upon the efficiency of the inspectors you have appointed to carry out the same Since writing the above three lots of oil have been detected by your inspectors as failing to meet the requirements of the Georgia law one lot was inspected at Cornelia one at Griffin and one at Augusta Ga In each case the companies viz the AVilburine Oil Company the Atlanta Oil Company and the Standard Oil Com pany appealed from the decisions of the local inspectors to me In each case there was no doubt of the inferiority of the oil and I was enabled to sustain the local inspectors The State inspector Mr Barrett then rejected all of these oils and ordered them shipped out of the State ONE OF THE NEEDS OF THE DEPARTMENT Iii considering the growing importance of the dairy and cattle industry of Georgia one of the most urgent needs forced on the attention of the observer is the necessity for taking some steps to prevent the development and spread of tuberculosis among the cattle and as a consequence among the people It has been fully demonstrated that the disease of tuberculosis or as is commonly known consumption is one and the same in both man and the lower animals and is communicable from one to the other The dried sputum of consumptive patients is literally filled with the bacilli of tuberculosis These germs are blown about by the wind and being inhaled by cattle or persons predisposed to the disease develop grow and soon produce a wellmarked case of the disease in those who have been so unlucky as to inhale them whether man or the lower animals The more delicate and highly bred cattle such as Jerseys Guernseys and Holsteins are much more suscep142 GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE tible to the disease than the cheaper and hardier breeds When once a cow has developed a case of tuberculosis she becomes a dangerous center of infection as the milk of tuberculous cattle is charged with the germs of the disease and is likely to produce it in such susceptible persons as consume the milk Drs Stalker and Niles separated three healthy calves from their mother and fed to them the milk of tuberculous cows They fed the milk raw to two of the calves and cooked the milk given to the other The calf fed on the cooked milk in which the germs had been destroyed by the heat remained healthy the two others developed tuberculosis The meat of tuberculous animals will also spread the infection unless it is thoroughly cooked before TUBERCULIN TEST It is now comparatively easy to diagnose the disease in cattle by means of tuberculin This substance is prepared by extracting tu berculous matter and then thoroughly sterilizing the extract It is injected into the suspected animal under the skin and if the animal is tuberculous a rise in the temperature of the animal fol lows This test is now much relied on but should be applied by a competent veterinarian and thus used will enable him to sepa rate the healthy from the diseased cattle in a herd Such cattle should be at once destroyed thus removing the cause of further infection to the cattle of the neighborhood and a source of deadly disease to the human beings who consume the milk or eat the un derdone flesh of the affected animals The department needs the services of a good veterinary surgeon who could be of great value to all the livestock interests of the State and incidentally do so much to save many valuable human lives MORE RECENT VIEWS OF TUBERCULOSIS Since writing the above news has come from London that the celebrated physician and bacteriologist Dr Koch made the an nouncement at the tuberculosis congress that as a result of more recent study and experiment his views about tuberculosis had un dergone a great change He now declares that cattle are not susceptible to infection from the germs of human tuberculosis he having demonstrated this to his own satisfaction He also declares his belief in the converse theory that human beings can not take the disease from drinking the milk or eating the flesh ofBULLETIN NO 38 143 tuberculous cattle This theory however owing to the difficulty of experimenting on human beings he has not been able to dem onstrate by experimental proof VIEWS AT VARIANCE WITH DR KOCHS Many eminent physicians however including the famous Lis ter take issue with him and continue to assert their belief in the proposition that the milk and flesh of tuberculous cattle are a direct menace to the health and lives of those consuming them Be this as it may until the proposition has been demonstrated and proved beyond peradventure one way or the other sensible people will continue to use every possible means to avoid infection with this terrible disease from tuberculous cattle Apart from this for the sake of the cattle themselves and the dairy and beef in terests involved everything possible should lie done toward stamping out the disease Besides tuberculosis Texas fever an thrax glanders rabies milksickness foot and mouth disease actinomycosis or lumpjaw are some of the other dangerous diseasesin which the services of a competent and really scientific veterinarian could be of the greatest value to the commonwealth of Georgia In conclusion sir it is scarcely necessary for me to do more than remind you of the valuable services of the assistant chemists Messrs R G Williams and Jos Q Burton as their work has been in daily evidence before you I only wish to remind you that their salaries are very meager and that they do more work for less pay than any other State officials We have already lost a very valuable man on this account in Mr P L Hutchinson and I hope that you will interest yourself at the next session of the Leg islature in endeavoring to procure for these faithful workers an increase of pay somewhat commensurate with their services Thanking you and Captain Wright your valuable assistant and all the other employees of your department for their kind and har monious cooperation with me in the work of the past year I am very respectfully John M McCandlESS State Chemist 144 GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OE AGRICULTURE LETTERS ON AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY The Analysis of a Plant To Georgia Farmer I wrote you last year a series of letters devoted almost exclusively to the feeding of live stock the prep aration of scientific rations and to the general principles underly ing the scientific feeding of stock As you have asked me so many questions about fertilizers I propose now to write you a series of Otters on that subject giving you the benefit of what I may have earned from books and from my experience as an agricultural jhemist As the prime object of farming and of fertilization is the rais ing of crops we will begin by considering briefly plant life What is a plant Let us examine and make a rough analysis of one Pull up a green and vigorous plant brush the dirt from the roots and throw it down upon the ground with the rays of the sun beating upon it Soon it assumes a peculiar appearance which we call wilted Had you taken the precaution to weigh the plant when you first pulled it up and then weighed it again after a few hours when it looked badly wilted you would find that it had lost weight By putting the fresh plant under a specially con structed glass vessel and setting it in the sun you could prove to your own satisfaction that the loss in weight was due to the loss of water The water in the plant heated by the sun rises as vapor and if you had the special glass vessel I speak of you could see the water of the cotton plant condense in the cool part of the vessel in drops which you could collect and weigh and if you were pro vided with sufficiently delicate instruments you would find the weight of this condensed water from the cotton plant was exactly equal to the loss in weight which it sustained after being badly wilted Young plants and vegetables frequently contain as much as ninetenths of their weight of water In making hay we dry out the water of the grass in the sun and when the grass has lost all the water it will in this way it is said to be cured and becomes hay This air dry grass or hay still contains from 8 to 12 per cent of water which can be driven out of it by heating it to the temperature of boiling water If we should do that what was left would be the dry matter of the plantBULLETIN NO 38 145 This dry matter of the plant contains all the valuable elements for whichthe plant was grown If we examine this dry matter further we find in a general way that it is composed of two kinds of bodies one of which will burn or the combustible and another kind which will not burn the incombustible or the ash That part of the plant which burns or goes up in smoke is derived very largely from the air and is gaseous in its nature NATURE OF THE ELEMENTS IN A PLANT If now we were to analyze these gases which escape on burn ing the plant and then analyze the ash which was left we should find that besides the ninetenths water which the original plant contained the remaining tenth contained these elements carbon hydrogen oxygen nitrogen potash magnesia lime iron phos phorus and sulphur as essential elements that is to say we should certainly find all these elements present as no plant could exist without them each one being just as necessary as the other to the growth and life of the plant and if one of them were cut out the others being present the plant could not develop THE ASH ELEMENT Besides these elements just mentioned however we should find in the ashes of the plant silica chlorine soda and manganese and sometimes a few other elements though none of these last are ab solutely necessary to the growth and development of plant lite These ash elements as we may call them are all derived from the soil Ninetyfive per cent of the dry matter of the plant comes out of theair and is derived from the gases which exist in the air the remaining five per centof the dry matter being the ashes which come out of the soil So you see the mineral part which comes from the soil is only a very small part of the original plant but yet it is just as essential to the life and growth of the plant as any or all of the others HOW DISCOVERED THAT THE PLANT EEEDS ON AIR AND WATER Perhaps you would like to know how it was discovered that the air furnished a large part of the dry matter of the plant An ex periment like this was made Some white sand was thoroughly burned to destroy the combustible matter there might be in it and 10 a b146 GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OE AGRICULTURE then thoroughly washed with acid and water to remove any solu ble mineral matter and just leave pure sand This being put into a box a seed of corn is planted and watered with distilled water or water containing no mineral The seed after sprouting and growing as long as it could subsist on the food in the original grain of corn was carefully dried all the water being driven out in an oven kept at the temperature of boiling water and then the remaining dry matter was weighed It was found that the weight far exceeded the weight of the original grain of corn and also that this excess weight consisted entirely of carbon hydrogen and oxygen consequently they must have come from the air and water as they could have come from no other source The atmosphere contains a great abundance of these elements carbon hydrogen and oxygen which are so necesary to plant life so that it will not be necessary for us to trouble about them in studying the subject of fertilizers since the are given without money and without price The ash elements which make only five per cent of the dry matter of the crop will concern us very nearly and as they come out of the soil I will write you in my next jetter about the soil and its elementsthose which are abundant and those which are scarce John M McCandlEss State Chemist CHEMISTRY IN AGRICULTURE LETTER NO TWO The Son its OriginVarieties of Soil All living things both plant and animal may be traced back to two sources the soil and atmosphere In the last analysis every particle of which they are composed must have been derived either from the air or the earth The food derived from the air is by far greater in quantity than that from the soil but as the elements of plant food in the atmosphere automatically renew themselves there need never be any fear that the atmosphere will be exhausted of the elements of plant food it contains the soil however is a different proposition The elements of plant foodBULLETIN NO 38 147 contained are much less abundant than in the air in fact many of them are quite limited in quantity and the best efforts of the farmer are needed to improve the condition of his soil so as to render the plant food in it more available to prevent such plant food as exists from washing away and to add plant food from any other available sources The soil is any part of the earths surface which is capable of cultivation and of the production of crops HOW SOILS ARE MADE The geologists tell us that when the earth first cooled down from a molten condition there was no soil anywhere but only rock great granite boulders and rocks of other nature but that in the vast periods of time which elapsed between the cooling down of the earths crust and the time when man and other animals began to appear on the earth the rocks had rotted and crumbled away and produced what we now know as the soil and subsoil The rain falling upon the rocks sinks into the cracks and fissures and freezing therein tears and flakes off small particles these in turn being swept along by floods are ground against each other and gradually reduced to powder The oxygen of the at mosphere also exerts a chemical effect in converting some of the minerals into oxides For instance if you leave a bright new ax out exposed to the weather you will soon note a coating upon it which you call rust that is produced by the action of the oxygen of the air upon the iron of the ax and is really the oxide of iron In this way then by the action of water in freezing and thawing in grinding and transporting the broken fragments of the rock and by the action of the air in oxidizing the minerals going on for many thousands and thousands of years possibly millions of years the rocks have been gradually converted into what we now know as the soil and subsoil DIVISION OF SOILSSANDY SOILS The subsoil may extend down only a few feet or it may extend for many feet but when you get to the bottom of it you will strike the rock usually the same kind of rock from which the sod was originally derived Soils may be divided into these general classessandy clayey limy and peaty according to whether their principal ingredients consist of sand clay carbonate of lime or vegetable matter A soil which contains over 70 per cent of sand is called sandy Such soils usually contain but little plant148 GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE food They are ill adapted to withstand a drought as the sandy particles absorb and retain but little moisture and the crops would soon burn up in a long dry season but when the rainfall is abun dant or irrigation is at hand these soils are desirable because they dry out quickly permit the easy cultivation of the crops and re spond quickly to liberal fertilization They are especially adapted to quickgrowing crops CLAY SOILS AND LIME SOILS A clay soil is one that contains over 50 per cent of clay and is exactly the reverse of the sandy soil Water percolates through them very slowly and in a very wet season the crops on them suffer from the excess of moisture They are also more difficult to cultivate These lands however are usually richer in plant food They are well adaptedto the grains and grasses Limy soils lime soils or calcareous soils are those which contain over 20 per cent of lime The lime exists in these soils in the form of carbonate of lime and is a very valuable element of plant food It is itself absolutely essential to the plant and it also aids in breaking up mineral combinations in the soil and so rendering other elements of plant food available which would otherwise remain insoluble and therefore inert VALUABLE PROPERTIES OF LIME Lime also aids materially in the decay of organic or vegetable matter in the soil it also improves the mechanical condition of the soil it is a great benefit in this way both to sandy and clay soils It causes the very loose particles of the sandy soil to adhere more closely together and so improves its power of absorbing and holding water it also improves the texture of a clay soil by preventing the particles from sticking or adhering so closely to gether ancf thus renders it more porous and friable and easy to work and also enables water to pass through it more easily in a measure obviating the dangers of a wet season on clay land The limy soils are adapted to the grains and grasses and fruits Peaty soils consist of organic or vegetable matter in a state of partial decomposition with comparatively little mineral water Such lands are usually of a deep black color and are very productive The three kinds of soil just described are the extremes of their kind and the soils which are generally preferred by farmers are mixtures of these and are known as loams a soil which conBULLETIN NO 38 149 tains from 10 to 20 per cent of clay is called a sandy loam when it contains from 20 to 30 per cent of clay it is a loam and when it is composed of from 30 to 50 per cent of clay is a clay loam THE IDEAL SOIL An ideal or perfect soil is hard to find in nature containing just the right proportion of sand to keep it porous and warm and per meable to water just the right amount of clay to keep it cool and to obviate the water running quickly through it like a sieve or evaporating too rapidly from its surface just the right amount of humus or decayed vegetable matter to furnish nitrogen and to hold just the proper quantity of moisture like a sponge also just the proper amount of lime in the soil to furnish plant food to help liberate the potash from the feldspar and mica minerals in the soil and also to aid in the decomposition of roots and turnecl under crops like clover and peas Plenty of lime in the soil will help convert these into humus which is so highly appreciated by farmers all over the world because it helps to retain moisture to convert the insoluble forms of nitrogen into the more soluble and to give to the soil that black color which is usually found in most fertile soils and which certainly has the power of absorbing more of the heat rays of the sun and thus making the soil warmer than the lighter colored soils can possibly be In my next letter I will write you more on this important subject of the soil Jno M McCandless State Chemist CHEMISTRY IN AGRICULTURE LETTER NO THREE Comparative Analysis oe the Soil and the Wheat Crop Whilst few farmers ever find such a perfect soil as I described to you in the last part of my last letter yet every farmer has it in hispower to improve the soil he starts with however poor it may be or whatever its nature may be by judicious tillage fertilizing draining ditching liming sanding claying and terracing accord ing as the conditions of his soil may indicate He should espe cially consider his soil and decide to what crops it seems to be 150 GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE best suited and then devote his energies to raising those crops rather than others which thrive poorly If now we proceed to analyze a soil as we did a plant a short while since we should expect to find in it some of all the elements we found in the plant more especially in the ash of the plant Let us take the analysis of quite a rich soil here is about what we should have taking one hundred pounds of the dry soil we could by means of a care ful and skillful chemical analysis separate it into the following parts POUNDS PER HUNDRED Carbon Hydrogen 1267 OxygenJ Silica7155 Alumina 694 Iron 517 Magnesia 108 Soda 043 Sulphuric acid 004 8521 Nitrogen 012 1 Phosphoric acid 043 Potash 035 I Lime 122 These are elements which the plant is obliged to have but is not dependent on the soil for them as it gets most all it needs from the air and the rain The elements in this part of the soil are either not absolutely essential to plant life or the plant could get along with very small amounts of them The plant must absolutely haveall of these to grow and thrive and though they exist in the soil in small quantity the plant needs them in large 212 J quantity Now let us analyze one hundred pounds of wheat plants POUNDS PER HUNDRED Carbon4769 1 Hydrogen 5 54 Oxygen4032 9355 J Soda 0 09 1 Magnesia 020 Sulphuric acid 03L Chlorine 004 Iron006 Silica 2 75 All of this comes from the atmosphere and the rain As you see these ate used in small quantity by the plant and are supplied in profusion by the soil 345 J Nitrogen 160 Phosphoric acid 045 Potash 066 Lime 029 300 J These the plant must have or die Most soils are deficient in them and the farmer must add them to get good cropsBULLETIN NO 38 151 Thus you see by a study of these analyses that you find in the soil the same elements which we found in the plant we analyzed in our first letter and also in this wheat plant The carbon hydro gen and oxygen which we find in the soil are of little or no use as plant food because the plant gets its store of those foods out of the atmosphere It derives its carbon from the carbonic acid in the air You will remember that I wrote you in one of my let ters last year about the importance of water and carbonic acid and as it is apt here I will repeat the paragraph WHERE THE PLANT GETS ITS CARBON FOOD FROM The water from which the hydrogen and oxygen come is given us free in the form of rain and the carbon also in the form of carbonic acid which is breathed out continually into the atmos phere by every living animal on the surface of the earth by every chimney and hearthstone which warms a happy family by every smokestack factory and locomotive which minister to our wants and necessities Carbonic acid forms the principal part of all this smoke although it is not the black part which we see but the invisible part which is clear and colorless like the air Vast streams of it are pouring out constantly into the air Why does it not stifle and suffocate us as it would if poured into the rooms where we live It is because all plant life lives on it the great forests absorb it the crops of wheat corn and cotton consume it the lilies and the roses eat it and drink it They take this deadly gas into their wonderful little bodies and work it over and over together with the water which they suck out of the soil until they have separated the carbon from the oxygen with which it is combined in carbonic acid liberating the oxygen and appro priating the carbon in building the cells and tissues and organs of which the plant is composed LIGHT ESSENTIAL TO THE VITAL PROCESSES OF THE PLANT This process of the plant in taking its carbon out of the air is a most wonderful one and goes on only under the influence of light or in the daytime and the leaf of the plant is the active organ concerned in taking the carbonic acid out of the air The leaf of the plant is formed of very numerous little cells placed side by side on the under side of the leaf there are airspaces between the cells and over the whole leaf there is a thin skin In this skin are numerous small holes through which the air passes when it152 GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OE AGRICULTURE passes into the leaf whilst the sunlight is shining upon it through some strange vital power the little cells of the leaf under these conditions break up the carbonic acid of the air retaining the car bon and setting the oxygen free which passes out again into the air When night comes the carbon thus obtained undergoes a change and passes into the circulation of the plant going to the various parts of the plant where it may be needed So we see that growing plants tend to purify the air by consuming its car bonic acid gas which is injurious to animal life and by giving off pure oxygen gas in its place which is beneficial to animal life Animal and plant life thus stand in mutual and beautiful relations tc each other Plant life inhales carbonic acid and exhales oxy gen animal life inhales oxygen and exhales carbonic acid The animal in his lungs and blood causes carbon to unite with oxygen to form carbonic acid whilst the plant in its cells causes the car bon of the carbonic acid to separate from its oxygen ANALYSIS OF ONE HUNDRED VOLUMES OE AIR Analysis shows the percentage of carbonic acid in the air to be small Thus a hundred gallons of dry air is composed of GALTONS Oxygen2099 Nitrogen7898 Carbonic acid0003 You say this is a very small amount of carbonic acid yes it seems so but when you come to consider the enormous bulk of the air it actually is very large There is so much of it that the volume of air which rests on one acre of your farm calculating for a height of only 50 feet above the farm would contain 90 pounds of carbonic acid gas and this amount never grows less even when the crops are feeding on it because it is being constantly renewed from other sources Therefore whilst you need never fear any lack of the essential element carbon it is well for you to appre ciate where it comes from and how important it is I have said the oxygen and hydrogen found in the plant came also from the air really they do not come from the air itself but they come from the water which floats in the air in the form of clouds These descend as rain upon the soil and are drawn up through the roots of the plant and the oxygen and hydrogen of which water is com posed are appropriated by the plant You of course appreciate the importance of these two elements of plant life because you know only too well how crops suffer in a dry season We will consider the other elements in our next letterBULLETIN NO 38 153 LETTER NO FOUR Nitrogen and the Way in Which it is Absorbed Quantities oe Plant Food in Soils Actual Naturallv the nitrogen we find in the plant by analysis next claims our attention As I told you in my last letter that there are nearly eighty gallons of nitrogen in one hundred gallons ot air vou would quite naturally exclaim that there would be no need to bother about providing nitrogen for the crops as they ouoht to be able to obtain all they want from the enormous oceans of it floating all around and about them Yes one would natu rally suppose so but alas it is not true the plant is helpless to feed on the nitrogen around it in the air no matter how thirsty it may be for it It is like the shipwrecked sailor in the open boat at sea though parched and dying with thirst yet he can not slake his thirst though there be nothing but water water all about him It seems as though there were a certain malice in Nature 111 so constituting plants that they can not take the nitrogen out of the air directly yet perhaps it is a good thing they can not because if they could life would be so easy that we probably would not exert ourselves as much as we should Nitrogen being the most expensive element of plant food if it were provided free of cost like the carbon hydrogen and oxygen we could grow such enor mous crops at such small cost that the cost of living would be so reduced that a man would not have the same urgent stimulus be hind him to work and to labor that he now has THE FORM IN WHICH PLANTS ABSORB NITROGEN But to return to our subject the plant requires nitrogen but it can not take it through its leaves it has to take it up through its roots and in order for the roots to take it up the nitrogen must be combined as nitrate It must be in the form of nitrate of soda or nitrate of lime or nitrate of magnesia or nitrate of potash or some other form of nitrate before the plant can utilize it If we put any organic matter containing nitrogen into the soil either vegetable or animal as cottonseed meal blood meat or even if we plow under green crops they will begin to decay and putrefy in the soil until the nitrogen which they contain in the form of protein about which I wrote you so much last year is changed154 GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OE AGRICULTURE into a number of other forms being finally converted into a ni trate after the decay of the original substance has been fully com pleted As a nitrate it is in a condition where it dissolves easily in water and is then absorbed by the root hairs and drawn up into the circulation of the plant Now the vast majority of plants have to obtain their nitrogen in the roundabout manner just de scribed but there are a few favored plants which are able to ob tain their nitrogen out of the air through the instrumentality of certain minute organisms or microbes in the soil We will have more to say of this later on When the organic matters I have described above animal or vegetable as cottonseedmeal blood meat manure or turnedunder green crops decay in the soil the carbon and hydrogen which are contained in them are not ab sorbed like the nitrogen through the roots into the plant the plant does not get its supply of carbon and hydrogen in that way They simply remain in the soil to form what is known as the humus of the soil or the decayed organic matter of the soil which improves its mechanical condition gives it a dark or black color and serves as an excellent retainer of moisture and heat in the soil Refer ring now to the analysis of a rich soil which I gave you in my last letter we find that besides the organic substance about which we have just been talking there are also the inorganic or mineral substances such as we found in the ashes of the plant we first analyzed THE VARIOUS ELEMENTS FOUND IN THE SOIL The most abundant substance of all these mineral or ash ele ments in the soil we find to be silica or as you are acquainted with it sand You will remember there was in this particular rich soil 715 pounds of silica out of every hundred pounds and yet the wheat plant grown on this soil only contained two and three quarters pounds of silica out of every hundred pounds and even this was not absolutely essential to the health and growth of the plant Although we find alumina in the soil we find none in the plant Alumina is one of the principal elements of a clay soil Iron magnesia and sulphuric acid found in the soil are likewise found in the ash of the plant Only small quantities of these however are required by the plant and they are always abundant in soils Soda is likewise found in both soil and plant but is not essential to the plant Phosphoric acid potash and lime are found in only small quantity in most soils but exist in considerableBULLETIN NO 38 155 quantity in the ash of plants and each one of them is absolutely necessary to the life growth and development of the plant For this reason the other elements being usually abundant a soil is said to be rich or poor according to its contents of potash phos phoric acid lime and nitrogen Potash and phosphoric acid are usually contained in soils in small quantity varying from about onetenth of a pound in a hundred pounds of the soil to one pound in one hundred pounds Although that amount looks small in reality when you figure it in another way it is not so small let us figure t by the acre WEIGHT OF THE SOIL PER ACRE An average soil when dry if taken to the depth of nine inches will weigh three to three and onehalf million pounds to the acre Therefore a soil containing onetenth of one per cent of phos phoric acid would really contain three thousand to thirtyfive hundred pounds of phosphoric acid per acre or as much as could be obtained by the application of ten to twelve tons of high grade acid phosphate per acre You would at once then say that a soil containing onetenth per cent of potash or phosphoric acid ought to be a rich soil and should not require any fertilizers but there you would be wrong because it matters not so much what is the total amount of potash or phosphoric acid in an acre of soil as it does to know in what condition that phosphoric acid or potash exists AVAILABILITY OF THE PLANTFOOD IN THE SOIL The question arises is it soluble is it available Is it in such condition that the soil water can take it up and convey it to the roots and root hairs of the plant ready for absorption by them into the plantcirculation That is why we find it necessary to put acid phosphate and kainit and other fertilizers on lands which are being constantly cropped it is because the constant cropping has exhausted or drawn out of the soil the soluble phosphoric acid and potash available to the plant and we must either put on a fertilizer containing them in a soluble form or we must let the soil rest awhile that is lie fallow in order that a fresh supply of plant food may be made available by the slow action of the soil water the action of carbonic acid and the other organic acids re sulting from the decay of vegetable and animal matters in the soil If you can not afford to either put on fertilizer or to let156 GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE your land lie fallow then your next resource is to rotate your crop that is to plant on the soil which has begun to fail you some other crop of a different nature which may not require so much of a certain element of plant food as the previous crop did For instance follow cotton with peas or clover WHAT DETERMINES THE CROPPRODUCING POWER OE THE SOIL In considering the capacity of a soil to produce crops we must remember one thing and that is that the essential element which exists in the smallest amount settles the question of the croppro ducing power of a soil That is to say if a soil is very rich in available phosphoric acid nitrogen lime magnesia and the other essential ash elements and yet be poor in available potash that soil can not produce heavy crops without the application of an available potash fertilizer If that soil has only available potash enough in it to produce ten bushels of corn per acre or two hun dred pounds of seed cotton per acre then all you are going to get out of that soil is ten bushels of corn or two hundred pounds of seed cotton no matter whether there was available phosphoric acid and nitrogen and lime etc in the soil enough to produce forty bushels of corn or fifteen hundred pounds of seed cotton This brings us to the question of soil analysis which we will treat in our next letter LETTER NO FIVE THE CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF THE SOIL NOT OF MUCH PRACTICAL VALUE TO THE FARMER AND WHYTHE WAY FOR THE FARMER TO ANALYZE HIS OWN SOIL Referring to the statement in my last letter that if any one ele ment in a soil essential to plant growth be lacking in an available form then that soil can not produce a good crop no matter how rich the soil may be in the other essential elements You natu rally exclaim then why not have a chemist analyze the soil and tell the farmer what element or elements are lacking in his soil and what are abundant so that he will know how to fertilize whether he ought to apply acid phosphate or kainit or cotton seed meal or lime one or all to his land so as to get the best results and at the same time use the wisest economy in the purBULLETIN NO 38 157 chase and application of fertilizers Yes this is a very natural idea and it was at one time in the earlier days of agricultural science thought that by means of a chemical analysis of the soil the key had been found by means of which we could unlock the secrets of Nature and solve all the problems of practical agri culture It was found however on trial that this idea so beau tiful in theory did not work well in practice It was discovered for instance that a soil which was producing poor crops contained onetenth of one per cent of phosphoric acid or calculating to a depth of nine inches about three thousand pounds of phosphoric acid per acre and yet this soil was in need of phosphoric acid be cause when acid phosphate was used on it as a manure it respond ed with largely increased yields Evidently the phosphoric acid in this soil although abundant in quantity 3000 pounds per acre was not in a condition available to the plant so that it could be absorbed by the roots ELEMENTS SOLUBLE IN ACIDS NOT ALWAYS AVAILABLE Still when the chemist came to treat this soil with his strong chemicals he could dissolve the phosphates in it readily Thus it would happen that a chemist analyzing a soil and finding in it say 3000 pounds of phosphoric acid 5000 pounds of potash and 4000 pounds of nitrogen per acre and knowing nothing else about the soil except the results of his analysis would report that the soil contained ample plant food for producing good crops and was a good soil not in need of fertilizers when as a matter of fact the soil might be so poor as hardly to sprout peas After many trials and efforts to imitate the action of Nature in the laboratory the conclusion was reached that it was not possible to tell by a chemical analysis in the case of cultivated soils whether the soil was a fertile one or not or what particular element should be added to it for the production of full crops ANALYSIS SHOWS THE ULTIMATE RESOURCES OF THE SOIL Whilst the chemical analysis is a failure from this standpoint still it is of value from another For instance if I make an analy sis of your soil and tell you that it contains 3000 pounds phos phoric acid 2500 pounds potash and 4000 pounds of nitrogen then you would be encouraged to go ahead and make this plant food more available by judicious cultivation and treatment such as liming the turning under of green crops etc feeling assured 158 GEORGIA DEPARTMENT 01 AGRICULTURE that in the end you could bring that soil up to a point where it would yield bountifully But if as the result of my analysis I should tell you that the soil only contained 150 pounds of phos phoric acid and 200 pounds of potash per acre why then you would know that the best thing you could do with that land would be to abandon it or give it away and not waste further time and labor on it There is however a practical method by which you can analyze your soil for yourself far better than any chemist can do it for you and by means of which you can tell for yourself whether your soil needs lime phosphoric acid potash or nitrogen one or all That method is as follows METHOD BY WHICH THE FARMER MAY ANALYZE HIS OWN SOIL First select a piece of ground as level as possible so that ram may not wash the fertilizer from one plot into an adjoining plot Secondly for the purpose of the experiment mark off ten plots each one just onetenth of an acre in area If convenient make the plots long and narrow say one hundred and thirtysix feet long by thirtytwo feet wide these dimensions would enable you to have eight long rows four feet apart in each plot Any other shape of plot will answer only be careful to lay off the plots so that they shall each contain onetenth of an acre or 4356 square feet Separate the plots from each other by paths at least three feet wide so that the effect of fertilizer in one plot may not be felt in an adjoining plot It would be well to locate these experi mental plots on some of your poorest land or that which stands most badly in need of fertilizer When all is ready carefully number the plots from one to ten so that you may keep a record of the nature and amount of fertilizer applied on each plot Let us suppose that you decide to plant cotton on the ten prepared plots for the purpose of finding out what fertilizing constituent is most needed by your soil when growing cotton Plant the cotton in your usual manner after a careful preparation of the soil of the plots thoroughly ploughing ami harrowing the plots in order Then apply the fertilizers as follows No 1No fertilizer No 2143 pounds of cottonseedmeal No 3200 pounds of 14 per cent acid phosphate No 480 pounds of kainit No 5No fertilizer No 6200 pounds of acid phosphate and 143 pounds of cot tonseedmealBULLETIN NO 38 15J No 7143 pounds of cottonseedmeal and 80 pounds of kai nit No 8200 pounds of acid phosphate and 80 pounds of kainit No 9200 pounds of acid phosphate 80 pounds of kainit and 143 pounds of cottonseedmeal No 10500 pounds airslaked lime In many of our Georgia soils lime is sadly lacking and it may be just the thing needed by the soil in conjunction with certain other fertilizers to discover if this be the case after having fer tilized plot No 2 mark off a strip 24 feet in width diagonally across the plot that is running from one corner to the opposite corner Apply to this strip 50 pounds of airslaked lime and work it in well with the soil and other fertilizer with a rake Do the same with each of the other plots omitting No 10 Then when the crop begins to grow if lime was specially needed by the soil in any of the plots you ought to notice a marked superiority in the 22 foot strip which runs diagonally across all the rows in all nine plots In the above fertilizers it is presumed that the acid phosphate is the kind most usually sold containing 14 per cent of available phosphoric acid so that 200 pounds supplies 28 pounds of actual phosphoric acid to the plot The cottonseedmeal is presumed to contain 7 per cent of nitrogen so that 143 pounds of it supplies 10 pounds of nitrogen to the plot and the kainit to contain 12 per cent of potash so that 80 pounds yield 10 pounds of potashto the plots the kainit is applied to In applying the fertilizers observe the following precautions Sow each fertilizer on the plot to which it is to he applied broad cast using your best care and judgment to distribute the fertilizer evenly over the entire plot In order to get an even distribution it is best to sow in such quantity that you will have to go over each plot at least twice to get all the fertilizer distributed Take care not to sow while the wind is blowing as it may blow some of the fertilizer on to the adjoining plots After sowing harrow the ground and then it will be ready for you to plant Plant thick enough to insure a perfect stand and at the proper time thin out to a uniform stand Treat all the plots exactly alike except as to the fertilizers applied Prepare the ground in each plot the same plant the cotton all at the same time and always cultivate the same and at the same time each day Take pains to have the same number of plants in each row It will be160 GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE V1 th a page for each plot in which to well to keep a notebook SLrlard ist The kind of fertilizer applied to each plot and the amount applied on the pages set apart for the respec e plots from i to iS 2d Note down the date the cotton was hnted 1 Note the date the cotton came up in each plot 4th When the cotton is about two inches high on the plot containing no fertlize note the height and appearance of the other plots th A ter you have thinned out to a uniform stand record the number of missing plants if any in each f every endeavor to have the same number ot plants in ach p ot butfn cas of accident to some be sure to put down the numb missine in any plot so as to make allowances 6th Record any Seob ervations of interest during the growth of the crop on he different plots such as the comparative dates of blooming umber bolls to the stalk date of opening o the bolls height ot he staks after maturity of the plant th Keep the seed cotton from each plot to itself weigh it by itself and record the weigh of the seed cotton from plot number one on page number one and so on wTth the others When you have picked and weighed the St pound of cotton then you will 1 think be easily able to de cide yourself what fertilizer or combination of fertilizers your bnd requires Of course if you have had a bad season very dr ot vev wet you will not be able to decide so well and in thai case repeat the experiment another year In this way you ca analyze your own soil and do it better than the best chemist 1 Seworld can do it for you because you have appealed to the soi itself you have spoken to it m the language of Nature and it has replied in the same mute but eloquent tongue demonstrating the truth of her answers before your very eyes ours truly Jno M McCandless State Chemist LETTER no six Description oe the Various Nitrogenous Fertilizer Materials As vou and others have written me to know what is the value of thedifferent materials used in the manufacture of commercial fertilizers I will give you at this point a fairly complete account of the substances principally used First we will consider in theBULLETIN NO 38 161 order of their value in dollars and cents and their agricultural importance the nitrogenous materials or those which yield nitro gen to the plant Such substances are also known as ammoni ates because under certain conditions the nitrogen which they contain can be converted into ammonia Now nitrogen and am monia are not the same thing by any means but still they are closely related they are both gases Nitrogen as I have de scribed to you before in another place is a colorless odorless tasteless gas and constitutes fourfifths of the air or atmosphere which envelops the earth Ammonia is also a gas and is color less but it has a pungent odor the same which you have noticed in spirits of hartshorn or spirits of ammonia bought from the drugstore It also has a caustic burning taste and is easily dis solved in water which nitrogen is not Ammonia is made by causing nitrogen to combine with hy drogen Fourteen pounds of nitrogen combine with three pounds of hydrogen to make seventeen pounds of ammonia so that am monia always contains a large amount of nitrogen but nitrogen never contains any ammonia And right here it is well for you to understand that we have all fallen into a very unwise and er roneous habit of speaking about a fertilizer as containing such a per cent of ammonia As a matter of fact it is rarely if ever the case that a fertilizer contains any ammonia as such at all but it does contain nitrogen combined in various forms As you know it is customary in the careless way of talking obtaining among us all to speak of cottonseedmeal as contain ing eight per cent of ammonia That is wrong it does not con tain any ammonia but it does contain six and sixtenths per cent of nitrogen in the form of albuminoids or protein of which I wrote you so much in my letters on feeding and this six and sixtenths per cent of nitrogen can under certain chemical condi tions be converted into eight per cent of ammonia I hope then I have made this plain and when you buy a fertilizer in the future dont imagine because you smell certain peculiar odors about it that you smell ammonia that is rarely if ever the case the odors you smell are usually due to animal matters fishscrap etc and indicate no greater value in the fertilizer than one which has no odor at all In the same way a dark or black color is no indication of value in the fertilizer In point of fact the highest grade fertilizer which could possibly be compounded by the art of man would be snowtvnite in color The materials used for compounding such162 GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OE AGRICULTURE a fertilizer would be nitrate of ammonia and phosphate of potash and these salts when chemically pure are snowwhite salts To return now to our description of the various nitrogenous ma terials Cottonseedmeal with which you are fully familiar stands first in importance in Southern agriculture An average meal of good quality will contain six and sixtenths per cent of nitrogen which if converted into ammonia would be equal to eight per cent It also contains an average of 27 per cent of phosphoric acid and 18 per cent of potash It is a very valuable fertilizer and constitutes the nitrogen base of the greater portion of commercial fertilizers manufactured in the South Next to cottonseedmeal the materials used most largely in the manufacture of commercial fertilizers are the packinghouse products As little is generally known of these and the manner of their production I will give you a brief account of their manufacture The great packinghouses are located chiefly in Chicago Kan sis City and Omaha where immense numbers of cattle are slaugh tered and the various parts of the body are put to some special use Apart from the production of dressed beef mutton or pork there is of course a large quantity of waste to be utilized but the material most interesting to us is that which is used for fertili zer this consists of blood of bones and a mixture of scraps of meat skin bones and blood dried blood The material known as dried blood is the most valuable fer tilizing product and the richest in nitrogen In preparing this material the liquid blood is collected in vats where it is cooked this process causes the separation of the protein of the blood from much of the water it is then put into presses where about one half of the water is pressed out After pressing it is still damp and in the form of cakes these cakes are next broken up and dried by passing them through a mechanical drier heated by steam The damp cakes go in at one end of the machine and the dry cakes come out at the other when they are ground to a pow der and sacked ready for market This blood will usually contain about thirteen per cent of nitrogen which is the equivalent of about sixteen per cent of ammonia but as in the case of the cottonseedmeal there is actually no ammonia in itBULLETIN NO 38 163 TANKAGE The next important product of the slaughterhouse is what is known to the fertilizer trade as tankage This is a mixture of blood bones waste scraps of meat etc This material gets its name from the fact that it is cooked in huge tanks in the first stage of its preparation It is cooked under steam pressure at a high temperature for several hours As a result most of the fat in the mass is melted and rises to the top of the tanks where it is skimmed off and utilized for soapmaking and other purposes The bones and the cooked meat etc now lie at the bottom of the tank and the tank water is dark and highly coloredis in fact a sort of soup containing nitrogenous matter in solution The solid matter bones etc are removed dried and crushed or ground in the same way as was done with the dried blood product CONCENTRATED TANKAGE The tank water is run into a vacuum evaporator the excess of water removed and a product known as concentrated tankage is the final result of the treatment The finished material contains about twelve per cent of nitrogen The dried and ground bone tankage or what is known as simply tankage contains about seven per cent of nitrogen ten per cent of total phosphoric acid and six and onehalf per cent of available phosphoric acid BONE MEALS There are also three kinds of bone meal produced raw bone meal regular bone meal and steamed bone meal The first is as its name indicates produced by the crushing and grinding of raw bones after removing any adhering fat or meat This material contains about four per cent of nitrogen twentythree per cent of total phosphoric acid and eight and onehalf per cent of avail able phosphoric acid The regular bone meal is cooked under pressure for a few hours in the tanks this removes fat and also causes some loss of nitrogen but makes the product grind easier and finer This grade of bone meal contains about three per cent nitrogen twentyseven and onehalf per cent total phosphoric acid and twelve and onehalf per cent available phosphoric acid Steamed bone meal is the product of the glue works and is made by grinding the bones left after boiling all the fat and glue out of them that can be obtained This process reduces the percentage164 GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE of nitrogen so that steamed bone meal will hardly average more than two per cent of nitrogen but has about the same amount of phosphoric acid as the ordinary bone meal HORN AND HOOF MEAE MISCONCEPTIONS ABOUT Horn and hoof meal is another product of the slaughterhouse Imperfect horns and darkcolored hoofs are first thoroughly steamed then dried and ground into meal The better quality of horns and hoofs command very high prices even as high as 200 a ton for other purposes in the manufacture of buttons and nov elties hence the quantity of this material coming on the market is limited There was formerly a great prejudice against it and it used to be considered fraudulent to use it in fertilizers Even in standardworks on Agricultural Chemistry of quite recent date the material is spoken of as being only very slowly available as plant food This however has in the past two or three years been shown to be an error and the material is now regarded by those best informed as a rich and highly available source of nitro gen It contains about fifteen per cent of nitrogen The quan tity of it on the market is comparatively small There are many other products of the packinghouse but these are the chief ones of interest to the fertilizer trade and to the farmer In the next letter I will finish describing the nitrogenous fertilizer materials and write you something about phosphates Yours truly Jno M McCandlESS State Chemist FEEDING FORMULAS In Bulletin No 36 issued season 18991900 I wrote a series of letters on cattle feeding and explained in detail how the feeder might by the use of a table of analyses of the different feeding stuffs calculate in a scientific way the proper ration for his cattle Many find this calculation to be irksome and have applied to me for formulas ready calculated In compliance with this demand 1 furnish below a number of feeding formulas some calculated by myself and some taken from a Bulletin on the subject by the Georgia Experiment Station The formulas given unless other wise stated are for cattle of 1000 pounds live weight so thatBULLETIN NO 38 165 if the cow weighs 800 pounds then 80 per cent of the ration should be used or if the cow weighs over 1000 pounds say 1 100 then 10 per cent of the weight of the 1000pound cow ra tion should be taken and added to the ration RULE FOR ASCERTAINING WEIGHT OF CATTLE A good rule for ascertaining the approximate weight of a cow is this Ordinary cattle girting five feet will weigh 650 to 800 pounds according to form and fatness for each additional inch in girt add 25 pounds up to 6 feet and for each inch after 6 feet add 50 pounds FORMULA no 1 12 pounds of peavine hay 20 pounds of rye fodder green 4 pounds of cornmeal 4 pounds of wheat bran 2 pounds of cottonseed hulls This ration contains Dry matter 24H pounds Protein 247 pounds Carbohydrates and fat 1283 pounds Nutritive ratio 54 FORMULA NO 2 15 pounds of corn and cob meal 12 pounds of cottonseed hulls 412 pounds of cottonseed meal This ration contains Dry matter2765 Protein 25x Carbohydrates and fatI3 Nutritive ratio I The above ration is an example of how to mix when green succulent foods are not to be had it would be better of course to add to such a ration if possible some green food or 4 or 5 pounds of turnips carrots or other roots166 GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE FORMULA NO 3 28 pounds cottonseed meal 4 pounds corn and cob meal 3 pounds wheat bran 25 pounds corn silage 122 pounds mixed hay Nutritive ratio 57 FORMULA NO 4 ZY2 pounds cottonseed meal 3 pounds wheat bran 7 pounds cottonseed hulls 17 pounds corn stover 5 pounds mixed hay FORMULA NO 5 20 pounds cowpea hay 10 pounds shredded cornstalks FORMULA NO 6 20 pounds of mixed hay 3 pounds of cottonseed meal 4 pounds of cornmeal formula no 7 25 pounds shredded corn shucks 5 pounds cottonseed meal 3 pounds wheat bran formula no 8 20 pounds cottonseed hulls 4 pounds cottonseedmeal 5 pounds wheat bran FORMULA NO 9 15 pounds cowpea hay 10 pounds cottonseed hulls 5 pounds cowpea mealBULLETIN NO 38 167 FORMULA NO IO 15 pounds cowpea hay 8 pounds cottonseed 6 pounds cornmeal For Fattening Steers formula NO 11 20 pounds cottonseed hulls 6 pounds cottonseed meal Gradually increase to 24 pounds cottonseed hulls and 8 pounds cottonseed meal Formula no 12 20 pounds shredded cornstalks 5 pounds cottonseed meal 6 pounds cornmeal Ration for pigs weighing from 2070 pounds 2 ounces of cornmeal per quart skim milk Pigs weighing from 70130 pounds 4 ounces per quart skim milk Pigs weighing from 130200 pounds 6 ounces per quart skim milk Give all they will eat up cleanFrom Bulletin Georgia Department of Agriculture SERIAL No 39 SEASON WJJ902 INFORMATION IN REGARD TO COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS AND CHEMICALS AND ILLUMINATING OILS UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF O B STEVENS Commissioner of Agriculture of the State of Georgia JNO M McCANDLESS State Chemist R G WILLIAMS First Assistant State Chemist J Q BURTON Second Assistant State ChemistFERTILIZER EAW Kerttuzers Analysis Inspection Registration and Sale of No 398 An Act to regulate the registration sale inspection and analysis of commercial fertilizers acid phosphates fertilizer materials and chemicals in the State of Georgia and to consolidate all laws relating to said sales inspection and analysis and to repeaL all other laws or parts of laws in conflict therewith Section i Be it enacted by the General Assembly of the State of Georgia That all manufacturers jobbers and manipula tors of commercial fertilizers and fertilizer materials to be used in the manufacture of the same who may desire to sell or offer for sale in the State of Georgia such fertilizers and fertilizer materi als shall first file with the Commissioner of Agriculture of the State of Georgia upon forms furnished by said Commissioner of Agriculture the name of each brand of fertilizers acid phos phates fertilizer materials or chemicals which they may desire to sell in said State either by themselves or their agents together with the name and address of the manufacturer or manipulator and also the guaranteed analysis thereof stating the sources from which the phosphoric acid nitrogen and potash are derived and if the same fertilizer is sold under a different name or names said fact shall be so stated and the different brands which are identi cal shall be named SEC 2 All persons companies manufacturers dealers or agents before selling or offering for sale in this State any com mercial fertilizer or fertilizer material shall brand or attach to each bag barrel or package the brand name of the fertilizer the weight of the package the name and address of the manufacturer and the guaranteed analysis of the fertilizer giving the valuable constituents of the fertilizer in minimum percentages only These172 GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE items only shall be branded or printed on the sacks in the follow ing order 1 Weight of each package in pounds 2 Brand name and or trademark 3 Guaranteed analysis 4 Available phosphoric acid per cent 5 Nitrogen per cent 6 Potash per cent 7 Name and address of manufacturer In bonemeal tankage or other products where the phosphoric acid is not available to laboratory methods but becomes available on the decomposition of the product in the soil the phosphoric acid shall be claimed as total phosphoric acid unless it be desired to claim available phosphoric acid also in which latter case the guarantee must take the form above set forth In the case of lionemeal and tankage manufacturers may brand on the bags in formation showing the fineness of the product provided it takes a form approved by the Commissioner of Agriculture Sec 3 If any commercial fertilizer or fertilizer material of fered for sale in this State shall upon official analysis prove de ficient in any of its ingredients as guaranteed and branded upon the sacks or packages and if by reason of such deficiency the commercial value thereof shall fall three per cent below the guar anteed total commercial value of such fertilizer or fertilizer ma terial then any note or obligation given in payment therefor shall be collectable by law only for the amount of actual total com mercial value as ascertained by said official analysis and the per son or corporation selling the same shall be liable to the consumer by reason of such deficiency for such damages if any as may be proven and obtained by him on trial before a jury in any court of competent jurisdiction in this State SEC 4 Be it further enacted That the words high grade shall not appear upon any bag or other package of any complete fertilizer which complete fertilizer contains by its guaranteed analysis less than ten per cent available phosphoric acid 165 per cent nitrogen equivalent to 2 per cent of ammonia and 2 per cent potash or a grade or analysis of equal total commercial Aalue that the word standard shall not appear upon any bag or other package of any complete fertilizer which contains by its guaranteed analysis less than 8 per cent available phosphoric acid 165 per cent nitrogen equivalent to 2 per cent ammonia and 2 per cent potash or a grade or analysis of equal total commercial value that the words high grade shall not appear upon any bagBULLETIN NO 39 173 or other package of any acidphosphatewithpotash which shall contain by its guaranteed analysis less than 13 per cent avail able phosphoric acid and 1 per cent of potash or a grade or analysis of equal total commercial value that the word stand ard shall not appear upon any bag or other package of any acid phosphatewithpotash which shall contain by its guaranteed analysis less than 11 per cent available phosphoric acid and 1 per cent potash or a grade or analysis of equal total commercial value that the words high grade shalll not appear upon any bag or other package of any plain acidphosphate which shall contain by its guaranteed analysis less than 14 per cent availa ble phosphoric add and lastly that the word standard shall not appear upon any bag or other package of any plain acidphosphate which shall contain by its guaranteed analysis less than 12 per cent available phosphoric acid It is hereby provided that no complete fertilizer acidphosphatewithpotash acidphosphate withnitrogen or plain acid phosphate shall be offered for sale in this State which contains less than 12 per cent of total plant food namely available phosphoric acid nitrogen when calculated as ammonia and potash either singly or in combination provided that in mixed fertilizers there shall not be claimed less than 1 per cent of potash and 082 per cent nitrogen when one or both are present in the same mixture It is further hereby provided That no commercial fertilizers or fertilizer material shall be offered for sale in this State which con tains such an amount of water as to render the handling or ma nipulation of such fertilizers or fertilizer material difficult or to cause the clogging of fertilizer distributors by reason of its bad mechanical condition such wet or bad mechanical condition of any fertilizer shall be carefully observed by all fertilizer inspec tors at the time of drawing their samples and be reported along with the sample to the Commissioner of Agriculture who if he or in his absence the State Chemist confirms the opinion of the inspector shall forbid the sale of that lot so inspected SEC 5 Be it further enacted That all manufacturers and ma nipulators or agents representing them who have registered their brands in compliance with section 1 of this Act shall forward to the Commissioner of Agriculture a request for tax tags stating that said tax tags are to be used upon brands of fertilizers and fertilizer materials registered in accordance with this Act and said request shall be accompanied with the sum of 10 cents per ton as an inspection fee whereupon it shall be the duty of the Commissioner of Agriculture to issue tags to parties applying who shall attach a tag to each bag barrel or package thereof 174 GEOKGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE which when attached to said package shall be prima facie evi dence that the seller has complied with the requirements of this Act Any tags left in the possession of the manufacturer shall not be used for another season and shall not be redeemed by the Department of Agriculture SEC 6 Be it further enacted That it shall not be lawful for any manufacturer or company either by themselves or their agents to offer for sale in this State any fertilizer or fertilizer material that has not been registered with the Commissioner of Agriculture as required by this Act The fact that the purchaser waives the inspection and analysis thereof shall be no protection to said party selling or offering the same for sale Sec 7 The guaranteed analysis of each and every brand of fer tilizer or fertilizer material must without exception remain uni form throughout the fiscal year for which it is registered and in no case even at subsequent registration shall the grade be low ered although the proportion of the available constituents may be changed so that the decrease of one constituent may be compen sated for in value by the increase of the other or others Such proposed change must first receive the approval of the Commis sioner of Agriculture A brand name and or trademark regis tered by one manufacturer shall not be entitled to registration by another and the manufacturer having first registered and used the said brand name and or trademark shall be entitled to it even should said brand name and or trademark not be offered for current registration at the time Nothing in this section shall be construed as debarring the right of any manufacturer to estab hsh his ownership in and prior right of registration of any brand name and or trademark whether said brand name and or trademark had been previously registered or not SEC 8 No person company dealer or agents shall sell expose or offer for sale in this State any pulverized leather raw steamed roasted or m any other form either as a fertilizer or fertilizer material or as a constituent of fertilizers without first making full and explicit statement of the fact in registration with the Commisioner of Agriculture and furnishing satisfactory proof that the nitrogen is sufficiently available and valuable for the pur pose for which sold r Sec 9 Be it further enacted That the Commissioner of Api culture shall appoint twelve inspectors of fertilizers or so many inspectors as in said Commissioners judgment may be neces sary who shall hold their office for such time as said Commis sioner shall in his judgment think best for carrying out the pro visions of this Act The greatest compensation that any inspectorBULLETIN NO 39 175 of fertilizers shall receive shall be at the rate of eightythree and onethird dollars per month and his actual expenses while in the discharge of his duty as such inspector It shall be their duty to inspect all fertilizers acid phosphates chemicals cottonseed meal or other fertilizer material that may be found at any point within the limits of the State and go to any point when so directed by the Commissioner of Agriculture and shall see that all fertilizers and fertilizer materials are properly tagged Sec 10 Be it further enacted That each of the inspectors of fertilizers shall be provided with bottles of not less than eight 8 ounce capacity in which to place samples of fertilizers and fer tilizer materials drawn by him and it shall be the duty of each inspector of fertilizers to draw with such an instrument as shall secure a core from the entire length of the package such samples of fertilizers and fertilizer materials as he may be directed by the Commisioner of Agriculture to inspect or that he may find unin spected and in the performance of his duty he shall carefully draw samples as follows In lots of ten packages or less from every package in lots of ten to a hundred packages from not less than ten packages in lots of one hundred packages and over from not less than ten per cent of the entire number and after thoroughly mixing the samples so drawn he shall by the method known as quartering draw from such thoroughly mixed sam ple two subsamples and with them fill two sample bottles and shall plainly write on a label on said bottles the number of said sample and shall also write on the label on one only of said bot tles the name of the fertilizer acid phosphate or other fertilizer material also the name of the manufacturers He shall then seal both of said bottles and shall forward to the Commissioner of Agriculture the said samples so drawn by him stating the number of sacks from which the sample was drawn and a full report of the inspection written on a form prescribed by the Commissioner of Agriculture which report must be numbered to agree with the number of the bottle and in said report shall be given the name of the fertilizer or fertilizer material the name of the manufac turer the guaranteed analysis the place where inspected the date of inspection and name of inspector and it shall be the duty of said inspectors to keep a complete record of all inspections made hy them on forms prescribed by the Commissioner of Agriculture Before entering upon the discharge of their duties they shall also take and subscribe before some officer authorized to administer the same an oath to faithfully discharge all duties which may be required of them in pursuance of this Act Sec i i Be it further enacted That a sample of all fertilizers JVYHivT176 GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE or fertilizer material drawn by the official inspectors and filed with the Commissioner of Agriculture shall be marked by num ber and delivered by said Commissioner of Agriculture to State Chemist who will make a complete analysis of same and certify under same number as marked said analysis to said Commis sioner of Agriculture which analysis shall be recorded as official and entered opposite the brand of fertilizers or fertilizer material which the mark and number represent and the said official analy sis of such fertilizer or fertilizer material under the seal of the Commissioner of Agriculture shall be admissible as evidence in any of the courts of this State on the trial of any issue involving the merits of such fertilizer or fertilizer material Sec 12 Be it further enacted That the Commissioner of Agri culture shall have authority to establish such rules and regula tions in regard to the inspection analysis and sale of fertilizers and fertilizer material as shall not be inconsistent with the pro visions of this Act and as in his judgment will best carry out the requirements thereof Sec 13 Be it further enacted That nothing in this Act shall be construed to restrict or avoid sales of acid phosphate or any other fertilizer material to each other by importers manufactur ers or manipulators who mix fertilizer materials for sale or as preventing the free and unrestricted shipments of material to manufacturers or manipulators who have registered their brands as required by the provisions of this Act SEC 14 Be it further enacted That any person selling or of fering for sale any fertilizer or fertilizer material without having first complied with the provisions of this Act shall be guilty of a misdemeanor and on conviction thereof shall be punished as prescribed in 1039 of the Criminal Code of Georgia provided this Act shall not go into effect until after the first day of August 1902 SEC 15 Be it further enacted That there shall be nothing in this Act which shall be construed to nullify any of the require ments of an Act fixing the methods of determining the value of commercial fertilizers by the purchasers and incorporated in the provisions of the herein amended Ellington bill which is as fol lows An Act to regulate the sale of fertilizers in this State to fix a method for determining the value of the same and for other purposes Section i Be it enacted by the General Assembly of Georgia and it is hereby enacted by authority of the same That from and after the passage of this Act it shall be lawful for any purchaserBULLETIN NO 39 177 of fertilizers from any owner thereof or agent of such owner to require of the person selling and at the time of sale or delivery to take from each lot of each brand sold a sample of its contents Sec 2 Be it further enacted That said sample or samples of fertilizer shall be taken in the presence of both purchaser and seller in the following manner Two cupfuls of the fertilizer shall be taken from the top and two cupfuls from the bottom of each sack provided there are not more than ten sacks in the lot but in lots of 10 to 100 sacks from not less than 10 sacks in lots of 100 and over from not less than 10 per cent of the entire number The samples so taken shall be intermixed upon some surface so as not to mix dirt or any other substance with the fer tilizer Then from different parts of the pile small portions at a time shall be scooped up in the cup and transferred to a wide mouthed bottle of not less than one pint in capacity This bottle shall now be corked with a suitable cork The cork must either be pressed home flush with the mouth of the bottle or else cut across until it is flush or even with the mouth of the bottle It shall then be taken by both parties at interest to the ordinary of the county who shall seal the same in their presence in the following manner he shall completely cover the entire surface of the cork with sealing wax and then impress upon the molten wax his official seal bearing his name and the style of his office He shall then label the same with the names of the parties and of the fer tilizers Sec 3 Be it further enacted That said ordinary shall safely keep said package allowing neither party access to the same save as hereinafter provided The ordinary shall receive a fee of 10 cents from the party depositing such sample for each sample so deposited Sec 4 Be it further enacted That should said purchaser after having used such fertilizer upon his crops have reason to believe from the yields thereof that said fertilizer was totally or partially worthless he shall notify the seller and apply to the ordinary to forward the said sample deposited with him to the State Chemist without stating the name of the parties the name of the fertil izers or giving its guaranteed analysis the cost of sending being prepaid by the purchaser Before forwarding sample to the State Chemist for analysis the ordinary shall take the affidavit of the purchaser that he has gathered his crop and believes from the yield thereof that the fertilizer used was worthless or partially worthless The ordinary shall notify State Chemist at the same 12 a b x178 GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OE AGRICULTURE time that he forwards the sample that he has taken and filed such written affidavit of the purchaser Sec 5 Be it further enacted That it shall be the duty of said State chemist to analyze and send a copy of the result to said ordinary SEC 6 Be it further enacted That should said analysis show that said fertilizer comes up to the guaranteed analysis upon which it is sold then the statement so sent by the State Chemist shall be conclusive evidence against a plea of partial or total fail ure of consideration But should said analysis show that such fertilizer does not come up to the guaranteed analysis then the sale shall be illegal null and void and when suit is brought upon any evidence of indebtedness given for such fertilizer the state ment of such State Chemist so transmitted to the ordinary shall be conclusive evidence of the facts whether such evidence of in debtedness is held by an innocent third party or not SEC 7 Be it further enacted That in lieu of the State Chemist should the parties to the contract agree upon some other chemist to make said analysis all of the provisions of the Act shall apply to his analysis and report to the ordinary Sec 8 Be it further enacted That should the seller refuse to take said sample when so requested by the purchaser then upon proof of this fact the purchaser shall be entitled to his plea of failure of consideration and to support the same by proof of the want of effect and benefit of said fertilizer upon his crops which proof shall be sufficient to authorize the jury to sustain defend ants plea within whole or in part whether said suit is brought by an innocent holder or not Approved December 27 1890 Sec 16 Be it further enacted That there shall be nothing in this Act which shall be construed to nullify any of the require ments of an Act fixing the methods of inspection and determining the analysis of cottonseed meal incorporated in the provisions of the herein amended Calvin bill which is as follows A bill to be entitled an Act to require all cottonseed meal to be subjected to analysis and inspection as a condition precedent to being offered for sale and to forbid the sale in this State of such cottonseed meal if it be shown by the official analysis that the same contains less than 618 per cent of nitrogen equiva lent to yy2 per cent of ammonia to prescribe a penalty for the violation of the provisions of this Act and for other purposesBULLETIN NO 39 J79 Section i Be it enacted by the General Assembly and it is hereby enacted by authority of the same That from and after the passage of this Act it shall not be lawful for any person or per sons to offer for sale in this State any cottonseed meal until the same shall have been inspected as now required by the law in the matter of all fertilizers and chemicals for manufacturing or com posting purposes nor shall it be lawful to offer such cottonseed meal for sale in the State if it be shown by the official analysis that the same contains less than 618 per cent of nitrogen equiv alent to y2 per cent of ammonia provided that the provisions of this Act as to the per centum mentioned in this section shall not apply to meal manufactured from sea island cottonseed but the Commissioner of Agriculture shall upon the passage of this Act fix and make public a minimum per centum which shall con trol as to the cottonseed referred to in this proviso provided fur ther that if any cottonseed meal shall not analyze up to the re quired per centum of nitrogen the same may be offered for sale as a secondclass meal provided the analysis be made known to the purchaser and stamped on the sack Sec 2 Be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid That there shall be branded upon or attached to each sack barrel or package of cottonseed meal offered for sale in this State the guaranteed analysis and the number of pounds net in each sack barrel or package Sec 3 Be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid That it shall be the duty of the Commissioner of Agriculture to take all steps necessary to make effective the provisions of sections 1 and 2 of this Act SEC 4 Be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid That any person or persons violating the provisions of this Act shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor and on conviction shall be pun ished as prescribed in section 4310 of the Code of 1882 Approved July 22 1891 Sec 17 Be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid That all laws and parts of laws in conflict with this Act be and the same are hereby repealed Approved December 18 1901 State of Georgia Office of Secretary of State I Philip Cook Secretary of State of the State of Georgia do hereby certify Tht the attached and foregoing eleven n180 GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE pages of typewritten matter contain a true and correct copy of an Act of the General Assembly of the State of Georgia provid ing for the inspection analysis registration and sale of fertilizers approved December 18 1901 The original of said Act being now of file and of record in this department In testimony whereof I have hereunto set my hand and af fixed the seal of my office at the Capitol in the city of Atlanta this 20th day of June in the year of our Lord One Thousand Nine Hundred and Two and of the Independence of the United State of America the One Hundred and Twentysixth Philip Cook Secretary of State RULINGS OF THE COMMISSIONER INTERPRETING THE NEW FERTILIZER LAW FirstThe grade of the fertilizers is to be considered a part of the brand name and or trademark and may immediately pre cede or follow the same if used at all Second it is optional with the manufacturer whether he brands the grade on his sacks or not but if he does brand the grade on the sacks then the goods must conform to the recpiire ments of the grade as stated in section 4 of the law ThirdIn branding the word potash the characters K20 heretofore in use are to be omitted FourthIn case of goods containing 10 per cent available phosphoric acid 082 per cent nitrogen and 1 per cent potash or such mixtures 91651 or 80823 or other combinations which do not react a total commercial value equal to that of the standard fertilizer which is 81652 such mixtures are not to be designated by zv grade at all Such goods may be offered for sale and brandttl vith any name the maker desires to give provided such name doC3 not indicate that they belong to a high or standard grade FifthIn printing big staining acid phosphate only or acid phosphate and potash wtirs 111 three ingredients of plant foodBULLETIN NO 39 181 are not claimed it shall be optional with the maker whether he brands only the guaranteed ingredient as for instance Available phosphoric acid14 per cent Or he may brand Available phosphoric acid 14 per cent NitrogenNone PotashNone But in this latter case the letters of the word none shall be plain and distinct and of the same size type as the names of the elements standing opposite them SixthIn the case of goods containing less than 165 per cent nitrogen they may be branded as Ammoniated goods guano or fertilizer or other words implying that the same is an am moniated superphosphate provided they contain not less than 082 per cent nitrogen SeventhA goods containing 10 per cent available phosphoric acid 082 per cent nitrogen and 3 per cent potash can not be branded high grade since it has not as high a commercial value as the legal high grade The legal high grade is worth today 1525 and the goods mentioned has a value of 1361 EighthNo manufacturer has the right to print the word am monia at all on his sacks NinthUntil further notice the Commissioner fixes in accord ance with the provisions of the Calvin bill the minimum percent age of nitrogen required by law in the sea island cottonseed meals at three and seventenths per cent 37 per cent equivalent to four and onehalf 42 per cent of ammonia TenthIf it be necessary for lack of space on one side of the sack to turn and print on the other side this will be permitted provided the prescribed order be observed EleventhThe word potash means potassium oxide or K20 and will be so interpreted the percentage of potassium sulphate or muriate must not be substituted for the percentage of potash TwelfthThe words Standard or Standard Grade may be used on the sacks at the option of the manufacturer if used at all ThirteenthIt is regarded as consonant with the spirit of the law to print on the sacks if desired the name of the party for whom manufactured thus Manufactured for John Smith Co by Thos Brown Co FourteenthIf desired for distinctive purposes a manufac182 GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE hire may print the word Georgia following the words guar anteed analysis The above rulings have been submitted to me and approved Boykin Wright AttorneyGeneral REMARKS OF THE COMMISSIONER While I can not this year congratulate the farmers of Georgia on the successful result of all their farming operations yet I can commend their diligent and welldirected efforts which have mailed of complete success through unfavorable conditions that cculd not be helped and not through any fault of theirs Wheat and oats have been in most sections a partial and in some a total failure but no matter what kind of crop one may plant he is liable to just such disappointing results Hence the growers of these important grains should not lose heart nor lag in their efforts to make Georgia the great agricultural State that she is capable of being We have as good lands for wheat and oats as many States that far exceed us in their production and we must never be satisfied until we place Georgia in the very front rank The growing interest in the production of hay in Georgia is an encouraging sign But much remains to be done The State of New York produces nearly three and a half million tons of hay worth 47000000 while Georgia produces about 200000 tons worth nearly 2500000 When we consider that in Georgia the average yield of hay per acre is 169 tons and in New York 081 tons and that Georgia is larger than New York by about 13000 square miles we can readily calculate what a source of wealth we are neglecting by not giving more of our attention to hay This can be done without diminishing our production of corn and cot ton and an immense sum be added to the wealth of our farmers Georgia ought to be an exporter of hay and not an importer Ten years ago Georgia had less than 3000000 bearing peach trees and was outranked by Maryland New Jersey and Delaware as a peachgrowing State At this time she has about 8000000 bear ing peach trees and stands at the head without having diminished her acreage or production of the two great staple crops corn andBULLETIN NO 39 183 cotton When we have such splendid native grasses that will grow for us if we give them half a chance has not every farmer an opportunity of raising his own hay and a surplus for market without cutting short his corn and cotton Remember more hay means more and better beef and dairy cattle and better stock of every kind Let us do everything to make known what we can do in Georgia and enterprising men from every section will come to our helpand aid us in the devel opment of our wonderful resources With every farmer in Geor gia who has spare land fit for raising grass paying the proper attention to this crop it would not be long before there would be added 45000000 to the agricultural wealth of our State Strange to say such have been the weather conditions this year that in some sections even the grass crop has been cut short Therefore I would advise the farmers to cut every green thing that is good for food for stock and store it away for the winter Even yet good rains may come to our help and give us abundance of grass for hay But do not wait to see if this shall be so but reap and save up everything in sight that can be used for feeding stock How marvelous is the influence exerted upon his neighbor by one intelligent farmer who by his example of thriftiness shows how everything upon the farm can be turned to useful account I commend greatly the farmers of Georgia for the enterprise and diligence exhibited by them and for the progressive spirit which they are manifesting Within the last two years they have pur chased and used more uptodate and firstclass farm implements than in the whole previous decade It is a common thing to see upon our farms the latest improved machinery for sowing reap ing mowing binding and gathering the varied crops which every wellcultivated farm yields The acreage of hay in Georgia is 115 per cent greater than ten years ago In the decade from 1850 to i860 there was a remarkable growth of agriculture in Georgia but everything waschecked by the disastrous Civil War The State has now more than regained its former position in all classes of farm property except live stock With the exception of mules and asses Georgia possessed more domestic animals of all kinds in 1850 than in any other succeeding census year The increase in the number of horses and mules has been steady since 1870 the former numbering almost as many as in 1850 and the latter nearly four times as many This increase indicates rapid development of those branches of agriculture which require work ing animals The number of sheep I am sorry to say has stead vI3 JVATTfc184 GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE ily decreased since 1850 And yet not even cotton would be a greater wealth producer than sheep if woolen factories should be established in sufficient numbers to cause a demand for wool In neat cattle there has been a steady falling off since 1890 in num ber but an improvement in the breed The increase in the production of milk is 549 per cent being 82000000 gallons against 53000000 in 1889 There is an ap parent decrease in the number of fowls during the past decade but in 1900 the enumerators were instructed to report no fowls less than three months old whereas all were reported in 1890 But the fact that the eggs number 15000000 dozens against 11 500000 dozens ten years ago would indicate a considerable in crease in the poultry interest in the State The census of 1900 shows for Georgia 1424298 hogs about 27000 more than 1890 but less than in 1880 and more than a million less than in 1850 when our population was not the half of what it is now The fact is that before the war Georgia was a selfsupporting State Immediately after the war when cotton brought from 20 to 25 cents a pound it may have been to our ad vantage to put everything in cotton and buy our supplies from the West But now when the price of cotton is from 6 to 9 cents a pound it ought not to require any argument to prove that a farmer must raise his own supplies of foodstuff for man and beast if he would be successful The failure of our wheat and oats last winter and spring and the cutting down of our corn crop this summer by unfavorable seasons should cause us to make preparation for the sowing of more wheat and oats than ever this fall not only to make a sufficient supply of these important grains for the ensuing year but also that we may have something next spring to make up for the shortage in all the grains and forage crops of the season of 1902 The census of 1900 gives the value of the crops of Georgia in 1899 including all the fruits raised in our State as 86345343 But that was a year in which our orchards were almost a total failure In 1900 the products in our orchards amounted to about 4000000 and about the same in 19011902 This year although the peach crop is in many sections short the prices received for the fruit will about compensate for the loss in quantity The pro duction of sugarcane syrup in Georgia as shown in the census of 1900 was greater than ever before but there was a great falling off in the amount of sugar But refineries of the best modern type are being introduced the result of which is bound to give a new impetus to the manufacture of sugar in GeorgiaBULLETIN NO 39 185 The last census also showed a wonderful growth in tobacco cul ture in Georgia The area devoted to the crop showed an in crease over that of ten years before amounting to 188 per cent while the production showed a gain of 3192 per cent These figures indicate great improvement in the method of cultivation By the reports that have come to us in the last two years our area and production of tobacco continues to show a steady gain The value of our vegetables in 1899 was more than 3000000 and there has been a steady growth in this item in the succeeding years Georgia is as famous for watermelons as for peaches and is now adding to these thousands of acres of canteloupes for ship ment to Northern and Eastern markets It is safe to say that in a good average crop year the value of our agricultural products including our orchards will not fall short of 100000000 South Carolina and Georgia were before the Civil War the greatest riceproducing States of the Union But in these States the damage sustained by this industry has never been repaired Rice is reported from 81 counties of Geor gia in the census of 1900 but of the entire acreage reported 634 per cent was from the southeastern coast counties of Bryan Camden Chatham Glynn Liberty and Mclntosh In these coun ties must begin the reinstatement of this industry When it shall have once more attained its proper rank among the agricultural products of Georgia many millions of dollars will be added to the wealth of our State Of all the sections of our great republic none can present to the agriculturist so many varied advantages as the South and in all the South there is take it all in all no better State than Georgia With an area greater than that of any other State east of the Mis sissippi and embracing nearly four and a half degrees of latitude it possesses great variety of climate soil and productions In the highlands of the northern section varying from 1000 to 5000 feet above the level of the sea we have a climate which corre sponds to that of New England and New York farther down it resembles that of Washington St Louis and Louisville while the climate of southern Georgia corresponds with that which prevails in lower Texas Louisiana Mississippi and that of upper Florida Hence our products embrace those of every section of the Union Near the Florida line may be seen growing in the same orchard the apple pear peach plum cherry all varieties of berries the orange lemon and bananas No State shows greater variety of186 GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE soil climate and productions and none east of the Rocky Moun tains as great Blessed with such a noble heritage we must do our part to prove ourselves worthy of these great advantages This I be lieve the farmers of Georgia are doing and will continue to do until our State shall have established an undisputed right to the title long so proudly borne Empire State of the South And why may she not some day compete successfully with New York for the highest rank among the commonwealths composing the American Union O B Stevens Commissioner REPORT OF THE STATE CHEMIST Hon 0 B Stevens Commissioner of Agriculture of the State of Georgia Dear Sir We have completed the analytical work of the season of 19011902 and I enclose you under separate cover tables of analyses of the different brands of commercial fertilizers cottonseed meals kainits muriates of potash nitrates of soda etc which have been the subject of the steady work of the past season The number of brands put on the market is 735 as against 640 the previous year The large number of analyses made over and above the number of brands includes analyses of brands specially taken at the request of farmers also of cotton seed meals kainits and muriates of potash which have no brands A great number of analyses have also been made checking or du plicating the accuracy of the regular analyses We have this year reached the highwater mark of fertilizer consumption in the State of Georgia or 483028 tons greater than ever before in our own history and greater than that of any other State in the Un ion As in the larger manufacturing States of the country the consumption of iron and steel is regarded as the barometer of trade and prosperity in the agricultural State of Georgia the consumption of commercial fertilizers may be regarded not only as a barometer or index of the prosperity of the State but as one of the chief causes thereof Judicious use of commercial fertil izers combined with homemade manures and the utilization of the nitrogengathering cowpea will make us a great and rich agricultural StateBULLETIN NO 39 187 OILS Below you will find the report of the State Oil Inspector which speaks for itself By request I repeat here a part of a previous report to you on the character of the oils sold in the State TABLE OP OIL ANALYSIS d 302F 392 482 572 Lpft in the Retort 1 1100 818 4600 55 57R 2 09 276 20 00 28 235 3 05 317 4 155 43 4 05 2775 40 225 925 B 05 32 5 355 245 700 6 25 37 34 20 0 650R 7 25 385 33 20 600 8 11 345 37 5 225 44 9 18 375 405 16 42 10 12 S7 5 385 185 43 In the above table the figures in the second column represent the percentages of oil which distilled over at a temperature below 302 P they consist of light oils or naphthas The figures in the next three columns show the percentages of oil distilling over at and below the temperatures named viz 3920 F 4820 F 5700 F These oils constitute the good normal burning kerosene oil The figures in the last column represent the oil remaining in the retort and refusing to distill at a temperature 572 F This fraction constitutes what is known as heavy oil or lubricating oil I give below an analysis for sake of comparison made last year of the kind of oil which was commonly sold in the State before the present law went into effect 302F 392 482 5720 Left in Retort 1400 3100 2400 572 u 1 qoo 1600 You will at once notice the remarkable manner in which the light inflammable oils or naphthas have been removed from the oils now sold in the State as compared with those sold a year ago and that over 90 per cent of the oils now sold consists of pure burning oil You will also note that samples Nos 1 6 7 8 9 10 are marked with an R That means that those oils whilst of very good quality otherwise still contain too much naphtha or VAJfc188 GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE light oil to stand the test of the instrument now legalized in Geor gia and by which all oils are now being tested In other words it appears from the analyses so far made that no oil containing as much as one per cent even of light oil distilling below 302 F will stand the flash test of the new Georgia instrument In other words we have now on the market in Georgia a quality of oil which in all probability will not only not explode but not even take fire if the lamp in which it is burning should be accidentally turned over and broken PHOTOMETRIC TEST I further made a photometric test of the oil we are now con suming I filled a lamp having a one and a half inch flat wick open woven with the oil we are now consuming I carefully weighed the lamp with its oil and chimney then lit it tested it in the photometer and found its average candlepower to be 1644 After burning for three hours I again weighed it noted the loss of oil and found that the lamp consumed 267 grams of oil per candlepower per hour A similar test with oil of the old quality showed a consumption of 356 grams of oil per candlepower per hour or 33 13 per cent greater consumption of oil per candle power per hour I have sir to thank you and Assistant Commissioner Wright for your kind and steadfast support in the work of the year nor must I close this report without referring with deep appreciation to the sterling honest faithful though silent and unobtrusive work of the Assistant State Chemists Messrs R G Williams and J Q Burton Respectfully submitted Jxo M McCandless State Chemist REPORT OF STATE OIL INSPECTOR Hon O B Stevens Commissioner of Agriculture Atlanta Ga Dear Sir To be included in the bulletin we beg to present to you statement of the oil business for the past ten months You will note quite a pleasing increase in the number of gallons in spected by the department Since the last report that was madeBULLETIN NO 39 189 to you we have had no notice nor has it come under the observa tion of any of the local inspectors as to the explosion of any lamps The inspectors have been uniformly prompt in the atten tion to their duties and we feel that the general public is well sat isfied with the manner in which this department is being con ducted During the first part of the year we had quite a number of com plaints from different places in the State These were all care fully investigated and passed upon by Dr McCandless and in every instance where the oil had been properly cared for it was found to be up to the standard However there were several cases which showed conclusively that the oil had been kept in dirty unclean tanks or vessels These parties were advised of what the trouble was and we do not anticipate similar ones oc curring in the future Respectfully submitted Glascock Barrett State Oil Inspector OIL REPORT FOR TEN MONTHS ENDING AUGUST I I902 This year Last year Number gallons543368o 5260033 Total fees26711 80 2647609 Fees inspectors 17980 74 16338 20 Fees State 9311 48 10138 43 Glascock Barrett August 18 1902 LETTERS ON AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY letter no seven CONTINUING THE LETTERS OF THE STATE CHEMIST TO GEORGIA FARMERS ON AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRYDESCRIPTION OF FER TILIZER MATERIALS CONTINUED Nitrate of Soda Cottonseed meal blood tankage etc which I have described U you in the last letter are known as organic sources of ammo nia or rather of nitrogen Habit is so strong you see it is hard lTaijK190 GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE to get rid of the use of that word ammonia Nitrogen is much the better term for our use Besides the organic sources of nitro gen we also have what are known as the inorganic sources I have explained in a previous letter fully the meaning of these two terms but lest you may have forgotten I will stop a moment to say that an organic substance may be either vegetable or ani mal thus a leaf a seed a piece of meat or of skin are organic substances An inorganic substance is the opposite of these and is mineral in its nature a piece of rock or of iron is inorganic The chief inorganic source of nitrogen then is nitrate of soda also commonly called Chili Saltpetre saltpetre because it has many of the properties of real saltpetre which is nitrate of potash and Chili because it is imported from Chili in South America Nitrate of potash or true saltpetre is a very valuable fertilizing compound yielding both nitrogen and potash to the plant but it is much too expensive to buy in this form it is therefore better or rather cheaper to buy nitrate of soda and muriate of potash separately and then mix them together when we will accomplish practically the same results from a fertilizing standpoint and for a smaller outlay of money than if we bought the same elements in form of nitrate of potash Nitrate of soda is such an important salt for fertilizer purposes that I will go into some little detail about it The entire supply at present comes from the western coast of Chili It extends in a narrow strip of land running north and south for about 260 miles at an average distance of about four teen miles from the ocean The country where it is found is a desert it never rains there and the whole region is bare of vegeta tion and destitute of water The nitrate rock is called Caliche pronounced Caleechay and the best quality has the following composition Sodium nitrate 5 Sodium chloride26 Sodium sulphate 6 Magnesium sulphate 3 Insoluble matter 14 Sodium iodate Sodium nitrite Magnesium chloride 0 Magnesium nitrate Potassium chloride J 100BULLETIN NO 39 191 The average quality of Caliche contains from thirty to forty per cent of sodium nitrate and the poorest quality worked ranges from seventeen to thirty per cent sodium nitrate The Caliche occurs from six to ten feet below the surface of the ground and the vein or stratum varies from a foot and a half to twelve feet in thickness The process of extracting and separating the valuable nitrate of soda from the rest of the Caliche is done by means of water in which the nitrate of soda dissolves and from which it is crys tallized A description of the process would be tedious Suffice it to say that a costly plant is required for the purpose and that the work is so well done that the product when finished con tains about ninetyfive per cent nitrate of soda which is equiva lent to 1565 per cent of nitrogen or nineteen per cent of ammo nia An enormous and annually increasing amount is shipped every year The amount exported every year to Europe and America is about one million tons CHARACTER OE NITRATE OE SODA AND METHOD OF USE The material has a great number of uses besides its use as a fertilizer It is used in the manufacture of nitrate of potash which is needed to make gunpowder and fireworks it is also used to make nitric acid is an essential in the manufacture of sulphuric acid upon which the whole superphosphate or acid phosphate in dustry depends besides a great many other manufacturing proc esses Its great importance as a fertilizer depends upon its high percentage of nitrogen and its complete solubility in water thus being immediately available as plant food the nitrogen in it being already in the form of a nitrate the form in which plants prefer to take most of their nitrogen The nitrate of soda being readily and freely soluble in water is ready for appropriation as plant food as soon as it is put into the soil Hence it is evident that the best way to use it is by application as a top dressing immediately before or after a rain usually in the spring when the plant is up and needs a good sendoff to develop growth of stalk and foliage Used in this way the results are very sure and very striking SULPHATE OF AMMONIA One other important inorganic source of nitrogen is the salt known as sulphate of ammonia It is produced chiefly as a by product in the manufacture of illuminating gas from coal the KVMI fc19i2 GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OE AGRICULTURE gas coals all contain a small percentage of nitrogen when sub jected to dry distillation in retorts the nitrogen is driven off in the form of ammonia gas and is finally absorbed in sulphuric acid from which it is crystallized as sulphate of ammonia This product usually contains about twenty and onehalf per cent of nitrogen when purified but if sold unpurified as brown sulphate of ammonia it may not contain more than eighteen per cent of nitrogen Sulphate of ammonia is freely soluble in water and has this advantage over nitrate of soda that it does not leach out of the soil so readily as nitrate of soda does and may therefore be applied with other fertilizers in the fall to fall crops without fear of serious loss through leaching during the fall and winter I have not mentioned all of the various kinds of nitrogenous fer tilizer materials but have sketched briefly the principal ones from which nearly all the commercial fertilizers sold in the State of Georgia are made The next great class of fertilizer material we discuss will be the phosphates LETTER NO EIGHT The Phosphates In letter Xo 4 bulletin No 38 I alluded to the importance of phosphoric acid as a constituent of plant food It is in the same class with nitrogen and potash they being the elements found only in small quantities in most cultivated soils all the other ele ments necessary to plant life being usually present in profusion Phosphoric acid then must be added to the soil if we expect large yields The various sources of phosphoric acid then are of inter est Bones were the first and earliest form in which phosphoric acid was applied to the soil Bones are a combination of organic and inorganic matter The organic matter in a bone consists mainly of fat and a glutinous matter the inorganic matter is chiefly phosphate of lime This dual composition of a bone can be demonstrated very graphically by taking the leg bone of an animal and soaking it for quite a while in weak muriatic acid The acid will dissolve away the phosphate of lime which givesBULLETIN NO 39 193 rigidity and stiffness to the bone and leaves behind the glutinous flexible animal matter of the bone which will still retain the shape of the original bone You can now take this soft organic matter and tie it into a knot without breaking it This soft ani mal matter of the bone is rich in nitrogen so that a bone fertile izer is a double manure both phosphatic and nitrogenous Bones vary a good deal in composition according to the nature and age of the animal there is not so much phosphate in the bones of a young animal as in those of an old one Even in the same animal the hard thigh bones of the ox for instance will contain more phosphate of lime than softer bones from other parts of the ani mal Bones to be of value should of course be ground and the finer the grinding the better A coarsely crushed or ground raw bone which has not been treated to remove any of its original fatty matter will decay with comparative slowness in the soil and consequently but little effect might be perceived from its applica tion the first season A good raw bone will contain on an average twentytwo per cent of phosphoric acid and four per cent of nitrogen Such a bone is quite difficult to grind fine and on its fineness depends in large measure its value as a fertilizer But by boiling and steam ing much of the fat is removed which has no value as a manure some of the nitrogen is also removed in the form of glue and gela tine by the boiling and steaming process This treatment how ever enables the bone to be ground much finer than the raw bone and where the process has been carried out very thoroughly as in the manufacture of glue the resulting ground bone may contain as high as thirty per cent of phosphoric acid but the nitrogen in this case will be reduced to less than two per cent Actual experi ments have shown that all the phosphoric acid from a finely ground steamed bone may become available in one to two sea sons in the soil while that from a coarse ground raw bone would not became fully available in three or four seasons the mineral or rock phosphates If bones were the only source of phosphoric acid modern agri culture would be in a distressing condition since bones could supply only a very small part of the demand The prices of fer tilizers would be very much higher than they now are the cot ton crop of the South and the grain crops of the world would be very much smaller and the population of the earth very much less than it now is so true is it that life itself as counted by gener 13 a b ixiitfc19J GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE ations rises and falls in greater or smaller volume in unison with the available supply of plant food in the soil A very large pro portion of the dense population and increased wealth of the old world is doubtless due to the discovery of the mineral phosphates Deposits of these in greater or less quantity have been known for a long time in the Old World but I shall mention only those fields in this country which are of great commercial importance today The first of these in point of discovery and development were the South Carolina phosphate beds These beds are in the neighborhood of the city of Charleston S C The rock is found both in the land and in the rivers in that vicinity This phosphate is found usually in the form of lumps or nodules varying from the size of a pebble to quite large masses The deposits vary from one or two feet to twelve or more in thickness This rock contains no nitrogenous organic matter like bone but is simply a rock phospbate It is true however that among the deposits are found many evidences of life such as immense vertebras of animals and large teeth of shark marine and other animals The South Caro lina rock contains from twentysix to twentyeight per cent of phosphoric acid It is highly esteemed both at home and abroad as a source of phosphoric acid actual mining began here in 1868 FLORIDA PHOSPHATES The next great discovery of phosphate rock in this country oc curred in Florida in 1888 to 1889 There are different forms of this phosphate first we have the land or boulder phosphate which occurs in rocky or stony masses of varying size and form and varying from thirty to forty per cent of phosphoric acid second the soft phosphate a white powdery material mixed with more or less kaolin and containing from eighteen to thirty per cent phosphoric acid thirdly we have the pebble form consisting of small hard rounded pebbles which occur both in the beds of the rivers and in deposits on the land They are variable in composition but range from about thirty to thirtysix per cent of phosphoric acid The Florida rock constitutes a very impor tant source of phosphoric acid is highly esteemed and is used largely both at home and abroad TENNESSEEPHOSPHATE Shortly after the discovery of phosphate rock in Florida dis coveries began to be made in Tennessee in the vicinity of NashBULLETIN NO 39 195 ville and later still important deposits began to be found in Maury county Tenn near Mt Pleasant This rock like the others is variable in form and composition but the marketable varieties range from thirty to thirtyseven per cent of phosphoric acid There are other important phosphatic deposits in the world but those just described constitute the important ones for South ern agriculture Having mentioned the chief sources of nitrogen and phosphoric acid we will take a birdseye view of the sources of potash LETTER NO NINE Potash its Importance as Plant Food Sources from Which DerivedWoodashes Stasseurt Deposits The only source of potash known to our fathers was ashes mainly woodashes and while potash from this source is a most excellent manure yet evidently the quantity available must be quite limited The great majority of soils especially those which contain much clay usually hold a large reserve of potash and do not appear to require the special application of potash as a ma nure Light sandy soils on the other hand and some clay soils also appear to be quite deficient in potash and are much benefited by applications of that fertilizer Soils of this nature therefore stand as much in need of constant potash manuring as of phos phoric acid and nitrogen applications Woodashes whilst they may be cheap and easily obtained in countries where large forest areas are to be cleared in older coun tries can not be so easily obtained Long before fertilizers be came a commercial commodity woodashes were highly thought of by farmers But usually when a farmer buys ashes he buys in the dark owing to the fact that ashes vary so widely in their contents of potash As a rule the ashes from hard woods are richer in potash than those from soft woods The ash of the red oak for instance contains about six per cent of potash that of the hickory about nine per cent some pine woods about four and a half per cent No definite percentage however can be laid down for any special wood as the same wood will vary in differ ent localities and the wood of different parts of the same tree will196 GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OE AGRICULTURE vary the ashes from the twigs and young limbs being richer in potash than the ashes from the body or trunk of the tree It is impossible to fix the value of a lot of ashes except by spe cial analysis of the particular lot owing to this great variability in composition and owing to the further fact that the ashes may have been leached or mixed with more or less dirt The average analysis for good unleached ashes may be taken as five per cent of potash one and onehalf per cent of phosphoric acid and thirtytwo and a half per cent of lime According to the values for fertilizers adopted for the present season a ton of good aver age ashes at the coast should be worth four dollars and fifteen cents This calculation allows no value to the lime although of course it has a decided value on such soils as are deficient in it Luckily since the middle of the last century farmers have been no longer compelled to rely on ashes as a source of potash but have come to adopt in their stead almost universally what are known as the German or Stassfurt potash salts These salts are mined in Stassfurt in northern Germany in the province of Saxony They were discovered by the Prussian gov ernment while boring for rock salt about the year 1857 At first they were considered worthless but soon the great Chemist Lie big began publishing his discoveries concerning plant growth and nutrition showing potash to be an essential and muchneeded element in the growth and development of plants This led to the development of the potash mines and the utilization for agri culture of the precious salts contained in them The first potash salt works for the manufacture and sale of the potash salts was established in Stassfurt in 1862 Some of the crude ores are suited for agricultural use just as they are dug from the mines andare known as kainit carnallite sylvinit The kainit contains on an average of about twelve and a half per cent of potash the carnallite about ten per cent and the sylvinit sixteen per cent of potash As there is a great demand for these products all over the world and the freightage to long distances is quite an item it became desirable to concentrate the potash in these natural products as much as possible so as to avoid the cost of transpor tation on the salts contained in them useless to agriculture The great factories of the German Kali Works now prepare from the crude kainit carnallite and sylvinit muriates of potash containing fortyfive per cent fifty per cent and fiftyfive per cent of actual potash also sulphates of potash containing from fortyeight to fiftytwo per cent of actual potash also what is known as double manure salts with twentysix per cent ofBULLETIN NO 39 197 potash A complete analysis of all these various products and some others will be found on another page of this bulletin These deposits are practically inexhaustible in quantity and will supply the agricultural world for many years to come Should they ever become exhausted doubtless new discoveries will be made and if not potash could doubtless be obtained though of course at greater cost from such waters as those of the Dead Sea There need therefore be no fear of the supply running short Having now given you a brief account of the different raw materials used in the manufacture of guano or commer cial fertilizers we will next consider the methods in use by the manufacturers for converting these raw materials into finished products THE ACID PHOSPHATE INDUSTRYDESCRIPTION OE PROCESS OE MANUFACTURE The foundation of the great modern industry of commercial fertilizers is the manufacture of superphosphate or as it is more generally known in this country of acid phosphate of lime The materials necessary for this manufacture are sulphuric acid and phosphate rock The plant required for the manufacture of sul phuric acid is a costly one and the process is somewhat compli cated Either brimstone from Sicily or pyrites which is a com pound of sulphur and iron some of which is imported from Spain and some producedrom mines in this country are the raw mate rials used in the manufacture The brimstone or pyrites are burned in specially constructed burners and the sulphurous gases which result from the burning are caused to mix with nitrous gases produced from nitrate of soda and drawn into great towers made of lead and packed with flints thence they are drawn into immense leaden chambers or rooms usually three in a row connected together In these cham bers the sulphurous and nitrous gases are mixed with steam and condensed into sulphuric acid which falls in rain on the floors of the leaden chambers It is necessary to construct these chambers of lead because almost any other material would be destroyed and eaten out by the action of this corrosive acid The phosphate rock is hauled to the factory usually a building located alongside the sulphuric acid chambers it is there thrown into crushers which break it into small pieces thence conveyed to the grinding machinery either steel mills or buhrstones where it is pulverized into a fine meal or flour You would naturally ask at this point why not use this fine phosphate meal directly vv JVY198 GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE on the soil without mixing it with the caustic corrosive sulphuric acid It is simply because this meal is of a rocky nature and only dissolves with difficulty in the soil waters and as we have seen plants require theirfood to be easily soluble in water so that the roots can suck it in The phosphate rock meal no matter how finely ground dissolves only to a very limited extent in water and it is necessary to so treat it as to liberate the rockbound phos phoric acid and render it soluble in water Hence the necessity for the sulphuric acid The phosphate meal say it is from South Carolina rock and contains twentyeight per cent of phosphoric acid combined with lime to form sixtyone per cent of bone phosphate of lime is first weighed and we will take say one thousand pounds of it and dump it into a circular castiron mixer into which has already been introduced one thousand pounds of sulphuric acid of the proper strength The acid and meal are now thoroughly mixed together by ma chinery in the iron pan The mixture becomes very hot the strong sulphuric acid attacks the lime combined with the phos phoric acid of the phosphate meal with amazing and furious en ergy and appropriates to itself the greater part of the lime in the form of sulphate of lime gypsum or landplaster and liber ates at the same moment the phosphoric acid which is only al lowed to retain its hold on a small part of the lime with which it was first combined This smaller portion of lime and the plfosphoric acid with which it is combined is what the chemists call monocalcicph s phate or superphosphate of lime It is also known as the acid phosphate of lime This acid phosphate of lime or superphos phate is soluble in water we have therefore accomplished what we set out to do rendered the phosphoric acid soluble This dis covery was made by the great chemist Liebig who thus put the entire world in his debt laying the foundations of the great fer tilizer industry and rendering an inestimable boon to modern agriculture LETTER NO TEN Violent Reaction in the Mixer Nature of Acid Phosphate We will now go back to the mixture which we left in the iron mixer and study it a little further As we saw the chemical enBULLETIN NO 39 199 ergy of the action of the sulphuric acid upon the phosphate meal was prodigious steam and hot stifling gases are expelled from the mixture and finally the semiliquid mass is dumped into an iron car run out upon a track built far above a deep den or pit the car is tilted and the mass precipitated to the bottom of the pit this operation is repeated many times until the den or pit contains hundreds of tons of acid phosphate The mass lying in the pit gradually becomes drier and drier owing to the escape of steam and also to the absorption of some of the water in crystal form by the sulphate of lime or landplaster which has been formed This water which escapes as steam and which is absorbed as crystal water came from the sulphuric acid with which it was mixed The sulphuric acid used in the manufacture is usually what is known as 50 fifty acid or fifty degree Beaume acid and contains about fiftyfive per cent of real sulphuric acid the other fortyfive per cent being water After the semi liquid mass has remained for a few days in the pile it is dry enough to be handled and on digging into it we find it to be of a porous honey combed structure crumbling easily between the fingers If the acid phosphate is allowed to remain for a still longer time still more water dries out from it and it becomes hard and lumpy and requires to be broken up in a disintegrating machine before h can be manipulated or sacked But no matter how dry it becomes it readily dissolves when placed in water the water at once acquiring an acid taste This acid taste is due not to the sulphuric acid from which it was made but to the monocalcic phosphate or acid phosphate or superphosphate of lime which was produced by the splitting up of the phosphate rock by the sulphuric acid This phosphoric acid is called the soluble or watersoluble phosphoric acid In a wellmade superphosphate there is no longer a particle of sul phuric acid remaining as such Its powerful caustic and corro sive properties have been absolutely killed or neutralized by the lime of the phosphate rock A wonderful transformation has been effected We started with powdered phosphate rock and dilute sulphuric acid in the material which we have produced from them there is neither phosphate rock nor sulphuric acid but we have a mixture of a little free phosphoric acid of monocalcic phosphate of sulphate of lime or landplaster a little water and a little sand and a few other impurities such as were found in the phosphate rock to begin with The phosphoric acid the monocalcic phosphate and the sul phate of lime are now harmless soluble in the soil waters and ready for appropriation as food by the rootlets of the plant200 GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OE AGRICULTURE WHAT INSOLUBLE PHOSPHORIC ACID IS In practice the composition of the material will vary somewhat from what I have just described for instance there will usually be present a small percentage of what is known as insoluble phosphoric acid This expression refers to a little phosphate rock which escaped the action of the sulphuric acid because it is safer to use a little less sulphuric acid than is required for all the phosphate rock than to run the risk of getting too much of this caustic and corrosive liquid and thus spoil the mixture Thus if on studying the analysis of an acid phosphate or other fertilizer you see that it contains one per cent of insoluble phosphoric acid that means to say that the fertilizer contains two and eight eenhundredths per cent of pure phosphate rock that the sul phuric acid never touched because the manufacturer didnt put enough sulphuric acid in the mixture to eat up this two per cent of phosphate rock and convert it into superphosphate and land plaster This insoluble phosphoric acid however is not lost because while it is not soluble so that the plant may take it up at once it still remains in the soil and doubtless becomes acted on in the course of time by the soil waters and eventually appropriated as plant food There is also another constituent of an acid phos phate which I did not mention during the first description of the process of manufacture so as to avoid confusing you by crowd ing too many names and facts together and that is that in most acid phosphates there are present small percentages of what is known as reverted phosphoric acid WHAT REVERTED PHOSPHORIC ACID IS Reverted phosphoric acid is that phosphoric acid which has re verted or gone back from a condition soluble in water to one which is insoluble in water For instance an acid phosphate may be analyzed shortly after making and found to contain say four teen per cent of watersoluble phosphoric acid after standing for a month it might be analyzed again and found to contain only twelve per cent of watersoluble phosphoric acid having lost two per cent of the phosphoric acid soluble in water On examina tion it is found that this two per cent has reverted or changed from a condition soluble in pure cold water to a condition in which it will not dissolve in water but will dissolve in a solutionBULLETIN NO 39 201 made to imitate the water of the soil It is therefore regarded as being available for the use and growth of the plant WHAT AVAILABLE PHOSPHORIC ACID IS When therefore you see in our analysis of a commercial fer tilizer the expression available phosphoric acid used you may know that it means the percentages of watersoluble phosphoric acid and reverted phosphoric acid added together and their sum is called the available phosphoric acid Usually the percentage of reverted phosphoric acid in an acid phosphate is small rang ing generally from one to three per cent I have now described to you in a brief way the principal materials which enter into the manufacture of commercial fertilizers LETTER NO ELEVEN The Manufacture of Commercial Fertilizers Having your materials it now remains to make a complete fer tilizer or guano as it is popularly called It is not really a guano this name properly belonging to the deposits of seabird dung and decayed seabirds found on the rainless islands in the Pacific ocean off the coast of South America and known as Peru vian guano This material was extensively used both in Europe and America some twentyfive or thirty years ago but it is now comparatively scarce and rarely offered for sale The Peruvian guano was rich in phosphoric acid nitrogen and potash making a complete fertilizer hence the name guano came to be applied to the complete artificial fertilizer made by simply mixing together ingredients rich in nitrogen phosphoric acid and potash The artificial mixture has this advantage over the natural that it is easy to make a mixture to suit the requirements of any soil or crop rich in phosphoric acid and poor in potash or rich in pot ash and nitrogen and poor in phosphoric acid or any other com bination which might be desired Suppose a manufacturer wants to make a complete fertilizer containing eight per cent available phosphoric acid two per cent nitrogen and two per cent of pot ash and that he has acid phosphate cottonseedmeal and kainit to make the goods from how does he go about it He first sends202 GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE samples of all these materials to a chemist and has them analyzed The chemist reports that he finds the acid phosphate to contain fourteen per cent of available phosphoric acid that the cotton seedmeal contains six and a half per cent of nitrogen two and a half per cent of phosphoric acid and one and a half per cent of potash and that the kainit contains twelve and a half per cent of potash With these data to go by the manufacturer after some figuring calculates that he can make the goods he wants by taking 1050 pounds of the acid phosphate 650 pounds of the c s meal 300 pounds of the kainit 2000 pounds So he has this formula made up perhaps five hundred tons of it by having all these materials thoroughly mixed in the above proportions passing them through his disintegrators screens and ether machinery until he feels satisfied a complete mixture has been effected Then to be sure everything is right he has an other sample drawn from the mixed goods and sent to the chem ist for analysis who if the mixture has been properly made ought to report an analysis as follows Available phosphoric acid816 per cent Nitrogen211 per cent Potash236 per cent Suppose now the manufacturer is called upon by a peachgrow er who has found that he needs a large quantity of phosphoric acid and potash for his crop to make him up a goods guaranteed to analyze ten per cent available phosphoric acid three and a half per cent of nitrogen and seven and a half per cent of potash The manufacturer soon sees by a little figuring that he can not make this goods up with the materials he has on hand but must go into the market and buy higher grade materials He finds he can not make out of South Carolina rock an acid phosphate high enough for his requirements but must buy some Tennessee rock He does so and after making it up into acid phosphate finds that it analyzes seventeen per cent available phosphoric acid he also buys some muriate of potash analyzing fifty per cent of potash and some sulphate of ammonia analyzing twenty and sixtenths per cent of nitrogen Having these data he calculates the follow ing formulaBULLETIN NO 39 203 17 per cent acid phosphate1200 pounds Muriate of potash 300 pounds Sulphate of ammonia 300 pounds Cottonseedmeal 200 pounds 2000 pounds After thorough mixing and manipulation in the factory as be fore he sends a sample of the wellmixed goods to his chemist and receives an analysis like this Available phosphoric acid1045 Per cent Nitrogen374 per cent Potash765 per cent which makes him feel satisfied as he has guaranteed to make for his customer a complete fertilizer containing Available phosphoric acid10 per cent Nitrogen 35 per cent Potash75 per cent and he finds that he has done this with a small margin to spare Now I am in receipt of questions from several farmers who study the analyses in the bulletins wanting to know what it is that makes up the balance of the one hundred per cent in the analysis of a fertilizer like the one first given which contains Available phosphoric acid 816 per cent Nitrogen211 per cent Potash236 per cent 1263 Per cent WHAT MAKES THE HUNDRED PER CENT IN THE ANALYSIS OE FERTILIZERS They write and say here you have a total of twelve and sixty three hundredths per cent what is the balance of eightyseven and thirtyseven hundredths per cent We dont understand it and we want to know what this big balance consists of Now there are two ways of answering this question the first is by giving you the formula according to which the goods were made which was as you remember one thousand and fifty pounds of fourteen per cent acid phosphate six hundred and fifty pounds of cottonseedmeal containing six and a half per cent of nitrogen and three hundred pounds of kainit containing twelve and a half204 GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OE AGRICULTURE per cent of potash Therefore the goods in question will be found on reducing these quantities to percentages to be composed as follows Acid phosphate 525 per cent Cottonseedmeal325 per cent Kainit 150 per cent 1000 per cent There you have your 100 per cent and this is the mixture which gave the analysis of 816 per cent available phosphoric acid 211 per cent nitrogen and 236 per cent of potash There is another way of answering the questions of those who want to know what constitutes the eightyseven and thirtyseven onehundredths per cent That way would be to make a laborious and costly analysis in detail of all the various ingredients found in the acid phosphate the cottonseedmeal and the kainit That analysis when completed would only gratify your curiosity be cause the essential elements which alone are of practical interest the available phosphoric acid nitrogen and potash have already ieen given I have however made a complete analysis of a fer tilizer not the particular one we have been discussing but one very similar to it made from South Carolina acid phosphate cot tonseedmeal and kainit I give you below a copy of this analysis which you will see adds up the full one hundred per cent COMPLETE ANALYSIS OF A COMMERCIAL GUANO OR r i O o FERTILIZER Per MonoCalcic or SuperPhosphate of Lime 6 DiCalcic or Reverted Phosphate of Lime 3 c TriCalcic or BonePhosphate of Lime 1 Sulphate of Lime or Gypsum or LandPlaster 24 f Sulphate of Potash 3 d I Muriate of Potash 0 Potash or Potassium Oxide K20 0 Soda or Sodium Oxide 0 Common Salt or Sodium Chloride 5 Epsom Salts or Magnesium Sulphate 4 Magnesia or Magnesium Oxide 0 Magnesium Chloride Pyrites or Bisulphide of Iron 0 Peroxide of Iron Alumina Fluoride of Lime Sand or Insoluble Siliinous Matter AVater i oProtein s W t Carbohydrates such as starch sugar and gum 3 1 Fat or Oil 2 J Fibre 0 0 0 5 9 13 8 4 1 Ctnl 52 02 99 60 19 30 50 29 41 14 41 86 40 63 64 39 87 33 20 li 37 77 10000BULLETIN NO 39 205 a Contains water Soluble Phosphoric Acid 578 6 Contains Reverted Phosphoric Acid 158 a and 6 Contain Available Phosphoric Acid 73i c Contains Insoluble Phosphoric Acid 091 Total Phosphoric Acid 827 d Contains actual Potash 245 per cent e Contains Nitrogen 211 per cent Here also is given a complete analysis of an Acid Phosphate or Superphosphate made from South Carolina rock Per Cent a MonoCalcic or SuperPhosphate of Lime 18 i3 b DiCalcic or RevertedPhosphate of Lime 575 c TriCacic or Bone Phosphate of Lime 380 Sulphate of Lime or Gypsum or LandPlaster 4605 Potash 0 12 Soda 0 38 Sodium Chloride 003 Bisulphide of Iron or Pyrites 074 Magnesia 014 Peroxide of Iron 110 Alumina 122 Fluoride of Lime 075 Sand or Silicious Insoluble Matter 929 Water 1250 10000 al Contains water Soluble Phosphoric Acid 1100 6 Contains Reverted Phosphoric Acid 300 a and b Contain available Phosphoric Acid 1400 c Contains Insoluble Phosphoric Acid 74 Total Phosphoric Acid 1574 LETTER NO TWELVE Full Explanation oe the Preceding Analysis and of the Subject of Fillers In this analysis of the complete fertilizer the monocalcic or superphosphate of lime given at 952 per cent contains 578 per cent of watersoluble phosphoric acid That is to say in one hundred pounds of the fertilizer there are nine and fiftytwo hun dredths pounds of superphosphate of lime which dissolves readily in water and of this amount five and seventyeight hundredths206 GEORCIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE pounds are pure phosphoric acid In like manner the fertilizer contains in one hundred pounds 302 pounds of reverted phos phate of lime and of this amount one and fiftyeight hundredths pounds are pure phosphoric acid not readity soluble in water but which does dissolve slowly in the soil and soilwater This is also sometimes called citratesoluble phosphoric acid because ir dissolves in a solution of citrate of ammonia made to imitate the action of soil water The watersoluble phosphoric acid or 578 pounds and the reverted phosphoric acid or 158 pounds are added together making 736 pounds and their sum is called the available phosphoric acid being considered as available for the use of the plant Under the reverted phosphate of lime you will see in the analysis there are 199 pounds of tricalcic phosphate or as it is usually called bonephosphate of lime Of this amount 091 ninetyone hundredths of a pound is pure phosphoric acid but it is in the form of tricalcic phosphate and will not dissolve in pure water or in the soilwater and it is therefore called the insolu ble phosphoric acid It is sometimes also called the acid solu ble phosphoric acid because when the chemist analyzes it he uses strong acid to dissolve it The available phosphoric acid and the insoluble phosphoric acid added together make what is called the total phosphoric acid or all the phosphoric acid there is in the fertilizer VALUABLE QUALITIES OE THE GYPSUM FOUND IN FERTILIZERS Referring back to the analysis under the item tri or bone phosphate you will find that the fertilizer also contains twenty four and sixtenths pounds of sulphate of lime or gypsum or land plaster which are all different names for one and the same thing Gypsum is a good fertilizer of itself and has a special action of its own in the soil breaking up the potashyielding silicates in clay soils and bringing the potash into a soluble form as sulphate of potash This gypsum as has been remarked was formed when the sulphuric acid was mixed with the powdered phosphate r ck and it is now held a prisoner by the lime in such a way that it has lost all of its former caustic and corrosive qualities and can do no harm but only good in the soil Under the item of gypsum we find 319 pounds of sulphate of potash this came out of the kainit used in making the fertilizer and it contains one and seventenths pounds of actual potash K20 Under this item you find threetenths of a pound ofBULLETIN NO 39 207 muriate of potash which also came out of the kainit and this contains 019 of a pound of actual potash under this item again you find 056 of a pound of actual potash This came out of the cottonseedmeal Adding the three actual potash items together they amount to two and fortyfive hundredths per cent 245 or pounds per hundred Lastly look further down the line till you come to the item protein You already know all about protein as I have written you so much about it in previous letters This thirteen and twotenths pounds of protein contains two and eleven hundredths 211 pounds of nitrogen Now when the State De partment of Agriculture analyzes a fertilizer it does not make such an analysis as this because it would be too laborious too costly and would really do no practical good so they go at once into the meat of it and analyze the fertilizer for its available phos phoric acid its nitrogen and potash and calculate its value from these three ingredients The analysis of such a fertilizer as we have been discussing would appear in the annual Bulletin in this form Available phosphoric acid 736 per cent Insoluble phosphoric acid 091 per cent Nitrogen 211 per cent Potash K20 245 per cent 1283 per cent As you see this analysis only foots up twelve and eightythree hundredths pounds per hundred You need no longer ask what constitutes the other eightyseven and seventeen hundredths pounds All this extra 8717 per cent is filler filler put in by nature and not by man ALL ABOUT FILLERS In this connection we may profitably say a few words in regard to fillers A filler may be defined as being any substance put into a fertilizer or existing there naturally which is not phos phoric acid nitrogen or potash Fillers are of two kinds natural and artificial I have just given you an instance of a natural filler in the complete analysis of the fertilizer made out of acid phosphate cottonseed meal and kainit and in this mixture only twelve and eightythree hundredths pounds per hundred consisted of phosphoric acid nitrogen and potash the rest was all filler put there by nature in the original making of these materials It208 GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE is true man did put in some sulphuric acid but that was necessary to make phosphoric acid available or soluble so it can scarcely be considered as an artificial filler The artificial filler is the filler put in by man for the purpose of reducing the total percentage of plant food in a fertilizer The materials used as artificial fillers are numerous they may be sand powdered cinders graphitic slate shale pyrites cinder marl gypsum etc All of them are practically without any value as fertilizers how is it then you inquire that such substances can be put into our fertilizers if we have an efficient inspection by the Department of Agriculture I will explain to you how that is Suppose that a manufacturer instead of having on hand only South Carolina acid phosphate cottonseed meal and kainit when you call on him for an 822 goods has on hand some of the highest grade materials known to the trade He has say acid phosphate made from Tennessee or Florida rock which contains twenty per cent of available phosphoric acid also nitrate of soda with sixteen per cent of nitrogen dried blood with fourteen per cent nitrogen sulphate of ammonia with twenty per cent nitrogen muriate of potash with fifty per cent of potash with these materials on hand he receives your order for a fertilizer guaranteed to contain as small an amount of plant food as the law will permit viz twelve per cent made up of eight per cent available phosphoric acid two per cent nitrogen two per cent potash Considering the materials he has on hand he figures out this formula 825 pounds of 20 per cent acid phosphate 215 pounds of 14 per cent dried blood 75 pounds of 16 per cent nitrate of soda 85 pounds of 50 per cent muriate of potash 1200 pounds Now in this 1200 pounds of highgrade materials he has all the plant food you called for with a small margin for safety Y u called for eight per cent of a ton in available phosphoric acid cl one hundred and sixty pounds and in his 825 pounds of twenty per cent acid phosphate he has given you one hundred and sixty five pounds of available phosphoric acid you called for two per cent of a ton or forty pounds of nitrogen and in his 215 pounds of dried blood containing fourteen per cent nitrogen and seven tyfive pounds nitrate of soda with sixteen per cent of nitrogen he has given you fortytwo and onetenth pounds of nitrogen InBULLETIN NO 39 209 like manner you called for forty pounds of potash and in eighty five pounds of fifty per cent muriate of potash he has given you fortytwo and a half pounds of actual potash Now the best thing both for you and the manufacturer the cheapest thing for both of you would be for him to send you that twelve hundred pounds put up in six sacks which upon inspection and analysis would show Available phosphoric acid1375 Per cent Nitrogen 35o per cent Potash 354 per cent But no you wont have it that way you must have a ton ten sacks of 822 so the manufacturer rather than enter upon a campaign of education with all of his customers obligingly freights into his factory eight hundred pounds of powdered slate mined some hundred miles away utterly worthless as fertilizer and mixes it in with the twelve hundred pounds of good fertilizer making one ton This mixture on inspection and analysis shows Available phosphoric acid825 per cent Nitrogen210 per cent Potash212 per cent A SMALL QUANTITY OE HIGH GRADE FERTILIZER BETTER THAN A LARGE QUANTITY OP LOWER GRADE Now suppose you had exercised a little common sense and bought the six sacks analyzing 1375 35 and 354 you would have been saved the cost of mining pulverizing and freighting of the artificial filler to the factory and the freight on four sacks of it from the factory to your railroad station and the wear and tear on your mules hauling that extra eight hundred pounds ten miles to the farm Wouldnt it have been much better to have bought the six sacks and when you got home if you wanted it in the proportion of 822 which is a good proportion to have mixed up the six sacks yourself with woods earth or compost or even sand before distributing I think I hear you say well thats true but why dont you fix the law and raise the grade so these fellows cant put in all this artificial filler My dear friend there never yet was and there never will be a law framed which can meet all the conditions of a great social and industrial problem or which will compensate for the failure to210 GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE exercise his own intelligence on the part of the individual citizen Think for a moment suppose we should pass a law making it impossible to use any artificial fillers in the manufacture of commercial fertilizers by raising the grade to a very high point Do you not see that by so doing we should at once paralyze this great industry and cut short the cotton crop of the State since we would at once bar the use of South Carolina acid phosphate cottonseed meal and kainit and a number of other good materials of similar grade and thus at once raise the price of the highgrade materials to an unheardof degree by greatly increasing the de mand for them No the conditions have been very thoroughly studied in every particular by the Commissioners of Agriculture of the various States aided and advised by those best qualified by experience and training to understand the matter in all of its details and the result of their deliberations is embodied in the new Georgia fer tilizer law printed in this bulletin This law raises the grade of commercial fertilizers from a total plant food of ten per cent min imum under the old law to twelve per cent minimum and pro tects the farmer in every way that a good and just law can protect him It will give him the highest grade of fertil izers he has ever bought it will protect him against fraud it will guarantee that he gets every pound of fertilizing value that he pays for in fine it is the best fertilizer law now on the statute books of any State but even such a law can not prevent the use of fillers Only education on the part of the farmer and a demand on his part for the higher grades of fertilizers will eliminate the use of fillers When you and your brother farmers study the per centages of plant food in a fertilizer and prefer to buy five or six sacks of a high grade goods to buying ten sacks of a goods con taining only the same quantity of actual plant food then there will be no more filler put into highgrade fertilizer materials but the capital of the manufacturer and the skill of the chemist will be exerted in the effort to take out of the present lowgrade fer tilizer materials as much as possible of the filler which God and nature have put there Yours truly Jno M McCandeESS State ChemistBULLETIN NO 39 21J RATIONS FOR HORSES AND MULES AT LIGHT AVERAGE AND HARD WORK S P Mattox of Elberton Ga writes asking for some formu las for feeding mules and horses observing very correctly that a mule or horse fed on hay and corn the year round will eat his head off Yes this is a very important matter especially in view of the high price of grain corn and oats this year When the Geor gia farmer has failed to raise sufficient corn for his mules the cost of feeding his work stock where he has to buy Western corn at ruling high prices must make a ruinous inroad on the net sum he has received for his cotton crop I have therefore calculated the following rations for mules and horses at work and at rest using as far as possible other nutrients than corn and reducing the cost of feeding materially I have given rations for a mule at light at average work and at hard work as it is a great waste of provender to feed the same quantities under all conditions Rations for mulesand horses of 1000 pounds weight per day For horse or mule at light work 10 pounds peavine hay 10 pounds corn and cob meal Nutritive ratio 16g Ration for average work 10 pounds peavine hay 10 pounds corn and cob meal 3 pounds wheat bran Nutritive ratio 164 Ration for hard work 10 pounds peavine hay 10 pounds corn and cob meal 10 pounds wheat bran Nutritive ratio 1155 Ration for light work 10 pounds cornstover 10 pounds oats 3 pounds peameal Nutritive ratio 168212 GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Ration for average work 10 pounds cornstover 10 pounds oats 5 pounds peameal Nutritive ratio i 6 Ration for hard work 10 pounds cornstover 10 pounds oats 10 pounds peameal Nutritive ratio I 56 COTTONSEED MEAL RATIONS FOR HORSES AND MULES The above rations can be substituted for corn when the latter is high and are much better balanced as regards their nutritive ratio than the average ration of corn and fodder fed to work stock Many farmers feed their stock 20 pounds of shelled corn and 10 pounds of fodder blades and think they are feeding them in the best manner As a matter of fact the poor mule gets out of this ration only two pounds of protein when he should at hard work have nearly three and gets over nineteen pounds of carbohydrates when a rational standard of feeding would only call for about thirteen The nutritive ratio of the corn and fodder ration being 1 96 when it should approximate 1154 In bulletin 36 page 51 season of 18991900 after comparing cottonseed meal with corn as to their feeding value and showing the great superiority of the cottonseed meal I made this remark In the light of these important facts it strikes me as being astonishing that no experiments appear to have been made to see whether horses and mules will not eat cottonseed meal and cottonseed hulls one or both and if not voluntarily whether they could be gradually trained to do so by mixing them gradually and by slow ly increasing degrees with corn and oats and hay Since then I have heard of some isolated cases where the cottonseed meal ration has been used successfully and as there is no apparent reason why it can not I ask the Georgia farmers to try some of the following rations being careful to use only a good quality ofBULLETIN NO 39 213 cottonseed meal avoiding the use of any darkcolored damaged or musty meal Ration for light work 12 pounds mixed hay 8 pounds ground corn and oats equal parts 1 pound bright fresh cottonseed meal Nutritive ratio 16J Ration for average work 123 pounds mixed hay 10 pounds corn and cob meal 2y2 pounds bright fresh cottonseed meal Nutritive ratio 165 Ration for hard work 12 pounds mixed hay 10 pounds corn and cob meal A1 pounds bright cottonseed meal Nutritive ratio 1 15 Mix in thoroughly with the corn and cob meal and if not thoroughly relished try mixing in a little fine salt I would be glad to have reports from any who may try the cottonseed meal ration as to their success FERTILIZING FOR COWPEAS VALUABLE INFORMATION ABOUT COWPEAS PLANTING FERTILIZ ING SAVING AND CURING THE HAY ETCEXTRACTED EROM A BULLETIN BY THE SOUTHERN PINES EXPERIMENT STATION NORTH CAROLINA Cowpeas are so commonly recommended for green manuring that the impression prevails that the growing plant itself needs no fertilizer This is a mistake and often a serious one the more it is fed the more food it will store up for the crop which follows It is true the cowpea has power to draw nitrogen from the air and use it for its own growth but for every pound of nitrogen thus214 GEORGIA DEPARTMENT Of AGRICULTURE absorbed more than a pound of potash and considerable phos phoric acid must also be taken up the latter two ingredients do not exist in the air so they must be supplied artificially The ni trogen absorbed by the cowpea plant enters into and forms a part of the entire living plant and dry stubble but can not be made from nitrogen alone not one atom of nitrogen can be assimilated unless there are also present certain amounts of potash and phos phoric acid The growing cowpea must get its potash and phos phoric acid just as cotton just as corn just as every other grow ing plant gets themfrom the soil to which they must be applied in the shape of a fertilizer No plant growth whatever is possible when potash phosphoric acid and nitrogen are not present and available and no oversupply of one plant food element can com pensate for the absence or scarcity of another Each must be present and in the proper proportion otherwise there can not be a full growth While cowpeas do have the property of drawing nitrogen from the air nevertheless a certain amount of this in gredient is required in the soil in which they grow and must be artificially supplied if not already present The cowpea plant begins to take up atmospheric nitrogen when its leaves develop and on poor soils before this stage is reached the young plants generally suffer from the lack of nitrogen This poverty of ni trogen is indicated by a yellowish leaf absence of vigor in the plant and a general sickly appearance an application of about seventyfive pounds of nitrate of soda per acre quickly remedies the trouble While an artificial application of nitrogen is regulated by the cir cumstances described there are no such conditions affecting potash and phosphoric acid Experiments at the Louisiana Experiment Station show that one acre of average cowpeas contains sixty five pounds of nitrogen one hundred and eleven pounds of potash and twenty pounds of phosphoric acid of this the roots and stub ble alone contain eight pounds of nitrogen eighteen pounds of potash and five pounds of phosphoric acid These figures vary of course with different yields but the range of variation is not wide and only serves to bring out clearly and boldly the fact that with every pound of nitrogen a certain amount of potash and phosphoric acid is also assimilated by cowpeas These weights do not fix absolutely the amount of plant food needed by cow peas but they do suggest approximately and relatively what the crop draws from the soil and what even the least worn fields ought to have returned to them in the shape of plant food to pre vent the soil from gradually losing its fertility Let it be carefulBULLETIN NO 39 215 ly noted however that there is of necessity some waste in the application of fertilizers that not all the plant food given a soil can be gathered up and realized upon in crops There is a loss in operation in the soil just as there is in a machine or in applying any other chemical or mechanical force natural or otherwise With ordinary fertilizers this loss in potash has been roughly estimated at about onethird in phosphoric acid not less than onehalf Therefore the actual amount of potash and phosphoric acid to be provided to enable cowpeas to take up and assimilate sixtyfive pounds of nitrogen is about 167 pounds of actual pot ash and forty pounds of phosphoric acid equivalent to 334 pounds of muriate of potash and 300 pounds acid phosphate This is not given here as a fertilizer formula for cowpeas but merely to show what an acre of the crop must actually have As already stated and now repeated and emphasized plant growth can take place only when all three of the necessary con stituents are present in sufficient quantities and in an available condition The moment the supply of any one of these essential constituents is exhausted normal growth stops and there can not be a full crop After the cowpea has developed a few leaves and so long as the plant can continue to take up all of the potash and phosphoric acid required it will in turn get all the nitrogen it needs from the air If however the supply of either potash or phosphoric acid in the soil is insufficient then only a correspond ing amount of nitrogen will be absorbed from the atmosphere The practical application of this is then the more phosphoric acid and potash there is supplied to the growing crop the larger will be the amount of nitrogen drawn from the air This con dition is well described as making the crop nitrogen hungry or to state the proposition in other words if liberal quantities of phosphoric acid and potash are supplied and nitrogen not given the plant absorbs sufficient nitrogen from the air to balance the supply of phosphoric acid and potash already used and not a par ticle more Nitrogen is more expensive than any other element in a complete fertilizer hence it is economy to assist the cowpea crop to secure free of cost the largest possible quantity of nitrogen from the air The larger the amount of phosphoric acid and pot ash supplied to the crop to the limit of its healthy feeding the greater is the assimilation of the free nitrogen of the air and so financially the larger the investment in phosphoric acid and pot ash within the above limits the greater the repayment or divi dend in the form of the more expensive nitrogen The limit of plant growth is determined largely by the mechanical conditions216 GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE of the soil and a suitable supply of moisture to make the plant food available Plants grown on soils in good condition can use a larger amount of fertilizer than those on soils too hard and dry for the full development of roots Phosphate and potash fertilizers should always be applied be fore the seed is planted whether the planting is done broadcast or in drills In the former case the fertilizer should be sown broad cast and covered by the plowing or the same harrowing which covers the peas In the latter the fertilizer may be strewn along where the rows are to be and afterwards mixed with the soil by opening the drill with a bulltongued plow A better way is to run it through a fertilizer distributer to mix it with and apply it to the soil and open the drill at the same time A good mixture for cowpeas is 300 pounds acid phosphate and 100 pounds of muriate of potash per acre In case kainit is sub stituted for muriate four times as much is requiredthat is 400 poundsto furnish the same amount of actual potash If a com mercial brand of fertilizer be used for cowpeas perhaps the best proportions on average soils are about eight per cent available phosphoric acid and six per cent actual potash applied at the rate of 400 to 500 pounds per acre and thoroughly mixed in the soil before the peas are sown If the young plants display a sickly yellow appearance about seventyfive pounds of nitrate of soda ought to be used as a top dressing but in order to avoid injury to the plants in top dressing the nitrate and four or five times its bulk of dry earth should be mixed together to dilute it and insure a more uniform distribu tion As a rule nitrogenous fertilizer is not required for cowpeas and under the circumstances above mentioned and even when actually needed a small application suffices The average farm land is de ficient in nitrogen but when this element is to be supplied in the form of commercial fertilizer it is better perhaps to apply it to corn cotton grain grass and other crops which do not obtain it from the air rather than to the cowpea which does so gather it for itself It appears that when the cowpea grows on a soil nat urally rich and well supplied with nitrogen the plant becomes lazy and draws from the nitrogen already in the soil before exerting its natural and peculiar power of collecting it from the air by means of the little nodules on its roots Thus every habit and characteristic of the plant shows that the true economy of the cowpea is to restore poor land and make use of potash and phos phoric acid rather than to deplete good land and use nitrogenBULLETIN NO 39 217 which can be employed to better advantage in producing other crops which need it more From discussing fertilizer for cowpeas or other crops no unvarying rule can be formulated Soils differ so much that a mixture giving good results on one field may fail or be wasteful on another Fields on the same farm often those lying side by side differ in their crop requirements One experi ment at the Delaware Experiment Station showed that where 160 pounds of muriate of potash were used per acre the yield of cow pea vines was doubled while phosphoric acid was apparently with out effect Here was a soil naturally strong in phosphoric acid yet it would not be safe to accept this result as a sure rule for gen eral fertilizing On most soils oflowproducing power potash is a most useful element for the cowpea but phosphoric acid is also more or less needed The one great object of fertilizing is fully to supply the mineral needs of the plant guided by the well established principle that when these are supplied in abundance there is a corresponding gain in nitrogen A little practical experimenting soon indicates about how much potash and phosphoric acid to use Applications of different quantities of these two ingredients on several parts of a field afford opportunities for comparison Sandy soils are usually de ficient in potash clays in phosphoric acid to applications of which they usually quickly respond On sandy soils the cowpea can make good use of 500 to 600 pounds of kainit and 300 to 350 pounds of acid phosphate per acre If muriate of potash be used in place of kainit 135 to 150 pounds will answer On clay soils less potash and more phosphoric acid may be used There need be no fear that the potash and phosphoric acid above the actual needs of the crop will be lost It is far wiser to run the risk of over rather than under supply inasmuch as most of the surplus will be stored up and available for subsequent crops PLANTING Cowpeas may be planted any time in the spring when the soil is warm enough for planting beans and thereafter until within two months of when fall frosts are expected Being of tropical origin the plant develops best in warm weather and nothing is gained by planting too early This is of special importance in the North A cold rain may cause delay in germination or decay of seed and result in irregular stands A few chilling days may give the young plant a check from which it is slow to recover In practice the time varies for planting to suit the purpose for which218 GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE the crop is grown The season of beginning its growth materially modifies its time of maturing as well as its tendency to produce vines or runners It is a common saying that early planting makes vines but late planting makes peas For bulky luxuriant vines for late grazing for green manuring or winter covering for the ground early planting of some late maturing variety is correct but where seed is the object planting should be timed to allow only for safe maturing before frost In the South it is common to sow late maturing varieties shortly after cotton is planted and the early kinds from the opening of the spring to late in August In the North the season is too short for the late ripening varieties so early maturing sorts should be planted at about the same time as beans or melons The choice and advantage of sowing broadcast or in drills de pends on the object in growing the crop and incidentally the time of sowing and the cost of seed and labor In broadcasting no la bor is needed in cultivating and the vines soon cover and shade the ground so that the crop costs simply the seed and the sowing and gathering in drills the labor and expense are more and the quantity and quality of the yield usually better More seed is required for broadcasting than for drills and at least one bushel per acre should be used At the North five pecks are suggested When put in drills these should be two and a half to three and a half feet apart and the sowing may be done with an ordinary corn drill A wheat drill can also be used to advantage by plug ging or tying up the holes so as to make the rows three and a half feet apart This will require about three pecks of seed per acre When neither a corn drill nor a grain drill is available the plant ing may be done by hand scattering the seed in previously opened furrows and covering by hand or by any convenient implement The covering should be from one to two inches deep on very light soils three inches does no harm In a dry season or in nat urally loose dry land deep planting is advisable When seed is cheap and labor scarce broadcasting is usually the better plan but when seed is dear and labor cheap and abundant drilling pays better In whatever way the planting be clone the ground should be left level and smooth especially if the crop is to be cut for hay In the South where crab grass is abundant its growth is liable to choke out the young peas and check their development in a wet seasona point which should be given careful consideration in the choice between broadcasting and drillingBULLETIN NO 39 219 CULTIVATION When sown in drills peas should he cultivated two or three times to keep down weeds and mellow the soil until the vines are large enough to shade the ground The first cultivation should be given with a smoothing harrow or weeder just as the peas are coming up and the aftercultivation with a fivetooth cultivator or at least a cultivator which runs very shallow for deep cultivation is wholly unnecessary Peas planted between rows of corn sugarcane or other crops are sometimes given one cultivation when the main crop is laid by but oftener receive no attention from planting until gathering sown broadcast of course they can not be cultivated Northern fruit growers have discovered a new use for cow peas After much discussion it has been decided that a wise treatment for bearing orchards is to give thorough surface culti vation until about August first and then leave the ground to some cover crop that is a crop that will make a rapid growth through the late summer form a soft carpet for falling fruit and for protecting the land during winter and then leave a large quan tity of vegetable matter for plowing under in the spring As early in the spring as possible cowpeas are sown in drills through the orchardor even in hills two and a half feet apartand from the time the plants are up constant and thorough cultivation is given By August first the vines are too large for the culti vator and they are left to grow at will In some instances crim son clover is sown among the cowpea vines at the last cultivation and with a variety like Early Black the clover makes a fair start and covers the ground after the frost kills the cowpea vines Such an orchard treatment has many advantages for which no other plant combines within itself all the virtues and recommenda tions that it can be planted early permits constant and thorough cultivation provides a vast amount of vegetable matter decays during the winter and permits early spring plowing Some or chardists find it pays as well as benefits the fruits and trees to turn in hogs and sheep in time for them to eat the early windfall fruit and work up the excellent pasture into fat marketable live stock SAVING FOR HAY Cowpea hay is best if cut and properly cured when the earliest pods begin to ripen There is less hay and that inferior in qual220 GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE ity and nutriment if the harvesting be too early but stems be come hard and woody parts of the leaves and seed drop and are lost and the hay is even less valuable when cutting is too long delayed than when it is done before any pods are ripe This hay cures slowly and is subject to heatingsimilar to red cloverfor which reason it needs to be thoroughly dry before it is stacked or moved in a barn Unnecessary handling causes loss of leaves and should be avoided The haymaking should begin only when the weather promises to be fair Curing can not be rushed like that of grasses hence it is better to allow the crop to become a trifle overripe rather than attempt to save it in rainy weather The dry yield is usually from two to three tons per acre and no hay crop of that size can be cut dried and stored without great labor Prof E R Lloyd of Mississippi who has had a long experi ence with the crop describes his method of harvesting and curing it as follows The mower is started in the morning as soon as the dew is off and run until noon or until as much has been cut as can be han dled in the afternoon As soon as the top of the cut vines is well wilted the field is run over with a tedder to turn the vines over and expose them more thoroughly to the air and sun When the crop is very heavy the tedder is used the second time though this is seldom necessary Vines which have been cut in the morning and teddered in the afternoon may usually be put into small cocks the next afternoon and if the weather promises to be favorable left to remain in the cocks two or three days before they are hauled to the barn If it should rain before the vines are put in cocks they are not touched until the surface is well dried off and then teddered as though freshly cut Those in cocks are not opened until well dried on the outside and are then only handled enough to secure a thorough airing A light rain does little dam age to the hay even after the curing has begun if handled promptly and properly and a heavy rain for a day or two may fall on freshly cut vines and do little or no damage The essential point in making hay is to do the work as rapidly as possible and to avoid any handling of the vines when wet with either dew or rain We find that it pays well to use a tedder for stirring up the freshly cut vines so as to admit sun and air freely though if a tedder can not be had the work can be done nearly as well though more slowly by using a fork Mr C B Matthews of Virginia after growing the crop for more than thirty years saysBULLETIN NO 39 221 I cut with a rake reaper beginning in the morning after the dew is off and continuing to cut until 3 p m throwing the vines in small piles If the ground is dry and the weather clear I put the piles into medium sized shocks on the following day handling carefully with the fork to avoid shattering peas and leaves In two or three days if the weather is favorable the shocks are ready to be housed or to put into stacks Not having house room I stack and top off with wheat straw The peas are gotten out as the hay is needed in the winter The two dangers to be guarded against in saving the hay are overdrying so that the leaves become brittle drop off and waste and failuretodry so that the thick succulent stems retain suf ficent moisture to cause mould and decay The former danger may practically be escaped by cutting before the plants become ripe the latter by leaving the hay in cocks until it is so dry that no moisture can be twisted from the larger stems Some growers provide for curing the hay by erecting sheds with tiers of poles somewhat resembling tobacco barns The wilted vines are placed in layers on these poles to give free access of air above and below each layer to cause gradual evaporation of juice and moisture and perfect curing This method makes hay of the very finest quality but is too slow and expensive to be practiced on a large scale It is not safe to bale the hay directly from the field Even when it appears perfectly dry it may still contain sufficient mois ture to cause heating and moulding if packed at once The only safe plan is to put it for a few weeks into stacks covered with straw or into a barn where it should not be piled too deep and allow it thus to remain until all sweating is over and it is thor oughly dry It may then be packed without danger of afterwards finding rusty or mouldy hay in the center of the bales It is somewhat doubtful if the cowpea can be recommended for universal hay making at the North It ripens at a season not fa vorable for curing green fodder and when other farm work is pressing Good hay has been made from it at the North but the chances are against great success with it and the Northern farm er will do better to regard it as a manurial or pasture crop Some Northern dairymen have used it as a soiling crop cut green and fed to the cows still its chief value in cold climates is as a nitro gen gatherer and soil restorer222 GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE SAVING SEED When the pea crop is grown between corn rows or is fairly ripe before it is grazed or remains on the ground for a winter cover it is usually good economy to gather the seed This is commonly done by handpicking often by women and children who work for a share usually onehalf of the crop Some growers prefer the plan of storing the unshelled pods through the winter This serves in a measure but not completely to protect the seed from weevil Others in order to save storage room thresh as soon as the pods are thoroughly dry Instead of gathering the seed separately some delay cutting until a consider able proportion of the pods are ripe and then depend on the peas shelled in handling and found in the bottom of the mow for a seed supply for the next crop Threshing may be done any time after the pods are thoroughly dry on farms where only a few bushels of seed are saved this is usually done with a flail When grown in quantity they are com monly threshed more easily rapidly and economically by a pea huller Sometimes the crop is cured as hay and then run through an ordinary threshing machine from which the concaves and alternate teeth of the cylinder have been removed and the speed reduced by putting on a 20 or 24inch cylinderhead The yield of seed varies greatly ranging from six to ten bushels per acre grown between corn rows and only once picked to twenty to thirty bushels or more grown alone allowed fully to mature and all the seed saved The same weevil which attacks the garden bean lays her eggs on cowpea pods before they are gathered and there is not now any known means of preventing her doing so If the seed be stored where there is an even temperature a few degrees above freezing there is further danger of a second and third brood hatching during the winter and seriously injuring the seed be fore spring This injury can be prevented by treating the stored seed with carbon bisulphide which affords a cheap and complete protection The treatment is very simple and should be given as soon as the seed is threshed and before it is stored for the winter Tut the seed into tight barrels or boxes and pour in about one ounce of bisulphide for each bushel of seed As soon as the poison has been poured in tightly cover the top of the barrel or box with old sacks or any convenient material to confine the fumes of the chemical and enable it to kill all insects present If the seed be kept for late planting it may again become infestedBULLETIN NO 39 223 in the spring when a second treatment should be given The bisulphide does not injure the peas for planting or for table use but is very inflammable and must be kept away from any fire A lighted lamp or lantern or even a lighted pipe must not be brought into the building where the seed has been treated until the peculiar odor of the chemical has disappeared which will be in about three days INFORMATION ABOUT ASHES According to Wiley The composition of the ash of woods is extremely variable Not only do different varieties of trees have varying quantities of ash but in the same variety the bark and twigs will give an ash quite different in quantity and composition from that furnished hy the wood itself In general the hard woods such as hickory oak and maple furnish a quality of ash superior for fertilizing purposes to that afforded by the soft woods such as the pine and tulip trees The character of the unleached wood ashes found in the trade is indicated by the subjoined analyses The first table contains the mean maximum and minimum results of the analy ses of ninetyseven samples by Goessmann 1 MEAN COMPOSITION OP WOOD ASHES Means Maxima Minima Iotash 55 19 343 35 129 120 299 102 40 509 75 279 286 25 03 180 23 21 07 Lime Magnesia Carbon dioxide and undetermined The data obtained in sixteen analyses made at the Connecticut station are given below 224 GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OE AGRICULTURE Means I Maxima Minima Potash Phosphoric acid 53 14 40 1 In fifteen analyses of ashes from domestic woodfires in stoves the following mean percentages of potash and phosphoric acid were found Potash963 Phosphoric acid232 In leaching ashes lose chiefly the potassium carbonate and phos phate which they contain Leached and unleached Canada ashes have the following composition Unleached per cent Leached percent Insoluble Moisture Calcium Carbonate and hydroxide Potassium Carbonate Phosphoric acid Undetermined In the wood ashes of commerce therefore it is evident that the proportion of the potash to the lime is relatively low The number of parts by weight of the chief ingredients of the ash in 10000 pounds of woods of different kinds is given in table below POUNDS OF THE INGREDIENTS NAMED IN 10000 POUNDS OF WOOD Dogwood Florida Sycamore Pintanus Orciili it tulis Potash Phosphoric acid Lime Magnesia 902 572 6 41 1167 18 06 955 2473 049 Post Oak Q oblu silobaj Ash F Ameri cana Red Oak t Qnercus rubra Hickory Varya lomen tosa 1685 696 3561 528 1494 1395 115 598 760 2740 010 305 1380 5 83 1840 4 86BULLETIN NO 39 225 White Oak Q alia Magnolia M Grandi flora Georgia Pine P palus tris Potash Phos acid Lime Magnesia 10 GO 249 785 090 713 319 1421 294 501 124 1804 203 Yellow Pine P mitis 454 096 1516 074 Black Pine Picea migra Chest nut Cauana vesta or saliva Old Field Pine P mitis 302 092 1246 010 290 109 793 034 079 073 1212 117 15 a b226 GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OE AGRICULTURE USEFUL REFERENCE TABLES COMPOSITION FERTILIZER MATERIALS TABLE INITROGENOUS MATERIAL POUNDS PER HUNDRED Nitrogen Phosphoric Acid Potash Nitrate of Soda Sulphate of Ammonia Dried Blood Concentrated Tankage Bone Tankage Dried Fish crap Cotton Seed Meal Hoof Meal 151 to 16 19 to 20J 10 to 14 11 to 12 5 to 8 7 to 9 6 to 7i 13 to 14 1 to 2 10 to 15 6 to 8 2 to 3 H to 2 1J to 2 Toco veri nitrogen percentage into ammonia percentage multiply by 1214 Thus 10 per cent nitrogen is equivalent to 1214 per cent of ammonia TABLE II PHOSPHATE MATERIALS Nitrogen Available Phos Acid Insoluble Phos Acid Potash 36 88 3589 2828 030 8 94 1433 34 27 2677 6 90 2628 1 3 3335 2632 1 6 1517 1020 2 3 1670 3881 755 Keystone Concentrated Phosphate 076 Peruvian Guano average 7 85 836 261 1215 1419 5 8 6 0 1315 2i to 4 1 to 2i 2 to 3 Steamed Bone Dissolved Bone BULLETIN NO 39 227 TABLE IIIPOTASH MATERIALS AMD FARM MANURES POUNDS PER HUNDRED Actual Potash Nitro gen Phos phoric Acid Lime Muriate of Potash Sulphate of Potash Double Sulphate of Pot and Magnesia KainH Sylvinit Cotton Seed Hull Ashes Wood Ashes unleached Wood Ashes leached Tobacco Stems Cow Manure fresh Horse Manure fresh Sheep Manure fresh Hog Manure fresh Hen Dung fresh Mixed Stable Manure 50 48 to 52 26 to 30 12 to 12J 16 to 20 15 to 30 2 to 8 1 to 2 5 to 8 040 053 0 67 060 085 063 2 to 3 034 058 083 045 163 050 7 to 9 1 to 2 1 to 1J 016 028 023 019 154 026 10 3035 3540 031 021 033 0 08 024 070 FACTORS FOR CONVERSION To convert Ammonia into nitrogen multiply by 0824 Nitrogen into ammonia multiply by1214 Nitrate of soda into nitrogen multiply by 1647 Bone phosphate into phosphoric acid multiply by 0458 Phosphoric acid into bone phosphate multiply by 2183 Muriate of potash into actual potash multiply by 0632 Actual potash into muriate of potash multiply by 1583 Sulphate of potash into actual potash multiply by 0541 Actual potash into sulphate of potash multiply by 185 For instance you buy 95 per cent of nitrate of soda and want to know how much nitrogen is in it multiply 95 per cent by 1647 you will get 1565 per cent nitrogen you want to know how much ammonia this nitrogen is equivalent to then multiply 1565 per cent by 1214 and you get 1899 Per cent the equiva lent in ammoniaKainit Curnalit Sylvinit TABLE IV Average Composition of Stassfurt German Potash Salts Name of Salts In 100 parts are contained K2S04 A Crude Salts Natural Products B Concentrated Salts Manufactured Products Sulphate of Potash Sulphate of PotashMagnesia or Double Manure Salts Muriate of Potash 9095 7075 Manure Salt min 20 Potash Manure Salt min 30 Potash 213 lb 972 90 504 17 20 12 son a KCl 2 0 155 26S 03 1 6 91 83 725 316 476 o II 23 MgS04 V o MgCls 145 12 1 24 07 27 340 02 0 4 08 1Q6 94 124 215 26 04 10 0 2 0 3 06 53 48 a a J5 KaCl 346 224 567 02 12 25 71 145 212 40 2 262 ej CaS04 17 19 03 04 09 02 21 22 Oft 532 t AC 08 05 32 02 03 06 02 02 05 40 35 Water Calculated to Pure Potash K0 Aver age Guar anteed 12 26 4 07 22 116 128 98 174 52 7 499 272 577 527 466 210 306 124 90 124 518 486 259 568 50 5 441 200 300 to bo O M O w o hi W g w o hrt o w o c t1 c wBULLETIN NO 39 229 DISTANCES RECOMMENDED FOR PLANTING Apples standard20 to 30 feet each way Apples dwarf 6 to 10 Pears standard20 Pears dwarf10 to 15 Quinces 12 Peaches 20 to 25 Plums15 to 20 Cherries14 to 20 Figs10 to 15 Japan Persimmons20 to 25 Mulberries20 to 25 Blackberries 6 to 8 by 4 feet Raspben ies 6 by 2 feet Currants 4 to 5 feet by 4 feet Gooseberries 4 to 5 StrawberriesHills15x15 inches Matted Rows4x1 foot Asparagus 4x2 feet Rhubaro 4x2 Grapes 8x9 Oranges30 x 30 NUMBER OP PLANTS PER ACRE AT VARIOUS DISTANCES Distance Incties Plants Distance Indies Plants Distance F et Plants Distance Feet Plants 1 X 1 6272640 10 x 48 13068 4x5 2178 9 x 10 884 1 X 3 2090880 15 x 15 27878 4x6 1816 9x11 440 1 X 4 1568160 15 x 30 13939 4x7 1556 9 x 12 403 1 X 5 1254527 15 x 36 11616 5x5 1742 10 x 10 435 2 x 2 1568160 18 x 36 9680 5x6 1452 10 x 12 363 2 x 3 1045440 18 x 48 7260 5x7 1242 10 x 15 290 2 x 4 781080 5x8 1089 10 x 1 242 2 x 5 627264 5x9 968 10 x 20 217 3 x 3 696960 1 x 1 43560 6x6 1210 12 x 12 302 3 x 4 522 720 1x2 21780 6x7 1037 12 x 15 242 3 x 5 318175 1 x 3 14520 6x8 907 12 x 20 181 4 x 4 392040 1 x 4 10890 6x9 8118 15 x 15 193 4 x 5 313612 1x5 8712 6 x 10 726 15 x 18 161 5 x 5 250905 2x2 10890 7x7 88 15 x 20 145 0 X 6 174240 2x3 7260 7x8 777 18 x 18 134 7 x 7 128013 2x4 5445 7x9 691 18 x 20 121 8 x 8 98010 2x5 4356 7 x 10 622 18 x 24 100 X 9 77440 3x3 4810 8x8 680 20 x 20 108 10 x 10 62726 3x4 3630 8x9 605 20 x 24 8 10 x 20 31362 3x5 2901 8 x 10 554 20 x 30 10 x 24 26132 3x6 2420 8x11 495 30 x 24 60 10 x 30 20908 3x7 2074 8 x 12 453 30 x 30 48 10 x 36 17424 4x4 2722 9x9 537 30 x 36 40 AMOUNTS OP PHOSPHOKIC ACID NITROGEN AND POTASH ANNUALLY REMOVED FROM ONE ACRE BY VARIOUS CROPS Wheat Rye Barley Oats Corn Buckweat Potato Sugar Beets Mangel Wurzel MeadowHay Timothy Green Corn Red Clover in bloom Lucerne Crimson Clover Sugar Cane Sorghum Cotton H ops Tobacco Grapes Cabbage Cucumber Onions Oranges 35 bushels 30 40 00 It 50 li 30 200 it 15 22 tons tons 7 20 15 750 lbs seed 600 strobile 1600 leaves 2 tons grapes 31 heads 25 tons 134 tons 20000 lbs fruit 2700 lbs 4000 2300 2900 4100 2210 1450 1 e aves stubble 3 tons 6 DRY 2 tons 2 and 2 2 tons 250 lbs lint 1200 leaves 1300 stems lTtops 300 lbs 250 390 25 950 cobs Phos phoric Acid Nitro gen Potash 1500 lbs Ramber 2 tons wood 24 26 21 22 31 30 21 32 46 23 32 46 28 26 11 15 24 9 23 23 11 88 30 37 10 lbs 59 lbs 51 46 55 67 35 46 69 150 83 89 85 105 113 60 153 121 26 84 89 32 150 86 72 24 31 45 38 62 80 9 74 143 264 85 94 164 96 7 36 44 153 10 53 103 39 360 116 72 103 lbs IsS c o w o z o o w o c r c to BULLETIN NO 39 231 WINTER TREATMENT OF THE SAN JOSE SCALE IN THE LIGHT OF RECENT EXPERIMENTS By W M SCOTT and W F FISKE INTRODUCTION Since the discovery of the San Jose scale in the East many ex periments have been made in search of a satisfactory remedy for it and practically every substance that from the nature of the in sect gave promise of relief has been tested in one form or another The question of treatment for nursery stock or other plants that could be conveniently brought into an enclosure was early settled hydrocyanic acid gas proving quite efficient but the struggle for a remedy that would give entire satisfaction in the treatment of infested orchards has continued and it can not yet be said that the desired end in all particulars has been reached The great desid eratum has been to make an application that would effectually de stroy the scale insects without damaging the trees or endangering the fruit crop The susceptibility of such plants as the peach to injury from applications of a sufficient strength to kill the scale and the difficulty with which protected portions of a tree are reached have made this an almost insurmountable problem Unfortunately the results obtained by workers in different sec tions of the country conflict to such a degree as to usually restrict their application to limited areas This has necessitated a multi plicityof experiments in order to determine what remedy is best suited to particular sections The variability in results has per haps been greater from the use of petroleum oils than from any other substance Applications of oils in different localities of the same State have produced conflicting results Even individual trees in the same orchard are oftentimes affected differently The reason for this is not altogether clear but it is highly prob able that the physiological condition of the plants as well as that Also published as Bulletin No 4 Georgia State Board of Entomology232 GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OE AGRICULTURE of the insects would afford at least a partial explanation More over there is frequently a difference in the composition of what is supposed to be the same insecticide obtained from different sources There are probably no two localities that furnish petro leum identical in chemical composition and even the oil from one well may not always remain constant in this respect It would appear therefore that the services of both a physiologist and a chemist are greatly needed to assist in the solution of the problem at hand For several years the petroleum oils have taken the lead as a remedy for the San Jose scale in the East and they have perhaps been more extensively used in Georgia than in any other State more than half a million trees having been sprayed with oils here during last winter alone The results from the use of both kero sene and crude oil in this State have been satisfactory upon the whole but occasional damage to the treated trees as well as lack of effect against the scale has resulted from applications of the recommended 20 per ent strength In most cases however these adverse results are traceable to defects in the pumps careless ness of the operators in making the application or other causes more or less within the power of the orchardist to control Perhaps whaleoil soap though varying greatly in its effect upon both the scale insects and the fruit buds m different sections has given more uniform results the country over than any other substance used For a few years it was the accepted remedy in many sections and is still given the preference by some workers It has been very little used in Georgia and has never gained any prominence as a scale remedy here The California lime salt and sulphur wash has been for many years extensively used on the Pacific coast as thefavorite remedy for the San Jose scale Early experiments with this wash in the East did not show good results and until recently it has been sup posed that climatic conditions rendered it valueless here How ever recent experiments have thrown more light upon the nature and effect of this treatment and it now promises to become an effi cient remedy in the Atlantic as it is in the Pacific States Such insecticides as the resin wash and caustic potash have also taken part in the struggle against the scale with varying de grees of success Aside from these better known scale remedies the fruitgrowers have been invaded with venders of various sure cure washes and compounds with the usual guarantee attached It became necessary therefore to determine the value of theseBUEEETIN NO 39 233 various substances in comparison with the oils officially recom mended by the department and for this purpose the experiments recorded herein were planned and executed In order to place the work on a commercial basis and to obtain results that would be applicable to large orchards each substance tested was applied to several hundred trees Discrepancies likely to arise in practical work do not always become apparent in a test upon only a few trees hence the greater value of practical experiments CONDITION OF THE TREES EMPLOYED For several reasons it was not deemed necessary to use other than peach trees in the experiments although had it been conve nient other kinds would have been included With the exception of Le Conte and Kieffer pears which do not appear to suffer from the attacks of scale the peach and plum are the only fruits exten sively grown in the State Former experiments have shown that the plum is slightly less susceptible to injury from insecticide ap plications than the peach and that it is capable of taking the same treatment without risk A few cases of infested apple orchards exist in North Georgia but safe remedies for infested peach trees can be used with equal effect and safety upon the apple Hence recommendations for the treatment of infested plum and apple trees can be based on results obtained in the peach orchard The experiments were conducted in two orchards both located at Marshallville Ga One owned by Mr S H Rumph was two years old and contained 17000 trees and the other owned by Mr F J Frederick was four years old and contained about 2000 trees The Rumph orchard was planted in February 1900 and has since received such cultivation as the growth of cotton between the rows would allow At planting time the trees were given the customary amount of fertilizer and have since had only such amount as they could obtain from that distributedin the cotton rows The pruning has been light merely the cutting out of su perfluous branches and no heading back The varieties composing it are Triumph Dewey Waddell Pansy Red River Tillotson Carmen Mountain Rose Hiley Slappy and Lady Ingold This orchard evidently became infested with San Jose scale from local spread within a few months after it was planted It appears that cotton pickers while at work among the trees thor oughly disseminated the scale over the entire orchard on their234 GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE clothing They frequently left their work and went foraging for fruit in a neighboring orchard that was badly infested thus es tablishing a continuous communication between the two orchards for about ten days The infestation was so thorough that upon inspection less than 10 per cent of the trees were found entirely free and from ten to forty trees in each plot of four hundred were either completely encrusted or nearly so When the orchard was given to our charge for experimental work it had received no previous treatment for scale The extent of infestation the age of the trees and the large number of varie ties combined to make this orchard an exceptionally desirable one for the experiment The Frederick orchard was selected more particularly with a view of testing the effect of the insecticides on the fruit buds the Rumph orchard being too young to be expected to bear a full crop of fruit the following season In varieties it consisted of Carmen Belle of Georgia Elberta and Emma An inspection previous to treatment showed San Jose scale on nearly every tree and about 25 per cent were badly infested Scale had been found in the orchard the previous year but no treatment had been applied and as a consequence a few trees had died Aside from the effect of the scale both orchards were in a vigorous condition and weL supplied with fruit buds i CONDITION OE THE SCAEE INSECT The natural life of the San Jose scale being only about ten weeks for the female and less for the male very few that had reached maturity during the summer would be expected to pass the winter alive Our observations in connection with the experi ments showed that all but a very small per cent of the mature in sects that began the winter alive died without treatment before spring Moreover examinations of check trees in early spring revealed the fact that at least 30 per cent of the immature scales had also perished during the course of the winter The cause of this fatality among the halfgrown insects that should normally pass the winter in good condition is not known In ac counting for a similar occurrence in Illinois Dr Forbes suggests that it might be attributable to a severe drouth of the preceding year This would hardly explain the occurrence here as the trees in the test orchards were not subjected to a drouth of sufficient severity to be materially affected Bull 71 Univ of 111 Agr Exp StationBULLETIN NO 39 2 PERIOD COVERED BY THE WORK It was intended to divide the work into fall winter and spring and thus triplicate the experiments with each substance but delay in obtaining some of the materials and apparatus interfered some what with this plan On November 30th 1901 the work was begun and it was continued at intervals as the weather would per mit through December January February and up to March 7th when the most advanced buds were beginning to part their petals The weather conditions in their relation to the results will be recorded with the details of the experiments For the purpose of testing summer washes the experiments were taken up again in July of the present year but results from the summer work can not be reported at this time Beginning in March notes upon the results were taken at sev eral different times until August during which month the last ob servations were made Had conclusions been drawn from the early observations alone the recorded results would have been different In August after the insects had been breeding for some time the observations were obviously more practical By actually counting the dead and living scales the percentage of fatality could be more readily approximated in early spring but after the insects had passed through a portion of the breeding period the actual conditions could be more accurately determined substances employed It was desired to cover the field of known and promising reme dies as completely as possible but owing to the extent of the un dertaking and failure to secure some of the substances a portion of the test originally planned for had to be omitted It is partic ularly unfortunate that the Beaumont oil was not tested Repeated attempts to secure this substance resulted in failure until too late to make the application However this oil together with other substances will be tested next winter in the continuation of these experiments The substances actually used in the tests may be classified as follows Oils Pennsylvania crude 43 gravity Refined kerosene 1500 flash test Ohio crude fuel oil California Distillate236 GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Soaps Leggetts Anchor Brand Leggetts Whaleoil Soap Compound Goods No 3 Goods No 6 Tobacco Turpentine Soap Caustic Washes Lime Salt and Sulphur Crude Caustic Potash Resin Wash Carbolic Acid Emulsion GENERAL STATEMENT OE THE WORK WITH CON CLUSIONS DRAWN FROM THE RESULTS It is not the purpose of this paper to give the details of the experiments and the percentages of fatality among the scale in sects produced by the insecticides but rather to record such con clusions reached from the results as will be of the most value to the fruitgrowers in the treatment of their orchards The Rumph orchard was divided into plots of 400 trees each and these plots were so arranged that each contained at least five varieties of peaches and from 10 to 40 badly infested trees In repeating applications it became necessary to subdivide some of the plots using only 100 or 200 trees to the test In the Frederick orchard the size of the plots ranged from 25 to 150 trees with an abundance of scale throughout each plot PETROLEUM OIES Kerosene in mechanical mixture with water was for several years the chief remedy recommended by this department for the San Jose scale but experiments begun in the winter of 18991900 indicated that crude oil was slightly more effective and less dan gerous For two years therefore the latter substance has been given equal rank with kerosene as a scale remedy here but theBULLETIN NO 39 237 comparative value of the two oils as well as a number of other points connected with their use as a spray remained indefinitely settled While it was not possible to cover the entire ground in one season the results obtained from lart winters work have thrown considerable light upon the problems in hand The Pennsylvania crude oil used in the experiments was ob tained in two lots one from the Standard Oil Company and the other from the Emery Manufacturing Company Bradford Pa No distinction could be made between the oils in the two lots both registering 4343 gravity The kerosene was bought local ly and was of the grade 1500 flash test The observations taken between March and June inclusive when actual counts were made of dead and living scales were deceiving in some particulars Two applications appeared to have but little advantage over one and the results upon the whole were not consistent with what should have been expected The August observations however cleared up many discrepancies especially showing superior results from two applwations In making the earlier examinations the small spaces missed by the spray were naturally overlooked in most cases the portions best exposed being the more convenient for making counts to determine the pro portion of dead to living scales Hence applications that showed almost perfect results before the scale commenced breeding proved to be inefficient when the August observations were made The Comparative Value of Crude Oil and KeroseneFrom our results it is impossible to make any decision other than that both kerosene and crude oil are good and perhaps equally the best remedies that may be employed against the San Jose scale when they are applied in the proper manner and with due precaution The results from two applications of either substance at strengths not lower than 15 per cent were uniformly good but single ap plications varied to a surprising degree in their effect upon the scale In the course of the experiments in the Rumph orchard sin gle applications of kerosene were made to 11 plots and of crude oil to 22 plots strengths of 10 15 20 and 25 per cents being used In the majority of these plots the results were not satisfac tory when contrasted with those obtained from two applicatiois The extreme variation noticed between the results from single applications of the same strength made on different days is diffi cult to account for It occurred to an equal degree in both sub stances but to a less extent when the mechanical mixture was re placed by emulsion The working of the pumps the weather con238 GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OE AGRICULTURE ditions and the season of the year may all have had some in fluence and occasional carelessness of the man at the nozzle must be considered one of the most important factors In the Frederick orchard which it will be remembered consisted of older trees the results were more uniform throughout Both the refined and crude oil proved effective as a single application and plots treated once with only 15 per cent showed very little live scale in August In the Rumph orchard neither substance had any apparent damaging effect upon the trees nor in the Frederick orchard ex cept when a few trees received an overdose of oil through fault in the action of the mechanical mixing pump Therefore so far as the actual observation upon the results indicate the refined and crude oil may be considered equally effective and as little or no damage was done to the trees by either equally safe But owing to the residuum with which the trees are left coated for several weeks by applications of crude oil it would appear that in general practice this substance might prove more destructive to the scale than kerosene One Versus Two ApplicationsHere the results of our experi ments speak most decidedly and in favor of two applications as against one In the Rumph orchard eight plots were treated twice and all with a single exception satisfactorily A plot sprayed with 10 per cent kerosene in emulsion and followed later with 15 per cent was the exception and even here the result was better than in several cases where 25 per cent as one application was used A 15 per cent strength of kerosene in emulsion applied November 30th followed by a 20 per cent strength of the same on February 24th gave as nearly perfect results as anything employed and the same fall treatment followed by 15 per cent in February was almost equally perfect In the Frederick orchard notes taken in August showed a no ticeable superiority of two applications over one though of ac count of the better results here obtained with a single spraying the difference was not so marked as on the younger trees compos ing the Rumph orchard The reasons for the additional effectiveness of two applications even though the same amount of oil was used in a single one are several The most important is that in two applications the trees have a double chance of being entirely coated with the spray It is not always practical to choose perfectly calm days for the work and if there is considerable wind it is next to impossible to coverBULLETIN NO 39 239 every part of the tree Even under the best conditions unless the hands that hold the nozzles are exceptionally good a twig or a portion of a limb is likely to be missed occasionally so that a second spraying is necessary to complete the work Moreover it is certain that any strength less than 20 per cent will not kill all the scales hit and even 20 per cent or 25 per cent may fail to kill an occasional one while two applications of even 15 per cent or particularly 15 per cent followed by 20 per cent appear to be sure There is also good reason to suppose that two weak applica tions have less injurious effect on the tree than one of greater strength provided they are made at least thirty days apart to avoid the accumulative effect Fall versus Spring SprayingIt was at first intended to carry out a series of experiments which should determine the relative values of fall winter and spring spraying but as has already been stated it was found impossible to procure the apparatus and ma terials necessary for an extended experiment with oils before Christmas A few plots which were sprayed in November and December and a large number that were treated in January were therefore compared with plots sprayed during late February and early March Though the results of these later applications were not uniformly superior to those of the earlier they proved on the whole to be distinctly better A greater proportion of the scale were killed and the springtreated plots averaged freer when ex amined in August than those plots sprayed with the same strengths and substances in the fall and winter Perhaps the most reasonable explanation of this is that the scale insects become more or less weakened by their long sleep through the winter months and therefore withstand the action of the oil less effectually On the other hand it might be said that in the spring time they have begun to arouse themselves from their state of torpor and even to grow a little and that they are for this reason more susceptible to the effects of the spray It is generally believed that the contrary is the case with the tree which is supposed to be more easily injured by the use of oil dur ing the winter months than after the flow of sap has begun in the spring but no information on this point can be gleaned from the results of our experiments There are none the less strong advantages in the treatment of trees in the fall which should not be lost sight of in this discus Scattered all through the Rumph orchard were trees badly sion infested with scale even to the point of encrustation When the240 GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OE AGRICULTURE last thorough examination of the experimental plots was made in August it was noticed that such trees when included in plots that had been successfully treated in the fall and to a less extent in those sprayed in January had thrown out a much stronger growth than in those that were left untouched until spring In some instances there was as much difference as between a com paratively healthy tree in the one case and a dead tree in the other and though often less marked than this the superiority of the fall treatment was generally manifest This must not be con strued as an argument in favor of fall as against spring spraying but rather for two applications of medium strength one in the fall or early winter and the other in the spring This course of treatment gave results equal to any and excelled by none in our experimental plots Mechanical Mixture versus Soap EmulsionKerosene emulsi fied by the use of soap and variously diluted has for a long time been one of the most popular and effective remedies against in sects especially scales and plant lice Its rapidly increasing im portance and the trouble of preparing the emulsion led to the manufacture and sale of several classes of pumps designed to mix the oil forcibly with the water in the act of spraying These have been constructed on different principles that employed by the Gould Manufacturing Company and the Spraymoter Company proving the most satisfactory It was thought that the problem was solved when it was demonstrated that these pumps could be made to work successfully and the use of the emulsion on a large scale was therefore discontinued It was soon found however that though in the tests the mechanical mixing pumps could be made to give good results in the field they were not always to be relied upon and their complexity besides rendering them more costly and less durable than the single barrel pumps often caused undue delay for repairs The results of the somewhat extensive experiments conducted with the view of testing the comparative values of soap emulsion and mechanical mixture indicate quite conclusively the superiority of the former in the destruction of the scale In the form of emulsion a more even application can be made thus reducing the danger to the trees and enhancing the effect Equally as good results were obtained from crude oil applied with the mechanical mixing pumps when a uniform discharge could be obtained The Gould kerowater pump with twoBULLETIN NO 39 241 leads of 20foot hose was used and though apparently the best pump of this nature on the market it can not always be depended upon for a uniform percentage of oil For some obscure reason the discharge of either oil or water may become obstructed at varying intervals and even if this irregularity lasts for but a mo ment a tree may be seriously injured or the scale infesting it escape unharmed Moreover owing to the construction of the pump a slightly greater percentage of oil is usually discharged through one lead of hose than the other and with nozzles having small apertures 120 inch Vermorel were used there is always some separation of the oil and water in the hose and consequent variations in the composition of the spray from one instant to another However it should be explained that with constant care and frequent tests excellent results can be obtained by the use of these pumps This point settled the question of comparative cost next arises and this of course depends largely upon circumstances On one side we have the added effectiveness and when once prepared the greater simplicity in manipulation of the emulsion which stand as points in favor of its use against the added trouble and expense of its manufacture On the other side is the lack of this trouble and expense offsetting the lessened effect of the spray the added initial cost of the pumps and the trouble of keeping them in repair All of these factors are more or less variable and can not be de pended upon absolutely Perhaps the only thing that can safely be said at this time is that considering all things there is no doubt but that in our experiments the oil was applied with equal cheapness in the form of emulsion as in mechanical mixture and certainly with less trouble The Strength of Oil Required to be EffectiveTests were made with each of 10 15 20 and 25 per cents strengths of both oils with varying results on different plots and in the two orchards In the Frederick orchard the conditions of the scale and of the trees were such that the oil sprays proved much more effective than in the Rumph orchard In the former 15 per cent as a sin gle application did satisfactory work In the latter although oc casional plots sprayed with 20 per cent and even with 15 per cent under the best conditions gave satisfactory results only those sprayed with 25 per cent averaged satisfactory and some that were treated with this strength during the winter were found in August to contain an alarming amount of scale 16 a b242 GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE In summing it up it would seem that the amount of oil to use would depend almost entirely upon circumstances In the case of a young healthy orchard thoroughly infested with scale 25 per cent would be required and even this might not prove sufficient In an older orchard where the trees had practically reached their full growth and become in a degree resistant to the scale 20 per cent or perhaps even 15 per cent if applied with great care and thoroughness would prove quite effective Two applications would be much better in either case and would be almost a neces sity in the former if the Rumph orchard may be taken as typical In such an orchard 15 per cent in the fall followed by 20 per cent in the spring would be the ideal treatment and the spring spray ing might be reduced in strength to 15 per cent without serious detriment In the older orchard 15 per cent followed by 15 per cent would certainly be sufficient The Influence of the WeatherRather to our surprise only negative results were obtained in the experiments to determine the effect of the weather which prevailed during the spraying of the various plots unless as is probable the extreme unevenness of our results with single applications of oil is due to the minor weather conditions Not a single tree in the Rumph orchard so far as observed was injured by either the crude oil or the kero sene In the Frederick orchard some slight injury was done which may have been due to cloudy weather followed by rain on the day of the treatment but more likely to a temporary disorder of the oilwater pump used In the Rumph orchard spraying was done under all sorts of conditions except while rain was actually falling but no logical connection can be traced between the weather conditions existing at the time of application and the final results In the case of high winds the results as would be ex pected were less satisfactory it being almost impossible to cover trees thoroughly with the spray under such conditions Too much stress must not be laid on these statements however as orchards have been repeatedly noted in the past in which trees sprayed under adverse weather conditions or late in the evening have suffered while those receiving the same treatment at a more opportune time have passed through unharmed Tests with Ohio Crude OilA barrel of oil from Ohio desig nated by the Standard Oil Co as fuel oil was used on several plots with good success The heavy residue of paraffine left after the evaporation was very noticeable much thicker than that left afterBULLETIN NO 39 243 the evaporation of Pennsylvania crude oil and probably owing to this peculiarity the effects against the scale were somewhat more marked Several of the plots which were sprayed with the higher percentages of this oil presented a somewhat sickly appearance shortly after the foliage put out and for a time some fear was felt as to their condition Though they finally came through all right the circumstances would show that the use of this oil for spraying purposes is attended with too much risk to make its recommenda tion advisable at least until after further tests California DistillateThis is the product which is obtained by distilling oils with an asphalt base like those of California and Texas A quantity was obtained from California in the form of emulsion which on arrival was found to have separated some what It was reemulsified as well as might be and sprayed on a plot of 200 trees at strengths of 10 per cent 15 per cent and 20 per cent but with no better results than those obtained by the use of ordinary oils SOAPS Whaleoil soap is largely used in the North as a remedy against the San Jose scale but its expense has to a large extent prohibited its use in the treatment of large orchards in Georgia Occasion ally however in small family orchards or in the case of a few trees in a garden lot the question of expense is not so vital and an application of soap may prove to be easier and safer than any other treatment of equal effectiveness A number of experiments were therefore carried out to determine the comparative worth of soap and oil as a remedy for the scale Several brands of soap were used and a number of applications were made from time to time throughout the course of the work Strength RequiredOnly two strengths of the soap solution were used viz ij2 lbs and 2 lbs to the gallon of water Even under the best conditions the weaker solution was found to be un satisfactory although two applications at this strength upon De cember 2d and February 28th gave very good results while single applications of 2 lbs to the gallon on either date proved very inefficient Only the strength of 2 lbs to the gallon on March 6th proved satisfactory Season of the Year and Weather ConditionsFor some reason mone of the applications of soap made during the fall and winter244 GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE were successful It is impossible to determine from our notes whether this is entirely due to the season to adverse weather conditions or to a combination of both Every application ex cept those made in March chanced to be followed almost imme diately by more or less wet weather which may have had the effect of washing the soap from the trees before its full effectiveness could be felt The amount of rain in one or two instances was however so small that it seems stretching the point to account for all the ill results on this score and there is not much doubt but that the season of the year had much to do with it Our results indicate that to be successful whaleoil soap must be applied as late as possible in the spring before the blossoms appear and that to get the best results a day or two of fair weather should follow its application This does not apply to the soda soaps of which Leggetts Anchor Brand is an example Comparison with the Oil TreatmentOne application of a potash soap at the rate of 2 lbs to the gallon of water made un der the best conditions as outlined above gave as good results in all respects as single applications of 25 per cent of either kerosene or crude oil in emulsion or mechanical mixture Ij4 pounds to the gallon compared favorably with the average results attending the use of single applications of 20 per cent oil but can not be recommended except possibly on old trees such as had become partially resistant to the scale Fall and winter applications gave results inferior to oils applied at the same time Results of Comparative Tests of Different BrandsThe whale oil soaps tested were all potash soaps except Leggetts Anchor Brand For several reasons this could not be called satisfactory It is more difficult to dissolve makes a thicker solution so that if not applied quite warm is difficult to spray at the required strength and also proves quite destructive to the fruit buds However this brand was superior to all the others in adhering qualities under the influence of rains owing to which apparently its ef fectiveness against the scale was more marked In fact il2 pounds to the gallon applied December 2d gave very fair results and 2 pounds most excellent results as far as the scale was con cerned but injured the buds quite seriously Unfortunately the supply of this brand was exhausted in the fall and not replenished for spring use so that our experiments can hardly be called com plete It is possible that il2 pounds to the gallon might prove effective in the spring and that no serious effect would follow its use at this seasonBULLETIN NO 39 245 Leggetts Whaleoil Soap Compound at the rate of 12 and 2 pounds to the gallon during the winter and early spring gave slightly better results than Goods Potash Soap at the same strengths Goods Potash and Tobacco Potash Whaleoil Soap were most extensively tested as these proved easier of manipulation dis solving with less difficulty and forming a better solution for spray ing The Tobacco Potash Soap No 6 did not appear to possess any advantage over the other in fact the first notes indicated a little better results from the plain potash soap No 3 The suggestion that a cheap grade of soap manufactured in Macon known as Magic Cleaner might be effective against the scale was acted upon and a quantity of the soap purchased and tested It was found that not more than 1 pound to the gallon could be readily got into solution and that at this strength it was far from effective Effect on TreesThe general effect on the trees with the single exception already cited was rather beneficial than otherwise The effect of the soap upon the bark was to clean off some of the outer dead portions and give it a smoother more healthy appearance and the tree generally seemed to be invigorated by the potash soaps This is probably due in part to the slight fertilizing value of the soap most of which eventually must find its way to the ground and the roots of the trees as well as to its cleansing effect LIME SALT AND SULPHUR This wash which has been for some years successfully used on the Pacific coast was reported by experimenters in the East as unfitted for use here on account of climatic conditions Princi pally for this reason it has been neglected in most of the experi ments made since in the endeavor to find the cheapest surest and safest remedy for the scale Results Following its UseFour lots of the wash were pre pared during the early spring and applied three of them to the Rumph and one to the Frederick orchard The results upon the scale were not as is the case with oils and soaps at once apparent When first the coating began to crumble off the trees so as to allow the scale to become visible and permit of their examination comparatively few of the insects were found to have been killed Fifty per cent on some trees were estimated to be living Early246 GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE in May a complete examination of all the plots was made and at this date although many of the scale had reached fail maturity and begun to breed above 10 per cent were estimated on an average to be still alive Though the insect itself was apparently healthy in most of these cases the scaly covering was corroded and imperfect affording slight shelter and the general condition was such as to make it appear that a second application would have completed the execution In spite of the large percentage of living scale some encouragement was felt therefore which was in creased from time to time during June and July when the plots were hastily passed through and very little scale noted as occur ring upon the trees Consequently we were not totally unprepared for the surprise which the last examination in August had in store On August 12th and 16th the plots in the Rumph orchard were carefully examined and found to contain very few living scales and these were often in anything but a healthy condition In fact theresults in one plot were as good as any obtained with two applications of kerosene in emulsion In the other plots the work was not quite so thorough but was none the less superior to any thing except two applications of kerosene or crude oil Comparison with OilThe advantages of lime salt and sul phur over oil are several Its cost per gallon ready to spray count ing only the material and using the California formula would be from 114 to ii cents according to the strength used Oil to compete with it in price would have to be purchased at between 6 and 9 cents if used at a strength of 20 per cent Judging fromi the results of our experiments referred to above it is more effective than single applications of either crude oil or kerosene at a strength of 20 per cent It is apparently not prejudicial to the health of the dormant tree as is oil if applied carelessly or under adverse conditions On the other hand the cost and trouble of preparation far ex ceeds that of the oil emulsion The necessity of making the appli cation while the mixture is yet warm and its deterioration if allowed to stand longer than a few hours are not in its favor It also exerts a corroding influence upon copper and brass and if much spraying is to be done with it specially made nozzles with hardrubber apertures are necessary for its use It should not be made up in brass kettles or used in brass pumps Strength RequiredThree strengths were used the standardBUEEETIN NO 39 247 formula 30 pounds lime 20 pounds of sulphur and 15 pounds of salt being diluted to 40 50 and 60 gallons Very little if any difference in the results could be attributed to the use of the differ ent strengths and it is likely that the weakest will prove suffi ciently strong Weather ConditionsApplications were made at four different dates viz February 28th March 3d 6th and 7th February 28th was a fair day with a slight breeze from the southwest dur ing the forenoon freshening into a brisk wind in the afternoon rendering thorough work difficult On March 1st 133 inches of rain fell but the temperature 580 max 33 min was cold for the season On the 5th 23 inch of rain fell followed by two fair days and a slight rain 02 inch on the 8th No more rain fell until the 14th when it commenced and continued through the 16th during which time the precipitation amounted to 475 inches RESIN WASH This wash has been long recommended as an effective remedy for some of the less resistant scales and in a more dilute form as a summer treatment for Aphids and other softbodied sucking insects One trial was made of it last winter with poor results and as it is more difficult to prepare than the lime salt and sul phur it hardly seems worth further discussion here CRUDE CAUSTIC POTASH Crude caustic potash was used on four plots and at three dif ferent strengths viz 5 10 and 15 pounds to 50 gallons of water The weakest solution proved very insufficient but the two stronger ones were quite effective Not even the strongest injured the trees in the slightest degree so far as could be observed its effect being rather to improve the appearance of the bark It is however on account of its strong corrosive action very unpleasant to apply and detrimental to the hose neither is it as effective as either the oil treatment the soap washes or the lime salt and sulphur The results showed that not less than 10 pounds to 50 gallons should be used and preferably 12 or 15 CARBOLIC ACID EMUESION Crude carbolic acid in various forms was tried extensively and all strengths from 4 per cent to 20 per cent of emulsion mixed248 GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE with water The results were most unsatisfactory Less than 15 per cent of the emulsion or one part to 6 did no appreciable exe cution amongst the scale Stronger than this some effect was noticed which became quite marked at 20 per cent Even at this strength the carbolic acid was a little less effective than kerosene and much more expensive PRACTICAL WORK WITH OILS IN A LARGE ORCHARD In addition to the regular experiments an orchard of 55000 threeyearold peach trees and 1000 plums belonging to Mr W C Wright of Fort Valley Ga was treated under our supervision Mr Wright was very much alarmed over the condition of his orchard and he made a special request of the entomologist to as sume full control of its treatment Beginning August 8th 1901 the orchard was given a rowby row inspection which revealed 1000 badly infested trees well distributed From these centers of infestation the scale had spread generally in all directions leaving only a small per cent of the trees entirely free Beginning August 20th all the badly infested trees that had been located were sprayed with a 10 per cent strength of kerosene using the Gould knapsack kerowater pump This checked the breeding of the scale and was apparently the means of saving a large number of trees that would otherwise have perished before time for winter treatment From December 25th to January 2d each badly infested tree with 15 or 20 adjacent was sprayed with a 15 per cent strength of kerosene using the Gould barrel pump In this manner the 1000 trees representing the centers of infestation had received two applications of oil 10 per cent followed by 15 per cent and about 15000 trees one application before the general treat ment of the orchard commenced It was intended that the entire orchard should be treated with crude petroleum but delay in obtaining this substance necessitated the continuation of the use of kersosene Taking the trees in regular order regardless of previous treatment 17000 wereBULLETIN NO 39 24 sprayed with a 20 per cent strength of kerosene between January 3d and 23d The crude oil had then arrived and from January 25th to February 7th 28000 peaches and 1000 plums were sprayed with a 20 per cent strength of this substance which regis tered 434 gravity on the Baume oil scale The remaining 10 000 trees being detached from the main orchard and containing only a slight infestation of scale were not taken into account in making notes However they were sprayed with a 20 per cent strength of kerosene beginning February nth The effect of the treatment was carefully watched and at the end of three weeks after 20 per cent kerosene had been applied to the block of 17000 trees in the general treatment a small per cent of live scale insects could here be found It was then too early to make a definite determination of the results but the owner was not satisfied with the indications and late in February this block was igiven another application of kerosene at a strength of 15 per cent Reviewing the treatment the orchard may be divided into plots which were sprayed as follows 1 Consisting of a part of the 1000 badly infested trees 10 per cent followed by 15 20 and 15 per cent at various periods during the fall and winter 2 Consisting of the remainder of the above mentioned trees with 10 per cent kerosene followed by 15 per cent kerosene and 20 per cent crude oil 3 Several thousand trees first sprayed with 15 per cent kero sene then later with 20 per cent kerosene and finally with 15 per cent of the same substance 4 The remainder of the trees first receiving the treatment of 15 per cent kerosene and later 20 per cent crude oil 5 A large block sprayed with 20 per cent kerosene in January and followed with 15 per cent later 6 The bulk of the orchard which was treated only once with 20 per cent crude oil 7 Several thousand trees upon which the application of 20 per cent crude oil was followed by another of 15 per cent of the same substance The entire work throughout the season was done in the most careful manner possible on a large scale Six Goulds barrel kerowater pumps were used and these were supplied with oil by extra teams while the water was piped into the orchard The work was done with negro labor superintended by the owner of250 GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE the orchard and two intelligent white men who at short intervals tested the percentage of oil discharges and saw that every portion of the tree was moistened with the spray When any part of the tree was found dry it was resprayed even at the cost of turning the team By constant attention the pumps were kept so adjusted as to do satisfactory work The results were most satisfactory When the winter work was begun the new double hose arrangement by which the oil and water are kept separate until the nozzle is reached was employed Instead of producing a mechanical mixture pure oil and pure water were alternately discharged On one morning in trying to start five pumps with these attachments a number of trees were sprayed with pure kerosene resulting in the death of 40 The new style attachment was discarded and no more injury was done save possibly the death of about 50 other trees which may be attributed to the combined effect of the scale and the treatment The trees bloomed and leaved out normally and bore a magnifi cent crop of fruit The scale was as nearly eradicated as we believe possible with any treatment During the course of spring and summer until June 17th when the last observations were made we visited the orchard three times and carefully examined several hundred trees both in the kerosene and crude oil blocks and found only two trees bearing live scales These were located in one of the kero sene blocks where two applications had been made A general inspection of the orchard on June 17th revealed no further infes tation of living scales It is understood of course that should every tree in the orchard be carefully examined a large number would no doubt show some infestation but the observations have been sufficiently extensive to warrant the statement that better results can rarely be obtained with any practical treatment PREPARATION OF THE INSECTICIDES For the sake of convenience the formulae and methods of pre paring such substances as require special preparation were not given in connection with the discussion of the tests Since the resin wash and carbolic acid emulsions did not give encouraging results instruction for their preparation does not appear to beBULLETIN NO 39 251 necessary here and only the emulsion of petroleum oils and the lime salt and sulphur wash need be treated of at any length OIL EMULSION PreparationAn emulsion of either crude petroleum or kero sene may be made from the following formula 2 pounds potash whaleoil soap 4 gallons water 8 gallons oil Weigh the soap carefully and place with the water in a vessel over the fire using a slight excess of water to make up for evapo ration Fit a pump with a short piece of hose to which is at tached a nozzle for throwing a straight stream T8 or J4 inch in diameter Pour the oil into the barrel or tub in which the pump is set and when the whaleoil soap is dissolved and the solution begins to boil add it to the oil and pump the whole vigorously back into itself for a period of at least ten minutes The stream from the nozzle should be directed straight downward into the mixture so as to stir itto the very bottom After a few min utes the oil and soap solution will be seen to combine forming a thick creamy emulsion which when perfectly made will remain without change for weeks Materials and Pump RequiredEither crude oil or kerosene will give good results in making emulsion The soap should preferably be some soft whaleoil soap such as Goods No 3 If a hard soap is used the emulsion will be curdy and only with difficulty mix with water Country lye soap answers admirably but must be used in somewhat larger quantity than called for in the formula given above The ordinary Bordeaux spray pump answers very well for mix ing the emulsion but almost any pump will do that can be fitted with the requisite section of hose and nozzle A Bordeaux or Seneca nozzle gives a very satisfactory sized stream for this work though rather small The water used must be soft for if hard no stable emulsion can be prepared and it sometimes happens that foreign substances chancing to be present will prevent the emulsification If a lot of soap solution and oil for any reason fails to emulsify properly252 GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE the best thing to do is to throw the whole away carefully clean up the pump wash out all the vessels used and begin over Properties of the EmulsionThe emulsion if well made of the proper soap will retain its creamy consistency when cold and is easily mixed with water in all proportions No alarm should be felt if a small portion of the soap and water fails to emulsify and separates at the bottom nor if after being exposed to the air for some time a thin scum forms over the surface If on long stand ing globules of free oil rise to the surface or if a thin ring of oil collects around the sides of the containing vessel the emulsion should either be thrown away or warmed up and agitated afresh It will keep in the concentrated condition if well made for weeks or even months but will quickly deteriorate if diluted Use of the EmulsionThe emulsion will mix with water in any proportion but unless kept constantly stirred will rise like crearn to the surface On this account it is necessary that pumps in which it is used be furnished with an agitator or else that the mixture be constantly stirred In diluting the emulsion for use if it has been made in quantity and allowed to stand it should first be thoroughly stirred so as to become uniform throughout The following table shows the properproportions of emulsion and water required to secure a given per cent of oil Z3A gallons emulsion 46J4 gallons water for 5 per cent oil 7Y2 gallons emulsion 42 gallons water for 10 per cent oil 11 gallons emulsion 38 gallons water for 15 per cent oil 15 gallons emulsion 35 gallons water for 20 per cent oil 18 gallons emulsion 31 gallons water for 25 per cent oil 22 gallons emulsion 27 gallons water for 30 per cent oil If desired the emulsion may be prepared in small lots each of which may be diluted to 50 gallons and a given per cent obtained For instance for a 50gallon barrel full of the diluted emulsion the following amount of oil soap and water would be necessary for the desired percentage For 25 per cent i2y2 gallons oil 6 gallons water 1 lbs soap For 20 per cent 10 gallons oil 5 gallons water 22 lbs soap For 15 per cent 7 gallons oil 4 gallons water 2 lbs soap For 10 per cent 5 gallons oil iy2 gallons water 154 lbs soapBULLETIN NO 39 25S Cost of PreparationThe cost of preparation will of course depend upon the circumstances With proper facilities and the help of a boy 12 or even 16 gallons of oil may be emulsified at a time with a little extra trouble and the work thus be carried on much faster For each 50gallon barrel of oil I2y2 pounds of soap will be required which will vary somewhat in price accord ing to the market and freight charges Fifty to sixty cents should cover it With ordinary price for labor and soap the cost per barrel for emulsifying oil should be between seventy and ninety cents LIME SALT AND SULPHUR Preparation Quick lime30 pounds Salt15 Flowers of sulphur20 Water to make 60 gallons Slake half the lime carefully and place it in a large kettle with 25 gallons of water grind the sulphur up with a little water breaking the lumps up as fine as possible and add to the lime boil As it boils the liquid will gradually become thinner and thinner the lime and sulphur dissolving simultaneously to form a deep orange red solution When the sulphur has apparently all entered into solution which may take two hours or more slake the re mainder of the lime add to it the salt and pour the two into the lime and sulphur solution Boil the whole for from half an hour to an hour longer strain and dilute with warm water to 60 gal lons Do not let it become thoroughly cold but spray while yet warm The principal care in making up this wash is to make sure that the sulphur is thoroughly dissolved Flowers of sulphur are apt to be more or less lumpy and these lumps are very difficult of solution The more thoroughly the sulphur is ground up with water before being boiled with the lime the less time it will take in boiling Ordinarily two or three hours constant boiling will be found necessary An iron kettle must be used if the boiling is done directly over a fire A better and cheaper way whenever a head of steam is available is to place the sulphur lime and salt together in a barrel254 GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE half full of water conduct the steam through a pipe to the bottom of the barrel and boil for two or three hours with occasional stir ring to make sure that nothing is settling If a boiler is con venient a pipe might be so arranged as to conduct steam to a num ber of barrels at once whaleoie SOAP The only preparation required for the use of this substance is to thoroughly dissolve it in water by boiling The boiling may be done in a large syrup kettle over a fire or in a barrel into which steam is conducted Measure the water add to it the desired amount of soap and stir until the solution is complete CRUDE CAUSTIC POTASH This substance needs only to be dissolved in water No heat is required but frequent stirring will hasten the solution RECOMMENDATIONS The results of our experiments do not materially change the former recommendations of this office for the treatment of the San Jose scale but they broaden the field of effective remedies giving the orchardist the option of choosing one of several The petroleum oils kerosene and crude petroleum which have fur nished the almost exclusive remedy forthe scale in this State came through the experiments with more points in their favor than any other substance tested although the lime salt and sul phur wash gave almost equally as good results In dealing with insecticides it is not usually safe to base recommendations upon one years experience and for this reason alone we are not willing to give the lime salt and sulphur wash the endorsement that the results obtained from its use in the tests would warrant How ever it deserves to be recorded as very promising and given a place in the recommendations allowing the orchard owners to choose between it and the oils Results of further tests which are planned for next winter may place this wash upon an equal with oils or even show its superiority to themBULLETIN NO 39 255 It will be remembered that in all former recommendations is sued from this office Bulletin i and Circulars 4 and 5 two ap plications during the course of the winter have been insisted upon One application appears to be sufficient for trees that have reached full growth but the results of our experiments show most con clusively the necessity for two in the treatment of young orchards The scale insects on young trees are more virulent multiply much more rapidly and are afforded a better food supply than those on older trees hence the number of surviving scales that would do no particular damage to old trees might seriously dam age those not yet full grown Moreover it is quite impossible to reach every portion of a tree with one application particularly if much wind is stirring and it is usually advisable to make two even in case of old trees Concluding not only from the recent experiments but in part from practical results obtained by the growers the recommenda tions for next winters work stand as follows 1 Oil EmulsionIn November or early December apply a 15 per cent strength of either crude oil or kerosene in emulsion with soap and in February or early March before the bloom buds open repeat the application at a strength of 20 per cent When obtained in car lots as was done last winter the crude oil is some cheaper and in general practice it has given slightly more satis factory results in its effect upon both the scale and the trees hence it should be given the preference Not having yet completed the experiments with lowgrade crude oils we can recommend only the Pennsylvania product registering not less than 43 gravity on the Beaume oil scale In spraying a tree the work should be done thoroughly but quickly moistening every portion of the tree above the ground without allowing the substance to run down the trunk Begin on the side of the tree opposite the pump and walk completely around spraying from the top downward and taking care to reach the twigs and the inside of the limbs If even small spots or twigs are left the best results can not be expected On the other hand the use of an excess of oil will endanger the tree and should be carefully avoided 2 Oil in Mechanical MixtureThe mechanical mixture of either crude oil or kerosene applied by the use of the oilwater pumps may be substituted for the emulsion recommended above So long as the pumps discharge a uniform percentage of oil re 256 GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE suits equally as good as those obtained from emulsion may be ex pected In addition to the precautions to be observed in the use of emulsion the mechanical mixing pumps require constant watch ing to keep them properly adjusted and the percentageof oil dis charged should be frequently tested To make these tests catch the mixture as it is discharged from the nozzle in a bottle with a straight side allow it to stand until the oil rises to the top and then with a rule measure the volume of oil as compared with the volume of water beneath it This will show the proportion of oil to water discharged If the desired percentage is not obtained the pump should be looked into and readjusted 3 LimeSaltSidphur WashThe lime salt and sulphur wash applied in February or March before the trees bloom This remedy gave such promising results in the tests that we venture to include it in the recommendations feeling confident of its success when properly prepared and thoroughly applied The instructions for its preparation should be carefully observed with particular reference to the boiling and its application should be thorough Since no fall or midwinter applications of this wash were made in the experiments we can at present advise its use only for spring spraying 4 Whaleoil SoapIn the treatment of family orchards it may be found more convenient to use whaleoil soap than the other more complicated remedies Use a potash soap and dissolve it by boiling in water at the rate of 2 lbs to each gallon Make the application in the early spring just before vegetation begins using a spray or cloth mop preferably the former Should only a very small number of trees be involved they might be successfully treated by rubbing on the solution with a cloth provided great care be taken to coat the small twigs as well as the trunk and limbs More thorough execution to the scale would be expected from two applications one at a strength of iJ2 lbs to the gallon of water and the other as recommended above A single application will not ordinarily give entire satisfaction Crude caustic potash being cheaper although not so effective may in some cases be advantageously substituted for whaleoil soap and indeed in commercial orchards where the scale is in a weakened condition from the age of the tree this substance may be used with success For effective work a strength of at least 10 lbs to 50 gallons of water will ordinarily be requiredFrom Bulletin Georgia Department op Agriculture SERIAL No 40 SEASON 19001901 INFORMATION IN REGARD TO COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS AND CHEMICALS AND ILLUMINATING OILS UNDER THE SUPERVISION OP O B STEVENS Commissioner of Agriculture of the Stale of Georgia JNO M McCANDLESS State Chemist K G WILLIAMS First Assistant State Chemist 17 at J Q BUKTON Scond Assistant State ChemistAN ACT To provide for the registration sale inspection and analysis of fertilizer materials in bulk in this State of Georgia and to repeal all laws and parts of laws in conflict therewith Section i Be it enacted by the General Assembly of Georgia and it is hereby enacted by the authority of the same That from and after the passage of this Act it shall be lawful for manufac turers jobbers dealers and manipulators of commercial fertil izers and fertilizer materials to sell or offer for sale in the State of Georgia acid phosphate or other fertilizer materials in bulk to persons individuals or firms who desire to purchase the same for their own use on their own lands but not for sale SEC 2 Be it further enacted That the Commissioner of Agri culture of this State shall have the authority to establish such rules and regulations in regard to the registration inspection sale and analysis of acid phosphate or other fertilizer materials in bulk sold to persons individuals or firms who desire to pur chase and use the same as provided in section i of this Act as shall not be inconsistent with the provisions of this Act and as in his judgment will best carry out the requirements thereof SEC 3 Be it further enacted That the same inspection fees shall be paid by manufacturers dealers jobbers and manipulators who sell acid phosphate or other fertilizer materials in bulk under the provisions of this bill as applies to such goods when placed in sacks barrels or boxes under the general fertilizer laws of this State and such inspection fees shall be transmitted to the Com missioner of Agriculture at the time notice of shipment of such acid phosphate or other fertilizer materials in bulk are made to the purchaser or purchasers provided for in this Act SEC 4 Be it further enacted That it is hereby made the duty of the Commissioner of Agriculture to personally prosecute each and every offender under the provisions of this Act and upon conviction such offenders shall be punished as prescribed in sec tion 1039 of the Code of Georgia and all fines arising therefrom shall be paid into and become a part of the general educational fund of the State SEC 5 Be it further enacted That all laws and parts of laws in conflict with this Act be and the same are hereby repealed Approved August 14 1903 260 GEORGIA DEPARTMENT 0F AGRICULTURE State op Georgia Office op Secretary op State I Philip Cook Secretary of State of the State of Georgia do hereby certify that the attached two 2 sheets of typewritten matter contain a true and correct copy of the Act to provide for the registration sale inspection and analysis of fertilizer mate rials in bulk in this State of Georgia and to repeal all laws and parts of laws in conflict therewith the original of which is of file in this department In testimony whereof I have hereunto set my hand and affixed the seal of my office at the Capitol in the city of Atlanta this 14th day of August in the year of our Lord One Thousand Nine Hundred and Three and of the Independence of the United States of America the One Hundred and Twentyeighth Philip Cook Secretary of State REPORT OF THE STATE CHEMIST State of Georgia Department of Agriculture Division of Chemistry Atlanta Ga August 20 1903 Hon 0 B Stevens Commissioner of Agriculture of the State of Georgia Dear Sir Attached to this report I beg to hand you tables of analyses of commercial fertilizers sold in the State of Georgia during the season of 19021903 The number of brands on the market this season is 895 as against 735 the previous years The consumption of commercial fertilizers has reached the unprece dented total of 628484 tons breaking the hitherto unbroken rec ord of last season and necessitating the execution of a greater number of analyses than ever before made in the history of the department The new fertilizer law of the State consolidating all of the old fertilizer laws retaining all that was good in them and adding some new features has been in operation for the first time during the present seasonBULLETIN NO 40 261 The new system of uniform branding giving in the shortest and simplest manner possible the essential ingredients of plant food in the fertilizers has been inaugurated though not with out some friction with the manufacturers and some extra expense to them in changing the forms of brands to which they have been accustomed Two results of importance to the farming interest will accrue from this change In the first place as the State of Alabama has already adopted our new law prac tically unchanged and as I understand the States of Tennessee and North Carolina are about toadopt it a great saving will be effected in the matter of sacking and resacking and branding and rebranding fertilizers shipped from one State into another as the various laws will require precisely the same brands and guar antees on all the sacks This expense the farmer would doubtless have to meet in the end and therefore this useless expense is saved to him by the form of brand prescribed by the new law The second result of importance flowing from the style of brand under the new law is this that it does away with the old sliding scale of percentages of plantfood almost uniformly adopted by the manufacturers under the old law For instance when a manufacturer intended to guarantee eight per cent available phosphoric acid two per cent ammonia and two per cent of pot ash under the old law he would brand his sacks thus Available phosphoric acid8 to 10 per cent Ammonia2 to 4 per cent Potash2 to 4 per cent Under the new law the guarantee must be branded on the sack in the minimum percentage only which he intends to guarantee the result is that in order to be on the side of safety the manu facturer is obliged to give a little more of each ingredient than he actually guarantees and the purchaser is no longer deceived into thinking that perhaps he is getting three per cent ammonia or three per cent of potash under the old sliding scale guarantee of two to four Section 4 of the new fertilizer law of Georgia prohibits the sale of any commercial fertilizer in this State containing less than twelve per cent of total plantfood viz available phosphoric acid ammonia and potash when the percentages of the three are added together as against ten per cent minimum under the old law We thus have a twenty per cent compulsory increase in the minimum amount of plantfood allowed by law This is a fact on which the farmers of the State are to be congratulated that is262 GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE that the minimum guarantee permitted by their new law is twenty per cent above that permitted by the old law and that it is now as high as expediency would warrant considering the grades of the various fertilizer materials from which commercial fertilizers are now manufactured In spite of the increased compulsory minimum grade of the fertilizers put on the market this year the predictions of those who prophesied a corresponding increase in price have not been verified On the contrary the average sell ing price this year has been from 25 cents to 1 a ton less thani the preceding year working under the old law IN REGARD TO FILLERS In this connection I beg to insert a portion of a letter written to a Georgia farmer on fillers as being appropriate A filler may be defined as being any substance put into a fertilizer or existing there naturally which is not phosphoric acid nitrogen or potash Fillers are of two kinds natural and artifi cial I have just given you an instance of a natural filler in the complete analysis of the fertilizer made out of acid phosphate cottonseed meal and kainit and in this mixture only twelve and eightythree hundredths pounds per hundred consisted of phos phoric acid nitrogen and potash the rest was all filler put there by nature in the original making of these materials It is true man did put in some sulphuric acid but that was necessary to make phosphoric acid available or soluble so it can scarcely be considered as an artificial filler The artificial filler is the filler put in by man for the purpose of reducing the total percentage of plantfood in a fertilizer The materials used as artificial fillers are numerous they may be sand powdered cinders graphitic slate shale pyrite cinder marl gypsum etc All of them are practically without any value as fertilizers How is it then you inquire that such substances can be put into our fertilizers if we have an efficient inspection by the Department of Agriculture I will explain how that is Suppose that a manufacturer instead of having on hand only South Carolina acid phosphate cottonseed meal and kainit where you call on him for an 822 goads has on hand some of the highest grade materials known to the trade He has say acid phosphate made from Tennessee or Florida rock which contains twenty per cent of available phosphoric acid also nitrate of soda with sixteen per cent of nitrogen dried blood with fourteen per cent nitrogen sulphate of ammonia withBULLETIN NO 40 263 twenty per cent nitrogen muriate of potash with fifty per cent of potash with these materials on hand he receives your order for a fertilizer guaranteed to contain as small an amount of plant food as the law will permit viz twelve per cent made up of eight per cent available phosphoric acid two per cent nitrogen two per cent potash Considering the materials he has on hand he figures out this formula 825 pounds of 20 per cent acid phosphate 215 pounds of 14 per cent dried blood 75 pounds of 16 per cent nitrate of soda 85 pounds of 50 per cent muriate of potash 1200 pounds Now in this 1200 pounds of highgrade materials he has all the plantfood you called for with a small margin for safety You called for eight per cent of a ton in available phosphoric acid or one hundred and sixty pounds and in his 825 pounds of twenty per cent acid phosphate he has given you one hundred and sixtyfive pounds of available phosphoric acid you called for two per cent of a ton or forty pounds of nitrogen and in his 215 pounds of dried blood containing fourteen per cent nitrogen and seventyfive pounds nitrate of soda with sixteen per cent of nitro gen he has given you fortytwo and onetenth pounds of nitro gen In like manner you called for forty pounds of potash and in eightyfive pounds of fifty per cent muriate of potash he has given you fortytwo and a half pounds of actual potash Now the best thing both for you and the manufacturer the cheapest thing for both of you would be for him to send you that twelve hundred pounds put up in six sacks which upon inspection and analysis would show Available phosphoric acid1375 Per cent Nitrogen 350 per cent Potash 354 per cent But no you wont have it that way you must have a ton ten sacks of 822 so the manufacturer rather than enter upon a campaign of education with all his customers obligingly freights into his factory eight hundred pounds of powdered slate mined some hundred miles away utterly worthless as fertilizer and mixes it in with the twelve hundred pounds of good fertilizer making one ton This mixture on inspection and analysis shows 264 GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OE AGRICULTURE Available phosphoric acid825 per cent Nitrogen210 per cent Potash212 per cent A SMALL QUANTITY OE HIGHGRADE FERTILIZER BETTER THAN A LARGE QUANTITY 0 LOWER GRADE Now suppose you had exercised a little common sense and bought the six sacks analyzing 1375 350 and 354 you would have been saved the cost of mining pulverizing and freighting of the artificial filler to the factory and the freight on four sacks of it from the factory to your railroad station and the wear and tear on your mules hauling that extra eight hundred pounds ten miles to the farm Wouldnt it have been much better to have bought the six sacks and when you got home if you wanted it in the proportion of 822 which is a good proportion to have mixed up the six sacks yourself with woods earth or compost or even sand before distributing I think I hear you say well thats true but why dont you fix the law and raise the grade so these fellows cant put in all this artificial filler My dear friend there never yet was and there never will be a law framed which can meet all the conditions of a great social and industrial problem or which will compensate for the failure to exercise his own intelligence on the part of the individual citi zen Think for a moment suppose we should pass a law making it impossible to use any artificial fillers in the manufacture of commercial fertilizers by raising the grade to a very high point Do you not see that by so doing we should at once paralyze this great industry and cut short the cotton crop of the State since we would at once bar the use of South Carolina acid phosphate cottonseed meal and kainit and a number of other good materials of similar grade and thus at once raise the price of the high grade materials to an unheardof degree by greatly increasing the demand for them No the conditions have been very thoroughly studied in every particular by the Commissioners of Agriculture of the va rious States aided and advised by those best qualified by experi ence and training to understand the matter in all of its details and the result of their deliberations is embodied in the new Geor gia fertilizer law printed in this bulletin This law raises the grade of commercial fertilizers from a total plantfood of ten per cent minimum under the old law to twelve per cent mini mum and protects the farmer in every way that a good and justBULLETIN NO 40 265 law can protect him It will give him the highest grade of fer tilizers he has ever bought it will protect him against fraud it will guarantee that he gets every pound of fertilizing value that ihe pays for in fine it is the best fertilizer law now on the statute hooks of any State but even such a law can not prevent the use of fillers Only education on the part of the farmer and a demand on his part for the higher grades of fertilizers will eliminate the use of fillers When you and your brother farmers study the per centages of plantfood in a fertilizer and prefer to buy five or six sacks of a highgrade goods to buying ten sacks of a goods con taining only the same quantity of actual plant food then there will be no more filler put into highgrade fertilizer materials but the capital of the manufacturer and the skill of the chemist will be exerted in the effort to take out of the present lowgrade fertilizer materials as much as possible of the filler which God and nature have put there SUGGESTIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS In the matter of suggestion and recommendation for the fu ture I know of nothing more important to the people of the State at large and the farmers in particular than the passage of a general purefood law with provision for its enforcement as covering my ideas on this subject and as showing the necessity for such legislation I beg to present below a copy of an address delivered by me at the Sugar Growers Convention held in Ma con last May Respectfully J M McCandlESS State Chemist ADDRESS DELIVERED BY STATE CHEMIST MCANDLESS BEEORE THE SUGAR GROWERS CONVENTION AT MACON GA MAY 6 I9O3 Mr President and Gentlemen Being requested a few days since by your President to read a paper at this convention I suspended temporarily the steady work we have been doing for months past on commercial fertilizers266 GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OE AGRICULTURE and decided that I could perhaps help the cane growers and syrup boilers of the State more effectively by analyzing carefully some of the syrups on the market than in any other way I therefore sent out and bought samples of syrup from retail stores in various parts of Atlanta The instructions to the buyer were in all cases to ask for Georgia cane syrup and also to inquire the price per gallon With the aid of Messrs Williams and Burton the As sistant State Chemists the work has just been completed with the following results 0 a a Price Per Gallon Reading of Polariscc pe Direct Invert Per Cent Sucrose Per Cent Glucose 1 2 570 570 1042 660 51 6 8S8 594 1303 548 522 550 1072 632 213 150 748 145 209 498 172 1155 213 194 209 774 108 594 545223 316 545 294 576 111 572 538 571 224 39 4 60 60j 50 m 50 COf 50 500 50 3 4 5 468 204 6 7 339 8 9 681 10 11 12 13 484 136 Thus we have practically fifty per cent of the samples of Geor gia cane syrup purchased at random in the retail grocery stores of the capital city of Georgia adulterated with glucose Now glu cose of itself is harmless is in fact a perfectly wholesome sweet if well made but it is the fraud of which I complain of which the consumer has a perfect right to complain of which the cane grower has a just right to complain Here is an article famous the country over for its peculiar flavorous sweetness which a citizen of Georgia in the capital city of his own State calling for Georgia cane syrup and paying the price asked and a good one for a genuine article can not obtain with certainty We will pass over the fraud on the consumer what this convention is more vitally interested in is fraud upon the cane grower Does not the fact that there is such adulteration show that there is a great and growing demand for the genuine article which can not be met at the ordinary price under the present conditions of supply and demand without resort to fraudulent practices Does it not show that if the State only exercised a rigid supervision over theBULLETIN NO 40 267 food supply of her citizens and enforced a fixed standard of purity that the cane grower would profit by it If the adulter ated stuff now on the market were forced off would not the de mand exceeding the supply raise the price from 60 cents now asked and obtained for the fraudulent compound to 75 cents or more for the genuine article But you will say is there not a law prohibiting the adulteration of syrup Yes a law was passed at the last session of the General Assembly making it a misde meanor to adulterate any syrup after the first day of September 1903 So under the laws of Georgia it is at present perfectly legal to do all the adulteration you want But suppose we have reached the first day of September 1903 what good is the law then There is no provision made to enforce it no funds pro vided for carrying it out It simply says Hear oh Israel this is the law and rests confident in the sweet conviction that Israel will hear and obey In like manner gentlemen we have various laws on the stat ute books directed against the adulteration of foods and food products special laws against the adulteration of milk and cheese and butter and other articles but making no provision for their enforcement Gentlemen we have one law on the statute books against adulteration which is enforced and that is the law direct ed against fraudulent fertilizers You have a Department of Ag riculture devoted heart and soul to this end you have inspectors traveling the length and breadth of the State taking samples of fertilizer at every railroad station and in many instances on the farms themselves and you have a small force of chemists working steadily on the thousands of samples sent out by these inspectors you have a law prescribing a minimum per cent of plant food below which a fertilizer shall not fall and you have a Commis sioner of Agriculture who publishes the results of all these analy ses so that the consumer may read for himself and see what he buys You have in consequence one great industry honestly con ducted More than a half million tons of commercial fertilizers have been and will be sold this year in Georgia and the harvests of corn and cotton and oil and meal not to mention syrup will proclaim in the most unanswerable manner the honesty with which that great industry is conducted The majority of men in all industries are honest but there are also rogues whom we must watch and expose for the benefit of the honest men and the gen eral public Gentlemen you have a State Department of Agriculture which turns into the State treasury every year from the fertilizer tax268 GEORGIA DEPARTMENT Of AGRICUETURE 40000 in excess of the sum required to run it and pay all its ex penses This 40000 is a special tax levied on a special class the farmers and spent for the benefit of the general public and all classes Why can not your association and the Dairymens As sociation and the other agricultural associations of the State see to it that a general pure food law is enacted in Georgia a law drawn both by the chemists who are to execute it as well as legis lators who are to pass it which will give us pure foods for our bodies as well as pure food for our soils Give the Department of Agriculture back a part of the money which it now turns into the State treasury to aid in the education of the white brown black and yellow boys and girls of the State Give us a little less education of everybodys children with this 40000 of special tax paid by the farmer only and give us a little more pure food by means of a welldrawn and rigidly enforced law This will ben efit everybody in general and the farmer in particular by driving adulterated foods from the market and increasing the demand for pure milk butter cheese sirup and the other products of the farm I do not believe in being extreme nor in driving wholesome foods out of the market simply from prejudice If a merchant wants to sellt a mixture of glucose and cane syrup let him so brand the compound and put the world on notice what he is sell ing and in like manner with oleomargarine or other wholesome but cheap products of the factories Let every tub stand on its own bottom One word more and I am done you already have the organi zation in your Department of Agriculture necessary to accom plish all this Already the Department earns more money than is needed to carry out such a law as I have outlined but it is taken from it and a bare sufficiency doled out to it to carry on its present work My advice to you gentlemen if you want this done and done well is to model your Department of Agriculture after that of the United States Department of Agriculture at Washington and take it out of politics as far as possible Let your Commis sioner of Agriculture be appointed by the Governor just as the Secretary of Agriculture is appointed by the President Then let the Commissioner of Agriculture appoint his lieutenants who are to help him execute the laws upon the faithful execution of which so much depends with a view to their fitness for the work to be done and not with an eye single to the result of the next election That being done make it impossible for him to remove those lieutenants from office except for good and sufficient causeBULLETIN NO 40 269 Gentlemen I am firm in the conviction that if you can accomplish that you will have done a great and glorious days work for Georgia ANALYSIS OF THE GEORGIA PEACH In view of the great and growing importance of the peach crop of this State and at the request of those interested in the matter we have in the intervals of official work made and just completed an analysis giving the more important constituents of the peach and especially a full and complete analysis of the ash or mineral matter Through the courtesy and interest in the matter of State Ento mologist Scott I received a crate of fine Elbertas and we at once commenced the analysis The sugar and the nitrogen being the important and interesting organic constituents were at once de termined in the fresh fruit with the following results m Per Cent Total sugar z 2 Nitrogen 6Q Equivalent to protein l 0g Then came the slow process of ascertaining the nature and amount of the mineral elements contained in the peach We took one kilogramme about 2 pounds of the peaches and dried them slowly at a gentle heat as they became dry they were transferred to a large platinum dish and charred slowly at a some what higher temperature the process of incineration or reduc tion to a pure white ash consuming several days and nights It is necessary to be especially careful in this part of the work to avoid a temperature above low redness else certain parts of the ash might be lost When the incineration was finished and the last bit of carbon was burnt off the pure ash remaining amounted to 449 per cent of the weight of the peaches used or just about enough to analyze without wasting any The analysis of pure peach ash was as follows270 GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Per Cent Potash K20 66Q4 Soda Na20 Lime CaO Magnesia MgO J Manganese oxide Mnu4j Oxides of iron and aluminum Phosphoric acid P2Ob Sulphuric acid SOs Chlorine Cl Silicia Si02 37 10000 The striking point brought out by this analysis is the decided preference of the peach for the element potassium more than two I hS of the mineral matter of the peach being potash or potas S oxide This preference is the more striking when we con X Z fact thatthe land on whichthese peaches was grown had received no fertilizer so that the trees had literally to root for their potash and extract it from the clay of the soil On talking with peach growers I learn that the weight of a crate of peaches varies considerably but that probably an average odd be fortyfive pounds I myself weighed an empty crate and found it to weigh nearly eight pounds with its baskets so we wouldprobably not be far wrong in estimating the netgh of an average crate of peaches at thirtyfive pounds The heaviest well authenticated yield of peaches in the State is 5019 crates from 70 trees It is best to plant not more than 140 trees per acre 140 is 18 66 per cent of 750 and 5019 crates at 35 pounds per crate ufdPber 1 5665 pounds ilff per cent of this woukl be V 779 pounds so we may take 30000 pounds of fruit as rep resenting what might be called a large yield from a thrifty or CUFom Sett let us calculate the quantities of nitrogen pot ash and phosphoric acid that would be carried off from an acre of land by a heavy crop of peaches Assuming our analysis of the peach and its ash to be an average analysis there would be carried off per acreBULLETIN NO 40 271 T Pounds Nitrogen 22 Potash 07 66 Phosphoric acid T6 46 To replace these quantities of plant food carried off by the fruit alone there would be required Cottonseedmeal7c0 00 Sulphate of potash 50 per cent 20000 Acid phosphate 10000 Such a crop as that mentioned above is however most extra ordinary What would be considered a good average crop would be about onesixth of the above or about one crate per tree Such an average crop would remove 87 pounds of nitrogen 1628 pounds of potash and 275 pounds of phosphoric acid per acre winch could be replaced by an application of cottonseedmeal 12k pounds f PtaSh 35 PUndS add PhosPhate 25 Though in practice it is recognized that the plant does not or can not make use of every pound of plant food given it and that theie is considerable waste or loss so that I would advise for PerCacre appllCEtl0n f not less than following application FORMULA PLR ACRE FOR PFACHFS Cottonseedmeal Sulphate potash jL Acid phosphate cQ Of course it is impossible to give a formula to fit all cases Hie grower should take into consideration the age of his trees and consequently the amount of the fruit he expects to remove per acre also the number of trees per acre and the character of his soil whether clay or sandy rich or poor I advise the use of sulphate of potash in preference to muriate or kamit on theoretical considerations I note in the analysis that only a trace of chlorine has been taken from the unfertilized soil by the peach whilst nearly 10 per cent of the pure ash is sul phuric acid It is further well known that the sugar beet abhors chlorine since muriate of potash and kainit are injurious to it272 GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OE AGRICULTURE containing as they do large percentages of chlorine whilst sul phate of potash is beneficial improving the sugar contents I would urge growers to try a few acres fertilized with muri ate of potash alongside the same number of acres fertilized with sulphate of potash and observe the results in the quality and flavor of the fruit I will take pleasure in analyzing samples so grown for sugar to ascertain if there be any superiority in fruit Irown with sulphate over that grown with muriate of Potash g In conclusion I will say that we have but little to guide us by way of comparison in this investigation as there seem to be few If any reliable analyses of the peach on record Atwater who gives a large number of analyses of other fruits omits the peach enAnJther year I hope to make analyses of peaches raised on land highly fertilized and so compare them with the analysis just made of peaches raised on unfertilized soil and see whether there be much variation in the relative composition of the ash and also if possible to settle the question of the relative merit of muriate and sulphate of potash I desire to thank my assistants Messrs R G Williams and Joseph Q Burton for their skillful aid and interest in this inves tigation Respectfully submitted John M McCandeESS State ChemistSPECIAL BULLETINS OF THE Georgia Department of Agriculture 18 a bPREFACE TO SPECIAL BULLETINS Instead of the usual Talk of the Commissioner I have deemed it best to publish in this Commercial Fertilizer Bulletin the discus sions of the six agricultural subjects that follow in the prepara tion of which I have been greatly assisted by R F Wright As sistant Commissioner and J T Derry Historian and Statistician O B STEVENS BULLETIN NO 40 275 COTTON Among the most valuable of all natures productions is cotton that wonderful plant of the natural order Malvaceae which through the down of fine cellular hair attached to its seeds sup plies the raw material for some of our greatest industries and for the largest part of the clothing of all nations Linnaeus the great botanist admitted five species of Gossy pium which is the generic name for all the plants of this kind By some subsequent botanists the number of species has been esti mated at twenty and even more Professor Parlatore after studying cottons which he had seen cultivated in Italy came to the conclusion that there were but seven species the rest being merely varieties The cultivators of cotton have been very extravagant in multi plying the species or varieties The Oriental or Indian and the Occidental or American cot tons constitute the two great typical divisions of the kinds best known to commerce Numerous varieties of each type consti tuting distinct races of the same species give ample scope to ex perimenters in their efforts for the improvement of the plant There are several varieties of Indian cotton the most peculiar of which is the purpleblossomed cottontree known as Gossypium arboreum and Gossypium religiosum the latter name being given by reason of the fact that it is grown around the temples in India and supplies the material for the sacerdotal or priestly tripar tite thread which the Brahmans regard with great veneration as the emblem of their Trinity This plant conspicuous for its dark green leaves and redpurple blossoms produces a silky cotton Although attempts have been made to make it an article of com merce by hybridizing they have so far been unsuccessful With the exception of this one the different varieties of India cotton are but different forms of Gossypium herbaceum One of these cultivated to a considerable extent in the Levant is known as Smyrna cotton The cottons of India are usually included in the generic term Surats Dharwar in the southern part of the Bom bay Presidency is the only part of India in which exotic cotton lias been successfully cultivated The great variety grown is chiefly acclimatized American cotton from seed of the New Or276 GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICUIfURE leans species Gossypium hirsutum Though cotton of these various types is grown in China and Central Asia little or no supply is furnished to other countries Occidental or American cottons which were not known to the world until after the discovery of America consist of two great divisions Barbadensian or blackseeded cottons having pure yel low blossoms with a reddishpurple spot at the base of the petals and the Hirsute or hairy cotton with white or primrosecolored blossoms The cottons most sought after by manufacturers are those of the Western World known as New Orleans or Upland and SeaIsland varieties constituting the great bulk of all the cottons known to commerce The SeaIsland plant produced chiefly on the lowlying islands off the coast of Georgia sur passes all other kinds of cotton in the length strength and beauty of its staple The Georgia Upland sometimes called Boweds being the result of attempts to cultivate SeaIsland cotton upon the uplands of Georgia and the New Orleans are known in Eng lish and European markets as American Cottons and consti tute the great production of the United States Of the New Orleans cotton which is perhaps of Mexican origin there are two varieties one having green seeds and hardy constitution the other with white tawny or grayish seeds of longer and more silky staple The longstaple or SeaIsland cot tons have black seeds The times for planting cotton are from March 15 to May 15 and at times to June 1 and the crop is gathered from August to the end of the year and in some localities even later One of the most important events in the history of the commer cial world was the invention of the cottongin in 1794 by EH Whitney of Massachusetts who at the time was the guest of his aunt the widow of General Nathaniel Greene whose home was in Georgia Prior to that time the separation of the lint from the seed was so difficult as to greatly limit the production of cotton As at that time this was done by hand the task to each person was four pounds of lint cotton per week this work being done at night in addition to the usual field work At this rate one person would require two years to turn out the quantity of cotton con tained in one average standard bale of 500 pounds Now one gin in proportion to its power and saw capacity will gin out from three to fifteen 500pound bales in a single day Probably no invention ever caused such rapid development of the industry with which it was associated In 1793 the exportation of cottonBULLETIN NO 40 277 from the United States was 487500 pounds or 975 bales esti mated at 500 pounds to the bale In 1898 the production was more than 12000000 bales or 6000000000 pounds which at the present price of ten cents a pound would bring 600 000000 Without the gin cotton could never have become the great article of commerce that it is today To come nearer home the average cotton crop of Georgia for many years past has been about 1250000 bales or 625000000 pounds estimated at 500 pounds to the bale which at the pres ent price of ten cents a pound would bring 62500000 But in counting the amount in dollars brought into our State by a cotton crop so judiciously raised as to bring the above good price another item is now to be considered Among the most reliable resources of the Southern farmer should be counted the profits arising from the sale of his cotton seed How well can many of us remember the day when after saving out enough for replanting and some for manuring land the great remainder of the seed was burned up as useless But now this byproduct of the cotton brings annually to the farmers of Georgia millions of dollars Not even the coming of the cot ton mills to the fields has been productive of more good to the planter than the establishment of the oil mills that utilize the seed once held in such poor esteem They furnish to the farmer the meal cakes and hulls a cheap and wholesome food for all stock besides supplying him with an excellent fertilizer The cotton seed also supplies to the fertilizer factories a material rich in nitrogen to be used in preparing their chemical fertilizer The farmer can use upon his fields the meal either alone or in the com post heap and thus furnish his soil with nitrogen the most costly of all plantfoods For the oil extracted at these mills there are many uses The crude oil often refined is known as summer oil and of this we Tiave a prime yellow oil sometimes called butter oil from which are manufactured oleomargarine butterine cotolene etc A se lected yellow oil subjected to cold pressure becomes a salad oil and has to a considerable extent taken the place of olive oil The stearine left on the cloth in the filter press after being refined is used for making butter lard and candles and for purposes of illumination cottonseedoil ranks next to sperm The bleached summer oil when cold pressed is called winter white oil and is used in miners lamps and in making various medicinal com pounds 278 GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTyRE Thus we see from every pound of raw cotton of which only onethird is lint the modern farmer has also the profit arising from the other twothirds the once so slightly esteemed cotton seed the value of which is sure to increase as its uses multiply and has already gone up from 600 to 2600 a ton According to the wellestablished fact that for every pound of lint there are two pounds of seed the average cotton crop of Georgia will give 1350000000 pounds of cottonseed If one third of these are kept by the farmers for replanting or for use in homemade fertilizers there will be left 900000000 pounds which sold at the price of two cents a pound would bring 18 000000 From the bulletin on Cotton Ginning issued by the United States Census office in the spring of 1903 we quote the follow ing figures showing the Quantity and estimated value of Up land and SeaIsland Cotton and seed and total value of crop grown in 1902 11078882 bales equals 5052277225 pounds of Upland Cotton valued at414286732 45 And 39363523 pounds of SeaIsland Cotton valued at 7401208 15 Totals 5091640748 pounds of Upland and SeaIsland Cotton vauled at421687940 60 To this add 5091641 tons of cottonseed valued at 80209194 05 And we have as the total value of the cotton crop of the United States for 1902501897134 6 This is greater than that of any other agricultural product except corn which for 1901 was valued at 921555768 The wheat crop in 1901 was the largest on record and was valued at 467350156 which is less than the value of the cotton crop of IQ02 by 3454697865 But Georgia farmers are particularly interested in the report for Georgia taken from the same table in the same bulletin which is as followsBULLETIN NO 40 279 658202602 pounds of Upland Cotton valued at53972613 00 23105075 pounds of SeaIsland Cotton valued at 3927862 75 Totals 681307677 pounds of Upland and SeaIsland Cotton valued at 57900476 12 To this add 681308 tons of cottonseed valued at 1110532040 And we have as the total value of Georgia Cot ton crop for 190269005796 52 The value of the Georgia cotton crop is greater than that of any other State except Texas From the same bulletin we get the total gross weight of cotton ginned from crop grown in 1902 with average gross weight of square round and SeaIsland bales for the State of Georgia which is as follows In square bales 671733379 pounds In round bales 17083288 pounds In SeaIsland bales 23705285 pounds Total number of pounds712521952 pounds Average gross weight of bales in Georgia is 4859 pounds for the square bale 256 pounds for the round bale and 3949 pounds for a bale of SeaIsland cotton The number of bales ginned in Georgia in 1902 was 1509199 and in Mississippi 1451626 bales But the Mississippi bale averages 507 pounds making her production by pounds 721869 939 By reason of her SeaIsland cotton however Georgias crop exceeds that of Mississippi in value by 125452483 For many years Georgia has ranked most of the time as the second in cotton production Its average yield to the acre is not so great as one might suppose who has seen the wonderful results secured on some farms by the employment of the best scientific methods nor so small as one might expect who has seen the pro duction on some of our poor lands worked by unskilled negn la borers employing the loose methods that once prevailed and are still prevalent on many farms For many of our farmers no instruction is necessary concern ing the cultivation of cotton But there are many whose methods2S0 GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OE AGRICULTURE need great improvement and others who coming from the North or West and settling in our State are anxious to learn all about the cultivation and handling of a crop of cotton PREPARATION AND CULTIVATION Of course the first step is thorough preparation of the land Turn up the land well with a turning plow then if the land re quires it subsoil Next harrow and roll the object being to make a thoroughly pulverized seed bed so necessary in the grow ing of any farm product Next put on the amount and kind of fertilizer needed either by broadcasting or drilling or open the furrows and bed on the fertilizers if they are put between the rows When ready to put in the seed a small part of fertilizer can be distributed with it As is well known to every Southern farmer cotton requires a great deal of sunshine It must be so managed as not to overtask the land by requiring so much of the strength of the soil for the stalk that there will not be enough left for the nourishment of the fruit If the plants are allowed to come up too close together the result will be too much shade and too much running of the plant to stalk Apply the same principle to the selection of your seed that you would to any other crop Then put them in the wellprepared soil at the distance of 12 to 24 inches in the drill and in rows from 3 to 6 feet apart The proper distance must be determined by the fertility of the soil The great thing to be desired is that the stalks when grown should barely meet in the row In this way there will be secured to the plants the strength of the land for the fruit thus greatly increasing the average pro duction to the acre Before cotton comes up harrow well using the best modern tools The object in this is to loosen the crust as well as to kiL grass and weeds always so ready to spring up If when the cotton has come up the plants should be too close together thin them to a stand Then use modern harrows and cultivators which can be obtained at any store which deals in farm implements Proper preparation and cultivation of soil are impossible with the antiquated tools of past generations No farmer can hope to get the best results from his land without the use of improved plows rollers harrows planters weeders and cultivators The man who will persist in the use of oldtime tools and methods need not be surprised if his neighbor leaves him far behind in the race The oldfashioned tools will not properly pulverize theBULLETIN NO 40 281 soil nence many clods are left unbroken or to be broken one at a time With improved implements he can plow the land to the necessary depth and then crush the clods on a strip seven or eight inches wide across the field The same implement that firms the surface will kill the weeds not allowing one to reach a height of even one inch FERTILITY A judicious use of fertilizers will enormously increase the productiveness of the fields The composting of commercial fer tilizers with animal manures marl muck and cottonseed will greatly reduce the cost of fertilization All the manurial re sources of the farm should be gathered together and saved under shelter that they may be ready for application to the fields at the proper time Right here we think it appropriate to quote the saying of Mr James M Smith of Oglethorpe who declares that the cow or steer is our best fertilizer factory He has proved his faith by his works and has confirmed the faith of others who hold the same opinion For many years he has kept on hand 500 head of cattle which he pastures in the summer and feeds in the winter on cot tonseedmeal and hulls together with other forage usually fed the stock He has from 75 to 100 milch cows Jerseys Devons and Holsteins some of pure and others of mixed breeds These cows have furnished each year 20000 pounds of butter bringing from 18 to 25 cents a pound wholesale Moreover he has been able to sell about 100 head of cattle each year without diminishing his herd from which it is plain that there is a steady increase of his cattle His cattle are kept in an inclosure of fifteen acres being moved occasionally to another lot and every month or so the ground is turned Thus he has so enriched several hundred acres of land that on some of them he has raised from 30 to 35 bushels of wheat to the acre on some 65 bushels of corn and on others two bales of cotton to the acre This land once worth at the highest figure 1000 an acre he now considers cheap at 5000 an acre Although the average lands of Georgia produce only about one third of a bale of lint cotton to the acre there are many farmers of our State who by careful study of the needs of their land by judicious rotation of crops and skilful use of both commercial282 GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE and domestic fertilizers have taken land no better than the aver age and brought it to that point where it readily produces one bale of cotton to the acre SELECTION OF SEED The average Georgia farmer does not pay sufficient attention to the variety of cotton planted or to the selection of his seed Now what is true of the seed of other plants is also true of the seed of cotton Some are far better than others Some of the favorite varieties known to our farmers are the Prize Schley Moss Improved Russels Big Boll Lees Im proved Stricklands Improved Camerons Culpeppers Improved Norris Big Boll Moores Cluster Excelsior Doughtys Excel sior Texas Burr Haralsons Truitts Todds Improved Gin house Sheves Improved Edgeworth Berrys English Big Boll Corputs Fine Griffins Improved Imported Egyptian cotton has also been tried but with less satisfactory results than have been obtained from any of the others When a farmer has made a selection from some well approved variety he can still further build up the quality of his cotton by watching its growth and making selections of seed for his next years planting from those stalks which have yielded the largest number of bolls of fine quality and have shbwn themselves capa ble of resisting any disease that may have appeared in his crop It is the practice of some of our most successful cottongrowers to either send some competent hand or go themselves over their cotton fields and select the best developed bolls gathering a few from each individual plant After this has been done the bolls thus selected are put aside apart from all others Great care is taken that they shall not become heated during the process of drying In ginning be careful that they are not mixed with any other seed for carelessness in this respect will defeat the object sought in the careful selection Continue this method from year to year and there will be a steady improvement in the cotton DISEASES OF COTTON In spite of all the care that a farmer may take to follow every approved method of improving his land and increasing the aver age yield to the acre as well as the constant improvement of theBULLETIN NO 40 283 quality of his cotton here and there will appear some one of the various diseases that attack the cotton plant such as wilt anthracnose etc all known under the general name of blight If he will go over these blighted spots he will find here and there stalks that have resisted this blight It has been proven by ex periments conducted by the United States Department of Ag riculture that seed selected from resisting stalks and planted in this same soil will to a very large extent remove the blight the next year and a persistent use of this treatment will finally eradi cate it altogether The annual loss to planters from the wilt disease is consider able It is widely distributed through the Southern States and probably occurs in many places where it has not yet been dis tinguished from other troubles such as rust and the effects of lightning says Mr W A Orton of the United States Department of Agriculture Says the same authority The wilt is very distinct from any other disease of cotton so that there need be no difficulty in its identification It usually makes its first appearance in the spring about the last of May when the plants are six to eight inches high It appears in welldefined areas which enlarge if cotton is planted on the same land again The first outward indication of its presence is a dwarfed growth and unhealthy appearance of the plants The leaves turn yellow be tween the veins their margins shrivel up and some plants wilt and die at once In other plants the progress of the disease is often slow and many of them live the entire summer and die late in the season On cutting across the stem of a diseased plant the woody part will be found to be stained brown wherever the dis ease is present In the absence of microscopic examinations this brown discoloration of the internal tissue is the best ocular evi dence of the presence of the wilt disease Plants may partially recover from a severe attack of the wilt disease by the development of strong lateral branches near the ground Such plants may be distinguished by their dwarfed and bushy appearance and by the tendency of their branches to lie prostrate on the ground The cause of the wilt disease of cotton is a fungus NeoCos mospora Vasinfecta which attacks the plant from the soil It first enters the smaller roots and subsequently grows from these into the taproot and stem filling the waterducts with its myce lium The result is that the supply of food and moisture carried284 GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE up from the roots is greatly decreased and the symptoms de scribed above are produced In the early history of the wilt disease the cause was sup posed by the planters to be the excessive applications or injudi cious use of commercial fertilizers and many of the leading planters in the Sea Islands made careful experiments with various modifications of their fertilizers such as the use of marl salt mud kainit and lime and the increase or decrease of the proportions of phosphoric acid and potash Mr W G Hinson of James Island South Carolina a very successful planter has informed the writer that the result of all these trials has been to convince those who made them that the disease can not be controlled by any changes in their system of fertilizing Mr Orton also states that soil fungicides fail to eradicate the evil Land that has once been infected should not for several years be planted to okra or any variety of cotton Several years of rotation of crops will not entirely relieve the situation and it is yet uncertain how many years of such treatment are necessary for the complete eradication of the disease Since the greatest spread of wilt disease is by the growth of the fungus through the soil from diseased to healthy areas therefore the rotation should in clude an area considerably larger than that on which the plants are wilting Another preventive is to pull up and burn all diseased plants so soon as discovered Cattle should not be allowed to pass freely from infected areas to healthy fields Mr Orton also suggests that tools that have been used in culti vating diseased land should be scoured clean and then washed with a 2 per cent solution of formalin or a 5 per cent carbolic acid solution The utmost care should be taken to keep the fungus out of stable and barnyard manure so that none of it may be found in the compost heap The selection of Resistant Races has been tried by the United States Department of Agriculture with encouraging results In every infected field there are plants that resist the disease to a greater or less extent Every degree of resistance may be found from those nearly killed to those that have continued healthy to the end of the season though the latter are comparatively un commonBULLETIN NO 40 285 An experiment was carried out on the farm of Mr H L Galloway at Dillon S C where twenty races of cotton includ ing those most prominent in cultivation were planted in a thor oughly infected field and their comparative resistance determined by counting in August the number of plants remaining healthy those partly diseased and those killed The greatest resistance was shown by the Egyptian cottons Mitaffi Abbasi and Janno vitch very few plants of which were killed outright though nearly all were considerably reduced in size The Jannovitch which was imported from Egypt by the United States Depart ment through Messrs Barbour Lathrop and D G Fairchild is a long staple cotton of fine quality said to be the result of a cross between Egyptian and Sea Island cotton The most productive strain of Egyptian cotton grown on infected land was Mitaffi Sea Island cotton though closely related to the Egyptian suf fered very much seeming to be no more resistant than the up land cotton growing beside it most kinds of which proved very susceptible to the disease though there were minor variations which must have been due to varietal differences One race of uplands the Jackson limbless showed marked re sistance surpassing all other uplands and nearly equaling the Egyptian cottons Some of the best kinds were among those most injured by the disease but in each race there were plants that entirely withstood it Seed from these were saved for other experiments Microscopic examination has proved that the ability of certain cotton plants to grow on infected land is due to the fact that the wilt fungus is unable to enter their principal root system and not to any lack of infection The examination of the little tufts of rootlets proved the presence of the parasite yet showed that it had been unable to penetrate as far as the main stem An experiment by Mr Elias L Rivers of South Carolina to ascertain whether the quality of resistance was transmissible through succeeding generations produced encouraging results He selected a healthy plant of Sea Island cotton that grew in a badly blighted field in 1899 Its seeds were saved and planted in a single row through a field that had been infected with wilt dis ease for several years while adjoining rows were planted with seed from his main crop grown on noninfected land Of the latter 95 per cent were killed while in the row planted with seed from the resistant plants of Sea Island cotton not a single plant was killed by wilt They were vigorous and productive and the 286 GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OE AGRICULTURE dwarfing noted in Egyptian and upland cotton grown by the United States Department of Agriculture at Dillon S C was not so marked here The quality of the lint was good though not equal to the crop from which the selection was made It is prob able that by crossbreeding resistant individual plants the re sistant qualities of the two will be combined with the addition of the increased vigor which usually comes from crossing If on the other hand the flowers of a resistant plant should be fertilized by pollen carried by insects from some diseased plant the resistant qualities would be impaired In selecting resistant races the pollen of one kind of resistant plant can with great benefit be carried by hand to the flowers of a different kind of resistant plant The report of Mr Orton further says The Egyptian cottons will probably prove of the greatest value when crossed with our upland races so as to add the vigor and quality of the former to the productiveness of the latter It is hoped that the department will be able to extend its work along this promising line Mr Orton sums up as follows In addition to selection for resistance all practicable preventive measures shouldbe applied Rotation of crops is even more im portant on these infected soils than on healthy ones for the con tinual growing of cotton on these lands will increase the amount of disease and decrease the resistance of the cotton Prompt destruction of diseased plants is also very important Every effort should be made to avoid the infection of healthy fields by animals tools washwater from diseased fields diseased plants infected compost etc As already stated land once in fected with this disease remains infected for an unknown period BOLL AND COTTON WORMS Among the great enemies of cotton are the boll and cotton worms The annoyance and damage caused by these pests is in creased by the fact that their larvae resist such ordinary liquid in secticides as are usually effective against other insects such as bugs or leafhoppers The boll worm is the larva of a moth which deposits eggs upon the leaves of the cotton plant The larvae of this moth grow rapidly and attacking the bolls utterly destroy them thus cutting off all chance for any fruit from the points thus attacked The newly hatched larva sometimes hides itself in a cluster of expanding leaf buds and after fastening them together with aBULLETIN NO 40 287 few silk threads feeds under the shelter thus formed or bores into the peduncles and tender growing stems The length of the larval state is fourteen and a half days during which time the boh worm undergoes four transformations or molts the first occurring six days after hatching the second not more than one and onehalf days after the first the third two days after the second and the fourth five days after the third The exact num ber of days between the molts varies slightly They grow slowly before the first molt but afterwards under favorable conditions with wonderful rapidity During the period between the first and third molts they feed without cessation from mornine to night When fullgrown the larva goes into the earth for pupation The pupal state continues from nine days to two weeks and then the moth issues Among remedies for getting rid of the boll worm one in ordi nary use in some localities is a lighted lamp for attracting the moth But no matter what style of lamp is used this method of attracting and trapping the boll worm moth is very unsatisfactory More insects of a beneficial than injurious kind are destroyed and therefore the use of the lights is a decided disadvantage Much has been claimed for poisoned sweets as a method for destroying the moths This method certainly does attract and kill the moths But the trouble with it is that the poisoned mix ture dries rather quickly To attain the best results it must be applied every day during the egglaying period An excellent plan is to plant cowpeas in rows 6 to 8 feet apart as a trap bor dering the cotton field They should be planted late so as not to reach the height of the blooming period before the destructive August brood of moths appears The peavines to which the poisoned sweet mixture is applied will prove an excellent trap for the moths coming forth to feed provided the cotton is early enough to have passed that point of its blooming period most at tractive to the moth Therefore early cotton will be more easily protected by this method than late The poisoned mixture must be made strong enough to kill the moths and yet weak enough not to cause the scorching of the leaves if the weather be hot and sunshiny An excellent plan is to spray only portions of a row on any one evening This will leave unsprayed healthy portions for a series of evenings to follow and thus the slaughtering of moths may be continued during the egglaying period About 4 ounces of a coldwater solution of arsenic mixed with288 GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OE AGRICULTURE 8 ounces of beer about six hours after the arsenic has been placed in water was found to slightly injure the vines If applied while fresh in the proportion of 12 parts of the vinegar solution to 4 of the poisoned liquid it will be efficient and not injure the vines A very effective remedy which does not injure the vine to any appreciable extent is 4 ounces of beer to 2 ounces of potassium cyanide There seems to be little if any choice in the use of beer or vinegar with the molasses used for the sweet Fruit vinegar should be used in the proportion of 4 parts to 1 of molasses Simple aqueous decoctions have proved a signal failure The following has been suggested as a good remedy One and onehalf ounces of pyrethrum added to one pint of headlight oil and the jar placed in a waterbath In fifteen minutes heated to a temperature of 160 degrees Fah at which it was maintained for an hour While hot filter into another mason jar seal and set aside to cool After cooling emulsify with half as much rain water A four and onehalf per cent pyrethrum emulsion made as above described has been found to be very fatal to the larva without injuring the plant PROSPECTIVE COTTON YIELD AND PRICES There is much speculation every year as to the prospective cot ton yield Practical planters know how vain as a rule are all prognostications for cotton often disappoints all expectations sometimes going far beyond them sometimes falling far short There is no denying the fact that this year the crop had a bad beginning but there are many chances yet either to improve or make worse the prospects If growers in wet territories will make good use of turning plows and scrapers and by alternately throwing toward and from the drill give the grass no chance making vigorous use of the cotton hoes besides it is possible for the crop yet to do fairly well One great point in the farmers favor this year is that the sur plus of cotton on hand which formerly kept prices down has been changed to a deficit The conditions are such that Wall street manipulators will hardly be able to control the prices which are apt to reach a good round figure Their excellence must be our excuse for giving again some formulas for cotton which we have twice before publishedBULLETIN NO 40 FORMULAS FOR COTTON j The following formulas for cotton are the result of careful experiments by trained investigators on worn soil It was found that cotton required a combination of nitrogen phosphoric acid and potash Phosphoric acid is the dominant element however with nitrogen standing next in importance The relative propor tion of the three important elements of plant food is one part nitrogen two arid a half of phosphoric acid and threefourths of potash The quantities required by a crop of 300 pounds of lint cotton per acre are nitrogen 20 pounds phosphoric acid 50 pounds and potash 15 pounds The dozen different formulas given below are so calculated as to contain very nearly these quantities of the three important elements and are so varied as to meet the re quirements and convenience of almost every farmer No one formula can be said to have any special advantage over the other just use the one you can get together with the greatest convenience and least cost to yourself Each one will analyze about 20 pounds of nitrogen 50 pounds of phosphoric acid and 15 pounds of potash in the whole formula Fertilizers may be applied either m drill or broadcast where used liberally but if used sparingly drilling is considered preferable Each formula represents the amount to be applied per acre to get the best results Muriate of Potash 30 lbs Acid Phosphate334 bs Nitrate of Soda125 lbs Muriate of Potash 30 lbs Acid Phosphate 334 lbs Dried Bloodm lbs Muriate of Potash 20 lbs Acid Phosphate28T lbs Cotton Seed Meal2S6 lbs Muriate of Potash 10 lbs AcidPhoswithPot2pc K203I2 lbs Cotton Seed Meal286 lbs Cotton Seed Hull Ashes15 lbs Acid Phosphate261 lbs Cotton Seed Meal286 lbs K 58 lbs A cid Phosphate 00 lbs Nitrate of Soda 70 lbs Stable Manure2000 lbs Wood Ashes unleached164 lbs Acid Phosphate261 lbs Cotton Seed Meal286 lbs Muriate of Potash 20 lbs Acid Phosphate300 lbs Nitrate of Soda 64 lbs Cotton Seed 131 bus Kainit 64 lbs Acid Phosphate 273 lbs Cotton Seed Meal143 lbs CottonSeed131 bus fainit 45 lbs Acid Phosphate264 lb Cotton seed263 bus Acid Phosphate266 lbs Nitrate of Soda 13 lbs istabe Manure4000 lbs Commercial fertilizer to analyze as below Available Phosphoric Acid1000 Ammonia 4 Potash K207 300 Use 500 lbs per acre290 GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Any of the formulas given above for cotton would answer well for wheat if the quantity of acid phosphate in each is diminished by onehalf and the nitrogen increased by the amount of money saved on the acid phosphate But in the case of the wheat the nitrate of soda should not be mixed with the other ingredients but reserved and applied as a top dressing in the spring when its effect will be immediate and marvelous imparting a rich green color to the plant and if as much as ioo pounds per acre are used increasing the yield 5 to 10 bushels per acre PARISH FURMAN S FAMOUS FORMULA Pounds Barnyard manure 75 Cottonseed 75 Acid phosphate 37 Kainit 133 2000 Use from 400 to 800 pounds per acre A COMPOST FAMOUS IN LOUISIANA Green cottonseed 100 bushels Stable manure 100 bushels Acid phosphate2000 pounds Use 400 to 800 pounds per acre The Georgia Experiment Station formula for cotton Colonel Redding Director has been tested there with excellent results It is as follows Acid phosphate 1000 pounds Muriate of potash 75 pounds Cottonseed meal 7 pounds i775 pounds Apply so as to get from 200 to 500 pounds of acid phosphate per acreBULLETIN NO 40 291 CORN Corn is a general name given to the grain which supplies the chief article of bread to the people of any country Thus in Eng land the word is applied to wheat in Scotland to oats and in the United States to maize or Indian corn Whenever an American speaks of corn it is maize to which lie refers When Columbus discovered the western world he found maize cultivated by the Indians as their chief bread supply It was long supposed in Europe that this kind of corn originated in America But the finding of a very ancient Chinese picture representing this grain proves that in remote ages it was found in Central and Eastern Asia From the manner in which corn is spoken of in the 41st chapter of Genesis where the seven lean ears ate up the seven fat and good ears it is supposed by many that this was the corn then cultivated in Egypt However this may be what we know as corn is cultivated at this time not only in every part of America but also in Europe and Central Asia It is planted in Georgia from February to June 1st and gath ered when ripe from August to October The ripened ears are fed to horses mules and stock of all kinds and when carried to the mill are ground into a meal which constitutes the chief bread supply of thousands of people in our country While the ears are green and tender but near the size which they will have attained when ripe they form a favorite and whole some article of diet which is much relished for its sweetness and excellent flavor There are certain kinds known as sweet corn which mature earlier than others and are highly prized as a table delicacy There are several classifications of corn based on differences in the shape of the grain and ear The socalled flint corns haye a thick corneous growth covering the crown of the grain and starchy portions while in those corns which contain an excess of starchy matter and less of the transparent flinty portions the shrinkage of the starchy portion at maturity causes the wrinkling at the crown of the grain from which the name Dent is derived There is no other grain which has as many forms as our Indian corn It is developed in every variety from the short shrubby stalk growing upon the shores of Lake Superior to the tall corns of the Ohio and Mississippi Valleys and of almost every section of292 GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE the South Atlantic and Gulf States with their broad palmetto like leaves and from the tiny ears and flattened closely clinging grains of the extreme North to the magnificently elongated swell ing ear of the Southern and Middle Western States with their deepindented gourdseedlike grains It forms a large part of the feed for the beef and pork of the vast West and of the North and South and is raised in great abundance from the frozen regions of Canada to the Straits of Magellan Its most prolific area lies between forty degrees north and thirtyeight degrees south latitude From this area should be deducted a portion of the equatorial regions SOIL The soil best adapted to corn is one that is dry rich and well pulverized It is hardly possible to find land too rich for it A rich grass sod is a good preparation for corn When the addition of manure is required it may be scattered broadcast plowed and well harrowed in or put in the row with the seed as preferred For good fertilizers for corn see formula at the end of this article SELECTION OE SEED Great care should be exercised in the selection of seed This should be made from not only the best varieties but also from the best grains of the variety selected A good rule is to choose the earliest and largest ears from the most prolific stalks A steeping of the carefully selected grains from twentyfour to fortyeight hours before planting in a solution of saltpeter is by some con sidered an excellent preparation of the seed since this hastens the growth of the plant is a protection against squirrels birds and mice and will for a while keep off the worms This steep ing of course will cause the grains to swell and for this reason will not be a good preparation for dry soils PLANTING Corn is generally planted in rows from three to six feet apart and from twelve to thirtysix inches in the drill according to fer tility of soil and amount of fertilizer used If the land has been well manured by a broadcast dressing be fore being broken up the method known as flat planting orBULLETIN NO 40 293 running furrows in land thus prepared and planting in these furrows is a very good one The furrows should be run with a scooter or bulltongue plow Each farmer must to a large extent decide for himself as to the best and most economical fertilizer to use on his land With a large number of farmers homemade manures are the only avail able fertilizers Of these horse stable manure heads the list in value Next comes cowlot manure and after this in succession come cottonseed vegetable mold and muck from forests and swamps It is well to gather all the ashes of the farm all the litter and woodpile scrapings and fencecorner scrapingin fact all the refuse matter of the farm including the fowlhouse and pigpen The ashes are best applied by themselves but any of the others or all combined if used liberally will pay well the cost of gathering and applying Mr Dick Naylor who used to write much for the Southern Cultivator advised a heavy broadcast spreading of manure before the land is turned under in the fall if the supply is abundant It will thus have all the winter to rot and mingle the elements of plantfood with the soil If the sup ply is not very large the best results can be obtained by strewing it liberally in the drill and planting the corn on it Colonel Welborn says Mr Naylor advises the application of manure in broken doses during the growing season But Mr Naylor thought that though this method might greatly in crease the yield of the crop it would involve an immense amount of extra labormore than he thought would pay for the increased yield Few things make better returns than cottonseed when applied to corn It was once the custom to rot the seed before applying But Mr Naylor thought that the better plan was to open the drills deep in December or January and strew the sound seed in liberally Cover with two furrows with a turningplow and by planting time they will be dead and will not germinate All or most of the nitrogen they have thrown off in the process of decay has been absorbed in the soil instead of escaping into the open air as it does when they rot en masse This drill manuring in Decem ber and January is a good plan with any heavy manures particu larly forest humus and muck When Mr Naylor wrote the above the cottonoil mill was not so much in evidence as at the present time It is now a question for the farmer to consider if it will not be better to sell his cottonseed and use the meal made294 GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OE AGRICULTURE from it in fertilizing his land But what is better still is to feed the meal to cattle and apply their voidings to the land Generally speaking corn is planted in Southern Georgia about March 15th in Middle Georgia from March 20th to April tst and in North Georgia from March 20th to April 15th In the ex treme south it is planted about the last of February Bottom corn and corn after any of the small grains is usually planted in June the date depending upon seasons Some plant twice the amount of corn that is desired to remain and mature They then pull up the surplus plants about the time of the second hoeing It is by some considered best to thin out to one stalk in a hill The best timeto thin corn is just after a rain when the ground is soft A long narrow strip sharpened at one end is a very good im plement with which to root out surplus stalks and is easily pro cured CULTIVATION So soon as the plants begin to show themselves the cultivator should be used between the furrows If this be done thoroughly and frequently there will be little use for the hoe Except where the soil is heavy and liable to an excess of mois ture hilling or heaping around the plants should be avoided Stirring the ground in dry weather facilitates the admission and escape of heat and secures the deposit of large quantities of mois ture even in dry sultry weather Corn and other crops have sometimes been rescued from the effects of drought by a thorough use of the plow and cultivator Welldrained darkcolored rich soils suffer much less than others in seasons of drought It is fa better to prevent the appearance of weeds and grass than to kill them after they appear If the young grass appears before the com is up a good plan is to run a harrow over the field The young corn will not be injured and the grass will he destroyed If the soil has been well prepared and is mellow a great deal of extra work may be saved by using a small harrow having sharp slender teeth set backward at an angle of about fortyfive degrees If the land is rough other and slower means must be resorted to The narrow plow then required must be put in deeper but in this case there is risk of damage to the tender rootlets which are now running out in all directionsBULLETIN NO 40 295 When the corn has reached a height of three or four inches plow around it with a narrow scooter or hulltongue running near enough to throw the soil well around the roots If the land is badly seeded to grass and weeds it would be hard to find an implement equal to a good steeltooth harrow for destroying them for the first cultivation running it as near as possible to the stalk What is known as the side harrow is an excellent implement for cultivating young corn the first time Subsequent cultivation is done with a double shovel or riding cultivator provided the land is free of roots stumps and stones As a general rule three plowings only are necessary but in case of a very wet spring the rapid growth of grass may require a fourth In cultivating corn be careful to leave the roots unmolested Therefore since the roots grow near the surface shallow cultiva tion is absolutely essential Hence what is known as barring or leaving the corn standing on a narrow ridge or bar from si to eight inches wide is not a good method since by this plan young roots are more or less exposed But if troubled with bud worms barring off may work well while the corn is young if when the stalks have grown too large for the worms to hurt the dirt is worked back to them again One good hoeing at least generally is necessary in the cultiva tion of a corn crop and this should be given immediately after the first plowing whether that has been done by a harrow culti vator or scooter If this has been well done the hoeing will be easy Subsequent plowings will as a rule be sufficient to keep a clean drill until the corn has grown high enough to shade the ground BUDWORMS IN YOUNG CORN Sometimes budworms so called because of their feeding upon the little buds do great damage to young corn The following remedyhas been used by some If you see the bud leaves of the little stalks wilting and dying bear off the rows close as you would cotton and with the hoes carefully take the dirt away from the stalk as near as you can down to where the roots branch off The worms are thus cut off from the little buds since they can only enter the stalk under the ground at the point where the little blades are forming296 GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE They can not bore into the stalk above the ground for lack of something by which to hold while at work and they will not bore among the roots So soon as the stalks are large enough to be beyond danger from the worms throw the dirt back to them again Where corn is planted late in May there is not much danger from budworms REMEDY FOR CORN WEEVILS Many remedies against these pests have been suggested The expedient most generally practised is to gather the corn so soon as it is dry enough and put it up wet Another remedy recom mended is salting also intermingling among the corn when stored the green leaves and branches of the black walnut china etc It has been suggested to wet and salt the corn sprinkling every load well with strong brine since this seems to diminish the number of insects and to make more palatable the shucks in which the corn should be stored VARIETIES OF CORN Many varieties of field corn are used in Georgia as for instance Blounts Prolific Bradberrys Improved Cockes Prolific Farm ers Pride Fitzpatrick Geddings Improved Georgia Cracker Golden Dent Hickory King Ivys Improved Kellys Improved Marlboro Poor Land Corn Sanders Improved Shaws Im proved Tennessee White Tennessee Yellow Weeklys Improved and Woodalls Improved Each of these has its admirers who prefer it to all others The seed of many of these varieties can be procured generally in the nearest town or in wellknown seed stores in the larger towns and cities of the State HARVESTING The frugal fanner makes everything tell in his corn crop He is not satisfied with the roastingears for table use in the summer or canned for winter use or with the ripened grain to be ground into meal or fed to all kinds of stock or with the dried leaves for fodder and shucks for various purposes but he now makes useBULLETIN NO 40 297 of the stalks as well which in former years were left in the field to dry up and be wasted If at the proper time when the kernels are well glazed but be fore the grain is fully ripe the stalks with the leaves and corn still on them be cut and shocked closely like wheat or other small grain the substance remaining in the corn will be sufficient to mature the grain and the stalks themselves will not dry out as they would if left standing in the field The corn will soon mature and can be pulled from the stalks which can then be hauled to the shredder and made into nutritious hay which then being baled will be ready for the market Or if the fanner prefers he can put the stalks into a cutter and make them into silage If this be mixed with peavines it will make a feed about equal in value to the wholecorn silage It is an enormous waste of feed to let the cornstafks dry up in the field CORN FORAGE Of late years corn has frequently been cultivated for forage When it is desired to raise a crop of this kind the soil should be in high condition and well pulverized Where the soil is suitable it is well to prepare the grains in a pickle of saltpeter as in those intended for ripening Then they may be sown broadcast and harrowed using about three or four bushels to the acre Some think it is a better plan to sow thickly in drills and stir tthe ground with a light plow or cultivator The sowing may be done early or late though as a general rule the early sowing produces the better results Corn forage should be cut before frost and dried like hay pre vious to housing More than 27000 pounds of corn forage have been cut on one acre in Greene county in the Middle Belt of Georgia USES OF CORN Not only in Georgia but throughout the United States the iises of corn are various It is largely fed to all kinds of stock but to working animals must be fed with care and in cool weather As a fattener for pork it has not its superior Every American is familiar with it boiled or roasted on the ear or cut from the cob and prepared in various ways each of298 GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE these ways of using it being considered among our best table delicacies When ripe it is hulled in a weak lye then boiled and known as hulled corn and lye or big hominy Corn sometimes coarsely ground at others but little coarser than meal and boiled in water is known as hominy or samp Mush or hasty pudding is prepared in the same manner of fine meal Again the meal prepared in various ways is universally es teemed for the table and corn bread in all its forms is a favorite food with the large majority of Americans One species of corn known as popcorn when parched in an Oven or over a hot blaze breaks open while its starchy portions spread out in flakes of snowy whiteness and are eaten with great relish by young and old seated in the home circle around the cheerful fire Georgias rank as a corngrowing state In 1890 Georgia was the eleventh State in the area devoted to corn and in 1901 ranked as the eighth in that respect In the latter year among the Southern States Virginia Kentucky Ten nessee and Texas surpassed her in the number of bushels raised but in the value of her corn crop Georgia surpassed all of these except Texas The number of bushels raised in Georgia in 1901 was 37857580 valued at 31043216 From 1892 to 1901 inclusive the average yield of corn to the acre in Georgia varied from nine to thirteen bushels this last quantity being the average in 1895 The total average during that period of ten years was 108 bushels to the acre But there are large areas in many of our counties which under ordinary culti vation average from fifteen to twenty bushels to the acre and others which yield from twentyfive to fifty bushels to the acre Under the most scientific farming from forty to sixty bushels to the acre are a common yield and there have been produced as high as 137 bushels to the acre in Spalding county Middle Geor gia 125 bushels in Cobb county Northwest Georgia 123 bushels in Wilkes county Middle Georgia 119 bushels in Thomas county Southwest Georgia 115 bushels in Crawford county partly in Middle partly in Southwest Georgia 104 bushels in Cherokee county Northwest Georgia In Chattooga county in the same section 90 bushels to the acre have often been raised Although these are unusual yields they show what can be done in every section of our State under the most scientific or intensive farmingBULLETIN NO 40 299 THE LARGEST YIELD OF CORN In the Southern Cultivator and Dixie Farmer for February 1890 we find an account of what is probably the largest yield of corn ever made The American Agriculturist offered a prize of 50000 for the largest yield of corn per acre Mr Z J Drake of Marlboro South Carolina came out first with a yield of 254 bushels to the acre and Mr Alfred Rose of New York came next with 213 bushels to the acre In each instance the land had been carefully surveyed every precaution was taken to have the harvesting honestly doner and the corn was carefully weighed on tested scales The land of Mr Drake was sandy and had been previously valued at only eight dollars an acre Thirty years previous this land had been styled starvation empire and even as late as 1887 the prize acre itself produced only about five bushels of corn In 1889 the fertilization began in February and was continued several times during the making of the crop The total material used was as follows 1000 bushels of stable manure 600 bushels of cottonseed 866 pounds each of German kainit and cottonseed meal 200 pounds of acid phosphate 1066 pounds of manipulated guano 200 pounds of animal bone 400 pounds of nitrate of soda The value of the stable manure was 5000 and of the other fer tilizers used 17000 The seed planted was Drakes Improved a variety of gourd seed corn raised by Mr Drake One bushel was used and the planting was done on March 2 On June 13 posts and stakes had to be put up along the rows to keep the stalks from falling The rows were alternately three and six feet apart the plants five and six inches apart one stalk in a place The framework to support the corn was of laths wire and twine somewhat resembling but terbean frames Although Mr Drake had dug a well and made full prepara tions for irrigation the seasons were so fine that the well was not used at all The appearance of the corn when green was like that of half a dozen sugarcane patches piled one on top of the other So many people came to look at his corn that Mr Drake built a frame scaffold in the style of an amphitheatre so that curious visitors could mount up and behold the growing corn which promised an enormous yield Nor did the result fall short oi expectation 300 GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE The crop was harvested November 25 1889 and the product was 254 bushels and 49 pounds Mr Drake made the following estimate of the cost of produc tion and the value of the product Interest on value of land at six per cent 1 50 Plowing 4 00 Harrowing 2 00 Other labor in preparing land 1 00 Value of stable manure 50 00 Value of fertilizers or substances other than stable ma nure applied 16900 Cost of applying stable manure 2 00 Cost of applying other fertilizers 5 92 Cost of seed 1 00 Cost of cultivating q 00 Other labor in caring for crop 11 00 Cost of harvesting 8 00 Total cost of production64 42 Value of 254 4950 bushels of corn at 75 cts a bush 191 23 Value of iy2 tons of fodder at 10 per ton 15 00 Total value206 23 The cost was above the value of the product but allowing for the value of the fertilizing material left in the soil it is probable that the acre should be credited with at least 5000 profit for that years wonderful crop The land was considered good for a hun dreddollar crop for several years to come In this particular instance Mr Drake made a handsome sum out of his venture since he secured the prize of 50000 offered by the American Agriculturist and 50000 offered by the State Agricultural Society of South Carolina Another instance on record of a large yield of corn is that of Mr James Barlow of Mississippi who gathered near Crystal Springs 1400 bushels from twelve acres an average of 116 bushels to the acre FERTILIZER FOR CORN Dr John M McCandless the State Chemist after giving the following formula for wheat states that it is also a good one for corn with one omission Read what he has to sayBULLETIN NO 40 301 It would be an excellent idea to plant wheat on land from which you have previously cut a crop of clover or cowpeas The roots and stubble of these crops enrich the soil with nitrogen de rived from the air However if you have not such a field ready choose one from which you have already gathered a crop of cot ton It is best not to follow wheat with wheat nor corn with wheat Drag off the cotton limbs and burrs with a harrow turn up the stalks with a plow and broadcast from twenty to twenty five loads of stable manure or stable and cow manure mixed to the acre Lay off the lands eight feet apart across the cotton rows and then broadcast 400 pounds per acre of this formula Pounds Acid phosphate 13 per centI200 Cottonseed meal gQO Muriate of potash QQQ 2000 or buy from your dealer a fertilizer guaranteed to contain a Per Cent Available phosphoric acid g 00 Ammonia 2 Q ptash vSoo which is what the above formula would analyze In either case broadcast 400 pounds per acre Then drag a harrow in each land so as to thoroughly pulverize the soil and mix the fertilizers in timately with it This treatment also obviates danger of killing the seed wheat by reason of the grains coming in actual contact with the strong chemicals of the fertilizer Select a good variety of wheat and broadcast It would be well to wet the seed with a weak solution of sulphate of copper or bluestone before planting In the spring broadcast over the wheat one hundred pounds per acre of nitrate of soda It would be well to mix each 100 pounds nitrate with four or five hundred pounds of loose fine earth so as to insure a more even distribution A good fertilizer for corn would be the same as that given above for wheat only omitting the topdressing of nitrate of soda in the spring 302 GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE A noted formula of the Georgia Experiment Station for corn and the grasses is Acid phosphate1000 pounds Muriate of potash 3 pounds Cottonseed meal1250 pounds 2280 pounds Apply enough of the above formula to get from 100 to 200 pounds of acid phosphate per acre WHEAT The first public letter issued from the Department of Agricul ture after the present Commissioner had been regularly installed was an appeal to the farmers of Georgia to sow largely of wheat and oats About that time the Macon Telegraph earnestly dis cussed the question of wheat and other grains and offered prizes for the best essays on wheatgrowing which were read at a con vention held in Macon in October 1899 By the continued agita tion of this question making it a feature of almost every issue the Telegraph prevailed upon many farmers to plant wheat who had not done so before A special point made and insisted on had great weight and that was that the negro farmer who had a wife or daughter in a white mans kitchen could make cotton at three cents a pound while the white farmer could not make it for less than eight cents There was therefore a disastrous com petition between the white and black cotton planter and the former was going to the wall on low prices while the latter was improving his condition and continuing to swell the receipts at all the ports and all the markets The white man must make a shift in his farming operations In order to make this point come home at once and to give a zest to the start the Macon Telegraph offered gold prizes for the best yield in wheat and these prizes were awarded at a second wheat growers convention held in Macon on July 12 1900 This convention was largely attended and the report from the wheat fields was very gratifying The honors went to Spalding Bibb and Washington counties TheBULLETIN NO 40 303 good work was fairly started and the year 1900 was the greatest wheat year that Georgia has ever known While it is true that cotton and corn are the great staple crops of our State and the chief sources of our agricultural wealth and that the North Central and Western States are those best adapted to wheat growing yet there are large areas of Georgia where the cultivation of wheat is a very profitable business From a very early period of the history of Georgia many farm ers have found that it paid them to raise wheat for their own family use while others have derived great profit in raising enough for both home consumption and neighboring markets So long as thousands prefer bread made from wheat to that from any other grain will there be a growing and ever increasing market for him who has wheat to sell A review of wheat growing in Georgia for a period of fiftytwo years will prove both interesting and profitable Therefore we have prepared the following table taken from the decennial re ports of the United States census and two subsequent reports found in the year books of the United States Department of Agri culture for the years 1900 and 1901 respectively Crop of 1849 reported in census of 1850 1859 1869 1879 18S9 1899 1990 1901 1800 1870 1880 1890 1900 Year Book for 1900 1901 Aeres 475681 19i633 319161 550 674 37099K Bushels 1088534 2544913 2127017 3159771 1 096312 1765917 5011133 3142167 Value 1547773 47ti0576 2859637 It will prove of interest also to note the average yield of wheat to the acre estimated in bushels from 1892 to 1901 as given in the following table 1892 1S93 1894 1895 19H 1897 1898 1899 1900 91 1901 68 72 69 62 80 i 94 100 6 8 82 From the above tables it appears that Georgias largest wheat crops were in 1879 1900 and 1901 and that for recent times her best year of average production to the acre was 1898 Of course average production depends upon fertility of soil skillful cultiva tion and the seasons which latter are sometimes favorable and at other times unfavorable But the best soils and seasons fail to produce the best results where cultivation is careless or un304 GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE skilled One of the best illustrations of this fact is given in 3 little pamphlet entitled The Worlds Wheat Lands written by Henry F Moore an author of distinction in agricultural matters This treatise which was printed in London in 1899 after com paring analyses of American and English soils declares that the former have twice the average fertility of the latter but that American soils show much smaller average yields than those of England The comparison is made between the best soils of each country The natural conclusion is that our American farmers have not yet reached the standard of skillful cultivation which prevails in England The best wheat lands of our great prairie States which have been cultivated for several years do not make the enormous yields of other years and approximate those yields only under the most scientific culture The example of our English cousins proves that the hand of the diligent maketh rich and that skilled labor will produce even under less favorable conditions better results than unskilled toil under more auspicious surroundings As we have said at other times welldirected diligence and industry are generally crowned with a suitable return A skillful farmer will study not only the needs of his soil but also the variety of wheat best suited to it Some directions may here prove of benefit A PEREECT variety oE wheat First get as early a variety as possible since in some years even a few days will mean much with this crop Some wheat will fall before it ripens while the stems of another kind will maintain an erect position until the grain is perfectly ripe It is best to select a variety with a strong and stiff stem and one that will best with stand the extreme cold weather Other things being equal select the wheat that has a thin skin or bran After choosing your seed wheat have it ready to plant in October PREPARATION EOR WHEAT But the best varieties of wheat will fail to produce the best crop if the farmer fails in thorough preparation and continued good management of his soil from year to year One of theBULLETIN NO 40 305 chief objects is to keep the vegetable matter and mineral portions as near or as much on the surface as possible so that the roots of the plants may strike out horizontally instead of going down in a more vertical direction When they spread out horizontally they form a kind of mat in the soil a few inches deep which rises and settles down bodily when the ground freezes and thaws In this way though the soil may freeze a number of times during the winter still your grain may escape being killed be cause the roots are matted together horizontally and the plants are not thrown out of the soil On the other hand if the vege table matter and fertilizers be mixed with a good depth of soil the roots strike deep looking for the fertile elements of the soil and will be raised and broken by the freezes Now if we can break or turn over a few inches of the top soil and then pulverize the soil below this stratum keeping the vege table matter and fertilizers near the surface we will see a remark able yield in the wheat crop We can remember that before the war most of our wheat was raised on newlycleared land We could not plow it deep but simply harrowed or scratched over the rough new ground and put our grain in Then we had but little complaint of winterkilled wheat Nature did then for us what we must do now We must as far as possible restore the conditions of nature Then we had for the seed bed of our wheat the rich ashes of the burnt logs and brush harrowed into the thin stratum of leaf mould The wheat might have been better in those days had the hard subsoil underlying the leafmould been broken up with a subsoil plow without having been turned above the rich mould To repeat keep the soil that is best or a thin mellow stratum of rich soil at or near the surface Subsoil as the conditions may demand SOIL FOR wheat The question is often asked why a certain plot of ground that yields a good crop of almost everything else will not produce wheat Now why is this so Simply because the roots of the plants can not find in that particular soil the proper elements of plantfood to produce the wheat grains In one soil the little roots find all they need for the perfect development of the kernels of the wheat while in another soil the roots send out their numer 20 a b 306 GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE ous little mouths in search of the nourishment they so much need but never find It is not in the soil and it must be supplied or your expectations of a harvest will prove in vain The soil adapted to wheat is one in which the predominating characteristics are loam and clay and this is much improved by a large proportion of lime furnished by either nature or man Your soil must be dry underdrained if necessary as it is impossible to make a large crop of wheat if there is an excess of water in the land Another feature in a good wheat soil is that it must have an abundant supply of nitrogenous matter with sufficient phos phoric acid potash and lime If the soil is lacking in these ele ments use plenty of barnyard manure Do not be afraid to use plenty of it and concentrate it It is better to put ten tons on one acre than to spread it on two for thus you will make more wheat to the acre and do it with less labor Apply also plenty of wood ashes this is very important as these ashes contain phos phoric acid potash lime and soluble silica all essential elements in the constitution of the wheat plant Dr Lee of New York says I regard it as a fact of great practical importance that wood ashes even leached ashes found on nearly every farm contain all the earthy elements of this invaluable breadbearing plant The organic elements of the wheat form about 96 per cent of its substance Mr Todd tells us that water and its con stituents oxygen and hydrogen carbon and nitrogen are the four elementary ingredients of all cultivated plants besides their minerals These are indispensable and fortunately nature has provided an amount of carbon and nitrogen in the air if not in the soil more than equal to the wants of vegetation Much of our lands have been run down by unwise cultivation and are well nighexhausted These lands need nitrogen and available phos phoric acid and potash and particularly lime To restore these elements to our wasted lands sow cow peas after grain and turn them under in the fall first having broadcasted barnyard manure ashes and lime continue this plan for a few years and your lands will grow richer and richer and your harvests will be larger and larger and you will become more independent as you grow older It is a wellestablished fact that without nitrogen in some form it is impossible to grow one kernel of good wheat It has been said by high authority that a quart of urine from a horse that has been fed on grain contains nitrogen enough to sup ply a bushel of wheat Do we appreciate the money value of this animal product Fill your barns stables and lots with someBULLETIN NO 40 307 good absorbent such as straw cornstalks leaves of the forest pulverized charcoal swamp muck sawdust and at the proper time compost them all the products of the farm and you have a most suitable fertilizer for your wheat PROPER DEPTH TO COVER WHEAT Mr Todd of New York has experimented with wheat as fol lows In row No 1 fourteen grains of wheat were planted one inch deep in row No 2 fourteen grains were planted two inches deep in row No 3 fourteen grains were planted three inches deep and so on until eight rows were planted the depth being in creased one inch in each row Eight days afterwards it was found that in row No 1 twelve of the fourteen grains had come up In row No 2 there were seven grains that had come up in row No 3 there were eight in No 4 five in No 5 three in No 6 two in Nos 7 and 8 none at all though upon close examina tion four sickly sprouts were attempting to reach the surface The legitimate conclusion is that seed wheat must not be planted too deep suggesting the fallacy of plowing in since by this method much of the seed will be buried so deep that the stems can never reach the surface of the ground We would therefore suggest that it is better to harrow your wheat and fertilizers in from 1 to 3 inches deep according to the character of the soil re membering that a thinner covering is required in close heavy land than in that which is light or sandy A still better plan when practicable is to use the wheat drill after the land has been thoroughly plowed fertilized harrowed raked pulverized and ihen rolled This will leave your land in excellent condition for the propagation and growth of the wheat plant as well as a smooth surface so important for the future harvest A PRACTICAL ILLUSTRATION Mr W J Bridges the successful competitor in the wheat con test to which allusion has already been made and who on four acres in Spalding county raised an average of 65 bushels to the acre in an interview with a reporter of the Macon Telegraphy said that the opinion expressed by some that wheat would not yield satisfactorily if planted in the same place two consecutive years had not held good in his case and that on sixteen acres of his land which had been planted in wheat for three consecutive years308 GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OE AGRICULTURE he had harvested in the fourth year 711 bushels or an average of about 4432 bushels to the acre The previous spring he had given it a heavy coat of manure and then planted it in cotton After he had gathered this crop he ripped out the stalks and turned over the land with a twohorse plow following that with a cutaway harrow and then rolling it with a heavy roller He then put in his wheat with a drill using about four hundred pounds of a spe cial highgrade potash fertilizer at the same time In planting the wheat he put in 105 pounds or one bushel and three pecks to the acre This land which by the way was upland he had four years before begun to manure with the idea of bringing it up to where the benefit to it would be permanent By judicious use of stable manure and droppings from cattle used with fertilizers he brought it up to where it would make from one and a half to two bales of cotton to the acre To do this he gave it a very heavy coating of manure in the spring and saw that it was wellbroken up with a twohorse plow This he says should always be done in the spring The land upon which he made his crop was a gray loamy top soil with an undersoil of stiff red clay that retains the moisture to feed the roots The variety of wheat used by him was the purple or bluestem variety This he soaked in bluestone to prevent smut which is more to be dreaded than rust He advises the use of about one pound of bluestone dissolved in boiling water using about a gallon of water to every two bushels of wheat which should be thoroughly wet and then sowed His advice about the time for sowing wheat is that it should never be sown until after the first big frost in November as it will then stand more successfully the ravages of the fly or small grub that begins at the root and saps the vigor from the young shoots causing them to grow up spindling stalks that are short with faulty heads In England and in our Western States the drop pings of the sheep and cattle have added much to the productive ness of wheat lands But the majority of our farmers are not stockraisers and need a fertilizer that is immediately available Therefore artificial fertilizers or commercial manures must be used for the reason that farm manures can not always be had in sufficient quantity and are rarely applied in a mechanical condi tion to be readily assimilated by the wheat plant But the com mercial manures have been scientifically prepared with special reference to the needs of different kinds of soils and crops and though they involve some outlay of money the increase of theBULLETIN NO 40 309 crop will well repay the expenditure Experiments have frequently proved that a judicious application of 1000 worth of the proper fertilizers will often bring a return of from 2000 to 3000 worth of grain FORMULAS FOR WHEAT The formulas are given of different materials to suit the con venience of different people living in different localities but all are so calculated as to contain practically the same amounts of phosphoric acid potash and nitrogen The quantities given in each formula are the amounts to be applied per acre Where the wheat is planted in the fall and nitrate of soda is given in the formula the nitrate should not be mixed with other ingredients but reserved and applied with the topdressing in the spring when its effect will be immediate and very marked imparting a rich green color and increasing the yield In those formulas where nitrate of soda is not an ingredient the result will be much better if you can afford to apply 75 or 100 pounds of nitrate of soda in the spring as a topdressing in addi tion to the other formula applied in the fall The formulas prepared by Dr J M McCandless our State Chemist are as follows Muriate of Potash30 lbs Acid Phosphate167 lbs Nitrate of Soda 125 lbs Cotton Hull Ashes 20 per cent K2O45 lbs Acid Phosphate110 lbs Cotton Seed Meal286 lbs Kainit64 lbs Acid Phosphate137 lbs Cotton Seed Meal143 lbs Cotton 8eed13 13 bus Muriate of Potash30 lbs Acid Phoiphate167 lbs Dried Blood167 lbs Muriate of Potash20 lbs Acid Phosphate140 lbs Cotton Seed Meal 286 lbs Unleached Wood Ashes 164 lbs Acid Phosphate130 lbs Cotton Seed Meal286 lbs Acid Phosphate133 lbs Nitrate of Soda13 lbs Stable Manure 2 tons Muriate of Potash15 lbs Acid Phosphate with 2 per cent Potash120 lbs Cotton Seed Meal286 lbs310 GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OE AGRICULTURE Kainit58 lbi Acid Phosphate150 lbs Nitrate of Soda70 lbs Stable Manure 1 ton Kainit45 lbs Acid Phosphate132 lbs Cotton Seed26 23 bus Muriate of Potash20 lbs Acid PhosphateJ50 lbs Nitrate of Soda64 lbs Cotton Seed13 13 bu Commercial Fertilizer to analyze as follows Available Phosporic Acid 4 12 to 5 per cent Ammonia 485 percent Potash 3 per cent Apply BOO poundi per acre of this last Although the formulas in the first of these paragraphs do not furnish those quantities of nitrogen phosphoric acid and potash removed by a crop of thirty bushels of wheat per acre yet they will furnish very satis factory formulas especially if the nitrate of soda at the rate of 100 lbs per acre is applied as a top dressing in the spring Each of the above formulas will be excellent for cotton if the amount of acid phosphates in each is doubled WHEN TO SOW WHEAT Winter wheat may be sown too early in the fall or too late so we must select the time between these periods to put in the seed As we have stated before this plant encounters many enemies which flourish only at certain periodssay in the fall soon after the wheat comes upthen other enemies in the spring before harvest Drouth wet weather freezing and thawing all have to be considered by the man who would grow wheat suc cessfully Now then looking to the dreary winter we find the strongest wheat plants those that are most firmly rooted with a system of luxuriant leaves sufficient to cover the surface of the ground will endure the rigors of our cold blizzard in winter so common of late years with less injury But on the other hand if we plant too early so that the plants attain a large size in a few weeks hordes of insects in the form of the wheat fly will almost de stroy the plants This fly flourishes between the early and the late sowing So we are forced to choose the late seed time and in order to be prepared to resist the adverse influences of winter we must plow and harrow and pulverize and manure the soil and so enrich the seedbed that the young plant will spring up from the seed deposited in the soil after the dreaded foes have run theirBULLETIN NO 40 311 course and still have sufficient time to become wellrooted before the cold winter sets in To be more definite let the seed be put in as late in the season as it can be and still have sufficient time to throw out a system of roots and leaves large enough to cover the entire surface of ground before the cold blizzards come upon it Our best wheat growers in Georgia plant from October 1 to November 1 Every intelligent farmer will study his environments his soil and cli matic conditions and then use his best judgment WHY WHEATGROWING IS BENEFICIAL The great majority of farmers in Georgia have some lands well adapted to wheat and would we confidently believe find it advantageous for more reasons than one to raise wheat in sufficient quantities to at least supply their family use The nearer a farmer comes to raising all his food supplies the larger will be the profit derived from cotton his great money crop Good and wholesome food goes a long way to make home at tractive The farmers children will not stay any longer than they can help on the old place if they find the eating somewhere else to be far better than that furnished at home Corn bread will do very well and be eaten with a relish if it be known that there is good wheat bread on the family table for whoever wants it And when a farmer raises his own wheat and has it ground into flour at his own neighborhood mill he knows that the material from which his bread is made is pure and not adulterated by some unhealthy substance This is more that he can be certain of when he buys Western flour Homeraised wheat means pure food and pure food means health and strength It means not only good bread but good and pure material out of which the careful house keeper can prepare at very moderate expense dainty and healthful dishes which children always relish and which are not unaccept able to the most stalwart man It means better food for chickens and consequently more and better eggs The food prepared from wheat for our milch cows furnishes them with those elements es sential to the production of good milk and this of course pro duces better and richer butter an article of food whose value as a promoter of health and vigor can hardly be overestimated In the warm weather which prevails in Georgia for at least half the year butter is a healthier article of diet than meat Firstclass sweet milk and buttermilk and the best of butter are delicacies 312 GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE within easy reach of even farmers of very moderate means and nothing will so enable them to enjoy these as a good supply of homeraised wheat Wheatgrowing adds to the healthfulness of a people The adulteration of flour has been a prolific source of indigestion and ruined health When the farmers raise their own wheat and going with it to a neighborhood mill have it ground into flour they become unto themselves a pure food law and may be cer tain that their bread at least is free from unhealthful ingredients WHEATGROWING MEANS GOOD FLOUR MILLS Just as cotton mills follow cotton fields so flour mills follow wheat fields and new industries are added to keep money in cir culation at home Those States are the most prosperous whose people raise most of their own supplies and have at the same time something which other States and nations wish Hence the farm ers of Georgia in common with their neighbors of all the South ern States are furnished by nature with opportunities for wealth possessed by few in other lands They have in cotton the great est money crop of the world if they will but feed themselves and families by the produce of their farms and thus be in a position to exercise large influences in fixing the price of cotton The more diversified the industries of a State the greater will be its power and wealth The nearer a farmer comes by diversity of crops to living entirely at home the larger will be the bank account to his credit from the sale of his cotton and the more in dependent will he become Independent farmers will mean for Georgia independent merchants and manufacturers and increased wealth and power for the State In 1880 the farmersof Georgia were raising wheat to a large extent and we had 1139 flour and grist mills There then came a decline in wheat production and the number these mills was re duced to 719 in 1890 In 1898 there began a revival of wheat growing and the census of 1900 reported 1123 mills for 1899 The great wheat crop of 1900 caused a large increase of flour mills and the introduction of the most improved machinery for grinding wheat into flour An increase of our wheat crop means a corresponding increase of firstclass mills with all that they mean of increased wealth and independence for our StateBULLETIN NO 40 313 WHEAT FOR THE MARKET There are sections of Georgia where the farmer will find it profitable to do more than raise wheat for home consumption where the lands are so well adapted to this grain that they produce abundantly and easily yield all that is needed at home and a large surplus for the market besides Fanners possessed of such lands need no special exhortation to quicken their zeal There have been under scientific cultivation large yields of wheat in the counties of Bartow Chattooga Walker Gordon Cobb Cherokee Whitfield Floyd Milton DeKalb Walton Car roll Coweta Troup Clarke Elbert Wilkes Oconee Spalding Bibb Jones Wilkinson and Washington representing North Middle and the upper part of Southern Georgia On some of the best lands of North Georgia forty bushels of wheat to the acre are raised without any specially scientific farming The Atlanta Milling Cos mills have a capacity of 6500 bush els of wheat or about 1600 barrels of flour in one day If worked to their full capacity all the time they would grind over 2000000 bushels of wheat in a year which means about 508000 barrels of flour But since they are seldom worked to their full capacity they will grind on the average 4900 bushels of wheat or 1200 barrels of flour in a day and the yearly output will aver age about 1500000 bushels of wheat ground into 381000 bar rels Of flour There are several other mills in Georgia with capacities for grinding from 1500 to25oo bushels of wheat a day There are hundreds more of smaller capacity Thousands of bushels of wheat are annually brought to all the larger mills from the great grain States of the North and Central West Our Georgia farmers who own good wheat lands could it seems to us triple their production without any danger of over stocking the market and thus keep at home thousands of dollars that now go from Georgia to fill the purses of our brethren of the West SUGARCANE The original home of the sugar cane is not known but it is thought by many to have been first cultivated in the region ex tending from CochinChina to Bengal Although the manufac 314 GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE ture of sugar from the sugarcane is now a large branch of human industry its great development is of comparatively recent date Sugar appears to have been but vaguely known to the Greeks and Romans Theophrastus spoke of it as honey in reeds and the Latin poet Lucan has a line which indicates a knowledge of its existence but merely as a curious fact where he speaks of those who drink sweet juice from the tender reed Strabo quotes an inaccurate account from Nearchus of the Indian honeybearing reed and various classical writers of the first century of the Christian era speak of the sweet sap of the Indian reed and even of the granulated saltlike product which was imported from India and called by them saccharum from a word of the Sanskrit or Indian Hindoo language meaning gravel and sugar The cultivation of cane spread from Persia into Arabia then into Sicily and Italy During the middle ages Venice was the center of the great sugar trade and a Venetian citizen received a reward of 100000 crowns for the invention of the art of making loaf sugar The Spaniards in their turn became the great disseminators of the cultivation of the sugarcane for sugar and syrup They planted cane in Madeira in 1420 carried it to San Domingo in 1494 and to other portions of the West Indies and of South America occupied by them early in the sixteenth century It was from the duties levied on the importation of sugar into Spain from San Domingo that Charles V obtained funds for the palaces built by him at Madrid and Toledo Sugarcane is said to have been brought to this country first by French Jesuits in 1751 They planted it on the present site of the city of New Orleans But it was not until some time between 1794 and 1800 when the revolution of St Domingo sent hun dreds of their planters into Louisiana that its growth became in that State an object of importance But what they brought was the small yellow Creole In 1805 cane was brought to Georgia from the island of Otaheite and Georgia was for a time the cen ter of the sugarcane industry in the United States In 1829 there was built upon the plantation of Mr James Hamilton Couper known as the Hopeton plantation a large sugar house which at the time of its erection was in advance of any similar plant in Louisiana or the West Indies On this plantation the raising of cane and the manufacture therefrom of syrup and sugar gave the most satisfactory results This noted plantation wasBULLETIN NO 40 315 in Glynn county five miles by water from Darien sixteen by land from Brunswick and fifteen from the Atlantic Ocean In later years cotton and rice so absorbed the interests of Geor gia planters that the cultivation of sugarcane was neglected and the magnificent sugarmill once so successfully operated by Mr Couper was allowed to fall into ruins and a few years ago the machinery was sold for scrap iron Louisiana which obtained its first sugarcane of the kind now cultivated from Georgia in 1825 had for long years before the Civil War taken the lead of this industry in the United States Although the sugarcane industry in Georgia has at no time since its first inauguration entirely ceased yet it has been over shadowed so completely by other enterprises that at one time there seemed to be danger of its complete collapse The Georgia Department of Agriculture has made constant and earnest efforts to bring about a revival of this important indus try At a meeting of the Georgia Dairymens Association held at Grantville October 12 and 13 1899 Hon R F Wright As sistant Commissioner of Agriculture delivered an address in be half of pure food laws the prime object on that occasion being to protect the dairy products of the State This purpose was how ever enlarged to cover legislation in behalf of pure food gen erally thus embracing pure syrup and sugar along with all kinds of food A resolution prepared by Mr H J Wing dairyman at the Georgia Experiment Station which was unanimously adopted read as follows Resolved That a Standing Committee of five be appointed by the President of which Hon R F Wright Assistant State Commissioner of Agriculture shall be the chairman to consider and act for this Association upon laws and legislation regarding dairy products their substitutes and imitations and PURE FOOD GENERALLY and Resolved That the said committee be instructed to use all proper effort to secure the enforcement of the existing State laws upon the subject of frauds and substitutes in dairy products and to procure by legislation or otherwise any funds additional au thority or amendment to the laws which may be found necessary to this end Resolved That such committee be instructed to cooperate with316 GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE any proper organization its committee or representatives seeking pure food legislation in this State President R J Redding appointed on the committee the fol lowing R F Wright chairman J Pope Brown W L Wil liamson H C White H J Wing To which committee the name of President R J Redding was added by special action of the Association Hon O B Stevens Commissioner of Agriculture had a con versation with Secretary Wilson of the United States Department of Agriculture in August 1900 at the meeting of the Commis sioners of Agriculture in Raleigh North Carolina in which he urged that the attention of the United States Department of Agri culture should be given to cane culture in Georgia and that the proper steps be taken for its encouragement A bill prepared by Dr McCandless for the protection of syrup from Georgia cane was introduced by Hon Pleasant Stovall rep resentative from Chatham county at the session of the Georgia Legislature in the summer of 1903 Captain D G Purse of Savannah has been very zealous in arousing the interest of the planters of Middle and South Geor gia in the cultivation of sugarcane and in enlisting the cooper ation of the United States Department of Agriculture in behalf of this great industry He has also taken great interest in the en actment by the Legislature of laws to prevent the adulteration of Georgia cane syrup His excellent book on sugarcane is highly recommended by this Department to the people of Georgia Captain Purse Colonel T J James Mr J Byron Wight and others have made trips to Louisiana to obtain all possible infor mation on this important subject The great railway systems of Georgia the Central Southern and Plant are taking a lively interest in the promotion of cane growing Through the earnest efforts of all these parties and under the persistent teaching and advice of the Georgia Department of Ag riculture powerfully backed up by the sucessful efforts of such men as Mr J Byron Wight his two brothers W B Rodden berry and several others there has been a great revival in the cultivation of sugarcane and the manufacture therefrom of syrup and sugar At the Fourth Annual Convention of the Cotton States Asso ciation of Commissioners of Agriculture held at Nashville Ten nessee August 26 27 and 28 1902 Mr J Byron Wight CairoBULLETIN NO 40 317 Ga made an address on the Steps necessary to build up the sugarcane industry of the South which is so exhaustive and practical that we give it here in full steps necessary to build up the sugarcane industry oe the south By J B Wight Cairo Ga No industry can thrive that is not a financial success In view of this we are led to ask Will it pay to build up our sugarcane industry Is there room for it Is there a demand for its prod ucts Will it pay the farmer who is in the sugarcane belt to decrease his acreage in cotton and increase that in cane If these questions can beanswered with a positive yes and the correctness of the answer impressed upon our farmers then the most important step necessary to build up the sugarcane in dustry has been taken WILL IT PAYf In discussing the question of profit I speak from the stand point of one who has been intimately associated with the growing of sugarcane all his life and whose chief business is now the making of syrup My representations of the industry too will be from average conditions as they exist in Southwest Georgia conditions however that can be duplicated in the greater parts of South Georgia South Alabama South Mississippi and almost all of Florida To bring an acre of sugarcane to maturity and to manufacture it into syrup costs approximately as follows Seed cane to plant one acre10 00 Fertilizers 10 00 Cultivation and rent of land 10 00 Stripping and hauling to mill 10 00 Manufacture into syrup 20 00 13 empty barrels at 110 each 14 30 74 30 As an offset to this the grower has 13 barrels of syrup of 32 gallons each at 25 cents per gallon104 00 or a profit on one acre of 2970 318 GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Most farmers would say that the above estimate of cost is too much and the selling price of syrup is below rather than above the average of the last three years Many farmers who have no cane mill of their own get a neighbor to make their syrup for them In this case the grower delivers the cane at the mill while the mill owner performs all the labor of manufacturing each paving for the barrels to contain his share of the product lhe crrower receives as his part threefourths of the syrup made and The manufacturer onefourth The account then stands as fol lows Cost of making and delivering cane to mill as above40 00 94 empty barrels at 110 IO 73 50 73 The grower then has 9 34 barrels of syrup at 25 cents per oallon 7801 a net profit to the grower of 2727 per acre But the tendency is towards larger and better central mills which get a higher percentage of juice from the cane and make a better quality of syrup Following the custom in Louisiana these mills pay so much per ton for the cane delivered at the mill One such mill in my neighborhood paid last season four do lars per ton for cane Let us see how the account stands under this plan remembering that an acre of cane yielding thirteen barrels of syrup will make at least eighteen tons of cane 18 tons cane at 4 per ton7200 Less cost of production etc as above 4Q0 Or a net profit per acre of3200 Let any farmer compare this with the net profit from any or dinary field crop he produces and the comparison will be greatly to the advantage of the canegrower I wish to emphasize the fact that the above represents not what can be done on pet patches but what is easily accomplished on larger areas with land that will produce a half bale of cotton per acre Pet patches do much better than this An ordinary onehorse farmer George R Oates Cairo Ga tell me that for the last fifteen years he has never made less than fifteen bar rels of syrup per acre and that more frequently than not his yieldBULLETIN NO 40 319 has been twenty barrels Last season I made 697 gallons of syrup on one acre and 800 gallons per acre is occasionally real ized It should also be mentioned that sugarcane is freer from disease and is hardly so susceptible to adverse conditions as are most field crops On the basis of the above then there can hardly be but one answer to the question Will it pay to build up our sugarcane industry Ninetynine per cent of the cane made in States east of Louisi ana is manufactured into syrup May there not therefore be an overproduction of syrup Yes there may be but when we recall that ninety per cent of the syrup sold in our grocery stores is an inferior adulterated product that the demand for pure goods is increasing and that almost an unlimited market can be found for the best quality of pure unadulterated cane syrup there need be little fear of overproduction in the near future What has been done at Cairo is an example of how the demand for such syrup may be built up Sixteen years ago it was hard to find a market for the 1500 pounds annually shipped from the town and one years crop was frequently not sold before another one was produced Now with more careful methods of manufacture and so producing a better grade of goods 12000 barrels are easily sold before another crop is made It is marketed from Massachusetts to Texas 3644 barrels of last seasons crop going from Cairo to the latter State alone The fact that syrup is shipped from Geor gia through Louisiana to Texas may seem strange to one who does not know that syrup made on the higher and lighter lands of the States from South Carolina to Mississippi is much superior in flavor to that made in the great canefields of the Mis sissippi bottoms but so it is The purefood laws that have been enacted in some States and that will likely follow in others will also aid in making a market for the fine cane syrup And let me stress here the importance of these laws not only to the canegrow er but to the farmer in every branch of agriculture The purchaser has a right to know the character of the goods he is buying and to have his health protected from the poisonous elementsthat abound in many of them However I grant that there might easily be an overproduction of syrup then what is to be done The answer is easy This surplus could readily be turned into sugar There is no doubt that canegrowing in Louisiana is profitablewhere most of it is320 GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OE AGRICULTURE made into sugar Can it be made equally profitable here Let us see Louisianas yield of cane per acre is given by a high au thority as averaging 22 tons per acre with a sucrose content of twelve per cent This is chiefly produced on the low heavy lands in the river bottoms where the expense of preparation and tillage is much greater than with us and where each plantation is honeycombed with drainage ditches supplemented by an ex pensive pumping station for the removal of the excess of water Our lands yield eighteen tons of cane per acre with an aver age sucrose content of sixteen per cent Now for the comparison 22 tons of Louisiana cane mill extraction seventyfive per cent of juice sucrose twelve per cent contains 4050 pounds of sugar Georgia cane yields eighteen tons per acre mill extraction seventyfive per cent of juice suc rose sixteen per cent contains 4320 pounds of sugar In neither case will the full calculated amount of sugar be real ized in manufacture but Georgia will more nearly approximate it than Louisiana from a fact well known to all chemists that the higher glucose content of Louisiana cane renders a larger per cent of sugar uncrystallizable In short if Louisiana can make sugar af a profit Georgia and Florida and Alabama and Missis sippi can and with the United States last year not including our insular possessions making only eighteen and onehalf per cent of the sugar she consumed there is room for all the cane we can grow In the face of these facts there can be no doubt that cane growing for making both sugar and syrup will pay and that its extension should be pushed by our agricultural authorities SUGARCANE VS BEETS Another comparison may be to the point The sugarbeet in dustry has been greatly encouraged by the United States Depart ment of Agriculture and by the agricultural departments of the several States in which the beets are successfully grown Under this stimulus the production of beet sugar in the United States was last year more than double that of any previous year and that it was made at a profit goes without saying Now let us see how the results between sugarbeets and sugar cane stand According to the Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture for 1901 page 495 the cost of growing and harvest ing an acre of sugarbeets without taking into consideration theBULLETIN NO 40 321 rent of the land averages 30 The average yield is ten tons per acre which sell at the factory at 4 to 450 per ton This gives a gross return of 48 to 54 and a net profit of 18 to 24 We have before seen that the average net profits on sugarcane are 27 to 32 per acre or from 8 to 9 more per acre than is realized by our more thrifty Northern farmers for their beets This too in face of the fact that sugarcane requires less skill in its cultivation cheaper machinery in its manufacture and is grown on land of much less value There is food for thought along here Our Southern farmer is conservative He likes togo in the good old paths his grand father trod He plows and hoes his cotton by day and dreams of the fleecy staple by night But there are signs that he is waking up and when he does and cane fields take the place of some of our cotton plantations there will be some heavier purses and some happier homes A FEW NEEDS 1 Better lands are needed for the profitable production of sugarcane than the average It may pay some farmers to make 125 pounds of lint cotton per acre but cane on a like basis is un profitable Paying crops of cane require the use of renovating crops like cowpeas velvet beans and otner legumes This will lead to rotation of crops with general improvement of lands and a consequent increase in profits on all crops grown Cotton as the sole money crop has been carried to an unreasonable extreme among us Were cotton the only crop which can profitably be grown by the farmer this condition of affairs would have some justification but with a better paying crop that can be produced in all the southern section of the cotton States and whose product is in demand for home consumption as well as export our de votion to cotton is wellnigh idolatrous 2 There are few leakages on the farm greater than that which characterizes the crude methods used in the manufacture of our cane into syrup A good mill will get a 75 per cent ex traction of juice from the cane but a 50 per cent extraction is all that many of our mills realize or a loss of onethird of the juice which goes to waste in the bagasse This is a waste that hardly any other crop than cane could stand or any other than the South ern farmer would tolerate Large central mills with a high per 21 a b322 GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE centage of extraction and equipped with the best machinery for making a fine quality of syrup would be to the advantage of the grower and the manufacturer of cane and would add greatly to the popularity of the syrup produced and the demand for it in the markets of the country 3 Our farmers need the aid and encouragement bothof our National and State Departments of Agriculture in solving many of the problems incident to the most economical production and manufacture of cane into syrup and sugar Many of these problems are such as can only be worked out by scientists and specialists The sugarbeet growers have been liberally aided in this way and its justification is seen in the impetus that has been given to sugarbeet culture that could have been brought about in no other way Congress at its last session made a start in the direction of aid to the canegrowers that ought to be productive of much good In conclusion let me say we have in sugarcane an industry that is worthy of the most careful nurture and one than which in the section suited to its growth there is none more promising for the diversification and improvement of our agriculture We are indebted to Mr R L Pritchard Land and Industrial Agent of the Central of Georgia Railway for the following ad dress of Mr W B Roddenberry of Cairo Ga in which that gentleman one of the most practical and successful farmers in the cane belt of our State tells the farmers and delegates to the Cane Growers Convention at Macon how he succeeded with sugar cane making over 5000 a year clear profit My experience in growing sugarcane does not date back quite as far as my experience in eating the syrup but it is proper to say I have been growing cane at Cairo Ga for a numbers of years and am now engaged in growing it in Florida as well as in Geor gia and right here I want to say that while it is an indisputable fact that Cairo is far in the lead in this industry in Georgia and also why I fully believe the claim that the soil around Cairo is es pecially and better adapted to the making of a finer quality of syrup than the average soil of any other section of the cane belt still I believe that there are many sections in Georgia Florida and Alabama that can very successfully grow sugarcane and make a very superior quality of syrup Now in order that the figures which I shall give of cost and profits may be rightly understood and that right conclusions may be drawn from them and in order that practical application mayBULLETIN NO 40 328 be made of the facts and suggestions contained in my experience it is necessary to make some explanation touching my farming operations in general as I believe the best way to make a success of sugarcane in Georgia is to combine with it a diversification of crops and stock 1 The size of the farm whereon my sugarcane is grown is what is commonly called in Georgia a thirteenhorse farm and consists of 380 acres in cultivation including all crops 2 The system of farming is with wages hands ten to twelve regular hands being employed at 9 and rations per month Ex tra help for hoeing etc being mainly negro women at forty cents per day In harvest time extra men laborers cost fifty cents to seventyfive cents per day 3 The stumps are all out which enables the use of labor saving implements such as three and fourhorse discbreaking plows harrows twohorse cultivators weeders mowers reapers and corn harvesters 4 Farm located one and threequarter miles from shipping point Cairo value of land 16 per acre 5 Accurate account kept of all expenditures and receipts 6 Diversifiedcrops are grown and stockraising to a limited extent combined with the farming operations As sugarcane is my main money crop I endeavor to make the miscellaneous crops pay every dollar of running expenses of the entire farm including cost of manufacturing the cane into syrupthus making the gross proceeds of my cane crop represent the net profits of the entire farm and in order to accomplish this I find it necessary to restrict the acreage in sugarcane to about fifty acres each year I shall now give the figures covering my crop in 1902 taking notice of the miscellaneous crops first and leaving sugarcane to the last 70 acres in cotton yielded 37 bales sold for cOQ 00 12 acres in Georgia collards yielded 3750 seeds 700 00 12 acres in watermelons yielded 9 cars 630 00 io acres in sweet potatoes yielded 1100 bushels sold 600 bushels of same for 20 OQ Total 37 00 Thirty acres in oats yielded 22 bushels per acre Oats fob324 GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OE AGRICULTURE lowed by peas Used both oats and peas in feeding stock after saving enough for seed in 1903 Sixty acres velvet beans Pastured same with forty head cat tle from October 1 to January The cattle came out fat enough for beef and left about onethird the vines which were turned under in January One hundred and fifteen acres in corn and pinders alternate rows The yield of corn was thirteen bushels per acre which was unusually low All the corn is used in feeding stock and the pinders used in fattenning hogs the hogs being turned in field harvested the pinders Twentyfive acres in pinders used in fattening hogs This twentyfive acres of pinders in addition to the pinders in the cornfield fattened 135 head of hogs which made 21600 pounds of pork Sold for1296 OO Beef cattle sold for 210 OO Milk cows sold for 120 00 Total receipts from all crops outside of cane4696 00 The total expenditure for running the farm including fertil izers labor overseer cost of making syrup taxes and all other expenses except permanent improvements was 4420 This amount deducted from the total receipts leaves a net profit 011 above item of 276 Having eliminated the miscellaneous crops we now come to the consideration of the cane crop proper I had 46 acres planted in cane of which amount I put down 3 acres for seed in 1903 and ground 43 acres This cane was all weighed on wagon scales and yielded 876 tons being about 20 tons per acre from this cane I made 18952 gallons of syrup 15000 gallons of same was put in tin cans and sold for an aver age price of thirty cents per gallon exclusive of the package and 3952 gallons was put in barrels and sold for an average price of twentyseven cents per gallon exclusive of the barrels making the total amount received for syrup 5567 and this amount added to the 276 profit on the miscellaneous crops makes 5843 which represents my total profit on the entire farm The above plan of diversified farming is the way I think a sugarcane crop should be grown and such a system of farming is so fascinating to me that I have moved from town to the counBULLETIN NO 40 325 try in order to be in close touch with every detail of the farm also in order to raise my boys Close to natures beart I kept an approximate account of the cost of growing and manufacturing this cane crop separately from the general farm account and I will now go into details of same First in order is the cost of the seed cane this item costs me nothing and need not cost any canegrower anything My seed came from the stubbles of previous years cane crop and in order to make this seed cost nothing I plant cotton on the stubble after burning off and harrowing down well with tooth harrow and I let the cotton and stubble cane grow together I almost invariably get enough cotton to pay all expenses of fertilizing and cultivat ing the stubble cane and get enough seed cane to plant the same number of acres in cane the succeeding year Of the seventy acres in cotton in 1902 mentioned above fortythree acres was cane stubble land and yielded nearly a half bale of cotton to the acre in addition to the stubble cane with which I planted my 1903 crop this half bale of cotton per acre more than paid the entire expense of growing and putting down seed cane Sometimes we can get an extra growth of cane from stubbles and grind a portion and still have enough left to plant same number of acres the next year and at same time make cotton enough to pay all expense of grow ing the stubble cane It is therefore a safe proposition to say that seed cane need not cost anything Having disposed of one important item viz the seed cane I will now give the items of expense on the fortythree acres of cane in round numbers Per acre Labor preparing land 1 00 Stripping seed cane and planting 3 00 Cultivating plowing and hoeing 5 00 1200 pounds commercial fertilizer 12 00 Labor stripping cutting and piling 4 00 Labor hauling cane to mill 5 00 Manufacturing into syrup 15 barrels 15 00 Total cost per acre45 00 This does not include feed and hire of teams nor land rent nor interest on money invested for the reason that I make the teams selfsustaining outside of the cane crop and as the land be longs to me the total profit represents the amount I receive for rent of same and includes the interest on money invested326 GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Taking above cost per acre as a basis fortythree acres of cane at 45 per acre would cost 1935 Subtracting this amount from the amount received for syrup 5567 leaves the net profit on the fortythree acres of cane 3632 which is 8447 Per acre Now by subtracting the profit on the cane 3632 from the total profit on the entire farm 5843 we have left 2211 which rep resents the entire profit on the miscellaneous crops when severed from the cane crop and as the miscellaneous crops occupied 334 acres of the farm we have a net profit of 662 per acre on general crops against 8447 Per acre on sugarcane I will say in passing that this profit is exceeded by many of our smaller canegrowers who plant cow peas and other rich spots While the above profit was satisfactory to me it is a fact that this profit would have been increased about 50 per cent by the use of a firstclass modern manufacturing plant In order to substantiate this statement I will now go into the subject of my method of manufacture and for the benefit of those of our canegrowers who are using horsepower and who are contemplating putting in small steam cooking plants I will de scribe minutely and in detail my outfit and my method of opera tion by thus going into minute details those present who are familiar with more modern and scientific methods may see how crude are our processes even at their best My manufacturing plant consists of one fortyfive horsepow er steam boiler two fifteen horsepower engines two 2600 No 3 roller mills large rolls eighteen inches in diameter two galvan ized iron cooking vats with copper coils for steam heat and the necessary pumps piping and tanks also wagon scales cane der rick cane car bagasse carrier etc The total cost of this outfit ap proximates 2500 including the building The two mills are not geared together so as to get the best ex traction by running same cane through both mills as is done in modern mills but are set up on the ground side by side both mills being run at same time and fed lightly in order to be able to key them tighter than if fed full I have frequent breakdowns with these mills as they are too frail to do the work I try to make them do I secured an extraction of juice estimated at about 64 per cent of the weight of the cane with these mills One fifteen horsepower engine is sufficient to drive both mills and I have the second engine simply as a reserve in case of accident to engine in useBULLETIN NO 40 327 The cane is tied in bundles with ropes laid across the wagon beds in the field about 1000 pounds in each bundle two bundles to the load after weighing each load on wagon scale the cane is lifted from wagon by a hand derrick and placed on small car which is shoved to an inclined platform in front of the mills and dumped from the car which works on pivot onto the inclined platform the bundles of cane sliding down the incline to the mills so that one hand can easily feed each mill The bagasse is carried by elevators from each mill to a platform from which it is carted in dumpcarts direct to the field and scattered on the land as fast as ground to be plowed under later The juice is filtered through a small box of black moss as it comes from the mills to remove the coarse fibre and is then ele vated by a steam jet to a larger moss filter this filter being a fifty gallon barrel packed full of black cleaned moss this filter barrel is placed in the top of the building so that the juice will flow from the same into the juice tank which is made of galvanized iron and is large enough to hold two charges of juice The two cooking vats are placed side by side and at such ele vation as will permit juice to flow by gravity from juice tank into first cooking vat and from this vat into the second cooking vat The first vat is used for defecating or skimming and after the juice is thoroughly skimmed in same it is then allowed to flow into second vat where it is evaporated into syrup and another charge of juice let into first vat and this process goes on in this way con tinually At the outlet from the first vat into the second vat I use a bag filter made of thin seaisland sheeting this bag is about six feet long and two feet wide it must be this large to allow the juice to run through rapidly this filter or strainer re moves a considerable portion of sediment and solid matter that can not be skimmed off because it will not rise to top The solid matter thus removed is largely the same class of matter that is re moved by use of settling tanks in uptodate cane mills The skim ming process is kept up constantly in the second or finishing vat until the juice is reduced to syrup of a density registering 34 de grees Beaume then the syrup is drawn out into syrup tank from which the syrup is canned or barreled If canned it is done while the syrup is very hot and hermetically sealed at once The syrup is strained through heavy flannel bag as it flows from finishing vat into syrup tank and it is surprising how much black solid mat ter we get from the syrup with this flannel strainer when it is con sidered that the juice has been filtered through three feet of moss328 GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OE AGRICULTURE then skimmed thoroughly in first vat and strained through cotton bag as it goes into second vat and then skimmed continuously while evaporating Just here I will mention that I have found it advisable to allow the heavy scum commonly called the blanket to rise slowly and thoroughly in the skimming vat before break ing or removing the same being very careful not to let any of it boil in and to wait a minute or two after shutting off the steam be fore removing it in order to allow the scum to harden somewhat and it is decidedly better to remove the blanket by raking it off with a paddle rather than to skim it off with the ordinary skim mer commonly used by farmers In order to facilitate the remov ing of the blanket I have my skimming vat constructed with a flange on one side twelve inches wide and inclined at an angle of about 45 degrees and under the lip of this flange I have a gut ter into which the scum is raked and from which it flows into the skimming barrels I have four barrels for skimming the bottom of each being tapped with iron pipe which is connected with same steam jet with which I elevate the juice from the mill I fill the skim ming barrels in rotation and by the time I begin filling the last barrel the skimmings in the first barrel have become clarified by slight fermentation so that practially all the scum has risen to the top and left the clear juice in the bottom of the barrel I then pump this clarified juice by means of the steam jet from the first barrel into the moss filter from whence it flows into the juice tank I then keep up this regular rotation of filling and emptying these skimming barrels and by this method I am able to use about twothirds of the skimmings This clarified juice from the skim mings is slightly acid when it goes into the juice vat and this aids somewhat the clarification of the juice in the skimming vat I use no lime or sulphur in clarification and have succeeded so far in making as bright a syrup by the above method as some of my neighbors make by the use of sulphur and lime I will state however that these parties do not use settling tanks which may account for the fact that they do not make any better grades of syrup with sulphur and lime than I make without it This is one of the problems among many others that we are looking to the Department of Agricuture to settle for us As to the quality of the syrup thus made I will say that I have here samples of the product for your inspection I do not claim that this syrup is better than that made by some others in my section who are equally careful and painstaking and who emBULLETIN NO 40 329 ploy practically the same methods and in justice to the smaller canegrowers of my section who are still using the oldfashioned horse mill and iron open kettle I desire to say that in some in stances they succeed in making an excellent grade of syrup but the great disadvantage in this method is the lack of uniformity in the grade of the syrup My cooking vats are elevated sufficiently to allow the con densed steam from the copper coils in the vats to flow into a tank which is elevated slightly above my steam boiler and from this tank it is pumped while hot into the steam boiler This is an im portant factor in cutting down the expenses for fuel My plant described above is a fair representation of a dozen or more such plants located around Cairo and represent our larg est and best outfits with the exception of one at Ingleside plan tation operated by the Messrs Wight where they have a three roller mill weighing 8000 pounds and where they use sulphur and lime for clarifying also except one now being located about eighteen miles from Cairo in Decatur county with a capacity of 200 tons of cane per day This plant is a secondhand outfit from Louisiana and it is proposed to make sugar on same as well as syrup The capacity of my plant is 35 tons of cane in twentyfour hours and by buying cane from my neighbors I am able to run day and night Now I will go back to the proposition that with a modern and firstclass outfit my profit would have been increased about fifty per cent By a modern outfit I mean a sixroller mill with a crusher or a nineroller mill with a capacity of at least 200 tons of cane in twentyfour hours Such a mill should give an extraction of seventyeight per cent by the aid of saturation between the rolls The mill should be equipped with chaincarrier and feeder and best cooking outfit including sulphur and liming process settling tanks and filter process so as to utilize practically all the skim ming Such a mill would make possible the use of the bagasse for fuel which would save about twothirds the fuel and would also greatly reduce the expense of manufacturing With a mill of this description of large enough capacity I could have waited to begin grinding until my cane was matured This would have saved a considerable waste as will be seen from the following data 330 GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OE AGRICULTURE I began grinding cane October 20 and finished December 18 During the first half of this grinding season I secured an average of 19 gallons of syrup from a ton of cane and during the latter half I secured 23 gallons per ton Thus you see I could have gained four gallons of syrup on every ton of cane ground during the first half of the season by waiting until the cane was matured to begin grinding This would have given me 1752 gallons in crease in the syrup output This increase in syrup at twenty seven cents per gallon is 473 As stated beforemy mills gave an average extraction of sixtyfour per cent With a mill that would give an extraction of seventyeight per cent the increase would have been 4136 gallons of syrup at twentyseven cents 111672 The approximate cost of manufacturing on my outfit is 1 per barrel of thirty gallons whereas on a firstclass plant the cost would be reduced to about fifty cents per barrel This would have been a saving on my crop of 315 These three items of saving aggregate 190472 which is slightly more than fifty per cent of my entire profit on this cane crop This gain does not include the saving by using practically all the skimmings With an uptodate cane mill the net profit per acre on my cane crop in 1902 would have been approximately 128 instead of 84 It may be claimed that 1902 was an exceptionally favorable season and to some extent that is true but I beg to submit that with the most unfavorable seasons I have never failed to get a yield of ten 30gallon barrels of syrup per acre and with this minimum yield the net profit is 5632 per acre with my crude and wasteful plant and would be 84 per acre with a firstclass mill The speaker then told the convention how he prepared for planting his crop dug his seed cane before freezing temperature set in using stubble cane if available or shortjointed canethe shorter the better In bedding he covered roots with moist earth Best time for bedding just before a rain In preparing land he broke his land deep in the fall or winter and harrowed in the spring with a disc plow Used a disc cultivator to lay off rows In planting used guano distributor with eightinch round shovel on same to open the furrow Cut cane in pieces from one to two feet longaiming to get four or five eyes on each piece We are forced to the conclusion that sugar cane can not be grown profitably in Georgia without the aid of fertilizers and in order to emphasize the great importance of fertilizers I willBULLETIN NO 40 381 state at the outset the result of an experiment made last year on this point The yield per acre on good land not fertilized was twelve tons cane and the maximum yield on the same land with 2000 pounds guano per acre was thirtynine tons thus giving a gain of twentyseven tons cane per acre as the result of 2000 pounds guano the twentyseven tons cane at 350 per ton is worth 9450 and the 2000 pounds guano cost 21 this shows a net gain of 7350 per acre as the result of this fertilizer On my crop last year I used 1200 pounds of guano per acre at two applications of the following formula Twelve hundred pounds 16 per cent acid phosphate 400 pounds 8 per cent cotton seed meal 200 pounds nitrate soda 200 pounds muriate of potash Seeing that the possibilities in sugarcane for the South eastern States are so great it is of vital importance that we get one method of culture and manufacture perfected and that we get the syrup introduced into all the markets and by right busi ness methods so advertise and push the sale of the goods through all proper channels that there will be no slacking off in the already greatly increasing demand As to improved methods of culture and manufacture we are looking to the Department of Agriculture to help solve many of these problems beginning with the best way to save seed Can the tops be utilized for seed How is the best way to pre serve and utilize the stubbles When is the best time to plant fall or spring Which is the best variety What is the most profitable fertilizer What width rows What class of soil is best What preceding crops to plant Will irrigation pay And many other questions in culture are unsettled and need in telligent and persistent experimentation And when it comes to manufacture we need to know what kind of machinery to buy What is greatest profit point as to extraction Will saturation of bagasse in milling injure quality of syrup How to best utilize the skimmings How to clarify juices How to make syrup of uniform color and density How to prevent fermenta tion in barrels How to make heavy syrup and prevent granu lation The last two points are of vital importance They are the Scylla and Charybdis of the syrup business It is imperative that we steer clear of thin syrup that will sour on one hand and of thick syrup that will turn to sugar on the other Fermentation is the bane of the syrup industry and while Ave have been for 332 GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE tunate for some years in being able to dispose of practically the entire output before the warm weather and fermentation set in wre have no assurance that it will always be so We ought to be able to put our syrup on the market unadul terated at all seasons of the year in barrels and with safety guarantee it not to work or ferment Trusting that I have so presented the cultivation of sugar cane in Georgia and have propounded a sufficient number of questions to put this convention and the people of Georgia to thinking I thank you for your patient hearing Proper efforts are being made to establish refineries where most needed Other necessary steps have already been taken and other enterprises are being planned which give bright promise of placing Georgia hereafter in the leading position which right fully belongs to her as a great sugar and syrup State which her capabilities are ready to secure to her so soon as the proper use is made of them Already some of the best table syrup made in the United States goes forth from Thomas Brooks Decatur and the adjoin ing counties Cairo Bainbridge Quitman Thomasville and other towns of South Georgia are deriving large profits from the trade in syrup made from the sugarcane and already these syrups have been pronounced among the finest flavored that are found in any of the markets in the United States Good work in cane experimentation is being done at the four stations organized under appropriations by the United States De partment of Agriculture and located at Guyton Waycross Quit man and Cairo Complete plants for the making of sugar can be obtained at several places in the United States But it is probable that the most improved machinery can be obtained in New Orleans where every manufacturer is familiar with its practical use Every up todate factory must have a firstclass mill with filter presses clarifiers evaporators settlingtanks juicetanks and syruptanks One embarking in the business of syrupmaking must study care fully the sterilization of syrup which after being sterilized must be kept indefinitely in sterilized vessels If the most improved methods are used the cost of extracting the juice from the stalks and converting it into syrup is a mere fraction of a cent per gallonBULLETIN NO 40 333 SOILS ADAPTED TO CANE CULTURE The best soils for sugarcane are those naturally rich and fertile though remunerative crops can be grown upon those of moderate fertility if well prepared and fertilized Climate rainfall and manure are more important factors than soils Sandy soils with out manures produce small stalks while calcareous soils develop a cane of superior size and quality rich in saccharine matter Canes that are grown on rich alluvial soils not properly drained are poor in their sugar produce and though they yield a large quantity of syrup it is not of the best PREPARATION AND PLANTING Before planting all soils should be well prepared properly fer tilized and perfectly drained It is best to break or flush the land then bed into rows from five to six feet wide Next the bed should be opened and in this furrow the cane should be planted The part of the stalk selected for seed should be deposited in an open furrow and well covered which covering in the fall should be several inches thick Removing the extra soil in early spring tends to secure early germination The preparation of the soil should be thorough and deep Cultivate rapidly and as shallow as the soil will permit and lay by when the canes shade the ground It has been the practice of some to plant the entire cane and of others to use only the portion which is least fitted for making sugar On this point Dr W C Stubbs of Louisiana says It can be positively asserted that the upper third of our canes can be profitably used for planting our crop and we can send the lower twothirds of our entire crop to the sugarhouse thus increasing largely our sugar yields and diminishing our heavy outlay an nually for seed The cane may be planted any time between September and March But it is the general practice to plant in January and February after sugarmaking is completed After the frost has disappeared the earth is removed by the plow from each side of the cane and the top earth is then scraped off with the view of preventing too early vegetation It should be kept clear of weeds and grass by frequent and careful hoeing until it has produced shoots enough to afford a full stand334 GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OE AGRICULTURE In the latter part of May or early June it should be hilled about four inches after which it should be let alone till ready for the mill The bottom of the stalk begins to ripen in August or Sep tember from which time it ripens upward at the rate of about six inches a week until about the middle of October when it is usually ready for the mill FERTILIZERS EOR CANE In the cultivation of cane it is very desirable to insure a large growth by September ist Hence the fertilizers used should con tain enough nitrogenous matter to produce this result Phos phoric acid is very beneficial to its growth Potash may be necessary upon light sandy soils Experiments have shown that the limits of profit in the use of fertilizers for sugarcane are between forty and fifty pounds of nitrogen obtained from cottonseed meal and from forty to eighty pounds of phosphoric acid HARVESTING So soon as the cane is ready for harvesting it is customary to top it or cut off the upper end of the stalk as far as the leaves are dry Then after the leaves have been stripped from the standing stalk it is cut close to the ground with a cane knife and carried in carts to the mill where it is at once passed through the rollers for expressing the juice The juice so soon as extracted is put into the kettles boiled skimmed and reduced to the point where it is ready for granula tion or conversion into sugar The stalks from which the juice has been extracted are shredded like cornstalks and being mixed with ground grain are fed to stock with success By some they are held in higher esteem when thus prepared than cornstalks or cottonseed hulls THE GRASSES AND HAY While Georgia has won great reputation as a corn and cotton State ranking high on these products she has also in some sec tions shown a gratifying progress in the production of hayBULLETIN NO 40 335 It is not the object of any pamphlet sent out by the Georgia department of Agriculture to advise the abandonment of the greatest money crop with which any people were ever blest viz cotton but to urge the addition of another which under the con ditions that attend its cultivation in Georgia can with very little trouble and expense add millions of clear money to the bank ac count of our farmers If we look upon an agricultural map of the United States we shall find that lands bring the highest prices in States or parts of States where the grasses and forage crops are cultivated with greatest care while on the other hand lands sell cheapest where the greatest efforts are made to raise all cotton and kill all grass NATIVE GRASSES There are many grasses and forage plants that do well in Geor gia when properly cultivated but we have also those which live in spite of neglect and even survive efforts at extirpation Among these the most important is a grass that at one time was by many farmers considered a great pest but is now held in high esteem over the greater part of Georgia This is the well known and most useful Bermuda Graiss which was introduced from the West Indies but has made its home for so long a time over such large sections of the South that it may be considered naturalized if not a native It is the best pasture grass known to the Southern States because it can endure the greatest amount of summer heat and will stand a drouth that would kill most other grasses Colonel T C Howard at one time Secretary of Georgia De partment of Agriculture said The desideratum of the South is a grass that is perennial nutritious and adapted to the climate While we have grasses and forage plants that do well when nursed we have few that live and thrive here as in their native habitat The Bermuda and crab grass are at home in the South they not only live but live in spite of neglect and when petted and encouraged they make such grateful returns as astonish the benefactor I have known 114 worth of hay sold from seven eighths of an acre of Bermuda grass in one season I have known this pest socalled extirpated after twenty yearssod that had been undisturbed by any tooland astonishing crops both of cotton and corn raised in place of it the first year In deed I doubt if even the farfamed blue grass sod is a better336 GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE fertilizer and every one knows what the Western Virginians think of that as a restorer of impoverished land Bermuda will furnish for seven months of the year and for nine months in the average year the best pasturage that can be possibly had for all kinds of stock and in that way will pay bet ter than any land on the farm In Georgia our farms have too little land devoted to pastures and therefore it is feed feed feed for twelve months in the year to the detriment of our pockets and the injury of our stock that are never so healthy as when on a good pasture Those who have tried Bermuda for pasturage have been de lighted with the results It will stand the severest grazing and after stock has been pastured upon it its growth is largely in creased Bermuda grass will thrive on any land where cotton grows well One acre of it will it is claimed on soil suited to its growth maintain ten sheep for ten months of the year It is good for any kind of stock remember If Bermuda is supplemented by pasture of winter grasses for grazing sheep it will enable a farmer to not only increase his meat supply but will also furnish him with wool to sell to those who need it for manufacturing purposes Besides he can with little expense maintain a fine herd of cattle to furnish him with milk and beef for home use and for the market and also oxen with which to work his land Horses and mules also enjoy it and thrive upon it The large number of earthworms that gather under a Ber muda sod add greatly to the fertility of the soil When in sum mer hogs are turned into the pasture the worms and grass which they greatly enjoy make a very fattening food There are years in which we can have Bermuda grass the year round But this is not always the case Therefore in order to have on the same land good winter and summer pasturage tear up the Bermuda sod by the plow and then after harrowing but before rolling sow white clover and hairy vetch These will grow up in the late fall as the Bermuda dies down and when the hot weather comes on the Bermuda will spring up again and take their place Bermuda makes excellent hay wherever it is allowed to grow to a sufficient height for mowing To make good hay and ob tain the largest yield it must be mowed from three to five times every summer for if left until the culms harden it will not five the best results When properly mowed and cured it is doubtfulBULLETIN NO 40 337 if any hay which comes to our markets is eaten by all kinds cf stock with more relish than that made from Bermuda grass There have been some very large yields of this hay in Georgia In Greene county situated in the middle Georgia belt there have been raised on one acre thirteen thousand nine hundred and fifty three pounds of the best Bermuda hay Remember that while the cultivation of many other grasses involves some expense Bermuda can be had by the poorest fanner The man who devotes most of his land to cotton will do well to select for his pasture that which has a good Bermuda sod Perhaps there are some who do not know the manner of setting land with a Bermuda sod For the benefit of such we give the following directions This grass is not usually propagated by seed since this is the more expensive method But if this plan be preferred the seed can be sown in early spring late summer or early fall The usual plan is to cut pieces of the turf and scatter them along shallow furrows or sow them over the land wellpre pared by plowing and harrowing and cover or compress the roots into the soil with a roller or drag brush or the plants can be gathered root and branch from any patch of ground covered by them and after being shaken free from earth passed through a cutting box as though being prepared for the stall Then sow these little cuttings by hand broadcast before the harrow in the spring Every joint will germinate and bud and the grass will speedily take possession of the field If a farmer should desire to changeins pasture which some of our best agriculturists do frequently for the puqose of devoting the land to other crops he can kill out the Bermuda by one of the following methods Run a coulter or narrow bull tongue plow through it then turn the surface over but not under with a turn ing plow that has been set to run very shallow This turns the roots over exposing them to cold and frost which will certainly kill it The other method is Leave it ungrazed then broom sedge will grow up and certainly kill it in three or four years If the fanner has not other land well suited for pasturing he can before making the change set a sufficient portion in Bermuda in the manner already described Then he can soon have another fine pasture and where the late one stood when he turns up the Bermuda sod in the manner already described he will find land that has been rendered marvelously fertile by both the Bermuda and the droppings of the cattle that have grazed upon it It is 22 a b338 GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OE AGRICULTURE doubtful whether it would have been any more improved by those wonderful restorers of wornout land the cowpea or the velvet bean of which we will treat more fully farther on Bermuda grass seed cost 75 cents a pound or for 100 pounds and upwards at the rate of 65 cents a pound Crab and Crowfoot grasses are both well known and are es teemed both for hay and pasture The crowfoot is confined to the lower and sandy lands of the State and the hay made from it is generally more highly esteemed than that from crab grass The hay from these grasses while large in quantity is light as comparedto that of better grasses that is under ordinary treat ment But if they are cut before the seed is ripe or as soon as they are in blossom there will be little complaint of this sort Crab grass springs up wherever cultivation ceases and rapidly takes possession of the field After oats if cut when in flower it will make a very large yield of hay sometimes giving more forage than was obtained from the oats that preceded it If managed well it forms an excellent pasturage all summer and until late in the fall If immediately after cutting the oats or other grain hogs are for a short time turned in to eat up the shattered grain which remains and then turned out and all stock excluded until the grass gets a good start the farmer will have a splendid pasture until frost It is not well to pasture clover and the cultivated grasses to any considerable extent during the summer When the cool weather comes and the crab grass is no longer available the stock can be turned in upon the clover and cultivated grasses By this sort of management the Southern farmer has a great advantage over his Northern brother Especially is this true of the dairy man In Bibb county on the border of Middle and Southern Georgia there have been cut from one acre in one season over 9000 pounds of crab grass hay Gamma or Sesame Grass is one of the largest and most beauti ful perennial grasses reaching often a height of seven feet It is found over the whole South from the mountains to the coast and its leaves bear a strong resemblance to those of corn The hay cut from it is very much like fodder and is much less ex pensive The roots are strong Although it is a difficult task to plow it up very close grazing will kill it and the mass of dead roots plowed under will greatly enrich the soil Since the seed break off from the stem a single seed at a time and hence vege tate with great uncertainty it is usual to propagate it by setting out slips of the roots about two feet apart each wayBULLETIN NO 40 339 THE BROME GRASSES The brome grasses vary widely in their agricultural value The Bromus inermis or awnless brome grass also called smooth and Hungarian brome grass is highly valued as a forage and hay plant in the West and in some places in our own and other Southern States on account of its drouthresisting quali ties Rescue grass bears a somewhat similar relation to the agriculture of the South says F H Hillman assistant in the national seed laboratory for botanical investigations and experi ments in his excellent pamphlet on The Seeds of Rescue Grass and Chess Chess or cheat says the same writer is less valuable than either viz Bromus inermis or rescue grass Some value is assigned to it in certain localities but it has been long and widely recognized as a most troublesome weed The frequency with which it occurs in grain fields has led to1 the er roneous belief adhered to by many farmers even to the present day that chess is a degenerated form of wheat Chess seeds are often abundant among the seeds of the cereal grains and the larger grass seeds and sometimes occur with red clover seed Hon Frederick V Coville National Botanist says For some reason confusion has arisen in the Southern States regarding rescue grass and chess Seed of the latter which though occa sionally grown as a forage crop is ordinarily a grainfield weed has been offered for sale repeatedly under the name of the former which is a valuable forage grass and it has been thought de sirable to issue a brief description of the two so that both seeds men and purchasers may be able to distinguish them Mr Hill mans pamphlet which was prepared under the direction of Mr A J Pieters botanist in charge of the seed laboratory farther says With the aid of specimens or descriptions there should be no difficulty in distinguishing the seed of rescue grass from that of chess The differences between the seed of chess or cheat and that of its near ally Bromus racemosus are more difficult to detect but from a practical standpoint this is not so important since the two plants are very similar in habit and it is probable that in many localities the latter would prove quite as undesirable as chess The seed of Rescue Grass Bromus unioloides also called Schraders Brome grass and Arctic grass are thus described Florets or seeds 2 to 1 inch long strongly compressed from the340 GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OE AGRICULTURE sides sharply keeled along the back lanceolate as viewed from the side the apex tapering and usually tipped by a short awn at the base of which the glume is slightly notched margins of the glume membranous edged and usually not infolded except at the base veins 4 or 5 on each side of the midnerve or keel evident as narrow ridges palea twothirds to threefourths the length of the glume which wholly incloses it grain folded lengthwise and tightly clasping the infolded center of the palea The florets are light or yellowishbrown or strawcolored often greenish and sometimes purplish The surface varies from smooth to very finely roughhairy the latter condition being particularly evident on the veins and pedicel When spread thinly on a level surface the seeds lie on one of the flattened sides The seeds of Chess Bromus secalinus also called Cheat and Willards Broine Grass are described as follows Florets about J4 to 516 of an inch long exclusive of the awn which varies from 127 to 19 of an inch not compressed cylin drical or somewhat spindleshaped obtuse at the apex glume notched at the apex above the insertion of the awn margins more or less infolded below the middle narrowly or scarcely membra nous edged above the middle usually not all flaring at the apex veins tliree on each side of the midnerve very indistinct palea equal to the glume deeplygrooved conformably with the grain the keels hispidciliate and partially or wholly exposed grain equal to the Glume and Palea or chaff open exposed at the apex of the floret deeply grooved reddishbrown sometimes occurring free from glume and palea The florets are light or darkbrown and mostly smooth and sometimes have a fused luster under the lens The more evident characters by which rescue grass seed and chess may be distinguished upon comparison are as follows Rescue grass seeds being strongly compressed lie only on one side when resting on a level surface and thus appear lanceshaped or broadly awlshaped tapering uniformly to a sharp shortawned point In contrast the chess seed are from little more than one fourth to onehalf as long more robust not evidently flattened nearly cylindrical grooved along one side abruptly pointed the apex with a very short or somewhat longer awn or awnless When resting on a level surface they may lie slightly at one side of the midvein of the back exposing to view the grooved face and a part of one side or they may lie on the grooved face show ing the back They more rarely rest directly on the back Fur ight difBULLETIN NO 40 341 thermore the general color of a sample of chess is much darker brown than one of rescue grass seed Of the upright chess or Bromus racemosus it is only neces sary to say that the florets are about Yi of an inch long exclusive of the slender awn which varies from a little more than 17 to Yz of an inch in length similar to those of chess in general form These seeds are as easily distinguished from rescue grass seeds as are those of chess They are most readily distinguished from chess seeds by the broader glume longer awn and shorter palea and grain The following statement of the relative values of rescue grass and chess is contributed by Mr Carlton R Ball Assistant Agros tologist of the Department of Agriculture Rescue grass was introduced into the South some fifty years ago and has since been widely cultivated Its chief value is for winter and early spring grazing It is very hardy and makes a luxuriant and rapid growth throughout the winter under favor able conditions Although it is an annual plant it is said to be come a shortlived perennial under close grazing which prevents the production of seed In ordinary practice the grass is allowed to reseed itself each season Where grazed stock should be taken off long enough to allow seed to ripen in the early summer If it is cut for hay in March the aftermath will usually reseed the ground A summer crop may be grown on the same ground if it be taken off early enough to allow the young plants to begin their growth in the fall Rescue grass is best adapted to rich loamy soils On light poor soils it is probably inferior to rye or oats for pasturage or hay Chess is becoming more and more common in Southern wheat fields In feeding value as indicated by chemical analyses chess ranks lower than most grasses including rescue grass This has been proved to be true of it even in the Northwest where it is so largely used for hay Two years ago the Georgia Department of Agriculture pub lished an article on rescue grass which we will repeat here as a fitting close of the discussion of this division of the subject of native grasses RESCUE GRASS One of our friends has requested that we republish an article that appeared about two years ago on Rescue Grass We take pleasure in complying with this request342 GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OE AGRICULTURE Rescue grass is probably the finest for winter grazing and the most prolific in southern latitudes It requires a rich loamy soil and comes up in September growing rapidly during even the coldest winter It affords a rich pasturage of the most succulent stems and leaves from December i to May i or it may be mowed for hay two or three times during April and May and then allowed to mature a crop of seed which in gathering will shatter or leave enough seed on the ground to reseed the land so that one sowing if properly treated will suffice After mowing two or three times from ioo to 150 bushels of seed may be made on an acre The seed may be sown from June to February but to get the best results it should be sown in June when peas are sown for forage There are some peculiarities about this grass seed It will not germinate in summer The colder the weather in winter the faster it grows unless the stems have commenced jointing when a freeze will kill it down only to come out again however greatly increased in thickness When not mowed the grass grows slowly but when it is mowed or grazed upon the growth is hastened The plots upon which the grass has been sown can be broken up from June 1 to 15 fertilized and sown in peas or planted in corn and field beans By this method the grass will not only be im proved but splendid crops of peavine hay or of corn and beans can be made The seed that are left on the ground in May will lie dormant until the cool nights in September The seeds are quoted by seedsmen at 25 cents per pound but about 100 pounds may be obtained from Dr A M Winn Son of Lawrenceville Ga at 15 cents per pound or 12 cents a pound if as much as 10 pounds are bought also 150 pounds can be ob tained from Mr J T Baxter of Suwannee Ga at the same price The foregoing information is furnished largely by Mr J T Baxter who has successfully grown Rescue grassState De partment of Agriculture The seed of Bromus inermis cost 25 cents a pound or 20 for 100 pounds The seed of Bromus secalinus chess or cheat 12 cents a pound for 14 pounds and upward 11 cents a pound Johnson Grass is a stout erect perennial grass having rather broad leaves and large panicle which is open at flowering time It resembles ordinary sweet sorghum but is smaller and more slender The introduction of Johnson grass into this country is said to have been after the following manner Governor Meansr of South Carolina having received a request from the Sultan ofBULLETIN NO 40 343 Turkey to send him some one who could teach the Turks the art of raising cotton sent over a gentleman who upon his return brought with him among the seeds of other plants those of the now famous Johnson grass Colonel William Johnson who owned a large plantation at Marion Junction near Selma Ala bama about the year 1840 while on a visit to South Carolina obtained seed of this grass and sowed it on the bottoms of his farm on the Alabama river Having been first cultivated to any great extent by Colonel Johnson this grass received over a large section of country the name of Johnson grass though in South Carolina it was known as Means grass from the name of the Governor who was instrumental in its introduction and by this name it is still called in many localities It is sometimes called also Guinea grass though this name properly belongs to a very different plant whose botanical name is Panicum Maximum Different localities have given it different names some of which were given by seed dealers in order to create a demand for a supposed new grass Some Of these names are Aleppo grass Alabama Guinea grass Cuba grass Egyptian grass Green Valley grass Syrian grass St Marys grass False Guinea grass also Arabian millet Australian millet Egyptian millet Morocco mil let and Evergreen millet In sixty years from the time of its introduction it has spread westward to Texas and along irrigation ditches of New Mexico Arizona and California thence along the coast region to Oregon and Washington It is evidently well adapted to the vast area over which it has spread partly because many persons recogniz ing its value for hay and pasture have purchased the seed and have established meadows from which by infection it has been still more widely disseminated All kinds of farm stock feeding upon this grass and running at large scatter its seed which wherever dropped quickly germi nates and has a vigorous growth Johnson grass thrives best in rich moist alluvial soil It makes a good quality of hay if cut while just in flower Meadows should be broken up at least every third year so as to loosen the matted stems Meadows thus treated need no reseeding When this grass is turned in the spring cowpeas may be sown with it when in the fall it is well to use oats with it It affords good pasture during the summer when treated in the same way as meadows344 GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Mr N B Moore who lived and died near Augusta Ga pre ferred this grass to any other for hay on account of its luxuriant growth and abundant yield From his one hundred acres of grass land he derived annually an income of from seven to ten thousand dollars For twelve years prior to 1865 Mr Moores land had received annually five hundred cords of stable manure hauled from Au gusta besides wood ashes in large quantity From 1867 to 1874 this land was top dressed with commercial fertilizers In autumn it was his habit to have the land scarified both ways with sharp steeltoothed harrows and then to sow over the stubble a peck of red clover per acre which with volunteer vetches came off about the middle of May The second yield of clover was uniformly eaten up by grasshoppers The taproot remained to fertilize the then coming grass which he had cut when from two to three feet high The difficulty of eradicating Johnson grass has caused it to be much dreaded by farmers and in Texas laws have been passed regulating its use It can be destroyed by hand labor digging out the under ground stems If fallow land be plowed during hot dry weather thus exposing the stems to the heat of the sun the grass will soon be killed Severe frosts produce the same result Extra hand labor during the cultivation of a cotton crop will also kill it If a farmer desires to set a field with Johnson grass let him prepare a good seedbed by first turning up the land with a turning plow then go over the furrows with a subsoil plow Next let him harrow and roll Then sow the seed broadcast The price of Johnson grass seed is about 15 cents a pound or 11 for 100 pounds COWPEAS AND PEAVINE HAY VELVET BEAN ETC Until something more than thirty years ago the cultivation of cowpeas was confined mainly to the cottongrowing States but so famous have they become as a soil renovator that they are now a staple crop in the border Southern and some of the Middle States holding in many latitudes throughout the South the place held by clover in the North The name pea is not a strictly correct term as applied to this plant since it is closely related to our common beans and does not in general appearance resemble a pea except in its blossom and fruitBULLETIN NO 40 345 Of course the cowpea will do better on good land than on poor but whenever it is necessary to bring up a piece of wornout land this is the first crop that can be grown upon it A better soil renovator would be hard to find and a succession of crops of these valuable legumes has been frequently known to bring the most wornout soil to a condition of profitable production Valu able as are peavines and peas for stock feed their chief excellence is this property of restoring exhausted lands Of the many varieties of the cowpea the best known in Geor gia are the WhippoorwUl the Black Clay the Red Clay and the unknown The cowpea is probably superior to all other leguminous plants in producing maximum results in minimum time The vines and roots supply to the soil as much humus as clover with this great advantage they will grow upon soil which clover would wither and die Peas can be sown in Georgia any time between April 1 and August 1 in other words in the late spring or early and middle summer The soil may be prepared by breaking it with a twohorse plow About one bushel and a half to the acre should be sown and then the ground should be well harrowed Some fanners prefer to drill the peas in rows from 2A to 3 feet apart placing the peas at intervals of one to two inches in the row After they have come up a cultivator should be run between the rows Peas planted between the corn rows at the second or last plow ing of the corn furnish a large amount of feed The best time for cutting hay is when the first pods begin to turn yellow while the leaves are yet green and the stems tender If the cutting is delayed until all the peas have ripened the stalks will be hard and the leaves will fall off thus being wasted Be careful to cut in clear weather and after the dew is off In the early fall the crop of peavines is either harvested for hay or buried for fertilizer The more economical plan as we have said in other publications of this department is to harvest the crop for hay then turn under the stubble and the roots which are said to contain the greater part of the elements so essential for the renovation of the soil The average production of peavine hay to the acre is from 2500 to 4000 pounds but under scientific cultivation good lands have been known to yield over 10000 pounds to the acre The cowpea succeeds well under the most diverse conditions of soil and climate from the extreme South to the Central and Northern346 GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OE AGRICULTURE States flourishing on rich alluvial lands and making fairly good yields on the most barren and wornout hillsides It is essen tially a supplementary or intermediate crop In the peachgrow ing districts it is much used for planting in orchards for which purpose it is very useful It is a very beneficial crop also in the trucking sections for planting between rows of asparagus or for the purpose of occupying the ground after the removal of any early spring crop The cowpea like other plants of the bean family draws a part of its nitrogen from the air and therefore when plowed under leaves the soil not only richer in vegetable matter than before but also in the most expensive fertilizing element nitrogen so that the farmer need apply only the potash and phosphoric acid It also improves the mechanical condition of the soil by the opening and loosening effect produced by its deepfeeding roots The cow pea being the principal leguminous plant of the South since it is grown for hay forage and the crop of peas or seed and being so important as a soil renovator should be most carefully protected from disease The most troublesome ailment of this important plant is the wilt disease or pea sickness which has of late become quite preva lent and has caused much damage in the two Carolinas Georgia Alabama Mississippi and Louisiana This disease is similar to that in cotton okra watermelon and other plants and yet they are not intercommunicable that is the cowpea disease attacks nothing but the cowpea and so on with each of the others The cotton wilt fungus has been found in the soil after seven years devoted to other crops In the cowpea however the amount of wilt is greatly diminished when other crops intervene but it is doubtful whether the soil can be entirely rid of the fungus in this way The substitution for a time of some other leguminous crop for cowpeas seems to offer a good remedy For this purpose the velvet bean appears to be the best It is not subject to wilt but is somewhat liable to the rootknot worm or nematode It is even superior to the cowpea for shading out grass producing a heavy growth of forage which makes excellent hay or if plowed under makes a valuable fertilizer But it requires a long season and except in the extrme South does not ripen seed which is therefore very expensive On account of its trailing habit and long runners it is difficult to cut it for hay or to plow it underBULLETIN NO 40 347 Its tendency to climb into the trees also renders it objectionable in orchards The soy bean and Florida beggar weed may be also used as a substitute crop But there is no complete substitute for the cowpea hence the value of finding one that is resistant to the wilt disease Mr W A Orton assistant pathologist of the United States Department of Agriculture on whose treatise on Some Dis eases of the Cowpea we have drawn in this article says that Mr T S Williams of Monetta S C has found that the Iron Cowpea cultivated by him has proved resistant to the wilt dis ease Mr Orton says The writer visited Mr Williams and saw the fields in question The Iron pea was making a vigorous healthy growth where other varieties had died the year before In one field where the Iron pea was growing by the side of a common field cowpea the Iron pea was healthy while the other died very badly from the wilt dis ease No nematodes were found in any of these fields A neigh bor of Mr Williams who for two years had all his peas die planted the Iron pea this year 1901 at Mr Williams suggestion and made an excellent crop Experiments were made by the United States Department of Agriculture in cooperation with Mr Williams at Monetta S C on land thoroughly infected with cowpea wilt On May 29 1901 a number of varieties of cowpea soy bean velvet bean and some Japanese forage plants were planted on one and one half acres The soil was sandy in good condition and well fer tilized A crop of winter oats had been removed and the land thoroughly prepared All the varieties tested were planted by hand in the same way in rows about 3 feet apart and 18 inches apart in the hill two to ten seeds in a hill according to the nature of the variety The field was well cultivated The care taken in planting secured a good stand and nearly all the plants grew well until July Then the wilt disease appeared among the cowpeas and the injury was increased by the presence in the soil of the rootknot worm or nematode with the addition of a severe drought in July and the early part of August The velvet beans did very well making a heavy growth but the seed did not ma ture They seemed to be completely resistant to the wilt disease The soy beans were a disappointment suffering from nematode and the dry weather The Japanese cowpeas doing fairly welt348 GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OE AGRICULTURE for a while were at the last considerably injured by wilt and the nematode All of the American cowpeas made a good start and had an equal chance but the Iron cowpea was the only one that made any crop In an article by Herbert J Webber physiologist and W A Orton assistant pathologist on A Cowpea Resistant to Rootknot Heterodesa Radicicola or the Iron Cowpea is thus described The Iron cowpea is quite distinct in character from any other varieties known to the writers One peculiarity is its habit of continuous bloomingit may have flowers and ripe fruit on the same plant As a result of this it continues to ripen its seed over a considerable period and retains its foliage meanwhile This is a decided disadvantage if the peas are grown for their fruit but if the crop is grown for forage the attendant character of retain ing the leaves green until frost allows the grower greater latitude in harvesting and this may be a decided advantage While some other varieties of cowpeas possess some qualities superior to the Iron the latter is surely a good variety for general purposes and is especially valuable on account of its diseaseresistant quali ties The Iron cowpea is to be highly recom mended for cultivation on all soils that are known to be infested with one or the other of these diseases Wilt or Rootknot On soils free from these diseases some other variety may give better results though the Iron is a good hay variety In peach and plum orchards and places where it is feared the cowpea would induce the spread of rootknot the Iron variety can be grown without danger The Iron cowpea however may not always prove resistant From the varieties so well known in Georgia a careful and ob servant farmer may find seed of plants that have proved resistant If wilt disease or rootknot which may both be described under the common term of blight should attack a portion of his crop even in the part of the field attacked he will find plants that have resisted successfully the ravages of blight Let him select from these plants those that amid the surrounding ruin have proved re sistant and save these for his planting for next season A similar method of thwarting the attacks of the blight has been tried with cotton and has proved successful Therefore from his favorite varieties the farmer can find resistant plants by observing proper care and diligence The Velvet Bean has been planted in parts of Florida for moreBULLETIN NO 40 349 than twenty years and wherever used has proven a wonderful soil renovator In Middle Georgia this bean should be planted in April or May or about the same time that cowpeas are planted and aborr in the same manner say from three to five beans in a place from 12 to 14 inches apart in 3foot rows When the bean begins to run use the plow or cultivator One or two plowings will be sufficient The average yield per acre is about 15 to 25 bushels of the beans The vines which are very abundant make fine forage for cattle and horses or can be left on the land to be turned under in the fall This is said to be a splendid renovator of exhausted lands some even preferring it to the cowpea The Soja Bean also called Soy bean and Coffee bean is an erect annual legume with hairy stems and leaves and has from a remote antiquity been cultivated in China and Japan This bean whose botanic name is Glycine Hispida was largely introduced into this country and Europe about twenty years ago since which time thorough trials of its value for forage and food have been made The number of varieties is quite large These vary in the color of their seeds and the length of time which the plant require for coming to maturity The seed is planted in drill 2y2 to 3 feet apart and at the rate of about half a bushel to the acre The cultivation is very much like that of Indian corn The Soja beans are sometimes planted between the hills of corn They are fed to stock green as silage or as hay For ensilage or green forage they can hardly be surpassed but since their haulms are somewhat woody they do not make the best quality of hay As green forage they will make in favorable localities from 6 to 8 tons per acre while the yield of beans is from 40 to 100 bushels to the acre It is claimed by some that the feeding value of this bean is greater than that of any other known forage plant except the peanut The bean contains from 32 to 42 per cent of protein and from 12 to 21 per cent of fat in fresh material The hay contains from 14 to 15 per cent of crude protein and from 12 to 21 per cent of fat in fresh material When fed to milch cows a ration of soja beans increases the yield of milk improves the quality of butter and causes the animal to gain rapidly in weight in China and Japan this bean is an article of human diet and substances similar to oil cheese and butter and a variety of dishes relished by the people of those countries are prepared from it350 GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OE AGRICULTURE WHEAT HAY There are farmers in Georgia notably in Troup county who hold wheat hay in high esteem as feed for stock They consider it a wellbalanced ration taking the place of both grass and gram The method of curing wheat for hay is as follows Cut the stalks close to the surface of the ground while the grain is in fairly good dough state If you wait later the straw will be come woody if you cut earlier there will be waste since weight and nutriment will be wanting Be sure that the cutting is done on a morning which gives good promise of a clear day Alow as you would other grass but rake into windrows the afternoon of the day on which the cutting is done The following day carry it into the barn and this is all that will be needed if the weather is clear and warm The barn curing like the field curing is quickly done In ten days or two weeks after the hay has been put in the barn it should be baled This baling should not be de layed longer than two weeks since in that case it loses not only its nutriment but also its pleasant odor and beautiful color This hay makes from two to three tons or from 4QOO to 6000 pounds to the acre and brings from 1500 to 1800 per ton Peavine hay brings from 1200 to 1400 per ton Bermuda from 1300 to 1500 per ton Johnson grass from 800 to 1000 per ton English vetch and Red Clover mixed 1200 to 1400 per ton shredded comstalks from 500 to 600 per ton ALEALEA OR LUCERNE AND CLOVER Although Alfalfa or Lucerne is cultivated to some extent in Georgia it has not received the attention that its merits should claim It is doubtful if any forage plant excels it for abundant yield longevity and hardness It is a species of clover and will flourish under heat that would kill any other kind of clover Al titude does not affect it so much as the depth and warmth of the soil or the depth of the watertable beneath the surface It will grow on favorable soil at almost any altitude from the level of the sea to 7000 feet above the sea Although it is not injured by a considerable amount of sand in the soil yet it thrives best in a rich sandy loam containing lime and having a porous subsoilBULLETIN NO 40 351 It requires much nursing and careful preparation to secure a good stand but when that has been obtained upon suitable soil it may yield abundant crops for thirty or more years It rarely reaches a sufficient height for hay during the first year but attains its best growth in the third year If it has been properly man aged up to that time it makes splendid hay and the number of cattle that one acre of it will feed throughout a season by soiling is wonderful Alfalfa is a good grass for hay but not for pas turage because the trampling of stock so compacts it that the plant deteriorates It may be used as pasture for hogs which being of lighter weight do not injure it so much and ten or twenty of them can obtain sufficient forage for an entire season from one acre of it The price of Alfalfa lucerne seed is 17 cents a pound or for 30 pounds and upwards i6y2 cents Crimson or Scarlet Clover requires for its best growth a rich clayey loam containing more or less carbonate of lime and yet not a calcareous loam For green manuring it ranks high and makes excellent pasture during the fall months when other green crops have dried up It is an annual and on favorable soil obtains a height of three feet After it has made its growth during the fall and winter months the clover can be cut in the spring and its stubble turned under Then the same field may be planted in corn It is excellent food for milch cows since it produces a full flow of milk but it should never be fed to the stock after it has ceased flowering The prac tice of feeding stock with the straw after it has been raised and threshed as a seed crop should be avoided The price of crimson or scarlet clover seed is 10 cents a pound or for 30 pounds and over 9 cents Such land as will produce remunerative crops of wheat or corn is well adapted to Red Clover This grass though inferior to lucerne or Alfalfa in the quantity and quality of its hay does notwithstanding make abundance of good hay with this advan tage that it affords splendid pasturing which Alfalfa does not There have been fine clover fields among the mountains in Mid dle Georgia and on the coast notably on Hutchinsons Island op posite Savannah A suitable soil for clover is one containing a large percentage of clay Extremely sandy soils will not do for it but with a sandy surface and a clay subsoil the clay may be brought to the surface and manured The subsoil for clover must be dry It will352 GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OE AGRICULTURE not thrive on wet lands but will flourish even on bottom lands that have been thoroughly drained Captain C W Howard a recognized authority in his Man ual on the Cultivation of the Grasses and Forage Plants at the South published in 1881 says Clover should be cut for hay as soon as a portion of the heads begin to turn brown Earlier than this it is too watery later it is too woody The great ob ject is to cure it as much as possible in the shade The hay when cut at the proper time and cured in this way will be of a nice green color with all the leaves and blossoms attached No live stock should be turned upon a clover field until the clover is in blossom The temptation to violate this rule is very great Clover springs so early and our live stock is so hungry that the inducement is very great to put them upon the clover before the proper time But it would be less costly to buy food than to do this By too early pasturing the clover is killed out and it is then said that clover will not succeed at the South Precautions should be taken in turning horses or cattle into a clover field If they are hungry at the time they will overeat themselves and the result is an attack of what is called haven The animal swells and often in a short time dies To prevent this live stock turned into a clover field should previously be fully fed they should not have had access to salt within twenty four hours they should not the first day remain more than half an hour and the dew should have been dissipated Kentucky red clover seed cost 17 cents a pound or for 30 pounds and up wards 15 cents a pound White Clover will in the South grow tall enough to be cut by itself which is not the case in the North In the spring it affords excellent pasture for hogs sheep and cattle and is also good for horses until the blossoms fall when it salivates them This is also true of the second crop of red clover White clover is highly prized in England for its manurial properties OTHER GRASSES Timothy called sometimes cattail and sometimes herds grass is useful only for hay and should be cut when in full bloom The welldrained rice land of the Georgia coast will produce it in per fection as will also the richest of the bottom land that is dry enough for wheat The price of timothy seed is 10 cents a pound or for 25 pounds and upwards 8 cents a poundBULLETIN NO 40 353 Herds Grass called in New England Red Top may be sown in the fall or in the spring either alone or with wheat barley rye or oats It is often sown with other grasses as timothy and clover Being a permanent grass for all soils and a universal feeder it is of special value to every farmer When it has been cut for hay its aftermath makes excellent late summer and fall pastures The seed of herds grass or Red Top cost 10 cents a pound or 100 for a bushel of 14 pounds Italian Rye grass though shortlived and having a duration of only two or three years is a very valuable grass when early forage is desired Indifferent to climate and texture of soil and requir ing only dryness and richness it grows successfully in every part of Georgia thriving best on rich moist alluvial lands and calcar eous loams If sowed in August or September it will be ready for grazing in February Although giving large yields for hay or winter grazing it is doubtful whether it be more valuable than barley or rye for these purposes The Vetch or tare is found in two varieties the winter and summer vetch The latter is not much esteemed in Georgia be cause it will not for summer soiling yield as much green forage as corn The hairy winter vetch being ready for the first cut ting during the first warm spell in February is very useful for soiling early in the spring The seed should be sown early in August allowing one bushel to the acre Where land has been wellmanured the vetch yields a large amount of early cut food or it may be made into nutritious hay or may be used as a winter pasture All stock eat it green and cured It does not thrive on wet lands but needs considerable rain during its early growth The price of the seed is 15 cents a pound Sow 15 to 20 pounds to the acre on Bermuda grass sod or with small grain Millet in its various varieties eight of which have been culti vated in this country is used for soiling purposes for hay and for seed All the millet family requires a strong rich deep soil suffi ciently clayey to retain a large amount of moisture but at the same time the land must be thoroughly drained For the growth of a large crop of millet there is needed not only a clay soil in a moist situation but this soil must be enriched by the application of wellrotted stable manure kept in good tilth and thoroughly prepared by frequent plowings or harrowings The millet must be cut as soon as it begins to head and before it blooms More than fifty bushels of seed to the acre have been raised on rich land vj v 354 GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OE AGRICULTURE and the hay made from it is of good quality and large quantity Captain Howard said that for forage purposes it was not superior to oats and was inferior to the vetch Millet is an annual The seed of German millet best Southern cost 225 per bushel Meadow Oat Grass is excellent for winter pasturage Though rich upland is its proper soil it will grow on more sandy soil than most of the artificial grasses It matures so rapidly that seed sown in the spring will produce seed in the fall Since the seed becomes ripe even while the stalk is green it can be saved by cut ting off the heads with a cradle and tying in bundles after which the rest can be mowed for hay Cattle should not graze upon it in summer and fall After Christinas they can feed upon it until the latter part of February or even later until the other grasses spring unless it is designed to make hay of it Orchard Grass which is so called because it grows wild in or chards or in thinned woodland ranks next to Meadow Oat grass for winter pasturage or for hay In order to be sweet and nutri tious it should be cut as soon as it blossoms The seed cost 20 cents a pound or 275 per bushel of 14 pounds Blue Grass so celebrated in Kentucky and Tennessee is used to some extent in Georgia for lawns and yards thriving very well in some of the soils of Georgia The Texas blue grass so called from its native State is a hardy perennial and has a vigorous growth It will grow luxuriantly in fertile soils especially in calcareous loams It is an excellent pasture grass for the extreme South remaining green throughout the year growing through the winter months and blooming in the latter part of April or the first of May The seed of blue grass cost 15 cents a pound Oats cut just before the straw begins to turn make a valuable winter forage for horses cattle and sheep They should be cut with a mowing blade and cured as hay and before feeding should be cut up with a cutting knife The trouble with all annual grasses is that the same operation must be repeated every year which is a great annoyance consid ering that there are so many others just as good which last for many years Corn when desired as a forage crop is planted very close to gether and on rich and wellprepared soils makes an enormous yield There have been cut of it from one acre in Greene county as much as 27130 pounds in a season The whole crop is cut while yet green and tender and then properly cured If desired for ensilage it is cut up green and deposited in a silo pitBULLETIN NO 40 355 Cane Forage is prepared in a similar way from sorghum cane and gives an immense yield Will the cultivation of grass for hay be a paying investment in Georgia We think that we can safely answer yes even if the farmer does nothing more than save the money which he now pays out for Northern and Western hay But he can do more than that By raising a good hay that is uniform in quality and weight and neatly baled he will find a ready market for its sale in our towns and cities among those who now purchase that which is imported from other States Everything must have a beginning There was a time when no one thought of raising peaches for the market in Georgia but our orchards now bring into our State millions of dollars every year If a good article of grass is produced in sufficient quantities there will be no trouble about finding a market Many a tract of land now lying waste can with its waving grass help to swell the coffers of its owners and many a red old hill all seamed with gullies can cover up its scars with a beautiful carpet of living green upon which graze its wellfed herds whose milk and flesh or toil will prove a certain and unfailing source of income The Georgia Experiment Station furnishes the following excel lent formula for fertilizer for corn and the grasses Acid phosphate1000 pounds Muriate of potash 30 pounds Cottonseedmeal1250 pounds 2280 pounds Apply enough of the above formula to get from 100 to 200 pounds of acid phosphate per acre TABLE SHOWING THE PRICES OF THE VARIOUS GRASS SEEDS AND THE NUMBER OF POUNDS TO BE SOWN TO THE ACRE Bermuda Grass65 cents a pound wholesale 150 retail Two pounds will seed an acre broadcasted on wellplowed or finely harrowed land After broadcasting plow in lioiK orj as many think better roll down356 GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE BROME GRASSES Bromus Inermis or Hungarian Brome Grass20 to 25 cents a pound wholesale Sow 40 pounds to the acre Bromus Unioioides Rescue grass or Arctic grass25 cents a pound wholesale Sow 40 pounds to the acre Bromus Secalinus Chess or Cheat11 to I24 cents a pound wholesale clover SEEDS Alfalfa or Lucerne164 to 17 cents per pound wholesale Sow 15 pounds to the acre Red Clover15 to 17 cents per pound wholesale Sow i6 pounds to the acre Scarlet or Crimson Clover9 to 10 cents per pound wholesale Sow 15 pounds to the acre OTHER GRASS SEEDS Blue GrassTrue Kentucky Blue Grass and Texas Blue Grass 15 cents per pound wholesale Sow 30 pounds to the acre Herds or Red Top Grass10 cents per pound wholesale Sow 40 pounds to the acre Italian Rye GrassSow 30 pounds to the acre Johnson Grass9 to 15 cents a pound according to amount purchased Kaffir CornSow 10 pounds per acre Meadow Oat GrassSow 30 pounds to the acre Millet Common also Hungarian5 cents per pound or 225 per bushel of 50 pounds Sow 50 pounds to the acre Millet Pearl or Cattail15 cents a pound Sow 10 pounds to the acre Milo Maize Guinea or Dhoura CornSow 6 pounds to the acre Orchard Grass20 cents per pound 275 per bushel of 14 pounds Sow 50 pounds to the acre Soja BeanSow onehalf bushel to the acre Sorghum Forage10 cents a pound Common country seed for forage 150 per bushel Timothy8 to 10 cents a pound according to amount pur chased If sown alone sow 15 pounds to the acre There are 45 pounds to the bushelBULLETIN NO 40 357 Vetch Hairy15 cents a pound Sow broadcast two bush els to the acre If sown in August September or October in States south of the latitude of the Potomac it has given fine re sults for pasturage in early spring or for mowing for hay in April If sown upon Bermuda grass sod or with small grain sow 15 or 20 pounds to the acre English Vetch8 to 10 cents a pound TRUCK FARMS AND MARKET GARDENS Long before the Civil War truckfarming was an industry of all that section of Georgia contiguous to Savannah and an im portant part of the cargoes of vessels sailing from that port con sisted of fruits and vegetables for Philadelphia New York and Boston Augusta too was one of the points from which melons fruits and vegetables were sent northward either by rail or by steamer from Charleston and Savannah Of recent years there has been a steady growth in this business and now not only in the neighborhood of our cities and towns but even near little stations scattered along the great lines of railroad that traverse all sections of Georgia market gardens have multiplied until trucking is one of the recognized industries of our State The neighborhood of Savannah is still one of the chief centers of this business The soil in that section of Georgia is well adapted to the raising of fruits and vegetables and the climate is such that one crop or another can be grown almost every month of the twelve If one is satisfied that a business will pay there is no difficulty about getting him to embark in it There are many in Georgia who would find it profitable for them to engage in this business Let us look for a moment at what has been accomplished by some of our citizens who have engaged extensively in truckfarm ing Soon after the close of the Civil War Major Garland M Ryals moved from Virginia to Georgia and settled in Savannah He began the business of truckfarming devoted himself diligently to it and has been rewarded by the accumulation of considerable358 GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE property He keeps up a constant rotation of crops From one acre he gathers 400 crates of cabbage selling them at 135 a crate or 54000 for the product of one acre After the cabbages have been gathered he raises a crop of corn which brings him 3000 Then he raises a fall crop of radishes the sale of which added to the other amounts will bring the total income of one acre to about 700 in one year Another farmer near Savannah gathered over 500 bushels of cucumbers from a single acre which sold for a little more than 540 bringing him an enormous profit Another truckfarmer sold from one acre 400 worth of beetsr for which vegetable there is always great demand in the Northern markets in early spring The truckfarmers in the vicinity of Savannah grow lettuce ire midwinter with no other protection during the cold spells than a light covering of leaves or canvas English peas constitute one of the most profitable crops Since in South Georgia they are ready for the table at Christmas time they bring in the Eastern markets the highest price One farmer reports a net profit from two acres of this crop of over 600 in one season The crop of tomatoes can be so planted as to come in just as the Northern supply is exhausted and they always command good prices One man who had a small truck farm west of Savannah made 250 net from less than one acre of tomatoes Mr L C Oliver of Bloomingdale on the line of the Central of Georgia Railway gives the following estimate of cost and profit by the acre on the Irish potato crop alone Expense for fertilizing seed planting and working gathering and freight was 100 The product of that acre was sixty barrels at 4 a barrel amounting to 240 This gives a net profit of 140 an acre on this one crop Irish Potatoes were at one time raised in Georgia entirely for home consumption But the demand for early vegetables in the Northern markets is such that it has caused a great increase in their cultivation The truckfarmers of Georgia have not been slow to recognize this fact Our Irish potatoes command the early and best prices and the Georgia truckfarmer need fear no danger of being forced out of the market by his Eastern or Western competitors In April 1895 a South Georgia truckfarmer shipped north 150 barrels of Irish potatoes which brought him 750 a barrel or 1125BULLETIN NO 40 359 Ordinarily two crops of Irish potatoes are made in the year There is an instance where a farmer in Decatur Georgia raised three crops in one year Sweet Potatoes will thrive in our climate in almost any loose welldrained soil A light sandy loam gives the best selling potato The sweet potato draws potash nitrogen and phosphoric acid from the soil and these must be restored by the proper kind of fertilizer But the best method of deciding which kind of fer tilizer one needs for his potatoes is to try two or three different kinds of fertilizers on patches of the same kind of soil hJid watcb the result In storing sweet potatoes they should be partly dried and cleaned and then stored in a dry warm place Sweet potatoes may follow almost any kind of a crop but should not follow a sod because they are then too liable to at tacks by cutworms Deep plowing is rather a disadvantage to the sweet potato Of course the crop must be kept clean until the vines have taken possession of the field At this time Celery is being grown in Florida at a profit of 1500 to 2000 per acre and there are many places in Georgia along the various lines of railway where just as good results may be obtained Asparagus is also a very profitable crop ranking in this respect but a little below celery The expense of cultivation is no greater than that of any other field crop but like all quickly maturing plants it requires heavy applications of manure This should be applied in late winter or just before the shoots appear The vicinity of Brunswick the Georgia port of the Southern and Plant or Atlantic Coast Line systems of railway is the center of a large trucking business All kinds of vegetables and early fruits do well here The bottom lands of the rivers of South eastern Georgia after being drained are admirably suited to cel ery cabbage potatoes strawberries and other products With some vegetables as many as three crops can be raised on the same ground in one year Eastern Georgia already supplies a large part of the demand for early vegetables and fruits in the markets of the North and East and all Southern Georgia is rapidly entering the list of com petitors for this trade In peaches Southern Georgia still takes the lead but in favorable seasons Northwest Georgia follows close behind while Northeast Georgia is also forging to the front360 GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Middle and Northwest Georgia over their lines of railway make large shipments of vegetables peaches berries and other fruits to Louisville Cincinnati Chicago and the Northwest Georgia has already become the greatest peach State in the Union There are now over 16000000 trees in her commercial orchards of which more than 8000000 are in bearing In a good season the peach crop will bring into the State many millions of dollars The subject of peaches however belongs rather to horti culture than to truckfarming Georgia stands unrivaled in her watermelons and enjoys a na tional reputation So extensive is the cultivation of watermelons and so large their shipments and sales that this crop is already counted as one of the great money producers of Georgia Al though only about 28000 acres were reported in the last United States census yet when all raised for the markets and for home use are taken into the count the number of acres devoted to watermelons will closely approximate if they do not exceed 100 000 The transportation of the watermelon crop of Georgia re quires in a good season 10000 cars As many as 316000 melons have been sold in or shipped from Augusta in one season Of more than 73000 acres reported to the census bureau in 1900 as being used in the cultivation of miscellaneous vegetables there was a detailed report of only 38504 acres Of these 27874 acres were devoted to watermelons 2871 to cabbages 1707 to muskmelons or cantaloupes 900 to tomatoes and 1603 to other vegetables Of course we know that these figures are far below the reality and that the total of 73489 acres reported as devoted to miscellaneous vegetables is far below the real number thus em ployed Hence the total value of the miscellaneous vegetables including melons which is reported at 3009306 must fall short of the real value of all produced in Georgia Irish and sweet potatoes are not included in the list of miscellaneous vegetables but are reported separately as follows Irish potatoes 8477 acres produc ing 553129 bushels valued at 326853 sweet potatoes 70620 acres producing 5087674 bushels valued at 2354390 The onion crop was reported separately as 418 acres producing 44618 bushels valued at 44592 Thus we see the value of the vegetables of Georgia in which by the United States census are included watermelons and cantaloupes was reported in 1900 at 5735141BULLETIN NO 40 361 Of small fruits there were reported 1634 acres with a product valued at 90785 Of grapes it was reported that 4754 acres showed a product valued at 170603 Adding the values of small fruits and grapes to that of all vegetables reported we have 5996529 or in round numbers about 6000000 no contemptible sum and it must be remem bered that this is below the true figures which the government authorities have not been able to fully ascertain The peach crop of Georgia was a failure in 1899 the year for which the estimates were made for 1900 but in any good season its value is many millions Raspberries with proper attention make good yields in North and Middle Georgia Blackberries are abundant both wild and cultivated Among the latter the Early Harvest is the most favorably known be cause it is early but it is no better in flavor or quality than many of our native varieties The vines should be set out in rows 3x6 feet Cultivation is no more troublesome than that of cotton but the demand for them is limited The yield is several thousand quarts per acre and the cost of picking is about one and onehalf cents a quart The strawberry is our best market berry and is of many kinds Those best suited to our market are The Excelsior a very early berry enormously productive of very large size when not allowed to mat too thickly in the row of a dark red color the Lady Thompson a wellknown South ern berry which follows the Excelsior in ripening of large size prolific firm having a good flavor the Brandywine the Clyde the Wilson the Sample the Bubach all mid season berries of excellent quality and very productive the How ell medium late William Belt an enormous berry medium late the Cumberland Triumph medium late one of our most productive and beautifully colored berries the Gandy a very late berry exceedingly productive of the largest size and among the best flavored especially adapted to Middle and North Geor gia Among other berries especially adapted to the Piedmont section of Georgia we would recommend Johnsons Early which in some sections bears a good second crop and the Green ville very productive oi good size color and quality from medium to late in season Tne Bnbach and Sample belong to the pistillate variety and require to be fert lzed toy the plIf n from other berries For this purpose we specially commend tue Brandy wine which should be planted near them in alternate rows362 GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OE AGRICULTURE Proper preparation and fertilization are more essential than the character of the soil Many of our lands contain sand and clay but these can be made very productive of strawberries by adding other ingredients in large quantities especially potash and phosphoric acid Mulching with straw is necessary prime straw having proved the best material for this purpose Coarse litter lot and stable manure to which potash must be added may be applied in the fall with good results A crop of peas will add much to the productiveness of land intended for strawberries The truckfarmer must start out with the idea of using large quantities of phosphoric acid and potash with such animal ma nure as he can raise on the place A Mr Duncan near New Albany Indiana who for thirty years has made large profits on strawberries does not find it necessary or profitable to follow a custom very prevalent in some localities of transplanting every year He kept one plot of several acres for fifteen years and has this year a plot from which he has taken nine crops He manages thus After harvesting his crop he runs over the patch with his mower set to cut very low As soon as they are sufficiently dry he burns off the patch Then he goes through with the small barshear plow cutting the row down to the desired width and throwing the dirt away from it He next cultivates the middles out thoroughly and finally goes through with the hoe thinning out the plantsin the row He claims that this is more profitable than setting out a new plot since he gets a larger yield of fruit than from new settings He covers his plants with straw in November instead of waiting until the ground is frozen as many do This is in brief what is said of Mr Dun cans method by Greens Fruit Grower and Home Companion published in Rochester N Y In this same journal we notice that a Mr A W Purdy says I have observed that rows of strawberries that have been worked down narrow in taking up plants the last spring are producing double the crop and fruit double the size and better every way than matted plots where the rows have not been worked between I would have hit it had I run my spring tooth cultivator between all of our rows two or three times tearing out weeds grass and plants I am more and more convinced that as a rule strawberries are set too close and are allowed to make too wide matted rows I am satis fied that to grow strawberries for fruit from three to three and a half feet apart each way is best and they should be cultivated both waysBULLETIN NO 40 363 One farmer in Lamkin Iowa reports that two years ago he sold 500 worth of strawberries from 26 rows 220 feet long or about half an acre and last year from the same patch sold 300 worth His experience does not seem to prove that he did as well on the same patch the second year as the first But experiences vary Mr S S Smith of Decatur Ga well known in the Atlanta market as a cultivator of fancy strawberries and who has ex perimented extensively with different varieties from a plot cover ing a third of an acre set with Lady Thompsons and Clydes in medium matted rows gives the following results of experi ments He set out his plants in November of 1900 in the fol lowing spring he gathered a small crop in the spring of 1902 he sold 250 worth of large handsome berries in the spring of 1903 without resetting he sold 300 worth of enormous berries from the same plot He thinks it very essential that the plants should not be allowed to mat too closely in the row and also that they should be kept entirely free of grass and weeds and receive the highest fertilizing and cultivation Strawberries are native to the North and South with this ad vantage in favor of the latter that in the South the seasons are longer and hence with proper attention more money should be made from an acre than in the North Cost of an acre of strawberriesPlowing 300 harrowing 300 marking 50 cents plants 8000 2500 average price trimming and preparing 500 setting plants 400 cultivating with horse 750 hoeing six times 1800 fertilizer onehalf ton 1500 4 tons straw 2000 applying straw5oo About 100 for first year Usual sales from an acre about four times the cost says a correspondent in the Rural Neiu Yorker For home supply it pays very well to set out potted strawberry plants for fruiting next year but for market use it would hardly pay Potted plants are excellent for those who have small gar dens or who have neglected to set a new bed of strawberries the previous spring but want to have some fruit next spring Small pots can be used to set the new plants in Fill them with rich soil and bury the plants in the earth to their tops where new run ners are forming Place the end of a runner on top of the center of each pot A little clod may then be laid upon it to hold it in place until its roots take good hold of the soil When well rooted they can be taken out of the pots and set in place where ther334 GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE new patch is to be If properly treated and tilled they ought to bear well the next fruit season We have said thus much about strawberries because they have already become one of the most important crops of our truck farmers here in Georgia SOME DISEASES OF GARDEN PLANTS Plants like animals have their peculiar diseases which arise from different causes Some impair the productiveness of the plants while others kill them entirely The Irish potato has a disease known as scab which is caused by a fungous growth upon the surface of the potato If seed potatoes be soaked in formalin just before being planted the adhering fungi will be killed and the risk from scab be greatly diminished Onehalf pint of formalin to fifteen gallons of water makes a good solution A pint of formalin can be purchased for seventyfive cents The same solution can be used for several bushels Potato blight is caused by a fungus which attacks the leaves of the plant Spraying is the remedy for this disease Club root is a disease of the cabbage cauliflower and turnip From eighty to ninety bushels of lime applied to each acre is an excellent remedy for this disease INSECT PESTS OF THE GARDEN The cabbage worm is one of the most destructive pests of the garden It comes from the eggs laid by the butterfly which is frequently seen hovering about the cabbage patch The pupa cases may be seen during the winter on trees and fences and un der boards and stones Destroy these cases and you will greatly diminish the chances for a cabbageworm visitation the next spring Birds greatly aid in the destruction of the pupa cases and the larvae Paris green on young plants will kill many larvae The plant louse is very troublesome but can be easily killed by spraying The squash bug does great damage to young plants and is difficult to get rid of Young squashes and other young plants can be protected to a great extent by small nettings If a small board be laid near the young plants the bugs will collect under it during the night for shelter and can be easily killed in the jnorning Since these bugs prefer squash their attacks on cucumBULLETIN NO 40 365 bers or melons may be largely prevented by planting squashes here and there among the melons They serve as trap plants and it will be easier to pick the bugs off these than to go over the whole field The flea beetle is dangerous to potatoes eggplants tomatoes and other garden plants The larvae live inside the leaves tun neling through them as it were Plaster soot ashes or tobacco will repel the attacks of this insect upon the garden Weevils are frequently found among garden seeds A good remedy is to put infected seed in a tight box or bin and place on top of the pile a dish of carbon bisulphide in the proportion of one teaspoonful to each bushel of seeds Canvas or heavy cloth should be spread over the bin so that the fumes can not escape into the air but will be forced down through the mass of seeds killing the weevils or other insect pests that may be there In order to in sure complete success the seeds should be thus fumigated for from two to five days Do not go near the bin with a light because the fumes of carbon bisulphide are very inflammable Every farmer whether he engages in the trucking business or not should have a garden in which to grow all the vegetables needed for the home table and the small fruits also In making a truckgarden for the market the vegetables and small fruits should be planted in rows so that the cultivating tools may be drawn by a horse or mule The miscellaneous vegetables and fruits which so many people are apt to consider as too insignificant for their attention often prove more profitable than the larger crops It is true in this case as in others that the weak things of this world sometimes surpass the mighty Of course the large crops must be raised but there is a vast amount of soil in Georgia now lying idle which can be utilized for market gardens for whose products there is an everincreasing demand not only abroad but in the rapidly growing cities and towns of our own State for which the supply is often inadequate We give here again the special formulas for trucking crops prepared by State Chemist John M McCandless together with his remarks prefacing them366 GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE SPECIAL FORMULAS FOR TRUCKING CROPS Those who raise early vegetables for market or what are known as trucking crops require special formulas The trucker must get his crop to market early or he is likely to find no market for it He therefore must force his crop in every practicable way One of the chief methods of doing this is by the use of very rich or highgrade fertilizers used in very large quantities per acre one thousand and even as high as two thousand pounds per acre of the very highest grade fertilizer being often used Large quantities of nitrogen are required and part of this nitrogen must be in the form of the very soluble nitrate of soda which dissolves in water as readily as sugar or salt This valuable ingre dient of trucking crops should not be mixed with acid phos phate especially if the latter is damp if the mixture is intended to stand for any great length of time before use There is a ten dency for the acid phosphate to cause a decomposition of the nitrate of soda with a resulting loss of nitrogen As to the amounts to be used per acre the trucker must use his own judg ment and experience with his soil remembering that economy m this direction has not been found to pay by those wishing an early market crop of vegetables It is rarely the case that less than five hundred pounds per acre will pay The formulas given below have been selected mainly from some of the trucking bulletins of the North Carolina Agricultural Experiment Station A lor Celery 7 per cent Ammonia 5 per cent Available Phosphoric Acid 8 per cent Potash 1 300 lbs Nitrate of soda 800 Fish scrap 600 Acid phos 13 pr ct 300 Muriate potash 1 2000 2 250 lbs Nitrate soda 000 Dried blood 850 Acid phos 13 pr ct 300 Muriate potash 69 pr ct Ammonia will yield 55 Avail phos acid 30 Potash 2000 will yield 55 I 72 pr ct Ammonia Avail phos acid Potash B For Irish Potatoes 6 per cent Ammonia 7per cent Available Phos phoric Acid 8 per cent Potash 300 lbs Nitrate of soda 600 Cottonseed meal 800 Acid phos 300 Muriate potash 1 2000 will yield 7 54 pr ct Ammonia 72 Avail phos acid 81 PotashBULLETIN NO 40 367 2 300 lbs COO 800 300 Nitrate of soda Fish scrap Acid phos 14 pr ct Muriate potash 1 2000 J 58 pr ct Ammonia will yield J6S Avail phos acid 78 Potash 200 lbs Nitrate soda 900 Fish scrap 600 Dissolved bone black 300 Muriate potash 2000 I 220 lbs 500 970 310 2000 5 300 lbs 600 8 0 300 2000 3 300 lbs 600 800 300 Nitrate soda Dried blood Acid phos 14 pr ct Muriate potash Nitrate soda Cottonseed meal Acid phos 13 pr ct Muriate potash 64 pr ct Ammonia will yield j 66 Avail phos acid 78 Potash 61 pr ct Ammonia will yield 68 Avail phos acid 80 Potash f 54 pr ct Ammonia will yield 60 Avail phos acid 83 Potash Nitrate soda Tankage Acid phos 13 pr ct Sulph potash H G 2000 I 55 pr ct Ammonia will yield 1 64 Avail phos acid 78 Potash J For Beets and Lettuce 6 per cent Ammonia 5 per cent Available Phosyhoric Acid 8 per cent Potash 300 lbs 800 60 300 2000 Nitrate soda Cottonseed meal Acid phos 13 pr ct I f Muriate potash f Wl11 Jeld j 4 I 18 2 pr ct Ammonia 200 lbs 800 700 300 Nitrate soda Fish scrap Acid phos 11 pr ct Muriate potash 2000 J will yield 59 pr ct 54 78 Avail phos acid Potash Ammonia Avail phos acid Potash D For Cabbage Cauliflower Cucumbers and Melons 6 per cent Ammo nia 5 per cent Available Phosphoric Acid 7 per cent Potash 1 300 lbs Nitrate soda 750 700 250 Cottonseed meal Acid phos 11 pr ct Muriate potash 2i00 will yield 60 pr 8 60 48 71 ct Ammonia Avail phos acid Potash368 GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OE AGRICULTURE E For Spinach 5 per cent Ammonia 8 per cent Available Phosphoric Acid 6 ptr cent Potash 1 200 lbs Nitrate soda 650 Fish scrap 950 Acid phos 14 pr ct 230 Muriate potash 2000 2 300 lbs Nitrate soda 500 Cottonseed meal 1000 Acid phos 14 pr ct 200 Muriate potash 2000 52 pr ct Ammonia will yield 77 Avail phos acid 60 Potash 50 pr ct Ammonia will yield 76 Avail phos acid 56 Potash F For Radishes and Turnips 5 per cent Ammonia 7 per cent Available Phosphoric Acid S per cent Potash 1 250 lbs Nitrate soda 550 Cottonseed meal 900 Acid phos 13 pr ct 300 Muriate potash 2000 46 pr ct Ammonia will yield 65 Avail phos acid 83 Potash J G For Asparagus 5 per cent Ammonia 7 per cent Available Phosphoric Acid 8 per cent Potash 1 t 49 pr ct Ammonia 1 200 lbs Nitrate soda 700 Cottonseed meal 800 Acid phos 13 pr ct 300 M 20u0 uriate notash wiU yield A Avai1 Phos aoid unatepotasn g4 Potash H For Egg Plant and Tomatoes 5 per cent Ammonia 6 per cent Availalle Phosphoric Acid 7per cent Potash 1 200 lbs Nitrate soda1 700 Cottonseed meal I ln 840 Acid phos 13 pr ct J49 Pr ct Ammonia 260 Muriate potash 2000 Avail phos acid Potash I For Onions 5 per cent Ammonia 5 per cent Available Phosphoric Acid 8 per cent Potash 1 200 lbs Nitrate soda 750 Cottonseed meal 750 Acid phos 11 pr ct 300 2000 51 pr ct Ammonia MurVtotash wlU yield 5l AvaiL Phos J PotashBULLETIN NO 40 369 J For Sweet Potatoes S per cent Ammonia 7 Acid 8per cent Potash 1 100 lbs Nitrate soda1 400 Fish scrap 1180 Acidphos 11 pr ct I 320 Muriate potash will yield 2000 J 2 100 lbs Nitrate soda 500 Cottonseed meal 1100 Acid phos IS pr ct 300 Muriate potash per cent Available Phosphoric 35 pr ct Ammonia 78 Avail phos acid 83 Potash 2000 K For Beans and Peas Sper cent Ammonia Acid 7per cent Potash 1 100 lbs Nitrate soda 450 Cottonseed meal 1200 Acid phos 11 pr ct 250 Muriate potash 35 pr ct Ammonia 78 Avail phos acid 83 Potash 2000 will yield 7per cent Available Phosphoric 29 pr ct Ammonia 71 Avail phos acid 69 Potash 24 a b 370 GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE TREATMENT OF ORCHARDS INFESTED WITH SAN JOSE SCALE WILMON NEWELL STATE ENTOMOLOGIST r Bulletin No 4 of the Georgia State Board of Entomology is sued in September 1902 and Bulletin No 5 issued in Novem ber 1902 by Prof W M Scott former State Entomologist give full and practical instructions for treating scaleinfested orchards A number of experiments have been conducted by this office since the publication of the above and these results have been such that it seems advisable to place them before the fruit growers in the present bulletin The development of successful methods of controlling the San Jose scale has been rapid but not until recently has full and sat isfactory control been possible When the Georgia State Board of Entomology was established in 1898 the occurrence of San Jose scale in a commercial orchard was commonly considered as meaning a total destruction and several owners of infested or chards had even given up all hope and had allowed their trees to succumb to this dreaded pest The undertaking before Prof Scott was a most formidable one but through the hearty support and cooperation of the State Board of Entomology as well as the hearty assistance given by the horticulturists of the State he was enabled to bring to the aid of the orchardists all known meth ods of fighting the San Jose scale as well as the results obtained by experiments in various parts of the United States In addition to this Prof Scott carried on extensive experiments each year looking to the improvement of methods and the possible intro duction of new and better measures His efforts in this line have been attended by marked success and the progress made by Geor gia in successfully controlling the San Jose scale has not been exceeded by any other State Indeed we feel safe in saying that today the commercial orchardists of Georgia are better equipped for and more thoroughly understand controlling this dreaded pest than those of any State in the Union The various materials washes and patent compounds that have promised to prove at all successful have been tested in Geor Aso published as Bulletin No 8 of the Georgia State Board ol EntomologyBULLETIN NO 40 371 gia Of all the substances tested however none have proved at all satisfactory under Georgia conditions except the oil treat ments and the limesulphursalt wash WINTER TREATMENTOIES The use of oils both kerosene and crude petroleum has been extensive in Georgia orchards The results upon the whole have been highly satisfactory and the efficiency of the oil in killing San Jose scale can not be doubted While a few isolated cases of injury to the trees have occurred they are in most cases trace able to defective spraying machinery or to carelessness on the part of the negro laborers employed The oils have been applied with mechanical mixture pumps or in the form of emulsions with soap The latter has proved the most satisfactory and we have heard of but one case of injury to trees where the emulsion was used Even in this case the evidence indicates that the mix ture was not properly emulsified by powerful agitation and hence a perfect emulsion was not obtained The mechanical mixture pumps referred to above consist es sentially of two separate tanks for containing the oil and water a separatepump for each and mechanical devices whereby the flow of each can be regulated to secure the percentage of oil de sired During the past few years the writer has made careful tests of several such pumps manufactured by different firms In no case have we found a pump which can be depended upon to maintain even approximately a given percentage In one experi ment a new pump direct from the factory and pronounced by the makers as being in perfect condition was kept constantly running for one hour The levers and pumps were set to throw a mixture of 15 per cent oil and 85 per cent water Tests made during the hour showed that the percentage of oil varied from 10 to S2l2 per cent Such pumps can not be depended upon especially as any slight derangement or clogging is most certain to result in the percentage varying to a dangerous degree or in stopping the flow of either the oil or water Undiluted oil sprayed upon a peachtree is almost certain to kill the tree while pure water is useless so far as the scale insects are concerned Where intelligent white labor is available and the pumps are kept in order and frequently tested to see that the percentage is fairly constant the mechanical mixture pumps can be effectively used Indeed large commercial orchards have been sprayed with these pumps without a single tree being injured Where negro372 GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OE AGRICULTURE help is used however the risk is greater The laborers are prone to stop a pump long enough for the oil and water in the hose to separate They also exercise less intelligence and judgment in keeping pumps in order and properly adjusted It is likewise almost impossible for a foreman to keep several pumps under constant supervision and keep all properly adjusted To the or chardist who has successfully controlled the scale by using the mechanical mixtures of oil and water without injury to his trees we do not recommend the adoption of other measures However we can not unqualifiedly sanction the use of mechanicalmixture1 pumps At the time of publishing Bulletins Nos 4 and 5 of this office no more efficient agency than that of the oils was known The limesulphursalt wash had not at that time been sufficiently tested to warrant its full recommendation for Georgia conditions While some slight injury to trees has occurredin most cases through defective machinery or work in other cases perhaps through circumstances not wholly under the control of the orchardist the owner of infested orchards may well compare the slight dam age done with the inevitably heavy damage that would have re sulted from the scale had not the treatment been adopted Professor Scotts experiments have shown that a strength of less than 20 per cent of oil with water is not effective against the San Jose scale Experiments carried out by the writer in the peach belt of northern Ohio in 190001 gave similar results and also showed that a percentage of 35 per cent or over of oil re sulted in injury to the trees even when perfectly dormant For all conditions the safe percentage is probably as low as 25 and hence we are confined to very narrow limits i e the use of oiL either crude oil or kerosene at a strength varying between 20 and 25 per cent Experiments have been conducted by this office in which oils and the limesulphursalt wash were used side by side on infested trees The comparative results are given below in the paragraph treating upon the latter preparation OIL EMULSIONS Where it is deemed advisable to use any of the oils they are most safely applied in the form of emulsions For the prepara tion of the emulsion we can do no better than to give the direc tions published by Prof W M Scott in Bulletin No 5 which are as follows Formula and DirectionsAn emulsion of either crude peBULLETIN NO 40 373 troleum or kerosene may be made according to the following formula 2 pounds potash whaleoil soap 4 gallons water 8 gallons oil Weigh the soap carefully and place with the water in a vessel over the fire using a slight excess of water to make up for evap oration Fit a pump with a short piece of hose to which is at tached a nozzle for throwing a straight stream 316 to Y inch in diameter Pour the oil into the barrel or tub in which the pump is setaway from the fireand when the whaleoil soap is dis solved and the solution begins to boil add it td the oil and pump the whole vigorously back into itself for a period of at least ten minutes The stream from the nozzle should be directed straight downward into the mixture so as to stir it to the very bottom After a few minutes the oil and soap solution will be seen to com bine forming a thick creamy emulsion which when perfectly made will remain without change for weeks For a 20 per cent strength add water to make 40 gallons For a 15 per cent strength add water to make 53 gallons For a 10 per cent strength add water to make 80 gallons Materials and Pump RequiredEither crude oil or kerosene will give good results in making emulsion The soap should pre ferably be some soft whaleoil soap such as Goods No 3 If a hard soap is used the emulsion will be curdy and only with diffi culty mix with water The ordinary Bordeaux spray pump answers very well for mixing the emulsion but almost any pump will do that can be fitted with the requisite section of hose and nozzle A Bordeaux or Seneca nozzle gives a very satisfactory sized stream for this work though rather small The water used must be soft for if hard no stable emulsion can be prepared and it sometimes happens that foreign sub stances chancing to be present will prevent the emulsifkation In case limestone or hard water is to be employed it should be broken by the addition of a small quantity of lye If a lot of soap solution and oil for any reason fails to emulsify properly the best thing to do is to throw the whole away carefully clean up the pump wash out all the vessels used and begin over Properties of the EmulsionThe emulsion if well made of ihe proper soap will retain its creamy consistency when cold and374 GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE is easily mixed with water in all proportions No alarm should be felt if a small portion of the soap and water fails to emulsify and separates at the bottom or if after being exposed to the air for some time a thin scum forms over the surface If on long standing globules of free oil rise to the surface or if a thin ring of oil collects around the sides of the containing vessel the emul sion should either be thrown away or warmed up and agitated afresh When diluted the emulsion may slowly rise like cream to the surface and in order to prevent this the spray pump in which it is to be used should be provided with an agitator As stated above we do not consider the oil treatment nearly so effectual as the limesulphursalt but where oils are used we consider the 20 per cent emulsion the best form for winter treat ment THE TIMESULPHURSALT WASH As the San Jose scale first appeared in the United States upon the Pacific coast various remedies were tried by Oregon and Cali fornia fruitgrowers Their experience developed the fact that for California conditions the limesulphursalt wash gave excel lent results Upon the appearance of the scale in the East this same wash as well as others was tested under eastern conditions An experiment with the limesulphursalt wash was conducted by Prof C Iy Marlatt of the United States Department of Agri culture in 1894 but the results were reported as extremely un favorable Professor Marlatts negative report evidently had the effect of discouraging further experiments along this line by entomolo gists it being taken for granted that the wash could not be suc cessful under climatic conditions prevailing in the South and East Accordingly attention was directed mainly to the various oils and soaps in the hope of securing a satisfactory treatment In 1900 Professor Marlatt again conducted experiments with the limesulphursalt washt and in this case exceptionally good results were obtained In 1901 Prof S A Forbes undertook detailed experiments with this wash in Illinois and secured ex cellent results In the winter of 190102 the writer carried out experiments with this same wash in Ohio under the direction of Prof F M Webster and the results obtained compared favorably with those obtained by using whaleoil soap and the kerosene treatments then in extensive use in Ohio peach orchards Bulletin No 3 n series Div of Ent pp 61 and 71 t Bulletin No 30 n series Div ol Ent pp 3137 Bulletin No 71 111 Ag Bxp StationBULLETIN NO 40 375 So far as we are able to determine the first extensive use of the limesulphursalt wash in the East was by Mr E C Green who during the winter of 190102 employed this preparation almost exclusively in treating scaleinfested peach orchards in Iillinois under the direction of Prof S A Forbes State Entomologist At about this time Prof W M Scott commenced experiment ing with this wash in Georgia The unfavorable report made by Prof Marlatt in 1894 caused entomologists to go slow in using and recommending this insecticide and Professor Scott with his usual precaution first tested it in a small way His experiments of 190102 gave promise of the wash being successful under Georgia conditionst In the winter of 190203 the limesulphur salt wash was tested much more extensively by Professor Scott and was also used by the owners of several large commercial or chards The results of these treatments were given by Professor Scott in his address before the Georgia State Horticultural So ciety at Athens Ga August 3 and 4 1903 and will appear in the proceedings of that society A brief mention of the results obtained will not however be out of place in the present connec tion In February 1903 the Ohio Fruit Land Companys orchard at Myrtle Ga was sprayed with the regular strength of limesul phursalt wash under direction of the manager Mr C W With oft All trees were thoroughly coated and after the spraying was finished Prof W M Scott selected a number of badlyin fested trees for continued careful observation No extra pains were taken in treating these trees hence they furnished a reliable indication of the efficiency of this treatment as generally carried out The trees selected for study were all heavily incrusted with San Jose scale and the most of them were in such bad condition that their recovery was not expected The trees have been ex amined from time to time during the present season and the re sults of the examination are given in the following table f Bulletin No 4 Ga State Board of Entomology pp 2021TABLE I Effect of the LirneSulphurSalt Wash upon Trees Heavily Incrusted with San Jose Scale 6 o m u H Treatment Condition when Sprayed Date Examined Per cent of Live Scale Larvse Found Condition of Tree at Date of Examination 1 Limesulphursalt wash in Feb 03 Incrusted 1 April 2003 20 0 1 I n 2 June 17 03 4 0 Scales slufflng from hark new healthy bark forming beneath scales i t ii 2 Aug 7 03 3 Trace 0 Luxuriant growth Bark clean and bright Very few old scales still adhering to bark 2 April 20 03 22 0 June 17 03 8 0 Same condition as tree No 1 Aug 7 03 5 Scattering II 1 u 3 i Incrusted and nearly dead at time of treatment June 17 03 4 0 Tree fully recovered and making a vigorous growth 4 Incrusted Had put out water sprouts June 17 03 7 2 0 CO OS o w o w o H o o w lH o ii a w 9 5 it Incrusted June 17 03 5 8 0 Growing well 11 6 it tt June 17 03 3 0 M it tt tt Aug 7 03 10 Trace Vigorous growth 7 tt Incrusted and considered past all chance of recovry June 17 03 4 5crawling larvae found on entire tree Putting out well it it t Aug 7 03 About 1 immature Hcaie per twig Healthy vigorous growth 1 From notes by Prof W M Scott 2 Examination by Scott and Newell 3 By trace meaning that a careful examination of from five to fifteen minutes was required to find a living scale 4 Found a few halfgrown female scales most of which had recently died On entire tree found but 3 live scales 5 At this date found 2 adult and 4 partially grown females on trunk of this tree and an average of 1 immature scale on each young shoot 6 Trees 1 2 3 and 4 are all of the variety Bell SynBelle of Georgia 7 Examination showed large numbers of adult females brown and discolored but not yet dried outthat had but recently died 8 At this date many adult females had but recently died Under a number of adult female scales were found living larvfe but none could be found crawling about or established upon the bark or twigs 9 Variety Early River 10 On Aug 7 found one adult female with larvae underneath scale and 6 immature females Many scales of this years breeding had established themselves on treated portions of the bark but had recently died 11 Variety Early River E i 55 O o 378 GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICUETURE From the above results it will be noted that several very inter esting points are brought to light First the limesulphursalt is not immediately destructive to the adult insects but for a considerable time does prevent the larva from establishing themselves on the treated portions Second that the wash slowly corrodes the scaly covering ulti mately exposing the mature insect to the action of the weather and offering ready access to predaceous enemies Third that after much of the material has been washed from the trees the larvae can establish themselves and grow for some little time but that sufficient material evidently remains to even tually kill the great majority of them The death of larvae in con siderable numbers was noticed on several of the above trees as much as five months after treatment An insecticide which ex erts a continuous action for several months is obviously more de sirable than one which even though more powerful is effective for a few days only Experiments with the limesulphursalt were conducted in a number of other orchards by Professor Scott and orchards treat ed independently by the owners were also kept under supervision during the summer In all of them the same gratifying results were secured In no case was there any indication of injury to the trees ex cept where the wash was applied after the buds began to open In such cases the fruit budsand in some instances the twigs were killed back thereby decreasing the fruit crop In the or chard of Mr S H Rumph at Marshallville Ga three plots each containing Belles and Elbertas were used in a comparative ex periment Plot I was sprayed in February with an oil emulsion containing 20per cent of oil Plot 2 was sprayed in December with the limesulphursalt Plot 3 was given the same treatment as No 2 and in addition was sprayed again with the limesul phursalt wash in early March just before the buds opened Space can not be taken here to give the results of the various ex aminations but briefly stated the trees sprayed with limesul phursalt wash in December have had as little scale upon them this summer as have the trees sprayed with oil emulsion in Feb ruary The double treatment i e spraying with limesulphur salt in December and again in early March was far more effective than either the December treatment alone or the oil emulsion treatment in February The orchard of Mr J D Hendrickson at Lee Pope Ga was sprayed under the efficient direction of the manager Mr C GBULLETIN NO 40 879 McCarty with 15 per cent of oil using a mechanical mixture pump This treatment was followed about two weeks later with a thorough spraying with limesulphursalt About 55000 trees were given this treatment and not more than five or six trees were in any way injured These injured trees we were informed by Mr McCarty were given several applications of the oil mixture Our earlier examinations of this orchard the present season failed to reveal a single living scale even on trees previously incrusted thus showing that the treatment had been thorough and effective When the writer last examined this orchard on September 8 1903 only a very few living scales could be found From the experience of the past year we must conclude that the limesulphursalt wash is more effective than the various emulsions and mixtures of oils and that it is safer The advan tages and disadvantages of the two may be compared as follows OILS Complicated mechanical mixture pumps must be used or the oil made into an emulsion Mechanical mixture readily get out of order pumps The oil and water mixture re quires constant testing to see that the percentage of oil does not ex ceed the limit of safety LIMESULPHUKSALT Simply constructed and powerful pumps can be used Single or simpler pumps are less likely to get out of order and breaks are more quickly noticed No testing of percentage is neces sary When the pumps are stopped for The limesulphur ly length of time the oil and wa homogeneous hence r in the hose will separate and rate upon standing any ter i The limesulphursalt mixture is hence does not sepa LCJL HI Ull jiwkiw t either pure oil or pure water willbe thrown when the pump is again started The necessity of frequently being compelled to send to distant points for oil and often consequent delay of treatment at proper time Composed of common materials obtainable in almost every town and village in the State MAKING THE LIMSSULPHURSALf The standard formula which was used in the experiments cited above is as follows Lime unslaked 3 lbs Sulphur 20 lbs Salt 55 bs Water 6 lbs 380 GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OE AGRICULTURE We have been most successful in making this mixture accord ing to the following plan Place about onefourth of the water in an iron kettle and bring to a boil When the boiling point is reached add the unslaked lime and during the consequent violent boiling add the sulphur which should previously have been mixed with water and keep well stirred A few minutes later add the salt and continue the boiling for two hours Water may have to be added from time to time to make up for evaporation sufficient water should be kept in the kettle to prevent burn ing but more than this is not desirable At the end of the two hours add water to make 60 gallons and strain through a fine mesh iron strainer into the tank of spray pump Apply while still This wash has a marked corrosive action upon brass and cop per and so far as possible iron should be used in handling it and in the pumps Brass and copper pumps can however be used with a minimum amount of corroding if they be thoroughly washed out with clear water after each days spraying In applying this wash the trees should be thoroughly coated using Vermorel nozzles As soon as dry the coating appears white and if portions of the trees have escaped application these are readily noticed The trees should be carefully examined and if it is found that any part no matter how small has escaped it should be sprayed even if necessary to drive through with the pumps a second time In large orchards the limesulphursalt mixture can be made most economically and rapidly by using live steam and boiling the materials in tanks or barrels summer treatment For several years past the use of a ten per cent oil emulsion or a dilute whaleoil soap solution has been considered about the only available summer treatment for San Jose scale Durin the past year however Prof W M Scott conceived the idea of using the hmesulphursalt as a summer wash on the trunks and limbs of scalemfested trees It has been tested at several points m the State and has proven highly satisfactory as a means of checking the scale The regular strength as given in the formula above is used the wash being applied to the trunks and larger limbs with a mop or paint brush None of the mixture is placed upon the foliage or young growth and of course does not affect the scale upon these parts The killing of practically all scaleBULLETIN NO 40 381 upon the trunk and large limbs not only materially reduces the scale already upon the tree but checks the rapid rate of increase Infested trees thus treated during the summer months have a much better chance of withstanding the attacks of the scale untiL thorough winter treatment can be undertaken conclusions 1 That for successful control of the San Jose scale thor ough winter treatment must be adopted Summer treatment while extremely valuable for checking scale in recently discov ered cases can not alone prevent serious damage to the trees 2 That a thorough spraying with the limesulphursalt wash in December and again in late February or early March is the most effective treatment for San Jose scale that has yet been de vised 3 That a single spraying with limesulphursalt in February or early March is more effective than the same application made in December or January and is slightly more effective than win ter treatment with 20 per cent crude oil or kerosene 4 That the limesulphursalt mixture is entirely harmless to deciduous fruit trees if applied when these are in a dormant con dition but that its application after the buds begin to open will result in injury to the latter and to the twigs SPRAY PUMPS For general orchard work in the application of such mixtures as oil emulsion the limesulphursalt wash and Bordeaux mix ture a strong wellmade barrel sprayer is usually the most use ful Among those that deserve mention here are the Pomona manufactured by the Goulds Manufacturing Company Seneca Falls N Y the Advance manufactured by the Deming Com pany Salem Ohio and the Eclipse manufactured by Morrill Morley Benton Harbor Mich The Field Force Pump Com pany Elmira N Y the Bean Pump Company Hudson Mich the Myers Pump Company Geo H Stahl Quincy 111 and the Spray Motor Company Buffalo N Y are also manufacturers of good spray pumps The Beck Gregg Hardware Company and the Cotton States Belting and Supply Company both of Atlanta Ga also handle spraying machinery382 GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Each pump should be fitted with two leads of twenty or twenty five foot discharge hose Vermorel nozzles and cutoff cocks An order for a pump should specify that these attachments are wanted For use in yards gardens and family orchards a knapsack pump will usually be sufficient Even a small bucket pump may be found useful for light work These may be obtained from al most any manufacturer of spray pumpsFrom Bulletin Georgia Department of Agriculture SERIAL No 41 SEASON 19001901 INFORMATION IN REGARD TO COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS AND CHEMICALS ILLUMINATING OILS UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF O B STEVENS Commissioner of Agriculture of the State of Georgia JNO M McCANDLESS State Chemist R G WILLIAMS First Assistant State Chemist J Q BURTON Second Assistant State ChemistREMARKS OF THE COMMISSIONER Each crop year has its own peculiarities and this is no1 excep tion Last year corn and cotton were retarded by cool weather rains and cool nights while this year they were retarded over large areas by longcontinued drouth Yet the farmers of Geor gia raised paying crops last year and we trust that by the bless ing of God they will do the same this year At the time that we sent out letters for information concerning the crop conditions for our MayJune report things did not look very promising except for fruit Since then there has been marked improvement in both cotton and corn and the promise of the best peach year ever known in Georgia has been fulfilled With about 6000000 coming into our State from the peach or chards and the hope of remunerative crops of corn and cotton even if they should happen to fall below normal in production our farmers should take courage and labor with renewed energy The ravages of the cotton boll weevil in certain sections of Texas have awakened considerable apprehension among the farmers of the South This pest has not yet crossed the Mississippi and it is to be hoped that the measures for preventing its spread may prove successful The Georgia Department of Agriculture the State Entomolog ical Department the Horticultural and Agricultural Societies held consultations and the outcome of these deliberations is the legislation providing quarantine regulation against the wreevil While it behooves us to take every precaution against its introduc tion into our fields we feel assured that a remedy against this insect will be discovered as has been done in the case of all previous ene mies of our crops Professor O F Cook of the United States Entomological Bureau has been experimenting with the Guatemalan ant which he says is the great destroyer of the weevil and other enemies of cotton and itself in no way harmful to crops Of course we are inclined to look with suspicion upon all such defenders lest they prove as great a pest as the English sparrow But if the Guate malan ant is what Professor Cook claims for it then we can con gratulate ourselves that the remedy has been discovered 25 a b386 GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE There are some who claim that the South can by a more scien tific system of cultivation raise 15000000 bales of cotton each year and still others say that within the present limits the South will some day raise 80000000 bales Whether these extrava gant figures shall ever be reached is of little practical advantage to us just now We think we can congratulate ourselves that for several years at least the supply will fall enough short of the demand for cur great staple to insure us remunerative prices and to put the pros perity of Southern farmers on a permanent basis It is difficult under present labor conditions to see how our fanners are to increase the production of cotton Perhaps it may lc done if they can draw away laborers that have flocked to the cities and towns If thev can do this it may be to the detriment of manufacturing interests Will not intensive farming go far towards the solution of this problem Some contend that in immigration is found our best solution The Department of Agriculture is in favor of progress and con siders the bringing into Georgia of a desirable class of immi grants a step in the right direction But what we want is immi gration of Americans from other States of the Unionpeople who are imbued with American ideas and a clear understanding of themso that the South may continue to be as in the past the best example of true Americanism in race and in principles SUGARCANE Encouraging reports come to us about sugarcane We have information that leads us to believe that this industry is taking on new life in Georgia and encourages our hope that at no distant day the Empire State of the South will take the rank that she is capable of holding as a syrup and sugarproducing State In order to bring this to pass it is notnecessary to devote a single acre less to corn and cotton the two leading staples of Georgia We desire to see our State hold even a higher rank than now as a corn and cotton growing Country but we will also gladly hail the day when Georgia brings her sugarcane crop to a valuation that shall place it on a par with what are now our principal wealthproducers in the field of agriculture During the decade ending with ioo South Georgia outstripped the other sections of the State in the increase of population This ought to mean rrtuch for the growth of the sugarcane crop the larger part of which is raised in South GeorgiaBULLETIN NO 41 387 OUR EXPERIMENT STATION The experiment station at Griffin under the conduct of Hon R J Redding and his energetic assistants is doing a good work for Georgia in sending out valuable literature through our daily papers as well as in the great objectlesson presented by the well managed farm To the influences of the experiment station near Waycross un der the management of Professor Arthur Given of the United States Experiment Station Department is due in a very large measure the increased interest in the cultivation of sugarcane all over Southern Georgia RAISE YOUR OWN SUPPLIES We have so repeatedly given advice about the best methods of preparing the soil and cultivating various crops that we will not repeat them at this time But we repeat again the advice that we have given over and over and that we expect to continually offer It is this Let all our farmers raise their own supplies No matter how low the price of anything that you purchase it is not cheap if you can grow it yourself Raise your own corn wheat oats and hay and make on the farm food supplies for man and beast Have poultry hogs mutton and beef raised at home and have milch cows enough to supply your table with milk and but ter Then you will reduce to the minimum the articles that you will be compelled to purchase for table use Your cotton or sugar cane will then be money crops giving you the ability to dress well improve your dwellings purchase the best farm implements and keep the best of stock besides laying up for a rainy day OUTLOOK IS ENCOURAGING In view of progress already made we feel that we can congratu late the farmers of Georgia as well as our merchants and manu facturers whose success is largely based on that of our agricul tural classes on the improved conditions all over our State and the bright prospect of increased advancement by Georgia in popu lation wealth and all that gees to make a people great and good O B Stevens Commissioner of Agriculture 388 GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE REPORT OF THE STATE CHEMIST State oe Georgia Department of Agriculture Division of Chemistry Atlanta August 25 1904 Hon 0 B Stevens Commissioner of Agriculture of the State of Georgia Dear Sir Attached to this report I beg to hand you tables of analyses of commercial fertilizers sold in the State of Georgia during the season of 19031904 the number of brands on the market this season is 1241 as against 895 the previous year Each succeeding year now breaks the record of the previous year in the number of tons of fertilizer sold in this State the record for this season shows the hitherto unapproached figures of 689 91672 tons I desire at this time to call your attention to the report which 1 made to you last year in which I urged the pas sage of a general purefood law for Georgia since that time whenever the opportunity has offered in the course of the year I have made such analyses of foodstuffs as our limited time per mitted This work is far from being as complete as I would like but is the best that could be done with the time and means at my disposal I shall not burden you in this place with the tech nical details of the chemical work done but will rapidly summar ize the results The analytical data are given in the accompanying tables I have a private record of the places from which all the articles analyzed were purchased I have however deemed it best to designate all such articles simply by number as doubtless most merchants are themselves ignorant and innocent of any adultera tion being as much in need of the protecting arm of a rigidly en forced law against adulteration as the consumer COFFEES Of ten samples of coffee bought in open market none were found to be adulterated the price of coffee has however been low and the incentive to adulteration smallBULLETIN NO 41 389 BUTTERS Of fifteen samples of butter three were found to be reno vated butters or process butters one of them having been made to take up as much as 44 per cent of water Renovated butters are old or rancid butters which have been processed so as to make them taste like fresh butter three were rancid al though genuine butters none were found to contain oleomar garine or cottonseed oil thus indicating the efficiency with which the present Federal law outlawing these products is enforced One sample No 15 bought as butterine was the most respect able in the lot masquerading under no false colors as most of the butters did but was clean pure beef fat with perhaps a touch of clean pure cottonseed oil in it Such honest commercial products are deserving of wider appreciation and consumption OLIVE OILS Of eleven samples of olive oil two were found to contain cot tonseed oil one peanut oil two were rancid and one was marked cooking oil not claiming to be olive oil it was cottonseed od of excellent quality clean and nutty in flavor VINEGARS Nine samples of vinegar were bought and analyzed cider vinegar was called for in each case Of these only three could be called genuine cider vinegar the rest were spirit vinegars and were deficient in strength of acetic acid one contained vinegar eels and three had mouldy growths In this connection and as showing the importance to the agri cultural interests of the State of legislation in regard to cider vinegar as well as other pure foods I quote in full from a letter of Mr A S Gardner of College Hill Farm Cobb county Ga to the department June 24 1903 Mr O B Stevens Commissioner of Agriculture State Capitol City Dear Sir I have noticed from time to time in the daily papers of this city that members of the Legislature would do something for the protection of farmers to prevent adulteration390 GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OE AGRICULTURE of certain products made by them I know that certain States have pure food laws and it is a serious offense for any one to adulterate or manufacture anything that would be injurious and sold under the name of a harmless product For instance we are advised to grow fruits as a paying crop and I am satisfied that there are thousands of bushels of apples that could be put into vinegar in the State of Georgia that now absolutely go to waste as the growers are not near enough to market to ship them with a profit and most of the apples come on at a time when the market is glutted with other vegetables and fruits and same can not be handled in a profitable way but if the farmers could utilize their apples to make vinegar and cider it would save thousands of dollars annually to the fruitgrowers and small farmers of the State I know this from experience I had three or four years since I made fifty barrels of vinegar from my apples which was the product of a private orchard This was the only way I could save the apples This vinegar made from pure applejuice has been offered to the wholesale and retail trade in several cities is Georgia who will not buy pure apple vinegar for the simple reason that they can procure vinegar manufactured from acids that has never seen an apple and is thoroughly injurious to use as a vinegar Growers of apples can not manufacture vinegar out of pure applejuice without going to a cost of 25 cents per gallon and for tllls reason tan not compete with acid vinegars that can be manufactured for three or four cents per gallon and sold to the wholesale and retail trade for ten cents per gallon and then sold to the consumer at 25 to 40 cents per gallon They know that the vinegar they are selling is not what the consumer thinks he is buying The people in this State are protected from bad oil and imita tion butter etc and I am sure that there is nothing 30 injurious as the vinegar that is made and sold in this State I will venture to state that there is not one gallon out of a thousand used in this State that is pure There is no use to advise farmers and fruitgrowers to plant orchards of apples for market for it will not pay without they can have the same protection that other States give their producers There is always a lot of hot air when the Legislature meets inBULLETIN NO 41 391 the papers about some benefit that the farmer would get but that is about all he gets in the end I will appreciate it very much if yon will suggest some way whereby this product can be protected and I will take much pleasure in cooperating with you toward this end Yours very truly A S J Gardner College Hill Farm Marietta Cobb county Ga Further comment is unnecessary as showing the importance of purefood legislation to the development of the peach apple and cider and vinegar industries of the State CATSUPS Of eight samples of catsups four were dyed with aniline colors six contained benzoic acid as preservative and one salicylic and benzoic acids On the subject of antiseptics in food Dr Scoville who lias studied the subject says It is claimed by the manufacturers who make use of them and also stated by some authorities that the use of antiseptics in small quantities in foods is not harmful However they are always used in sufficient quantities to delay fermentation and fermentation stopped by such means out of the stomach will as the food still contains the antiseptic be stopped in the stomach to a greater or less degree making more work for the digestive juices and consequently retarding digestion The quantity used is often too small to have a direct effect when absorbed into the system but put a little formaldehyde in the milk each day add to this a little benzoic acid in the tomato catsup a little salicylic acid in the canned fruits and vegetables a little boracic acid in meats and oleomargarine a little copper or zinc from the beauti ful green of the pickles and peas and the meal has deposited some poisonous material which with the repeated deposits of other meals must and does have a harmful effect upon the stomach nerves and health Some manufacturers compound and put these acids upon the market under the names of preservaline freezme freezem and similar labels to be used by those who are ignorant of the antiseptics from which they are made or the effect of such anti septics upon the system When labeled and sold under these392 GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE names they are guaranteed to be perfectly harmless and to keep all kinds of perishable food substances perfectly fresh and in a sound state in any kind of weather and temperature for any length of time without the use of ice The strong paralyzant power claimed for antiseptics is sufficient to condemn their use in foods for a substance which can preserve perishable foods under any condition and for any length of time will also affect the delicate digestive ferments of the stomach There is an overwhelming testimony from scientists that these antiseptics are for various reasons and in different degrees harm ful when taken into the system Even those who favor their use in small quantities agree that their use should be made known to the consumer Recognized experiments show them to be anti digestive and accumulative that they are eliminated by the kid neys and that such elimination gives rise to various forms of kidney trouble that some of them affect the higher nervecenters and depress the heart action Dr J Kister of Berlin has recently carried out some re searches on the physiological effects of boracic acid The in gestion of from 40 to 50 grains of boracic acid daily by strong and healthful subjects gave rise in from four to ten days to albuminuria which persisted concurrently with the administra tion of the drug In further experiments 15 grains a day sufficed to produce vomiting and diarrhea The administration of 15 grain doses in a normal subject was followed within two hours by its appearance in the urine complete elimination taking eight days With half that dose excretion began at once and lasted five days The doctor considers that the daily ingestion of even small doses of boracic acid is apt to give rise to cumulative effects which may ultimately determine toxic symptoms and his experi ence tends to show that young persons are much more susceptible to the influence of the drug than is the case later in life Chief Chemist Wiley of the U S Bureau of Chemistry con siders salicylic acid very deleterious to health and states There is no preservative which paralyzes the ferments which create decay that does not at the same time paralyze to the same extent the ferments that produce digestion He also savs The very fact that any substance preserves food from decay shows that it is not fit to enter the stomach especially if the stomach be delicate and the digestion feeble and again he states I maintain that no food should ever be offered for sale which contains a preserva tive without that fact being plainly marked upon itBULLETIN NO 41 393 Prof E H Jenkins of the Connecticut Agricultural Experi ment Station says These modern preservatives are used with out any notice being given by the vendor that they are used and when this notice is not given that opportunity and right of the individual toi find out whether they will or will not injure him is taken away Dr Albert B Prescott of the University of Michigan states T believe that in general preservatives and antiseptics in food are unfavorable to digestion and injurious to health x Prof Mitchell of Wisconsin states Any antiseptic which is an active antiseptic is necessarily deleterious to health It stops the working of the normal enzymes or ferments and it stops the digestive processes which take place in the organs and it stops in a measure the changes which take place normally in the food products possibly in some cases Whatever questions concerning the use of antiseptics in foods are unsettled these are facts they are a cumulative harmful drug and should be taken into the system only upon the pre scription of a physician or upon the knowledge of the one who is eating the food that it contains an antisqjtic they supplant to some degree the cleanliness and care necessary to produce wholesome foods cover up deficiencies and cause the use of many food arti cles of an unhealthy character the use of the more harmful should be prohibited the use of small quantities of those less harmful should be rigidly restricted and only permitted when the fact of their use is made known to the actual consumer Watching the various food products with regard to antiseptics alone is a large task so extensively and recklessly are they used in the numberless articles of food on the market Many food industries are built upon this principle of preserving foods en tirely with antiseptics it is a wrong principle and should be dis couraged The representatives of such food factories present many arguments and schemes to protect the profits which accrue from the substitution of a pinch of some antiseptic for the more costly methods of ice sugar cleanliness and care employed by the manufacturers of the best food articles To cite a fact axio matic of all drugs that the single instance of a mild antiseptic in minutest quantities has but very little effect in the system does not defend the reckless use of antiseptics a practice dangerous to the publics health394 GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OE AGRICULTURE CANNED CORN In eight cans of corn examined saccharin was found present as a preservative in four Nos i 2 5 and 8 contained old hard grains with bits of shuck present 3 4 and 6 showed dark stains indicating action on the walls of the can FLOUR Twelve samples of flour were examined without finding any evidence of adulteration showing the benefit of the national law against adulterating or mixing flour which is at present being enforced Some years since the writer as chemist to the board of health of Atlanta examined a number of samples of flour and found a large percentage adulterated with corn flour a specially prepared product CONDENSED MILKS By reference to the table of analyses you will observe that these milks are composed of a large amount of cane sugar together with the milk sugar fat and protein of ordinary milk concentrated to about onethird the bulk of the average milk The only ob jection I can urge against these milks is that the degree of dilu tion recommended on the labels for feeding infants is so great about fourteen times that a child would be practically starved if fed upon them as directed or else be compelled to swallow large quantities of an illbalanced ration with resulting gastric disturbances as you may see by referring to the table where 1 have calculated the percentage of milk solids and fat in the milk diluted as recommended and placed them alongside of similar quantities in normal human milk You will note the great differ ence between the two and the poverty of the diluted milk in both fats and solids WHISKIES Of eleven samples of whisky analyzed all were artificial or imi tation whiskies but two one of these was corn whisky the other was whisky with the Government stamp showing it to be bottled in bond The imitation or artificial whiskies are all made by diluting cologne spirits or strong alcohol with water coloring with caramel and then flavoring with a trace of essence in some cases a little genuine whisky is blended with the mixtureBULLETIN NO 41 395 POISONOUS TABLEWARE As illustrating the many insidious dangers that lie in wait for man woman and child in their food and drink I noticed the other day while eating at a leading restaurant a bottle of pepper sauce with a metallic dropper or short tube passing through the cork Being suspicious of it and as it was just in the condition to test being in actual use I pulled it out of the bottle and carried it off without leave I now make public acknowledgment of the theft and will make full restitution on complaint of the owner On pouring a little pure water through this metal tube so as to rinse out the dried pepper sauce and then examining the solution I found lead in abundance so that every person who used that pepper sauce on their food swallowed each time a small close of acetate of lead or sugar of lead Having noticed a number of similar droppers or tubes in use at many of the leading soda fountains in acidphosphate bottles and limejuice bottles I bought another stopper from a leading soda supplyhouse and found it also to contain lead as part of the alloy There is no excuse for the use of these metallic poisoners save criminal ignorance and carelessness Reese says in his work on Toxicology All the salts of lead are poisonous chronic poisoning may result from the continued internal use of any lead compound or from acci dental introduction of the metal into the system through drinking water which has stood in contact with lead pipes or articles of food containing it Lead colic is one of the earlier symptoms fol lowed by paralysis or palsy Doubtless many cases of obscure spinal cerebral and cardiac disease are really owing to chronic leadpoisoning that element having been introduced unsuspected into the system ATLANTA AND MACON MILKS Of eight samples of milk from Macon one was found to be skim milk and two were watered milks the rest of good quality Of fifteen samples of milk from Atlanta one was skim milk though sold as good whole milk one was watered and three showed evidence of careless or filthy handlingfor two the price of 10 cents a pint was demanded396 GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OE AGRICULTURE CATTLE AND STOCK FEEDS The growing importance of the dairy and stockfeeding indus try in Georgia demands protection for that rapidly increasing class of feeders who do not and can not produce their own feed stuffs The meanness of the man who will adulterate foods sold to human beings who are endowed with reason and can at least complain if they suspect food fraud is far exceeded by the mis creant who adulterates foods for dumb brutes who can not com plain and must eat what is set before them or do without The most outrageous fraud I have met with is that of a sample sold as wheatbran and which consisted entirely of the ground husk or chaff of rice This material is produced in large quantity in Louisiana and Texas and to some extent along the Georgia and Carolina coasts This outer hull of the rice grain contains only a very small percentage of protein and fat and of this small amount none is digestible owing to the fact that this hull is a mechanical irritant to the stomachs of animals being composed largely of silica the ends of the fibers being sharp and pricking almost like a needle If an animal could be induced to eat the stuff it would produce sickness and vomiting In this particular case the buyer brought suit against the seller for cheating and swindling I was appealed to by the buyer and analyzed the stuff went to the place set for trial to testify but was never called on as the case was settled Feeling the great importance of the matter I have procured with your kind assistance thirtytwo samples of commercial feeds from Atlanta Macon and Augusta analyses of which will be found in the accompanying tables In four samples of feed I have been able to detect with the microscope the presence of this fraud ulent and injurious adulterant rice hulls and in two out of five samples of wheatbran the presence of ground corncobs The protein which is the specially valuable ingredient in all these feeds varies from 7 per cent to 43 per cent and yet practically the same price of 25 a ton is charged for them all many of the poorer feeds being sold at higher prices than the richer Low grade sea island cottonseed meal with 25 per cent protein is sold as a feedstuff at about the same price as the highgrade upland meal with 45 per cent protein Evidently a system of inspection and analysis is needed and a law requiring all manufacturers and dealers in commercial feed to register their brands with the Commissioner of AgricultureBULLETIN NO 4I 397 and to brand on the sacks the guaranteed percentage of protein and fat claimed for their respective products just as is now done with commercial fertilizers The analyses and the valuations should be published annually as is the case with commercial fer tilizers so that the consumer may see just what he is buying and be governed accordingly The State Chemist should advise the feeder how to make and mix his own feeds to obtain the best re sults and at the least outlay of cash also to avoid such feeds as No 7 which is sold as a combined medicine and food and at the enormous price of 10 a hundred or 200 a ton It is composed of linseed meal bran charcoal salt and a little gentian as a bitter and is really worth little more than any of the other feeds The passage and strict enforcement of such a law would be followed by a marked reduction in the prices of mixed feeds a clearer understanding on the part of the feeder of the principles of scientific feeding a keener appreciation of the value of cotton seed meal as the best and cheapest feedstuff in the world and con sequently an increased consumption and enhanced value for the same together with the development of the beef and dairy in dustries of the State But we do not want a new and separate law for feedstuffs spread on the statute books with no provision for enforcement as we now have laws for pure milk butter cheese syrup and so forth but we do need one general comprehensive law directed against adulteration of all kinds of food or drink whether in tended for the use and consumption of human beings or of stock Such a measure to be of value must carry with it ample provision for its enforcement and execution just as the fertilizer law is at present enforced and executed I drew up such a bill modeled upon the national pure food law which passed the House at the last session of Congress The measure was introduced in the Georgia Legislature and was favorably recommended by the House Committee on Agriculture but owing to the congested condition of business in the House failed to come up for action I feel however very hopeful of its passage another year Should it pass it will necessarily add heavily to the duties of this division and I would here call your attention to the fact that the force of chemists now at work is no greater than it was fifteen years ago although the fertilizer tonnage and inspections have more than doubled in that time New duties have also been added by the passage of a law pro viding for the inspection of spirits of turpentine and making the398 GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE State Chemist the referee in cases of dispute between the inspector and parties charged with adulteration In consequence of the operation of this new law unexpected and arduous duties have been imposed upon the chemical division this year and samples of turpentine analyses of which are urgently desired by the naval stores inspector are now waiting in the laboratory for analysis until a relaxation of the pressure of other duties gives an oppor tunity to reach them Many analyses desired by citizens of drink ingwaters to ascertain their purity and other general work must necessarily be refused for lack of time and the force to execute them There should be some remedy for this state of affairs The State Chemist should have authority with the consent of the Commissioner to employ additional assistance whenever de manded by the exigencies of the public service Just after the tables of analyses of foods to which I have been referring I give a copy of the proposed new pure food law which was favorably reported by the House Committee on Agriculture I also reprint from the journal of the American Chemical Society in which it first appeared a new method for the analysis of tur pentine and the detection of adulteration therein As there were no methods in the books by means of which the adulteration of turpentine with kerosene and wood spirits could be detected it became necessary for me to work out a method of procedure in which I have fortunately succeeded and which has been very kindly noticed by seme of the most distinguished chemists in the country Respect full submitted Jno M aIcCandless State ChemistBULLETIN NO 41 CIDER VINEGARS 399 No Acetic Acid Per Gent Total Sol ds Per Cent Ash Alkalinity of Ash Remarks 352 022 005 01 CC Adulterated 0 349 021 002 01 3 452 2 48 035 24 Genuine 4 416 11L 02S 20 Adulterated 5 299 009 0 028 01 6 4 53 025 003 01 1 I 4 42 227 037 40 Genuine 8 300 021 0 03 0 1 Adulterated 9 429 270 035 35 Genuine No 2 contained vinegar eels Nos 3 5 and 9 showed moulds PARTIAL ANALYSES OF CATTLE FEEDS PROM ATLANTA MACON AUGUSTA Nos Nitrogen Protein Price per 100 Name 1 160 1000 S 1 60 Chick feed 0 204 1275 1 30 Dairy feed 5 243 1519 1 10 Wheat bran 7 284 1775 10 l0 Stock feed S 267 10 ill 1 30 Wheat bran 9 270 1687 1 30 11 672 42 00 1 10 O S Meal 12 170 1062 1 25 Wheat bran 15 618 386 1 10 C S meal 18 198 1237 1 25 Cow food 21 162 1012 1 40 Stock food 22 160 10 00 1 25 24 4 18 2612 1 15 C S meal 25 446 27 87 k 26 426 2662 1 15 CS M seconds j 27 438 2737 1 15 C S meal 28 400 2500 1 07 Sea Island meal 29 712 4450 C S meal 30 604 3775 31 672 4200 i 25 I 32 696 43 50 1 25 a u 33 044 275 Rice hulls No 2 contains rice hulls No 12 contains ground cobs400 GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE COMPLETE ANALYSES OF CATTLE FEEDS FROM ATLANTA MACON AUGlSTA Nos W ater Protein Fat Crude fibre Ash Carbohydrates Price per 100 3 1124 988 360 179 162 7187 150 4 885 881 321 1577 1091 5245 130 6 978 775 S93 1335 634 5885 150 13 865 918 528 567 210 6912 125 14 825 912 368 1123 360 6412 140 16 9 32 781 284 1067 350 6586 125 17 830 762 2 77 1315 434 6382 130 19 928 966 917 837 719 831 304 351 305 1122 1260 1157 3 45 656 357 6464 6048 3567 20 23 Nos 4 6 and 20 contained rice hulls MILK SAMPLES FROM ATLANTA Nos Specific Gravity Total Solids Fat Acidity 1 1031 1270 400 Normal 2 1030 1120 2 90 i 3 1028 1470 650 4 10315 1330 440 5 1032 1260 370 76 o 6 10315 1425 520 Normal 7 10315 1185 320 8 1029 14 35 580 9 10325 1235 340 I 10 1025 1560 760 41 o 11 3 8 12 10315 1210 340 Normal 13 1029 1260 430 n 14 1027 12 40 460 15 1029 1005 220 n No 2 is skimmilk Nos 4 and 5 were sold at 10 cents a pint No 5showed evidence of care less or filthy handling No 7 was sold as skimmilk Nos 10 and 11 showed evidence of careless or filthy handling No 15 is watered milkBULLETIN NO 41 401 MILK SAMPLES FROM MACON No Specific Gravity Total Solids Fat Acidity 1 1029 1436 580 Normal 2 10305 1282 420 3 1029 1340 500 4 1031 1030 240 r 1 0235 890 240 6 10302 1250 400 7 10238 920 260 8 1031 1270 400 No 4 is skimmi k No 5 is watered milk No 7 is watered milk BUTTERS Nos Water Volatile Acda Iodine Number Heat of Bromination Fat 1 1 1176 22 co 32 9 c 8579 a 2 1826 252 345 1 O 7743 a 3 2347 281 325 925 7084 4 1228 306 2957 85 8466 a 5 4397 251 3174 90 5167 6 1457 27 3072 875 8208 7 1227 25 4 4224 1200 8521 8 1239 278 348 9 8249 6 9 1556 3187 9 8040 610 1332 266 3213 9 835L 11 976 273 3456 975 8589 612 1215 27 3507 95 8461 13 874 327 2816 8 8637 14 1180 288 3520 925 8538 c 15 953 34 5555 145 8615 a Renovated batters b Rancid c Butterine All except 15 contained artificial coloring matter chiefly annatto 26 a h402 GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE COFFEE Nos Water Per Oeut Ash Specific giavity of 10 Infusion Nitrogen 1 345 570 10105 245 2 393 562 1010 230 3 331 490 10102 232 4 3 05 660 10105 218 5 291 538 1C102 225 193 582 1010 222 7 2 535 1010 244 8 532 5 18 10103 9 188 487 10103 222 10 538 526 1010 220 All genuine OLIVEOILS Nos Iodine No Heat of Broimnation 1 834 2 803 a 3 97 7 4 816 c5 809 66 821 67 832 8 827 9 812 a10 1017 aU 1087 22 22 245 21 23 21 5 2 22 22 27 275 Halphen Test No color Red No color Red Deep Bed Becehi Test No reduction Dark No reduction Dark Very dark a Oottonseedoils 6 llancid c Contains arachidic acid showing peanutoil WHISKIES No Per Cent Alcohol by Weight Ptr Cent Alcohol by Volume Acidity as Acetic Acid In gr per U S tsai Bthers as Kthyl Acetate In grs per U S Gal Fusel Oil us Amyi Ale hoi In grs per US Gal Total Solids in Grains per U S Gallon Per Cent Coloring Matter Re moved by Fu lers Earth 1 2 a 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 3450 3595 3364 3288 3125 3781 3372 2919 3279 3203 3335 4130 4290 4035 3945 3765 4495 4040 3525 3937 3850 40 00 6264 8352 8004 8700 2436 8352 32364 2784 1 392 2958 4524 2088 7095 8676 7095 8166 3062 14036 47977 9769 4105 10263 4105 4112 23 47 3879 2552 2042 6125 74008 565 3534 6158 3079 12992 15700 27025 28333 12858 725 12354 12013 118 96 7668 6893 80 77 77 75 85 No color 44 82 80 80 No color No 7 is a genuine whiskey bottled in bond No 12 is simply dilute alcohol analyzed for the purpose of comparison No 6 is corn whiskey all the others are artificial whiskiesNos ANALYSES OF CONDENSED NiiLK WITH CRITICAL COMPARISONS 2240 2340 2560 2500 3200 2000 2550 Fat 10S 1270 950 1090 850 1080 1100 lilk Sugar 1375 1080 1340 IB00 1370 1410 1430 Proteids 8 95 8 50 11 25 880 7 62 10 15 9 10 210 2 05 2 50 185 190 200 210 Cane Supar by difference Diluted 14 times Hi k Suiids Human Milk 4200 3655 3775 3625 3628 3695 3800 303 092 341 108 312 081 320 095 270 0 72 316 092 311 094 Fat Proteids Sugar Ash Water 320 2 39 683 029 8729 10000 The results in columns 8 and 9 show what would be the composition of the different brands when diluted fourteen times for infant use as is recommended on most of the labels The figures in column 10 give the composition of normal human milk Briefly womans milk contains 1271 milk solids 32 fatversus about 3 milk solids and less than 1 fat in the diluted condensed milks a i1 r w 2 O o to404 GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE PROPOSED NEW PURE FOOD LAW FOR GEORGIA An Act entitled an Act to prevent the adulteration misbranding and imitations of foods for man or beast of beverages candies and condiments or the manufacture and sale thereof in the State of Georgia prescribing a penalty for the violation hereof providing for the inspection and analysis of the articles de scribed by the Georgia State Department of Agriculture charg ing the States solicitors with the enforcement hereof and pro viding means therefor and repealing all laws or parts of laws in conflict herewith Section i Be it enacted by the General Assembly of the State of Georgia and it is hereby enacted by authority of the same That from and after the passage of this Act it shall be unlawful for any person or corporation their agent or servant or while acting as agent or servant of any other person or corporation to manufacture for sale or offer for sale within the limits of this State any article of food or drink which is unwholesome mis branded or adulterated within the meaning of this Act DEFINITIONS Sec 2 That the term food as used herein shall include all articles used for food drink confectionery or condiment by man or domestic animals whether simple mixed or compound The term misbranded as used herein shall apply to all articlesof food or articles which enter into the composition of food the package or label of which shall bear any statement regarding the ingredients or substances contained in such article which state ment shall be false or misleading in any particular ADULTERATIONS AND MISBRANDING SEC 3 That for the purpose of this Act an article shall be deemed to be adulterated In case of confectionery If it contains terra alba barytes talc chrome yellow or other mineral substances or poisonous colors or flavors or other ingre dients deleterious or detrimental to healthBULLETIN NO 41 405 In case of food an article shall be deemed to be adulterated First If any substance or substances has or have been mixed or packed with it so as to reduce or lower or injuriously affect its quality or strength Second If any substance or substances has or have been sub stituted wholly or in part for the article Third If any valuable constituent of the article has been wholly or in pate abstracted Fourth If it contain any added poisonous or other ingredient which may render such article injurious to the health of the per son consuming it Fifth If it consists in whole or in part of a filthy decomposed or putrid animal or vegetable substance or any portion of an animal unfit for food whether manufactured or not or if it is the product of a diseased animal or one that has died otherwise than by slaughter An article of food shall be deemed to be misbranded First If it be offered for sale under th distinctive name of another article Second If it be mixed colored powdered or stained in a manner whereby damage or inferiority is concealed so that such product when sold or offered for sale shall deceive or tend to de ceive the purchaser Third If it be labeled or branded with intent so as to deceive or mislead the purchaser or purport to be a foreign product when not so or is an imitation either in package or label of another substance of a previously established name or which has been trademarked or patented Fourth If the package containing it or its label shall bear any statement design or device regarding the ingredients or the sub stance contained therein which statement design or device shall be false or misleading in any particular or if the same is falsely branded as to the State Territory or place in which it is manu factured or produced Provided however that an article of food which does not con tain any added poisonous or deleterious ingredients shall not be deemed to be adulterated or misbranded in the following cases First In the case of mixtures or compounds which may be now or from time to time hereafter known as articles of food un der their own distinctive names Second In the case of articles labeled branded or tagged so as to plainly indicate that they are mixtures compounds combina tions imitations or blends Provided that the same shall be la406 GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OE AGRICULTURE beled branded or tagged so as to show the character and con stituents thereof And provided further that nothing in this Act shall be construed as requiring or compelling proprietors or man ufacturers of proprietary foods which contain no unwholesome added ingredients to disclose their trade formulas except in so far as the provisions of this Act may require to secure freedom from adulteration or imitation Provided further that no dealer shall be convicted under the provisions of this Act when he can establish a guaranty signed by the wholesaler jobber manufac turer or other party from whom he purchased such articles to the effect that the same is not adulterated or misbrancled within the meaning of this Act designating it And provided further that said guarantor or guarantors reside in the State of Georgia Said guaranty to afford protection shall contain the name and address of the party or parties making the sale of such article to such dealer and said party or parties shall be amenable to the pi isecutions fines and other penalties which would attach in due course to the dealer under the provisions of this Act SEC 6 That the State Department of Agriculture is hereby charged with the duties of inspection and anaiysis required for the proper enforcement of this Act That the Commissioner of Ag riculture is hereby directed to appoint officers who shall perform all the duties required in the execution of this Act That the Commissioner realizing the responsibilities resting on him for the protection of the lives and health of the people shall in making these appointments be guided by the results of careful and dili gent inquiry into the character fitness and reputation for integ rity and industry of all the officers whom he may appoint who may be in any way entrusted with the execution of this law that such officers when appointed shall hold office during good be havior and attention to duty and shall not be removed from office except for cause Sec 7 Be it further enacted That as soon as this Act be comes effective the Commissioner is authorized to appoint a food inspector for the State of Georgia who shall receive a salary not to exceed 1500 per annum and actual expenses while discharg ing his duty His whole time shall be at the disposal of the Com missioner and his duty shall be to travel about the State as di rected and take samples of food and feedstuffs as directed and forward them to the Department of Agriculture for scientific ex amination and analysis The Commissioner is also authorized to appoint on the passage of this bill by and with the advice and consent of the State Chemist two additional chemists The highBULLETIN NO 41 407 est salary paid to any assistant chemist shall not exceed 1500 per annum He shall also provide a stenographer and porter for the State Chemist and such stationery and office supplies as may be necessary He may also appoint an additional clerk in his own office if required all of these expenses to be paid out of the funds appropriated for carrying out the provisions of this Act SEC 8 That samples for analysis shall be taken by the duly qualified and sworn inspector who shall take samples of such articles as may be directed by the Commissioner of Agriculture and in the manner described below wherever practicable sam ples shall be taken in original unbroken packages such packages shall be wrapped in paper and tied securely and sealed over the cord with sealingwax on which the inspector shall impress his official seal That in case where it is not practicable to send the sample for analysis in an original package as for mstance in the case of syrups or other liquids in barrels or flour in barrels etc the inspector shall take a fair sample of the same in the presence of the seller place it in a suitable receptacle securely close and wax it and impress his official seal upon the wax and forward the same to the Commissioner of Agriculture In the execution of his duties the inspector shall have free access at all reasonable hours into any place where it is suspected that impure foods are being manufactured or wherein any article of food or drink adul terated with any deleterious or foreign ingredient exists In call ing for and taking a sample of any goods the inspector shall ten der to the seller the market price asked for the same SEC 9 That all manufacturers dealers jobbers and manipu lators of feedstuffs for domestic animals stock or cattle who may desire to sell or offer for sale in the State of Georgia such feed stuffs shall first file with the Commissioner of Agriculture of the State of Georgia upon forms furnished by said Commissioner of Agriculture the names and brands of the various feedstuffs or mixtures of feedstuffs which they may desire to sell in this State either by themselves or their agents together with the name and address of the manufacturer or manipulator and also the guaran teed analysis thereof in protein and fat and if a mixture of dif ferent feedstuffs stating the names of the different ingredients Before selling or offering for sale in this State such commercial feedstuffs the manufacturer or seller should brand or attach to each bag barrel or package thereof the name and address of the manufacturer the name or brand of the feedstuff the net weight of the package in pounds and the guaranteed analysis of the feed stuff giving the guarantee of protein and fat in minimum per408 GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE centage only These items only shall be branded or printed on the sack or attached to the package in the following order i The number of net pounds in package 2 The brand name or trademark of the material 3 The Guaranteed Analysis 4 Protein per cent 5 Fat per cent 6 Name and address of manufacturer If the feedingstuff be sold in bulk or in packages belonging to the purchaser a statement covering the above information shall be furnished by the seller to the buyer When cottonseedmeal is offered for sale as a feedstuff it must contain not less than thirtyeight and sixtenths per cent of protein unless said meal be made from Sea Island seed when upon application the Com missioner of Agriculture will fix a standard below which such meal shall not fall The sale of all mouldy and damaged feed stuffs is prohibited as feeds except on full notice in writing to the purchaser of the nature and extent of the damage The feeding stuffs which are required to conform with these provisions of the law include All feedingstuffs except cottonseedhulls hays and straws whole seeds and meals of wheat rye barley oats Indian corn buckwheat and broomcorn not mixed with other sub stances but sold separately as distinct articles of commerce Should any of these materials otherwise exempt be mixed or adulterated with any substance for purpose of sale the package which contains it or in which it is offered for sale must have plainly marked or indicated thereon the true composition of the mixture or the character of the adulteration Sec 10 Be it further enacted That all manufacturers and manipulators or agents representing them who have registered their feedstuffs in compliance with section 9 of this Act shall for ward to the Commissioner of Agriculture a request for tax tags stating that said tax tags are to be used upon brands of feedstuffs registered in accordance with this Act and said request shall be accompanied with sum of twentyfive cents per ton as an inspec tion fee except in the case of cottonseedmeals where the present fee of ten cents a ton must be paid whereupon it shall be the duty of the Commissioner of Agriculture to issue tags to parties ap plying who shall attach a tag to each bag barrel or package thereof which when attached to said package shall be prima facie evidence that the seller has complied with the requirements of this Act Any tags left in the possession of the manufacturerBULLETIN NO 41 409 shall not be used for another season and shall not be redeemed by the Department of Agriculture SEC 11 That it shall be the duty of the Commissioner of Ag riculture and the State Chemist to fix standards of purity for food products in accordance with those adopted by the Committee on Food Standards Association of Official Agricultural Chemists of the United States Whenever the State Chemist shall find by analysis that adulterated misbranded or imitation food products have been manufactured for sale or put on sale in this State he shall forthwith furnish a certificate of analysis to that effect to the Commissioner of Agriculture who shall transmit the same to the State solicitor in the comity where said adulterated mis branded or imitation food product was found It shall be the duty of the State solicitor to prosecute all persons violating any of the provisions of this Act as soon as he receives the evidence transmitted by the Commissioner of Agriculture Sec 12 Every certificate of analysis duly signed by the State Chemist of Georgia and impressed with his official seal shall be presumptive evidence of the facts therein stated and shall be ad missible in any of the courts of this State on the trial of any issue involving the merits of any adulterated misbranded or imitation food product Sec 13 The State Chemist shall make an annual report to the Commissioner of Agriculture on adulterated foods which re port may be included in that now made on commercial fertilizers and published therewith Sec 14 Any person or corporation violating any of the pro visions of this Act shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor and shall for the first offence be punished by a fine of not less than twentyfive dollars nor more than two hundred dollars and all necessary costs Sec 15 That the Commissioner of Agriculture shall have authority to establish such rules and regulations as shall not be inconsistent with the provisions of this Act and as in his judg ment will best carry out the requirements thereof He may ex ercise discretion as to the class of products he first subjects to rigorous inspection and analysis realizing that the fullest and most complete execution of this law under a limited appropriation must be a matter of growth His first efforts shall be more par ticularly directed to fostering young and growing agricultural industries of the State as the dairy beef fruit and syrup indus tries by suppressing adulteration in butter cheese milk feed stuffs ciders vinegars and syrups410 GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OE AGRICULTURE Sec 16 Be it further enacted That in order to enforce and carry out the provisions of this Act the sum of ten thousand dol lars or so much thereof as may be necessary is hereby appropri ated and set aside out of the fees arising from the inspection and analysis of fertilizers and so much thereof as is necessary is made immediately available Sec 17 No action shall be maintained in any court in this State on account of any sale or other contract made in violation of this Act provided this Act shall not go into effect until after the first day of August 1905 SEC 18 Be it further enacted That all laws and parts of laws in conflict with this Act be and the same are hereby repealed R printed from the Journal of the American Chemical Society Vol XXVI No 8 August 1904 THE TECHNICAL ANALYSIS OE SPIRITS OF TUR PENTINE WITH A NEW METHOD FOR THE DE TECTION OF PETROLEUM ADULTERATIONS AND OF WOOD SPIRITS OF TURPENTINE By Jno M McCandeess Received May 26 1904 An Act passed by the last General Assembly of Georgia pro vided for the appointment of an inspector of naval stores for this State forbade the adulteration of pure spirits of turpentine with petroleum wood turpentine or other adulterants and in case of dispute between the party charged with adulteration and the in spector provides that a properly drawn and sealed sample be sent to the State Chemist to decide the issue In this way it has be come my duty to study the existing methods for the analysis of turpentine and the detection of its adulteration A good review of the previous literature on the subject is given by Worstall in his interesting article in the Journal of the Society of Chemical Industry 23 302 1904 and as stated by him this literature is scanty and the various tests given including specific gravity etc somewhat unsatisfactory The usual adulterants are petro leum oil gasoline rosin spirits and recently there has been introBULLETIN NO 41 411 duced another possible adulterant in the turpentine distilled from pine wood and old lightwood knots and stumps sometimes called stump turpentine or stump spirits Realizing the necesity of per sonal experience with samples of undoubted purity and previous history and being well situated for the purpose of obtaining such samples I secured from different sections of the State a number of samples of genuine turpentine representing the entire turpen tineproducing area of the State also a number of samples of wood spirits of turpentine As a preliminary test Dunwoodys 99 per cent acetic acid test was tried but without success in detecting known adulterations The following figures for iodine absorption specific gravity and flash test were next obtained The iodine absoiption determina tions were carried out precisely in the manner prescribed by Wor stall1 weighing carefully about 01 gram of each sample into glassstoppered flasks using 40 cc of Hiibl solution and allow ing the action to proceed for eighteen hours in the dark conduct ing careful blanks at the same time Flash tests were made in the Elliott closed cup in the manner prescribed for the test of il luminating oils in Georgia Specific Iodine numbers Flush giav ty at point Nature of sample 165 o 1 2 F Pure spirits of turpentine Ware Co Ga 0868 383 Oalhoun Co Ga 08653 388 388 Deoatur Co Ga 08695 380 375 yellow Tel fair Co Ga 08927 371 85 Pure spirits of turpentine Wilcox Co Ga 08725 3S0 89 Einanuel Co Ga 08668 397 Pure spiritsof turpentine Brooks Co Ga 0872 384 Marianna Fla 364 87 Savannah Ga 08655 3949 Mixture 96 per cent of above and 4 per cent kerosene 383 Adulterated sample from city 0863 373 83 inspector R No 1 0864 364 373 87 2 08065 356 88 3 08665 3907 89 Wood spirits from Mobile 08625 282 City Store 0888 352 Cordele 08605 3519 Waycross steam pro cess H 08725 33L Wood spirits Waycross steam process R 08805 293 412 GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Allen gives the specific gravity of genuine oil as ranging from 0864 t 0870 as is evident from an inspection of the above table adulteration may exist and the specific gravity give no in dication of it Likewise with the flash tests samples afterwards shown to be adulterated flashed at as high a temperature as the genuine oil Doubtless spirits adulterated with gasoline or with kerosene flashing at a lower point than that permitted by the Georgia law ioo F in the Elliott cup would respond to this test Although I had hoped for much more decisive evidence from the iodine absorption it becomes evident from the varia tions in the figures for undoubtedly genuine oil that the process can not be relied on for detecting small percentages of adultera tion with petroleum Turning next to the methods of Armstrong as given by Allen in Commercial Organic Analysis second edition Vol II I found the first method of distillation in a current of steam unsat isfactory and leaving the mind in doubt in case of small percent ages of adulteration I found this method for detection of pe troleum naphtha by polymerization with sulphuric acid followed by steam distillation better even for kerosene but timeconsum ing and tedious and permitting adulterations of 5 per cent and under of kerosene to escape detection I had no difficulty in detecting 10 per cent adulteration by this method but in the case of a 4 per cent mixture I failed utterly to discover it In this latter case the final volume of the distillate amounted to just 4 per cent or entirely within the limits for genuine oil as given by Allen for pure spirits in his description of the method More over the final product could not be positively identified as the process had destroyed the characteristic fluorescence of the petro leum even when dissolved in ether At this point it occurred to me to test the refractive index of the oils resulting from the steam distillation and polymerization Obtaining important re sults from this procedure after much labor and experiment the following comparatively easy and rapid method of detecting pe troleum was worked out Transfer 100 cc of the oil to a 600 cc flask preferably of Jena glass add 50 cc of concentrated sulphuric acid from a graduate a few cubic centimeters at a time agitating the acid thoroughly with the oil and cooling in a current or basin of water if the action is very violent between each addition of acid When all the acid has been added and there is no further rise of tempera ture on repeated agitation add 25 cc of water to the flask con nect the flask by means of a doublebored cork and a suitableBULLETIN NO 41 413 bulbtube with a Liebig condenser and also a large flask contain ing water A current of live steam is now sent through the mixed oils and acid in the flask at such a rate as not to project any of the dark oils into the bulbtube intervening between the flask and condenser Distil until the volume of distillate mixed water and oil reaches 100 cc now separate the oil from the water and test with a few drops the refractive index then meas ure the oil approximately transfer to a small dry flask of 50 cc capacity glassstoppered and add as much fuming sulphuric acid as there was of oil agitate violently removing the stopper oc casionally for the escape of sulphur gases Pour the resulting mixture into cold water separate the oil which floats transfer it to a distilling flask and repeat the distillation in a current of steam Distil to a volume of 100 cc separate the oil from the water as before take the refractive index then polymerize the resulting oil for the third time with at least an equal volume or better twice its volume of fuming sulphuric acid The resulting mixture is again poured into cold water the oil separated and washed with cold water its volume noted and the refractive index again taken The instrument used in taking the refractive indices was the Zeiss butyrorefractometer provided with a centesimal scale ranging from ND 142 to 149 For the sake of conven ience and greater distinctiveness the results given below are ex pressed in terms of the centesimal scale of the butyrorefractom eter These may be translated into corresponding refractive in dices by means of the table given on page 342 volume III of Wileys Principles and Practice of Agricultural Analysis All readings were made at a temperature of 25 C and by sodium light Oil from Oil from Oil from lit poly an 1 poly SrUpoly Final vl N iture of sample merizatton merization merization co Calhoun Co turpentine79 5S 435 l Decatur Co 74 48 320 12 Savannah purespirits82 5S 35 0 07 Pure spirits with i per cent kerosene 72 43 250 14 2 65 39 210 22 4 57 34 180 27 Adulterated samples frominspectorR No 1 49 17 130 35 2 70 45 200 21 3 71 43 220 20 5 cc of pure keroseneIS 120 29 Wood spirit Cordele80 66 430 20 crude79 64 310 17 steam process69 45 300 18 Mobile78 64 370 20414 GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE In no case was I able to reduce the reading below 30 with genuine turpentines or wood spirits but with adulterated spirits containing even as little as 1 per cent of kerosene the reading fell as low as 25 on the third polymerization and could be slowly reduced to 22 by continued treatment with fuming acid the greater the percentage of adulteration the lower in the scale would the reading fall I have not succeeded yet in making the method quantitative though the chemist would run but little risk in certifying the final volume to be the minimum percentage of petroleum when the refractometer reading is as low as 22 Adulteration with naphtha or kerosene with low flashpoint would show still lower readings than those obtained above The kerosene sold in this State flashes at or above ioo F in the Elliott cup it is there fore to be expected that adulteratioon with kerosene of a lower flashpoint would show a somewhat lower reading Adultera tion with rosin spirits may be shown by the LiebermanStorch test Adulteration with wood spirits is unlikely since there is but little difference in price between wood and genuine spirits The crude wood spirits may be known by its odor but with a highly refined article it would be different Adulteration of this kind may be detected as follows Kerosene or naphtha having been proved to be absent by the above process of polymerization a distillation is carried out on 100 cc of the sample in a flask made precisely acording to the specifications of Engler for the distilla tion of illuminating oil The flame used must be small the thermometer rise very slow ly and the first 05 cc of distillate collected by itself drop by drop and the refractive index taken at 25 C In the case of no genuine oil will this fall below 60 being usually 61 to 63 Several samples of wood spirits show readings as low as 59 58 and even 57 When the wood spirits do not show a low initial reading they nearly always show a high reading on the final por tion of the distillate I have adopted the 97th and 98th cc of the distillate as being in practice the most convenient to collect separately for the purpose of taking the final refractive index In the case of genuine spirits this reading will not exceed jj usually much less but with wood spirits will especially if the initial reading be high exceed jy and may even reach 90 A further distinction between genuine and wood spirits may be ob served during this distillation in nearly all genuine spirits 95 per cent will have distilled over by the time the temperatureBULLETIN NO 41 415 reaches 1650 C whereas with wood spirits when 95 per cent have come over the thermometer is much higher than 1650 It is possible that the methods described above may with modifica tions be applied to the detection of turpentine in the more costly essential oils I have to thank Messrs Williams and Burton of this laboratory for their indispensable aid and valuable sugges tions during the progress of the work TABLES OF ANALYSES COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS SEASON OF 19031904 27 a bAnalysis of Commercial Fertilizers for Season of 19031904 QO BY WHOM REGISTERED AND PLACE OF BUSINESS A D Adair McCarty Bros Atlanta Ga Armour Fertilizer Works Atlanta Ga NAME OF FERTILIZER OR CHEMICAL REGISTERED u Fertilizer Ingredients Fertilizer Ingre N 0 a s Actually Found by State dients Claimed by B C U Chemist Manufacturers sa 2 3 2 a E o 3sa a es e9 5iJ C S e H aS 3 Cfl 0 J Ct c 1 3 z 03 K is k V c a t Adairs H G Blood and Bone Soluble Pacific Guano Ammoniated Dissolved Bone Blood and Bone McOartys H G Cotton Grower Cotton Special Soluble Bone Fruit Special David Harum Ex H G Adairs Formula Adairs Special Potash Mixture H G Potash Compound Compound A M 134 Adairs H G Dig Bone Dis Bone Dissolved Bone Manure Salts King Cotton Ammoniated Dis Bone and Potash Blood Bone and Potash African Cotton Grower Superphosphate with Nitrogen and Pot ash No 1 Superphosphate with Nitrogen and Pot ash No 3 X G W FF G I M A G G G R C G W G A DD Z J O O 5 52 180 24 28 7 49 137 155 53 107 103 112 55 175 51 51 64 58 12 40 45 38 49 620 214 1150 557 101 450 62 902 1347 215 46 1240 681 216 1149 213 565 851 1134 145 473 430 292 1135 10 68 1180 885 11 23 1135 1110 10 90 12 13 10 95 11 05 8 93 10 58 1078 1373 16 30 15 58 1368 8 50 12 33 1005 10 20 11 75 11 23 2 48 1 67 178 1 66 1 70 91 94 115 3 14 185 170 4 93 247 1 06 97 3 16 10 2 10 2 38 8 1 28 9 2 41 10 314 10 161 10 2 10 4 10 2 10 4 41 8 4 25 10 6 33 10 425 13 16 14 12 1 10 2 31 8 2 10 6 28 9 408 9 1 35 10 3 34 10 20 2 y 7 3 82 3 120 40 17 48 16 24 16 46 17 63 15 48 14 15 15 97 23 47 11 48 12 15 13 08 14 98 15 13 13 19 12 72 11 49 17 93 16 18 17 91 30 73 20 84 14 88 15 94 19 80 16 24 14 94 14 74 16 24 14 35 12 65 14 35 23 38 10 80 11 20 12 50 14 00 14 45 13 00 11 70 10 40 17 00 14 94 16 24 27 99 19 14 12 65 14 35 o O w w PJ K o o 3 n C ij a Sunrise Standard High Grade Special Cotton Special Special fotash Mixture Armours Cotton Producer Shield Brand Armours White Cloud Helmet High Grade No 822 No 825 No 838 No 853 No 933 No 857 No 814 No 921 No 282 No 285 No 388 No 583 Bentona Red Rooster Truitts Champion Guano Superphosphate and Potash Potash Potash Potash Potash Potash Star Alkaline Bone Bone Sunrise Bone Bone Bone Star Phosphate Sunrise Dissolved Bone Armours Superphosphate Superphosphate Superphosphate Superphosphate w 187 1151 8 70 188 2 01 8 165 2 16 15 I 38 461 1218 1 65 2 02 10 165 17 67 s 120 978 1018 107 2 30 9 82 2 14 69 A 230 908 10 55 181 214 10 165 2 17 24 KE 29 512 10 13 174 3 9 165 3 17 47 Y 117 712 1205 1 65 3 58 10 165 3 lo 91 JJ 88 14U9 850 196 2 10 8 165 2 16 37 G 97 463 11 65 177 2 06 10 165 2 17 76 H 1IH 655 948 1 65 224 8 165 2 16 10 Z 16 422 880 190 2 8 165 2 16 29 Z 12 419 878 2 57 728 8 24 6 22 97 H 116 1055 888 428 3 15 8 412 3 25 17 V 25 726 1053 271 3 15 9 247 3 21 05 Y 30 441 10 351 5 88 8 412 7 25 68 Z 14 420 875 114 4 8 82 4 15 44 UD 87 859 920 1 65 179 9 16 1 15 54 G 7 80 1135 212 2 22 8 165 2 18 84 X 6 44S 978 165 516 8 1 65 5 18 76 FT 33 126 988 246 521 8 247 6 21 56 Z 93 1077 973 412 256 8 412 3 24 68 MVI 19 8S0 9 83 191 3 29 9 165 3 18 08 1 88 983 1105 1 26 242 10 16 2 15 98 P 9 279 1073 234 10 2 11 56 G 93 1211 10 68 438 10 4 13 26 R 10 356 940 4 8 4 12 11 1 132 999 1328 484 13 4 15 34 GG 25 598 16 4 21 16 4 16 58 r 21 454 1318 457 12 4 15 04 00 126 1373 9 38 366 10 2 11 80 G 96 462 865 442 8 4 11 97 00 97 1371 10 2 10 2 10 80 p 37 291 1035 4 10 4 12 72 DP 86 858 14 48 414 13 4 15 53 Y 00 19 96 438 1370 1590 14 90 14 14 12 93 12 28 R G 8 125 46 355 479 431 12 83 1740 13 93 12 16 13 10 94 13 91 11 65 G 130 481 14 03 14 11 72 14 94 16 24 12 85 16 24 16 44 17 09 14 94 16 24 14 94 14 94 21 05 23 94 19 14 26 95 13 90 14 74 14 94 17 49 21 05 23 94 16 44 16 24 10 80 12 50 11 20 14 45 16 40 13 80 10 80 11 40 10 80 12 50 14 45 11 70 11 70 10 40 13 00 11 05 11 70 w a f f w 1 oAnalysis of Comm rcial Fertiizers for Season of 19031904 BY WHOM REGISTERED AND PLACE OF BUSINESS NAME OF FERTILIZER OR CHEMICAL RSUISTJJD Armour Fertilizer Works Atlanta GaContd Alabama Chemical Montgomery Ala Co Atlanta Oil and Fertz Co Atlanta Ga Total Phosphoric Acid Truitts H G Acid Phosphate Acid and Potash Acid and Potash Armours Raw Bone Meal Nitrate of Soda Kainit Cotton Seed Meal Loyds Excelsior Guano Liberty Bell Guano ieorgia Al Guano Rex Be ne Compound H G 104 Potash Acid S C Acid Phosphate Rex Dissolved Bone Susquehanna Ex H G Guano Capitola H G Guano Standard Guano Beef Blood and Bone Mixture Gilt Edge IT G Guano Standard Guai o Cotton Grower Floyds H G Blood Guano Meal Guano Bruces Big Bowl Guano Guano Buckeye Special Mark and Number Fertilizer Inspector 4 s 3 O o 2 Fertilizer Ingredients Actually Found by State Chemist Fertilizer Ingredients Claimed by Manufacturers a OS B D a s 2 n to p M m 3 0 2 5 C u be o Z a o IawHawkins High GradeG I I I 00 F O NN AA F R F F F F G DD MM I G DD MM G B S DD MM 84 83 85 16 100 44 41 17 10 171 2 68 64 69 29 38 70 65 15 18 17 276 52 18 44 105 16 981 980 982 1121 1155 429 1217 537 106 923 115 1105 1104 1106 127 1408 1410 783 87 1407 1158 1207 1116 1405 84 933 88 1053 10 40 1370 2640 10 15 9 68 S 68 1003 1218 13 58 15 25 14 08 11 85 1075 11 25 10 68 10 65 1075 10 12 18 9 55 1220 12 15 1030 3 56 1588 5 56 1 31 165 1 90 2 4 3 38 1274 2 49 218 1 32 1 02 2 22 1 65 1 65 1 89 175 1 99 1 65 101 231 2 43 2 05 257 2 25 4 2 58 1 64 154 178 3 58 1 66 2 2 2 1 2 3 18 46 68 10 10 13 22 10 8 8 10 10 12 14 10 10 8 9 10 8 10 10 10 8 10 10 3881 10 14 50 6 18 1 1 65 1 65 2 41 1 65 1 65 82 1 65 1 65 82 1 65 1 65 1 65 1 DO 82 1 65 11 14 12 75 14 37 24 51 52 40 10 82 21 62 15 57 16 07 16 69 11 03 13 91 11 42 12 51 22 15 18 88 15 24 14 78 19 90 16 37 16 72 17 03 18 13 16 60 17 67 16 94 20 20 c u rt s o 10 80 12 50 14 45 48 75 10 20 23 67 14 10 14 94 14 94 10 80 12 50 10 40 11 70 19 80 16 24 14 94 12 85 16 24 14 94 12 65 16 24 16 24 14 94 16 24 14 35 16 24 o c w o w c a a w lJ w lJ o o n a c i a w MAshepoo Fertilizer Co Charleston S O Hays H G Guano Braselton Bros Farmers Club Jewells Standard Guano Blood and Bone Slaughter House Guano C P Lively Sons H G Guano Susquehanna Ex H G JJis Bone Pot Gilt Edge Dissolved Bone and Potash Gapitola Dissolved Bone and Potash Red Cross Dissolved Bone and Potash Capitola Acid Phosphate Atlanta H G Aeid Phosphate Ashepoo H G Fertilizer Blood and Dissolved Bone uray Land Guano Eutaw H G Golden Fertilizer Blood and Bone Guano H B S Cos Blood Bone and Potash Compound H B S Cos Standard B ne Guano Willinghams Boss Guano H U Batemans Special Guano H G Harpers Choice Fertilizer Commassee Blood and Dissolved Bone Ashepoo H G Super Acd Phosphate Standard Golden Harvest Pot ash Acid Phosphate Eutaw Standard Acid Phos and Potash Enoree Acid Phosphate Bronwood Acid Phosphate H G Batemans Special Acid Potash Ashepoo H G Acid Phosphate Kutaw Standard XXX Acid Phosphate H G Batemans Acid Phosphate Muriate of Potash Nitrate of Soda German Kainit G DD G DD DD UD GG MM 00 QQ G vl HH S A A B K DD DD K K K Y H S w 0 c R L HH 11 H K L 272 112 278 58 57 128 27 10a 101 8 11 33 40 142 2 45 258 0 52 195 201 lOo 177 141 55 75 109 199 27 5 202 178 205 25 1206 10 178 236 10 1 356 1203 169 226 11 1208 925 2 12 234 8 847 1090 94 1 36 9 841 i 10 58 145 154 8 1171 1095 165 2 10 59H 14 411 13 1411 928 3 54 8 14 1093 204 10 1264 1195 2 51 10 8b 14 38 12 554 15 08 14 r89 1125 192 266 10 1 188 10 95 110 148 10 535 1055 19b 2 37 8 1 1 14 11 17b 2 38 10 128b 1065 20b 1 58 9 490 1188 1 25 1 33 10 489 1035 1 90 2 bb 8 821 1110 1 8b 1 33 9 1154 1075 33b 10 1280 1125 32L 4 10 708 10 83 1 05 3 Ofc 9 1051 1215 4 61 10 1187 1148 2 03 10 738 1185 2 46 10 1395 1148 217 10 680 943 4 8 1278 1243 4 53 10 262 1590 14 690 1340 1618 13 14 1279 105 5296 1281 15 60 211 1277 165 165 165 82 165 165 165 8 165 1 65 165 82 165 loo b29 319 481 2 16 97 2 17 91 2 17 59 2 13 93 2 15 56 2 16 85 4 15 19 4 11 64 2 11 43 4 13 38 11 94 12 40 2 18 50 1 14 60 2 17 82 2 17 64 1 17 56 1 15 57 2 17 75 1 16 97 6 Ho 76 4 24 16 6 15 72 4 14 41 2 11 77 2 12 26 2 11 90 4 12 lb 4 14 53 12 93 11 31 13 11 45 45 01 51 48 12 10 85 16 24 16 89 14 94 12 85 14 94 16 24 14 45 11 20 10 80 12 50 10 40 11 70 16 24 12 65 w 14 94 a 16 24 t1 14 74 w H tH 12 65 3 14 94 2 o 14 74 25 05 23 35 13 70 tH 12 50 10 80 10 80 10 80 11 20 12 50 11 70 11 05 11 70 38 25 48 87 10 20 to Analysis of Commercial Fertilizers for Season of 19031904 BY WHOM REGISTERED AND PLACE OF LUJ1NESS NAME OF FERTILIZER OR CHEMICAL REGISTERED Adrian Guano Co Adrian Ga Alabama Cotton Oil Co Demopolis Ala Alabama Cotton Oil Co Huntsville Ala Selma Ala Americns Oil Co Ameri cus Ga Abbeville Cotton Oil Co Abbeville Ga Arnold Co Elberton Ga D C Alford Co Hart well Ga The Anderson Co Com merce Ga Atlanta Fert and Imp Co Atlanta Ga Andrew Glenn Co Carl ton Ga Albany Warehouse Co Al bany Ga Atlantic Chemical Co The Norfolk Va Tarboro N C Columbia S C James Pride Honor Bright Nonesuch VViregrass Potash Mixture Cotton Seed Meal Cotton Seed Meal Totton Seed Meal Cotton Seed Meal 3 u Fertili get Ingredients Ferti izer Injrre 9 a Actually Found by State dients Claimed by I C u 0 Chemist Manufacturers M a J Si 2 X s8 2Z C h 5 a o a J 2o rt w j o c IS be o g n 3 0 c CO oJ 3 Ji CO 33 CC 36 CC 35 CC 34 Cotton Seed Meal Standard Guano Peerless Standard Guano andsake B Anderson High Grade Planters XXXX H G Blood and Bone E C Special for Truck Farmers I G 00 F U FF S S Pride of Carlton A G Oos Acid Phosphate A W Cos Acid and Potash Atlantic H G Ammoniated Guano 47 on 26 1 48 95 9 33 89 B 34 G 108 G 109 S 69 71 105 831 834 833 832 99 1122 306 326 574 1304 1112 476 47 96S 970 993 1110 10 10 9 80 10 80 935 9 70 13 70 1148 11 25 998 10 70 10 58 12 33 413 1170 188 356 9 1 90 2 59 8 108 330 8 4 8 fi 20 6 18 6 56 6 22 5 48 578 1 79 2 10 9 1 26 3 16 9 115 2 10 9 1 84 275 10 1 81 2 15 10 270 416 9 1 89 2 21 8 4 8 2 36 10 1 65 2 30 10 165 165 82 3 2 3 4 19 03 17 63 15 33 11 72 618 23 73 G18 618 23 67 24 91 618 L65 85 85 l5l 2 2 23 80 21 36 22 35 16 35 15 73 17 07 165 165 248 2 2 4 18 46 17 70 21 81 165 2 4 17 66 12 87 2 12 61 165 2 17 59 14 94 11 20 10 80 16 24 to to oco o o w o O C3 S16 44 14 94 hi 13 05 w 11 20 w 23 67 w 23 67 23 67 H 23 67 o 23 67 23 67 15 16 w 12 88 o 12 88 c rl H 16 24 a 16 24 w 20 03 Macon Ga Allison Cannon Lavonia Ga Baugh Sons Co Balti more Md Blakely Oil Fertilizer Co Blakely Ga Brown Bros Elberton Ga BlackshearMfg Co Black shear Ga Available Phosph t A Cs Cotton Fertilizer Animal Bone and Potash Baughs Corn Fertilizer Special Potato Manure General Crop Grower H G Vegetable Guano Potato Guano Special Manure for Melons H G Cotton and Truck Guano Genuine Lobos Peruvian Guano Peruvian Guano Peruvian Guano Baughs 104 Mixture Raw Bone Meal Pure Dissolved Animal Bone 16 Acid Phosphate H G Acid Phosphate Muriate of Potash Cotton Grower B O F Cos Favorite Corn Grower McDowells Favorite Special Mixture New Land Special Popular Favorite B O F Co Potash Acid Blakely Dissolved Bone and Potash Bone Cotton Seed Meal Granite City Guano Acid Phosphate and Potash Baxters Special Home Compound oric Acid 1455Commercial value computed from this 14 00 1530 DD 28 497 875 S 39 578 9 65 F 53 303 8 55 Y 68 697 9 83 Z 60 1072 9 08 BB 4 525 1133 V 48 947 8 BB 3 524 715 BB 2 523 1095 a 152 660 1118 c 79 407 2565 Y 14 1083 26t50 N 17 176 25U0 K 83 915 1120 K 39 1238 2160 H 183 1053 16 38 H 256 1165 16 68 K 55 913 16 55 K 56 827 L 10 200 1045 L 1 201 12 90 L 41 272 1270 L 76 786 1105 AA 63 666 1240 L 12 202 10 75 AA 64 667 1268 AA 62 665 12 30 KK 80 1162 15 03 L 40 271 1565 KK 81 1163 S 8 325 9 05 s 7 324 11 73 z 122 1258 725 Q 10 375 1045 1 95 211 171 229 173 234 112 412 202 815 112 145 418 717 412 728 2 99 402 178 3 05 2 79 3 30 282 326 281 282 422 372 230 49 65 168 259 88 2 83 325 166 3 55 172 293 426 2 92 424 354 666 225 2 56 239 320 640 125 205 8 8 5 10 6 6 10 10 24 24 24 10 21 13 16 14 10 10 9 10 8 10 10 13 14 8 10 6 165 2 16 50 165 2 16 45 165 2 15 84 82 4 16 18 165 10 22 08 82 1 14 88 412 7 27 68 412 7 27 02 33 4 22 98 165 2 18 32 3 350 21 46 3 350 21 17 3 350 21 60 4 13 46 370 22 36 206 20 83 13 44 13 35 48 42 20 165 2 17 13 82 1 15 58 82 3 16 34 16 3 18 26 165 2 18 81 4 13 20 2 13 32 4 14 19 4 15 37 12 77 618 25 25 165 2 18 07 2 13 95 288 5 23 31 123 150 15 25 14 94 14 94 13 90 19 79 12 65 26 04 26 04 23 38 16 24 12 50 Co 17 85 r1 13 00 g 11 70 U 40 80 S 14 94 12 65 2 14 35 P 16 44 16 24 t 11 20 10 8U 12 50 14 45 11 70 23 67 14 94 10 80 20 25 13 7g toAnalysis of Commercial Fertilizers for Season of 19031904 BY WHOM REGISTERED AND PLACE OF BUSINESS NAME OF FERTILIZER OR CHEMICAL REGISTERED Blackshear Mfg Co Blackshear GaContd k 3 1 B k S u k a cs q w B z i s S3 o s Fertilizer Ingredients Actually Found by State Chemist Fertilizer Ingredients Claimed by Manufacturers 3 c s 11 Si s 0 s to E rid 3D On fr B 2 w 5 O 32 cold c 6 3S Blood and Potash o Potash Compound Imperial Peruvian Fertilizer Poor Land Guano iood Land Manure Favori te Cotton Fertilizer Sea Island Standard Sea Island High Grade Prolific Cotton Grower Plow Boy Guano Blackshear Champion Fertilizer Cotton Cracker Guano Walkers Excelsior Fertilizer Wyleys Cane Formula Blackshear Ammoniated Dis Bone Petersons Prolific Cotton Grower Brooks Cane Grower H G Acid with Potash Blackshear Acid with Potash 12 Acid Phosphate Baker D 4 Royston Ga 13 16 Dark Cotton Seed Meal Improved Sea Island Meal German Kainit Muriate Potash Farmers Soluble Q Q z CO z z o z o Q II z Y Z Y BB Q CO o Y O Q z C Q BB 9 7 6 64 9 10 12 41 9 1 5 11 115 109 45 14 34 61 10 51 11 13 104 158 6 12 127 374 373 415 837 416 417 8 90 990 11 28 9 53 1180 8 53 236110 592 1120 233 37 632 418 711 1078 444 530 773 836 234 694 235 377 1132 963 372 1080 1182 9 20 973 1150 9 1225 9 90 10 03 10 03 8 03 11 23 1103 12 1305 16 20 10 68 1 86 132 187 184 1 05 2 94 172 178 197 94 1 65 2 01 1 86 2 20 174 185 257 4 38 474 198 76 03 55 47 01 71 72 84 38 20 38 98 50 62 21 02 12 50 2 11 8 11 8 8 11 9 9 10 9 11 9 6 11 10 12 13 16 165 123 165 165 82 247 165 1 165 82 165 165 165 2 47 165 165 2 47 370 453 165 16 85 4 94 17 57 16 75 24 21 21 14 16 96 14 94 15 44 14 IS 20 99 18 50 16 47 14 94 18 06 16 89 18 34 16 44 14 04 12 85 17 21 16 24 16 95 14 74 19 56 17 74 19 67 20 84 16 56 14 94 18 19 16 44 21 07 18 90 11 78 12 30 11 48 10 80 10 40 10 40 11 08 11 05 13 17 13 00 16 96 14 72 18 15 17 46 10 20 10 20 42 93 40 80 18 13 14 94 to 4 o w o w o a w H w H o o w n J C wBrannon W A Co More land Ga Birmingham Fertilizer Birmingham Ala Boyd Douglas Griffin Ga Rusha S J Buford Ga Butts DLDevereauxGa Bennett Co Dublin Ga Blanchard Humber Co Columbus Ga Bakers Standard Bone and Potash Moreland Special Fertilizer H G Guano Standard Guano 134 Dis Bone and Potash Standard Dis Bone Potash H G Acid Phosphate Birmingham H G Fertilizer S G Dis Bone Nitrogen Pot H G Ammoniated Super phosphate H G Profit Producer S G Acid and Pot Mixt H G Potash Bone SG Bone Ash H G Dis i one and Muri ate Potash Mixture S G Acid Phosphate H G Acid Superphosphate German Kainit Boyds H G Acid Bushas H G Guano Butts Best Cotton Girl ZZZ B Bs Sambo Guano Champion Guano Joyners Humbers Compound Muscogee High Grade Guano Muscogee Guano Acid Phosphate and Potash Potash Potash C C L C 0 c z c c c AA 0 A DD T T T II II II GG FF FF FF GG GG FF 20 149 163 166 162 165 161 164 83 72 66 61 63 10 56 34 65 16 43 94 19 26 49 140 109 110 9 10 27 28 34 141 142 29 30 35 336 1189 1353 1386 1382 1385 1381 1384 405 40 594 397 398 37 305 590 399 1394 163 llli 42 559 843 959 955 1406 634 1166 636 600 723 1138 1346 601 602 724 963 1463 1178 1210 1010 13 60 1068 14 1120 9 78 11 43 15 20 13 23 10 55 12 03 8 48 1305 13 50 1483 1695 186 14 20 10 65 12 85 11 93 13 33 970 10 25 9 38 1158 12 10 90 1035 11 05 1298 2 62 1 65 174 168 1 75 85 1 65 245 1 65 185 1 38 223 2 10 1 2 99 586 2 4 17 421 2 64 1304 175 1 79 175 1 80 172 183 165 40 34 86 39 53 44 44 37 54 66 52 11 24 09 13 10 10 8 13 10 12 10 8 10 14 12 10 10 12 12 14 16 ii 10 10 8 10 10 10 10 8 10 12 12 165 247 165 165 165 165 82 165 165 165 165 1 1 165 1 65 16 75 15 57 21 78 18 19 16 99 14 84 11 24 11 75 17 31 16 50 13 68 20 46 24 27 11 15 13 96 11 68 13 32 11 37 12 24 13 62 10 87 11 83 17 00 22 44 17 33 14 14 16 82 16 38 17 38 18 07 18 23 19 67 18 60 13 27 14 63 14 39 14 94 14 45 19 80 16 24 14 94 14 45 10 80 10 40 16 24 14 94 12 65 19 60 24 65 10 80 12 50 11 20 12 10 10 40 11 70 13 00 10 20 11 70 16 24 18 79 14 94 12 50 14 94 14 74 14 94 16 24 16 24 19 10 17 80 12 50 13 80 13 80 a a r1 o 4 to 01Analysis of Commrcial Fertiizers for Season of 19031904 BY WHOM REGISTERED AND PLACE OF BUSINESS NAME OF FERTILIZER OR CHEMICAL REGISTERED Bartow Investment Co Bartow Ga Bulloch Oil Mill States boro Ga Bainbridge Oil Mill Bain bridge Ga Buckeye Cotton Oil Co Macon Ga Augusta Ga Braselton Bros Hoschton Ga Brooks Tabor Lavonia and Royston Ga Barnett E A Washing ton Ga Benton Supply Co Monti cello Ga Bradley Fert Co Boston Mass and CharlesnSC Bartow Cotton Hustler Cotton Seed Meal S I Cotton Seed Meal Cotton Seed Meal Cotton Seed Meal u N cto N M Pi C J Sg B Z 3 o ea E o Fertilizer Ingredients Actually Found by Stute Chemist Fertilizer Ingredients Claimed by Manufacturers T Ml 9 IB B III c s p tn n o Special B B B B T Standard Guano H G Guano Georgia Mixture Brooks Best Black Diamond Superb Bone and Potash No 3 Barnetts Standard Fertz for Cotton for Cotton Jasper Cotton Grower Bentons Black Crow Big Owl Bone and Potash Compound Tuckers Big 6 Bradleys H G Soluble Guano Standard Potent Superphos phate V 70 951 0 27 247 AA 93 1110 H 121 656 T 55 718 DD 61 849 S 17 334 B 85 1301 B 8t 1302 S 154 1191 S 153 1190 S 137 1186 B 87 1303 W 143 752 W 199 1260 MM 17 879 MM 15 878 MM 12 877 MM 60 890 MM 61 891 DD 93 1086 S 60 586 1045 11 35 10 50 11 93 9 20 12 20 1148 1248 1403 1183 10 53 1113 10 68 9 65 1313 12 08 10 95 191 496 652 6 58 6 24 2 39 1 90 170 1 12 1 37 178 186 9 98 2 01 2 91 2 34 2 64 2 24 2 66 2 54 3 30 3 33 3 252 2 35 1 47 127 2 27 2 13 4 38 2 26 1 38 11 8 10 8 9 8 11 14 10 8 10 10 8 10 12 10 165 2 18 16 370 18 87 618 24 79 6 IS 24 99 618 23 87 165 2 19 51 165 2 17 69 1 65 2 17 69 165 2 16 51 205 2 50 20 13 165 2 18 99 245 3 21 42 3 14 27 165 2 18 70 165 2 17 05 m 1 14 77 m 1 15 14 165 2 16 67 2 12 94 4 14 17 165 2 17 76 185 1 16 88 S oO u E 4 ee o s 114 94 14 72 23 67 23 67 23 67 16 89 14 95 16 24 14 94 17 33 14 94 20 38 14 25 16 24 14 94 12 66 12 66 14 94 10 80 13 80 16 24 15 40 to J5 o w o o w w H O O 2 o c r H c w wBostwick Mfg Co Bost wick Ga Butler Heath Butler Camilla Ga Ooweta Fertilizer Co New anGa Bradleys Standard Potent Superphos phate Bradleys Ammoniated Dissolved Bone Standard B D Sea Fowl Guano Bradleys Standard X Super Potash Acid Phosphate Bradleys Standard Palmetto Acid Phos phate Cotton Fertilizer Acid Phosphate and Potash Cotton Seed Meal Heaths Cotton and Corn Fertilizer H G Acid Phosphate W O C A Pure Blood Guano Coweta Special Fertilizer Special Fertilizer H G Fertilizer Animal Bone Fertilizer Ammoniated Superphosphate of Lime and Potash Aurora Ammoniated Phospho A A P Bone Ammoniated and Potash Sea Bird Special Fertilizer H G Guauo Standard Guano Ammoniated Superphosphate Special Formula Ammoniated Acme Soluble Guano Boyds Animal Bone Guano Pope Browns Special Formula for Cotton 134 Coweta Dissolved Bone and Potash 124 Coweta Dissolved Bone and Potash 1U4 Coweta Dissolved Bone ai d Botash 84 Coweta Dissolved Bone and Potash Coweta H G Dissolved Boi e and Potash Standard Dis Bone and Potash Boyds Acid Phosphate with Potash R S BB I R M M iVl 34 58 8 126 3o 180 111 114 X A M I X vv XX vv A A X G G G A 1 G A 141 139 70 130 9 14 29 4a 15 8 32 103 30 16 26 61 36 104 75 39 72 37 eO 73 13 486 585 5z7 1400 485 13t6 1043 9 88 1115 1158 1488 1008 1420 1405 1421 1105 1004 1002 313 898 445 59 546 618 60 lr9 459 944 395 1415 608 568 60 707 315 603 1417 5til 41 b 314 58 10 15 38 10 95 11 1163 1063 8 95 10 10 58 1213 1098 1160 9 53 1188 12 80 10 88 11 55 1055 14101 13251 10 13 840 13 33 10 25 1030 2 180 207 122 152 167 2 17 2 47 187 176 92 165 1 11 68 41 82 95 12 98 65 01 145 4 30 352 3 16 117 1 37 3 37 223 2 07 126 2 62 236 2 38 3 40 4 26 449 430 4 55 2 37 2 47 2 32 9 9 9 10 12 8 14 12 8 14 10 10 10 10 8 10 9 10 10 10 8 10 10 10 10 9 13 12 10 8 12 10 10 185 165 185 165 247 247 165 165 165 82 247 165 165 82 82 165 165 165 165 2 618 123 250 2 3 3 17 11 16 18 17 94 11 82 12 27 14 40 11 73 13 43 17 10 12 59 17 26 20 12 21 63 17 8d 16 19 14 81 15 90 15 30 21 43 16 68 16 54 14 52 16 83 18 20 17 56 18 97 15 38 15 02 12 83 11 92 13 27 11 36 11 26 15 40 14 74 15 40 10 80 10 40 14 94 11 70 13 80 23 67 13 98 11 70 16 24 19 80 19 80 16 24 14 94 14 35 14 74 12 65 19 80 16 24 14 94 12 65 14 35 16 24 16 24 16 44 14 45 13 80 12 50 11 20 12 10 10 80 10 80 w a t w p aAnalysis of Commercial Feriizers for Seas n of 19031904 00 o M o o o w o o tH n c BY WHOM REGISTERED AND PLACE OF BUSINESS NAME OF FERTILIZER OR CHEMICAL REGISTERED Fertilizer Ingredients Ferti izer Inere e 0 Actually Found by State dients Claimed by 12P fe C 0 rill 3 Chemist Manufacturers T i 3 JSS H Lt ft rt b fi p Z o 2 O 2 3 J 5 gJ to 33 a 3 e On J3 O o d S 5 c Z x a o S a K Si3 Ss Ooweta Fertilizer Co Newnan Ga Ohickamauga Fert Works Ohickamauga Tenn Columbia Guano Co Nor folk Va Tarboro N C Columbia S C Maoon Ga lobb W S Canton Ga Oarmichael J R Jackson Ga Coweta H G Acid Phosphate Standard Acid Phosphate 16 Acid Phosphate Sea Bird H G Acid Phosphate Ohickamauga H G Fertilizer H G Plant Food Complete Fertilizer Georgia Homestead Guano Old Glory Mixture Canton Standard Guano Ben Hur H G Guano Ohickamauga HG Dissol vd Bone No 16 HG Dissolvd Bone No 14 Dissolved Bone 134 Columbia H G Cotton Grower Roanoke Ammoniated Guano Columbia Soluble Guano 1 C Quillian Bros Cotton Guano Columbia Bone and Potash Mixture Bon and Potash Mixture Bone and Potash Mixture Acid Phosphate Pride of Cherokee A 46 S 62 I 29 I 42 A 128 A 138 D 25 Butts County Guano A 118 817 1080 174 40 36 4 129 42 5 27 170 43 112 1 53 23 48 49 MM 151 SS 22 5641408 587 12 10 457 778 81 823 652 1097 1096 140 820 1144 141 654 1387 825 9 9 275 584 287 716 717 937 1343 16 95 1515 11 10 10 78 8 45 923 11 25 10 78 10 58 17 40 15 38 1708 14 70 1193 11 8 45 9 13 10 68 13 63 9 83 12 23 1118 1 87 1 68 1 83 171 98 1 69 2 62 1 95 1 92 1 68 1 84 38 84 81 28 50 15 62 4 2 3 2 2 37 268 4 2 89 2 52 2 41 14 12 16 14 10 10 10 8 10 16 14 12 13 10 9 8 8 10 12 8 12 10 165 165 166 1 6fi 82 165 165 2 06 165 2 50 11 75 10 46 13 61 12 44 18 00 17 55 17 36 16 18 14 41 17 00 21 18 13 91 12 59 13 70 15 89 18 21 18 78 17 02 16 61 11 81 14 86 11 44 10 59 18 60 11 70 10 40 13 00 11 70 16 24 16 24 14 94 14 94 12 65 14 91 19 80 13 00 11 70 10 40 14 45 16 24 16 44 14 94 14 94 10 80 13 80 11 20 10 40 18 02 17 41 14 94Continental Fertilizer Co Nashville Tenn Cumberland Fertilizer Co Nashville Tenn Comer Oil Mill Comer Ga Canon Oil Fertilizer Co Canon Ga Conyers Oil Co Convert Ga Carroll County Oil Mfg Co Carrollton Ga Cooper W W Flowery Branch Ga Cumberland Bone Phos phate Co Portland Me and Charleston S Carlton Oil Mill Carlton Ga Combahee Fertilizer Co Charleston S C Cowart Lofton Co Ar lington Ga The Daniel Sons Palmer Co Millen Ga BearH G Guano PS Beef Blood and BoneY Economy GuanoQQ Standard Complete GuanoD Boll ProducerFF Potash MixtureA Special A H G Dissolved BoneY Eddystone H G Ammoniated Bone X FertilizerQQ Alligator Packing Houe Guano fP H G Ammoniated Bone0 Double ExtractPP Black Hawk StandardPP H GPP Alligator Tan FourPP Thirteen FouruO H G Acid Phosphate and PotashPP Cotton Seed MealS Cotton Seed Meal Cotton Seed Meal Cotton Seed Meal H J C Sons High Grade H J C Sons H G Acid Phosphate Cumberland Bone Snperphoste of Lime Cotton Seed Meal Combahee Potato Guano Arlington Standard Guano Daniels 4 Guano Cotton and Corn Guano S MM X DD DD CC 6 43 1 2 25 43 41 22 22 5 59 42 i 54 65 ii 41 30 67 186 122 134 40 114 7U 134 180 8b 87 1344 10 38 2 63 3 56 10 443 10 70 1 65 2 12 10 1250 1085 146 3 44 10 n 1080 192 3 54 8 558 11 171 2 02 11 563 10 43 2 30 10 816 1013 4 10 439 14 13 14 446 10 33 180 2 10 10 1251 11 43 3 25 3 16 10 1426 13 08 115 2 8 11 T 11 38 123 3 72 10 I34 12 63 1 25 249 10 13 1085 1 65 1 32 o 132h 11 43 2 15 216 10 1326 1080 516 10 1126 1370 3 44 13 1325 1435 3 33 14 571 967 7 14 704 1377 6 72 946 656 1245 1295 2 27 254 10 503 1038 1503 1013 15 168 1 69 9 969 1328 6 66 953 417 610 7 1320 983 144 2 73 8 760 10 13 189 2 31 8 761 888 191 234 8 246 3 165 2 82 3 165 2 1 65 1 2 4 165 2 2 46 3 165 2 165 2 2 47 3 165 2 165 2 4 4 A 18 4 6 18 6 18 618 165 165 618 412 165 165 165 21 04 19 77 16 79 16 24 17 38 14 35 18 96 14 94 17 10 16 04 11 33 10 80 12 58 12 60 11 78 11 70 17 03 16 24 23 43 19 77 16 59 14 94 17 21 16 24 17 04 19 80 16 21 14 94 18 95 16 24 w r1 14 01 12 50 14 42 14 45 14 75 15 10 i 26 83 23 67 2 26 50 23 67 o 25 44 23 67 24 92 23 67 20 66 16 24 12 38 12 35 16 15 14 74 25 25 23 67 27 73 24 99 16 06 14 64 17 37 14 94 16 66 14 94 Analysis of Commercial Fertilizers for Seas n of 19031904 BY WHOM REGISTERED AND PLACE OF BUSINESS NAME OF FERTILIZER OR CHEMICAL REGISTERED The Daniel S ns Palmer Co Millen Ga Dothan Guano Co Do than Ala Davis W A Co Macon Ga Phosphate Davis Fertilizer Co Quit man Ga Empire State Chemical Co Athens Ga Daniels Potash an Grange Mixture lorn and Cotton Compound Davis Amazon Guano Potash Acid Carolina Acid Dav s Home Compound with Potash Special Cotton Favorite South Georgia Triple Potash Cane and Melon H G Corn and Cane Fertilizer Charleston Potash Compound Charleston Acid Phosphate Hodgsons 1033 1053 Red Star Special Guano Tap Root Guano Gem of Athens Guano Hodgsons Standard Guano Potomac Guano Special Grain Guano O K Bone Meal and Potash Morning Glory Acid Phosphate King Acid Phosphate Acid Phosphate with 4 Phosphate H G 104 Acid Phosphate Hodgsons 16 Acid Phosphate c t o s a cs cu co 0 Q Q R H R Q jr JT JT JJ 7 M M S s M B S VI B B M S M M i s Fertilizer Ingredients Actually Found by State Chemist 83 54 55 87 90 210 37 62 55 54 5 60 61 70 115 21 23 15 111 121 16 40 110 80 24 23 61 7f 866 867 731 352 1283 774 1020 1016 1015 101 1018 1019 12 6 1228 337 338 193 1313 979 194 12291 11 25 815 9 33 10 13 10 45 14 65 10 35 11 65 8 35 11 65 9 50 11 33 16 08 11 50 11 10 10 78 10 05 888 9 33 8 98 10 20 9 43 131211270 625 10 339 549 9 30 1108 6231615 139 1 65 1 83 59 82 104 145 165 2 64 411 1 95 209 199 1 75 181 97 1 30 4 41 3 02 2 12 2 77 4 3 92 4 65 3 01 2 23 2 32 3 60 48 36 45 52 20 62 2 93 3 2 50 114 2 60 4 20 445 10 7 8 S 10 14 10 9 8 9 8 8 13 10 10 9 10 10 10 12 10 8 10 16 1 65 1 65 1 65 4 3 212 2 4 1 4 3 3 2 4 3 S 3 2 2 2 2 3 1 1 2 4 4 13 66 15 03 15 90 17 56 12 79 12 12 14 59 16 82 14 01 16 84 16 18 13 02 13 05 21 73 27 07 18 96 18 16 16 80 16 65 16 88 14 98 15 14 11 82 11 31 12 21 13 58 13 09 12 50 15 14 15 04 14 94 12 50 11 70 12 65 14 55 13 05 16 44 14 94 11 20 11 05 19 80 25 24 16 44 16 24 14 94 14 94 14 94 14 35 12 65 11 25 10 80 11 20 12 50 13 00 a g w o o 5 o a f c w wEtiwan Fertilizer Co Charleston S C Empire Guano Co Nash ville Tenn Eufaula Oil Co Eufaula Ala Elberton Oil Mill Elber ton Ga Everett Mercantile Co Pelham Ga Elberton Oil and Fertilizer Co Elberton Ga Hodgsons Acid Phosphate Peruvian Guano Nitrate of Soda Muriate of Potash Kainit Etiwan Blood and Bone Guano Etiwan Cotton Compound Plow Brand Ammoniated Dis Bone Etiwan Special Potash Mixture Diamond Soluble Bone with Potash Diamond Soluble Bone Etiwan H G Acid Phosphate Etiwan Dissolved Bone Genuine German Kainit Empire Favorite Manure Cotton Grower Standard Cotton Grower Ammoniated Dissolved Bone Potash Mixture Acid Phosphate Acid Phosphate H G Eastman Oil and Fertilizer Co Eastman Ga Furman Farm Improve ment Co Atlanta Ga Cotton Seed Meal E M Cos H G Guano for Cotton and Corn C S Compound Standard Fertilizer Standard Acid Phosphate Acid Phosphate Cotton Seed Meal Furmans H G Blood and Bone Fertilizer Cotton Special Harvest Queen 18 106 94 B Y L JI JJ I C JJ 1 03 X DO MM X K Y X 548 1227 1043 Cotton Seed Meal C S JJ s s s s u X A A W 105 60 26 2 24 52 73 23 118 72 10 129 85 99 170 114 100 90 3 77 4 96 95 94 7 4 2 70 204 1309 696 261 799 70S 780 40i 79 989 638 943 1172 930 941 922 1331 942 35 50 12 9 9 10 13 14 15 14 247 1592 30 05 08 38 03 320 1028 321 976 975 974 383 6 48 812 1261 1 72 247 174 9 18 818 12 25 1125 988 12 05 1120 11 58 9 03 2 66 50 13 2 3 2 4 2 82 1 11 2 07 176 14 2111 10 8 8 8 10 13 14 13 72 52 10 401 10 6 30 680 147 2 04 654 2 59 1 72 1 17 135 2 57 294 206 3 65 333 341 268 3 45 344 8 10 10 12 14 10 10 10 10 10 8 236 1560 1 05 247 165 82 1 165 165 618 618 165 165 618 24 165 82 8 265 50 12 Available Phosphoric Acid 1360 Commercial value computed on this 12 46 11 70 21 85 52 53 51 48 42 50 42 50 10 88 10 20 17 96 16 24 19 54 IS 50 16 59 14 94 11 66 11 20 13 03 10 SO 12 14 11 05 12 44 11 70 11 84 11 05 10 81 10 20 14 79 14 35 14 14 13 21 17 10 14 94 r 16 88 16 24 r1 12 54 12 50 i3 10 40 10 40 V 11 72 11 70 24 06 23 67 o 25 71 23 67 4 h1 15 57 14 94 17 14 14 94 12 31 10 80 13 01 12 50 11 8S 11 20 24 85 23 67 21 47 19 80 20 43 16 24 16 90 14 35 15 84 13 05 03 Analysis of Commercial Fertilizes for Season of 19031904 BY WHOM REGISTERED AND PLACE OF BUSINESS NAME OF FERTILIZER OR CHEMICAL REGISTERED Mark and Number Fertilizer Inspector 1 S g o 4 Fertilizer Ingredients Actually Found by State Chemist Fertilizer Ingredients Claimed by M a n u f actu rers a S 3 o s 3 Csc Z fc s s a T a e w to a yg a g d bo o g 2 M m a 0 Hi B 13 O IS o 5 OS Furman Farm Improve ment Co Atlanta Ga Fort Gaines Fertilizer Co Fort Gaines Ga Farmers Oil Guano Co Sandersville Ga Florida ManufacturingCo Madison Fla Flowery Branch Gin Oil Co Flowery Branch Ga Furmans 912 Pride FarmersFriend Koswell Standard Fertilizer Staffords H G Guano Gossetts High Grade Premium Cotton Grower No 4 Premium Grower No 4 Furmans Bone and Potash Furmans Potash Special Parish Furmans Formula Furmans 155 H G Dissolved Bone No 16 H G Dissolved Bone No 14 Paullins Clay Co Fertilizer Rust Proof Guano Paullins H G Blood and Bone Dissolved Bone Bone and Potash Farmers Extra Standard No 1 Acid Phosphate Cotton Seed Meal Sea Island Cotton Seed Meal Cotton Seed Meal G 106 466 11 UO 130 2 65 9 82 2 16 42 A 167 904 805 1 98 2 02 8 65 2 16 07 A 69 811 11 25 1 65 244 10 65 2 17 42 G 105 465 10 45 1 65 2 45 8 65 2 16 91 234 910 10 SO 184 248 10 fif 2 17 46 A 162 903 10 78 175 2 61 10 65 2 17 58 G 102 464 14 43 4 33 13 4 15 66 X 41 6i 13 05 4 09 13 4 14 55 A 3 49 10 93 4 40 10 4 13 44 E 8 13 11 667 8 4 15 42 A 4 50 10 63 2 23 10 2 11 40 Y S3 715 15 23 5 08 it 5 16 81 A 39 16 16 03 16 13 02 A 52 15 58 14 12 72 A 90 1109 10 65 177 2 28 9 1 65 2 17 29 AA 77 1209 9 45 1 82 3 12 8 66 3 17 39 AA 76 671 1078 4 10 4 13 00 AA A A 79 80 672 673 14 03 13 43 14 12 2 11 72 12 49 2 11 39 64H 11 68 1 23 5 16 9 1 5 18 63 11 32 639 9 65 1 70 254 8 1 65 2 16 64 HH 26 6S6 15 14 12 35 HH F DD 30 20 43 688 110 504 654 378 662 18 70 18 24 85 14 98 25 12 C 12 85 14 94 16 24 14 94 16 24 16 24 14 45 14 45 12 50 11 20 10 80 16 60 13 00 U 70 15 59 15 79 12 50 11 70 11 70 16 CO 14 94 11 70 23 b7 14 72 CO to o w o w o o w H S H O O 5 n r i3 W wFort Valley Oil Co Fort Valley Ga Farmers Cotton Seed Oil f Mill Martin Ga Farmers Oil Mill Roys ton Ga Fairburn Oil Fert Co Fairburn Ga Farmers Oil Mill Com merce Ga Farmers Oil Fert Co Lavonia Ga Federal Chemical Co Lou isville Ky Farmers Cotton Oil Fer tilizer Co Toccoa Ga Fayetteville Oil Co Fay etteville Ga Georgia Cotton Oil Co Atlanta Ga Albany Ga Augusta Ga Columbus Ga Cotton Seed Meal Daybreak Fertilizer The Complete Fertilizer Cotton Seed Meal Cotton Seed Meal Cotton Seed Meal Cotton Seed Meal Cotton Seed Meal H S S LL B S c c Y c Y Cotton Seed Meal Cotton Seed Meal Cotton Seed Meal Cotton Seed Meal Cotton Seed Meal Daybreak H G Acid Phosphate and Potash Daybreak H G Acid Phosphate and Potash No 2C Daybreak H G Acid Phosphate and Potash No 3 Daybreak S G Acid Phosphate and Potash No 1W Daybreak S G Acid Phosphate and Potash No 2C Daybreak Pure H G Acid Phosphate DD Daybreak Pure Standard Acid Phos I Kainit W Nitrate SodaW B TT J L N KK 39 125 1183 332 874 893 1184 155 918 435 1216 434 40C 1399 745 154 852 785 747 911 1305 1010 1055 1148 1140 1380 12 95 1163 1008 1128 1425 1268 6 80 636 698 684 698 714 2 50 2 02 169 195 19 15 16 11 HI 28 176 9 177 8 69 154 90 27 70 74 95 298 2 202 2 4 427 452 4 246 1294 8 8 10 10 12 12 10 8 10 14 12 96 16 672 680 648 624 640 654 93 1 16 149 789 1236 83 70 34l 767 618 25 71 618 24 26 618 26 31 618 25 84 618 26 31 618 165 165 165 165 2 0 2 2 26 84 19 94 17 81 17 34 18 14 2 13 27 4 14 64 4 14 00 4 11 25 16 2 12 11 78 11 86 10 84 10 81 52 80 618 25 45 618 25 71 618 618 618 618 24 66 23 87 24 39 24 85 23 67 23 67 23 67 23 67 23 67 23 67 14 94 14 94 16 24 16 24 11 12 10 H 13 80 h1 3 12 50 0 11 20 4 10 80 11 70 10 40 10 20 52 80 23 67 13 67 23 67 23 67 23 67 23 67 4 co COAnalysis of Commercial Fertilizers for Season of I9031904 BY WHOM REGISTERED AND PLACE OF BUSINESS Georgia Cotton Oil Co Atlanta Ga Macon Rome Grovania Oil and Fertilizer Co Grovania Ga Griffin Oil Co Griffin Ga Greene Co Oil Co Union Point Ga Georgia Fertilizer and Oil Co Valdosta Ga NAME OF FERTILIZER OR CHEMICAL REGISTERED I s U u 0 ES OJ Ginn Hendricks Bow man Ga Gibbs L Y Sons Co Savannah Ga Georgia Chemical Work Augusta Ga Cotton Seed Meal Cotton Seed Meal Cotton Seed Meal Cotton Seed Meal Cotton Seed Meal Valdosta High Standard Guano South Georgia Complete Fertilizer Lanes Ammoniated Dissolved Bone Bone and Potash Compound Special Potash Compound Acid Phosphate Acid Phosphate Cotton Seed Meal S I German Kainit A 12 00 G Hs Formula W G Cos Manipulated Guano Excellent Georgia Guano Gibbs High Grade Guano Georgia Standard Acid Phosphate Patapsco Guano Ammoniated Dissolved Bone Maryland Ammoniated Dissolved Bone and Potash H A W Q L JJ JJ JJ L JJ BB L 44 23 14 61 32 113 6 2 160 36 6 162 s S 156 CO 123 BB 10 G 247 BB 11 N 15 C 6 R 28 57 1120 181 67 392 871 264 1335 796 794 1005 802 526 1006 1192 1040 528 1205 529 472 34 Fertilizer Ingredients Actually Found by State Chemist Fertilizer Insre dients Claimed by Manufacturers C 1198 9 53 915 14 05 9 1598 1748 1083 878 10 08 12 23 12 80 11 25 8 20 7 694 618 7 06 678 1 65 165 114 388 1 82 170 1 78 1 86 182 186 4841 9 38 192 115 3 2 39 181 339 4 1248 2 34 212 141 256 2 09 212 12 8 14 16 9 9 12 10 c v a gS O c3 5 618 618 618 618 618 165 165 165 370 165 165 165 165 P65 165 1651 1 S26 37 26 17 23 67 26 57 25 65 18 37 16 26 13 84 14 61 11 85 12 98 13 96 15 31 10 51 17 63 15 71 16 22 18 85 10 92 17 68 15 86 15 99 23 67 23 67 23 67 23 67 23 67 16 44 14 94 14 94 13 80 11 20 11 70 13 00 14 72 10 20 14 94 14 94 14 74 16 44 10 40 16 24 14 94 14 74 CO 4 o w o w o a w w H O o o c f Cj w wGrasaelli Chemical Co Bir mingham Ala Hodgson Cotton Co Ath ens Ga 8ae Empire State Chemi cal Co Athens Ga Harris Moore Hampton Ga Pea Gull Compound Baltimore Soluble Early Trucker High Grade Melon Fertilizer Crown Guano Mastodon Ammoniated Soluble Phos Georgia Formula Special Peruvian Compound Cotton Seed Meal Mixture Meal Mixture Good as Gold Guano Superior Meal Mixture Hem Cotton Grower Three Oaks H G Guano Extra High Grade Guano H G XX Acid Phosphate with Potash Acid Phosphate with 4 Potash Bone and Potash Acid Phosphate Patapsco Acid Phosphate H G Extra Acid Phosphate Extra Dissolved Bone Phosphate Dissolved Bone Phosphate 12 Dissolved Bone Phosphate Dissolved Bone Phosphate German Kainit Nitrate of Soda Grasselli H G Fertilizer S G Fertilizer S G Bone Ash H GPotash Bone H G Acid Phosphate Kainit Moores Special Pride R 15 358 c 7 35 N 38 522 0 57 1360 N 22 516 P 55 364 F 9 32 H 42 180 1ST 13 259 N 34 521 N 23 517 N 25 518 N 117 1294 N 33 520 N 74 1197 N 16 260 f 56 365 F 8 31 W 101 748 R 13 357 R 27 483 F 26 113 0 148 1247 H 41 1363 C 92 678 F 27 114 M 92 1042 AA 120 1341 AA 24 541 AA 22 540 AA 25 542 AA 21 539 AA 26 542 A 270 1431 11 11 7 10 11 11 9 10 110 9 9 11 10 8 10 10 8 11 13 13 12 15 13 12 17 28 63 65 13 30 15 70 50 13 45 80 73 65 78 53 60 40 73 13 93 85 53 28 25 93 124 221 10 86 121 10 4 12 505 7 376 538 10 1 67 3 10 171 2 10 1 85 2 02 8 1 09 3 10 165 1 09 9 165 2 8 177 3 9 165 2 20 10 165 214 9 247 2 8 170 418 10 4 34 10 446 8 217 10 108 12 1 08 12 2 08 12 14 13 12 16 1254 1528 145 145 10 176 219 8 346 8 315 10 14 12 189 278 10 1 82 412 330 165 165 165 82 165 165 165 165 165 246 165 1485 165 165 165 2 15 90 14 02 25 45 26 18 18 01 17 19 16 71 15 56 15 54 15 88 17 36 17 53 16 84 18 15 18 60 13 18 11 85 12 06 12 04 12 57 12 71 12 69 11 23 10 56 14 25 12 66 50 41 16 04 16 43 12 17 12 90 12 28 10 20 17 69 14 10 12 65 24 99 23 38 17 09 16 24 14 94 14 35 14 74 14 94 16 44 16 24 15 59 17 61 17 94 12 50 11 20 10 80 11 25 11 25 12 10 11 70 11 C5 10 40 13 00 10 20 49 00 16 24 14 94 11 20 12 50 11 70 10 20 16 24 w a f r1 w o OrAnalysis of Commercial Fertilizers for Season of 19031904 BY WHOM REGISTERED AND PLACE OF BUSINESS NAME OF FERTILIZER OR CHEMICAL REGISTERED Harris Moore Hampton Ga Hays A N Covington Ga Hoschton 0 0 Mill and Mfg Co Hoschton Ga Hammack Kish Sons Coleman Ga Heard Swift Co Middle ton Ga Hartwell Oil Mill Hart well Ga Hogansville Dry Goods GroGo HogansvilleGa Home Mixture Guano Co Columbus Ga Pure Dissolved Bone and Potash H G Acid Newton County Guano Special Guano Guano No 1 A N Hays Guano Jackson County Favorite Cotton Pro ducer Hoshchtons Pride and Big Indian Cot ton Grower DeLaperrieres Special Red Elephant Cotton Seed Meal Cottons Favorite Standard Acid with Potash Acid Phosphate Middleton Cotton Seed Compound Cotton Seed Meal u 2 cto t U O a u m 3 z J i 3 Z 0 a 1 g Fertilizer Ingredients Actually Found by State Chemist Fertilizer Ingredients Claimed by Manufacturers t s c 9 to O c u be 5 2 M O Oh Hogansville H G Fertilizer Home Mixture No 1 No 2 No 3 No 4 Ammoniated Fertilizer Acid and Potash No 2 104 A 233 A 177 MM 7 MM 80 MM 81 MM 82 DD 94 DD 62 DD 13 DD 110 AA 83 AA 81 AA 65 16 25 13 1 18 59 2 85 W I F H H GG H H AA 909 905 925 926 92 928 1087 850 1173 1091 676 674 675 965 333 455 103 69 182 1082 70 350 538 1305 15 10 9 80 1373 1158 1005 1210 1145 13 93 958 1313 1550 11 15 11 68 1165 9 55 1178 1078 1165 12 38 1153 1 22 102 2 57 1 22 171 198 165 6 96 177 258 3 2 90 2 76 2 29 165 1 65 1 65 1 66 1 65 1 73 82 260 206 259 2 21 295 2 59 1 20 244 278 4 06 166 2 40 404 13 14 8 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 14 708 6 18 10 9 8 10 8 10 10 10 165 82 330 165 165 165 3 618 165 165 165 165 165 166 165 82 13 63 12 41 15 18 17 43 21 06 15 49 18 04 16 24 5a a s j 61 o a 5 13 60 11 70 14 94 14 35 23 54 16 24 18 78 18 84 26 24 16 86 13 00 12 67 17 79 26 64 17 83 16 63 16 34 18 05 18 76 14 28 12 68 13 52 16 24 21 55 23 67 14 94 10 80 11 70 14 94 23 67 16 24 14 74 14 94 16 24 16 64 12 65 10 80 12 50 W OS o w o w o d H Si H O O w lH o a f a M WHome Fertilizer Chemical Works Baltimore Md Hand Trading Co Pelham Ga Hogansville Oil Mill Ho gansville Ga HarlanBMCalhounGa Harper Hewell Dewey Rose Ga Heard Co Oil Fertz Co Franklin Ga Jersey Oil Mill Jersey Ga Jelks W A Co Haw kinsville Ga Jones W O Co Elber ton Ga Jacksonville Oil Mill Co Jacksonville Ala Jackson Mercantile Co Jackson Ga Kitchens T L Mitchell Ga 122 No 4 124 Acid Phosphate No 14 Acid Phosphate Kainit Muriate of Potash Nitrate of Soda Oerealite Top Dressing Boykins Dissolved Animal Bone Everybodys Fertilizer Wrights Home Compound McBrides Cotton Formula Acid Phosphate Cotton Seed Meal Cotton Seed Meal S I Cotton Seed Meal H G Potash Mixture S G Bone and Potash H H Cotton Seed Meal Guano Heard County H G Fertilizer Cotton Seed Meal Cotton Seed Meal Jelks Special Guano Our Triumph Guano Jelks Double Strength Potash Acid Bone Phosphate Standard Guano Acid Phosphate Acid Phosphate Jacksonville H G Fertilizer Jacksonville H G Potash Acid W CsH G Guano Acid Phosphate Kitchens MixtureHH H 75 346 H 67 1364 H 80 348 H 6 351 KK 37 768 KK 39 769 KK 40 770 KK 38 1079 CO 162 1379 TJ 116 1180 UU 19 1290 Q 46 777 0 45 776 JJ 4 795 L 15 204 L 17 205 r 19 453 E 1 11 E 5 15 S 66 966 I 70 784 1 26 456 B 66 1393 Y 76 700 Y 75 699 Y 77 701 Y 96 706 S 5 322 S 10 327 s 11 328 LL 18 875 X 84 939 A 134 822 A 123 1221 HH 47 1233 1398 1010 1405 1615 1710 1276 1470 10 10 33 865 1508 11 43 1213 11 60 1178 1060 985 1175 1505 840 1273 10 50 1010 1085 1140 1425 1588 744 219 116 2 03 185 674 404 646 197 168 654 680 125 124 205 165 2oi 1233 1053 135 227 9 211 411 425 5189 344 2 54 172 3 4 227 266 216 269 422 5 242 167 408 224 420 223 12 8 12 14 16 12 9 850 8 14 10 10 10 850 850 10 14 8 10 8 10 10 10 13 1485 9 165 82 165 165 618 370 6 18 165 165 F65 2 13 47 4 12 65 4 15 34 13 10 13 71 12 10 89 50 44 10 52 40 250 30 07 19 37 2 15 08 150 17 47 3 16 87 12 40 25 51 15 84 24 59 4 13 43 2 12 41 2 18 90 2 17 62 24 85 25 71 2 15 89 4 16 67 5 14 43 11 78 2 16 87 2 12 29 4 12 89 2 16 50 4 13 22 2 18 52 11 86 2 15 82 12 16 11 20 13 80 11 70 13 00 10 40 42 50 49 00 34 42 15 84 12 85 14 84 15 79 11 70 23 67 14 72 23 67 12 50 10 80 14 94 16 24 23 67 23 67 13 91 15 61 13 15 11 10 14 94 10 80 11 20 16 24 12 50 16 24 11 05 13 45 w cj r1 f w o 4 wAnalysis of Commercial Fertilizers for Season of 19031904 BY WHOM REGISTERED AND PLACE OF BUSINESS NAME OF FERTILIZER OR CHEMICAL REGISTERED Louisville Fertilizer Go Louisville Ky Lathrop Cotton Oil Co Hawkinsville Ga Lowe T J Mableton Ga Lawrenceville Oil and Mfg Co Lawrenceville Ga Lazaretto Guano Go Bal timore Md Lovett Byrd B Jr Bro Sandersville Ga Eagle H G Guano Perfect Guano Standard Ammoniated Bone Ammoniated Bone 134 Potash Special Potash Mixture Excelsior Tenn Acid Phosphate Cotton Seed Meal Ammoniated Dissolvd Bone and Potash Red Land Guano Cotton Seed Meal Louisville Mfg Co Luis ville Ga H G Truck Guano Sandy Land Rust Proof Formula Mogul Guano PlantersPride Guano Kitchens Formula 0 S M Mixture D W Jd Meal Washington County Guano Acid and Potash Mogul Acid Millers Pride Stones C S M Mixture Clarks Cotton Boll C u o t U O aj u ti s Fertilizer Ingredients Actually Found by State Chemist saw 2 89 145 130 53 90 IT 18 G 169 A 75 U 6 J 28 J 29 B 64 Y 185 HH 14 II 34 HH 80 II 38 II 37 II 33 V 41 HH 24 HH 25 V 73 V 24 V 60 813 1060 821 1230 897 386 964 901 382 1140 1141 1117 1329 1232 641 1232 645 644 640 918 684 685 952 532 950 12 80 1170 1128 10 03 1348 10 1148 16 995 1048 743 968 9 53 888 1030 980 753 958 11 03 10 93 920 9 25 9281 134 165 1 46 165 6 36 1 24 189 664 5 98 113 1 44 145 102 94 216 1 65 Fertilizer Ingre dients Claimed by Manufacturers TO W j o 285 271 231 3 04 414 401 2 2 27 150 206 1 23 178 571 428 2 23 213 3 3 3 13 260 313 3 26 3 91 286 232 10 10 8 8 13 10 10 16 8 9 10 8 13 a 5 165 165 165 165 618 124 165 618 650 1 165 165 1 82 165 165 206 123 165 240 1 17 76 17 94 16 70 17 14 14 88 12 51 12 05 13 00 24 26 15 08 16 91 25 18 16 24 16 24 14 94 14 94 14 45 12 50 10 80 13 00 23 67 14 58 14 74 23 67 32 01 32 85 16 26 16 00 15 44 14 94 14 96 14 94 15 20 13 65 14 62 13 70 17 28 15 79 16 47 15 59 12 43 12 50 12 47 11 20 18 70 17 15 15 10 14 21 16 47 14 94 CO 00 o w o w o o w H o o 5 o a f i a w wLane Tillman Co Val dosta Ga Lowry BrosDawson Ga Mutual Fertilizer Co Sa vannah Ga Marietta Fertilizer Co At lanta Ga H G 124 John Lanes Kolb Gem Sea Island King Cotton Grower Premium Bone Compound Acid Phosphate Kainit Lowrys 104 Acid Bone and Potash and Bs Cotton Hustler Superphosphate Ammoniated Dis Bone Soluble Pacific Productive Bone Productive Bone Superphosphate Productive Bone Superphosphate Harvest Fertilizer Ellis Cumberland Fertilizer Cumberland Fertilizer B and S Special S I Cotton Fertilizer Suwannee Ammoniated Bone Guano Special Sugar Cane Grower Lamar Kellers Special Truck buano Long Cotton Grower Potash Mixture Compound Dissolved Bone with Potash Acid Phosphate H P Ellis Chas Phosphate Phosphate Phosphate German Kainit Lion H G Guano Royal Seal Guano Tonawanda Guano Coopers H G Guano Solid South Guano Planters Pride Guano Marietta Guano Beef Blood and Bone Compound V JJ JJ JJ JJ JJ C KK O O Y EE ITU FF UU NN O UU z u z EE Y O O JJ JJ Q k EE 0 G G E G G M C G 74 45 48 47 46 49 95 49 42 43 111 31 53 124 28 10 13 8 40 19 88 54 DO 77 66 91 93 15 53 34 16 63 64 13 61 60 25 20 68 1267 1268 413 804 873 189 209 807 888 166 245 806 9 40 435 805 808 15 48 13 22 4 679 1185 1159 13 20 216 427 1098 196 221 48 910 190 226 710 975 175 128 518 898 175 226 1292 1028 261 364 1113 960 191 135 1424 1065 215 2 08 1033 10 123 170 237 923 169 2 1289 943 172 364 610 1005 165 3 387 908 173 206 1075 745 262 4 63 861 783 358 507 709 965 192 351 757 1053 512 755 820 406 1030 1048 476 1029 378 13 23 1445 1275 78 514 940 17 03 12 36 223 1173 218 266 224 1148 219 267 21 1105 173 224 222 1148 2 45 317 221 1005 177 2 78 1401 993 149 226 43 10 05 176 246 226 10 95 112 268 12 8 8 8 14 10 10 10 8 9 8 9 9 950 10 9 8 650 6 9 10 8 10 13 14 12 16 io 10 10 10 165 165 165 165 247 165 206 82 165 330 165 165 2 410 165 165 4 2 2 4 12 4 2 2 2 1 2 4 1 2 1 2 4 3 2 4 4 3 4 4 14 35 16 27 15 92 12 41 12 06 11 23 13 70 11 71 18 07 16 70 15 78 16 12 20 98 16 29 18 37 14 60 15 87 17 49 17 12 15 96 20 04 23 81 18 18 13 79 11 38 13 45 11 20 11 99 10 88 13 67 10 50 19 67 21 19 17 38 20 83 17 83 15 88 17 02 15 67 13 80 14 94 14 94 11 20 11 10 10 20 12 50 10 80 16 24 14 94 14 74 14 94 19 99 14 74 17 26 12 65 14 94 22 09 16 44 14 94 19 70 23 43 16 44 12 50 11 20 10 80 11 05 11 70 10 40 13 00 10 20 16 24 16 24 16 24 16 24 14 94 14 94 14 94 12 85 o Analysis of Commercial Fertilizers for Season of 19031904 BY WHOM REGISTERED AND PLACE OF BUSINESS NAME OP FERTILIZER OR CHEMICAL REGISTERED s t H ft ffl gj m Marietta Fertilizer Co Atlanta Ga E Fertilizer Injrredients Actually Found by State Chemist Mabbett Groover man Ga Quit Lion Special Guano Magic Cotton Grower Jewells Standard Guano Jewells Blood and Bone Compound Greens Favorite Lion Truck Guano M F Cos 134 Lion H G Acid Phosphate with Potash Golden Grain Grower Wheat and Clover Grower M G C Dissolved Bone Dissolved Bone with Potash Marietta Acid Phosphate with Potash Jewells Dissolved Bone with Potash Lion Potash Mixture Special HG Acid Phosphate Marietta H G Acid Phosphate Piedmont Acid Phosphate Acid Phosphate Lion H G Dissolved Bone German Kainit Muriate of Potash Georgia State Ammoniated Melon and Cane Cotton and Corn Compound with Nitro gen Bone and Potash Compound A A 56 G 141 QQ 3 DD 30 X 64 K 73 G 66 QQ 1 E 14 M 26 R 48 C 22 QQ 2 DD 32 MM 23 MM 24 G 57 G 58 56 MM 113 x 59 F 61 DD 124 JJ 66 JJ 120 JJ 64 JJ 60 663J10 1396 10 1249 498 1429 914 225 1248 22 550 487 45 1248a 500 882 883 218 219 217 935 220 304 1170 1022 1336 1021 1257 10 10 11 10 14 10 8 13 10 10 13 10 10 9 16 14 13 12 14 63 73 80 93 23 32 93 63 78 03 40 50 65 10 95 03 28 40 53 35 9 63 1103 Fertilizer Ingre dients Claimed by Manufacturers s o Cm S o a on 96 82 165 88 175 295 166 174 82 352 167 232 2 262 444 403 514 4 2 223 2 1 07 2 02 214 415 1268 50 2 18 331 309 3 53 10 10 8 9 10 10 13 10 8 12 10 10 11 10 10 10 16 14 12 12 14 8S 3 15 78 8i 1 13 69 16c 2 17 03 H2 2 14 30 165 2 17 89 33J 4 22 80 4 15 72 4 13 88 4 11 70 2 12 77 2 11 25 2 11 12 1 12 38 2 10 82 2 10 98 4 12 59 13 02 11 88 11 31 10 74 11 92 12 10 64 50 42 50 65 2 16 19 65 3 17 71 82 3 14 18 4 12 77 14 35 12 65 14 94 12 85 16 24 23 38 14 45 12 50 H 20 12 10 10 80 10 80 10 60 10 80 10 80 12 50 13 00 11 70 10 40 10 40 11 70 10 20 42 50 14 94 16 44 13 70 11 20 o o w o w o d w o o M o c H c w wMontezuma Mfg Co Mon tezuma Ga Monticello Cotton Oil Co Monticello Ga Milledgeville Oil Mill Mil ledgeville Qa Madison Oil Mill Madison Ga Mitchell County Fertilizer Co Camilla Ga Maysville Oil Mill Mays ville Ga Morton Oil Mill Millen Ga Mortimer Edmund Co New York Manning W J Powder Springs Ga Mandeville Mills Carroll ton Ga Mallett Nutt Jackson Ga Middle Georgia Fertilizer Co Dublin Ga Maret A J Lavonia Ga Bone and Potash Compound Charleston Dissolved Bone Superior High Grade Dissolved Bone Muriate Potash Ideal Guano Feltons Favorite McKenzies Cotton Grower Cotton Seed Meal Cotton Seed Meal Cotton Seed Meal Cotton Seed Meal Cotton Seed Meal Cotton Seed Meal Cotton Seed Meal Genuine Peruvian Guano Mannings High Grade Legal Tender H G G S M Guano Legal Tender S G 0 S M Guano XX Impd Cotton Seed Meal Guano XXX Impd Cotton Seed Meal Guano XXXX Impd Cotton Seed Meal Guano Free State Special Fertilizer 10 H G 4 Potash Acid Phosphate B B B H G Guano Standard Grade Guano Morris Choice Dukes Mixture Lavonia Standard Grade High Grade TT 115 JJ 68 JJ 1 TJ 70 F 108 H 189 H 191 H 138 MM 117 K 35 W 18 A 137 a 44 0 4 F 19 J 54 I 101 I 109 I 12h I 99 I 121 I 117 I 155 A 269 A 266 A 267 II 23 S 40 s 41 1179 1024 793 1025 1388 1056 1058 659 936 547 393 1000 581 109 1390 985 986 991 984 990 938 1380 1318 1316 1317 635 579 580 11 35 14 58 16 50 10 38 10 95 10 20 30 12 18 10 03 9 28 9 48 11 1005 9 53 11 08 11 40 10 80 8 98 9 08 9 80 1240 4 10 13 16 50 98 422 8 82 217 204 10 165 197 276 8 165 646 720 686 706 618 618 618 618 664 618 720 618 335 618 618 313 4 04 2050 2 04 258 10 165 176 270 10 165 1 65 2 8 165 1 90 2 70 9 165 165 254 11 165 2 16 2 99 10 2 250 339 9 250 4 10 1S6 2 36 10 165 141 176 8 165 181 250 8 115 115 342 8 82 199 2 60 8 165 194 246 10 165 50 395 13 37 12 07 13 32 42 50 16 29 18 60 17 94 24 59 27 03 25 91 26 57 25 18 27 03 23 67 26 03 19 43 17 22 15 77 17 33 17 34 15 50 19 92 13 20 16 91 15 76 16 52 15 19 17 74 19 15 12 50 11 05 13 00 42 50 14 75 16 24 14 94 23 67 23 67 23 67 23 67 Total Phosphoric Acid Available Phosphoric Acid 1778 Commercial value computed on this 23 67 23 67 V 23 67 h1 3 3 16 24 o 16 24 4 14 24 HH 16 02 17 31 16 66 19 24 12 50 16 24 14 94 14 94 13 05 14 94 16 24 hi Analysis of Commercial Feririzers for Seasm of 19031904 to o w o w o o w lJ O o V n o C r1 H c w m BY WHOM REGISTERED AND PLACE OF BUSINESS NAME OF FERTILIZER OR CHEMICAL REGISTERED Monroe Fertilizer Co Mon roe Ga McDonald WeaverCuth bert Ga McDuffieOil and Fertilizer Go Thomson Ga McClure Payne Duluth Ga McOonnell L J Co Royston Ga McCawMfgCoMaconGa McKae Oil and Fertilizer Co McRae Ga National Fertilizer Co Nashville Tenn Napier Bros Macon Ga Nunnallys Choice Walton High Grade Cotton Producer Cotton Producer Monroe Standard Nunnallys Bone and Potash Bone and Potash McD Ws Acid and Meal Bone and Potash Cotton Seed Meal McClures H G Special Royston High Grade Standard Grade Bone and Potash Compound Cotton Seed Meal Telfair Tip Top Telfair Tip Top South Georgia Crop Grower Good Luck Cotton Seed Meal Old Hickory Guano Cotton Grower H G Acid Phosphate Farmers Samson Guano Celebrated Black Rock Acid DD DD DD DD DD DD DD L L DD S S s A U Y U u D Y T FF K K 231 82 119 120 146 21 22 9 78 58 52 12 13 14 10 24 120 26 61 42 80 83 79 11 14 496 857 1094 109 1246 494 495 199 787 366 844 329 3150 331 55 389 713 839 1129 840 703 953 1101 169 171 1150 11 92 1058 10 45 10 03 14 38 1290 910 9 25 10 88 1275 10 35 1475 10 30 1058 988 905 9 58 11 98 16 10 43 1510 1 69 172 172 175 165 165 720 186 191 177 674 1 65 176 165 6 38 173 165 165 9 10 8 10 8 13 10 8 10 2 31 222 2 46 409 3 57 3 58 2 34 551 151 225 226 10 10 8 13 8 10 16 8 14 165 165 165 165 165 165 618 165 165 165 618 165 165 165 6i 165 165 165 01 Fertilizer Intrr odients Ferti izer Inere 0 Actually Found by State dients Claimed by G U Q m u P rt v m 3 Chemist Manufacturers merrial V uiily Foi y Analysis s to si 3 o d be o jd a g ll ijii j 3 i3 Z A t B C Cm V s VT3 U curt o rt O 16 93 18 06 17 41 17 34 16 66 15 34 12 82 16 52 11 80 27 03 17 76 19 06 17 25 15 65 25 51 17 76 18 13 16 45 13 16 24 33 15 81 18 58 13 00 16 74 12 37 14 74 16 24 14 94 16 24 14 94 14 45 10 80 14 94 10 80 23 67 16 24 16 24 14 94 14 45 23 67 16 44 16 44 14 94 11 20 23 67 14 94 16 24 13 00 14 94 U 70Neely The E C Waynesboro Ga Co National Cotton Seed Prod uct Co Memphis Tenn Old Dominion Guano Co Atlanta Ga German Kainit Burke County Burke County Neelys Acid Phosphate and Potash Acid Thosphate G Guano Ober G Sons Co Bait more Md Cotton Seed Meal Greens Choice Uncle Remus Guano H W Camp SonsH Crowleys H G Guano S P Thompsons H G Guano Kirbys H G Guano Old Dominion H G Guano D P Moon Cos H G Guano Old Dominion S G Guano Southern Ammoniated Dissolved Bone Potent Pacific Farmers Special Guano Blood and Bone Guano W F Camps H G Guano W L Peels Ex H G Guano H W Camp Sons Dissolved Bone and Potash Old Dominion Dissolved Bone and Pot ash Old Dominion Dissolved Bone and Potash Dissolved Bone and Potash Dissolved Bone and Potash Dissolved Bone and Potash Dissolved Bone and Potash Dissolved Bone and Potash Peels Wheat Grower Old Dominion Dissolved Bone Dissolved Bone Dissolved Bone Dissolved Bone Obers Special Ammoniated Dissolved Bone K V N N N LL A A G G G G I MM J B T X X DD G 12 2 9 11 10 4 53 2 208 207 163 159 110 100 24 50 17 13 29 117 205 170 408 256 258 257 1375 567 65 1201 1200 1064 1063 99i 932 152 1115 414 122 613 1093 11 G 206 1199 I X I I R A I E RR A X LL 111 23 90 14 71 16 16 4 34 119 24 14 447 1254 451 730 61 452 14 1338 818 1352 873 990 9 825 16 1115 1103 1173 11 65 1113 1088 1135 11 53 8 03 9 18 10 15 11 28 11 50 1025 1115 1230 1108 10 43 11 65 1288 1505 10 83 918 863 1405 13 53 14 03 1673 1304 172 12 1 10 87 16 13 169 9 1 65 272 161 9 1 05 1 18 78 573 8 4 12 83 14 6 IS 13 00 23 21 604 190 265 10 1 65 2 18 37 193 2 63 10 1 66 2 18 36 247 3 06 10 1 65 2 20 97 2 30 3 04 10 1 65 2 20 34 165 2 86 10 1 65 2 17 70 166 2 74 10 1 65 2 17 47 165 224 10 1 66 2 17 32 1 65 242 10 1 65 2 17 58 178 2 57 8 1 65 2 15 87 165 257 8 1 65 2 16 18 1 65 282 8 1 65 2 17 02 91 321 10 1 3 15 66 94 1 32 10 1 i 14 29 2 20 3 03 10 1 65 2 19 09 279 416 10 2 47 3 22 57 510 13 4 14 92 2 12 2 11 51 4 10 4 12 78 370 13 4 13 42 4 12 4 14 37 3 15 3 14 93 219 10 2 11 50 3 33 8 4 11 39 280 8 12 13 14 4 10 59 11 73 11 39 11 72 16 13 47 165 3 04 10 1 65 2 18 92 10 20 14 74 14 74 11 20 11 70 23 67 6 24 16 24 16 24 16 24 16 24 16 24 16 24 16 24 14 94 14 94 14 94 u 14 95 13 25 11 16 24 A 19 80 3 o 14 45 f ti 12 10 12 50 14 45 13 80 14 90 10 80 11 20 11 20 10 40 11 05 11 70 13 00 16 24 Analysis of Commercial Fertilizers for Season of 19031904 BY WHOM REGISTERED AND PLACE OP BUSINESS NAME OF FERTILIZER OR CHEMICAL REGISTERED Ober G Sons Co timore Md 8 2 U ft 3 y w Bal Ocilla Oil Fertilizer Co Ocilla Ga Oliver W J Cotton Oil Mill Shellman Ga Obers Farmers Standard Ammoniated Phosphate Obers Soluble Ammoniated Superphos phate of Lime Obers Farmers Mixture A T H G Ammoniatd Dissolvd Bone A T Ammoniated Dissolved Bone Obers Acid Phosphate with Potash Dissolved Bone and Potash Dissolved Bone DD 33 Oconee Oil Fertilizer Co Athens Ga Cotton Seed Meal S I Olivers Acid and Meal Formula Acid Meal and Potash Corn Maker Cotton Maker Cotton Seed Meal Athens H G Guano S G Guano Oconee H G Guano Special Guano Blood and Bone Special Guano HG S G Athens H G Acid Phosphate Oconee H G Acid Phosphate Dissolved Bone and Potash Dissolved Bone and Potash L S M M M W W M M M W QQ 22 163 34 35 17 84 13 U 49 AA 68 A a 67 AA 66 AA 125 183 80 83 178 99 117 119 34 88 147 118 6 Fertilizer Ingredients Actually Found bj State Chemist 501 151 661 575 576 1391 973 1098 1153 1125 1190 10 90 983 1165 894 1598 1128 670 669 6i 1342 1321 1210 626 1266 1044 750 1147 555 1174 1174 7511 12621 1068 11 05 1075 1208 1028 1010 10 1025 12 30 11 85 10 95 14 53 13 28 1098 1063 Fertilizer Ingre dients Claimed by Manufacturers 3 ft o 182 1 80 110 186 113 618 1 65 147 1 99 167 176 165 223 2 60 243 240 2 61 2 40 656 2 34 202 2 69 174 4 52 202 2 36 1 53 280 3 61 2 2 106 308 9 10 9 8 10 14 8 10 9 12 io 8 10 10 9 10 8 14 14 10 10 165 165 82 165 370 165 165 245 165 618 165 165 165 247 247 165 165 gig O BJ 17 94 18 09 15 58 24 67 15 22 14 56 12 16 13 18 16 23 15 93 16 54 18 88 19 73 23 67 16 43 16 01 16 96 17 15 19 45 17 44 18 77 12 04 11 24 10 63 12 12 15 59 14 94 12 85 16 24 12 85 11 20 10 80 11 70 14 72 14 94 16 24 17 38 19 24 23 67 16 24 14 94 16 24 19 80 19 14 16 24 14 94 11 70 11 70 10 80 10 80 o w o w o o w a H H O o w II o a r w wCotton Seed Meal Tankage Muriate of Potash Nitrate of Soda Planters Oil Co Albany Ga Planters Cotton Oil Co Augusta Ga Planters Oil Mill Gaines ville Ga Pittard John T Winter ville Ga Powhattan Chemical Co Richmond Va Pettit Hugh Co Mem phis Tenn Putney Fertilizer Co Put ney Ga Pioneer Guano Co Albany Ga Phoenix Grocery Co Fitz gerald Ga Quitman Oil Co Quitman Ga Read Phosphate Co Nash ville Tenn Cotton Seed Meal Cotton Seed Meal Cotton Seed Meal Standard Potash Acid Magic Cotton Grower Cotton Seed Meal Standard Guano Millers Fertilizer Acid Phosphate German Kainit Blood and Bone Guano Samson Guano Dissolved Bone with Potash Dissolved Bone with Potash Charleston Acid Phosphate Phoenix Standard Guano H G Guano Special Guano Cotton Seed Meal Cotton Seed Meal Cotton Seed Meal S I Reads Blood and Bone No 1 Soil Food Blood and Bone Special Matchless Cotton Grower Farmers Friend Farmers Special Manure Boss Cotton Grower H G Ammoniated Bone N DD B B 1 60 102 100 42 68 59 2 102 162 C JJ L L JJ KK Z KK L C Z Z Z JJ Q L F M R NN II H Q F 75 118 119 74 21 38 20 117 114 80 78 127 112 26 140 36 47 176 16 8 95 59 17 186 631 1046 1045 161 1011 848 892 1308 1194 181 1297 1027 997 998 1026 764 591 763 996 682 1074 1073 1133 1178 772 1003 1 628 1152 1034 633 534 870 107 1093 1155 983 664 7 38 15 6 68 5 82 6 60 185 1030 1118 16 40 1260 938 10 80 9 35 14 35 990 11 33 1140 978 878 11 83 1103 10 58 1275 1145 1220 186 6 28 181 150 1 48 165 153 165 86 590 618 374 77 69 65 65 97 114 178 5208 2 64 228 2 33 302 5 1272 2 31 2 43 2 360 2 86 326 518 2 30 241 1 32 1 21 167 3 2 46 227 10 10 15 io 8 10 8 14 8 10 10 8 10 9 9 10 10 10 618 25 18 659 24 35 15 50 44 26 49 50 618 25 32 618 22 49 613 25 05 165 2 18 04 2 12 03 165 2 17 10 618 24 00 165 2 17 82 1 3 19 06 13 26 12 10 67 165 2 17 63 165 2 16 19 2 11 32 4 11 74 11 95 165 2 16 51 165 2 18 17 82 5 17 24 618 22 75 618 23 67 3 70 14 85 165 2 16 74 165 2 15 92 82 1 14 71 165 2 16 24 1 65 2 16 33 82 3 16 64 82 2 15 89 165 2 18 33 23 67 21 74 42 50 49 50 23 67 23 67 23 67 14 94 10 80 14 94 23 67 14 94 14 95 12 35 10 20 16 24 14 94 10 80 11 20 11 70 14 94 16 24 16 05 23 67 23 67 14 72 14 94 14 94 12 65 15 59 15 59 14 35 13 50 16 24 i3 3 o Analysis of Commercial Fertilisers for Season of 19031904 BY WHOM REGISTERED AND PLACE OF BUSINESS NAME OF FERTILIZER OR CHEMICAL REGISTERED Read Phosphate Co Nash ville TennContd Royster F S Guano Co Norfolk Va Tarboro N C Columbia S C Ma con Ga Reads Cotton Flower Red Diamond Special H G Guano Skinners Special Mixture Johnson Brannans H G Guano H G Guano and Cotton Seed Meal Reads Alkaline Bone Special Potash Mixture Bone and Potash Bone and Potash Bone and Potash Bone and Potash Bone and Potash Matchless Acid Phosphate XXX Dissolved Bone H G Acid Phosphate Straight Acid Phosphate German Kainit German Kainit Royster H G Soluble Guano Bonanza Tobacco Grower Farmers Bone Fertilizer Potomac Ammoniated Fertilizer Royscers Bone and Potash Mixture Bone and Potash Mixture Bone and Potash Mixture H G 14X Acid Phosphate 58 67 26 4 217 A 218 H 21 X 87 F 35 F 37 H 78 H 134 R 20 L 121 F 34 N 12 JJ 110 JJ 111 C 30 W 75 K 118 M 27 W 76 K 41 M 40 K 122 R 120 J e jg Fertilizer Ingredients Actually Found by State Chemist Fertilizer Ingre dients Claimed by Manufacturers 3 o o3 05 8691040 9381085 519 880 253 1219 1220 121 940 119 157a 347 658 359 208 118 471 1176 1177 156 741 1299 551 742 824 627 1403 8 80 1040 10 11 10 11 13 9 10 12 15 14 17 16 08 50 73 10 08 28 10 88 38 93 15 13 168 247 3 32 171 165 2 07 10 8 9 10 11 10 12 921115 48 93 85 85 10 20 25 40 196 2 30 174 165 3 11 3 4 317 224 262 2 05 4 221 4 09 4 4 02 2 01 1246 1226 2 98 309 227 330 2 08 4 251 9 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 12 12 13 14 13 10 9 10 10 12 14 165 246 330 165 165 165 165 247 165 165 17 54 20 35 22 67 16 65 16 70 18 20 12 19 12 97 11 69 17 17 12 03 12 57 12 85 12 67 12 30 13 74 13 08 10 50 1041 18 40 18 61 16 67 17 89 11 58 12 63 12 69 12 61 16 44 19 77 22 09 14 94 16 24 16 24 10 80 12 50 10 80 12 50 11 20 11 20 12 10 10 40 11 05 11 70 11 05 10 20 10 20 16 24 18 50 14 94 16 44 10 80 12 50 13 80 11 70 05 O w o w o a w H g W H O o n a wRamspeck G A Decatur Ga Richland Oil Co Richland Ga RutledgeOilCoRutledge Ga H G 16 Acid Phosphate Ramspecks Bone Phosphate Special Bone Phosphate Special Bone Phosphate Special Sunny South Bone Phosphate Acid Acid Reynolds Bros Washing ton Ga RaganJT CoDawson Ga Ray 0 P Lavonia Ga Scholze BrosChattanooga Tenn Smith V R Douglasville Ga Sparta Oil Mill Sparta Ga Smith T N J W Ten mile Ga Shores W A Baldwin Ga Screven County Oil Mill Sylvania Ga Stevens Martin Co Carl ton Ga Swift Fertilizer Works At lanta Ga Cotton Seed Meal H G M M H P Wallace H G No 1 Bone and Potash No 2 Bone and Potash Acid Phosphate Cotton Seed Meal Reynolds Guano Acid Terrell County High Grade Standard Grade Cotton Grower Complete Fertilizer Special Fruit Tree and Berry Grower Truck Farmers Friend H G Meal Mixture Cotton Seed Meal S and S AmmoniatedDissolved Bone Smiths Mixture W A Ss H G Guano 114 Bone and Potash Cotton Seed Meal Q A T s m Cos h g Guano Carlton Potash Bone Swifts Special H G Guano Monarch Pioneer Tobacco Grower Cotton King H G Guano R G G G G G G FF M M M M M M P W c c s D D D X T II II S S o S s s K K DD A 119 166 167 165 1 169 170 65 185 137 136 135 132 14 51 153 54 18 135 42 43 41 115 96 31 41 48 49 47 31 7 73 10 7 108 24 qo 16 80 16 1066 1050 246 338 8 1067 14 10 142 148 10 1065 1370 170 292 10 1068 1288 120 1 40 10 1069 1670 260 10 1070 725 1367 15 60 12 6 36 965 185 208 10 1050 10 58 174 233 10 1049 11 80 2 12 10 1048 1305 215 12 1047 192 297 14 40 14 7 20 8 90 1 90 264 8 753 1588 14 249 1080 1 85 288 10 41 984 165 276 8 1185 1065 1 98 181 8 1099 11 95 1 65 2 07 8 1100 11 58 155 657 8 1098 1123 165 356 8 945 1105 191 268 10 954 638 6 52 10 05 165 3 92 9 647 9 03 1 28 313 8 582 11 05 1 65 2 10 583 1118 512 11 432 572 6 20 1035 166 212 8 1275 10 227 2 63 10 971 10 50 450 8 168 9 73 3 83 313 950 165 8 93 3 68 455 8 1089 945 165 375 8 68 1110 276 228 9 246 82 165 82 61 165 165 618 165 1L65 165 165 1 65 165 165 165 618 165 82 165 618 165 165 il2 329 165 247 13 68 20 40 17 70 19 59 16 12 15 66 12 74 24 26 16 73 17 19 12 07 12 91 11 96 27 03 16 89 12 92 18 16 16 54 17 59 17 57 50 20 81 18 36 18 36 24 72 17 90 15 35 16 92 14 21 23 73 16 60 18 82 13 24 24 21 24 40 17 37 20 85 13 6o 18 47 12 65 16 24 12 65 10 80 10 40 23 67 16 24 16 24 10 80 lz 10 11 70 23 67 14 94 11 70 16 24 14 94 14 94 14 94 19 19 15 79 16 24 23 67 16 01 13 05 16 24 13 15 23 67 14 94 16 24 11 20 24 20 22 05 16 64 18 29 3 O Analysis of Commercial Fertilizers for Season of 19031904 BY WHOM REGISTERED AND PLACE OF BUSINESS NAME OF FERTILIZER OR CHEMICAL REGISTERED Swifts Fertilizer Works Atlanta GaContd u Fertili zer Incrredients Actually Found by State C u o Chemist a 25 c cfl v tn 3 o G o J a ae z 3 K a Swifts Farmers Favorite H Q Guano Eagle H G Guano Golden Harvest Standrd Guano Red Steer Standard Guano Cotton Plant Ammoatd Guano Plow Boy Guano Cotton and Corn Grower H G Guano Atlanta H G Phosphate and Potash Farmers Home Phosphate and Potash Plantation S G Phosphate and Potash Wheat Grower Phosphate and Potash Field and Farm Phosphate and Potash Special H G Acid Phosphate Cultivator H G Acid Phosphate Chattahoochee S G Acid Phos phate Fields Gray Land Mixture Phosphate and Potashp p Swifts Raw Bone Meal K Bone Meal JJ Nitrate of SodaW 78 6 51 88 4l 43 DD 109 B E E E 10 3 213 22 24 116 53 194 702 311 468 360 173 174 1090 1119 1 16 20 78 1282 66 288 1156 1298 1389 1259 9 40 10 20 11 25 1110 10 68 1193 1153 12 63 1140 875 1018 1163 1853 1650 1343 1405 2180 2680 185 1 70 1 65 1 95 2 09 1 2 27 4 49 2 55 1572 3 06 2 37 2 21 2 31 161 139 3 4 3 22 431 276 2 08 514 Fertilizer Ingre dients Claimed by Manufacturers O a x j o Total Phosphoric Acid 10 8 8 9 10 10 12 10 8 10 10 16 14 12 12 23 25 165 165 165 165 165 82 247 329 247 1317 E Ep j I 17 41 16 85 15 53 18 20 17 80 14 83 20 13 14 21 12 74 11 95 sE EE c d 5 m 44 16 24 14 94 14 94 14 74 12 65 19 80 13 80 12 50 11 20 1155 10 80 11 28 14 64 13 32 10 80 13 00 11 70 12 63 10 40 16 10 23 23 22 37 51 87 13 80 43 45 oo O W O o H e W 12 H o o II o a SO WStandard Chemical Oil Co Troy Ala oSmithonia Oil Mill Simth onia Ga Strickland A J Mfg Works Valdosta Ga Smith B G Supply Co Social Circle Ga Smith CV Co Tennille Ga Southern Cotton Oil Co Acworth Ga Arlington Ga Athens Ga Atlanta Ga Cartersville Ga Cedartown Ga Cordele Ga Dawson Ga Forsyth Ga Fort Gaines Ga Greensboro Ga Harmony Grove Ga Jackson Ga Jefferson Ga Lavonia Ga Locust Grove Ga Macon Ga Monroe Ga Newnan Ga Talbotton Ga Augusta Ga Savannah Ga Warrenton Ga AVashington Ga German Kainit 19 284 Blood and Bone avy Crockett Farmers Favorite Cotton Seed Meal S G Sea Island Cotton Grower Dissolved Bone and Potash Mixture Pride of Walton S S A Smiths Special Acid Cotton Cotton Cotton Cotton Cotton Cotton Cotton Cotton Cotton Cotton Cotton Cotton Cotton Cotton Cotton Cotton Cotton Cotton Cotton Cotton Cotton Cotton Cotton Cotton Seed Meal Seed Meal Seed Meal Seed Meal Seed Meal Seed Meal Seed Meal Seed Meal Seed Meal Seed Meal Seed Meal Seed Meal Seed Meal Seed Meal Seed Meal Seed Meal Seed Meal Seed Meal Seed Meal Seed Meal Seed Meal Seed Meal Seed Meal Seed Meal C V S Cos Blood and Fish Scrap AA S B B JJ JJ DD DD II 27 32 99 100 51 50 74 75 42 J L M G PP 00 Y C A A A W B A DD S A A DD I H 38 3 71 23 6 34 10 8 9 61 1 80 102 1 38 17 8 19 34 N 71 O 7 EE 56 T 34 P 75 544 573 1307 1310 810 809 853 854 648 1142 197 024 100 1327 1123 436 36 54 664 390 1300 815 488 577 62 53 493 460 74 1012 231 862 715 650 I 11 15 9 93 10 35 905 8 75 12 33 14 60 I 1073 174 1 95 1 94 6 80 1 65 179 165 5 94 13 20 2 2 21 176 2 24 505 287 4 19 2 55 8 8 8 8 8 10 13 9 6 18 6 78 6 92 688 6 56 6 38 6 18 624 6 66 6 28 6 70 6 66 6 48 6 56 6 82 6 92 6 52 6 24 6 18 6 18 5 72 5 30 658 680 12 11 22 10 20 1 65 2 17 29 14 94 1 65 2 17 36 14 94 1 65 2 17 21 14 94 6 18 25 71 23 67 1 65 2 15 82 14 94 4 12 58 11 20 1 65 18 95 16 24 4 15 65 14 45 165 3 14 57 16 44 6 18 22 88 23 67 6 18 23 67 23 67 6 IS 25 65 23 67 6 IS 26 11 23 67 6 IS 25 98 23 67 6 IS 24 92 23 67 6 18 24 33 23 67 6 18 23 67 23 67 6 18 23 87 23 67 6 18 25 25 23 67 6 18 24 00 23 67 6 18 25 38 23 67 6 18 25 25 23 67 6 18 24 66 23 67 6 18 24 92 23 67 6 18 25 78 23 67 6 18 26 11 23 67 6 18 24 79 23 67 6 18 23 87 23 67 fi 18 23 67 23 67 6 18 23 67 23 67 6 18 22 IE 23 67 6 18 20 77 23 67 6 18 24 9 23 67 6IS 25 71 23 67 w a p r w o 4 4Analysis of Commercial Fertilizers for Season of 19031904 BY WHOM REGISTERED AND PLACE OF BUSINESS NAME OF FERTILIZER OR CHEMICAL REGISTERED AYaynesboro Jones Waynesboro Neely Southern States Phosphate Fertilizer Co Savan nah and Augusta Ga Cotton Seed Meal Cotton Seed Meal A ugusta H G Guano Ammoniated Dissolved Hone P and F Ammoniated Fertilizer A G C Formula S S Superlative Bone Guano Superlative Bone Guano H G Soluble Sea Island Cotton Old Peruvian So States P F Cos Standard Peruvian Sol uble Standard Giant High Grade Fish Bone and Potash Fish Bone and Potash Blood and Bone Guano Phospho Iotassium Extra Potash Compound Paragon Ammoniated Guano T Z Daniels Special Kelleys Cotton Seed Meal Mixture S S Phosphate Potassium Extra Potash Compound Bone and Potash Special Acid Phosphate Fertilizer Incrredients Actually Found by State Chemist N 43 1131 N 6 254 N 49 N 42 1007 P 17 23 10 63 P 21 285 8 80 L 2i 207 8 60 N 53 1296 855 L 34 266 888 Z 92 1076 8 40 uu 30 1291 973 L 33 265 10 H 5 73 1088 r 36 268 845 CO 56 1036 11 88 EE 67 865 1015 P 62 367 1073 y 47 69 1170 p 63 368 10 30 H 53 184 10 45 P 15 282 870 EE 16 508 9 58 0 80 758 9 28 HH 50 1234 10 33 FI 53 184 1045 P 15 282 8 70 P 41 294 1055 P 2s 290 8 75 596 582 572 604 225 175 201 190 342 3 43 2 20 1 95 2 32 117 2 16 210 2 06 2 20 4 4 36 2 65 309 210 228 225 220 3 12 1 2 405 4 210 3 08 2 71 405 4 220 4 Fertilizer Ingre dients Claimed by Manufacturers 950 8 8 8 950 9 10 8 8 10 10 10 9 10 8 8 8 9 10 8 10 8 618 618 618 330 330 206 165 165 165 165 206 82 S a 3 22 94 22 48 22 15 23 21 18 76 15 87 16 57 16 29 23 05 23 92 18 43 17 52 16 92 16 13 17 90 17 06 15 58 14 58 14 29 12 83 11 65 17 03 18 90 15 47 12 83 11 65 11 33 11 69 23 67 23 67 23 67 23 67 17 26 14 94 14 94 14 94 22 09 22 09 17 27 16 44 16 24 14 94 14 94 16 24 14 35 12 65 12 85 12 50 11 20 14 94 17 15 12 85 12 50 11 20 10 80 11 20 Or o o w o w o a w w H O o o a a w wSavannah Guano Co Sa vannah Ga Tennessee Chemical Co Nashville Tenn Augusta Acid Phosphate Acid Phosphate S S Dissolved Bone Dissolved Bone Dissolved Bone Dissolved Bone Kainit Uruguay Ammoniated Bone Peruvian Standard Ammoniated Bone Brazilian Standard Ammoniated Bone I Stricklands C S M Mixture Pulaski Triple Potash Compound Wire Grass 1 and Ammoniated Bone Our own Ammoniated Bone Excelsior Ammoniated Bone Diamond Cotton Food Ammoniatd Bone Pine Land Triple Potash Ammoniated Bone Peerless Ammoniated Bone Bone Fish and Potash Ammoniatd Bone Our Jewell Ammoniated Bone Fruitland Special Cotton Seed Meal Mixture XX Cotton Seed Meal Mixture 10 and 2 Compound 10 and 4 Compound 10 and 4 Compound 8 and 4 Compound 12 and 2 Compound 13 and 4 Compound 12 and 4 Compound Peerless Acid Phosphate English Dissolved Bone Acid Phosphate XXXX Dissolved Bone Acid Phosphate Kainit Ox H G Ammoniated Bone Fertilizer Cotton Guano Slaughter House Bone EE 70 T 141 C 153 EE 20 P 39 V 4 L 35 EE 27 U 5 N 1 Q 57 FV 20 EE 7 O 22 0 18 EK 11 K 1 V 9 U 13 0 8 EE 64 Y 40 r 111 H 74 KE 8 O 23 L 24 N 2 AA 47 T 25 T 54 H 72 O 26 O 25 H 4 G 174 X 51 H 3 1081 noo 962 510 293 409 267 511 611 251 868 556 505 243 379 506 164 410 385 384 864 442 956 345 899 244 210 252 662 714 593 344 24b 245 72 1107 619 71 1170 1245 12 13 13 14 16 1158 10 43 918 9 65 1140 925 1003 998 1015 1060 1045 968 898 1190 1015 913 1180 1175 1115 10 60 13 60 14 65 1280 1543 1420 17 05 1120 1148 1173 10 30 179 102 183 165 96 95 180 178 181 12 2 2 2 2 3 3 1 1 1 75 76 95 58 61 83 89 57 48 12 48 40 27 35 39 74 167 247 198 165 345 2 54 340 4 52 368 149 232 229 490 475 420 2 460 480 1290 2 328 165 2 12 lii 12 13 14 16 10 9 8 8 10 8 9 9 9 9 9 10 9 8 10 10 10 8 12 13 12 14 12 15 io 10 10 165 83 165 165 83 3 30 247 165 165 12 2 2 2 2 3 3 1 1 1 3 2 3 4 3 1 2 2 4 4 4 2 4 4 165 246 165 165 11 97 15 35 10 40 11 13 11 70 13 00 10 20 18 20 14 85 16 41 16 44 16 06 14 52 16 21 16 01 16 65 18 19 17 36 14 91 24 13 22 07 16 25 16 73 12 21 14 40 13 89 13 06 13 14 16 03 14 57 12 63 11 83 13 68 10 96 17 09 21 00 18 15 16 43 11 25 14 65 10 40 11 05 11 70 13 00 10 20 16 24 12 89 14 94 14 94 14 38 13 08 14 74 14 74 14 74 16 44 15 59 13 08 22 09 19 80 14 74 14 94 10 80 12 50 12 50 11 20 12 10 14 45 13 80 11 70 10 40 12 35 10 20 16 24 19 77 15 39 14 94 g o Analysis of Commercial Fertilizers for Season of 19031904 BY WHOM REGISTERED AND PLACE OF BUSINESS NAME OF FERTILIZER OR CHEMICAL REGISTERED u u Q b Tennessee Chemical Co Nashville TennCon Tabor Almand Elberton Ga Tennille Oil Co Tennille Ga Tuscarora Fertilizer Co Atlanta Ga Union Fertilizer Co At lanta Ga Ox H GSpecial Crop Producer Special Truck Guano Cotton and Grain Grower 134 Potash Formula Potash Mixture H G Dissolved Bone Granite City Fertilizer Bone and Potash Bone and Potash Cotton Seed Meal Tuscarora Big Crop Fertilizer Monarch Standard Cotton Special Dissolved Bone and Potash H G Dissolved Bone and Potash Tuscarora Acidulated Bone H G Dissolved Bone Kainit Champion Extra High Grade Buffalo High Grade Georgia High Grade Peruvian High Grade Beef Blood and Bone Old Plantation Guano Union Cotton Grower Dixie Guano MM 5 G 175 G 13S A 182 A 179 H 26 J 20 S 98 s 2 d 1 HH 29 V 90 0 137 DD 17 FF 140 0 77 GG 45 KK 51 KK 72 G 39 T 16 X 57 G 34 R 107 S 56 R 108 X 891 889 1108 1059 906 142 469 150 977 319 318 687 1349 121 49 1137 403 605 1160 1161 137 1368 1353 132 917 1277 1287 1354 Fertilizer Ingredients Actually Pound by State Chemist 2 jag 1025 1080 11 1335 1113 10 03 14 85 9 68 12 10 90 10 48 1080 9 05 10 20 1078 13 60 15 93 1368 11 80 1185 13 53 1045 9 43 11 23 1118 1 345 168 197 6 32 2 07 247 165 Fertilizer Ingre dients Claimed by Manufacturers a a 13 01 x sg 5 0n 2 P B 4 33 440 3 03 418 3 51 2 2 07 255 4 41 218 314 2 39 201 4 25 307 12 3 223 2 2 45 2 2 20 146 142 10 10 8 13 10 10 14 8 10 10 10 9 8 10 10 13 14 10 10 10 10 9 8 8 8 65 16 24 24 74 17 86 14 83 12 82 10 82 12 25 17 15 12 56 13 43 24 13 18 09 20 44 15 95 13 21 13 21 14 05 12 95 10 20 20 92 17 77 16 85 17 59 14 85 17 79 15 85 15 45 1 o rt 5 14 35 23 38 14 94 14 45 12 50 10 SO 11 70 14 94 10 80 12 50 23 67 16 24 19 14 14 94 10 80 12 50 14 45 21 70 10 20 19 80 16 24 16 24 16 24 12 89 14 94 14 94 14 94 to Q w o W o o w w 2 i3 o o w hi n a 3 w wTJpson County Oil Mill Thomaston Ga Uniontown Cotton Oil Co Union town Ala VirginiaCarolina Chem Co Richmond Charles ton Atlanta and Savan nah Merrimac Guano Animal Bone and Peruvian Compound Farmers H G Potash Acid Phosphate Bone and Potash Mixture U O Potash Acid Phosphate Farmers H G Dissolved Bone Union Acid Phosphate Dixie Acid Phosphate Merrimac Acid Phosphate G B R RR QQ RR G G G Cotton Seed Meal 38 38 109 26 7 28 12 13 14 15 Cotton Seed Meal Atlantic Fertilizer Cos Atlantic Acid Phosphate with Potash S Baldwin Fertilizer Cos Ammoniated Dissolved BoneA 20 Georgia State GrangeW 7 Farmers Standard Q 40 Blood Bone and Potash H 39 Special Potash Bone FormulaE 11 Potash CompoundF 5 Bone and PotashC 3 Wheat and Grass GrowerD 5 Dissolved Bone PhosphateCO 19 Georgia State Grange Acid Phosphate 0 Berkley Chemical Cos Acid Phosphate with PotashO W C Bradley Cos H G Soluble Guanof GG 12 Soluble GuanoIFF 31 Potash AcidKK 56 Potash AcidKK 28 Standard Potash Acid0 188 Commercial Guano Cos Chatham Ammoniatd Bone Vegetator O 37 Jones Special FormulaT 115 Marrimans Cotton BollF 42 Complete Cotton FertilizerIL 136 1113 918 1339 1263 1337 84 86 148 1061 1193 61 828 775 179 309 28 308 9 570 46 1340 1080 1203 923 1120 14 1368 1463 1450 10 08 12 65 9 93 1055 1133 1253 843 1158 10 60 1348 1303 2 23 116 426 1145 595 721 1241 765 1392 425 1242 302 273 11 40 1175 10 53 1295 1085 970 1088 1130 855 706 668 1 66 174 165 87 1 74 178 468 95 165 207 239 2 5 527 267 2 213 224 116 115 4 4 456 33 57 38 2 2 4 2 228 476 306 2 231 8 10 10 8 8 11 12 12 12 10 10 8 9 10 10 8 10 10 13 12 10 10 10 10 12 10 10 10 165 82 20 69 15 15 14 67 13 08 12 15 11 70 11 49 12 11 12 02 26 58 25 32 10 85 18 10 16 69 15 88 13 80 14 14 11 48 11 11 11 11 07 14 94 12 65 12 50 11 20 11 20 11 70 10 40 10 40 10 40 23 67 23 67 10 80 16 24 14 94 14 74 12 65 12 50 11 20 10 80 10 80 11 05 10 40 13 91 12 50 17 73 17 81 13 32 13 04 11 58 28 38 15 40 17 08 17 71 16 24 16 24 12 50 12 10 10 80 28 35 14 35 16 24 14 94 a C f w 3 o OSAnalysis of Commercial Fertilizers for Season of 19031904 BY WHOM REGISTERED AND PLACE OF BUSINESS NAME OF FERTILIZER OR CHEMICAL REGISTERED VirginiaCarolina Chemi cal Co Continued Pomona Guano Marrimans Ammoniated Bone Excelsior Bone Compound Georgia Bone Compound Peruvian Bone Compound Exeelsor Acid Phosphate Pomona Acid Phosphate Chicoras Fertilizer Cos Compound Guano Ammoniated Dissolved Bone Acid Phosphate with Potash Durham Fertilizer Cos Durham Ammoniated Fertilizer Davie Whittes Owl Brand Guano Davis WarehouseCos Davis H G Ammoniated Bone Davis H G Potash Acid Edisto Phosphate Cos Ammoniated Dissolved Bone Soluble Guano Potash and Dissolved Bone Acid Phosphate witli Potash Acid Phosphate with Potash Dissolved Bone Imperial Fertilizer Cos Blue Ridge Soluble Double Anchor Soluble Ck9 S rt a M S a b NN 9 M 54 0 11 P 11 P 10 V 6 L 49 G 115 K 23 C 34 DD 54 G 20 KK GG H MM XX F P L I VV 32 16 29 20 8 18 45 31 53 66 1032 630 38 607 280 29 274 478 545 158 845 97 766 597 124 881 1378 108 295 263 Fertilizer Ingredients Fertilizer Ingre 9 B S Actually Found by State dients Claimed by Chemist Manufacturers OS 3 3 3 a bo o h a Sis 03 g o c 3 5 g UJ 5 Pm Ph o 908 9 35 1073 10 25 8 78 1510 13 03 1210 885 12 9 93 11 23 1178 1295 9 13 1045 1050 9 30 1075 1473 w S 03 C 0 Si II o 5 781 913 1 740 1053 1 175 2 16 176 223 4 2 414 204 2 90 165 238 110 197 115 190 231 173 1 67 1 38 218 291 2 2 29 464 410 225 224 1 10 10 8 14 12 10 8 11 9 8 10 12 9 10 8 10 12 165 165 105 165 165 165 165 16 10 16 E6 12 97 10 96 11 82 12 41 11 07 19 65 15 61 11 96 16 22 18 13 17 80 13 49 15 74 15 89 13 36 12 13 11 49 12 17 16 53 15 83 14 94 14 94 12 50 10 80 11 20 11 70 10 40 16 24 14 94 10 60 14 74 14 94 16 24 12 10 14 94 14 74 12 50 U 20 10 80 10 40 14 94 14 74 P W o w o a w w h w 4 o o s o a U a x XXX Blood and Bone0 XXXX Bone and PotashL Acid Phosphate with Potash G Peerless Acid Phosphate and Potash 0 Imperial Dissolved Bone B1 Kennesaw Guano Cos Kennesaw Standard Guano A H G GuanoI Blood Bone and Meal H Potash SpecialE Double Potash Bone T Wheat GrowerMM Acid Phosphate X H G Acid PhosphateX Pure Animal Bone Meal J Navassa Guano Oos Navasea Cotton Fertilizer M Navassa Dissolved Bone with Nitrogen and Potash BD Navassa Potash Acid00 Navassa Acid Phosphate Orr Cos Blood Bone and Potash6 Cotton and Grain GrowerS Ammoniated Bone8 Magnolia Acid Phosphate with Potash S Powers Gibbs Cos Eagle Island Ammoniated Guano Raisin Monumental Cos Dixie Guano Giant Guano Empire Guano Acid Phosphate Standard Fertilizer Cos High Grade Guano Royal H G Guanoj Standard Guano 33 120 21 85 38 80 2 56 8 63 35 36 27 10 CO 0 V c w J w p 12 142 28 29 27 26 12 2 18 40 37 2S 41 49 26 157 1252 98 406 300 317 449 185 18 1243 885 614 615 143 190 1023 1178 9 40 1133 1345 915 1230 10 05 10 80 8 1145 1368 1625 2165 10 60 178 427 491 1180 1374 993 277 1263 342 343 341 340 622 829 241 949 160 394 1145 736 289 1188 9 98 1093 1326 938 843 170 172 90 3 90 165 101 113 5 09 210 192 169 94 8 30 10 03 15 18 11 38 11 43 11 50 8 165 174 176 169 250 2 2 03 2 01 431 4 235 137 4 165 172 165 165 269 338 264 143 206 223 240 110 9 10 8 10 12 8 10 9 10 8 10 12 14 3 220 2 221 10 8 12 10 8 9 12 9 14 10 10 165 165 165 82 165 82 165 165 82 165 165 165 165 165 165 165 165 16 08 13 88 13 03 11 74 11 34 16 28 17 97 13 82 11 33 11 46 13 44 11 49 13 16 22 03 16 93 14 76 12 45 10 93 18 93 17 52 15 04 12 43 15 88 13 51 15 83 15 62 12 46 17 98 17 57 17 22 15 13 14 74 12 50 11 20 10 80 10 40 14 94 16 24 12 85 10 80 11 20 12 50 10 40 11 70 14 94 12 65 11 20 10 40 16 24 14 91 12 85 11 25 14 94 14 94 14 94 14 74 11 70 16 44 16 24 16 24 14 94 bd a I o Total Phosphoric Acid Cn OiAnalysis of Commercial Fertilizers for Season of 19031904 BY WHOM REGISTERED AND PLACE OF BUSINESS NAME OF FERTILIZER OR CHEMICAL REGISTERED VirginiaCarolina Ohemi cal CoContinued CTO t i ft cs a w Standard Fertilizer CosContd Standard Cotton Fertilizer Acid Phosphate with Potash Acid Phosphate Bone and Potash Bone and Potash Southern Fertilizer Cos Pure Animal Bone Fertilizer Scotts Gossypium Phospho Blood Formula Acid and Meal Formula Potassa Phospho Gossypium Potassa Rome Corn and Cotton Grower Georgia State Standard Ammoniated Superphosphate Cotton Boll Guano Oglethorpe Ammoniated Dis Bone Port Royal Cotton Fertilizer High Potash Formula Scotts Animal Ammoniated Guano Farmers Ammoniatd Uissolvd Bone Tennessee Special Wheat Grower Cotton 4 Acid Phosphate Cotton Boll Bone and Potash Rome Bone and Po ash Rome Standard Guano Rome Blood and Bone Rome Acid Phosphate G P F W C G A P W C N D 235 2 15 14 24 228 19 14 39G 56 55 22 F 7 F 1 JJ 35 MM 37 F 12 12 2 7 7 3 12 CC 122 HH 6 O 36 1201 276 105 749 47 1202 63 28 31 250 1009 651 30 24 801 886 102 77 369 412 75 26 39 1039 691 1361 Fertilizer Ingredients Actually Found by State Chemist 1068 196 248 898 424 15 45 11 93 4 1060 2 12 910 467 586 1155 183 2 13 10 58 1 20 1 1203 1 12 115 1435 2 40 8 196 801 1020 185 151 10 192 223 8 80 2 06 2 37 9 63 167 207 9 10 182 246 1275 97 3 30 9 90 2 11 130 1010 1 65 127 10 60 4 9 65 4 01 1145 370 10 63 220 728 1 96 256 10 95 1 03 1 12 65 1 Fertilizer Ingre 1 v a dients Claimed by B Manufacturers i 32 S qS 5 3 SSs QJ M sfl c 0 aj O C3 o 9 165 1 18 12 14 74 8 4 12 03 11 20 14 12 65 11 70 10 4 13 75 12 50 10 2 11 29 10 80 8 494 5 28 90 28 35 10 165 2 17 96 16 24 10 82 1 14 28 12 65 10 82 1 15 09 12 65 13 2 13 96 12 75 8 i65 i 21 08 19 19 850 165 150 16 61 14 84 8 165 2 17 32 14 94 8 165 o 17 13 14 94 8 165 2 16 13 14 94 8 165 2 16 60 14 94 10 82 3 16 89 14 35 9 1 65 1 17 09 14 74 9 165 1 15 68 14 74 10 4 12 89 12 50 8 4 12 28 11 20 10 2 13 19 10 80 10 2 11 38 10 80 8 i 65 2 15 96 14 94 10 82 1 13 96 12 65 12 10 82 10 40 Or OS O a o w o a w g w H O o w II o a r1 wF Q BB C C H G K H M C Y F H 0 Double Potash Bone Port Royal Dissolved Bone Ga State Standard Acid Phosphate Phosphate Scotts H G Acid Phosphate Southern Phosphate Works Olympic Guano Monarch Guano Penguin Guano Ocmulgee Guano Tip Top Dissolved Bone with Nitrogen and Potash Extra Strong Potash Acid Potash Acid Phosphate Acid Phosphate with Potash Black Diamond Acid Phosphate Stono Phosphate Cos Soluble Guano Jas G Tinsley Cos Stonewall GuanoMM 46 S W Travers Cos Beef Blood and Bone Fertilizer1 Wando Phosphate Cos Blood Guano P 7 Soluble Guano N V 0 C Cos Royal H G Guano for WheatI 44 Champion CompoundZ 1 Georgia Planters FormulaV 7 Truck Farmers Special Guano EE 47 Meal and Potash MixtureF 40 H G Grain FertilizerW 51 H G Cotton FertilizerV 13 Extra H G 20th Century Guano C 25 Monroe GuanoDD 81 Oil Mill H G FertilizerMM 90 Oil Mill Standard FertilizerB 6S Washington Oil Mill Standard Fertilizer P 52 H G Fertilizer P 53 33 4 11 4 45 123 19 15 38 6 1 49 2 10 81 117 371 529 S3 163 657 96 172 178 188 3 693 25 76 404 887 286 278 1293 1145 424 1350 860 301 737 411 153 856 931 1118 298 299 8 1323 1280 13 33 1548 1005 13 20 878 10 33 10 58 13 23 1285 1068 1478 1085 9 53 993 9 48 983 1143 10 05 1105 1148 1020 1165 1050 1118 10 03 10 70 875 980 11 65 1 91 182 182 165 115 1 65 4 30 147 269 2 32 134 1 2 01 140 404 121 165 202 166 112 172 82 1 32 3 28 88 75 65 75 72 85 79 190 1 75 2 48 2 12 12 12 14 9 10 10 12 11 10 14 20 45 03 28 33 58 71 43 54 221 10 8 10 10 8 10 10 10 9 10 10 165 165 165 165 165 165 16c 16 8 82 330 82 165 165 247 165 165 165 165 165 11 45 11 21 10 92 11 28 12 66 16 68 19 47 16 27 15 89 14 11 12 91 11 80 12 97 12 17 16 12 15 95 15 48 16 31 16 79 17 43 14 76 16 68 24 30 14 68 19 56 18 54 21 97 16 24 16 69 16 25 17 40 17 83 11 20 10 40 10 40 10 40 11 70 14 74 16 24 14 94 14 74 12 65 12 10 10 60 12 50 11 70 W d 14 74 P W 14 94 S 14 74 a p 14 94 4 14 74 16 24 13 70 14 35 23 38 13 70 17 94 17 94 19 80 14 74 16 24 14 94 14 94 16 24 i3Analysis of Commercial Fertilizers for Season of 19031904 BY WHOM REGISTERED AND PLACE OF BUSINESS NAME OF FERTILIZER OR CHEMICAL REGISTERED VirginiaCarolina Chemi cal CoContinued Warren County Oil Mill H G Fertilizer W 78 Standard W 77 XXXX Blood and Bone Guano0 30 Phoenix Bone and Potash OC 17 VC 134 H G Special Potash Formula VV 63 153 Special Potash FormulaGG 15 104 Bone and PotashX 49 Taylors Special Dis Bone with Potash A 9 Premium Potash CompoundFF 26 H G Acid PhosphateGG 48 Cotton Seed MealGG 43 German KainitC 21 Nitrate of SodaP 47 Muriate of PotashH 23 V C C Co Savannah Florida Fruit Growers FormulaL 106 Strawberry Special FertilizerZ 31 Old Dominion Potato ManureNN 20 Imperial Truck Fertilizer l 00 120 Fertilizer W High Grade Sea IslandCC 59 Scoco GuanoC 115 Lefflers Special Ammonted Dis Bone 0 72 CompoundCC 32 Axons Cotton FertilizerO 55 Good LuckN 54 Rust Proof T 114 Complete Cane FertilizerJJN 3 I 0 U Fertilizer Ingredients Cj 3 Ja Actually Found by State dients Claimed by C t o B Chemist Manufacturers u o2 b tf OJ CO 3 o u o i a 3 O 4 fcc it 3 Cm ft a p be o 2 43 w 0 744 743 474 569 912 596 1355 814 719 606 44 296 123 994 589 L146 900 391 831 683 756 830 754 1013 957 1035 1195 10 43 1118 1218 1460 15 11 95 1110 1350 1673 165 182 166 765 6 45 9 50 1285 10 33 985 873 875 1108 8 35 8 83 988 8 65 694 1520 355 4 28 374 275 342 2 76 81 80 02 80 73 88 257 13 14 3 10 5088 3 62 4 52 777 3 34 4 34 3 56 2 15 218 3 2 22 216 316 224 10 8 9 12 13 15 10 10 12 16 7 6 7 10 10 9 8 8 18 165 165 165 618 l485 289 247 412 330 330 165 165 165 82 165 165 1 65 330 c 0 rt 17 54 18 05 14 15 15 49 14 98 13 98 13 65 13 55 13 47 26 05 10 94 50 16 43 24 22 35 24 75 27 82 22 86 24 28 19 82 16 16 16 07 15 71 15 84 15 87 17 91 20 38 14 94 16 44 13 80 14 45 14 90 12 50 12 50 12 10 13 00 23 67 10 20 49 00 40 80 20 08 18 90 27 54 23 38 23 38 16 44 14 94 14 94 i4 35 14 94 814 94 115 79 20 39 oo 17 82l16 24 w W 61 ii O O K ti O a r1 H a w wVienna Cotton Oil Co Vi enna Ga Villa Rica Cotton Oil Co Villa Rica Ga Warthen Irwin Sanders ville Ga Winder Oil Mill Co Win der Ga Woodbury Oil Mill Wood bury Ga Willingham C B Macon Ga Walton Oil Co Social Cir cle Ga Walker Bros Griffin Ga Wholesale Mercantile Cotton Co Cartersville Ga Wilcox Ives Co Savan Dah Ga Special H G Acid Phosphate Cotton Seed Meal Cotton Seed Meal Standard Guano Double Potash Johnsons Pride Cotton Seed Meal Cotton Seed Meal Hub Guano Willinghams H Phosphate Cotton Seed Meal Cotton Seed Meal G Celebrated Acid 146 17 26 30 84 35 PD 105 R K DD A Yow Cooper Avalon Ga TerrapinIiW So States Standard Ammoniated Bone A AAA Triple Potash Ammoniated Bone Egyptian Standard Ammoniated Bone Chilian Standard Ammoniated Bone 8 and 4 Compound 10 and 4 Compound Standard Dissolved Bone Acid Phos phate English Dissolv d Bone Acid Phosphate Kainit Avalon Scientific Special H G Acid Phosphate 76 11 E 18 L 1 TI 4 EE 63 EE 13 L 39 CO 109 1332 437 612 637 1168 642 1088 735 167 166 855 56 38 2 21 168 169 1795 1045 1248 1085 10 1498 618 720 170 96 129 716 712 2 1214 1015 1951 970 3811015 863 1095 507 905 270 653 103712 2691348 102 1378 388 1195 1118 11961653 2 23 5 26 312 16 654 7 168 193 179 1 178 322 1 87 2 138 370 115 2 63 451 412 10 14 13 88 264 10 9 9 10 8 8 10 12 12 16 618 618 165 1 1 618 618 175 618 618 165 165 165 83 165 165 14 26 23 67 26 90 16 89 18 34 16 55 26 78 26 65 18 43 13 00 23 67 23 67 14 94 16 00 13 65 23 67 23 67 16 57 12 33 11 70 24 73 26 25 16 43 16 44 18 23 13 99 16 58 12 62 12 60 11 46 11 71 11 80 18 77 13 34 23 67 23 67 16 24 14 74 16 44 12 68 14 94 11 20 12 50 10 40 10 40 10 20 15 59 13 00 w d o en460 GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OE AGRICULTURE Averages of Arnmoniated Fertilizers which Contain Available Phosphoric Acid Ammonia and Potash Available Phosphoric Acid Ammonia 873 284 1036 298 1051 273 1083 279 1152 270 953 259 1030 253 1020 248 1022 253 978 247 1035 229 1015 243 1030 245 1047 2 46 1030 280 1037 275 1010 256 996 234 966 232 975 251 957 239 994 228 988 225 974 225 1029 210 1032 210 1039 216 1027 210 1024 215 1049 218 Potash For the season of 18745 For the season of 18756 For the season of 18767 For the season of 1S778 For the season of 18789 For the season of 187980 For the season of 18801 For the season of 18812 For the season of 18823 For the season of 18834 For the season of 18845 For the season of 18856 For the season of 18867 For the season of 18878 For the season of 18889 For the season of 188990 For the season of 18901 For the season of 18912 For the season of 18923 For the season of 18934 For the season of 18945 For the season of 18956 For the season of 18967 For the season of 18978 For the season of 18989 For the season of 18991900 For the season of 19001901 For the season of 19012 For the season of 19023 For the season of 19034 531 279 243 225 164 135 145 258 148 157 151 164 196 214 190 195 185 181 189 202 215 208 205 210 216 2OS 224 248 255 267BULLETIN NO 41 General Average of Acid Phosphates and Acid Ihosphates with Potash 461 For the season of 1S745 For the season of 18756 For the season of 18767 For the season of 18778 For the season of 18789 For the season of 187980 For the season of 1S801 For the season of 18812 For the season of 18823 For the season of 18834 For the season of 1SS45 For the season of 18856 For the season of 18867 For the season of 18878 For the season of 18889 For the season of 188990 For the season of 18901 For the season of 18912 For the season of 18923 For the season of 18934 For the season of 18945 For the season of 18956 For the season of 18967 For the season of 18978 For the season of 18989 For the season of 18991900 For the season of 190001 For the season of 19012 For the season of 19023 For the season of 19034 Available Phosphoric Acid Potash 1105 1199 1168 1310 1320 1244 1260 1248 1255 1259 1287 1262 1345 1381 1396 1383 1376 1274 1363 1330 1301 1283 12 53 1266 1242 1225 1274 1239 1225 1308 385 464 454 216 163 128 130 105 156 148 140 168 185 207 181 188 209 169 152 205 226 236 267 287 262 283 295 315 323 342462 GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OE AGRICULTURE The number of brands inspected analyzed and placed upon the market for each season since the organization of the Department is as follows For the season of 18745 110 brands For the season of 18756 101 brands For the season of 18767 125 brands For the season of 18778 127 brands For the season of 18789 162 brands For the season of 187980 182 brands For the season of 18801 226 brands For the season of 18812 270 brands For the season of 18823 354 brands For the season of 18834 336 brands For the season of 18845 869 brands For the season of 18856 345 brands For the season of 18867 322 brands For the season of 18878 337 brands For the season of 18889 355 brands For the season of 188990 440 brands For the season of 18901 492 brands For the season of 18912 608 brands For the season of 18923 598 brands For the season of 18934 738 brands For the season of 18945 874 brands For the season of 189561062 brands For the season of 189671178 brands For the season of 189781300 brands For the season of 18989 779 brands For the season of 18991900 699 brands For the season of 19001 640 brands For the season of 19012 735 brands For the season of 19023 895 brands For the season of 19034 1241 brands The number of brands marked with a star are incorrect and misleading as in the season of 18978 843 brands were inspected analyzed and admit ted to sale and not 1300BULLETIN NO 41 463 COMPARATIVE TRADE IN FERTILIZERS The following table shows the number of tons inspected for each of the last thirty seasons There were inspected during the season of 18745 4864800 tons There were inspected during the season of 18756 5531600 tons There were inspected during the season of 18767 7582400 tons There were inspected during the season of 18778 9317800 tons There were inspected during the season of 18789 8504900 tons There were inspected during the season of 18798011958300 ton6 There were inspected during the season of 1880115242400 tons There were inspected during the season of 1881212532700 tons There were inspected during the season of 1882312537700 tons There were inspected during the season of 1883415184900 tons There were inspected during the season of 1884517015300 tons There were inspected during the season of 1885616070500 tons There were inspected during the season of 1886716607808 tons There were inspected during the season of 1887820800739 tons There were inspected during the season of 1S8S9202869 36 tons There were inspected during the season of 18899028811230 tons There were inspected during the season of 1890130673400 tons There were inspected during the season of 1891229634200 tons Tags were sold during the season of 18923 for30751930 tons Tags were sold during the season of 18934 for31561200 tons Tags were sold during the season of 18945 for22653220 tons Tags were sold during the season of 18956 for33561780 tons Tags were sold during the season of 18967 for40197910 tons Tags were sold during the season of 18978 for42408100 tons Tags were sold during the season of 18989 for34286930 tons Tags were sold during the season of 18991900 for412755 50 tons Tags were sold during the season of 19001 for47884770 tons Tags were sold during the season of 19012 for49380802 tons Tags were sold during the season of 19023 for6284843 tons Tags were sold during the season of 19034 for6899165 tons461 GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OE AGRICULTURE THE COTTON BOLL WEEVIL A BRIEF DISCUSSION OF THE BOLL WEEVIL PROBLEM WHAT THE GEORGIA STATE BOARD OF ENTOMOLOGY IS DOING TOW ARDS PREVENTING THE POSSIBLE INTRODUCTION OF THIS PEST INTO GEORGIA AND THE RECENT BOLL WEEVIL QUARANTINE LAW ENACTED BY THE GEORGIA LEGISLATURE By WILMON NEWELL State Entomologist HISTORICAL The Mexican boll weevil has during the past year 1903 caused a very heavy loss to the cotton growers of Texas This loss for the season is estimated by Dr Howard of the United States Department of Agriculture at approximately 25000 000 This represents the loss to the planters but the total loss to manufacturers transportation companies and business men doubtless reaches as much as 100000000 The extreme prob ability that the insect will eventually reach all sections of the cottongrowing areain the United States and that it is likely to be distributed in the transportation of cottonseed and other agricultural products makes it of special interest to all cotton planters All hope of exterminating the insect has been abandoned as it has already spread over a territory which normally produces about onethird the cotton of the United States Aside from its occurrence in Texas the pest is also found in Mexico and Cuba The first record of its damage to cotton dates back to 1856 when it appeared as a pest of cotton in the State of Coa huila in Mexico Its ravages increased for several years until the culture of cotton was entirely abandoned in the hope of ex terminating the pest About twentyfive years later cotton culture was again commenced but the weevil still persisted and soon did as much damage as before The weevil gradually spread toward the Texas border and as early as 1888 or 1889 had appeared near Matamoras Mexico near the mouth of the Rio Grande river opposite Brownsville Texas The Rio GrandeBULLETIN NO 41 465 river which is a wide stream at this point seemed to check the weevils northward movement for a time but in 1892 it ap peared near Brownsville on the Texas side of the river It is of course possible that individuals were blown across the river by winds or even flew across but in the light of knowledge since acquired it seems more than probable that the weevils were brought across the river in unginned cotton or in cotton seed Now the country around Brownsville is not a cotton growing section of great importance and had the culture of cotton been entirely stopped in that section for three or four years the weevil could in all probability have been extermi nated The government entomologists in 1894 counseled the Texas legislature to take the necessary steps towards wiping out the insect while this was still possible but this advice was disregarded Many similar cases may be cited where States have failed to make adequate appropriations for controlling in sect pests and diseases while these were still confined to small areas yet when later on the pest had caused widespread dam age and covered large areas big appropriations have been made m a vain attempt to remedy the trouble which could have been so cheaply prevented in the first place In 1894 the weevil appeared at Alice and San Diego Texas on the Mexican National Railroad Its spread subsequently has been at an average rate of about fifty miles per year until at present it covers nearly all the cottongrowing area of Texas and has reached the boundaries of the Indian Territory on the north and Louisiana on the east It has in fact already ap peared at two or three points in the latter State That this spread will continue until all parts of the cottongrowing area in this country are reached there seems no question The prob lem confronted is indeed a national one Not only are the planters and business men in the infested territory affected but even the cotton mills of New England and of the Old World must sooner or later feel the effects of the increased price of cotton as a result of short crops due to the weevil attacks So also will the customerthe man or woman who wears cotton clothingfeel the increased cost of cotton goods regardless of whether he may live in Texas Georgia New York or London The high prices prevailing for cotton although these high prices can be attributed to the work of the boll weevil in part only have stimulated European countries to develop cotton culture in their colonial possessions as rapidly as possible so it 30 a b466 GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE is not impossible that in future years the United States will furnish a much smaller part of the worlds cotton supply than heretofore There is a possibility of course that the boll wee vil may obtain a foothold in these new cotton countries al though the agents of foreign countries who have been purchas ing cottonseed in the United States during the past year have avoided for the most part the weevilinfested area WHAT THE BOLE WEEVIL IS The adult weevil is a brownish beetle varying from three sixteenths to onefourth of an inch in length It is provided with a long snout or bill and is not unlike the common acorn weevil in appearance In color the boll weevils vary from a light gray to a chocolate brown or black As a usual thing the older the beetle the darker in color it becomes ow ing to the minute hairs wearing off the body The boll weevil is a not distant relative of the strawberry weevil and the plum curculio There are many common species of weevils which so closely resemble it that the novice can tell them apart only with difficulty The adult beetles pass the winter in trash rubbish cottonbolls etc about the cotton fields and also in the leaves and rubbish of timber lands These weevils appear in the spring at about the time the first cotton plants appear above the ground and having fasted since the previous autumn now feed to a considerable extent upon the tender buds and stems of the young cotton plants As soon as the first squares appear the female beetes com mence egg deposition The female eats a hole into the square or form and deposits an egg therein This process is then re peated upon the next square form or bloom and so on Each female deposits from fifty to seventyfive eggs in this manner and with few exceptions each egg is deposited in a separate square or form The egg hatches in two or three days after being deposited into a minute worm or larva which immediately commences feeding on the interior of the square The square or form in variably falls to the ground at this time and the larva contin ues its development therein In from twelve to seventeen days this larva reaches full growth becoming about threesixteenths of an inch in length and is white and plump It now passes into the pupal stage still remaining in the square During the pupal stage it takes no food and this stage lasts from seven to ten days at the end of which time it changes to the adult beeBULLETIN NO 41 467 tie and again commences the life cycle We thus see that an entire generation of weevils is developed approximately every thirty days during the entire growing season of cotton During the winter season a large percentage of the weevils are killed by unfavorable weather by the attacks of birds and animals etc so that early in the spring there are comparatively few of them Their damage to the cotton early in the season is there fore hardly noticeable but as each thirtyday period brings an increased generation the weevils are abundant enough by July 15th or August Est to puncture and destroy every square formed upon the plants So long as plenty of squares are at hand the eggs are deposited in times in preference to the bolls but when the weevils have becotna so abundant that the supply of squares does not equal their demands eggs are then laid in the green bolls Bolls set early in the summer escape in jury from the weevil but after about Julyi5th in the weevil infested district every square is destroyed as fast as formed I THE QUESTION OF RKMEDIESlFORTHE BOLE WEEVIL INo really satisfactory remedy has been found for the pest The fact that the insect feeds very little except in the larval stage and the fact that this stage is entirely protected within the square or boll makes it impossible to kill the insects by the application of arsenical poisons to the plants The first brood which appears in the springfrom winter quarters feeds to some extent upon the young cottonplants and some of them can be killed by applying poison at this time The adult insect has a hard and horny covering making it impracticable to destroy it by contact insecticides However the government entomologists who have experi mented against this pest extensively the past few years in Texas have found several means by which the ravages of the pest can be reduced and a profitreturning crop made in spite of the weevil These measures are all simple and can be ap plied by any farmer In the first place no topcrop can ever be made in a weevilinfested district If cattle and mules are turned into the cotton fields three or four weeks before the first autumn frosts and are allowed to eat off the young squares and forms a large number of weevils and larvae will be de stroyed and a much smaller number will be left to go into win ter quarters During the winter a large number of these wee vils are destroyed through natural agencies so that the follow ing spring they will be quite scarce Fromwhat has been said46S GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE above the reader will note that these few remaining will not become seriously abundant until July or August An early variety of cotton should therefore be plantedas early as pos sibleand rushed to early maturity by frequent and early cul tivations This will enable the plants to set a good percentage of bolls before the weevils become abundant enoughto destroy all the squares These bollsset early in the seasonwill constitute the crop and the only crop that will be secured We mentioned above the fact that the squares containing wee vil eggs fall from the plants soon after these eggs hatch Now if these fallen squares be kept gathered up from the ground and burned the succeeding broods of the weevil will be reduced in numbers During midsummer the sun is ofttimes hot enough to kill the larvae in these fallen squares as they lie on the ground provided they are not shaded by the cottonplants For this reason the rows should be planted well apart and plants far apart in the rows The rows should run also east and west instead of north and south in order that as much di rect sunlight as possible may reach the ground about the cot ton plants This method of planting should be adopted by every cotton planter even though no weevils are present for these methods also reduce the damage done by the boll worm and cotton caterpillar insects which appear every year in greater or less numbers We do not here propose to discuss in detail the various ways of combating the weevil as the pest has not yet been found in Georgia The above is given as showing in what direction repressive measures must be taken when this pest ultimately appears in Georgia The boll weevil in its natural spread ty flight probably could not reach Georgia for several years but unfortunately the insect may be at any time introduced in shipments of cot tonseed or baled hay or even baled cotton from the infested districts of Texas or Louisiana Every farmer in Georgia should closely watch his cotton during the growing season and whenever he finds any new or unusual insect upon his cotton should send samples of it to the State Entomologist Atlanta Ga for determination The latter party will at all times take pleasure in answering inqui ries of this kind and always free of charge If the first occur rence of the weevil can be detected as soon as it appears and before it has a chance to spread over any considerable area itBULLETIN NO 41 469 may be possible by drastic measures to stamp it out right there and prevent losses of many thousands of dollars Once it ob tains a good start however there will be no such a thing as extermination Because remedial measures have been men tioned above the reader should not conchide that the weevil can be circumvented or that as good crops can be made when it is present No matter what measures may be employed or remedies used the cotton crop is certain to be severely cut down by the weevil Then too many remedial measures are expen sive aud their cost must be deducted from the profits of the crop We know full well that the first appearance of the boll wee vil is likely to be around cottonmills oilmills lumber camps and along newly constructed lines of railway because it is at such places that most important agricultural products from Texas are used THE WORK OF THE STATE BOARD OF ENTOMOLOGY AND THE GEORGIA QUARANTINE LAW The last State Legislature of Georgia was fully alive to the danger which threatens the cotton interests of Georgia through the possible introduction of this pest An Act of the General Assembly approved August 15 1904 provides quarantine measures against this insect by placing restrictions upon the shipment of a number of agricultural products from Texas and Louisiana to Georgia points The main text of these quar antine regulations are given below in Sections 16 and 17 of the Act cited The Legislature also made a special appropriation of 2000 immediately available to be used for the purpose of disseminating information regarding the boll weevil among the planters of Georgia for enforcing the quarantine regulations and for a systematic investigation with a view to determining whether this pest has already obtained a foothold in the State The Department of Entomology has in course of preparation at the present time a bulletin describing and illustrating the boll weevil its mode of work and a description and illustration of common insects closely resembling the weevil and which are often mistaken for it This bulletin will be distributed among the farmers of the State in order that they may be fa miliar with the appearance of the insect and be better prepared to keep a close lookout for it All reported occurrences of the weevil in Georgia are being470 GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE carefully investigated by the State Entomologist and fields ire localities where Texas cottonseed or cotton have been received within recent years are being carefully examined It is now fully realized that the boll weevil was introduced into Texas from Mexico in seedcotton or in cottonseed and many of the isolated outbreaks of the weevil in North Texas can be traced directly to shipments of agricultural produce from the infested sections While as yet there is no authentic record of the weevil occurring east of the Mississippi river still it must be borne in mind that no systematic effort has been made to determine this point The farmers in the region east of the Mississippi have had no actual experience with the past and even should the weevil occur in isolated outbreaks the average farmer is likely to ascribe the damage to some other cause On the other hand the entomologists in these States who are thoroughly familiar with the insect have not heretofore been provided with the time or money for making the necessary in vestigations and for keeping a close lookout for the pest The new Georgia law is being placed in operation with all possible dispatch and it is confidently expected that all the main dangers of introducing the boll weevil into Georgia will be eliminated Within a year also the department fully ex pects to have thoroughly investigated all of the many reported occurrences of this insect in the State The following sections are taken from an Act of the General Assembly of the State of Georgia approved August 15 1904 and give in detail the quarantine measures now in effect against the boll weevil Section 15 It shall be unlawful for any person to know ingly bring into the State of Georgia any living Mexican boll weevil or any cottonbolls squares plants or seeds containing the adult pupal larval or eggstage of said Mexican boll wee vil unless the person shall immediately upon its discovery at once destroy the same or turn over the same to the State Ento mologist Violation of this section shall be punished as pro vided by Section 1039 of the Penal Code of Georgia of 1895 Section 16 No cotton seed seedcotton cottonseedhulls or cottonlint in bales or loose shall be brought into this State from any points in the States of Texas and Louisiana or from any other point in any other State or country wherein the Mexi can boll weevil is known to exist without having attached thereto in a prominent and conspicuous manner a certificate signed by a duly authorized State or governmental Entomolo gist stating that said cottonseed seedcotton cottonseedhullsBULLETIN NO 41 471 or cottonlint was grown in and that the shipment of same originated in a locality where by actual inspection by said of ficial or his agent the Mexican boll weevil was not found to exist Any steamship railroad or express company or other common carrier or any firm person or corporation bringing into this State any of the articles above mentioned without the specified certificate attached shall be deemed guilty of a mis demeanor In case any common carrier enumerated violates this section then the general manager of such common carrier or the captain of such offending vessel shall be deemed guilty and upon conviction shall be punished as provided by Section 1039 of the Penal Code of Georgia of 1895 Section 17 No oats hay fodder husks straw forage of any kind corn in the husk or shipments of nursery stock fur niture glassware machinery or supplies of any description which are packed or partially packed in or with straw hay husks grass leaves moss or other material originating upon farms or plantations shall be shipped into this State from points in Texas and Louisiana or any other State or country in which the Mexican boll weevil is known to exist without having at tached thereto in a conspicuous manner the certificate provided for in Section 16472 GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE COMMON INSECTS AFFECTING THE APPLE By E I SMITH Assistant State Entomologist Applegrowing in Georgia at the present time represents only a small per cent of the fruit industry of the State Other fruits such as peach pear and plum have been considered as better adapted to this climate In South Georgia we find only a few appletrees planted and these principally for family use in Middle Georgia apples are grown somewhat extensively while in North Georgia an apple orchard of commercial size is not an uncommon sight It is true however that nearly every one having a family orchard attempts to grow a few apple trees in fact a family orchard in its true sense would not be complete without a few choice varieties of apples For this and other reasons it may not be out of place at this time to mention a few of the insects that are most liable to interfere with successful and profitable applegrowing The fact that one may see standing at the present time apple treesparticu larly in North Georgiaso old that the oldest inhabitants can not tell when they were planted would indicate that the apple grows naturally in this climate and that it might be developed into an important part of Georgias fruit industry The commercial applegrower will find that his trees must be protected from insects and that they will need as much at tention as any other class of fruit Those who grow only a few trees will also find it advisable to watch out for insects in order to secure the best quality of fruit The complete list of insects which may at times prey upon the growing appletrees and on the fruit is a very long one In this paper only four of the most injurious will be considered as it would occupy too much space to mention all of even the common apple insects THE WOOLLY APHIS Schizoneura lanigera This little insect belongs to the same family as the plantlice which infest the buds and leaves and differs principally in that it secretes a white cottony substance about the body and in fests asa rule the roots of the tree Its presence on the roots will be indicated by cottony masses under which if examined closely may be found the pinkishbrown bodies of the lice ByBULLETIN NO 41 473 feeding on the roots they cause abnormal swellings or galls the tissue of which soon dies and the result is that most of the roots are destroyed and the tree from losing its main support is liable to be blown over by a high wind Besides the root form of the woolly aphis there is an aerial form which infests the trunk and limbs but the injury is not great This form feeds in cracks old cuts or bruised places on the tree and on account of their white appearance may be readily seen The damage done is mainly a killing of the bark at the point of contact They may be readily destroyed by spraying with strong whaleoil soap solution one pound to the gallon of water with kerosene emulsion or with some tobacco decoction such as Rose Leaf Tobacco Extract or a tobaccowater made by boiling three pounds of tobaccostems in five gallons of water for three hours I believe that the aerial form is more of an advantage than otherwise as it serves to give warning of the more serious injury occurring on the roots A tree infected at the root with woolly aphis usually presents a sickly appear ance a yellowish foliage with a noticeable scarcity of leaves The aphids in this climate live through the winter ashi bernating agamic females and commence to multiply rapidly at the approach of warm weather Later in the season winged individuals are developed which fly to other trees and start new colonies The remedy is easy to apply but its efficiency depends upon starting when the aphids first appear and while the trees are young Tobaccodust seems to be an effective remedy this has been used with gratifying success in Ohio To apply to four to fiveyearold trees remove the soil about two to three feet on each side of the tree to a depth of three to four inches and in this opening sprinkle about five pounds of fine tobacco dust and then replace the dirt Larger quantities may be used on large trees Other remedies such as boiling hot water pot ash soap ashes etc have been tried but with only moderate success The tobacco remedy should be applied in the spring as soon as the ground is settled and its thorough success de pends on starting before the trees get old and badly injured BORERS Another common injury to apple trees is caused by borers in the main trunk near the surface of the ground There are two borers that may cause serious damage the roundheaded and rhe flatheaded borers These names are applied to distinguish474 GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE the borers and as the names imply one is nearly cylindrical with a head about the same size as the body whilethe other has a flattened head very broad compared to the width of the body There is also a difference in the life history of the two which should be understood in order to successfully combat them THE ROUNDHEADED BORER Saperda Candida The adult roundheaded borer is a beautiful beetle about threequarters of an inch in length of a pale brownishvellow color above with two broad creamy white stripes running the entire length of the body These beetles appear during May and June and the females soon commence to deposit eas in cracks or minute crevices made by the beetles at or near the base of the tree These eggs hatch in about two weeks into minute worms which immediately bore through the bark and commence to feed on the sapwood For the first year they con fane themselves to the sapwood making a diskshaped burrow about the size of a silver dollar Unless several are present in ADAiree e mJmJ Wil1 n0t be very noticeable the first season At the close of the first season the larva or borer which is as yet only halfgrown goes to the lowest part of the burrow and remains quiet during the winter The second year of the bo rer s life is passed in the sapwood but it does not confine its work to a small area but may go around a small tree cbm pletely girdling it Where more than one borer is present in a a tree this is often the result The second winter is also passed m the lowest part of the burrow Three years are required for the borer to attain full size The third season of a borers ex istence finds him boring into the heart of the wocd and in the case of a small tree the channel may extend nearly or quite to he opposite side The borer attains its full development the third year and after boring into the heart of the tree the chan nel through which it entered is closed with sawdust like cast gLa noter opening is gnawed out through which the adult beetle will escape the following spring In this latter channel the larva passes the third aud last winter of its life and in the spring the complete change to adult takes place and there emerges the beautiful beetle already described ready to deposit eggs for the next generationBULLETIN NO 41 475 When a borer is present in a tree the only remedy is to dig him out with a sharp knife This should be done during Au gust and September Knowing the life history it is evident that borers should be removed every year in order to get them while still in the first seasons development If any have gone into the heart of the tree a wire may be thrust in and worked around in the opening When examining the trees for borers look for discolored patches of bark which if pressed with the anger will be found hollow underneath Oftentimes there will be an exudation of sap with some of the sawdust intermingled showing that the larva is working underneath The sap or gum however does not often come out in great quantities as with the peachtree borer Besides apple the roundheaded borer may also infest pear quince juneberry native crabs ash and probably other trees THE FEATHEADED BORER Chrysobothrisfemorata j The adult flatheaded borer is a beetle about onehalf inch in length body flattened and oblong tapering somewhat toward the posterior end The color is greenish black with bronze reflections the legs shine like burnished gold and the feet are shining green About the life history of the flatheaded borer but little need be said only that it is supposed to complete its transformation in a single year From eggs that are laid this summer adult beetles will develop to emerge next spring The remedy is the same as for the roundheaded borer and should be attended to at the same time i e August and September Aside from the knife remedy the trees may be protected by a coat of whitewash or a thick alkali soap solution A still better plan would be to wrap the trees to a height of eighteen inches with thick brown paper tied firmly and pressed into the cracks so that no insect can crawl up underneath Dirt should be piled around the lower end of the band Whitewash may be applied above the band Whatever is used as a protection must be applied as early as May 1st to be thoroughly effective If paper is used it may be removed after the 1st of August This exterior covering of the trunk serves only to discourage the female in the deposition of eggs476 GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE THE CORDING MOTH Carpocapsa pomonella Ti7TSS is ne f the enemies that has come to us from the Old World and has now spread to nearly all parts of the United States where apples are grown A large per cent of the wormy apples are caused by the larva of this moth The adult moth is a most beautiful insect but on account of its small size is seldom seen The moth appears in the spring about the time the appletrees are in bloom and eggs are de posited on the young apples usually close to the blossom end lie eggs hatch in from four to ten days into minute worms There are a variety of opinions as to how the little larva first enters the apple but it is known that a majority crawl into the blossom and then burrow into the flesh of the apple Many of the infested apples drop before attaining half size and if so the larva continue to feed in the fallen apples until grown when they burrow out and spin cocoons in some protected place under loose bark or m some rubbish Frequently the infested apple will not drop and then the larva when full grown crawls out and down the trunk until it finds a suitable place to spin a co coon Knowledge of this habit is important when looking for some remedy or means of control Remedies Spraying with some arsenical poison has proved to be profit able but this must be done at the proper time or it will be of littleservice This time is just after the petals have fallen while the calyx end of the apple is wide open At this time also it will be noticed that the apples all stand erect in such a way that a drop of water or spray mixture will be held as in a cup Thus the first meal that the little larva gets will be a poisoned one and as most of the larvae enter the blossom end they will never live to enter the apple This poison spray is best ap plied in the form of Bordeaux mixture 4650 i e 4 pounds oi Milestone and 6 pounds of quicklime in 50 gallons of water with the addition of 6 ounces paris green to each barrel of Bordeaux The Bordeaux sticks better than paris green water and also acts as a fungicide and hence is of double value Taking advantage of the habit of the larva after leaving the apple of crawling down the trunk to find a sheltered place in which to spin cocoons we have a simple method of trapping theBULLETIN NO 41 47 T larvae by putting bands around the tree For this purpose strips of burlap old sacks or brown paper may be used These bands should be four or five inches wide and held in place by stout twine Place one band on the trunk and one on each main limb These bands should be put in place within three weeks after the blooming period and examined every ten days and the larvse or pupae in the cocoons destroyed The cocoons will be readily found as they are white in color although only half inch long The bands must be examined at least every ten days or some adults may escape and this is just what we wish to prevent478 GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE CROP REPORTS We have selected for this compilation two specimen crop re ports MAY CROP REPORT ISSUED JUNE 15 I9O3 The crop report of the Georgia Department of Agriculture issued June 15 1903 shows the acreage of the principal crops and their condition and prospects up to June 1st as near as can be ascertained from the answers to 1500 letters sent out in May to reliable persons in different sections of every county in Georgia these answers being returned the 1st and 5th of June As is well known the cool weather rains and very late spring so retarded planting that every crop was late Just so soon as the weather permitted the farmers with energy and pluck so characteristic of the people of our State went to work with a determined effort to offset by diligent labor the backwardness of the season which was late from ten to thirty days varying in different sections The greater part of May was very favorable and to some extent counteracted the unfavorable conditions which at first prevailed The last ten days have been so wet as to set the crop back again somewhat but favorable weather from now on may yet crown the labor of our farmers with abundant harvests As will be noticed from the details which follow this is the most exhaustive report that we have sent out from this depart ment Answers were received to a large majority of the circulars sent out averaging from five to fourteen from each county After making a careful tabulation and accurate average of nearly sixty thousand answers to questions sent out from this depart ment we submit the following result CORN Acreage compared to last year Condition and prospect Southern section J4 gEMSg Average for State 99 87 M days late Acreage for State June 14 1902 84 per cent condition and prospect for State 1902 yy per centCROP REPORTS 1903 479 OATS Condlti n and Per cent of erop now Acreage compared to last year Prospect standing sown last fall Northern section89 percent 91 percent 25 per cent Middle section 95 98 63 Southern section 101 91 61 Average for State 95 93 Acreage for State June 14 1902 84 per cent for State 1902 77 per cent WHEAT Condition and prospect Condition and prospect Acreage compared to last year compared to last year compared to anaverage Northern section97 percent 91 percent 82 percent Middle section 92 89 82 Southern section 81 94 87 Average for State 90 91 83 Acreage for State June 14 1902 87 per cent condition and prospect June 14 1902 69 per cent COTTON Per cent of acreage Per cent of condition Per cent of amount of f ertiliz compared to 1902 and prospect er used on cotton as compared Northern sectionl04 per cent Planted 14 days late 86 pr ct 102 Der cent Middle section102 Planted 17 days late 82 pr ct 106 Southernsectionl03 Planted 15 days late 82 pr ct 106 Average for State 103 Planted 15 days late 83 pr ct 105 Acreage for State June 14 1902 96 per cent condition and prospect for State June 14 1902 100 per cent Of the fertil izer used on cotton in 1903 the commercial fertilizer was 86 per cent the homeraised manure 14 per cent SUGARCANE Average per cent compared to last year Per cent of stand compared to an average Northern section 9U per cent 95 per cent Middle section 92 91 Southern section 75 111 Average for State 88 99 Acreage for State June 14 1902 91 per cent condition and prospect 1902 96 per cent RICE Average in low land rice compared to last Average in upland rice Condition and year compared to last year prospect Northern section 100 per cent 100 per cent 70 per cent Middle section 95 91 95 Southern section 89 90 91 Average for State94 94 85 Average forState June 141902 87 90 93480 GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE SORGHUM Area compared to last year Northern section 97 per cent Middle section 101 Southern section 103 Condition and prospect compared to last year 98 per cent 05 94 Average for State 100 96 Average for State June 14 1902 Acreage 99 per cent condi tion and prospect 96 per cent CEOVER AND GRASSES Area compared to last year Condition and prospect compared to last year Northern section 9S per cent 101 per cent Middle section 102 103 Southern section 95 71 Average for State 95 91 Average for State June 14 1902 Acreage 102 per cent condi tion and prospect 97 per cent FRUIT Peaches Per cent of full crop now indicated Northern section 20 percent Middle section 30 Southern section 38 Apples Pears Grapes 40 percent 37 percent 83 er cent 44 39 90 35 36 87 Average for State 29 40 37 87 The number of peachtrees in commercial orchards is reported as follows 7429000 in the northern section 3047000 in the middle section 6251000 in the Southern section making a grand total of 16727000 Probably not more than 60 per cent of these have reached bearing age The number of apple trees is reported as follows 2032750 in the northern section 81200 in the middle section 200500 in the southern section the total being 2314450 The number of pear trees reported is as fol lows 74500 for the northern section 55300 for the middle section 185000 for the southern section making a total of 314 800 The number of acres reported in vineyards is for the northern section 7272 for the middle section 2767 for the southern section 2217 making a total of 12156 The acres in berries are for the northern section 1612 for the middle sec tion 938 for the southern section 649 being a total of3i99 The amount of berries sold this year as compared to last year is for the northern section 113 per cent for the middle sectionCROP REPORTS 1903 481 101 per cent for the southern section 98 per cent making an average for the whole of 104 per cent Five hundred of the 1500 reports sent out were mailed to the commercial fruitgrow ers of our State STOCK Condition of sheep compared to an average Northern section 95 per cent Middle section Southern section 95 93 Condition of work stock compared to an average 98 per cent 91 93 94 Stock of hogs com pared to last year 91 per cent 91 93 92 Average for State 94 Blindstaggers and cholera are the diseases reported as affect ing stock and most of these diseases are chargeable to damaged western corn The moral is Raise your own corn and hay and remove this complaint s 0 0 10 03 Is B ft ft ft D OS ft CO 0 0 0 is 5 ED bC 03 O 05 Bi be o3 o3 0 fc 0 CrJ 0 a 0 t SH pi 0 Q B c 11 0 W 3 c3 s CLl Wages with board paid full hand u ft c u 0 0 a O Credit price of corn per bushel Corn purchased compared to last year 0 Li 05 ft B 0 a u tJ 0 M W 3 2 03 l0 03 W Northern section Middle section Southern section 86 87 66 79 104 106 104 19 25 38 31 41 39 50 34 23 10 50 9 50 10 80 72 cts 74 cts 80 cts 91 cts 94 cts 101 cts 98 115 106 96 101 103 Average for State 105 28 37 35 10 25t 75 cts 95 cts 106 100 31 a b482 GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE GEORGIA CROP REPORT September 24 1903 The crop report of the Georgia Department of Agriculture is sued September 24 1903 and based on the answers to nearly 1000 letters sent to reliable persons in different sections of every county in the State shows the condition and prospect of our prin cipal crops up to the middle of the current month The report shows a deterioration in the prospects of some of the crops especially cotton Everything was set back by the late spring and when the pros pect seemed good for a rally from the early unfavorable condi tions a longcontinued drouth set in which was at last broken by chilling ams that did much damage especially to cotton Rust also has appeared in some sections and in many in stances the boll worm and caterpillar have made serious inroad Hay and rice that had not been housed suffered considerable damage The present condition and prospect of the various crops as compared to last June is as follows COTTON June 15 Sept 24 srnfion3 c Mddje section82 p c 68 p c Southern section8 J For entire State g ft c It is estimated that the entire crop will be about 19 per cent less than last years crop CORN June 15 Northern section Qr D c Middle section82 p c Southern section 84 p c For entire State 87 p c Sept 24 1903 85 P c 82 p C 90 p c 86 p cCROP REPORTS 1903 483 RICE June 15 Sept 24 1903 1903 Northern section70 p c No rpt Middle section 96 p c 95 p c Southern section91 p c 87 p c For entire State85 p c 91 p c Rice shows a considerable increase SUGARCANE June 15 Sept 24 1903 1903 For entire State96 p c 85 p c The forage crops of the State show a condition and prospect of 85 per cent as compared with 97 per cent on June 15 1903 The condition of live stock for the State shows 93 per cent as compared with 94 per cent last June For sweet potatoes tobacco cowpeas and groundpeas there was no report last June The condition and prospects of these crops on September 24 1903 are reported as follows SWEET POTATOES Northern section75 per cent Middle section80 per cent Southern section82 per cent Fntire State79 per cent TOBACCO Northern section 84 per cent Middle section96 per cent Southern section82 per cent Entire State87 per cent COWPEAS Northern section72 per cent Middle section74 per cent Southern section86 per cent Entire State J per cent GROUNDPEAS Northern section74 per cent Middle section83 per cent Southern section88 per cent Entire State82 per cent Cotton appears to be the greatest sufferer There is a very slim chance for improvement in this crop Corn is doing fairly well and so is sugarcane Corn on bot tom lands is good In some sections poor on uplands Rice seems to be holding its own better than any other crop DATE DUE fisifia ZUftJJXlWTfh t KZAsrxr V F IR1JUEDATE INFORMATION i HECK WAC ounf INGIL mm jgaedu rnpC fta IH1V v MAY ii DEMCO 38297 1