Publications of the Georgia State Department of Agriculture for the year 1893 [vol. 19 (1893)]

PUBLICATIONS
OF THE
GEORGIA STATE
Department of Agriculture
IFOiR THE SrrEIR 1333
Volume XIX
R T NESBITT
COMMISSIONER OF AGRICULTURE
ATLANTA GA
Geo W Harrison State Printer
Franklin Publishing House
6671 Ivy Street
UP u
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f a

PREFACE
This compilation of the publications of the Department of Agriculture
litters from preceding volumes in that those bulletins and circulars the
entire matter in which were embraced in a final report or bulletin have
been omitted and only the final issue inserted These omissions are not
detrimental and repetition only is avoided The last annual edition
which was increased to two thousand volumes was not found beyond the
demand for the work and therefore this number was retained and it was
not thought expedient to return to the former small edition of five hun
dred volumes
The changes made in circulars of the Department which was apparent
through the yearthe introduction of an Inquiry Column the
issuance of a report every month in the year containing matter of interest
in relation to the farm dairy etc has we believe added largely to the
value of the volume as a book of reference and information and we trust
that the contents of the volume are such as will merit its preservation by
those who receive it The proceedings of the Horticultural Society which
we also included will be found worthy of the study of those interested in
fruit culture in GeorgiaINDEX
0
A
Address before the State Agricultural Society 57
A Bad Habit 136
Annual Report 169
Afternoon SessionHorticultural Society205
Apples255
Apricots 258
B
ByLaws 188
Blackberries 266
C
Cheese Making in Georgia 11
Cultural Notes on Potatoes 57
Crop Report for May 81
Cotton Seed Huller89
Crop Report for June 95
Care of the Horses 101
Clover and the Farm 103
Cultivation After Rains 106
Crop Report for July 109
Crop Report for August 123
Crop Report for September 137
Crop Report for October 151
Cotton 170
Chemical Department 173
Commercial Fertilizers 171
ConstitutionHorticultural Society 187
Catalogue Horticultural Society 253
Catalogue of Fruits 253
Cherries 267
D
Disease from Damaged Fodder 37
Diversified Industries 40
District Reports 227
Disposition of Fruit Supply 250VT
INDEX
E
Experiment StationPractical Tests Explained 73
Effect of Nitrogenous Manure 104
Election of OfficersHorticultural Society 241
F
Kami Values 19
Farmers Should be Thankful etc 35
Fruit Culture in North Georgia 47
Fertilizing Formula 105
Fertilizing Wheat 128
Fertilizers 133
Fertilizing for Cotton 145
Figs 26W
G
General Remarks for November 5
General Remarks for December 19
Garden Work for December 38
General Remarks for May 82
Jeneral Remarks for June 95
General Remarks for July 109
General Remarks for August 124
Glanders 130
General Remarks for September 138
Glanders 170
H
Home Owners 39
Home Markets for Home Products 52
How to Prevent Cotton Blight 92
Handling Fowls 107
Herds Grass 132
Heating Manure 133
Honorary MembersHorticultural Society 197
Hastened Energy 240
I
Inquiries 118
Inquiries Relating to the Farm etc 12S
Inert Matter 131
Irish Potatoes 135
Incfuiries Answered 146
Inquiries Answered 157
Items of Interest 162
Inspection of Oils 179
Isothermal Lines 205INDEX
VII
JanuaryPlants for the New Year 28
June Crop Report 95
July Crop Report 109
Japan Persimmons 267
Let Speculation Alone 38
Land Plaster 106
Leached Ashes gg
M
Monthly Talk with the Farmers 3
Monthly Talk with the Farmers 15
Matters of General Interest 23
Monthly Talk with Farmers 28
Monthly Talk with Farmers 40
Monthly Talk with Farmers 53
Monthly Talk with Farmers 66
Monthly Talk with Farmers 84
Monthly Talk of the Commissioner 98
Monthly Talk of the Commissioner Ill
Monthly Talk with the Farmers 125
Melon Root Rot 132
Mulberries 266
N
November 4
Nutmeg Melons 105
Next Place of MeetingHorticultural Society 250
Nectarines 258
Nuts 259
Native Grapes 263
O
One or Two Plain Truths 22
On the Country Road 93
Other Remarks Hg
Oats 43
October Crop Report 152
Opinion and Analyses of State Chemist 179
OfficersHorticultural Society 190

Potash as a Fertilizer 44
Potato Experiments 93
Pasturage 35INDEX
Pig Eating Sow 136
Publications 172
Proceedings of 18th Annual Meeting Georgia Horticultural Society 185
Proceedings 190
President Berckmans Address 200
Peaches 256
Pomegranates 258
Pears 261
Plums 202
Q
Quinces 207
R
Root RotIts Cause and Remedy 132
Report 170
Report of the Chemist 170
Roll of Members of the Georgia Horticultural Society 1893 191
Report of Horticulturist Experiment Station 232
Reports of Special Committees 233
Report of Committee on Vegetable and Floral Display 234
Keport of Committee on Fruit Display 236
Report of Standing Committees on New Fruits 239
Report of Committee on Ornamental and Useful Trees 240
Rates 250
Raspberries 265
S
Suggestions and Information by Agricultural Department 3
Selections Published in Monthly Reports 71
Sheep Raising 134
September Crop Report 137
Spraying for Blight 1 0
Substitutes for Glass Greenhouses 163
Seed 173
Statement 183
Standing CommitteesHorticultural Society 191
Strawberries 265
T
The Effect of Subsoiling 39
The Date Cold Spell 40
The Garden 4
Thoughts on Stock Raising in Georgia 50
The Life History of Cutworms 102
Things that are Told 107
Tomatoes at the Maryland Station 163
Tabulated Statement 64
The Future of Horticulture in Georgia 242INDEX ix
Y
Yellows134
COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS AND CHEMICALS
A
Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers
Averages of Ammoniated Fertilizers 60
Averages of Nonammoniated Fertilizers 61
C
Cotton Seed Meal 14
E
Ellington Bill 12
F
Free Sulphuric Acid in Acid Phosphate etc 9
I
Inferior Kerosene Oils 6
M
Minerals Analyzed 56
N
New Law Governing Inspections 16
Notice of Sales and Consignments 20
P
Paines Nonacid Phosphate 4
Phosphates 54
R
Report of the Chemist 10
Remarks on Ellington Bill 13
Request for Registration 19
T
Tables of Analyses 22
V
Valuations 3SUGGESTIONS AND INFORMATION
BY THE
GEORGIA
DEPARTMENT OF AGNOIM
K T NESBITT
Commissioner of Agriculture
ATLANTA GA
The Franklin Printing and Publishing Company
1893SUGGESTIONS AND INFORMATION
EY THE
Georgia Department of Agriculture
MONTHLY TALK WITH THE FARMERS
NOVEMBER
Department of Agriculture
Atlanta November 1 1892
The month of October on the whole has been most favorable for gath
ering the crops of corn and cotton and the farmers have shown great energy
and care in placing the fleecy staple beyond the reach of injury from un
favorable weather
Throughout the State the yield is the poorest in ten years Today the
fields are almost bare nothing in the plants to mature In other words
the crop is gathered for this season and the results are most unsatisfactory
There has not been in years a season in which the absence of favorable
climate and soil conditions has been more conspicuously marked
Where the proper preparations were made in time and the soil had even
in moderate quantities the requisite elements for plant growth and where
energy and sound judgment have characterized the planting and subse
quent cultivation the yield is notwithstanding adverse seasons fairly
good But where there was late planting light manuring or no manuring
at all and where the cultivation was slow and imperfect the yield is the
poorest I have ever known
The experience of the past twentyfive years should convince every
farmer who was allured by the high prices of cotton directly after the war
into following the onecrop system that an agricultural people never
made a greater mistake than in staking their all on a single issue The
making of these successive crops has cost not only vast sums of borrowed
money but has consumed time and talent and energy and worn out a soil
that once possessed every element for producing in abundance all the
crops suited to our climate and section I have been forcibly indeed pain
fully impressed the past season with the undeniable fact that most of our
surface soil is lost to us forever and even in more favored sections where
the lands are level the manifest decline in both plant growth and yield
are so marked as to cause grave apprehension for the future success of our
agricultureDEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
This depleting wearing out system cannot continue indefinitely the end
must come ere many years roll around and then what are we to do We
have had all the teams and every farm appliance pulling everything down
hill since the war we have nearly reached the bottom and what then
Can you show me any section of the State where the farms have been made
richer and more productive Of course there are individual exceptions
and where you find these exceptions you generally find plenty of
home supplies and prosperity But as a rule the answer to this question
must be unfavorable The truth is our farms are growing poorer with each
succeeding crop We all realize that it is much easier to exhaust and tear
down than to reclaim and build up these old fields But they can be re
claimed and we owe it to ourselves to our children to set about the task
It is estimated that only about five per cent of those engaged in trade
ever accumulate wealth quite a large number succeed in gaining a com
fortable support but many in all occupations from various causes often
from lack of energy or proper business qualifications fail of their object
and these become the chronic grumblers and faultfinders in every com
munity and attribute to bad laws and unfavorable seasons the misfortunes
and disappointments which have fallen to their lot
The successful farmer must be a man of energy and tact wideawake and
ever ready to take on any information regarding his work He is not a
grumbler but bravely meets and grapples with every difficulty in his path
to success He secures pleasure as well as independence from his chosen
occupation He recognizes the fact that the limit of production in this
country has never been reachedthat we are years behind the farmers of
many European countries These people from necessity their dense pop
ulation forcing them to the most extraordinary efforts to gain a livelihood
have learned to exercise the greatest care in saving every element of plant
food in concentrating their work in adopting the most advanced and in
telligent systems of farming They have learned theleseon which we are
just beginning to studythat is how to reap the largest and most profitable
yield from the smallest area These thoughtful busy workers are demon
strating that even under continuous cultivation lands can be worked at a
profit and at the same time kept up to a high degree of productiveness
To realize the utter absurdity and hopelessness of continuing to cultivate
land in the same crop without rest or change one needs only to ride over
this State and examine the yield on those fields which have been devoted
to cotton year after year To a thoughtful mind the sight is a most de
pressing one
We generally occupy the position which we make for ourselves and we
cannot reasonably hope to fill a higher one The farmer who allows his
lands to rundown year after and then expects to realize an independence
from them is making the grand mistake of his life It is the man and not
the farm that determines its value It is true that there is a difference in
location climate and nature of soil but there is a wider difference in the
men who use these conditions Professor Brewer well illustrates this idea
by a case which came under his own observation A neighbor bought a
farm for 20 an acre He so improved it that in three years he was offeredSUGGESTIONS AND INFORMATIONNOVEMBER
5
300 an acre for it At his death it sold for 250 an acre In a few years
the purchaser sold it for 100 an acre to a man who finally disposed of it
for 12 an acre
In our favored climate nature holds out to us every encouragement Let
us read and think for ourselves Let us emulate the example of our more
progressive and successful neighbor There is plenty of room at the top
of the ladder only crowding and disappointment at the bottom Let us
struggle higher up where comfort and abundance await us
R T Nesbitt Commissioner
GENERAL REMARKS
Since the October report was issued we have had plenty of sunshine and
warm weather for harvesting crops over nearly the entire State Farmers
have availed themselves of the fine opportunity and gathering has pro
gressed rapidly In the southern portion of the State cotton picking is far
advanced and with a few more weeks of fine weather the entire crop will
be gathered In Middle Georgia cotton is nearly all opened and picked and
in Northern Georgia much of the crop is out Corn gathering and the
housing of peas has continued rapidly through the fine weather and a
great part of the work is completed
COTTON
While the fine weather has been favorable to cotton picking yet the en
tire absence of moisture has not been without its injurious effects With
occasional showers the small top crop would have matured whereas by
the dry warm weather small bolls have been forced open prematurely
The lint from such bolls is very tight and in ginning goes largely to motes
From a careful consideration of reports and personal observation of the con
dition of the crop in a part of the State we feel safe in saying
that the crop for this year will not be more than sixtyfive per cent
of that of last year These figures take into consideration not only the
small yield per acre but also the reduction in acreage
CORN
The corn crop of this year is the largest made in the State for a number
of years While the crop of last year probably in the northern part of the
State exceeded in the yield per acre yet considering the increased acreage
and the yield in other portions of the State the department regards this as
the largest crop during the past decade
GRAIN
The sowing of wheat and oats lias been retarded by the dry weather but
we trust that the farmers will put in larger crops of small grain than here
tofore The fall is the proper time to begin to prepare for a decreased
acreage in cotton and for bringing up land by diversified farming Let
those who have undertaken to renovate their lands and to make their
farms selfsustaining continue in their efforts in this the right direction
The advance made in the price of cotton leads to the hope of higher pricesDEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
but let it be always remembered that if a better price is to be obtained that
the acreage must be reduced aud the size of the crop diminished Over
production will always result in a depression of the market and living
prices cannot be expected where a surplus remains on hand
WORK OF THE DEPARTMENT
Perhaps more than any other Department of State the Agricultural De
partment has been confronted with opposition In many instances this
opposition grows out of the fact that the work of the department is not
thoroughly understood in other cases out of the idea that supported by
taxation the expenditures exceed the benefits conferred on the people It
is true that a part of the fund that supports this department is derived
from the general fund but such is only the case because a great part of the
fees collected through the agency of the department go to the school fund
In the bieinial report of the department to the governor the gratifying
result was shown that the fees collected from inspections that came under
the supervision of the department were more than ample to meet every ex
penditure for the entire department in all its branches with a balance in
favor of the State of over 3000 The season from which these figures were
taken was an unusually small one as regards the business done in com
mercial fertilizers and it is a conservative estimate to place the amount that
will be usually derived above all expenditures at S10000 During 189192
the change in the law in regard to the fees of inspectors of oils was not in
full force and an increase from this source can be reasonably expected
SUPERVISION OF INSPECTION
Two classes of inspection are under the direct control aud supervision of
the department and the benefits derived from these inspections perhaps
present the work of the department in its most tangible form The in
spection and analysis of fertilizers we regard as of the most vital impor
tance to the farmers for whose benefit the department was especially created
The history of the fertilizer business prior to the inspection system shows
its immense benefits In the courts of nearly every country where ferti
lizers were used were found cases where farmers deriving no benefit from
the goods purchased were contesting at a great disadvantage the worth of
the goods
The following from the report of the commissioner to the governor gives
briefly the law on the subject of fertilizer inspection with some other
matters of importance to the department
THE INSPECTION OF FERTILIZERS
The imperative necessity for laws governing the inspection of fertilizers
hasbeen recognized by the legislative bodies of nearly all the States The first
law passed on this subject in Georgia was in 1868 Being of an experi
mental character it was inadequate to protest against various frauds that
might be sought to be perpetrated and so framed that the subsequent large
business that developed would have afforded immense revenue to the offi
cials executing the law Under thislaw the inspector or party drawing the
sample was at the same time the chemist making the analysis It was theSUGGESTIONS AND INFORMATIONNOVEMBER
duty of these officers when requested to inspect fertilizers at any point
within the State and to furnish certificates of such inspection It made it
unlawful for any person to sell fertilizers without such certificate of inspec
tion for making which the inspector received fifty cents a ton The act
creating this system provided for no general supervision of the work of the
inspectors each being an independent officer in that section of the State
in which he was located Xaturally therefore when the act of 1874 cre
ating the Dspartment of Agriculture was passed the head of this de
partment was placed in charge of all inspections The use of fertilizers
rapidly increasing the necessity for a change in the law became apparent
and to meet this the act of 1877 was passed Could this law have been so
executed as to have each shipment inspected the protection would have
been ample but the consumption became so large that inspections in bulk
were made to facilitate business These inspections afforded no sufficient
protection as the goods remaining in the hands of the manufacturer after
the sample was drawn were subject to subsequent adulteration and manip
ulation in which event the analysis of the sample would not represent the
goods sold Recognizing this when I came into office I endeavored to avoid
this class of inspections by passing an order directing all inspections to be
made after the goods were sacked and ready for shipment With the force
at the command of the department it was found impossible to make all in
spections in this way and that inspections in bulk were unavoidable that
the business might be conducted without delay Realizing the insuffi
ciency of these inspections I presented a bill to to the last General As
sembly which made a radical change in the system This bill became the
law and does I believe furnish a perfect protection against any ordinary
effort to place spurious goods on the market and renders any class of fraud
almost certain of detection Already under its operation honest errors
made by manufacturers in sacking goods have been discovered and the
mistakes rectified to the advantage of the farmers
The provisions of the new law are such that the manufacturer or dealer
who sells goods b3low the State standard places himself in danger of ren
dering void all transactions for the year and of having the State prohibit
subsequent sales The opportunities and chances for detection are so
great that no dealer or manufacturer would risk the great loss entailed by
discovery of illegitimate sales for the sake of the benefits that would be
derived from fraudulent transactions That act totally abolishes all inspec
tions in bulk and all inspections are made after the goods leave the hands
of the manufacturer or dealer Briefly stated it provides that all manufact
urers or dealers must register the guaranteed analysis of the brand of a fer
tilizer they sell or propose to offer for sale This guarantee is placed on
record in the office and is also branded on the sack that purchasers may
ascertain without difficulty the standard up to which the goods must come
In order to maintain a high standard the law also requires all ammoniated
goods to contain two per cent of ammonia with a total of eight per cent
of available phosphoric acid and potash To give further protection and
to better enable purchasers by name and without reference to the guarantee
to know something of the goods purchased I passed an order under the8
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
power conferred by the bill requiring all fertilizers offered for registration
inspection or sale branded as either of the following Arximoniated Super
phosphate Ammoniated Dissolved Bone Ammoniated Guano Guano
Fertilizer or in other words implying that the same is an ammoniated
superphosphate The guaranteed analysis must claim that it contains not
less than two per cent of ammonia actual or potential
After registration the manufacturer or dealer may order as many tags as
he sees proper specifying upon what brand or brands they are to be used
These tags are now more properly speaking registration tags as they do
not signify that the fertilizer has been actually sampled but only that the
conditions precedent to selling or offering for sale have been complied with
When the sales are made it is the duty of the manufacturer to notify the
department of the number of tons the name of the consignee and where
shipped A failure on the part of the manufacturers to comply with these
conditions renders the sale absolutely void The inspectors are directed
where to make inspections as each sale is recorded in the office They are
also sent out on general trips through the territory assigned them taking
samples wherever found and reporting to the department the name of the
brands with the guaranteed analysis found on the sack While samples
are not taken from every shipment the fact that a large number aredrawn
in every part of the State and the inability of the manufacturer to tell
from what samples analysis will be made upon which depends his future
business in the State and his collections furnishes we believe a perfect
safeguard
In regard to the price of fertilizers in the State it is gratifying to report
that our farmers are able to purchase at as small cost as in any State in the
Union Our tonnage tax is so low as not to be considered in making the
selling price which was not the case while the tax remained at fifty cents
per ton While the tax is only ten cents per ton it will be seen by the
receipts from this source that a sufficient sum is raised to maintain the
entire inspection system and without taxation protect our farmers from
many frauds and impositions Did the manufacturers add ten cents to
every ton of goods sold which they do not the farmer could well afford to
pay this small fee to insure him against adulterated and spurious goodsi
and secure for him a service that would otherwise cost him from ten to
fifteen dollars So firmly am I convinced of the necessity of a thorougli
system of inspection that were it necessary to support it by general taxation
I believe the State would be compensated by the amount saved from bur
densome litigation that would result did no such system exist However
the present tonnage tax has proven far better than any other method and
supporting itself adds several thousand dollars annually to the school fund
of the State
GLANDERS
As your Excellency is aware through the Executive Department and
direct to this department many complaints have been made by letter and
in cases of alarm by telegram of glanders among stock in the State Our
laws make no provision for such cases and through your Excellency I
would respectfully call the attention of the General Assembly to the necesSUGGESTIONS AND INFORMATIONNOVEMBER
sity of providing some means to suppress and prevent the spread of this
loathsome disease without deeming it proper in this report to suggest the
method When it has been within the power of the department without
too great an expenditure cases have been investigated but with no power
to act beyond the investigation and with no means at the command of the
department except what has been saved from the general fund appropriated
to the department by economy in other directions I feel that the depart
ment is unequipped to handle the matter and to prevent the spread of the
disease now in its infancy and in case of an emergency to do what would
be necessary to prevent a disastrousdestruction of our stock So far a
willingness on the part of those who own diseased animals to destroy them
for the benefit of the community has been shown but should the owner
of one affected animal conclude not to permit it to be killed it is difficult
to say to what extent the disease might spread
At the last session of the General Assembly Mr Chappell from Laurens
county introduced a bill providing for compensation when glandered stock
was killed but that measure did not meet with the approval of a majority
of the house and failed to pass Competent veterinarian surgeons are of the
opinion that nearly if not all the cases found in the State are brought in by
Texas stock and maintaining tbis view a number of States have enacted
quarantine regulations against such stock requiring its inspection The
fact that this disease not only destroys stock but also endangers human
life to my mind furnishes sufficient argument why legislative action of
some character should be taken Again chronic cases of glanders may re
main in a community for months spreading many cases of the disease in
its acute form without its source being discovered Such conditions evi
dently demand an investigation by a surgeon who thoroughly understands
his work
EXPERIMENT STATION
In many quarters complaints have been made against the station on the
ground that the expenditures were too great for the amount of good done
These complaints are generally based on the supposition that the fund that
supports the station is appropriated by the State when in fact it is derived
from the general government and it does not appear to me reasonable
that any part of our people should wish not to receive or permit the
farmers to recpive the benefit from an appropriation made by the United
States As required by law the essential part of the work of the station
has been reproduced in the reports of this department That many of
these experiments are valuable there can be no doubt if the results of
systematic culture and fertilization of various characters are of any benefit
to the farmer That many are unable to avail themselves of the benefit of
the experiment is doubtless true but the lessons taught remain the same
Toe Commissioner of Agriculture is exofficio chairman of the Board of
Directors of the station The board which is appointed by your excel
lency is made up of successful farmers from each congressional district in
the State The efforts of these gentlemen have been to make the station
beneficial to every class of farmers and to illustrate to our farmers what
can be done in certain branches of agriculture As the head of the departIO DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
merit my voice in the affairs of the station is only imperative in case of a
disagreement resulting iu a tie between the other directors but the present
policy of conducting the station has been agreed upon after general con
sultation among the directors The establishment of a dairy and the
experiments in tobacco I especially advocated as tending to show the
capabilities of Georgia outside of our previous agricultural policy The
line now being pursued will I believe result in great benefit and I hope
our farmers will endeavor to profit by the experience of the farm estab
lished for their benefit
A word in this report as to the way in which the station was established
may not be amiss The land was donated by the people of Spalding
county and the State has appropriated 315000 expended principally for
improvements of a permanent character as the government permits only
a small portion of its annual appropriation to be used for that purpose
The ten thousand dollars came out of the fees arising from the inspection
of fertilizers and so was no addition to the general tax The station is
operated and maintained by 815000 annually set aside by congress for that
purpose
INSPECTION OF OILS
The change in the law in regird to the fees of oil inspectors furnishes a
source of revenue from these inspections The object of the law is to pre
vent the sale of oil and other explosive substances of so low a grade that
life and property would be endaugered In addition to this the depart
ment has been able to secure oil of a better burning quality where poor oil
has been shipped into the State
SEED
The object and aim of the department in sending out seed is not as some
suppose simply to furnish seed for ordinary farm and garden purposes
but to encourage the use of well selected seed test the value of differ
ent varieties direct the attention of the farmers to other branches of agri
culture so that whether certain crops can be grown profitably can be
ascertained and to introduce seed that have been tested and found of
superior value
LITERATURE
The reports sent out by the department are to give the farmers informa
tion not only oil the condition of the crops and the prospective yield but
also such information as will be useful on the farm the department
endeavors to make these reports timely and we would be glad to receive
from farmers succinct reports of experiments or unusual results obtained
by certain methods of cultivation
At any and all times the department is willing to give any information at
its command or communicate with the department at Washington when
necessary to ascertain auy mitter about which there may be an inquiry
It is our desire to make the department beneficial to the farmers outside
of the supervisions of inspections and by every means at our command
to advance practical agriculture In this work we ask the cooperation
and support of the farmers of the StateSUGGESTIONS AND INFORMATIONNOVEMBER I I
CHEESEMAKING IN GEORGIA
BY HON R T NESBITT COMMISSIONER OF AGRICULTURE OF GEORGIA
From the Southern Cultivator
On a recent visit to Griffin while attending the meeting of the Board of
Directors of the Experiment Station I was very much interested in exam
ining into the details of the cheesemaking experiment now being tried
there This industry has never been thoroughly tested in Georgia In
deed it has been supposed heretofore that the difficulties climatic and
otherwise here surrounding successful and profitable cheesemaking were
too numerous to be easily overcome But a careful review of these diffi
culties and a somewhat extended study of the farm experiment has con
vinced me that the beginning of this industry will open another source of
income to our farmers and its benefits will be felt not only in the actual
cash it may bring in but in the improvement of our stock and lands as
well The establishment of cheese factories and creameries in every
neighborhood where they can be supported means a steady and reliable
market for milk much of which is now wasted It also means more and
better stock and in the natural consequence of farm economy there fol
lows more green crops more and better home manure and crowning
advantage of all improved and improving lands
The arrangements for a cheese factory unlike some other of the smaller in
dustries do not require any considerable outlay of capital and while neat
ness and care are essential the conditions are such that cheese of excellent
quality can be successfully made at far less risk than where the milk is sent
any distance to market or where butter is the product In the first case
that is where the milk is marketed at any distance there is the danger of
souring particularly in midsummer In the second that is where the
product is to be butter the variations of the cream as to quality and quan
tity owing sometimes to weather conditions or other circumstances
equally beyond control often cause disappointment In keeping cows for
cheesemaking the factory being established the farmer sells milk at so
much the pound which is returned to him either in money or cheese The
price is fixed the market is at his door his only care is to produce the
milk in sufficient quantities to pay him for the outlay This being done
he has not only added to his income but has another wholesome and nu
tritious item among his family supplies In almost every thickly settled
neighborhood one of these factories might be started on the cooperative
plan several farmers combining and one of their number thoroughly
posting himself in all the necessary details of the work At the experi
ment station the factory is in daily operation and any one wishing in
struction will be welcomed and given every facility for learning the
business There is nothing complicated in the process and any man or
woman of ordinary intelligence can in thirty days learn everything
necessary for carrying on the work To give some idea of the requirements
I quote from some note3 which were kindly furnished me by Captain
Redding the director in response to some questions which I had asked
I also give his letter bearing directly upon this subject12
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
Experiment Ga August 27 1892
lion R T Nesbitt Commissioner of Agricultvre Atlanta On
My Dear SirIn response to yours of the 25th I enclose Notes on
Cheesemaking in Georgia which you may find useful
You may add that the cheese made tbe present summer at the station
dairy has been in great request selling readily at the dairy at fifteen cents
per poundthe whole cheese Wherever it has been tested it has given
satisfaction Mr Wing says that the conditions here in Georgia for cheese
making are more favorable than in Ohio where he has been making cheese
all his life Very truly R J Redding Director
NOTES ON CHEESEMAKING IN GEORGIA
1 Character and cost of building
Any cheap outbuilding or mere shed will answer all purposes for mak
ing cheese It is only necessary to be dry and comfortable for the operator
But the curing room should be tight and close yet capable of ventilation
A good 8x10 pantry or storeroom such as may be found in most well
built farm houses would answer
2 Fixtures machinery etc
A cheese vat consisting of a wooden box lined with tin with a small
furnace underneath a press with one or more sqrews similar to a cider
press screw a few tin cheese hoops of different sizes curd knives strainers
dipper and a thermometer The entire outfit for a dairy of twentyfive
cows will cost less than 100
3 The process of cheesemaking is briefly as follows
The nights milk is kept in a cool place until morning when it is mixed
with the mornings milk and all poured into the cheese vat and beated
up to a temperature of eightyfour degrees A small quantity of prepared
rennet rennetine is then added and the milk is constantly but gently
stirred to prevent the cream from rising until it commences to thicken
In about forty minutes the milk will become solid it curdles you would
call it clabber or sweet curds When the curd has become pretty firm it
is cut into small cubesabout the size and shape of diceby means of the
curd knives which is done in a few moments The heat is then increased
until the curds show a temperature of ninetysix to ninetyeight degrees
by the thermometer This heating is to cause tu pieces of curd to con
tract thereby expelling the whey The whey is then drained away and
is used to feed pigs young calves etc being fattening food
The curd is now salted at the rate of onehalf ounce of salt to the pound
of curd and the latter is enclosed in a press cloth and put into the cheese
hoop and pressed until the whey is all expelled which will be in about
twenty minutes The cheese is now removed from the press hoop the
press cloth removed and the permanent cloth bandage put on and
then returned to the hoops and press where it is pressed with the full force
of the press and screw and a threefoot leverthe firmer the better
The cheese usually remains in the press until next day or say eighteen
hours when it is marked with date of making and placed on a shelf in
the curing room to be turned over every day and rubbed with the handSUGGESTIONS AND INFORMATIONNOVEMBER
13
The curing room should be kept at about the temperature of seventy or
seventyfive degrees by opening wiudows and doors at night and closing
up during the day
The cheese will be ready for use in from three weeks to several months
as may be determined by the maker during the process of making
4 In the south the months of March April May June August Sep
tember and October are the best cheesemaking months but cheese may
be made at any season Usually cheese is made in spring summer and
fall and butter in winter beeause buttermaking requires a cool tempera
ture which cannot be secured in summer without the aid of ice which is
too expensive and inconvenient
5 How to dispose of milk when not made into cheese
It is generally more profitable to sell milk than either butter or cheese
but milk will keep only a few hours and cannot be sent long distances
Therefore the milk market is easily glutted Buttermaking is the better
way unless a large number of cows are kept and the local market not re
liable for milk Generally cheesemaking will be found more profitable
than either when operating with a good sized herd
6 In Georgia nine and onehalf pounds of milk are required to make
one pound of cured cheese
7 As before stated the curds may be manipulated so as to make a long
keeping or short keeping cheesesay from three to four weeks to six
months may intervene between making and marketing according to the
will of the maker
When a cheese becomes ripe or ready for eating and it is desired to
hold it for a better market it must be kept in a cool roomin summer
time in cold storage
At the last meeting of the Board of Directors of the Experiment Station
it was determined that at the State fair to be held in Macon in the coming
October the station cheese factory shall be in daily operation Many per
sons who could not otherwise have an opportunity of witnessing the prac
tical working of such a factory can there study every item of labor
experience etc The field is open to any enterprising person and I trust
such will take hold and make it remunerative to themselves and to the
farmers Every enterprise which opens new avenues of work and fur
nishes fresh sources of iDcome is a blessing and we need all the help
which such combinations may afford us
THREE BREEDS OF SWINE
A recent bulletin issued by the Louisiana Experiment Station gives the
following results of their experiments with three breeds of swine
There has been more demand for Red Jerseys than for either of the other
two The Berkshire and Essex seem to be in about equal favor The Red
Jerseys are great consumers with rapid growth and full development in
flesh and fat food consumed They are hardy good rustlers and prolific
raising as high as three litters per annum With an abundance of food
they are rapid pork makers They are however omniverous and will eat
chicken lamb or kid whenever permitted This a serious objection to theH
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
small farmer and his good housewife The Berkshires share with the Eed
Jerseys many of their excellent qualities They are excellent foragers and
when crossed on the native give perhaps the best range hog in the world
They are healthy and prolific and furnish the finest marbleized hams
For a general stock hog they can hardly be surpassed They too are in
clined to be carnivoious and should not be brought into too intimate rela
tions with young fowls lambs and kids The Essex are emphatically lot
hogs They are slow and uncertain breeders They are somewhat slug
gish and always fat They are gentle kind and indisposed to extensive
foraging They can easily be made to weigh 150 to 250 pounds when one
year old a size admirably adapted to the table wants of a farmer on a
scaleSUGGESTIONS AND INFORMATIONDECEMBER I 5
MONTHLY TALK WITH THE FARMERS
DECEMBER
Department of Agriculture
Atlanta Ga December 1 1892
The year of 1892 has nearly passed away and as we take a retrospective
view of our labors our successes and our defeats for this year we find much
food for earnest thought It is our duty to consider and weigh well the
grave responsibilities which surround us and in making our arrangements
for another year to ask ourselves if our efforts have been conducted on the
right lines Have we conducted our farms on common sense business
principles Have we managed in such a way as not only to reap the
largest yield from the smallest area at the lowest cost but have we realized
the full benefits of this result In planting our various crops did we con
sult the ever important condition of supply and demand and in dispos
ing of them did we exercise the business acumen which enabled us to
market them to the best advantage Is it not too much our habit in the
hurry and often perplexity of arranging our business at the beginning of
each year to overlook these important questions In our anxiety we are
liable to forget that the farmers obligations are not confined to the narrow
circle of his own farm and home but on each one rests in part the duty
of feeding and clothing the world A failure in this can but bring disap
pointment and suffering to the busy toilers in other occupations and trades
and also those who while helping us are not producers whose daily wants
have to be supplied It is to the farmers that these teeming millions turn
not only for their meat and bread but for the clothes which they wear
and the farmers alone can produce them This is their supreme right and
thus to them belongs the lever which moves the world Do we realize the
magnitude of the undertaking Is is not our duty not only to supply our
needs but to meet this demand which the world makes upon us and are
we pursuing a system which will accomplish this work To understand
this question more thoroughly let us go back thirty years At that time
there were fields in every section of our State that without fertilizer
yielded large returns With ordinary preparation and fair cultivation we
reaped abundant crops of our staple productions We had wide expanses
of woodland pastures which furnished our meat at an almost nominal cost
and a contented thoroughly controlled labor system Prosperity and con
tentment smiled on every side Then came the devastations of war and
an entire change in our system of labor After this from necessity often
but as truly from mistaken farm methods the tenant and renting system
began and also the pernicious and false and I should say easy and elastic
plan of securing advances to the full and often more than full value of the
crops under cultivation These mistakes have tended to bring about a
speculative system of farming The ease with which credit could be ob
tained on cotton and the impossibility of securing it on any other crop and
the cheapness of our lands have influenced many farmers to produce a
money crop or rather what they hoped would be a money crop to the ex
clusion of those food crops s absolutely essential to the success comfori6
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
and I may say perpetuity of our calling Granted that this system is
he result of our losses from a most destructive war and the wiping out of
old established customs it is equally true that it has established temporary
methods which have well nigh bankrupted us
Time has effectually demonstrated the folly of continuing an agricultural
policy which has brought us only disappointment and defeat in the past
and yet in some cases from apathy in others from a spirit born of despair
we see our farmers plunging each year deeper and deeper into the whirl
pool of ruini Seeking and gaining the consent of their patient and hopeful
creditors they brace themselves for their new work and by increasing cot
ton their only money crop vainly hope to retrieve their failing fortunes
This new work is only new as far as the season is concerned It is a new
year but it is the same old methods the same old hopes the same old
efforts to produce a cotton crop on credit to pay old debts
No mathematical proposition was ever more easily demonstrated than
this that a farmer cannot purchase supplies on time to make cotton at
present prices In nine cases out of ten the losses are so great that he finds
his obligations have been increased rather than diminished by the honest
out mistaken efforts he has made to release himself from the relentless
grasp of debt Let us resolve on different methods Ours is an honorable
calling and farming is just as much a business as selling goods or mining
ores and requires far more study and preparation Let no man think that
he can successfully embark in it without some previous preparation or
knowledge of eveu its simplest duties To the man who farms because he
loves it and not simply because he can gain a hard living by it who studies
business as well as the most enlightened agricultural methods who applies
the knowledge gained from the brain work researches of others as well as
that gleaned from his own observation and experience who uses brain
force as well as physical strenthto this man nature opens her storehouse
and pours out her rich treasures In studying her laws we shall realize that
each year we owe a duty to our land as well as to our families and ourselves
We shall And that we cannot continue indefinitely to draw plant food from
the soil and expect that soil to remain in fruitful condition Taking even
a small quantity each year wears out and depletes and while this depletion
may not be noticeable at the start a gradual reduction both in the plant
growth and yield of fruit must take place and each succeeding year marks
a larger decrease in the productive power of the land Let us illustrate
When a cotton planter puts his usual 200 pounds of fertilizer to the acre he
has among other elements put in four pounds of ammonia and when he
realizes his usual acreage of onethird of a bale to the acre he has removed
from the soil in the seed alone twelve pounds of ammonia In other words
he each year takes off in the seed alone eight pounds more of ammonia
than he supplies and the land has to make up the deficit Could there be
stronger argument against our present methods Our fathers with a per
fect system of labor trained and disciplined pushed the exhausting pro
cess to such a degree and the consequences of our following this destructive
policy are so serious that today we find ourselves confronted by conditiors
which we must meet and conquer or own ourselves defeated These unSUGGESTIONS AND INFORMATIONDECEMBER
17
satisfactory methods do not meet the demands of our more enlightened
age They are wrong from any standpoint and with hired labor they are
absolutely ruinous
If we are in debt is it possible for us to lessen that debt by taking on us
obligations to make a cotton crop which as I have already stated costs
under our present methods more than it will bring in the markets Let us
study this question thoroughly consider our surroundings examine care
fully the condition and requirements of our lands count the cost and then
apply ourselves diligently to the task of ascertaining which methods which
crops will pay the largest dividends Having determined these let us use
our best judgment and energy to produce the best results Select some
good agricultural publication nothing better than The Southern Cultivator
and its contemporary The Southern farm both published in Atlanta
and as you sit around your firesides these long winter nights read and
study the results which are being obtained in every section by live and
wideawake farmers The day with us is passed when we can do superficial
work because the elements once so abundantly supplied by our soil are
from unwise and careless management greatly exhausted Any one with
ordinary intelligence and energy can on rich land dig a support from the
soil Only intelligent and properly directed skill can wrest success from
our changed condition But here science comes to our aid points out the
trouble and suggests the remedy and common sense tells us that we
have the conditions for success in our grasp if we will only control them
Science says there are certain elements necessary to the growth of your
crops supply these in greater quantities than your crops require and you
keep up the fertility of your lands Common sense says you have a mo
nopoly on a crop which is absolutely necessary to the world keep it in
proper bounds and your independence is secured Build up a small acreage
each year by a careful system of rotation green crops and manuring
Take a few acres and every spare moment haul out the scrapings from lot
stable and fence corners also from rich spots in your woods Now and
during the winter months is the time for this work It has been demon
strated that stable manure spread on the land and allowed to remain during
the winter has produced seventy bushels of corn per acre The same
quantity plowed under in the spring the same season yielded only fifty
bushels per acre Purchase your acid cotton seed meal and potash now
and during the bad weather mix these ingredients on a tight floor in the
proportion of 600 pounds meal 1200 pounds acid and 200 pounds German
kainit You will save from 4 to 5 per ton have a first class fertilizer and
know just exactly what you are using Or you can take acid cotton seed
meal and stable manure in the following proportions and have a fertilizer
equal if not superior to any on the market Acid 650 pounds stable ma
nure 675 pounds cotton seed meal 225 pounds or green cotton seed 675
pounds When land is deficient in potash add 200 pounds of kainit In
this formula deduct 75 pounds each green cotton seed and stable manure
and 50 pounds of superphosphate
Again let me warn you not to be led into the mistake of raising too much
cotton Dont be tempted to leave the only true plan to success that isDEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE GEORGIA

plenty of food supplies and then all the cotton you can cultivate without
having to borrow more than it is worth to make it
The present condition of the cotton market is sufficient proof of the un
alterable laws of supply and demand The theory that we cannot pro
duce too much cotton is entirely exploded by the experiences of 1891 and
1892 In 1891 we produced the biggest crop on record and the price fell
far below the cost of production and many farmers more especially those
who bought their provisions are yet struggling to pay off the obligations
incurred in making that crop In 1892 by reason of reduced acreage and
unpropitious seasons the yield has fallen below the average and now that
this fact is established beyond controversy we see the price bounding up
in spite of speculative effort to depress it and notwithstanding the fact
that we have no more money in circulation than we had one year ago when
there was a popular theory that scarcity of money and underconsumption
and not overproduction depressed the market and was the cause of the
disastrous low price
Had the majority of farmers by pursuing a sound agricultural policy
been able to hold this years crop that is the crop of 1892 they would now
be reaping the golden harvest over which the speculators are rejoicing It
is true there are farmers who by raising an abundance of provisions reduc
ing the cotton area and by careful methods increasing the yield while
lessening the cost are today reaping the benefit from their wise fore
thought But unfortunately they are the exception The bulk of the
cotton has gone out of the hands of the farmers and they are compelled to
see their crop the result of much anxious thought and weary toil enrich
ing others instead of themselves Let me urge you in planting your crops
for 1893 to remember that when we glut the markets of the world we have
to accept such prices as the buyer sees fit to give but when we have our
supplies and a cotton crop just sufficient to meet the demands of trade
we can to a certain extent dictate the price Dont allow yourselves to
be allured into false methods by the present high price of cotton
This will be my last talk with the farmers before the opening of a new
year May they realize the grave responsibilities which it brings and by
a wise and careful policy use its opportunities to their own best advantage
R T Nesbitt Commissioner
GENERAL REMARKS
As this report will be the last issued from the department for the year
1892 we desire to thank the correspondents of the department who have
rendered us such valuable aid in their preparations We are glad to note
that the estimates made from the reports sent during the growth and
gathering of the crop are proving substantially correct while we regret that
in some instances they are not so gratifying as we would wish The large
increase made in the number of reporters has rendered the result from the
compiled figures much more certain as inequalities in the crop in different
localities of the same section were more accurately ascertainedSUGGESTIONS AND INFORMATIONDECEMBER
19
COTTON
In regard to this crop the present indications and reports are that it will
be under rather than above previous estimates of the department
While in nearly every quarter the crop of 1891 for the State has been
placed at 110000 bales the department from the best information at its
command has never regarded it as in excess of 1000000 bales and of the
two great crops the actual production in 1890 as the greater Taking there
fore 1000000 bales as the yield for last year 60 per cent or 650000 bales or
near that number will be the crop for this year These figures were given
in the November report since issuing which reports have been received
which might justify a reduction in the estimate and which assures us that
the yield will certainly not exceed the amount given
PICKING
The gathering of the crop in nearly every part of the State has been com
pleted and the quantity remaining in the fields is hardly worthy of com
putation While the crop was late the total absence of a top crop concen
trated the picking within a short time and gathering was finished at an
earlier date than usual
MARKETING
As soon as ginned and packed cotton has been carried to the markets
and a much larger per cent of the crop has been sold up to this time than
for several years
PLANT LESS
Let every farmer remember what we have so often said on the reduction
of the cotton acreage and plant less in the year 1893 than in 1892 with
more grain and forage crops
CORN
The total yield of corn in the State exceeds that of last year The aver
age yield is not great especially in North Georgia but the loss in this re
spect is more than compensated by the increased acreage We hope to see
a large increase this year and for succeeding years until our farmers are
from the production of this crop independent of the grain fields of the West
SMALL GRAIN
The season for sowing full crops of small grain has not been so propitious
as we might desire but we trust that our farmers have not been deterred
from increasing the acreage in their crop In those portions of the state
adapted to wheat culture we would urge upon our farmers to study the
best methods of fertilizing and culivating until all failures in this crop will
be entirely due to the seasons and not improper methods

FARM VALUES
Governor Northen in his last inaugural address gave the figures showing
the large increase in the taxable value of the property of the State during the
past decade These figures were gratifying to all who have the interest of
the State at heart but their effect was marred by the fact that nearly theDEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
entire increase was urban and the percentage of increase in the value of
farm lands was very small The figures are particularly striking when we
consider that our State is classed as agricultural aud that upon the farm a
majority of our peeple depend for their livelihood and our State for its
financial and commercial standing In arriving at the causes that have
led to these results let us consider upon what the value of our farm lands
depends The land itself does not constitute the farmers wealth but the
constituents of the soil are his capital If these constituents serve for the
nutrition of plants his land is productive and valuable otherwise it yields
but little and is of small value
Outside of the productive features as the basis of the value of our lands
other things are to be considered as forming a part of the valuation For
however valuable the products if the cost of making approximates or
exceeds its worth there being little or no net earning from the soil its
value will not be enhanced by reason of its productiveness
The three great questions therefore to be considered by the practical and
theoretical agriculturalist arehow to increase the productiveness of the
soil how to reduce the cost of making and how to obtain the highest price
in the market
Rational agriculture says a writer in contradistinction to the spolia
tive system of farming is based upon the principles of restitution
The farmer each year with the gathered crop takes from the soil a part
of its actual value This must be restored or to that extent his capital is
impaired and like the man living beyond the interest on his money con
sumes each year a portion of his principalthus impoverishing himself event
ually The rotation of crops as a method of restitution has been repeat
edly considered in these reports When the crops are removed from the
soil it should be remembered that no rotation will restore land and that
all crops exhaust to some extent certainly as to their own reproduction
The physical and chemical condition of the soil may be improved and
existing nutritious matter converted into an available form compensat
ing for exhaustion but no permanent improvement is accomplished On
the other hand if the crop is allowed to remain on the land extracting as
it has certain manurial values from the atmosphere or its product in barn
manure is returned to the fieldthe soil will increase in productiveness In
any elaborate consideration of the compensation of the soil for removed
crops it would be necessary to deal with each crop separately and to go
into the results obtained by scientific investigation is a work too compre
hensive to find space in these reports
A study of these matters are however of vital importance not only
where it is sought to restore land after a certain crop but also as indicating
the class of fertiliser essential to the production of that crop We would
not be understood as in any way detracting from the merits of rotation but
simply as suggesting that in studying methods of restoring land or of hold
ing them to their present standard not only should such crops be planted
and rotation adopted as will result in the least exhaustion but the plant
nutrition of the crop as often as possible should be returned to the soilSUGGESTIONS AND INFORMATIONDECEMBER
21
This may in a great degree be accomplished and yet the crop utilized as
food for farm animals Commercial fertilizer while we approve their use
at the proper time and in the proper place have too often led to a total aban
donment of the manure pile and farmers have grown lax in returning to
the soil plant food of which a little care need only be taken to prevent
spoliation of their land and which may be used to renovate and restore it
Care should be taken in saving barnyard manureotherwise it will loose
much of its valuable and most soluble nutritious property by evaportion
wasting etc Our open farmyards too often lead to injudicious manage
ment of manure where effort is made to husband their resources
and spread over a large area without timely saving our manures loose half
of their fertilizing value In asking our farmers in preparing and fertiliz
ing their lands for a crop to consider not only the yield for the year but a
permanent increase in the productiveness of the soil we would emphasize
the necessity of rotation as improving the physical and chemical condition
of the soil and compensating for exhaustion which attends reproductions
and enjoin the necessity of not permitting anything of manurial value
on the farm to waste Do this and with judicious use of chemical fertilizer
material the value of our farm lands will increase
KEDUCE THE COST OF MAKING
In rendering our lands productive and increasing the yield per acre we
have done much towards reducing the cost of making as approximately
the same amount of labor is involved in cultivation where the yield is
small as where the yield is large In addition to this the use of labor sav
ing implements should be studied and adopted where they can be a sav
ing in this direction Here it would not be out of place to say that fine
economy can be shown on the farm by a proper care of tools harness etc
STUDY THE MARKET
Of all questions intimately related to profit on the farm the southern
planter has perhaps paid less attention to a study of the markets than any
other
This results from the fact that our principal crop is one that has always
found a ready sale for cash It is the duty of the farmer to study the
wants of the town city or village near which he has located facilities for
shipping to the large marts of commerce and their demand for various
farm products By doing this he will frequently find side crops which he
may profitably cultivate and for which he may be able to get cash when
it is much needed
The diversification that would result would not only be of immense
benefit in restoring worn land but would aid at arriving at what should be
the aim of the farmer of the cotton States a reduction of the acreage in
cotton and that crop as a surplus It may be said by some that now that
the cotton market has gone up it is useless to further urge this upon the
farmer
THE NECESSITY OF A SMALL ACREAGE
To this we need only reply that the same error will again result in the
same disaster and that living prices can only be obtained by a reduction22
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
in the amount made The journey began in the right direction we should
not turn back allured by the hope of temporary profit when experience
has demonstrated that it can bring only ruin We wish it was in our power
to convincingly impress on the mind of every farmer if we of the South
would prosper we must make our farms selfsustaining utilize everything
of value at our command to renovate our waste land and reducing the
acreage in cotton plant it only as an independent mouey crop In con
clusion we reiterate let your doctrine be one of restitution not spoliation
more grain grass and fruits and less cotton
ONE OR TWO PLAIN TRUTHS
BY HON E T NESBITT COMMISSIONER OF AGRICULTURE OF GEORGIA
From the November Southern Cultivator
I know what I am about to say will not at first be pleasant or perhaps
acceptable to the majority of farmers but when thinking men analyze
these plain truths they will pardon their first disagreeable impression for
the sake of the kernel of good that lies in them I do not claim originality
in presenting them they have been repeated hundreds of times and the
principles underlying them are as old as the hills themselves but the
urgency of our present needs demands that they should be impressed again
and again upon the minds of our farmers
Farming all things considered is the best business on earth and the
safest where the farmer gives the same attention to his work that the
doctor the lawyer the merchant bestows on his but under our present
management it is actually cheaper for a farmer to buy cotton than it is for
him to raise it And this is the crop on which we expend all our energies
all our means and on which we depend for our income
To the owner of land this condition is deplorable but to the farmer who
rents land and borrows money or provisions to make cotton it is ruinous
When we examine into the causes which have lead to this distressing and
almost general agricultural condition we find among other mistakes two
of greatest prominence The first is that we have depended too much on
common fertilizers and too little on green crops and home manures The
history of agriculture throughout the world shows that in those countries
where commercial fertilizers are relied on exclusively or even mainly to
produce crops poverty and want have resulted while in countries where
it is used in conjunction with thorough preparation of the land that is a
preparation which puts the land in condition to utilize the fertilizer pros
perity and riches even have blessed the farmers intelligent efforts
It is beyond contradiction that a man cannot permanently enrich his
land with guanos alone They produce an artificial stimulus but they do
not build it up This building up must be done by green crops and by
compost applied broadcast over the land The common practice of run
ning a furrow drilling in a little commercial fertilizer covering and plant
ing on that is positively no benefit to the land and often proves of littleSUGGESTIONS AND INFORMATIONDECEMBER 23
benefit to the crop And this is not from any fault of the guano the failure
most frequently comes from our mistaken manner of using it A most
important lesson which we have got to learn is that we cannot afford to
use expensive fertilizers unless by means of these renovating crops and
deep plowing we put our lands in condition to appropriate to the best
advantage that large proportion of these fertilizers which is now wasted
Our lands once brought to this condition we need not fear to fertilize
heavily The renovating process is slow and tedious but until we nerve
ourselves to this task all undertake it earnestly and systematically we
cannot hope for agricultural prosperity
This process of renovation is also costly but it is not more so than the
present plan of planting large areas hastily prepared and imperfectly cul
tivated And in the end the building up plan is far more certain far
more remunerative
Just here is suggested to our minds the second grave error that is plant
ing large areas in the uncertain slipshod manner which has charac
terized our methods for many years in other words undertaking to plant
more land than we can thoroughly manage There are thousands of acres
throughout the State which do not begin to pay for the cost of cultivation
Leave these to the kindly offices of Mother Nature select only your best
land and apply there all the energy all the manure which has heretofore
been too much diluted by the spreading process
What we need is concentration If our last seasons 9000000 bales had
been made on half the land which was used to make that crop and the
other half had been applied to improved methods of raising corn wheat
oats grass and stock how many millions of money that escaped through
our fingers would have been retained at home and be now adding to our
prosperity
The big farms of the Northwest have not as a rule proved permanently
profitable The most prosperous communities are where the farms are
moderate in size highly cultivated and occupied by intelligent and indus
trious families who take pleasure and pride in their business and sur
roundings
To make the cotton producers at the South the richest and most inde
pendent people of the globe they have only to cultivate less land in cotton
cultivate it better that is bring it to the highest state of cultivation pos
sible and put the remainder in diversified crops cultivated on the same plan
MATTERS OF GENERAL INTEREST TO THE FARMER
The following extracts from the exchanges of the Department of Agri
culture do we believe contain sound advice and information of value to
farmers
CLOVER AS A FERTILIZER SUITED BEST TO MIDDLE AND NORTH GEORGIA
The clover plant yields the richest manures and that is the stuff that most
farmers now need Clover gives good wheat corn meat milk and the24
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
cheapest and best of all fertilizers Wheat and clover should take the place
of weeds and sassafras bushes
I look back over fifty years and make a note of the fact that the farms of
this locality on which clover has been grown with the greatest regularity
are today the farthest from exhaustion Clover is such a help in solving
the problem of available plant food that I believe it to be a work of benev
olence to help in the management of it
There is one blunder almost universal which I believe largely reduces
the value of clover both for feed seed and fertility and this is the uni
versal habit of pasturing young clover as soon as the wheat is out of the
field I do not think it is even a wise policy to pasture for a month or six
weeks after harvest and believe it better to lay down a rule never to past
ure the first fall under any circumstances This rule I have followed for
twenty years and believe that I have been the gainer by it
As a recapitulation of this article or rather to enforce it I say sow clover
with all small grain no matter what crop is to follow it Use plenty of seed
it is the cheapest way of fertilizing and keeping your land clean at your
command Do not be so greedy for a little feed as to pasture the young
clover before it has made growth enough to cover the land for by so doing
you will in the long run have much less feed and less benefit to the land
Remember that a soil densely shaded is always improved and that no other
crop you can grow will furnish as good shade as clover
HOW AND WHEN TO SOW CLOVER
September is the best month in which to sow clover October is probably
the next best if not sown before the last of October it is better to wait
until February It is not considered the best practice by the most expe
rienced clovergrowers in the southern border of the clovergrowing section
to sow the seeds with small grain Success is more certain when clover is
sown by itself or with some other grass like orchard blue grass etc If
you sow in February we would advise not to sow with oats or other grain
There is no advantage to be gained in breaking the land earlier than a week
or two before sowing unless it may be necessary to break earlier in order
to get it into good condition The soil should be well pulverized and har
rowed smoothly Sow about twelve pounds of clover seed per acre if sown
by itself if with orchard grass use eight or ten pounds of clover and one
and onehalf bushels of orchard grass seed While the surface is mellow
and fresh from recent harrowing mix the clover seed with ashes or sifted
soil or with good fertilizer and sow half one way and half the other so as
to get a uniform distribution then sow the orchard grass or other grass seed
in the same way No covering by plw brush or harrow is necessary
the next rain will cover sufficiently If the soil is not rich enough to bring
half a bale of cotton or twentyfive bushels of corn per acre it would be
well to fertilize it using not less than two hundred pounds of good ammo
niated phosphate
FARMING A SCIENCE
Farming is a real science and not mere plowing and dropping seed in the
ground any negro can do that but to sow and plow with judgment to unSUGGESTIONS AND INFORMATIONDECEMBER 25
derstand the laws of nature and to take advantage of these laws means
success When a farmer says It is too much trouble I have not the
time I know how to gauge his judgment Whatever willgive oradvance
prosperity in any business there is always time to do that thing
ADOPT BUSINESS METHODS
Of many remedies one worth trying is business That old saw business
s business contains a world of meaning it is full of sound common sense
Every farmer ought to be a firstrate business man In this age he must
be or he will fail as sure as fate Show me a farmer who has no head for
business and you will point to a man who is on the road to ruin
But what do we mean by a firstrate business man Is the farmer who
produces abundant crops of the best quality at the least cost a good business
man 3STot necessarily such a man is undoubtedly a good farmer but he
might at the same time be a poor business man
There are a large number of farmers in the country who year after year
produce abundant crops of the best quality and at the least cost and yet
grow poorer and poorer the longer they live because they are not good busi
ness managers
The pecuniary success of farming as well as every other business depends
not so much upon production of abundance of products of the best quality at
the least cost important as this may be as it does upon the proper answer
to the questions What shall we produce in what quantities when shall it
be producedand how when where and for what price and to whom shall
it be sold
WHY NOT BAISE YOUR OWN WORK ANIMALS
The following from The Southern Cultivator shows that at eight cents
per pound Georgia pays 100000 bales of cotton for horses and mules Can
our farmers prosper and pursue this course
A careful estimate reveals the fact that most of the counties in Middle
Georgia have for long years paid in actual cash from 318000 to 30000
annually for mules and horses brought from the West Striking a low
average from the entire State we find between 3000000 and 4000000
taken from the State for stock that could be raised for a nominal sum upon
our own fields What stupendous folly when it is conceded on all hands
that our stock can be raised at less cost than in the markets from which we
buy Grass grows as freely our soil produces forage as abundantly our
winters are far less rigorous and the necessary care therefore less ex
pensive Everything is favorable to the enterprise wisdom and economy
urge the undertaking Every farmer should raise at least the stock needed
upon his farm It greatly helps the general good to hold annual colt shows
both as an evidence of progress and an encouragement to others
USE MORE FERTILIZERS
The farmers of the South do not use enough manure or to state it in a
different form they take from the soil every year very much more than
they return to it in manure It is easy to show that fertilizers pay better
dividends than any other investment on the farm The conclusion is irre26 DEPARTMANT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
sistible that we should use more fertilizers not commercial or bought fer
tilizers alone but home manures composts green crops turned under
marls etc everything that will add more to the yield of the crop than
the cost of its application To have an abundance of stable or barnyard
manures there must be an increase in the number of animals fed This
gives diversity to the farm and increases the sources of income A well
fed cow will nearly pay for her keep in manure besides a good profit on
the butter sold and consumed
A GOOD MAXIM FOR FARMERS
Raising cotton on poor land does not pay I cannot afford to raise cotton
in less quantities than one bale per acre and in order to bring my land up
to that point must make manure and the cheapest is that made from stock
raised on a farm
The old beaten trackis not always the best The old beaten track
is not the one that will always lead us most quickly or even most surely
to success in agriculture New ideas and new methods have come up in
every branch of farm practice during recent years and many of them have
already been tried and found good A prejudice in favor of old ways
should not keep one from being progressive Read study and keep up
with the times
Farmers cannot prosper as long as they are compelled to sell their cotton
or starve The situation is an unfortunate one for our farmers but they
can improve it very much hereafter by their own efforts They can never
command the situation so long as they must sell their cotton or starve
They cau command it when they can live without selling and sell only to
realize profits The increase in the production of food crops on Southern
farms shows a tendency in the right direction It is a tendency which no
rise in the price of cotton should stop If it continues long enough it
will make the production of cotton again profitable and our farmers pros
perous
CULTIVATE WELL IF YOU PLANT LESS
More work amounts to nothing unless there is reason judgment and
calculation back of it Judgment and calculation are all important in all
undertakings The know how the know when and the know why are
calculation and judgment nicely balanced Labor without forethought
and calculation will end in failure or a poor support System plan me
thodical ways do not beget a fussy bustling or an excited way of doing
things but the machinery of action seems to run itself
Again a small business with small profits demand long and arduous
labor There is no expansion in some callings the field is limited and
it will not grow larger for there is no room for enlargement A certain
amount of business can be done in a certain calling and no extra efforts
will add to it Take the newspaper business of today with a paper inSUGGESTIONS AND INFORMATIONDECEMBER 2J
every county and in some two or three They will have a certain amount
of circulation and no more and all the fuss and fury displayed or put on
will not add a dollar but rather sink money A piece of India rubber will
stretch to a certain length and any more pulling will break it
Again two farmersBaldwin and Milledgewith a mule apiece go to
farming Baldwin cultivates about thirty acres with his mule manures
well works deep plants everything he consumes on the place corn po
tatoes etc raises his own meat has system judgment and calculation in
everything he does does not rush and push to try to do too much with
his force and the result is a success His cotton money is all clear gain
Milledge without judgment and calculation wants to cultivate all cotton
and tries to make one mule cultivate about sixty acres Always in the
grass ground badly plowed everything to buy that he should have raised
and though he works harder longer and wears himself out he is a failure
and grows poorer and poorer every year Far better to make one acre
well manured produce thirty bushels of corn or a bag of cotton than three
acres half cultivated with all the wear and tear to get thirty bushels or
one bag The saving of labor is making money
Whatever you do do well and do not try to do too much First calculate
how much you can do and what it will pay you to do it Then let judg
ment be your every day monitor to keep out wild dreams of speculation
over sanguine expectations and hope without reason to back it28 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
MONTHLY TALK WITH THE FARMER OF GEORGIA
JANUARY
PLANS FOR THE NEW YEAR
Department of Agriculture
Atlanta Ga January 1 1893
A new year with all its hopes opens before us Let us take the oppor
tunities which it brings and begin our work with well defined plans and
purposes Our losses and disappointments are behind us to repine over
them is folly To apply the lessons which they have taught is all we can
gain from them Unfortunately some of us are in debt but having ar
ranged terms with creditors let each take fresh courage and let us all begin
at once to put our plans into execution In doing this let us thoughtfully
consider whether these plans are well matured well digested evolved and
crystallized from patient and painstaking methods or are they simply the
result of that hopefulness which springs afresh in our hearts with every
recurring season Unless they are founded on the more substantial basis
we need scarcely hope for progress or for success We should consider
thoughtfully not only wherein we have succeeded but wherein we have
failed and to what causes these failures are due Have we handled our
affairs on business principles Were our lands thoroughly prepared before
planting Were manures wisely and judiciously used Were they dis
tributed on land that had some vigor left in it or did we follow the old
and ofttried plan of attempting to make a crop on land which from years
of unwise treatment is rendered powerless to pay any dividend on the
capital and labor expended in its cultivation In investigating these ques
tions I find that
our greatest mistake
lies in this hopeless effort to use elements which are so firmly bound in the
soil that only the sesame of enlightened agricultural methods will un
lock them to us Instead of applying these methods we go on from year to
year hoping by taking a little from each broad acre to better our fortunes
when
the only wise the only true plan
is to take our best lands study its needs supply its deficiencies with a
liberal hand and concentrate on it all the energy which is too often but
wasted on the opposite method By this plan we have an opportunity of
treating the worn acres Each farmer should study the best methods for
doing this consider his surroundings and adopt that which best suits the
condition of his land and his individual means
Let us resolve that we will not be led away from
legitimate methods
because our chief money crop is now bringing a fair price with a prospect
of permanent advance Let us not allow this fact to blind or mislead usSUGGESTIONS AND INFORMATIONJANUARY 2Q
We are passing through a period of great financial depression and embar
rassment Let us realize that this has in a large measure been induced by
our own mistakes and not allow the glittering prospect of high prices next
fall to allure us into forgetting the hard lessons of a quarter of a century
Bear in mind that while we are to a great extent independent of all other
nations in the production of cottonthat is that no other nation can pro
duce it profitably at ten ceuts yet when we produce a cotton crop at any
profit if this is done by diminishing the all important food crops
WE SACRIFICE THE INDEPENDENCE
which this monopoly would give us and any reduction in the price falls
with distressing effect upon us We make the worlds cotton We have
no competition worthy of serious consideration The worlds cotton market
is our own We must utilize
THIS TREMENDOUS OPPORTUNITY
to the very best advantage We can overstock the market and ruin our
selves giving the profits to the foreigner who buys from us or by a
WISE DIVERSIFICATION
at home we can place ourselves in position to take advantage of favorable
markets In this we are more fortunate than our Western grainproducing
brother who can only furnish the world with bread after the supply in
other countries has been exhausted The South can produce cotton cheaper
than other countries and to that extent she has an opportunity to make a
profit on the crop As yet no rival which is strong enough to wrest this
advantage from us has entered the field But our industry is in a
MOST CRITICAL CONDITION
because we put into our cotton crop nearly all our brawn and muscle as
well as the larger part of our hopes and plans
THE SITUATION CAN BE IMPROVED
by directing a larger portion of our energies than is at present given to the
production of
NEEDED FARM SUPPLIES
If this is done generally and our lands treated in a way to demonstrate that
we appreciate the untold blessings which surround us and also that we
have resolved to cast aside our past unsatisfactory methods we can take
hope and will be in position to reap advantage from any favorable changes
in the market Our lands would thus be left in better condition for subse
quent crops our homesupport would be assured and our cotton crop would
be almost clear profit In a short time we would begin to realize the bene
fits of the change and eventually our section would be enriched to an
extent scarcely dreamed of now Xearly
EVERY FARMER WHO READS THESE LINES
or who has read previous monthly talks and followed me in the policy30
DEPARTMENT 0E AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
which I have marked out must agree that I am correct and yet concert of
action among farmers seems a physical and moral impossibility
EACH FARMER ACTING FOR HIMSELF
must decide this question for his own best interest Let each individual
resolve to abandon a system which time and experience has proven leads
only to financial embarrassment destruction of our lands and a paralysis
of our energies consider his financial ability and just how much land he
can afford to put in cotton without incurring
HEAVY LIABILITIES
which under the most favorable circumstances he will be barely able to
meet Then let him determine what part of his land is in such condition
as with suitable fertilizers intelligent methods and average seasons will
yield a fair profit Let him adapt his crops as far as possible to the condi
tions of his soil his distance from market and the needs of his farm
Dont be misled into planting any crop whether it is cotton tobacco or
broom corn to the exclusion of those necessary to
FILL THE BARN THE CRIB THE SMOKEHOUSE
Resolve from this time that you will be farmers in the broadest sense of
that term and decide before the first week of the new year has passed
what crops and in what proportions they will have to be planted to insure
independence and
PLENTY FOR YOUR FAMILY
Study carefully the question of fertilization and do not plant land which
under the most favorable conditions will barely yield the cost of produc
tion No definite rule can be laid down as to the quantity or kind to be
applied Each farmer must experiment and determine this question for
himself Acid phosphate in conjunction with cotton seed meal kainit or
muriate of potash furnishes a form of plant food which any farmer can
prepare and is in a majority of cases suited to the needs of our lands If
you have good lands well supplied with humus use liberally and work
well into the soil If your land is run down take only the best por
tions put all your work on these and by planting renovating crops in
conjunction with fertilization gradually bring up the other poorer
portions
LONG STAPLE COTTON
Since the introduction of commercial fertilizers and their judicious use
on the light sandy soil of lower Georgia it has been demonstrated that
the long staple cotton can be grown successfully in all the lower tier of
counties and as this commands more than double the price of the short
staple I would advise its cultivation in that section There is certainly
money in it to the farmer who will give it the proper care in both cultiva
tion and gathering I know of instances where farmers have made a bale
to two acres and have received from twenty to twentythree cents per
pound for their crops What could we substitute that would pay a largerSUGGESTIONS AND INFORMATIONJANUARY 3 I
per cent per acre The seed will deteriorate but if we are successful in
producing a fair crop this difficulty can be overcome by the introduction
of new seed every few years High fertilization counts as sensibly on this
crop as any that we plant and as it is a larger grower it requires great dis
tance Should any farmer wish information as to seed etc I will cheer
fully aid him
TOBACCO
About a year ago great interest was manifested in the cultivation of to
bacco and some neighborhoods became greatly excited over the reports of
fortunes being made in the production of this crop In my addresses and
in every article I have written on this subject I have advised a conserva
tive course The results of the past season establish beyond a doubt that
good tobacco can be grown in Georgia Both bright and mahogany wrap
pers of good texture can be made But in many instances farmers have
made the mistake of planting too large a crop of only one or at the outside
two varieties and as the result of inexperience and other attendants on a
new industry the tobacco has turned out unmarketable
THE PROPER PLAN
in entering on this to us untried industry is to experiment with small
patches of several different varieties and acquire the necessary knowledge
not only for the cultivation but for the curing of the crop Everything
depends on proper handling of the crop after it is made Tobacco is differ
ent from cotton in this that the wide margin in prices is due solely to the
condition of the tobacco marketed and is not influenced by combinations
or speculation The following table approximates prices and gives an idea
of the wide difference between poor and good samples
FILLERS
Common to medium3 to 6 cents
Medium to good6 to 8
Good to fine8 to 15
A difference of 12 cents from lowest to highest grade
SMOKERS
Common to medium81 to 6 cents
Medium to good6 to 8
Good to fine8 to 10
A difference of 6 cents
CUTTERS
Common to medium8 to u centg
Medium to goodH Q 19i 1
Good tofine12J to 20
A difference of 12 cents
WRAPPERS
Common to medium 10 to 16 cents
Medium to good 16 to 2
Good to fine 20 to 30
A difference of 20 cents32
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
The market for low grade of fillers is always crowded and dull Market
for fine bright and mahogany wrappers is always active and prices firm A
glance only is needed to see that it will not pay to make large crops of poor
grade Our plan should be to turn out a large proportion of good quality
It is said that from 700 to 1000 pounds of tobacco can be grown on one
acre but it depends on its cultivation and subsequent handling whether
this amount would be marketable If these are properly managed a good
proportion of both wrappers and cutters can be had
TOBACCO FACTORIES
I am convinced from the experience of the past year that unless we can
have our factories in our own State it will not pay to make tobacco except
for home consumption Let our farmers demonstrate that they are willing
to bestow the care and attention which this crop requires in other words
let them raise good tobacco then warehousemen experienced and compe
tent classifiers and also factories will follow
broom corn
It has always been our policy to encourage diversification of crops and
experiments in untried branches of agriculture that the full capacity of
our soil and climate may be thoroughly tested at the same time advising
that the cultivation of no plant be undertaken on a large scale until a
sufficient number of crops have been profitably marketed to prove that
there is money in its cultivation It is always necessary before entering
upon a new agricultural undertaking to carefully consider the market
prices and facilities for marketing and the farmer himself is best fitted to
deal with these questions in regard to his local market its demands other
markets their demands freight rates etc We thus preface a few words
on broom corn and its cultivation in reply to inquiries on this subject in
order to prevent any farmer from undertaking to cultivate it on too large
a scale without having thoroughly weighed the conditions that surround
him or proved it a profitable crop
The introduction of broom corn into the United States has been credited
to Benj Franklin It is said that in a whisk broom from the East Indies
he found a single seed and that from the planting of this seed has ex
tended the cultivation of broom corn until it has reached its present large
proportions Whether this be true or not the plant belongs to the sugar
cane family essentially North American and it can be grown in any part
of the United States
SOIL
Any soil adapted to common corn will be found good for broom corn
and like corn unless the soil is rich or well fertilized the yield will be
very poor Rotation will be found advantageous though the crop will
grow on the same ground for years Any ordinary complete fertilizer ap
plied in the hills or drills will do to manure with if required by the soil and
its use and that of barnyard manure will nearly always be found to largely
increase the yieldSUGGESTIONS AND INFORMATIONJANUARY 33
PLANTING
Prepare your land well as if for ordinary corn and sow in hills three feet
by four or in drills three and a half feet apart The rows should be run
north and south that all the plants may receive the benefit of the sun
alike In each hill from forty to fifty seed should be dropped covering
them from an inch to an inch and a half Where seed are sown in drills
they should be about two inches apart In thinning out leave from three
to ten stalks to the hill The seed should be planted a little later than
common corn
CULTIVATION
In cultivation weeds should be exterminated and for this reason work
should begin as soon as the plants are large enough to be distinguished and
continue until the plants are a foot or more high The harrow tooth culti
vator with the front tooth removed is the best implement and when the
condition of the crop demands it it should be hoed over
VARIETIES
As to habit the plant is both dwarf and standard the former growing
from three to four feet and the latter as high as fifteen feet In harvesting
the dwarf variety the brush is jerked out of the sheath of the upper leaf
without bending or breaking In the standard varieties where the season
is likely to be too short for the corn to mature the brush should be lopped
that is the top bent over twelve or fifteen inches below the brush allowing
it to hang down against the stalk As our seasons are usually long lopping
will seldom be necessary The time to cut is when the blossoms begin to fall
With the standard varieties where the stalks are too high to be reached
tabling is required This consists in breaking down the stalks of two rows
about two and a half feet from the ground so that they will cross each
other diagonally
CURING
The corn should be cured under a roof where there is a free circulation
of air From two to four weeks will be all the time required The seed
are removed in several ways and this should be done before the corn is
cured though it may be delayed until afterward A hatchel a wooden
comb or a long tooth currycomb may be used to remove them
WHERE TO MARKET
In preparing for market the corn is put up in bales weighing from 150 to
450 pounds In putting up the bales a hay or cotton press can be used
Neat and wellpacked corn will bring a better price than when carelessly
packed Before packing the brush should be assorted as crooked and de
fective heads will injure the sale The price of broom corn varies very
much the best corn being worth from 7 to 15 a hundred and inferior
qualities from 2 to 10 From four to six hundred pounds can be made
per acre Louisville Cinci nnati and St Louis are perhaps the best markets
for Southern growers34
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
MELON CROP
I wish to call the immediate attention of melon growers to the effect
thata cholera epidemic or even the fearof that disease entering our ports
would have on the melon trade We would advise our growers to reduce
their acreage so that if the disease should again break out the result to them
would not be so disastrous It is well known that the fear of cholera will
often induce the authorities of large cities to enforce regulations against
the sale of fruits and that when the disease is across the Atlantic the sale
of melons is greatly effected Confronted by such conditions no farmer
can afford to plant very largely and none on borrowed capital Should
the cholera be stamped out in Europe growers will lose but very little as
enhanced price will compensate for reduced yield We trust that all who
raise melons for market will seriously consider the financial loss they might
incur by planting too largely Medical experts have warned us that this
disease has been lurking in several European states for two years and the
chances are favorable for an outbreak in the United States the coming
summer The man who is financially able to make the experiment who
has the money to invest can afford to incur tbe risk if in his judgment
the chances for success are greater than for failure but the man who bor
rows money to invest in so doubtful an enterprise is courting overwhelm
ing disaster
HOGS
Among the many plans which have sunk into innocuous dissuetude
is that of making our own juicy hams and beautifully white and whole
some lard In curing our own pork we have the satisfaction of knowing
just how these hogs were raised their condition when converted into pork
and the quality of meat in daily use on our tables We all can remember
with what pleasure weoncelooked forward to the hog killing But the
very same reasons which induced us to give up making our corn and wheat
namely the price of cotton the low figure at which we could obtain our
bread from the West our changed labor introducing the restless tenant
and renter system the ease with which credit could be obtained to make
cotton and buy all food supplies the losses from cholera and other diseases
all combined to iufluence a majority of our farmers to abandon the raising
of hogs But because we have erred in this matter is no reason why we
should continue in a course which is wrong in principle and should be
abandoned at once
EVERY MAN WHO OWNS A FARM
and fifty per cent of those who rent can with a little extra labor and out
lay prepare pastures and plant crops which will come on at different sea
sons of the year rye and barley in the fall followed by oats then field
peas these to be succeeded by ground peas and potatoes and in this way
he can raise his meat at a nominal cost The present year I have cured a
beautiful lot of meat which pastured and at the same time fed on the waste
milk of which we had a quantity the slops and vegetables from the
kitchen the wasting fruits from the orchard and then fattened on the
patches of peas groundpeas and potatoes hardened with a little corn hasSUGGESTIONS AND INFORMATIONJANUARY 35
cost me so little that I have scarcely felt it There is not a farmer in the
State who will fail to make this a success if he will give to it the same
thought and care that he gives his corn and cotton
If you are
BENTING YOUB LANDS
advise with your tenants and by example as well as by precept induce
them to attend to this question which will be profitable to you and of
equal benefit to them If the owner is unmethodical and careless the
renter is apt to exhibit the same spirit The example of one good farmer
in a neighborhood is worth all the letters or essays that could be written in
a year The need for intelligent energy and business forethought was
never more pressing than now Push your business Keep it well in hand
and dont for a moment suffer it to fall into unprofitable ruts for the want
of a little attention a little forethought The mistakes and follies as well
as the successes of a quarter of a century are known te us and these should
guide us to like successes and away from similar failures
Let us not repine and by permitting our fears to take possession of us
lead us into deeper difficulties Utilize the days when too wet for farm
work in giving to the old
HOME
a more comfortable appearance Put a coat of whitewash or better still if
you can afford it a coat of paint on the barn and outbuildings reset the
garden posts either having charred the ends soaked them in oil or coated
them with tar trim up the orchards adorn the yard as much as your time
and means will allow The wife and daughters will value this and in after
years the grandchildren will love to recall the days spent at the old home
stead We cant stand still We must either go forward or retrograde
Besolve not to be a drone
Parties wishing information which our department can furnish will be
cheerfully aided and have only to address a postal or letter to Agricultural
Department New Capitol Atlanta A large number of weekly papers are
now handliug the publications of the department and I would be glad if
they could be so distributed in every county in the State I hopethose
papers which are not now publishing them will write to the department as
to terms for publication etc r t Nesbitt
Commissioner of Agriculture
The following are taken from our exchanges
FARMERS SHOULD BE THANKFUL FOR SOME THINGS
Good living returns have oome and are sure to come to the farmer who
does his best As in any other line of business there will be good and poor
years I am thankful that the average returns from farming are reasonably
good and certain
On my farm I am king No man can spit tobacco juice about me or
befoul the air with the smoke from his mouth or make me listen to swear36
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
ing or any impure or foul conversation I do not have to put up with any
bodys impudence as a matter of business policy said a merchant to me
the other day as a customer left his store whose words I could not have
stood Thank God that you do not have to be all smiles and bows when
you are just aching to kick a man across the street I am my own boss
except that I must produce what the world wants No one can discharge
me or find fault with my work There is always work to do I am never
out of a job and still am not closely tied up except for a few weeks of the
year Many farmers are as closely confined as other business men I am
not thanks to not undertaking too much
Continue the work of opening out ditches and draining the wet places on
the farm By so much as the land is kept dry by so much is it kept
warm and fitted to become a proper seed bed in due season Few crops
succeed with their feet in the water There should be good drainage to
the depth of at least two feet in all land under cultivation In this two
feet enough water will be stored to keep the land moist and serve to supply
the needs of the crop in all ordinary seasons Belowthat depth the water
should not stagnate but have opportunity to drain away We made a
practice of putting all drains down to a depth of three feet where practi
cable when draining land and saw marked advantage in doing so
In our last issue we wrote somewhat fully on the subject of rotation of
crops We hope that our readers have given the subject consideration and
decided to practice a sound system of rotation during the coming year
The fields for the different crops should now be decided upon and the ne
cessary preparation be carefully studied and as far as the weather and
labor will permit the first steps towards this preparation be taken In de
ciding upon the question of the crops to be raised we would once again
strongly urge the importance of not attempting too much Do not work
an acre of land which you cannot properly manure and fertilize Much of
the unprofitableness of farming arises from the neglect of this rule To rely
simply upon the natural fertility of the soil to produce a crop is in the
South to rely upon a broken reed It only means that you will get your
labor for your pains There will be no profit How can there be a profit
in growing ten bushels of wheat or twenty bushels of corn on the acre
At least three times this yield should be produced to leave a profit and that
can be accomplished by good preparation and good fertilization and the
labor involved will not be nearly so great as will be required for the cultiva
tion of the larger area
Better let some of your open land remain uncultivated than cultivate it
at a loss Make every acre you cultivate rich and then after taking a crop
from it it will take well in clover or grass and continue to increase in fer
tility whilst resting and other acres can be brought into a like profitable
condition
It is too late now to sow any crop but the fine weather may well be util
ized in plowing the land intended for spring crops as long as this work
can be done Do not however plow when the land is wet or when frozen
Frost buried under the furrow will be found there late in the spring
and will have made the subsoil cold and unfit for a seed bedSUGGESTIONS AND INFORMATIONJANUARY 37
DISEASE FROM DAMAGED FODDER
It is a serious mistake to feed fodder that has been damaged by rain and
wet weather to animals without first dusting it out to dry The injurious
effect which such food has upon stock more than equals the entire loss of
all the fodder gathered Such fodder is gathered from marshy lands and
meadows that have been inundated during the mowing time Sedge hay
or common upland hay that has been wet at the time of mowing will be
impregnated with disease germs that will be communicated to the animals
that eat the hay Stock of a very robust nature will find their health se
riously impaired if fed regularly upon such fodder
A great deal of our sedge hay must be cut and gathered when the feet of
the plants are wet During many seasons the meadows never get dry
enough to allow a dry harvest This hay is generally stacked for fodder in
the barnyardand in a very few weeks mold and rot show themselves near
the bottom and around the sides If this decomposition goes on long
enough the stock will refuse to eat it and as a rule nearly onethird of the
stack is sheer waste The storms of winter only aggravate the matter and
make the hay poorer than in the fall It is a cheap fodder however and
probably the manure which it forms eventually pays for the work of gath
ering it Otherwise the great loss would make it unprofitable to cut salt
hay
All fodder thus stacked when it is wet whether it be salt hay fresh up
land hay corn fodder or any plant growth will contain disease germs
which under favorable circumstances will develop rapidly The heat of
the stack and the constant moisture are just the conditions that are needed
to develop fungi The color of the fodder changes gradually and the odor
that arises from it when mowed is strong and disagreeable
If such damaged fodder is to be given to stock the ration of each day
should be hauled out of the stack and shaken up so thoroughly that the
wind will dry it and all odor will be destroyed In this way the sun and
wind will dry it and make it safer for food for stock After it has been
dried it will be well to moisten it a little with a weak salt or acid solution
This not only destroys disease germs but makes the fodder more palatable
for the animals
Grains are often damaged in the same way and fed in a moldy condition
to the animals There is just as much danger in the grain as in the fodder
food ration Damaged grain is often bought by farmers for cheaper rates
and stock is kept upon them right along Thi3 will not be so cheap as the
pure grain if it is going to injure the health of the animals Nevertheless
all danger can be avoided by dusting the grain out well and moistening it
with the weak solutions mentioned In this country and abroad it is quite
a common thing to feed wet damaged fodder to animals regardless of con
sequences but for all such carelessness there is strict payment to be made
to nature C S Walters in Wisconsin Agriculturist38
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
LET SPECULATION ALONE
It may be that the present crop of cotton will not go beyond 6000000
bales Possibly it will fall a trifle below that estimate and its price may be
still further advanced
The danger is that the situation will invite speculation In past years
the people of the South have lost millions of dollars in futures They now
see a chance to get their money back and they are yielding to the tempta
tion
But it should be recollected that certain speculators are interested in
forcing prices down and they may be successful No man is shrewd
enough to forecast the result It will be argued that they should be op
posed by other speculators trying to force prices up There will be plenty
of men in New York to look after that part of the business The safe
course for our people is to let futures alone We have found that out in
the past
A southern expert discussing the subject also gives this piece of advice
One word more of warning Do not settle your acreage for next year
on the basis of present prices An increase even in acreage will strengthen
the bears and lower the price of cotton Cut down for 1893 the acreage of
1S92 and put the land in vegetables in fruit in sheep or in corn The cot
ton crop of 1892 cost the producer less than the cotton crop of any recent
year By diversifying your products and reducing still further your acre
age the cotton crop of 1893 should cost less than that of 1892 There is
more hope of relief in this direction than in any government aid
This is sound counsel A further reduction of acreage next year will be
to our advantage and diversified agriculture will make us indpendent
It is no time for the South to plunge into the folly of speculation or into
the folly of increasing our cotton output
GARDEN WORK IN DECEMBER
If thegarden has not received the necessary fall plowing and manuring
before this it should be attended to at once And just here we wish to
say we are a Arm believer in the great agricultural and horticultural text
Stir the soil We believe in deep preparation and shallow cultiva
tion
If any weeds have been allowed to go to seed in the garden gather them
carefully and burn them Take down the tomato itrellis or frames
rolling the wire on large spools made by sawing a block off of a round log
twelve inches in diameter and nail stout pieces of board on the sides to hold
the wire on When the wire is run off they can be stored in a dry place till
needed The stakes and other pieces should be stored in a dry place or
piled up and covered
Apply a heavy dressingof manure from cow stalls stables and hen house
also a libhral dressing of ashes and when the ground is in good working
order put two mules to a strong plow with long bull tongue or scooterSUGGESTIONS AND INFORMATIONJANUARY 39
and break deep and close as possible running twice in the same furrow
Then with a turning shovel lay it up in ridges to soften
The garden must be well drained no soil will produce good crops
after being soaked with water during the winter Good drainage is very
necessary for an early crop as land not well drained will remain cold till
late in the spring Soil to produce well must have air and sun the air
cannot penetrate the soil when covered with or full of water it must be
well drained and well broken W S Phillips in Southern Cultivator
HOME OWNERS
There are 12000000 families in the United States and of this number
nearly twothirds own their homes
Anarchists and lawless men who came here from Europe to stir up strife
do not understand our conditions They come from countries where the
land is owned by a few persons and where the masses are not home
owners
Now this makes a big difference Every home owner is to this extent
a capitalist He is interested in protecting the rights of property and in
preserving law and order He can never have any sympathy with anarchy
because he would lose more than he would gain by a social upheaval
The American home is our great bulwark against disorder It is planted
everywhere and whether it is a stately mansion in the city a little cottage
in the village or a log cabin in the wilderness or nestling in some nook on
the mountain side it is alive with the hum of industry and the laughter
of children There is a family of Godfearing people in it with an old
fashioned Bible and out of that home go the men and women who build
up the republic and shape its public opinion
That is the corner stone of our society and there is no anarchy no law
lessness no wicked purpose lurking in its shadow
God bless the American home
It will yet purify our politics and restore the reign of justice through a
triumphant democracy It is the hostage we have given to peace and its
sweetness and light will conquer every evil that stands in the way of our
peace and prosperity
THE EFFECT OF SUBSOILING
Subsoiling is one of the greatest benefits to the soil and is one of its great
needs By plowing the land one foot deep or more every two years it
brings up new dirt or loam to the sun The first rudiment of good farm
ing is good plowing poor plowing is worse than bad cultivation for crops
Good plowing gives life to the soil and causes the land to produce a good
crop Applying fertilizer and plowing deep to bring up the subsoil will
cause the land to produce its best the next season Break and rebreak
your land in the spring or break it good in the fall or winter and it will
need only a slight breaking in the spring It pays better to subsoil on low40
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
flat lands or lands that do not wash so much as hilly ones Even on hilly
land occasional subsoiling helps to restore the chemical vitality to the soil
that has been taken from it by the plant
Cotton is very hard on the soil although it leavest it in good tilth for
other crops yet subsoiling is of great benefit to the cotton crop In Mis
souri it used to be the rule to subsoil every three years but some would
subsoil every two years and it paid wonderfully well The most prominent
feature of the Southern soils and particularly those of Texas is the large
percentage of carbonate of lime that they contain There is also consider
able potash and a fair amount of phosphoric acid By subsoiling you
bring up to the sun these chemicals which enrich the land as if it were
new land
DIVERSIFIED INDUSTRIES
As has been said of Southern communities our people must learn
not only how to create wealth but how to save it They must live less on
themselves and more on the outside world They must locate the leaks
that drain them of their profit and stop them as soon as possible
By keeping money at home the South will rapidly and positively increase
in wealth and prosperity The surest means of keeping money at home
is in the manufacture at home of all necessary suppliesthe planting in a
community of small industries for diversified manufacture
The Souths future rests in her people making everything they need and
stop sending money away to the West and East for necessities that can
be better and more profitably manufactured at home
The South is a great wealth producer but the east and the West reap
nearly all the profit Unless a stop is put to this drain there can be but
little accumulation of wealth and no satisfactory progress
All the government aid in creation will not relieve the planter unless he
begins to fertilize the impoverished soil
MONTHLY TALK WITH THE FARMERS OF GEORGIA
Department of Agriculture
Atlanta Ga February 1 1893
THE LATE COLD SPELL
perhaps the severest in ten years has caused almost an entire paralysis of
farm work and it is only where a great deal of energy and determination
have been brought to the front that anything has been accomplished in
the field A little cleaning up repairs on fences the cutting away of
briars and bushes in old fence rows are in most cases all that has been at
tempted The thermometer registered as low as six degrees and never
higher than fourteen for several days and it was this uniform cold withSUGGESTIONS AND INFORMATIONFEBRUARY 41
the snow which followed that saved the oat crop Had it alternated be
tween freezing and thawing for same period the damage would have been
irreparable I am informed that in some localities more especially lower
Georgia the oat crop has succumbed and where this
CHOP HAS BEEN KILLED
I would advise the reseeding of the same land just as soon as the weather
permits of outdoor work It has been too much our practice in the past
to put this land in cotton
DONT BE TEMPTED
to do this If this land was fertilized in the fall put on a little more plant
food and put your oat seed in the first opportunity and I dont think you
will have cause to regret your action I have never seen a farmer who per
mitted the land on which cotton had been killed to go unplanted and I
have yet to see the man who replanted it in any crop but cotton
The plows must now be moving every favorable moment but
DONT PLOW YOUR LAND WHEN IT IS TOO WET
The little time gained by this plan is far outbalanced by the injury to
the land for if there is much clay this becomes mortar and so compacted
that it requires years of subsequent intelligent work to counteract the in
jury Too many tenants and hired men are ignorant of or indifferent to
the harm done and hence this mistaken plan is often followed
The heavy freezes have destroyed much insect life and will render our
land more pliable and easily broken by the plow
THE COMPOST HEAPS
should be pushed forward with vigor Try a compost of stable manure
acid phosphate and potash This puts your land in fine mechanical condi
tion and gives plant food well adapted to our soils and standard crops For
this purpose there is nothing better than the formula prepared by the late
Mr Furman which I give in full elsewhere in this report In planning
for your crops
DONT GO ON THE IDEA
that it is the number of acres rather than the preparation and condition
of the land which marks the successful farmer With our cheap and
abundant lands it seems almost natural that we have fallen into this error
But let us realize that it is an error and resolve to follow better methods
In the last fifty years agriculture has made vast strides and it is in those
older countries where advanced scientific methods have been practiced
that a marked degree has been attained and our own State comparatively
young and fresh has to depend to a large extent on outside assistance for
the food to support our population
OUR CHIEF CROP
all goes to swell the profits of other industries leaving us nothing but a
hard living The consequent dissatisfaction is causing many farmers to seek42 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
employment in other lines of business To trace the evils of such a state
of feeling we need only study agricultural history in England Her farm
ing population is thirtythree per cent of the whole and in 1890 she im
ported four hundred millions of breadstuffs Her laboring population is
poorly housed underpaid discontented The average farm is 390 acres
and in the last sixty years she has lost 8500000 of her population by immi
gration
In France on the contrary you And an energetic painstaking frugal
people cultivating and owning their small farms Her rural population is
seventyfive per cent of the whole In 1890 she exported one hundred and
thirtyfive millions of products and in sixty years she has lost only 500000
people by immigration Her farms average ten acres but there are four
millions of farmers who make an independent living on farms of two acres
each Her people are independent and hopeful for the future In England
the farmers have lost by the enclosure acts 8000000 acres of land while in
France nearly the same number of acres have been gained by the working
people In our own State we see our own people burdened with
A SUPERABUNDANCE OF LAND
and undivided as to the best method for managing it in order to make it
pay even a moderate interest I understand and appreciate the difficulties
which this condition bringsand I in common with many others know
that the man who expects to realize a profit or to pay off debts by stretch
ing his credit to make a few more bales of cotton literally futures to be
dug out of the ground these to be exchanged for meat and meal and fer
tilizers to run a few more shiftless laborers is making a grave mistake
We admit that this old beaten track has landed us anywhere but in
prosperity We know that the financial policy of the government has dis
criminated against the farmers but we must also acknowledge that after
seeing our carefully matured plans end in ignominous failure or like Dead
Sea fruit turn to ashes on our lips it is the part of wisdom to try different
methods We have watched these fruitless efforts year after year and it is
folly to go on compounding our mistakes Let us direct our attention
chiefly to such
AN APPORTIONMENT OF OUR CROPS
as will secure our home supplies and then make such money crops as our
circumstances will admit One man can control labor with apparent ease
and if the labor is near him this man can afford to take some risk in plant
ing crops which require rapid and clean cultivation On the other hand
I would advise any man who knows he will have difficulty in obtaining
labor to direct his work on the line of grasses and stock Begin on a small
scale and build up gradually The owner should be the head to him should
be left the direction and control of the farm economy which he should
study to conform to the most enlightened methods Let him plant such
crops as have best succeeded in his vicinity work within his means and
dont undertake more than he can handle intelligently and with the amount
of labor at his commandSUGGESTIONS AND INFORMATIONFEBRUARY 43
THE GARDEN
An abundant supply of fresh vegetables is undoubtedly one of the luxu
ries of the farm and to produce these requires good management The
garden should have been deeply covered with manure and this well plowed
in not too deepbefore the heavy freezes began If this has not been done
haul out your manure at once and broadcast Plow and harrow until you
have your soil in good tilth and in planting the different vegetables try
and supply as far as posible the plant food needed by that special variety
Irish potatoes the first garden crop usually planted requires a good deal of
potash and two successive crops in the same year can be easily made We
are now the first of February eating potatoes dug out of the open ground
entirely uninjured by the severe cold and as perfect and large as those of
the usual spring crop They were planted in August and heavily mulched
Should it be necessary to reseed the oats put in an additional number of
acres rather than curtail those already sown Should this crop fail you
have a well manured and nicely prepared seed bed for
FIELD PEAS
from which crop you can gain a fine supply of feed and your land be left in
improved condition Keep a large slice of your farm for
CORN AND SORGHUM
planting several varieties of the latter with a view to succession of crops
There is nothing better for hogs and if planted convenient to the hog pas
ture can be handled without much expense Leave a good patch for pota
toes and ground peas Remember that
THE HOG CROP IS SHORT
and the price of meat is advancing Look well to the hogs Give them
careful attention I have a neighbor who always raises an abundant
supply of meat He has never lost a hog from cholera He gives them
the same attention that he gives his plow animals the same regular daily
feeding and watering and at one year of age his porkers average 200
pounds This result is not so much from the quantity of food as from the
regularity with which it is given
In all these monthly talks I have endeavored to show that we should
abandon methods which must result in absolute stagnation of our energies
Our agricultural misfortunes appeal directly to the business interests of the
whole country and our towns and cities will not continue to thrive and
grow when agriculture their dependence is in an unhealthy condition
Build up our agriculture and every industry throughout our common
wealth will be revitalized Every effort of our government our agricul
tural societies and our public men should be directed to this great work
I cannot close this talk without agaiu appealing to our farmers to avoid the
broad acre and the cotton craze
R T Nesbitt Commissioner44
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
POTASH AS A FERTILIZER
Of the three great plant foods phosphoric acid nitrogen and potash the
farmer perhaps more often has the value of potash illustrated than that of
the others The increased yield on those spots in the field where old brush
or logs have been burned bear testimony to its efficacy as a fertilizer
The benefits derived may not be felt the first year as it may not have be
come thoroughly enough mixed with the soil to have supplied with it
the other materials necessary for plant growth
In America potash as a fertilizer has never been so highly regarded as in
Europe The reason for this is evident from the large per cent of potash
shown in analysis of many of our soils as compared with those of Europe
and the further fact that our staple crops do not require as large a per cent
of this ingredient as other crops more largely cultivated in densely popu
lated districts The natural sources of potash in the soil is from the disin
tegration of feldspathic and micaceous rocks and for this reason the clay
lauds in the state formed by such disintegration are not so likely to require
a large application of this element with other fertilizer material to render
them fertile as other lands in the formation of which these rocks did not
enter Potash being very soluble is easily leached out of the soil and
consequently in washed clays originally containing a large quantity little
is to be found and much clay soil might be found to produce a larger yield
by a greater application of this element
The agricultural potash of commerce is principally the salts of potash or
kainit imported from Straasfurth Germany and contains about twelve
per cent of actual potash and muriate of potash which contains eighty
per cent of muriate of or about fifty per cent actual potash Freed from
combination pure potash is very caustic and absorbs water from the air
very rapidly in this state the cost would be increased and the difficulty of
handling very great Another radical objection to potash in its caustic
state is that it cannot be composted to advantage as its chemical action
releases the ammonia in the manure
Among truckers and fruit growers the value placed upon this ingredient
of our fertilizers as promoting the growth of vegetables and fruits is evi
denced by the high percentage contained in special preparations made for
their use Indeed the value of potash in these particular branches of agri
culture is too well recognized to admit of discussion and the fact of its use
in combination with phosphoric acid and nitrogen excludes further refer
ence to the matter in this article the purpose of which is to discuss whether
this ingredient might not in some section of our State be advantageously
increased in our commercial fertilizer and in making compost In advice
on the subject of fertilizing no impirical directions of a general nature can
be given and experiment alone can be relied upon to accurately tell the
demands of the soil For this reason we would not be understood as advis
ing a farmer to largely increase the quantity of kainit he is accustomed to
use in his compost heap without first having tried such an increase on a
small part of a field and noted the effect on the yield It may be that the
land does not demand potash but is deficient in phosphoric acid or nitrogenSUGGESTIONS AND INFORMATIONFEBRUARY
45
or that the ordinary compost formula for corn and cotton is well adapted
to the soil The value of experiments to test the wants of the soil cannot
be overestimated and the farmer thus has at his command a simple and
inexpensive method of ascertaining what should be applied to his land
which is superior to an expensive chemical analysis of the soil Too often
we are prone to rely on soil test made by others without properly consid
ering their relative merits as applicable to our land and to reason that the
same fertilizer that produced a large yield on one field will produce a large
yield on all fields whereas different chemical and mechanical conditions
may demand fertilization of a very different character Those farmers who
have made a success and have converted worn land into fertile fields have
done so by studying the wants of the particular soils they are seeking to bring
up and by supplying organic matter phosphoric acid nitrogen and potash
as experiments demonstrated it was demanded We are thus careful to
emphasize the immense value of experimental test of the soil by the farmer
as we believe that old rules should not be departed from until new methods
have had their worth demonstrated Personally we have no doubt that on
much of our land especially in Southern Georgia an increase in the amount
of potash ordinarily used would be found advantageous yet it would be
unsafe to ask the adoption of such an increase until its merits have been
tried and the best combination of the three great plant foods ascertained
From Terrell county reports have been made to the department of an in
creased yield from the use of an additional amount of potash on the other
hand in the general fertilizer experiment on corn conducted at the State
Experiment Station among the conclusions reached were these That the
soil was deficient in all three of the elements phosphoric acid potash and
nitrogen That it was particularly deficient in nitrogen because nitrogen
invariably produced the most marked increase in the yield That phos
phoric acid was next in order of deficiency since its effectiveness in increas
ing the yield was next after that of nitrogen That potash was least
effective was least needed The results of this experiment while showing
the efficacy of nitrogen and phosphoric acid as fertilizers does not by any
means demonstrate that where there is a deficiency of potash in the soil an
increase of this element in combination may not produce a large increase
in the yield A large number of experiments conducted at the Hatch Ex
periment Station of the Massachusetts Agricultural College sustains this
view and the conclusions there reached place a very high value on potash
as a fertilizer for corn In comparing the results of the experiments the
director of the station says These comparisons indicate the surpassing
importance of potash for corn upon this soil thus confirming the general
result of the work with corn during the two preceding years In view of
the almost universal response of com to this fertilizer upon soils of so
many different classes and of all degrees of fertility and in so many widely
separated localities the conclusion that it should be a prominent ingredient
of fertilizers used for this crop appears to me irresistible
The director of the same station advocates from experiments the use of
potash with ordinary barn yard or stable manure for corn and finds that46
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
fertilizers containing a larger proportion of potash produce in Massachu
setts better results than the ordinary special corn fertilizer The conclu
sion reached as to the formula to be used on the soil on which these exper
iments were conducted are so large in potash that we give the formula
recommended by the director as shown to what extent potash as a ferti
lizer may be successfully used for corn where the land does not naturally
supply this element The formula recommended is nitrogen 25 to 30
pounds potash 75 to 80 pounds and perhaps 25 pounds of phosphoric acid
A striking feature of this formula is the small amount of phosphoric acid
recommended with a doubt as to its value on the soil
The widely different results obtained by the Georgia station and that of
the Massachusetts station furnishes no ground whatever for questioning
the accuracy of the work of either station but rather bear testimony to the
value of experimental work It would seem from the results obtained at
Griffin that the soil is well supplied with potash and that there is little
need of increasing the quantity of this ingredient while an increase in the
quantity of nitrogen would result in great benefit The work of the Mas
sachusetts station is of more value as a potash test as most of the exper
ments appear from the results obtained to have been made on land de
pleted of this element and the increased yield from a very large use of it
testify directly to its value as a corn fertilizer
Chemical analysis of the various crops shows that they contain a large
per cent of potash and if the composition of the product is a criterion by
which to judge the manure to be used where potash is deficient a large per
cent is demanded
Wheat and wheat straw ashes in 1000 dry parts contain 361 potash and
529 phosphoric acid corn and corn stalks 357 potash and 620 phosphoric
acid oats and oat straw 453 potash and 465 phosphoric acid The ashes of
turnips and potatoes show much larger amounts of potash than of phos
phoric acid In 1000 grains air dried of cotton stalks and seed there is
158 potash and 133 phosphoric acid In dealing with these analyses the
fact that some soils contain a supply of potash is to be considered as
favoring a larger proportion of phosphoric acid On the other hand where
fertilizers have been previously used the soluble character of potash and
the fact that phosphoric acid when not taken up by the plants remains in
the soil is to be weighed in behalf of increasing the proportion of potash
The small per cent of potash found in the average commercial fertilizer
the great difference in our lands as regards this element and the injury re
sulting from its absence call upon the farmer to exercise his best judgment
in regard to its use The value of the home tests as enabling him to reach
a proper conclusion cannot be overestimated Where soil is wanting in all
three of the principal plant foods these analyses would advocate a much
larger per cent of potash than is ordinarily used Experiments alone
would therefore inform the farmer what he should do
In conclusion we would advise farmers in Southern Georgia and on the
sandy lands of North Georgia to add an additionalamount of potash on
some part of a field not such a trial as would effect you financially were itSUGGESTIONS AND INFORMATIONFEBRUARY
47
to prove a failure but such a one as would by the yield show whether the
soils demand an increase in the amount of potash used and whether the
increase in the yield made a profit over the cost of the fertilizer Should
such experiments be made we would esteem it a favor if they were reported
to the Department of Agriculture Atlanta Ga
FRUIT CULTURE IN NORTH GEORGIA
BY J 0 MILLER OF HOME
From the Proceedings of the Horticultural Society published by the
Society and the Department of Agriculture
Georgia has come to be recognized as one of the leading States if not the
leading State of the South so far as the culture of fruit is concerned This
prominence is justly accorded we fully believe still her capabilities in this
respect are but partially known or appreciated Aside from her soil and
climatic influences Georgias geographical position gives her a decided ad
vantage over the adjoining Southern States Her products go by the most
direct routes to the great distributing markets of the North Her fruit
growing interest is yet in its infancy but what a wonderful stir the infant
is making in the great Iruit markets Already Georgia peaches pears and
grapes are quoted at the very top
They are now taken as the criterion of excellence by the very best trade
this being the reception given our infant what may we expect when it is
grown When I think of this I tremble for the future of many other fruit
sections
We are beginning to realize that we have a great State especially in the
field of horticulture
Commercial fruit growers from Delaware Western New York Michi
gan and Missouri the old established centersof fruit growing of the United
States who were in attendanceat the Nurserymens Convention in Atlanta
in June after one weeks sojourn within our borders acknowledged that
Georgia has the brightest outlook of any section in our republic They
after a few days travel and observation grasped the situation with greater
zeal and brighter predictions as to our future than many a Georgia horti
culturalist
The peach interest of Georgia is now becoming a big industry Can she
hold the place already gained and is there danger of it being overdone
Let us note for a moment her place in comparison with other noted
peach sections California lands suited for the peach are extremely high
irrigation is absolutely necessary the alkali in the soil is no advantage
then the Eastern insect foes are making their appearance in spite of her
quarantine against us
The distance they must ship their products to find a market is a great
hardship on the California growers which they cant overcome The great
peach region of South Jersey Delaware and Eastern Maryland is practi
cally out of the race as the yellows have brought desolation and waste to48
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
that beautiful and once profitable fruit region In the Michigan fruit belt
it is true they have to some extent checked the ravages of the yellows but
not until the industry was crippled and the confidence of prospective
planters shaken Even grant them the recovery of all lost ground in the
Michigan field orany other peach region North it would not visibly affect
us from the fact that Georgia will lead the market with better peaches
than they could offer When they market Alexanders and others of that
type Georgia will give the market Elbertas Crawfords etc so you see
Georgia is in the field with hardly enough competition to incite her
growers to cultivate aad handle as they should for their own best interest
Where else in the peach world will you hear commercial growers say as
some of our largest Georgia growers have that it does not pay to fool with
the borer or trouble about thinning the fruit They reason from actual
experience that the trees can be brought into bearing so cheaply and the
fruit without any trouble of thinning brings such very satisfactory
prices that we will not bother with any of its usual fancy touches What
is true of the peach is relatively true of many other fruits we take the
peach as an example simply because there has been more attention given
to that fruit as yet than to others
We have now come to speak more directly as regarding North Georgia
interests North Georgia needs not further advertising of her capabili
ties abroad as much as she needs advertising among her own
people We do not in many sections at least appear to have awakened
to the proper realization of what can be done in the line of fruit growing
Our own people must acquaint themselves in the line of horticulture with
the elements of prosperity about them and undeveloped resources in their
midst which await intelligent action rather than attracting strangers with
stories of what can be done
It has been often stated and it is a truthful statement that if the various
sections of our country were set apart from each other and so placed that
each must depend upon her own native resources for support and develop
ment North Georgia would lead them all
We believe in North Georgia as a fruitgrowing section but there will be
many failures and disappointments There are many obstacles yet to
overcome This is not the Garden of Eden but we accept the spirit of Whit
tiers hymn
Why search the wide world everywhere
For Edens unknown ground
That garden of the primal pair
May never more be found
If all fruit growers would either accept this or conclude they had found
the garden how much better it would be for them How often you hear
them say if we could only grow fruit like California or Western New York
we would be perfectly satisfied or if peaches would hit like they did thirty
years ago it would be profitable The front rank fellows we acknowledge
do not talk in this strain
North Georgia is fast leading into a nicely adjusted diversity of productsSUGGESTIONS AND INFORMATIONFEBRUARY
49
with a great variety of industries which will render us capable of main
taining a large and prosperous population
It will depend very largely on the growth of horticulture as to the degree
of development of these conditions for instance bonanza farming would
add but little to our prosperity but small farms converted into homes
bringing about them the attractions of horticulture will be the foundation
of our future prosperity
We have a country in which capital and work are the price of success
But we now wish to notice what a judicious expenditure of money and
labor under intelligent guidance will bring
Accurate statistics from our own State and section will ever be ready to
prove what has already been done
In cultivated products of horticulture the range of species is noticeably
wider than most sections of our country In the same county which
ripens the fig the beautiful Japan plums and develops the most perfect
peaches and pears we find the apple in its perfection This is wonderfully
attractive possession as it makes secure the highest satisfaction of living
The diversity of fruits that can be easily grown with slight expense will be
the best retnrns horticulture can promise the people
This with the delightful climate and multitude of other good things be
stowed upon us contains profit that cannot be indicated by dollars The
North Georgian should never ask the question What are we living for
Looking at the fruit interest from the standpoint of a commercial grower
is there room and hope for North Georgia That this section will produce
the fruit has been fully demonstrated We have it from Eastern commission
merchants that North Georgia peaches were larger finer and of better qual
ity than any arrivals during the season Pears do well especially is this
true of the Keiffer The grape succeeds admirably Japan plums promise
to more than fulfill the most sanguine expectations Some few of the Eu
ropeans succeed nicely Duke and Morello cherries are a success on nearly
all soils
Apple growing which is yet almost entirely undeveloped is most prom
ising especially in the territory north of us If you have ever seen Bald
wins golden Kinnards choice and even native seedlings as grown in that
region you understand why we should be sanguine as to the future of
apple culture With the entire southland for a market this is one fruit
that no grower could reasonably fear of overproduction In fact the ques
tion of overproduction need not engage the attention of our fruit growers
but these are questions that must have careful intelligent consideration or
failure will be the result
If we make commercial growing a success varieties must be grown that
are adapted to our soil climate and elevation proper cultivation must be
given remedies for insect depredations must be properly and timely
applied the fruit must have proper handling
The markets to be supplied must be carefully studied and then cater to
the best trade5
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
Neglect of any of these points will most likely in time bring disaster
upon the grower
His returns will be in exact proportion to his knowledge and the practi
cal businesslike application of it to the work
The great question remains to be solved Will our people with the
position the climate and possibilities of the future of fruit growing in
plain view give North Georgia the great prominence as a source from
which to supply a large territory with the most luscious fruits which she
should justly receive
THOUGHTS ON STOCKRAISING IN GEORGIA SUGGESTED BY
DAILY OBSERVATION
BY HON R T NESBITT COMMISSIONER OF AGRICULTURE
At this season of the year I pass on the railroad ear after car filled with
mules and horses shipped here for sale and as each day I see the droves
pass my office window the thoughts in my mind becomes an earnest wish
that every farmer could realize the tremendous drain on our resources
caused by this yearly buying of stock and that some plan could be prac
tically formed for keeping at home the immense sums which are paid out
for this one item In Atlanta alone are sold each year about 60000 head
representing about 650000 Can we not keep at home a part at least of
this large waste It does seem that if the stock raisers of the West can
with all the attendant risk breed and raise this number of mules and
horses then pay the expenses of shipping and still realize a handsome
profit we with comparatively nominal railroad expenses and every
advantage of climate and situation could make such an investment pay
well added to which stock raised here being acclimated would be far less
liable to sickness than those brought from a higher latitude
Even where it is not desirable to enter into this as a regular business
there is scarcely a farmer owning land who could not by proper manage
ment arrange to raise a colt or two and this once accomplished he would
be astonished at the ease with which it has been done and the small outlay
it has cost him
I have now a valuable threeyearold the raising of which cost me
scarcely a dollar Indeed were I to begin to calculate how much she has
cost I would say nothing except the attention because her food was
raised on the farm and would have been consumed there in plainer words
she represents what would otherwise have been wasted
Understand I do not at present urge the raising of stock on a large
scale except where necessary preparations have been made because where
one goes into this as a regular business there are several requisites which
are absolutely necessary to success and if these or even one or two of
these are lacking failure is almost certain to follow
I was recently talking with a gentleman who was well posted and whoSUGGESTIONS AND INFORMATIONFEBRUARY 51
had been an enthusiast on this subject He owned a large tract of land
live thousand acres in one of the best portions of the State a large part of
hn I enfa Pasture He bu8t a mares hired the necessary
labor for their attention and fitted up his place with all the appointments
for a firstclass stock farm But he forgot one thing that the class of
labor which can plod along in the corn and coton fields is not unless under
the most careful direction capable of attending to the duties of a stock
farm The negro is often cruel to and careless of his own mule or horse
and when trusted with those belonging to others is with honorale excep
tions notoriously brutal In this case the owner lost a jack for which he
had paid 1000 shot by the negro foreman who honestly thought he was
doing his employer a valuable service in thus saving a mare worth 100
f Sw TqU J UDf0rtunate and eIualy unnecessary convinced our
friend that it would not pay to run a stock farm with labor entirely
ignorant of the requirements of the work but tnat every department
must be carefully watched and directed by an intelligent head So per
suaded is he however that when properly managed this work is bound to
pay good returns that after an interval of several years he has resolved
to make another effort and in this venture being armed with experience
which he lacked in the first his chances of success are greater If
he can succeed in interesting and converting to his views someof the large
basST d UOt dUbt that they WiH build up a Payjn
But suppose we do not care to embark in this business on a large scale
but would like to raise one or two colts each year or every two or three
years to replace such stock as may be lost or become unfit for full work
How are we to manage it Good jacks are expensive and not one farmer
in a thousand can afford to keep one In the South they are also sare and
their services high
Why cannot several farmers combine and purchase a jack His services
to outsiders would help pay for him and the cost to each individual farmer
would be thus so far lessened that he could afford the expense But even
in such cases where we attempt to raise stock for the demands of our own
business alone the utmost precaution is necessary and to trust valuable
animals to the care of irresponsible parties is to invite failure The owner
must either resolve to see to every detail himself or place the care of his
stock in the hands of competent persons Last winter a friend of mine
during his enforced absence from home lost a valuable mare with foal
through the carelessness of the ignorant attendant who when the animal
was found dead m her stall admitted that he had noticed that something
was wrongwith her when she returned from the pasture the evening be
fore but did not think it worth mentioning
A gentleman recently told me of his misfortune in having three mares
lose their colts from the grossest carelessness Of course this klnHrXk
S7ST T What GVerDOr Nrthen of ising Hos
Cattle and Sheep applies with equal force to raising mules He affirm
that lack of preparation is the main cause of unprofitableness S52
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
raising at the South The next evil is the lack of care and this evil possi
bly grows out of or rather is a part of the other
But if there is proper preparation and due care in maintaining proper
conditions I see no reason why we may not supply in part at least this
yearly recurring demand for mules and horses and thus save to ourselves
the money which other States now appropriate The sections to which
this trade now belongs did not originally and do not now possess a tithe
of the advantages which today belong to us
Let us hear from those counties notably Putnam Morgan Jones and
Bibb which have made this industry a study and a success Let these
men give to their less fortunate brothers the benefit of their experience
HOME MARKETS FOR HOME PRODUCTS
BY HON R T NESBITT COMMISSIONER OF AGRICULTURE
In passing along the thoroughfares of our capital city ones attention is
at once arrested by the amount and variety of farm and garden truck dis
played on every side fruits and vegetables as well as the more staple pro
ducts in tempting array and profuse abundance greet the passerby and
to a stranger these displays suggest local thrift diversity of home agricult
ure and attendant prosperity But when we inquire from whence come
these evidences of the farmers industry we find that Illinois Ohio Michi
gan Wisconsin Tennessee California Florida North Carolina all con
tribute their quota of onions turnips butter hay apples eggs poultry
potatoes grouudpeas and that the Georgia farmers who could largely
control this market have scarcely a crate of vegetables or a box of eggs
AtlanU pays out every year at least five or six hundred thousand dol
lars for truck and vegetables nearly every dollar of which should belong
to Georgia farmers and yet it is doubtful if they get onetenth part of
that amount
Surely if these farmer from the froeen regions of the west where land
sells anywhere from ten to fifty times as high as in Georgia can make and
ship butter for instance and realize a handsome profit Georgia farmers
with cheaper land open winters and comparatively nominal freight ought
to make more
Our manufacturing population is increasing each year and as time
moves on the demand for such articles will increase correspondingly
Cannot Georgia farmers prepare to meet this demand There are hun
dreds of acres of land now idle or worge that could be made to pay a
handsome interest if intelligently and carefully managed
Wherever a firstclass article is produced it makes a market for itself
A few years ago the Georgia peach and the Georgia melon had no place in
the general market but by sheer force of excellence they have made their
way and are now universally recognized and sought after
This is not the result of a mere perfunctory gathering and throwingSUGGESTIONS AND INFORMATIONMARCH
53
together of a few crates of peaches or a few carloads of melons but it
represents the success crowning a business which has been studied and
arranged for in its minutest detail
Let not the farmer delude himself into the belief that he can produce an
inferior article and command a good price and let him not underrate the
effect of careful handling and preparation for market Often there is a
wide margin of difference in the price of two articles whose intrinsic
value is the same owing to the fact that one is more carefully handled and
more temptingly arranged than the other In a business of this kind
after a solid foundation has been laid and the preliminary work done the
success or failure of the undertaking depends largely on whether the im
portant details of handling and marketing have been intelligently and
carefully studied and faithfully executed
Let us set our wits to work to overcome the difficulties and grasp the
benefits which lie in our reach In view of these difficulties and our want
of experience let us study methods of preparation of planting of gath
ering and preparing for market Seek information from every attainable
source and having done this study the markets themselves for the suc
cessful truckman knows not only how to produce firstclass goods but also
how to sell them to the best advantage
MONTHLY TALK WITH THE GEORGIA FARMERS
Depabtment of Agriculture
Atlanta Ga March 1 1893
The first of March finds the farmers in a most backward state of prepara
tion The weather has been such first freezing and then raining that it
has been impossible to plow the red lauds and even on the gray lands very
little has been accomplished There are drawbacks and hindrances to every
occupation and these are but the disappointments incident to our avoca
tion but when difficulties confront us
we should summon our best energies
to meet and combat them Trials and difficulties develop and make the
strong man they paralyze and destroy the weak We still have much to
be thankful for the unerring return of the seasons the blessing of the
early and latter rain the perennial hope which springs in the farmers
breast as he goes out to begin his years work and sees all nature donning
her fresh spring robe the pleasure of witnessing the soil respond to his
efforts and the gradual development of the different crops from seedtime
to harvest Surely the farmer in his work comes nearest to God and takes
its results more directly from the hand of the great ruler of the universe
How important then that he study to make no mistake in executing his
part of the contract54
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
I hope my farmer friends have utilized these muggy days in
REPAIRING
as far as possible the farm buildings and fences and in making compost
the latter a most important factor in the farm economy Every moment
when the land is too wet to plow can be utilized to the best advantage in
giving your farms a more homelike and comfortable appearance and even
when the rain keeps the farmer indoors there are many jobs in the way of
mending and preparing implements wagons plow stocks harness etcr
for the coming strain which should not be neglected and always there are
the stables and yards to be cleaned out and attended to leaves to be hauled
and cattle and stock comfortably bedded On a stranger the impression of
a wellkept farm is beyond estimation Even
ONE THOROUGHLY CULTIVATED WELLKEPT FARM
in a neighborhood is an object lesson to be seen and appreciated not only
by farmers but by every passing traveler At first it may not seem to
exert any sensible influence but gradually adjoining places begin to touch
up the lands are better prepared more manure and of better quality is
made more progressive methods are undertaken a spirit of emulation is
roused evidences of thrift are seen on every side and erelong the improved
condition of the neighborhood is the subject of favorable comment through
out the county
OURS IS A POSITION OF HONOR AND RESPONSIBILITY
and if we expect to fill it with credit to ourselves and families we must fit
ourselves for it as do successful men in other avocations by careful study
and by well directed energy and diligence Every moment every hour is
worth so much to us they are not to be wasted if we expect success to
crown our efforts The slothful indolent man no matter in what occupa
tion he may be engaged has no reasonable hope for even moderate pros
perity Let us observe the methodical systematic energy of the successful
merchant the snap and vim which characterize the successful lawyer or
banker No idling in the hours devoted to business no putting oft until
tomorrow the work which demands attention today
THE FARMER MORE THAN ANY OF THESE
comes directly in contact with nature and has the better opportunity of
studying her in her various moods Why should not he draw inspiration
from her perfect work lying all around him and portrayed in the smallest
plant the minutest blade of grassno detail lacking each complete of its
kind I understand that there can be
NO ARBITRARY RULE
laid down by which each individual farmer is to governed but in thtse
monthly talks I wish to make suggestions which will not only arrest the
attention of the farmers but which will provoke discussion on the lines I
advocate On one pointSUGGESTIONS AND INFORMATIONMARCH
55
WE ARE ALL AGREED
and that is that we will have to build up our lands or stop cultivating
them and that we must make our farms selfsupporting But when we
begin to discuss the plans for accomplishing these muchtobedesired ends
we differ because our circumstances and conditions individual climatic
and otherwise are such as to preclude the possibility of all working by the
same rule For instance one farmer has a large family many of the mem
bers are old enough to help him in his work and he owns a good piece of
bottom land Such a man can make his home supplies on a few acres and
then devote the rest of his farm to the production of cotton or some other
money crop which can be worked successfully and cheaply by his imme
diate family Another man owns a farm the larger part of which is so
poor that until the land is improved there is no hope for him to succeed
Common sense teaches him to try and build up a few acres each year and
cultivate only such spots as will yield some return for the time and labor
bestowed upon them Again take the weather which has prevailed dur
ing January and February In North and Middle Georgia the lands for
the most part being stiff and adhesive the continued rains have prevented
any progress in plowing In Southern and more especially Eastern Georgia
rain has been needed for the small grain crops and plowing is well ad
vanced and preparations for planting move on apace
It is most gratifying to find from all the information obtainable at this
department from reports of correspondents and from other sources that in
nearly every county and in particular sections of some counties there has
been a marked improvement in the production of home supplies that there
is now on hand a larger per cent than is usual at this season and that
there is evident determination on the part of farmers to pursue such a sen
sible farm policy as will not only bridge over our present unfortunate con
dition but give us an assurance of future success The blind worship of
cotton is I trust becoming a thing of the past for the selfinflicted punish
ment which the farmers have had to suffer has taught them a salutary
lesson Wherever the farmers are studying their surroundings and condi
tions with an eye to ultimate results where they are giving more thought
ful consideration to the reasons which should control them in the direction
of their affairs good results are beginning to be seen They realize their
past mistakes and are applying themselves to the task of correcting them
TO THOSE FARMERS
who are still considering the advisability of an allcotton policy I would
utter a word of warning It is the farmer who has not thought to provide
for his corn crib or smokehouse until the past two months who is suffer
ing most today Meat at 12J cents with the lard pressed out is not a very
pleasant subject for the allcotton farmer to consider except as it may re
lease him from the thraldom of mistaken methods and policies And the
man who expects to buy his lard and sells his cottonseed to the oil mills
under the mistaken idea that he is making a good trade pays two or three
times its value when it comes back to him in the lard at fifteen cents a56
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
pound The selling of all the cottonseed to the merchant is all right for
in each ton of raw cottonseed applied to laud there is 20 worth of oil
which is absolutely wasted as the oil possesses no manurial value and
cottonseed meal is the better fertilizer but the farmer who buys his lard
and meat is playing a losing game
IF I CAN INDUCE MY FELLOW FARMERS
to read and discuss these ideas even if they fail to agree with me I will
feel that one important step has been gained i e that these discussions
will bring to the front new ideas and stronger reasons for the abandon
ment of our ruinously false system and the substitution of better and more
remunerative methods Of course my opinions are not invulnerable Al
ready I have had farmers dissent from them and my suggestions do not
always receive the cordial support of my thinking friends but I do not
object to fair criticism and the good results of such discussions will be seen
later on If every neighborhood throughout the State would reorganize
their alliance clubs with the distinct understanding that their object is to
foster and build up an interest on everything pertaining to agriculture and
to permanently advance every interest connected with the farm and
permit only such questions to be discussed iu their meetings much light
could be thrown on these questions fraught with such deep interest to
every struggling farmer and there would soon be a revival of that love for
our country homes once so general among our people The friction pro
duced by the ideas brought out in these meetings when intelligently dis
cussed would have a most salutary effect on our entire farm economy
The fruit men the truck men have gained valuable aid and information
from an exchange of ideas If they can perfect an organization to protect
and advertise and advance their interest why cannot the general farmer
I hope the farmers will study the results of the experiments made at the
experimental station in crops and fertilizers for the past season
I WISH ALSO TO CALL THEIR ATTENTION
to the paper read before the Agricultural Convention during its recent
meeting in Augusta which is published in this report From this can be
learned the nature of some of the duties devolving on me as Commissioner
of Agriculture Acquaint yourselves with these duties and find out if
they are beiDg faithfully executed and if your interest is protected and ad
vanced The latter part of this paper is devoted to the advisability of
teaching agriculture in our public schools Read it carefully and I think
you will agree with me that there are very strong reasons why it should be
taught
I cannot close this article without making
AN APPEAL
for broad acres of oats corn millet potatoes cane and only so much cotton
as you can produce at a profit Ordinarily land which produces only a bale
to three acres is worked at a dead loss Think seriously before you embark
in such a ruinous undertakingSUGGESTIONS AND INFORMATIONMARCH
57
Elsewhere in this report I publish a letter from a prominent farmer
which puts this question in such a strong light that nothing more need be
said R T Nesbitt
Commissioner of Agriculture
CULTURAL NOTES ON POTATOES
Here is a summary of the results of experiments extending over a period
of three years at the Michigan station
FirstIt was found that the seed end is as good if not better than any
other part of the potato for planting and as a rule produces fewer small
tubers
SecondAs a rule medium sized potatoes cut into halves lengthwise
using at the rate of thirteen to fifteen bushels of seed to the acre will produce
best net results planted one and onehalf or two feet apart
ThirdIf smaller seed is used the eyes should be fifteen inches apart
and pieces containing two or three eyes about eighteen inches At dis
tances o ver two and onehalf feet the number of hills is so much decreased
that the yield is lessened
FourthWhen potatoes are cheap it does not pay to use small potatoes
a seed but when seed potatoes are high tubers the size of hens eggs may
be used for one year without greatly decreasing the yield
FifthEven on fairly rich soil manure or fertilizers can be used with
profit When manure cannot be obtained without hauling two or three
miles five hundred pounds of mixed chemicals or of some good brand of
commercial fertilizer will be cheaper to use and will be a profitable in
vestment
Other items are that as the best depth for planting the result seemed to
favor covering the seed about three inches This seemed to be right for dry
seasons The highest yield was obtained when manure was used as a
mulch between rows While it can readily be shown that the fertilizers
were used with profit it is difficult to say which of the chemicals was most
necessary It is to be observed that the land on which the experiments
were made is represented as in excellent tilth and of more than average
fertility
ADDRESS BEFORE THE STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY
WORK OF THE AGRICULTURAL DEPARTMENT NECESSITY
OF AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION
The following address which was delivered before the State Agricultu
ral Society treats of two important subjects The Department of Agricult
ure and its relations to the farmers and the necessity of particular educa
tion relating to agriculture The object and aims of the department are
set out and the commissioner is anxious that those who desire to render5
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTOREGEORGIA
the department more useful may be able to cooperate with him in the
work The introduction into our school system of studies that would be
of particular advantage to those who intend to engage in farming and
which would invite others to investigate and induce them to make the
farm their home and upbuild our agriculture is a subject of great interest
and which has been but little agitated in the State Few men can succeed
at any occupation without possessing natural qualification or being fitted
by education Complete success on the farm is no exception to the rule
embodying as it does in its entirety a large and varied knowledge of scien
tific and business affairs The farmer of the future with increasing popu
lation will have to ask and require more of the soil and must be fitted to
obtain these results The question involves the place our children raised
on the farm who shall become farmers shall take in the advancement of
agriculture in the future We trust that all who see these reports will read
with care and thought what is said on this subject
THE WORK OF THE DEPARTMENT
Mr President and Gentlemen of the Agricultural Convention
In making this my yearly report before your society there are two
subjects of utmost importance to which I would like to call yourattentioD
and I will do so as briefly as possible The first is The Relations of the
Agricultural Department and the Importance of its Work to the People
of Georgia and the second is The Relations of Agriculture to the Youth
of our Land and the Importance of its Being Taught in our Public
Schools
In order to arrive at a better understanding of the first I will outline
the principal work of the department since its organization seventeen
years ago leaving it to the minds of my hearers to feed on the details and
then explain its present management and the benefits which our State
agriculture receives from its work Before opening this subject I will state
that there is a widespread prej udice in the minds of average farmers against
the department arising most often from want of information as to the
aims and the manner in which those aims are carried out and it is in
part to combat those prejudices and give the needed information that the
present paper has been prepared
About seventeen years ago owing to the rapidly increasing use of com
mercial fertilizers there was a popular demand for some more thorough
and effective means of protecting the consumer against fraud in the pur
chase of these goods and at the same time promoting the sale of goods
suitable to our lands and to the needs of the crops under cultivation
We all remember the beautifully prepared Peruvian guano costing from
90 to 100 per ton according to the distance from market the tremendous
lifegiving principles it possessed causing our crops to spring forward as if
by magic but we also remember that at gathering time the results were
most disappointing After this came the eraof cheaper goodswhichinmany
cases possessed no merit and were prepared often with no other object
than to swindle the purchaser The results from their use were not as rep
resented or expected and the farmers were naturally disappointed andSUGGESTIONS AND INFORMATIONMARCH
59
disgusted Then followed garbled reports of these results made by design
ing salesmen to mislead and entrap unsuspecting farmers As a sequel
suspicion crystallized into certainty of fraud and caused our courts to be
crowded with litigation the duped buyers seeking by law to right their
wrongs
Our lands were deteriorating and exhausting from years of mistaken
agricultural treatment and with the consequent spirit of unrest and dis
satisfaction arose the demand for an agricultural department whose
duties were defined as protective and educational In all countries as the
population becomes more dense and the natural products of the farm fail
to meet the increasing demands commercial fertilizers play their part in
solving the problem and with their aid comes the demand for more en
lightened agricultural methods and thus follow agricultural schools agri
cultural colleges and departments of agriculture
It was under this pressure and to throw around the farmer the protec
tion of which he stood so much in need that our legislature in 1876 estab
lished our Department of Agriculture New and untried it met with
much adverse criticism even from those for whose benefit and promotion
It was created All through its history it has had to combat prejudice
sometimes denunciation and often its life has trembled in the balance
Doubtless there have been mistakes but these are so far outnumbered by
its advantages that we should pardon them for the sake of the great work
it has accomplished in securing the farmers against fraud if nothing else
The most important protective duties with which the department is
charged are the inspection and analysis of the tremendous amount of com
mercial fertilizers which annually cover hundreds of thousands of tons
and the sampling and testing of the enormous bulk of illuminating oils of
fered for salein this State Millions are annually spent for these two arti
cles needed and used on nearly every farm and in nearly every farm
home in Georgia
The old system of each fertilizer inspector being a chemist and conduct
ig his own analysis which was practiced during the earlier days when the
amount of commercial fertilizers used was by comparison merely nominal
and the latter system of inspecting in bulk have both been abolished and
our system is at present regulated on a different basis and in its provisions
for protecting the farmer at the same lime dealing fairly with the manfao
turers is considered nearly perfect The analysesof the different fertilizers
are published to the world butany individual farmer wishing an analysis of
any brand of goods sold in this State has only to drop me a line and the
knowledge will be forthcoming
In the sampling and testing of illuminating oils a much simpler and less
difficult test is made Under the present law the inspector is only required
to make a fire or explosive test It is not allowed to be stored or offered for
sale in this State unless it is demonstated by the test that it will not ex
plode at 120 degrees Fahrenheit The department has no power to apply
an illuminating test and repeated complaints have reached us as to the in
ferior illuminating qualities of much of the oil which has passed the fire6o
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
test The defect in many cases probably arises from the pressure of foreign
matter in the oil notably sulphuric acid which is largely used in refining
the crude oil To meet this difficuliy will require a special act of the legis
lature During the last session of that body I called attention to this defect
in the law but in the pressure of other matters this was passed over Until
we have further legislation on this subject the remedy must be with the
people themselves When inferior oil is put upon you write to the mer
chant from whom you purchased and ascertain the name of the company
manufacturing it and also the inspectors name which should be branded
in plain letters on the barrel As soon as you ascertain these facts notify
me at the department In this way we have been able to have several lots
shipped back to the manufacturers and we can thus create a decided de
mand for further legislation on this important matter
In its educational capacity the department is further charged with the
duty of collecting such farm statistics and information as when properly
presented will aid the farmers in the intelligent management of their
affairs To say that this information will not be of value to our farmers is
to assert that no agricultural education is necessary and to set at naught
the painstaking and successful investigations of such eminent men as
DeSaussure Sir Humphrey Liebig and others But for the patient and
scientific researches of these men we would be today groping in darkness
not only as to the necessary elements of plant food but as to the best
methods of their application to the growing crops It was only after years
of perplexing experiment that Liebig discovered that these elementsto be
effective must be in soluble form and that the very means he had taken
to hold them in the soil was the cause of successive disappointing crop
results Thanks to him we now know that we might apply ton after ton
of high grade fertilizers and unless the elements of growth were in soluble
form or if there was not sufficient moisture in the soil to render them sol
uble the plants would actually starve to death the elements of life within
their reach but entirely unavailable
The department has used every means in its power through the press
and through its monthly reports to disseminate such information as would
benefit the farmers but until the interest in these questions is more wide
spread I feel that much of the labor is lost The department has also con
tributed somewhere near threefourths of a million of dollars to the public
school fund of the State and this brings me to the second branch of my sub
ject viz
AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION
The Relations of Agriculture to the Youth of the Land and the Impor
tance of its Being Taught in our Public Schools
For my treatment of this subject I am indebted to a recent very inter
esting bulletin from the Canada Department of Agriculture and from this
I have taken the liberty of quoting at length The comparative statements
I have collected most carefully and their evidence is to my mind a very
strong argument on the affirmative side of this most important and farSUGGESTIONS AND INFORMATIONMARCH 61
reaching question In discussing the subject it naturally resolves itself into
three heads
Should agriculture be taught in our public schools
Can it be taught
How can it be taught
1st Should it be taught
Among the foremost of the reasons for an affirmative answer and view
of the question is that the large per cent of our people who are engaged in
agriculture are dependent upon it either directly or indirectly Nearly
eighty per cent of the people of Georgia are farmers or are obtaining
their living either directly or indirectly from the soil and fourfifths
of the public school population belong to the farms and villages
In studying this phase of the subject we must note one factthat is the
movement citywards of our rural population The farmers sons and daugh
ters are each year being drawn towards the towns andas time moves on the
changes produced by this tendency are becoming more marked and if not
checked will seriously affect our prosperity Various reasons have been
adduced to account for this fact which is also true of nearly every other
country except perhaps France but among the most plausible is this
that the fault lies in defective systems of education The systems of edu
cation may not be the direct cause but perhaps through them something
may be done to check the exodus from the country to the towns This
tendency must eventually affect our social and political life because as a
rule it is taking from the country its best elementthose from twenty to
forty years of ageand leaving on the farms the old and infirm and the
young and immature
In the United States the rural population which was in 1790 9565 per
cent of the whole was in 1890 only 7088 per cent In Georgia from
1880 to 1890 the increase in cities of over 8000 inhabitants amounted to
over 3 per cent of the whole population and if we include towns of 500
inhabitants and upwards the increase in urban population amounts to
over 10 per cent with almost corresponding decrease in rural population
We can thus realize the loss to our rural districts which becomes a subject
for serious consideration when one remembers that we have lands to which
we wish to direct immigration and that ours is first and foremost an agri
cultural country
Again instruction in agriculture should be given because of the large
amount of capital invested in it and because other industries are largely
dependent on it both for a market and for a source of supply The more
carefully we study this question themore will we be convinced that success
in agriculture underlies success in manufacture in trade and in commerce
that according to the number of persons engaged in and directly dependent
upon agriculture the capital invested in it and the wealth which it adds
to the country every year agriculture stands way above any other industry
in importance and that anything done to develop agriculture to help
those now engaged in it or who are soon to engage in it should receive
every encouragement That there is certainly a possibility of enormous62
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
improvement in crop production in Georgia comparison with many of the
other countries such as England France and Germany will prove
From the foregoing it will be seen 1st that the large majority of our
people are intimately associated with farm work 2d that the tendency
is for the best element to remove from this work and 3d that the wealth
and commerce of the country are greatly dependent on agriculture three
strong reasons why agriculture should be taught if it can To answer the
second question viz Can agriculture be taught in our public schools
we have only to point to France as the most progressive and advanced of
all civilized nations in the matter of agricultural education France has a
population of 38095155 her farms are the best cultivated in Europe and
her produce per head has increased by onehalf in the last quarter of a
century Let it be noted that it is within that period that agricultural
education has become compulsory in the her public schools
There are also in each of the eighty six departments of France besides
the public schools farm schools apprentice schools agricultural orphan
ages and other institutions devoted to agriculture alone and in this num
ber I we do not include the Agricultural University of Paris famous the
world over for its investigations nor the three national schools of agricult
ure one of horticulture one of dairying three of veterinary science two
of forestry and two shepherds schools
It was in 1879 that in France a law was passed compelling every normal
school within six years to provide agricultural instructions for the teachers
in training and requiring the primary schools within three years to make
agriculture a compulsory subject of study
The work it will be seen began with the training of teachers a step
certainly in the right direction This instruction is given by professors of
agriculture whose duties are threefold to instruct teachers in training
to hold conferences with the farmers and to carry out investigations sug
gested by the government
Let us examine some of the results of this system In an interesting
article on Village Life in France and England Rev W Tuckwell an
Englishman says In these small farms as in all the other holdingswe
had seen the farming was extraordinarily skillful Not only was the land
far cleaner than most farms in England but we were arrested
by the dextrous economy in laying out crops the unexpected rotations
the use of chemical manures This was due we were told to the govern
ment agricultural college
He concludes with the following remarkable statement showing some
of the results of the French system In England the owners of estates
above one acre in size are about 300000 In France they are 7000000 In
England the average extent of a single farm is 390 acres In France ten
acres 4000000 owners holding properties of two acres while farms of 200
acres are so few that they can be counted on the fingers In 1890
s4aonoCoeonnnPrtedaVOUt 120000000 th f od England imported
360000000 In sixty years 8500000 emigrants have left England less
than 500000 have left France In England the rural population is 33 perSUGGESTIONS AND INFORMATIONMARCH
63
cent of the whole in France upwards of 75 per cent In England
finally the peasant is miserably housed underpaid servile despairing in
France he is decent welltodo independent hopeful
In the French Postoffice Savings Bank there are 600000000 in 6500
000 deposits an average of less than 100 for each depositor The conclu
sions to be derived from a study of this question are
1 France has found it advisable to supplement the work of her agricult
ural colleges by introducing agriculture as a special study into her general
school system
2 The work has been begun by training the teachers first and while
general methods have been prescribed the system is sufficiently elastic to
meet the varying abilities of teachers and pupils
3 The work is as yet in only the first stage of development and
although all the rural children of France have not yet been reached and
the end aimed at has not yet been attained the success achieved is very
encouraging and worthy the imitation of other nations
C C James deputy minister of agriculture for Ontario Canada to
whose valuable paper I am indebted for much of the information on the
subject says
It may not be advisable to follow the lead of France in all particulars
but her experience certainly warrants the conclusion that the education
of the rural classes in their own work is very beneficial The imparting
of a little agricultural information in public schools would doubtless have
a good effect upon the attendance of our agricultural colleges and possi
bly create a necessity for increasing such facilities
The agricultural colleges have in all countries had to do too much
begging for students while at the same time schools of law medicine
dentistry pharmacy technology have been soon crowded The United
States schools of agriculture are also schools for training teachers and for
giving instructions in manual arts and in commercial courses Many of
these institutions to obtain students for their agricultural departments
have been compelled to rely almost entirely upon short courses of six
months or two months
In proof of this last I have only to mention the winters course of two
months now being taught in our State College of Agriculture at Athens
And now we come to the third question
How can agriculture be taught in our public schools Upon this ques
tion hangs the whole difficulty and here I borrow again the language
from Mr James paper
All are now agreed that agriculture should be taught if it can and
many who have studied this question are quite satisfied that it can be
taught in some form but when we come to the question of how it is to
be taught much difficulty arises from the variety of and conflict of
opinions But one or two conclusions are indispensable and first and
foremost is this that all or nearly all depends upon the teacher Second
that too much should not be attempted at first The work should be in
troduced gradually and the understanding at the outset should be very64
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
definite that by teaching agriculture in the public schools it is not in
tended to teach how to plow how to harvest or how to feed stock but
rather the why and wherefore and to arouse an interest in agricultural
operations Third that the principal aim and object of this instruction
in our public schools should be the creation of a sentiment in favor of
agricultural work the arousing of a noble ambition in young minds to
become progressive and successful argiculturists the spreading abroad of
the idea that the industrious thoughtful honest farmer is the most valu
able citizen in this land of ours a man to be respected appreciated and
honored by every member of the community
Prof Calvin Thomas says Very little can be done by common schools
to check the drift towards the cities Whatever tends to improve
the economic status of the farm industry and to elevate the plane of the
farmers life will tend to correct this evil
In other words let us insist on showing the farmer boy a world at home
full of interest of beauty of thought of study of doing It may be that
the condition of the rural school has been a repelling force in sending
many a boy to the town or city
In arithmetic in reading in drawing in history subjects now included
in our public shool curriculum a turn could be given toward and applica
tions made to agriculture If the purpose of such instruction be carefully
kept in mind viz to interest the pupils in matters pertaining to agricult
ure and to instruct them in the use of their eyes to see what lies on all
sides of them and to see correctly it matters little what part of the im
mense field of agriculture be selected the roads upon which they come to
school or which so often keep them from school the weeds by the road
side and in the feace corners the flowers shrubs and trees beyond the fences
the soil of the fields and the different crops growing upon that soil the in
sects and the birds which are in some cases so necessary in others so de
structive to the crops the fruits and vegetables These and other subjects
will suggest that the instruction must be confined to but a small part of
what is probably the widest and most comprehensive science known to man
the science of agriculture
Prof Huxley says The farmer must be made by thorough farm work
Nevertheless I believe that practical people would be all the better
for scientific knowledge It would keep them from hopeless experiments
and enable them to take advantage of the innumerable hints which Dame
Nature gives to those who live in direct contact with things If I
were called upon to frame a course of elementary instruction preparatory
to agriculture I am not sure that I would attempt chemistry or botany
or physiology or geology as such The history of a bean of a grain
of wheat of a turnip of a sheep of a pig of a cow properly treated with
the introduction of the elements of chemistry physiology and so on as
they come in would give all the elementary science which is needed for
the comprehension of the process of agriculture and in a form easily as
similated by the youthful mind
Again I quote from Mr James In conclusion I would say that theseSUGGESTIONS AND INFORMATIONMARCH
65
suggestions do not involve any upsetting or overturning of the present
system of education but rather an adaptation to agriculture as far as possible
of subjects now upon the curriculum If nothing more be done than to
start our rural pupils to thinking to give them an impetus or a turn in the
right direction to develop in them a taste for agricultural study and in
vestigation to arouse in them a desire to know more and read more about
agricultural affairs and especially to increase in them a respect for their
work and a pride in their calling then the most important end of their
education will have been attained
COTTON ACREAGE
The monthly talk of the commissioner closes with an appeal for selfsus
taining farms and a reduction of the cotton acreage Through all the pub
lications of this department we have endeavored to emphasize this appeal
From the commissioner of Texas comes a circular letter setting forth our
former disaster and the loss that will again attend overproduction also a
private letter requesting the cooperation of this department The com
missioner stands ready to do all in his power to prevent an increase in
acreage Will our farmers not heed any of these warnings with a disas
trous experience yet fresh in their minds We have confidence in the
good sense of our agricultural classes and trust that they will
The following extracts from a letter of a leading and successful farmer
presents in a concise way the benefits that will accrue from a small crop
and the low price and loss that come from productions beyond the demands
of consumption
It is generally admitted that with meat at 8 cents per pound and corn
at 75 cents per bushel the average price of producing a pound of cotton is
8 cents With these admitted facts before the cotton growers their policy
should be to still further reduce the acreage and place the American crop
as near as possible to a 7000000 bale basis thus insuring 10 cents a pound
for cotton or a profit to the farmer of at least 2 cents on the pound but if
to the contrary they return to an increased acreage and an increased use of
fertilizers and produce a 9000000 or 10000000 bale crop values will be re
duced below 7 cents and every pound of cotton will be sold at a net loss of
1 cent or more per pound Which will the farmer choose a decrease of
labor and plenty of home supplies at a handsome profit or an increase of
labor with smokehouses and corncribs in the West and ruinous loss on the
production of their cotton crop Can any sane man hesitate A 7000000
bale crop will bring 10 cents or in round numbers 350000000 while a
9000000 bale crop will bring not over 7 cents or say 1315000 a loss of
revenue of 35000000 and how about the cost of production To raise a
7000000 bale crop at 8 cents per pound will cost 280000000 which if sold
at 10 cents will net the farmers a profit over and above cost of production
of 70000000 on the other hand to raise a 9000000 bale crop at 8 cents
per pound will cost 360000000 which if sold at as much as 7 cents a
pound would only bring 315000000 or a net loss to the producers of 45
000000 showing a difference in favor of the lesser crop of 115000000 and
that with plenty of home supplies for the next crop
5DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
MONTHLY TALK WITH THE GEORGIA FARMER
State of Georgia
Department of Agriculture
Atlanta Ga April 1 1S92
March has been a much more favorable month for all farm work than
the one which preceded it but ihe rains though not heavy have been con
stant and have in Middle and North Georgia seriously interrupted the
work and greatly delayed the thorough preparation of the land In these
sections the area put in good condition for planting is much less than is
usual at this season
The average temperature and rainfall for January February and March
for the present year as compared with the same months for 1892 are as
follows
temperature
1892January 382
1892February 477
1892March 480
Total1339
1893January 361
1893February 462
1893March to date 512
Total1335
rainfall
1892January 288
1892 February li
1892March 180
Total 555
1893January97
1893February 191
1893March to date93
Total 381
From this it will be seen that the average temperature for the three
months is about the same while the rainfall is greater for 1892
But the present year though we bave had fewer heavy rains they have
been longer continued and there have been many consecutive days when
the lands have been too wet to plow
THE PROGRESS MADE
by the wideawake farmers in the lower portion of the State both in prepSUGGESTIONS AND INFORMATIONAPRIL
67
aration and planting is all that could be desired but with those of us living
on the red heavy lands of Middle and North Georgia the delays have been
most vexatious and the exercise of the greatest energy and sound judg
ment will be necessary to enable us to make good this heavy losi of time
I have repeatedly urged upon my fellow farmers
THE NECESSITY OF MORE THOUGHTFUL CARE AND DISCRIMINATION
in the general disposition and character of their crops I have urgently
advised such a crop division as with ordinary seasons would insure an
abundance of home supplies and corn as a surplus for a chance purchaser
I have also urged a reduction of the area to be put in cotton Letters
received at the department from intelligent correspondents and an
extended intercourse with the people generally lead me to believe that this
last advice has to a great extent been unheeded Ordinarily
THE SALE OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS
reported at this office is an indication of the probable cotton area But
while the sales of the present season are fully as large if not larger than
for the heavy cotton crop of 1891 this fact cannot now be taken as a cer
tain indication of increased cotton acreage for the reason that the high
price of cotton seed has induced many farmers to dispose of their supply
and in their place use the commercial fertilizers under their corn and other
cfrops
It is gratifying to state that there has been an increase in
THE AREA DEVOTED TO GRAIN
and thus if the cotton crop should reach anywhere near the enormous
figure of 1891 the farmers will in all probability be better fortified with
home supplies against the probable low price of their staple crop Natu
rally each farmer considers that he is the best judge as to the line of policy
to be pursued in the management of his farm and in the main he is correct
because he understands better than any outsider the many difficulties and
obstacles which hamper his progress For this reason he is becoming im
patient of the advice which is so freely bestowed upon him from all direc
tions and often from men whose knowledge of farming he knows is con
fined to the mere handling and selling of farm products But in under
estimating this advice he sometimes commits a grave error These men
have a view of business conditions and a general knowledge of the worlds
markets which are denied to the individual farmer For instance although
the crop of 1892 was a short one it is now known to business men that in
consequence of labor troubles the shutting down of the British mills and
general stagnation of business there may be an actual surplus on hand at
the end of the season and also that any disturbance of the peace of the
world would result disastrously to the cotton market Even a small war
cloud in Europe coming at a critical period might prove the death knell
to Southern prosperity Again when we
EX A M IN E CAREFULLY
and thoughtfully into the cause affecting our prosperity we must conclude68 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
that an agricultural system which annually depletes our lands and renders
them with each succeeding year less valuable less productive is radically
wrong If we valued these lands as we should if we realized the absolute
necessity for each farmer to pursue such a division of crops such a system
of rotation and cultivation as would keep his lands supplied with vegeta
ble matter we would have fewer acres given up to briars and old field pines
we would have less grumbling and we could reasonably expect a better
interest than we at present realize from the large amount of principal
locked up in our farms Various reasons have been assigned for our present
unfortunate condition Some assign our unwise and unfavorable national
legislation as the cause maintaining that the unjust methods of taxation
which force the farmer to pay tribute on all he possesses while the holder
of bonds gives no return for his millions should be repealed By these
laws undoubtedly the heaviest burden is placed on those least able to bear
it Others attribute the trouble in part at least to the entire destruction
of our system of labor and the results of a ruining war Others again claim
that the introduction of a farm policy which looks only to the production of
one crop and that of a character which in its cultivation takes from the
soil every particle of humus or vegetable matter must in the end prove the
ruin of any agricultural people Admitting the force of all these argu
ments it must still be apparent to any thinking farmer that the duty rests
on us as individuals to help ourselves as far as possible Let us do what we
can personally to make our home conditions more bearable and then unite
with our neighbors in demanding that we have more liberal laws
A SENATORIAL COMMITTEE
consisting of men who are themselves engaged in agriculture with Senator
George as chairman has recently been engaged in investigating the cause
of the widespread agricultural depression and after months of earnest
work give us their conclusions as follows
There are causes for this low price coming from legislation now in force
and there are other causes coming from needful legislation yet to be enacted
It is certain however that these causes cannot be remedied in time to
affect the price of the crop now about to be planted even indeed if their
force can be entirely destroyed Thecotton farmers must therefore for the
present resort to such remedies or palliatives for low prices as may come
from their own action independent of legislation
They also suggest as a remedy against a further decline in price that the
acreage be reduced to the extent necessary to raise all our food and forage
crops and work animals especially our meat corn horses and mules
This he says will increase the price of the cotton crop and at the same
time diminish the use of the proceeds of the crop by a larger reduction in
the amount heretofore applied to buy necessary supplies In conclusion
the senator says
After much reflection upon data collected from all countries adapted
to raising cotton I am satisfied of this painful truth That we are never
at least in this generation to have generally the high price for cotton we
once had Cotton will never but in experimental cases and for short peSUGGESTIONS AND INFORMATIONAPRIL
69
riods be high enough for the producer to rely upon it as the means of pur
chasing supplies which can be raised at home
As the repealing of certain obnoxious laws and the enactment of others
more favorable must be a slow process the advice here given appeals to
the common sense of every thinking man We have it in our power to
help ourselves in a great measure and in spite of unequal laws and low
priced cotton we can raise our own supplies and thus become virtually in
dependent of either condition
WHEN THIS TALK
reaches the eyes of my farmer friends the main crops will be planted in
nearly every portion of this State or so nearly so that nothing I could say
would materially change the plans of even a dozen farmers But there is
still time to put in a full quota of small cropsmillet sorghum potatoes
groundpeas
Where the preparation has on account of the weather or other drawbacks
been hurried or superficial I would urge the most thorough
PLOWING OF THE YOUNG CORN
Work it deeply and closely now and dont leave it until you have put it
in thoroughly good condition in order that the young rootlets will best feel
the invigorating influence of sun and air and can reach out in every direc
tion through the well prepared bed to secure the plant food essential for
the growth and development of the crop Dont overlook the fact that all
the good you can do your corn in the way of cultivation must be done in a
few weeks By the last of May in Southern Georgia and early in June in
the more northern counties this work should be completed The plowing
should be directed according to the character and condition of the soil On
light sandy lands surface culture with a light running sweep or cultivator
should be followed this in order to preserve from injury the little rootlets
which will be found feeding very near the surface When weather condi
tions are very favorable the cutting off of these little feeders may not result
in material injury but if the soil becomes dry the injury can never be fully
repaired Natures laws are most beautifully and intelligently adjusted
and as far as possible should be understood and carefully observed To
those who carefully study these she reveals many apparent mysteries
The gradual development of the little leaves from the closely folded bud
the growth of the plant the development and maturity of the fruit are
full of interest and are carried on by such unvarying laws that he who
studies and follows them intelligently will learn to adapt his plans to their
requirements With the human organism whenever natural laws are dis
regarded the body suffers and this is equally true in the vegetable world
How important then that the farmers should gain information from every
possible source and that agriculture the foundation of all national pros
perity should be fostered and encouraged not only by the government
but by every known agency within the reach of every citizen of our com
monwealth It is for the special study of these questions at the experiment
stations in the different States have been established and here can be car7o
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
ried on investigations which are too intricate or too expensive for the
ability of the ordinary farmer but the results of which are of incalculable
benefit to each individual worth to the aggregation of farmers thousands
of dollars and to the country at large prosperity or the reverse according
as the farmers study and profit by them It is
THE DUTY OF EACH FARMER
to examine and study these reports for unless they manifest an interest in
and appropriate the benefits of these experiments the object in establish
ing these stations will be defeated A proper appreciation of this work
will do much to revive our declining industry infuse new life into our
methods and broaden and deepen our agricultural knowledge
The results from
THE EXPERIMENT STATIONS
should be given to our farmers iu the simplest language All high sound
ing names and technical terms should be eliminated wherever and when
ever it is possible The stations are supposed to be educators and when
the reports are filled with tables and scientific terms which only scientists
can understand the station falls short of the work intended and our
farmers fail to derive the benefits which they have a right to expect Let
the reports be couched in such language that the reading farmer who is
seeking light and information will not become involved in a maze of tech
nicalties and give up the effort in disgust The complete experiment of
giving plant food to the crops at different periods of their growth involves
not only too great risk and expense for the ordinary farmer but is one
which calls for extra work at a time when he cannot very well afford it
But if this experiment is made for him and the result established beyond
dispute he can go ahead with the certainty of knowledge born not of his
own experience but of those whose duty it is and who are paid by the
government to establish correct methods Experiments at various stations
have established the fact that in most cases the best results arc obtained
when the fertilizer is applied at the time the land is prepared for the seed
because while later applications might if there was plenty of rain ma
terially increase the yield in case of drought they would be of little benefit
because the land would not be moist enough to take them in soluble form
to the plants As we cannot control weather conditions we cannot take
the risk unless we can use artificial irrigation
The intelligent use of
COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS
is of grave importance to the South and every opportunity of studying
this question and of acquiring information which will enable the farmers
to derive the largest returns from this moistener should be afforded them
The wise application of these prepared manures with a judicious system
of rotation means increased yields and a gradual restoration of elements
which enter into the structure of our cultivated crops and of which our
lauds have been deprived Want of information in this line has cost ourSUGGESTIONS AND INFORMATIONAPRIL
71
farmers thousands of dollars The fertilizers have been put on lands from
which has been taken by successive crops generally of cotton all vegetable
matter The land in this starved condition cannot utilize the highly
nitrogenous manures which have been on it and the results have been
most disappointing To reap the full benefit of commercial fertilizers the
land must first be supplied with humus and this can be done most cheaply
by a judicious rotation of crops We all understand that when the land
has been
THOROUGHLY AND DEEPLY PREPARED
and subsequent rains have not compacted the soil that rapid surface cult
ure is all that is necessary But if your lands are heavy clay have not
been well prepared or have run together aud baked there is no speedier or
more effective plan than to run a good harrow across your corn and cotton
just as if you intended to destroy your entire crop Run directly across
the rows and while a few plants may suffer the general result will be most
gratifying The first crop of grass and weeds will be destroyed the soil
will be pulverized and the young plants show the good effects at once I
have never seen a farmer who has tried this implement who would not
use it again under the same conditions I trust that when May opens the
outlook for fair crops will be more encouraging and that farmers through
out the State will have arranged for plenty of home supplies even should
the cotton crop be a large one for home supplies assured be cotton high or
low means independence
R T Nesbitt Commissioner
SELECTfONS PUBLISHED IN THE MONTHLY REPORTS
The census office has issued a bulletin entitled Statistics of Farms
Homes and Mortgages In it is a chapter on ownership and debt The
leading results in Georgia are given as follows
As to farms the conclusion is that 58 per cent of the farm families in our
State hire their lands and 42 per cent own the farms they cultivate In
other words among 100 families 58 hire their farms with an incumbrance
and 42 own without an incumbrance
On the farms occupied by the tillers who are owners there are liens
amounting to 81697500 with an annual interest charge of 57 to each
family
Each incumbered farm is presumed to be worth 1627 and is subject to
a debt of 681 There are sever cities in the State having a population of
8000 and less than 100000 and in these 80 per cent of the families hire
their homes and the rest rent
It is gratifying to know that 94 per cent of the city population who do
own homes have titles free of encumbrance Figures in this remarkable
paper show that the yearly interest charge on each incumbered city home
in the State is about 9772 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
There are 552059 families in the State There are 175688 farm families
There is an apparent increase in farm tenancy from 45 per cent in 1880 to
50 per cent in 1890 A curious feature of this paper is a statement that
city homes are hired and incumbered in a greater degree than is found out
side of cities
In the seven cities of Georgia having a population of 8000 and less than
100000 there are 41282 families of which 33131 hire and only 8151 own
their own roofs
dont feed cotton seed to hogs
One of the most important subjects to swine raisers has been tested and
decided at the Texas station and in bulletin 11 it is definitely proved that
cotton seed is poisonous to swine This article though valuable for feeding
purposes to many animals is positively deadly in its actions when fed to
swine As many farmers have been giving more or less of it to their swine
in the past it is quite important that the matter should be decided for
them
In the Southern States of the Union especially is cotton seed meal given
to hogs and from 10 to 20 per ton are often paid for it Several epidemic
diseases among swine have been traced back to cotton seed meal and the
true theory now is to leave it out in the swine ration It is a poison to
them no matter how fixed or mixed with other articles At the station
shoats and pigs fed on the meal died within a few months while others
though they lived longer showed evident signs of poisoning quite early
GOOD ADVICE
Right now is the time that your cattle and colts need close attention If
not given some dry food and salted regularly they will get down before
you know it Feed them well until the grass is tough enough to sustain
them and they will be all right The young grass and buds are too laxa
tive and weakening to be relied upon yet Now is the time to give your
stock a fine start for the seasonSUGGESTIONS AND INFORMATIONAPRIL
EXPERIMENT STATION
73
PRACTICAL TESTS CAREFULLY EXPLAINED
SELECTION AND COMMENTS ON BULLETIN NO 20 BY THE GEORGIA AGRI
CULTURAL DEPARTMENT
Bulletin No 20 of the Georgia Experiment Station which has just been
issued contains the following valuable experiments General fertilizer
experiment on corn subsoiling for corn intercultural fertilizing corn
the effect of fodderpulling deep vs shallow cultured corn variety test
corn composting in the heap vs mixing in the furrow corn variety test of
cotton distance experiment on cotton effect of increasing amount of fer
tilizer cotton general fertilizer experiment on cotton
As presented in the bulletin elaborate tabular statements of the experi
ments are given furnishing a very complete and comprehensive view of
the work In this report we do not consider it necessary to reproduce
these tables as those who desire to closely inquire into the work of the sta
tion can do so by applying to the director Mr R J Redding Experiment
Ga We would advise our farmers to avail themselves of the benefits to be
derived from a study of the experimental work concluded at the station
and to have their names placed on the mailing list
FULTON EXPERIMENT ON CORN
In this as in the other experiments we give the general with the results
and conclusions reached by the station with such experiments as are neces
sary in the absence of the tabulated statements The experiment was
located on a piece of fairly good clay soil following a good crop of cotton
in 1891 The land was divided into twentyeight plots each containing three
fourfoot rows 105 feet long On twentyfour plots eight combinations of
superphosphate muriate of potash and nitrate of soda were used each
combination being applied to three plots On two plots cotton seed meal
was substituted in the place of nitrate of soda in such proportion as to fur
nish corresponding percentages and two plots were unfertilized For
ascertaining the results the average of plots similarly fertilized was taken
The different combinations were formed on 312 pounds superphosphate
39 pounds muriate of potash and 65 pounds nitrate of soda as a normal
ration The changes being made by doubling the ration of one or more or
all the ingredients It will be seen that the normal ration gave a fertilizer
which showed now about 810 phosphoric acid 468 potash and 279 am
monia The amount of potash contained in the normal ration being from
two to three times the amount contained in the average commercial ferti
lizer should be borne in mind in considering the poor results obtained by74
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
doubling this material It should also be remembered that as muriate of
potash contains about 50 per ceat actual potash doubling this ration rap
idly increases the percentage of potash in the mixture
The highest increase in yield was given on those plots on which the acid
phosphate only was doubled A striking feature of the experiment was
that on this soil in none of the experiments did the increased yield pay for
the fertilizers used the highest increase being 802 bushels with a cost for
fertilizers of 716 The average yield on unfertilized plots was 1896bushels
per acre that of fertilized 2488 bushels and the average cost of fertilizers
was S730 per acre
The following are the results and conclusions as given by the station
RESULTS
1 The Effect of Muriate of PotashThis form of potash seems to effect
the yield injuriously when the normal quantity is doubled especially those
plots on which the elements were applied in only normal quantities This
effect is not apparent in every plot where muriate of potash was applied in
double rations but it is so in ten out of fourteen plots
2 The Effect of Nitrate of SodaIn seven plots out of twelve on which
the nitrate was doubled the other elements remaining the same the yield
was increased
3 The Effect of Superphosphatela eight plots out of fourteen on which
the superphosphate was doubled the others remaining unchanged the yield
was increased
4 The Effect of Cotton Seed Meal There were two plots on which
cotton seed meal was substituted for a double ration of nitrate of soda In
one plot 9 the yield was increased and in the other plot 10 the yield was
decreased by the substitution
CONCLUSIONS
1 The use of muriate of potash was of doubtful benefit on this land
Even if beneficial in small doses a limit is soon reached beyond which an
increase in the amount is certainly injurious
2 The effect of superphosphate was certainly beneficial
The effect of nitrate of soda was also of decided benefit
4 Cotton seed meal did not seem so decided in its effects
5 In general the results of this experiment do not favor the use of con
centrated chemical fertilizers on corn In no case did the increased yield
of the fertilized plots over the unfertilized pay for the cost of the fertilizer
See results and Conclusions under Experiment No 7 Table VI
sriJSOILING FOR CORN
In considering the results of the experiment the effect of the character
of the season should be borne in mind as in a dry season great benefit
might be derived while in a wet season its effect might hardly be per
ceptible
The effect of nitrating is also given in this experiment The nitrate was
applied on April 27 at the time of the first plowing and one June 13 The
quantity was 130 pounds per acreSUGGESTIONS AND INFORMATIONAPRIL
75
The effect of subsoiling amounted practically to nothing the increased
yield being only 23100 of a bushel or less than one peck of corn per acre
This increase would not pay the cost of the extra labor employed in sub
soiling
Effect of NitratingThe most remarkable feature in the results on this
acre was the effect of the two additional applications of nitrate of soda
The increased yield of corn was only 298 bushelsnot enough to justify
such applicationsbut the effect on the aftergrowth of crab grass was
remarkable After the crop was laid by the effect on the growth of the
grass as compared with the north half on which no additional doses of
nitrate were applied was very marked giving a yield of 86G pounds of crab
grass per acre
CONCLUSIONS
1 Subsoiling on this land does not pay for the extra labor required
2 It is a good practice to apply nitrate of soda to corn during the early
stages of growth in view of the extra growth of grass that it induces This
is in confirmation of an experiment performed on an adjoining section
in 1890 In that case the plots manured with stable manure 8000 per acre
and chemicals produced no aftergrowth of grass while adjacent plots on
which nitrate of soda and cotton seed meal were used as ammoniates
instead of stable manure gave a very luxuriant aftergrowth equivalent
probably to one ton of hay per acre
IXTERCULTURAL FERTILIZIXCiCORN
This experiment is a repetition of similar experiments made by the station
in 189091 with but a slight change in the details The object of the ex
periment was to ascertain the benefits to be derived by applying fertilizers
during the growth of the plants The readily available character of nitrate
of soda renders it superior to cotton seed meal as an intercultural fertilizer
While as a general ammouiate cotton seed meal is superior as it remains
long in the soil and not lending out what is not taken up by the plants one
year remains for subsequent crops
RESULTS
A careful study of the table fails to show any significant difference be
tween the yields of plots on which the fertilizers were all applied at one
time before planting and those which received the same lormula in two or
more successive doses The average yield of plots on which the formula
containing nitrate of soda as an ammoniate was applied at one timebefore
plantingwas less than five pecks per acre greater than the average yield
of the plots on which the formula was divided into two and three doses
But this difference small as it is is not sustained by the results of the in
terculturally fertilized plots compared with each other The yields of the
plots on which cotton seed meal was substituted for nitrate of soda is un
expectedly low as compared with the nitrate of soda plots Plot 12 on
which the whole was applied at ne time shows an exceptionally high76
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
yield but there is reason to fear that some error was committed or there
was undiscovered cause for this excess The average yield of all the cotton
seed meal plots however was nearly two bushels less than the average
yield of the nitrate of soda plots
CONCLUSIONS
The results correspond substantially with those of similar experiments
made in 1890 and 1891 hence we conclude
1 There is no material advantage to the current growing crop of corn in
dividing the fertilizer into two or more doses to be applied successively
during the growing period
2 This experiment indicates that for corn nitrate of soda is a somewhat
better form of nitrogen than cotton seed meal
DEEP VS SHALLOW CULTURECORN
The object of this experiment was to find if there is any advantage or
loss in cultivating corn deeply A number of experiments of a similar
nature have been concluded at the station and they all confirm the conclu
sion that after thorough preparation no advantage is to be obtained by
deep culture the shallow culture plots yielding more fodder in most ex
periments In the last experiment there was an increase of 029 of a bushel
in deep culture plots which did not pay for the extra plowing
VARIETY TESTCORN
In this experiment the following varieties were used resulting in the
yields given
Bushels
Per Acre
1 Southern White3069Gooduniform
2 Shaws Improved2640Fine ears
3 Shoe Peg2518Irregular
4 Higgins Improved 2771Good
5 Pattersons Select2511Irregular
6 Banks Improved2816Mixed colors
7 Hendersons Prolific 2893Very good
8 Shannons Yellow 2145Very fine
9 Shannons White2724Very good
10 Golden Beauty2068Inferiornot sound
11 Blounts Prolific2389Sound and good
As has been remarked in commenting on variety tests of corn in previous
years such tests are by no means conclusive to which of several varieties
is the best
Such tests can only compare the relative productiveness of such varieties
as are very similar if not identical in their habits of growth and periods
of fruiting As between two kinds of corn one of which silks and tassels
several weeks in advance of the other it is manifest that the seasons may
be very unfavorable for the earlier variety at the most critical period silk
ing time while the later variety may strike the seasons exactly rightSUGGESTIONS AND INFORMATIONAPRIL
77
and vice versa So of the two varieties that differ very much in size of stalk
and ears the distance given to both being the same one may have just
the right number of plants on the land while the other may be too thick
or too thin Practical farmers understand this
It is but fair to say that the nine first named seemed to be much alike in
size of stalk and ear but not exactly while numbers 10 and 11 were smaller
in stalk and ear and a little earlier Hence the test is not strictly fair to
these two especially Blounts Prolific as they should have been planted
closer Nos 1 7 8 and 9 seemed most desirable on the score of yield uni
formity in size of ears and color of grain and soundness
COMPOSTING IN THE HEAP VS MIXING IN THE FURROWCORN
The ebject of this experiment was to find the comparative results of com
posting stable manure cotton seed and acid phosphate in the heap per
mitting the mass to ferment for some weeks and mixing the same quan
tities of the same ingredients in the opening furrows just before planting
The propositions adopted correspond with a formula that is popular with
farmers in some sections viz
Superphosphate 200 lbs
Green cotton seed1000 lbs
Stable manure 1000 lbs
2200 lbs
Two lots each containing the above respective amounts of the three in
gredients were carefully weighed March 8 one of these lots was thoroughly
mixed wet with water and thrown into a loose mass into one of the
cow stalls under shelter The other lot was kept dry until April 1 On
that day the two lots were distributed in the opening furrows and covered
with turnplows and this small bed was opened with a shovel plow the
corn planted and covered with a hand hoe the next day April 2 Subse
quent treatment was exactly the same on both series of plots The land
was naturaily thin sandy soil underlaid by yellow clay very similar to
much of the branch hillside gray soils of Middle Georgia It had been in
cotton fertilizer experiments the two years previously the plots and rows
right angles to those of the present experiment But the land was poor
On all of the plots the corn grew off well and throughout the season was
the best on the farm but there was no perceptible difference between the
different plots It was very uniform in every respect over the entire
section
The yield carefully gathered and weighed September 22 shows no differ
ence Unfortunately no unfertilized plots were left and therefore the
increased yield of cotton due to the composts does not appear but Mr
Kimbrough agriculturist believes the unaided soil would not have made
exceeding twelve or fifteen bushels of corn per acre
CONCLUSIONS
1 That there is no material advantage if any in composting and fer
menting a mixture of cotton seed stable manure and acid phosphate sev78
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
eral weeks beforehand compared with applying the same quantities of the
same materials unfermented one day before planting
2 Incidentally it appears that on thin sandy land deficient in humus
a mixture of cotton seed crushed stable manure and acid phosphate
gives better results on such lands than a mixture of cotton seed meal
muriate of potash and acid phosphate This may be in part due to the
excess of acid phosphateincreasing the costand the presence of muriate
of potash in experiment No 6 This point will be more clearly elaborated
next season
VARIETY TEST OF COTTON
In this experiment twentyfive varieties of cotton were planted and for
a full conception of the results the tabulated statement of the station must
be seen We give here the comments of the director of the station on
special varieties
VarietiesBates Big Boll is a new variety to this station and very
promising giving the largest yield of the twentyfive both in seed cotton
and percentage of lint It has large bolls a symmetrical stalk and fair
staple
Okra LeafQuite early and suited to the rich lowlands and prairies of
high latitudes It is deficient in foliage
Hunnicutts ChoiceAn excellent prolific variety
Southern HopeGood productive
Tennessee Gold Dust and KingsVery early and moderately produc
tive These two are remarkably similar in every respect and probably of
identical origin Well suited to high latitudes because of their extreme
earliness yielding more than threefourths of their total crop before the
1st of October although planted April 18
PittmansThis was the most prolific variety in 1891 but did not main
tain its position It is a short limbed cluster variety
Duncans Mammoth Mammoth Prolific Truitts Improved are all very
similar in habit and probably of same origin but Truitts Improved has
a larger weed and is more prolific
Jones Wonderful is an excellent type of the upland staple varieties and
is more productive and of better staple than any of the class tested on the
station
The yield of lint per 100 pounds of seed cotton was found by carefully
ginning the entire product of each variety January 20 after thorough air
drying
It may be said by way of caution that there is no necessary relation be
tween the yield of lint per 100 pounds of seed cotton and the actual yield of
lint per acre A variety may yield a high percentage of lint calculated on
a given weight of seed cotton and yet yield less lint per acre than another
variety It is probably more a question of seed than of lint We have but
little doubt that some varieties that are popular with the mass of farmers
because of their large percentage of lint compared to seed simply produce
less seed per acre instead of more lint per acre It remains true however
that a small seeded varieiysmall in size and small in percentage of the
SUGGESTIONS AND INFORMATIONAPRIL
79
wholeis better for poor land and low culture than a variety having natu
rally large seed and a smaller percentage of lint
For further remarks on this line and in regard to large boiled varieties
the reader is referred to Experiment No 10
N BTwo elaborate experiments that appear in the bulletin of the
station Effectofencreasing Amount of Fertilizers on Cotton and General
Fertilizer Experiment on Cotton will appear in the next report of the de
partment space not permitting their publication in this issue
Circular No 1 1
Fifth Series i
CROP REPORT
FOR THB MOIXTH OP MAY 1893
Returned to the Department of Agriculture May 1 1893
State of Georgia Department of Agriculture
Atlanta Ga May 4 1893
GENERAL REMARKS
The circular upon which this report is based embraced sixtyfour inquiries
and was prepared with a view of obtaining as full and accurate information
as possible on crop areas condition etc and such other facts as would show
the situation of our farmers at the begiuning of the new crop year To
present all the statistical information collected is beyond the limits of this
report
We are aware that the correctness of the various agricultural reports is
frequently called in question and are gratified that the reports of this de
partment for last season were so fully sustained in detail by yield As the
large number of correspondents of the department are selected with refer
ence to their position to have a knowledge of the things upon which they
report no matter how much the compiled figures may conflict with special
individual views their approximate correctness can but be sustained In
those matters upon which correspondents report in regard to which the
department has other sources of information the figures substantially ac
cord We thus premise this report for the reason that between it and the
general understanding of the situation outside of those directly interested
a conflict may exist
COTTON
Under the head of our great staple crop the following questions were
asked Acreage compared to an average Acreage compared to last year
What per cent of the total area in cotton in your county is manured with
either commercial fertilizers home manure or compost What per cent
of these was home manure or compost What per cent of the crop is up
What is the stand compared with a good stand Condition of plants com82
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
pared with an average How much earlier or later than usual Com
pared to the whole area in grain crops corn and wheat 100 representing
such area what is the area in cotton in your county
The matter of most importance to the cotton grower and our entire
agricultural interests raised by these questions is relative to the cotton
acreage On this subject we have had the benefit of answers from about
800 reporters and in addition to this special reports from interviews with
a large number of farmmers If these reports can be taken as authorita
tive and we believe they can the cotton acreage of the State while show
ing a slight increase over last year is still not up to an average as made by
the two great crop years of 1890 and 1891 In reporting the crop as not up
to an average and as exceeding the crop of last year by only 4J per cent
we are aware that some may question the accuracy of the report on the
ground tbat the report for the same month last year showed a very
marked decrease in acreage which cannot by comparison be reconciled
with the figures of this year In making such comparisons it should be
remembered that the decreased acreage of last year was as compared to the
larger acreage of 1891 and not as compared to the average acreage of the State
As shown by the tabulated statement compared to an average the area in
the State planted in cotton is 97 and as compared to last year 104J The
greatest increase is in North Georgia while Middle Georgia shows the
smallest The condition of the crop through Southern Georgia is fair and
as a rule average stands are reported in Middle Georgia and in North
Georgia the crop outlook is not so promising the cold weather having re
tarded germination and growth
Considered as a whole on the prospective cotton production in the State
the news from correspondents is more satisfactory than the pessimistic
views indulged in by many We trust that the small acreage indicated
will be substantiated and that the price of our great money crop may be
allowanced by production within the demands of consumption
CORN
It is pleasing to be able to again report an increase in the acreage planted
in com in the State and also gratifying to note that more attention is being
paid to fertilizing in raising corn as indicated by the large quantities of
stable manure composted and commercial fertilizer used under this crop
While the increase is only 3 per cent as against 14 per cent last year it
demonstrates a steady tendency on the part of our farmers to raise their
supplies at home and to cease depending on the granaries of the West for
their food supply
OATS
The acreage planted in this crop remains substantially the same and
there is little change in the relative quantity sown in the fall and spring
The prospects for a fair yield over the State are not good though special lo
calities report a fine outlook Recent rains have materially improved the
prospect and we trust that the harvest may be larger than is now prom
isedMAY CROP REPORT1893
83
WHEAT
We are glad to note from an increased acreage that interest in this crop
is increasing and that the falling off in acreage prior to last year promises
to be recovered All North Georgia and much of Middle Georgia are well
adapted to this cereal and more care should be bestowed on its cultiva
tion The yield last year was good and in many counties this year the
outlook is promising though in some localities injury from rust is reported
By sowing wheat a profitable reduction of the cotton acreage can be made
and our farmers should study the best methods of sowing preparation of
the soil and fertility
FERTILIZERS
The purchase of commercial fertilizers and their use in the State exceeds
that of last year but except to take the place of compost the reports of
correspondents do not indicate that an exceptionally large quantity has
been used under cotton Large increases in its use under corn oats and
wheat are reported But few cotton seed have been used this year in mak
ing compost owing to the high price they brought in the market A
greater per cent than for any previous year has been sold and in many
instances fertilizers purchased to take their place
CLOVER AND GRASSES
The pasture and meadow lands through the State are in good condition
and for hay the acreage has been increased and other lands seeded in clo
ver and the grasses
FRUIT
It is gratifying to note that no serious damage to the fruit crop has been
reported except in very limited areas and that the outlook is for another
good fruit year A fair crop of apples and pears have set and peaches
have almost entirely escaped injury from frost
The interest in fruit growing in the State is increasing and from the
large number of inquiries received at the department the horticulture of
the State is attracting the attention of those in other States who are seek
ing a mild and healthful climate and wish to devote themselves to this
industry
STOCK
Sheep wool stock and stock hogs are in a better condition than at this
time last year The reports show an increase in the number of the lat
ter on hand The high price of meat renders it more imperative that the
Southern farmer should raise his own supply He can then without det
riment receive a high price for cotton seed the result of high priced hog
products
LABOR SUPPLIES ETC
No complaints are made of a scarcity of labor and wages remain about
the same as last year In a number of counties a full supply of corn with
84 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
corn to sell is reported and a large percentage comparatively of meat on
hand
T3 a o o o
1 05 A a o 03 ft O T3 t3 u 03 a eg 03 03 U 0 OS C O oS
W O go io O CT3
0 cj S OS d a OS S o otton Acreage to last Year 9 p is a 4U o 03 a tusc 03 OS o Vheat Conditio pect Compare Average
O O c O l
100 93J 94 97 i 96J 106J 102J 103 104 105 104 106 105 102 101 99J 96 108 97 99 102 107 120 100 100 98


97 104i 108 104 1 110 1 98
MONTHLY TALK WITH THE GEORGIA FARMERS
Agricultural Depai tTMBNT State of Georgia
Atlanta Ga May 1 1893
the weather and the crops
Up to the middle of April the weather throughout the State was un
usually warm and was exceptionally favorable for the preparation plant
ing and germination of our staple crops but since then the long continued
dry weather has seriously threatened the oat crop and although an oppor
tune rain averted this danger it was succeeded by such high and parching
winds that the benefit to other planted crops was in a great measure lost
The rainfall for the month has been very light over the entire State except
in a few counties and in some localities the rains followed by the heavy
winds have produced such conditions that the
COTTON
seed more especially have failed to germinate and the stands will
continue imperfect until the weather and soil conditions are more favorable
Where the lands have a fair percentage of vegetable matter thereby pre
venting compacting of the soil and allowing a free passage of the moisture
from below and air from the atmosphere above the stands are good but
in many localities a seasonable rain will be necessary before we see the con
tinuous lines like green ribbons stretching across the fields Every
farmer realizes how important it is toMAY CROP REPORT 1893
85
GET A GOOD STAND
at the start the cultivation is so much easier and the prospect in every way
so much more encouraging In localities where the soil has become com
pacted or a heavy crust has formed by the continued and high winds
following the rain I would advise harrowing as the most effective and satis
factory way to secure the speedy appearance of the little plants and at the
same time exterminate any foreign growth which may have presented itself
This plan insures the destruction of the first crop of weeds and grass and
leaves the seed bed in excellent condition to appropriate favorable at
mospheric conditions It is most important that
DURING A DROUGHT
our lands should be kept free of all crusts or clods Some farmers when
the ground becomes hard will put off plowing it until a rain falls The time
to get rid of this crust is at once goat it with any implement you may
have at hand which you can use to the best advantage but the harrow is
preferred because it enables the farmer to cover thoroughly a large area in
a comparatively short time The man who defers this work under the im
pression that a few days delay can do no very great harm deceives himself
and if tbere should be a protracted drought irreparable injury to the crops
must result with consequent disappointment and hardship to the farmer
Often during a drought the seeds germinate but from absence of moisture
have not the ability to force themselves through the soil It is just at this
critical period that the farmers judgment and energy must join hands and
give the help so much needed In those sections of the State where the
cotton is well started the
CULTIVATION
is progressing most favorably In localities where there is only a partial
stand owing to the dry weather I would advise the use of a small scooter
with the left wing of a scraper attached the right wing can be turned up
and act as a mould board to protect the young plants from dirt or clods
falling on them Run the scooter near the plants allowing some dirt to
fall on any seed which may have been left uncovered the wings break
the middles destroying any weed growth that may have appeared and
render the subsequent cultivation lighter and more easily accomplished
A rake or lightrunning cultivator will answer the same purpose It should
be the aim of every farmer to keep his land not only free of weeds but in
the most perfect tilth possible thus giving its absorptive powers full play
and enabling the roots to perform their full duty It is in proportion as
the little rootlets have a nice melloV thoroughly broken soil in which to
seek for the elements of plant life that the plant develops When these
rootlets the mouths of our plants are checked in their search for food in
just such proportion the growing plants must suffer and their full ability
be retarded or permanently destroyed Appreciating these facts how im
portant are soil conditions and we can only produce them by deep and
thorough preparation and subsequent rapid and intelligent cultivation86 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
CORN
The stand of corn throughout the State is an exceptionally fine one and
although in the northern part of the State it is a little injured by the cold and
also by the bud worm it is rallying and the prospect is an encouraging one
In a quickly maturing crop like corn it is important that not one moment
be lost in intelligent cultivation We have just so much time to do this
work in and any delay is a risk Air and moisture are absolutely essential
to life and development of the plant and every means should be used to
render these natural conditions as effective as possible While the prep
aration and planting of any crop is generally considered about onehalf the
actual work necessary to be done there are so many contingencies so many
instances where the nicest judgment is required in order to determine just
the right policy to pursue that the latter half is perhaps the most critical
although where the preparation has been deep and thorough there is less
cause for apprehending disaster Where this has been done the
CULTIVATION
should be on some plan that will enable us to pass over the crop rapidly
simply breaking the surface I have found in sandy land that a cultiva
tor with the wirjg set so as only to break the surface soil is all that is
needed On red stiff lands if the land has been compacted side with
a small scooter using the wing of a scrape for the middles as directed for
cottonthe scooter to break the land next the young corn the scrape to
clear out the middles Another very good plan on stiff land planted in corn
is to side with a long scooter and put a shovel furrow in the middles From
this go to the cotton finishing that return to the corn with a larger scooter
running partly in the siding furrow so as to break the ridge between the
small scooter furrow and that made in the middle by the shovel If you
can spare the time right here break the middles thoroughly with four inch
scooters On lighter soils this plan will not be necessary but on red stiff
lands you will be delighted with its effects on the growth and development
of the young plants and should a drought occur your crop will be in con
dition to withstand its effects Every moment should be intelligently and
energetically utilized now Let us devote more time and care to
FOOD CROPS
The millets peas groundpeas Spanish can be put on spare land Let
us also see to it that a larger acreage in
POTATOKS
is put in This crop is so easily cultivated so quickly made and under
ordinarily favorable conditions yields so abundantly that it is a matter for
surprise that our farmers do not pay more attention to its value Of course
when a full crop is made the price in the fall rules low and just at that
time the picking and housing of the cotton crop requires so much atten
tion that the necessary care in gathering and handling the potatoes is often
neglected The farmer feels that he cannot spare the time from the all
important cotton although the potatoes if carefully gathered and proMAY CROP REPORT1893 7
tected will yield a better per cent on the labor and money invested than
the same in cotton It is because they possess so little money at the time
of gathering that they are neglected and hundreds of bushels are lost
yearly from imperfect protection and careless methods of housing Make
them and save them properly leaving the smaller ones in the fields for
the hogs and in the spring put them on the market when they command
a good price There is scarcely a farmer who by paying attention to these
smaller crops could not command good prices for them at a season when
cash is so much needed and so hard to obtain Or they could be exchanged
at remunerative figures for sugar coffee and such needed articles as we
cannot produce at home This question of an abundance of home supplies
is one of such importance that we cannot afford to pass over it indiffer
ently And the opportunity of putting in these crops once gone cannot
be reclaimed until another year rolls around In most occupations mis
takes can be corrected and sometimes their effects eliminated the injury
sustained being overcome by maturer judgment but in farming the fact
that time and tide waits for no man is a peculiar force and the proper
time for doing certain things being suffered to pass by the loss can never
be remedied at least in that crop and the years work with all its attend
ant expenses and worries ends in ignominious failure
The best
MANUEE FOR SWEET POTATOES
is well rotted stable manure but if commercial fertilizers are used one
containing a large per cent of acid phosphate and some potash is the best
form in which to apply it Have the land thoroughly and deeply broken
put in the manure and bed out long enough for the land to settle before
the slips are put in Dont wait for a rain but in the afternoon set out the
plants by opening a hole with a pointed stick putting in a little water
then the plant pressing the wet dirt to the root end and drawing the dry
earth around the top
dont neglect the gardens
Nothing adds so much to the comfort and happiness of village or rural
life nothing so conduces to health and content as a well kept garden
And from an economic standpoint no part of the farm pays so well Keep
the ground in fine tilth and continue to put out a supply of all the favorite
vegetables Try a May crop of Irish potatoes Prepare and plant as for
the early spring crop If the planting for a later crop is put off until sum
mer it is usually harder to obtain a stand on account of the hot dry
weather Potatoes planted in May are said to have better keeping quali
ties than those planted earlier If there are
WORMS IN THE CABBAGE
scatter a little insect powder over them It is death to all insect life and
is harmless to man A small outlay in this put on in time will save your
cabbages not only from worms but from the ravages of the fly Another
good plan is to mix together one ounce of paris green and four ounces ofS8 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
Hour put in a small tin box with muslin tied over the end and sprinkle
the plants while the dew is on Finely powdered tobacco is also good and
at the same time is a fertilizer
FOQ THE BARK LOUSE
on fruit trees or shrubbery cut up fine onehalf pound of turpentine soap
mix with two gallons of kerosene and beat until pefectly smooth to this
mixture add fifteen gallons of water and spray the affected trees This
is not an expensive or troublesome preparation and the results of its use
are most beneficial The large increase in the use of
COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS
would under ordinary circumstances indicate a large increase in the
COTTON ACREACfE
but from our numerous reliable correspondents covering nearly every
militia district in the State we get a most comprehensive view of the
situation and from these I am convinced that the increase in acreage is
NOT SO GREAT
as has been supposed In very many of the genuine cotton counties an
actual loss has occurred so much more land having been devoted to food
crops These crops including all the small grains corn millet ground
peas etc have been largely increased and on them has been applied
much of the large amount of commercial fertilizers which have been used
Many farmers last year owing to the low price of cotton reduced their
bills for fertilizers and in some cases abandoned their use entirely but
the plan was so unsatisfactory and so unremunerative that they have
this season gone on the other extreme perhaps and applied fertilizers more
heavily to all their growing crops To what extent this can be done with
profit remains an undetermined question so much depending on the
previous preparation the character of the seasons and the intelligent and
skillful cultivator Of one fact our people may rest assured and it affords
me genuine satisfaction to publish it to them and to the world our farmers
are fast arriving at the conclusion that their salvation and that of the
country at large lies in the abandonment of
THE OLD COTTON POLICY
which seeks to produce on credit cotton with which to buy all farm sup
plies Bitter experience has taught them that a farm policy which is not
selfsustaining is a mistaken and ruinous one and they have wisely de
cided on a crop division this year which with favorable seasons means
independence for them and more food in Georgia for the support of man
and beast than we have had for years These evidences of a better and
mere intelligent system of farm economy are apparent to even the casual
observer and to one watching closely the general drift of our agricul
ture the improvement is most marked An investigation of this subject
proves that in proportion as the interest in home supplies is lessened just
so much is the attraction for home and home surroundings relaxed andMAY CROP REPORT1893
89
this perhaps accounts in part for the decline in the profits once realized
from the crops of an average Georgia farm
Another reason that the estimate of the cotton acreage based on the
use of commercial fertilizers is enormous is that the
FAILURE IN THE HOG CROP
caused a heavy advance in the price of cotton seed oil which is largely
used to supply the deficiency in the lard market A corresponding ad
vance in the price of cotton seed caused thousands of farmers even among
those who had always approved the seed to decide that at 20 to 26 a ton
it was to their interest to dispose of them and substitute commercial fer
tilizers which in a large majority of cases was done and thus the prod
uct of oil has been greatly increased the price of lard has been kept
down below the meat market the oil mills have been run on full time
giving employment to hundreds of operatives the railroads have received
increased tonnage and the farmers have an additional source of income
at a time when most needed
As I am closing this report rains are falling which will greatly benefit
the growing crops and will simplify the plans for their successful cultiva
tion R T Nestsitt Commissioner

COTTON SEED HULLS
THEIR ECONOMIC VALUE AS A FEEDING STUFF
AN ADDRESS DELIVERED BY DR GEORGE F PAYNE BEFORE THE CONVEN
TION OF THE GEORGIA STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY AT
AUGUSTA GA FEBRUARY 16 1893
It is difficult to imagine anything apparently more dry tasteless and
devoid of nourishment than cotton seed hulls yet within the last few years
they have come to the front as a most valuable cattle food Chemical
analysis shows us that although they appear so uninviting and insipid they
yet contain substances of much value The producers of cotton seed oil
formerly burned their seeds under the boilers and sold the ashes such
ashes are rich in potash containing from 25 to 30 per cent but as a ton of
hulls only yields from 2J to 3 per cent of ashes there will be only from 50
to 60 pounds of such ashes for each ton of hulls burnt this would only
represent from 15 to 18 pounds of potash A tou of hull ashes if of good
quality can contain 600 pounds of potash which would be worth about 24
But as it takes about 35 tons of hulls to produce such a ton of ashes it is
far more profitable to sell the hulls for feed even at the low price of 3
per ton90
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
Cotton seed hulls contain in every 100 pounds
Moisture 7251b
Ash2881b
Crude fiber 42831b
Fat 1541b
Crude protein 3751b
Nonnitrogenous extractive matter417551b
In a food analysis such as this the moisture represents the absorbed
water in the material the ash indicates the mineral portion remaining
after the substance has been burnt and the nutritive ingredients are the
crude fiber fat protein and nonnitrogenous extractive matter The crude
fiber is the woody substance or crude cellulose of the food the fat is the
oily matters the protein is the albuminoids and might be said to cor
respond in character to the white of an egg and the nonnitrogenous ex
tractive matter is that portion which is not water ash fiber fat nor pro
tein It is composed of soluble substances and consists chiefly of such
carbohydrates as gum starch sugar etc
While such an analysis shows certain nutritive bodies it does not neces
sarily follow that they can be all digested and assimilated In fact it has
been found by actual experiment that the digestibility of the constituents
of the various feeding stuffs are not the same but are nearest alike in those
materials which most closely resemble each other It has also been ascer
tained that to secure the best results in cattle feeding the amount of
digestible protein present must be always accompanied by a certain pro
portion of digestible nonnitrogenous matter consisting of crude fiber fat
and extractive This is called the nutritive ratio The crude protein is
the nitrogenous portion of the food and is the most costly Its chief work
is the production of flesh and muscle The crude fibre fat and nonnitrog
enous extractive matter furnish heat and fat and in adding their total
digestibility together that of the fat is first multiplied by 2J to put it upon
an equal basis with the others as its fat and heat producing powers are
that much greater
The nutritive ratio varies for different animals and for different condi
tions under which they live The following are some of the most impor
tant ratios
Milch cowsOne part of digestible protein to 54 parts digestible nonni
trogenous matter
Oxen FatteningOne part of digestible protein to 55 up to 65 parts
digestible nonnitrogenous matter according to age and weight
Growing animalsOne part of digestible protein to 47 up to 80 parts
digestible nonnitrogenous matter according to age and weight
Any decided change from these proportions means waste of food hence
the proper regulation of the different ingredients of a ration is a most im
portant matter
In discussing cotton seed hulls it is well also to speak of cotton seed
meal as they are the natural concomitants of each other We have stated
above that cotton seed hulls contained 3 pounds of crude protein in 100MAY CROP REPORT1893
91
pounds 26 per cent of this 3j pounds is digestible This gives 98100 of a
pound of digestible protein this is the unit for the nutritive ratio of cotton
seed hulls The crude fiber in the hulls is 42 83100 pounds and 52 per cent
of it is digestible this will give 22 27100 pounds of digestible crude fiber
The fat present is 1 54100 pounds and 27 per cent is digestible this figures
to 42100 of a pound of digestible fat which is to be multiplied by 2J as
described above this makes it figure up to 1 5100 pounds The nonni
trogenous extractive matter in cotton seed hulls is 411 pounds 40 per cent of
this is digestible which upon multiplication gives 16 710 pounds of diges
tible nonnitrogenous extractive matter Upon adding together the diges
tible percentages of crude fiber fat and non nitrogenous extractive matter
as figured above the result will be 40 2100 pounds As we have only 98100
of a pound of digestible protein the nutritive ratio will be as 98100 is to
40 2100 or asl is to 40 810 But as a nutritive ratio of 1 40 810 is much
too low for feeding purposes it should be corrected by some far richer
food and we naturally turn to cotton seed meal which is too expensive
and also has too high a nutritive ratio to use alone
Cotton seed meal in a hundred pounds contains 5 18100 pounds of a
crude fiber of which 26 per cent is digestible There is 11 74100 pounds of
fat of which 91 per cent is digestible The nonnitrogenous extractive
matter amounts to 25 27100 pounds and 91 per cent is digestible Calculat
ing these percentages and adding them together as in the case of the hulls
give a total of 51 5100 pounds of digestible nonnitrogenous matter
The crude protein present in cotton seed meal is 44 pounds of which 87
per cent is digestible this yields 38 71100 pounds of digestible protein
Hence the nutritive ratio of cotton seed meal will be as 38 71100 is to 51
5lOf or as 1 13 10 Here we have two materials widely differing in their
nutritive ratios cotton seed hulls being 1 40 810 and cotton seed meal
1 1 310 a very rough food and a very rich one If one desires to feed an
animal for the best results in a given case whether it is for work fatten
ing or the furnishing of milk the nutritive ratio is secured for such an
animal under the given conditions The nutritive ratio for the milch cow
for example is as 1 5 410 By calculation we rind that it will take about
100 pounds of hulls and 22 pounds of cotton seed meal to produce this
ration or in even numbers and for a food rich enough for most purposes
1 pound of meal to every 5 pounds of hulls
Some animals may not be willing at first to touch the hulls containing
this small amount of meal but they are readily taught to eat them by add
ing the meal very liberally at first and then gradually decreasing the
amount until the desired proportion is reached when they continue to eat
the mixture with avidity and relish
The use of cotton seed hulls for fattening cattle and for milch cows has
been very extensively practiced for some time in the Mississippi Valley
The demand at New Orleans by the dairies alone consuming all produced
by the oil mills of that large city
A gentleman in this State who is engaged largely in the granite business
employs a number of teams of oxen These animals were always thin
until he put them upon cotton seed hulls now they are sleek and fat theyill
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
are fed on hulls alone with only the addition of a liberal handful of cotton
seed meal to each bucketful of hulls His business furnishes another illus
tration of value to the farmer showing how little the farmers interests
are somtimes considered The railway which freights this gentlemans
granite to the city charges him 8 a carload of 30000 pounds when these
cars are returned carrying 10000 pounds of cotton seed hulls the charge is
SI 2 a carload
In actual practice the proportion of 5 pounds of meal to 25 pounds of
hulls has been found very satisfactory indeed as a daily ration The cost
of such feeding is quite small With the meal at 22 a ton and the hulls
at 3 the daily cost of such feeding would be 7 cents a day or S277J a
month Cattle fatten readily under such feeding which is said to be
cheaper than using corn even at 25 cents a bushel The manure is also
considerably richer than that produced under the ordinary system and
hence more valuable
I would suggest to all farmers who are in either the raising or fattening
of cattle or the feeding of milch cows a fuller study of the wonderful
economy and good results of feeding cotton seed hulls
HOW TO PREVENT COTTON BLIGHT
BY B V H
Among the bulletins of the southern experiment stations one of great
value to the cotton planter has recently been published by the Alabama
Experiment Station treating of cotton blight
For the purpose of devising means to cure this much dreaded desease
elaborate experiments were instituted by the station A field of uniform
soil was selected for the purpose which was then divided into plats equal
in size To some of these various fungicides were applied among them
kainit the remainder were left untreated to serve for comparison Care
ful observations were made of the growth of the cotton and of the appear
ance of blight and finally the cotton on each experiment plat was
separately harvested and weighed
The results are striking in demonstrating that by the usef kainit about
400 pounds per acre cotton blight may be entirely prevented At the
same time the yield of cotton is largely increased The illustrations of the
bulletin add materially to its value The cotton plants presented in the
illustrations are from the experiment field representing the plants as they
appeared on an average The large and vigorously developed cotton stalk
shows plainly the effect of kainit and forms a striking contrast with the
tiny sicklylooking plants produced upon that part of the field on which
kainit was omitted
The bulletin eontaines also a review of the history of kainit as a preven
tive against cotton blight which fully corroborates the results obtained
by the station and a quotation from a North Carolina planter is given
stating that kainit is to rust what quinine is to chillsa specificMAY CROP REPORT1893
Off
The pamphlets Potash in Agriculture and Potash and Paying
Crops which give results of thousands of experiments throughout the
country deserve the careful study of every intelligent farmer who wishes
to derive profit from the use of fertilizers They may be obtained free of
charge by addressing Dr B Von Herff 93 Nassau street New York agent
of the German Kali works
POTATO EXPERIMENTS
At the West Virginia station trials were made with potatoes on ten plots
of wornout land with the object of determining the effect of kainit used
alone and in combination with phosphoric acid and nitrogen and to test
the effects on the yield of using different amounts of seed cut to halves
quarters and single eyes Early Rose White Star and Beauty of Hebron
were the varieties planted In each case whole potatoes halves quarters
and single eyes were planted
Where the superphosphate was used with the kainit there was a marked
increase in the yield The increase with nitrate of soda was very small
The smallest profits were where kainit was used alone and the largest on
the plots where kainit was combined with superphosphate In the case of
the White Star and Beauty of Hebron the halves quarters and single
eyes produced decidedly more than the whole potatoes With Early Rose
the results were variable With regard to the number and vigor of the
stalks from different sized seed the director of the station says
We find that in all varieties the whole potato produces a greater num
ber and more vigorous stalks than either the halves quarters or single
eyes and that the general rule is a gradual diminution of the number and
vigor of the stalks as the size of the pieces planted diminishes until we
reach those cut to one eye in each piece when we find that the number of
the stalks is materially increased Of those cut to single eyes nearly all
germinated We further find that the increased yield is not in proportion
to the increase of the number of stalks From these facts we iufer that in
the preparation and planting of the seed to secure the best results the
potato should be so cut as to secure one strong vigorous stalk from each
piece and planted so as to secure from three to four stalks to each hill
ON THE COUNTRY ROAD
The New England Farmer advises in addition to the regular crops
grown that you sow peas and oats and stop buying bran and cotton seed
The Massachusetts Plowman says that peas and oats sown together make
excellent fodder to feed green They also are among the best of crops
for winter feeding
circular no 2 i
Fifth Series j
CROP REPORT
FOR THE MOUTH OF JUNE 1893
Returned to the Department of Agriculture June 1 18B3
State of Georgia Department of Agriculture
Atlanta Ga June 4 1893
GENERAL REMARKS
Notwithstanding the fact that the temperature during the month has1
ranged very low crops with the exception of cotton have not suffered
and are looking well The warm weather that has been interspersed with
the cold days and nights has done much to secure this result Several
storms of special severity have passed over localities especially in the east
ern portion of the State causing considerable destruction to fences build
ings and crops and the high winds that have prevailed in nearly every
section of the State have blown many peaches and plums from the trees
As noted this crop has suffered most from the prevailing weather con
ditions and in many quarters poor stands are reported as a result of the
cool nights However the plant has great recuperative powers and the
increased heat that has prevailed at intervals has had the effect of invig
orating the plants that survived the cold A comparison of the tabulated
statement for the same period last year does not show a gratifying result
and the prospect is not as good as at this time last year In several of the
larger cotton counties correspondents noting the various reports that have
been issued since the report from this department emphasize the fact that
in their counties no increase has been made in the cotton acreage From
personal observation and predicated upon reports we do not at this time
see that either the acreage or condition promises in Georgia a much greater
yield this year than last We would rather that all reduction was the96
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
result of a cutting down of the acreage and none the result of crop failure
and sincerely hope that our farmers realizing their situation will not
again permit themselves to be confronted by so large a production beyond
the demands of consumption
A reference to the tabulated statement shows an encouraging condition
as regards this crop Compared with last year the yield promised judging
from the harvested area and the condition of the standing crop as in
North Georgia 985 Middle Georgia 98 and the State 103 Two successive
years of successful raising of this crop ought to induce our farmers to
study the best methods of cultivation and resort to thorough instead of
superficial preparation Usually classified as a side instead of a main
crop wheat culture in Georgia has not received the attention it merits
and deserves In our last report we called attention to the adaptability of
so much of our soil to this cereal and we trust that thoughtful considera
tion of the matter will year by year see an increased acreage and better
methods We doubt not that a study of the causes of failure and avoid
ing them will except when the year is unusually disastrous assure a fair
yield
OATS
The weather during the month has favored this crop and the rains
early in the month have had the effect of increasing the yield Here
again we would call attention to the fact that if a larger yield of oats is
desired more care than we are accustomed to bestow should be taken in
the preparation and fertilization of the soil Compared with an average
the prospective yield for the State is 97 35
CORN
In regard to this crop the most flattering conditions exist and while bud
worms have done considerable damage in localities on the whole the out
look is promising With the increased acreage in corn as regards this
crop we are fast moving to a selfsustaining position Reports have been
received at the department of a number of farmers in lower Georgia who
have corn sufficient and to spare and of an increase of the large number
usual in North Georgia With the increased yield in corn comes an in
crease in our meat product which comes in further on the road to inde
pendence
MELOXS
The reports to the department and the compiled figures of the Melon
Growers Association show a decrease in the acreage in melons While as
a money crop and a source of diversification the department has been in
clined to encourage planting yet the reduction we believe to be a cause
for congratulation to the melon growers as a glutting of the market always
results disastrously to the producer The condition of the crop is fair
though the cool nights have not been favorable to the best developmentJUNE CROP RETORT1893
97
of the plant The crop is now being laid by and shipping will commence
in about two weeks the Florida melon already having made its appearance
in the market
PEAS
Before closing this report we desire to call attention to pea planting and
to urge upon our farmers the necessity of putting in between the furrow
and on other land as large a crop as possible The cowpea is essentially
the legumiu of Southern Georgia where clover will not flourish In the
renovation of land it plays a scientific part as do all legumins and has the
power possessed by no other germs of plants of adding free nitrogen to
the soil Nitrogen or ammonia as it is classed by the department is the
most expensive of plant foods and its artificial supply to plants does not
give the satisfactory results as when supplied by means of leguminous
plants These plants seem to be natures prime restorer to be utilized by
man The process of restoration when soil is reclaimed by its ordinary
vegetation is slow by these crops rapid and complete Wnen the farmer
can without loss and even with profit add to the productiveness of his
soil it would seem unnecessary to call attention to the matter But in
looking after the cultivation of the crops upon which we depend for money
and supplies we are too apt to lose sight of the significance of the crop
which only prepares our land for better service next year
June above all other months is the month for sowing this crop and as
alluded to it can be planted in many places where clover would not grow
The crop can follow a crop of grain and invigorate the land and largely
replace the plant food that has been removed In planting in corn it is
best to use an early bush variety in order not to injure the corn If the
land is very rich the peas can be broadcast but we would not advise this
c c fci S 3 O 0 3 o n o S Is Oats Yield or prospective yield compared to au aver age of five years o V 5 s a 0 at as A OW H 5 1 C A O Pi So a 8 a SC as a a C r 1 O a u a 3 o a 3 CO o g2 H o oi 0 o T3 to a a o 1 a Ja 8s P o o al 8s a sg O i a B o 0Q a a o gts 3g a S z O i so 2 gS CO a oc a 2d a to aj a o o 3 erf a fj t oS o 3 a O p a o bO 1 g Z O 3 5 Oj 0 o O So 2l z q 1
North Georgia 100 92 15 96 98 93 98 98 17 98 95 98 10 8 9 98 98 107 107 12 16 90 17 82 94M 95 98 88 92 93 94 93 98 99 96 86 96 98 89 91 83
Middle Georgia Southwest Georgia East Georgia 92 91 86 95 94 90 92 87 94
Southeast Georgia 82

State 96 97 35 9 103 14 92 92 15 WA 92 93 91 i 89
98
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
MONTHLY TALK OF THE COMMISSIONER
THE WEATHER AND THE CROPS
From the 1st to the 18th of the month we had seasonable rains but they
were followed by such high cold winds that the cotton more especially
was seriously affected its growth retarded and on the thin gray lands of
some sections the stand completely destroyed These unfavorable con
ditions have not only imposed
ADDITIONAL WORK
on the farmer in that he has in many cases been compelled to plow up
and replant his cotton but where a bare stand has beeu left the cultivation
has been more difficult on account o the care necessary to save each little
plant While the crops in the northern portion of the State are backward
the weather for the latter portion of the month has brought about most
encouraging growth and development and as a rule the crops are fairly well
advanced Every month should be a busy one on the farm but if there is
any one period into which more should be crowded than at any other time
the work for
THE MONTH OF IUXE
is that which requires more thought closer attention to the various needs
of the different crops greater care in the cultivation more intelligent
direction in every way A mistake now may prove fatal
A CORN CROP
can at this period be utterly ruined by one injudicious plowing Remem
ber that it needs all the support it can draw from the soil through its roots
They were put there and their office is to take in the elements of plant food
suited to its growth and development and should they be injured the
vitality of the plant is impaired to just that extent How important then
that the plan of cultivation should be such as to conserve every influence
of heat and light and air to the best development of the plant Before this
talk reaches the farmers in the more southern portion of the State the
corn crop will have been laid by but in Middle and Northern Georgia
much of the crop will have to receive another working This difference is
even more marked than usual because of the very unpropitious weather
during portions of April and May As a rule the last working should be
given to corn just as the stalks bunch to tassel For this purpose arrange
your scrapes to run as level as possible and where you can possibly manage
to do the work
sow PEAS
broadcast and while you may receive no benefit in the shape of matured
peas you will be repaid in the fertilizing properties which this crop has
deposited in your soil and your land will be put in better condition for suc
ceeding crops No farmer can regret sowing peas even if he never gathersJUNE CROP REPORT1893

the crop There is an idea that this is wasted if it never reaches the barn
but the grateful shade they furnish the land the crowding out of noxious
weeds and grasses which take up the fertilizer and return nothing except
additional work and worry for the farmers the fertilizing material they
absorb into the soil will more than repay for the time and labor expended
Dont allow other work to crowd out this important crop We must re
store some of the elements of fertility to our exhausted lands and there
can no better time be found to commence this needed reform than just
now On your oat stubble scatter a phosphate and sow a bushel of peas to
the acre With seasons you will get a good cutting of vines for your stock
and by turning the stubble under in the fall you lay the foundation for a
marked improvement in the crops which follow if you do not need the
vines for stock feed leave them until they attain maturity and then
turn under
COTTON
should be cultivated flat and shallow and with the leading thought that
the work should be hastened in such manner that the plants will be en
couraged to mature and begin taking on fruit at the earliest possible mo
ment The farmer who succeeds in this lias reason to congratulate himself
that he has pursued an intelligent and remunerative plan The time at
which cultivation should cease depends so much on the character of the
land and its general condition that it is impossible to lay down any fixed
time for the suspension of this work
When however the fruiting season arrives the fields being in good tilth
the cultivation having been such as to best appropriate the elements of
plant gYowth and development it matters not whether you have plowed
your crop over three times or six times you have reached the period when
further cultivation may result in harm
On old and very stiff land I have sometimes seen good results from a
plowing late in July but where the conditions are favorable it is best to
layby early in July The effect of commercial fertilizers has been to
hasten the maturing of the crop and thus materially shorten the crop
season
This month also finds us with
SMALL GRAIN
to be harvested which is a heavy draft on the resources of the farm and
unless arranged for with careful forethought entails much inconvenience
As our farms are usually managedthe harvest comes when every nerve is
strained in taking care of the other main crops and unless additional labor
can be procured loss must follow If a mower can be hired and your lands
admit of its use save the grain with that But if it is necessary to use
cradles as mauy are compelled to do additional help must be hired be
cause the regular force must be kept at the cultivated crops Shock care
fully and cap securely thus avoiding the waste which too often results
from careless haste in these important particulars By careful manage
ment the harvesting can go on and the other crops receive their due share
100 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
of attention The work is imperative and exacting but by prudence and
foresight any clashing of duties may be avoided and the general work of
the farm move on undisturbed Continue to put out
POTATOES
You cant have too many and if you cant sell them in the fall put them
away carefullythe methods for doing this we will discuss laterand sell in
the spring when they always command a good price They can be saved
and with very little trouble or expense over the old haphazard methods
Keep the
GARDENS
clean Dont allow the weeds and grass to appropriate the fertilizer in
tended for your vegetables to the disappointment of the good wife and
children whose comfort and health are so largely dependent on the aid of
good wholesome food With ordinary seasons there is no reason why
every farmer should not be supplied with an abundance of homeraised
vegetables in every respect superior to those shipped and exposed for sale
in the city markets We should watch closely
THE EFFECT OF THE FERTILIZERS
applied to our various crops and endeavor to arrive at some certain con
clusion as to their adaptability to our soils and their effect on the crops
STABLE MANURE
is a complete fertilizer and therefore adapted to all our standard crops
Let me urge upon our farmers to try and save every pound of this life
giving lifesustaining plant food Stall or pen your cattle at night Keep
the stalls well rilled with leaves straw or any substance that will absorb
or retain the volatile elements Woods earth or if you have it marl or
land plaster spread upon the bedding will act as an absorbent thus retain
ing the valuable elements which are usually allowed to waste The urine
contains as valuable plant food as the more solid matter and this should
impress the thrifty farmer who has never given this subject much thought
with the importance of so constructing his stables that no loss will occur
from leaching or leaking On the average farm nearly all of this is
wasted and it is only when the farmers attention is called to the over
sight that he realizes the large saving which he might annually accom
plish by care in this one particular Were the small farm economies more
generally practiced we might be saved many expenditures which now seem
absolutely necessary in order to carry on our business
R T Isesbitt CommissionerJUNE CROP REPORT1893
101
CARE OF THE HORSES
TREATMENT AND REMEDIES FOR CHAFING AND GALDS
One source of annoyance to the farmer and of much suffering to the
horses worked in the spring and summer plowing are the collar and har
ness galls These wounds or abrasions are very common during the spring
plowing particularly with horses used in breaking new ground or from
illfitting collars or harness at any time of the year In the spring of the
year when the horse has been unused to steady work for some months
the skin is tender aDd easily injured The horse from being wintered on
a scanty allowance of grain is soft sweats easily and if the collar and
shoulders are not properly attended to chafing of the skin is almost sure
to follow The harness should be repaired cleaned and oiled before the
spring plowing begins During the springtime the collar in particular
should be thoroughly cleansed after every days use
A good preventive against collar and harness galls especially the former
is to bathe well at the close of the days work the shoulders and other
parts of the horse rubbing or working against the harness in a strong solu
tion of cold water and common salt Other good preventives are to wash
the shoulders frequently with cold water and afterward bathe with white
oak bark alcohol or other astringents Illfitting or badly made harness
which galls a horse should be refitted at once or laid aside for other and
better The treatment of such abrasions is simple and effective if the
cause be remedied without delay
While by proper care and attention to the horse we can well nigh
avoid distress to the faithful animal yet the carelessness indifference
and negligence of hired men and forgetful and too often careless or unin
formed boys and even the reckless and apparently unconcerned owners
themselves cause many cases of collar and harness galls and some too
which are serious The remedies for harness galls are many Of these I
will mntion 1 Alcohol one pint in which are well shaken the whites of
two eggs 2 A solution of nitrate of silver ten grains to the ounce of
water 3 Sugar of lead or sulphate of zinc twenty grains to an ounce of
water 4 Carbolic acid one part in fifteen parts of glycerine 5 White
lead and linseed oil mixed as for paint and applied to the abrasion with a
brush it forms an airtight coating and soothes the pain 6 White wood
ashes and spirits of turpentine of each one and onehalf tablespoons
black pepper ground one tablespoon lard enough to make one pint in
all mix well and apply All of the preceding can be applied to cases of
saddle galls and abrasions Any simple astringent wash or powder will
effect a cure provided the sores are not irritated by friction If the ani
mal must continue his work the harness collar or saddle must be pad
ded or chamberedExchange
102
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
THE LIFE HISTORY OF CUT WORMS

There are few garden pests that are more exasperating in their manner
of doing damage than cut worms writes Clarence M Weed in the Ameri
can Cultivator A choice tomato plant perhaps of a new variety a half
dozen young cabbages two or three young squashes near together are
found lying prostrate in the morning when they were upright and healthy
the evening before It is easy to see that their stems have been cut off
near the surface of the ground during the night but no other signs of the
depredator are visible Sometimes by poking the earth away from the
roots of the plants one can find a dirty brown worm This is the cut
worm the author of the mischief
There are a great many different species of these cut worms and they
attack a great variety of field and garden crops They are all young or
larvpe of medium sized nightflying moths These moths deposit their
eggs generally on the twiggs or branches of trees and shrubs and the larva
which soon hatch from the eggs descend to the ground where they feed
upon grass or clover They become about half grown by the time winter
sets in Then they shelter themselves under boards or rubbish or burrow
iuto the soil
Thus they pass the winter and in spring come out of their hiding places
in a very famished condition They begin feeding as soon as possible and
attack a great variety of plants such as cabbage tomatoes turnips squashes
melons corn oats and others In the garden they commonly gnaw off the
stems and leave the plants lying on the ground though occasionally they
eat the whole plant Late in the spring or early in summer they be
come full grown as worms Then they make themselves hollow cells in
the soil and change to the pupa or chrysalis state Two or three weeks
later they again change this time coming forth as adult moths In some
species there are two broods each season and in others there is but one
Like all other injurious insects cut worms fluctuate greatly in numbers
from year to year Some seasons they are very destructive while at other
times their injuries may attract no attention This is doubtless due to the
various enemies cut worms have to contend with They are preyed upon
by birds toads frogs and predaceous beetles They are attacked by many
kinds of parasites and are subject to certain contagious diseases All
these agencies help greatly to keep the pests in check
ARTIFICIAL REMEDIES
I have recently summarized the three most important methods of artifi
cially checking cut worm damage as follows
1 The poison method This consists in killing off the worms before the
crops are planted by strewing over the soil bunches of fresh clover or
cabbage leaves which have been treated with Paris green or London pur
ple either by dipping into a solution of poison or dusting it on dry The
halfgrown worms prowling about iu search of food eat of the baits thusJUNE CROP REPORT1893
103
set and are destroyed before doing any harm This method has proved
a practical success with many gardeners and is well worth trying where
there is likely to be trouble from these pests Of course care must be
taken that chickens or stock do not get at the poisoned leaves
2 Using boards as traps This method consists in placing boards on the
ground in and about the garden and collecting in the morning the worms
that will congregate beneath them during the night
3 Digging out the worms where plants have been cut off This is prac
ticable in most gardens and is well worth doing thus preventing further
damage
Fall plowing is also a valuable general measure because it exposes the
worms to enemies and the weather Burning up rubbish and burning
over waste grassland also kills some
CLOVER AND THE FARM

The clover crop in all wellarranged systems of farming occupies a
prominent place The clover crop is well adapted to follow any other
crop and is a good preparation of the soil for any other crop The all
important problem which confronts the farmer everywhere is how to main
tain and increase the fertility of his soil and the clover plant is an
indispensable aid The farmer who makes the most free and continuous
use of clover will maintain his farm at the highest point of productiveness
at the least expense
The clover plant when cured for hay is a most valuable food rich in
nitrogeilous elements and is a much more valuable food for feeding than
other kinds of hay
HOW CLOVER GATHERS NITROGEN
Recent investigations have thrown much light upon the way in which
clover acts explaining why it has been found so beneficial in increasing
the productiveness of the soil It has long been known that the clover
plant gathered from some source large quantities of nitrogen but it had
been thought that it drew it to a large extent from the subsoil Recent
researches however show that it has the power to gather from the air all
the supplies of nitrogen which it needs Nitrogen it must be remembered
composes fourfifths of the atmosphere presenting an inexhaustible sup
ply It has been found that clover obtains its nitrogen from the air by
means of the bacteria that have their base of operations in the little knots
or nodulous warts or tubercles on the clover roots It has also been shown
that clover can be grown in pure sand fertilized with potash and phos
phoric acid but without the least trace of nitrogen provided it has been
watered with clear water which has been filtered through soil in which
clover plants have been grown containing the bacteria which assist in
gathering the nitrogen from the air This indicates that sandy land can
be made to produce good crops of clover without the application of any301
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
nitrogenous manures provided a sufficient supply of phosphoric acid and
potash are present
MINERAL ELEMENTS NEEDED
Clover is quite exhaustive to the soil in respect to phosphoric acid and
potash It removes quite large quantities of these elements and if the
supply runs short the clover crop will fail This is tbe reason that some
soils after a few crops of clover fail to produce good crops of clover and
the land is said to be clover rich What is needed is a supply of the
mineral elements and then good crops of clover can be again produced
The cost of supplying the necessary quantities of phosphoric acid and
potash is not great considering the value of the crop produced If the
farmer by supplying the clover plant with what potash and phosphoric
acid it needs can secure the gathering from the air all the supplies of
nitrogen which he needs he has gained an important point in the solu
tion of the fertilizer question The cost of nitrogen is about sixteen cents
per pound while the cost of potash is about four cents and that of phos
phoric acid about seven cents per pound If he can save buying the most
costly element of plant food and have abundant supplies of it gathered
from the air for him by the clover plant he has made a long stride ahead
and can well afford to purchase freely of the less costly mineral elements
Now the farmers want to act generally upon this principleraise plenty
of clover for the sake of the nitrogen feed to farm stock save the ferti
lizers and apply to the soil and go on enriching their farms and increasing
productiveness
EFFECT OF NITROGENOUS MANURE
An interesting experiment is reported in a recent bulletin from the
Storrs station in Connecticut It was undertaken to show the effect of
nitrogen on grass both as to yield and quality Potash and phosphoric
acid alone increased the yield of clover but did not that of the grasses
Nitrate of soda on the grasses increased the yield in every casethe most
profit being obtained from a dose of three hundred and twenty pounds per
acre This corroborates the former report that clover is a nitrogen collec
tor while grasses like timothy are nitrogen consumers It also explains
the philosophy of using liquid manures and other substances containing
soluble nitrogsn on grass in the spring It was also found that the appli
cation of nitrogenous fertilizers increased the proportion of protein in the
grasses making hay of higher feeding value Fertilizer farmers using
large quantities of soluble nitrogen often claim that the hay they grow is
very superior in quality and greatly preferred by stock to that grown on
poorer soil This experiment shows that they are correctJUNE CROP REPORT1893
105
NUTMEG MELONS
Single plants in the row do better than in the hills insects do not get in
their work as they do in the hill After all the danger from this source is
about past I thin out so that each plant is about three feet from its neigh
bor This gives each an independent position Then each plant gets an
equal share of the rain on the lot Should the root grubs begin to work on
the roots which can be discovered by the plant just wilting dissolve
nitrate of potash one ounce in a pint of water and put a tablespoonful
into a pail of water and apply a pint to each hill in the evening Keep
this up for several days or until the first solution is all used I use seeds
of several different kinds as I plant for family use and save the seeds of
the best each year and when I plant next year I also buy some new seeds
of some of the green nutmeg varieties and never fail to have lots of melons
I believe that by this method I can raise a melon for every two square feet
of ground in the lot
At the Utah station the Cory and Maules XX have proved good early
and the Everbearing and Squantum good second early and late varieties
of sweet corn
FERTILIZING FORMULAS

The elements of fertility absolutely necessary in a complete commercial
fertilizerare nitrogen potash and phosphoric acid Many other substances
are found in all manures both natural and manufactured which need not
be named Experience has shown that different crops generally succeed
best by the use of varied combinations of the principal fertilizing elements
Hence the leading manufacturers furnish the public with manures for
different crops under different brands as potato manure corn manure
tobacco manure etc which they guarantee to contain ammonia phos
phoric acid and potash in the percentages stated
Now that many of the State experiment stations are analyzing them ex
tensively and manufacturers have their reputations at stake in maintaining
the quality of their goods one runs little or no risk in buying a special fer
tilizer of which the composition is guaranteed in any of the leading makes
A quite common and good formula for potato manure is ammonia 450 to
5per cent phosphoric acid 8 to 10 percent actual potash 6 to 8 per cent
The potato brand will be equally useful on most garden vegetables although
manufacturers offer many specialties such as cabbage manure onion ma
nure fruit and vine manure manures for different soils also complete
manures for general use06
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
LAND PLASTER
A TALK in which it is explained what it is and what it does
There is probably as much plaster used now as ever but the common
use of it and familiarity with it makes it less talked about There are sev
eral popular errors iu regard to land plaster that ought to be corrected says
the Rural New Yorker authority for the following First there is no vegeta
ble or organic matter iu it It is solely mineral and contains 32J percent
of lime 46J of sulphuric acid and 21 of water loosely combined as water of
crystallization
It is often said that plaster takes water from the air and thus supplies
the crops in a dry time This is not the ease It is not absorbent of water
any more than sand is and the small quantity used on an acre generally
less than 100 pounds would be quite opposed to the possibility that it
could be of any service even if it absorbed several times its weight of
water When plaster is heated or calcined the water contained in it is
driven off and it is then able to combine with this water again as plaster
for the masons use and make a soft stony substance But it costs some
thing to burn the plaster and this is never done for its use for the land or
if it is it is a mistake and a waste of labor
Third it has been said that plaster should be applied to the crops when
the leaves are wet with dew or rain because then it will be dissolved and
taken in by the leaves and thus do great good to the plants Now it is
perfectly certain that plants do not take any solid matter or even water or
vapor of water in the leaves only air is thus taken in by them and the
truth is that the plaster is dissolved in the water of the soil of which 400
parts dissolve one of gypsum and is then taken in by the roots and thus
its effect is often perceived in the darker green color of the leaves twenty
four hours after the application of it
Another reason why plaster may not be so much used now is that super
phosphate of lime has a large proportion of sulphate of lime in it and this
is precisely the same as the plaster which is natural sulphate of lime
South Carolina rock is a phosphate of lime mixed with carbonate in the
form of shells and is only slowly soluble in the soil But it is more soluble
when it is finely ground in which state it is called floats and is then
cheaper than when it is dissolved by acid as superphosphate and if a large
quantityas much as a ton to the acreis used it has been found useful
and a permanent benefit to the land Being insoluble it is not of any ap
parent benefit when used in small quantities
CULTIVATION AFTER RAINS
Here is some timely advice from the Wisconsin Agricultural Experiment
Stations annual report Unless the ground is already too wet the stirringJUNE CROP REPORT1893
107
of the surface soil whenever practicable should follow just as soon after
a considerable rainfall as the tools will work well The cultivation should
as a rule be shallow leaving a thin stratum of the surface soil finely pul
verized and comparatively cut off from the ground below If this is not
done the extremely rapid evaporation which takes place from undisturbed
wet soil on hot clear days may even in a few hours not only dissipate that
which has just fallen but also a part of that which the rain has caused
to be drawn toward the surface from lower levels and thus leave the
ground actually drier as a whole than before the rain even though it
may look more moist at the surface
When a succession of showers follow one another at just the right inter
vals and are of the right amounts to strengthen the capillary flow into the
upper stratum from below each time without any percolation taking place
it is evident that such soils left to themselves under these conditions may
lose not only the water which falls directly upon them but a considerable
portion of that stored below down at least to five feet On the other
hand if each shower is promptly followed by cultivation there will be at
first a movement of water upward and finally the same rains which under
other conditions would leave the lower strata drier than before they fell
may contribute a considerable amount by percolation to the deeper layers
HANDLING FOWLS

A Wisconsin farmer called attention at a farmers club to the important
point of handling fowls He illustrated the meaning as follows
If you catch a bird leaving its wings free a desperate struggle will result
likely to injure the plumage and in the case of a sitting hen to distract
her from her vocation My plan is as follows Approach the bird from
behind place both hands firmly and quickly right over the wing points
then slip the right hand down and secure the legs firmly All fluttering
will thus be avoided and the bird held by the legs with the left hand
under the breast will not offer resistance Night is the time to catch and
handle birds for then one can slip up from behindand proceed as has been
described without annoyance to the bird or loss of time and worry to the
owner
THINGS THAT ARE TOLD
Soda moistened with water and applied directly to the bee sting will
allay the pain almost immediately and counteract the poison If stung in
the field take some earth moisten it so it will adhere to the surface and
lay it on and the effect will be like magic A bee sting should be treated
as soon as possible or the remedies will prove ineffectual
In a bulletin issued from the New York Experiment Station it is recom
mended that the treatment with bordeaux mixture on celery plants be con108
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
tinued from transplanting time to blanching time if there is reason to
anticipate attacks of leaf spot
Statistics prove farmers to average longer life than most other workers a
fact due to the even lives they lead and steady employment the year round
Of the seven different kinds of asparagus on trial at the Rural grounds
Dreers Eclipse and the Old Conover were the first this year to give cuttingsCircular No 3
Fifth Series
CROP REPORT
FOR THB MONTH OF JULY 1893
Returned to the Department of Agriculture July 1 ISO
State of Georgia Department of Agriculture
Atlanta Ga July 4 1893
GENERAL REMARKS
The month of June has in nearly every section been favorable to all crops
with the exception of cotton and fruit which have suffered from the cold
weather
cotton
The outlook for a fair yield of this crop is anything but promising Es
pecially is this true in North and Middle Georgia where the crop is from
fifteen to twenty days late It was stated in the report of the department
that the weed was in these sections smaller than it had been for a num
ber of years at the same season The weather during the month has
farther retarded the growth and the crop is now more backward than it
was when that report was issued Much of it is in the grass and it has
also suffered from the insect pests that infest the plant during its early
growth or when in a debilitated state by unfavorable seasons Consider
ing the small increase in acreage and the lateness of the crop while it is
difficult so early to forecast the yield the present outlook is that the crop
will not more than equal that of last year The condition compared to
this time last year has fallen off 2 per cent and is 16 below an average
the falling off being due to causes such as early frost that renders the crop
subject to future disaster We are inclined to regard the whole prospect
as very discouraging110
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
WHEAT
The fact that the tabulated statement shows the average yield of this
crop to be 10 bushels per acre is a source of congratulation For the last
two years our farmers have been studying the causes of former failures
in this crop and by better methods of cultivation and fertilization are
obtaining yields which with fair market prices will justify sowing on a
much larger scale We are anxious to encourage a sentiment in favor of
this cereal and as we have repeatedly stated there is no reason why it
should not be made a means of diversification and in the more favora
ble localities a money crop In the next issue of the report we will have
something to say on this subject
The yield of fourteen bushels of oats per acre for the State as shown by
correspondents is above what we supposed the crop would be and doubt
less exceeds the expectations of our farmers This yield is abundant four
bushels in excess of the usual yield and is an evidence of improved condi
tion of our land and of the better methods of preparation
OTHER CROPS
The tabulated statement presents a comprehensive view of other crops
which are extremely promising with the exceptions named
d 5b o 5b
5b to 8 a as
5 O bo
o
8 O 3 GO S 2 C5
T3 A g
o 3 O 3 as S3
WheatAverage yield per acre 9 7 10 134 11 104
OatsAverage yield per acre 15J m 164 n 14
Clover GrassYield compared to average 9 100 99
CottonCompared to an average condi
so 84J 89 97 80 84f
96 96 101 93 93 96
95 96 92 94 75 93 93 904 94
93 93 97f 91
93
98 86 55 63 96 94 83 72 66 93 96 88 80 88 97 88 80 56 04 87 94
85
04 63 i 97 65
69
94

JULY CROP REPORT1893
111
MONTHLY TALK OP THE COMMISSIONER
The month of July ou the wellconducted Georgia farm means some
little letup in the hard struggle necessary in the months of May and
June Except in the more northern counties the crops should have re
ceived their last working the grain crops should have been well harvested
and barring a field here and there which from unexpected causes has
gotten a little behind we can afford to give our plows a leave of absence
from the cultivated crops If the
COTTON
is in good growing condition taking on fruit rapidly a light plow passed
over the surface might not do any apparent harm but all things con
sidered it would perhaps be best not to incur the risk Any disturb
ance of the roots just now particularly if the plowing should be followed
by even a temporary drought causes loss of fruit and while such plowing
may cause the plant to take on a new growth and develop new fruit it is
better to pursue a system of cultivation which will retain and develop in
the shortest time possible the fruit already on the plant than to risk get
ting a later if perhaps fuller crop Where the fruiting has been delayed
by unfavorable weather or inability on the part of the farmer to ive the
necessary cultivation at the proper time thus allowing weeds and grass
to spring up and struggle for supremacy a plow should be passed over the
land as lightly as possible but in such a manner as to kill out this foreign
growth Pulverize the soil and avoid root pruning and disturbance as far
as may be In the
LAYING BY
of both corn and cotton the plowman should endeavor by a careful ad
justment of his plowstock to avoid any injury or mutilation to the grow
ing plants Take off the long singletree and substitute a shorter one or
a stretcher placed between the traces will answer a good purpose The
ordinary singletree in the last working will often break and destroy a
great many limbs besides seriously injuring the other parts of the plants
The greatest judgment and care are necessary at this critical period One
careless plowing now will much reduce the yield and bring to naught pre
vious intelligent and well considered plans All the cultivation should
have been carried on with a view to leaving the land as
LEVEL
and as friable as the soil will admit Even the lands that are idle should
be left as level as possible In order to best understand how to plow and
when to plow we must first understand
WHY WE PLOW
and this brings us to the consideration of a most interesting subject but
for lack of time and space we can only touch upon one or two of its main112 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
features We plow to bury the top or surface growth to prepare a prop
erly pulverized seed bed to receive the seed and best nourish the young
anil growing plants to kill the weeds and grass to break the crust after
each rain and thus conserve the moisture which would otherwise be
evaporated from the surface
In planning for the preparation and cultivation of every crop we must
remember one most important truth plants do not eat they drink and
our aim should be to put the soil in such condition that the moisture
which comes up from below may be held in reach of the plants and of
any fertilizer we may use and also to prevent the evaporation of this
moisture as far as possible No matter how much natural or prepared
plant food there may be in the soil without the all important moisture to
render this food available it is utterly worthless to the growing plants
Each man should study his crops his soils the needs of each and so man
age his plowing as to develop the best elements of both and get the greatest
good from the smallest outlay
The main work in the crops having been nearly completed we now
have an opportunity of beginning the
REPAIRS
on out buildings and fences so necessary to the appearance of the farm
as well as the absolute comfort of farm life Neat trim well kept build
ings gardens and fences are an advertisement for any neighborhood
They give an air of thrift and prosperity that nothing else will Lefus
resolve that come what may we will return to legitimate farm methods
raise our home supplies beautify our homes and enjoy the prosperity
which w ill once again be ours To begin let us arrange to raise our own
HOGS
This we cannot do by purchasing a few wellbred sows and turning them
into some old field which on account of its convenience to stable and barn
has been kept fenced and called a pasture Prepare for pasturing by en
closing some land and this fall seed it to clover Nothing so improves
your land and no finer food for farm animals can be produced Then sow
on the same land with the clover your small grain to come on in the
spring which being cut off leaves the clover as a foundation for your
venture in meat raising Because a hog is a hog dont decide that his
treatment should be hoggish Give him uniform good attention shelter
from the weather regular food and water and keep him free from vermin
Nothing so contributes to the destructive diseases to which the hog is sub
ject as filth insufficient and irregular food and undestroyed swarms of
vermin These points cannot be guarded too carefully Cleanliness and
plenty of wholesome food and pure water are as essential to their healthy
development as to that of the horse or cow In ante bellum days the plan
was to turn the shoats out in the spring to range at will over wide expanses
of wood and swamp and glean a fair support without further attention
until fall when they were taken up and put in the grain fields to be later
penned and fattened for pork But this plan has become a thing of the
3 ULY CROP REPORT1893
113
past The entire method of raising our porkers must be changed to meet
our changed condition and surroundings A smaller number good past
ures of clover and grass cultivated crops for their support The hog crop
of the United States is not keeping pace with the increase in population
Raise hogs we must or do without meat unless we wish a larger part of our
hardly earned cotton crop to go to pay our meat billsan outlay which we
can avoid by raising our meat at home Is not the folly of paying for
bacon twelve cents cash sixteen cents time apparent when we know that
we can buy everything a hog eats and raise pork at seven cents Or
living on a farm where we can arrange for the feeding production and
care of our hogs we can bring the cost down to less than five cents We
can conduct the other departments of farm work successfully and do this
without feeling the outlay or realizing that we have been put to much ad
ditional expense and we cannot make our farming a success if we neglect
this important and natural factor in its economy Begin with a few hogs
and increase your stock as your arrangements to care for and pasture them
will allow Dont undertake too much at first On many farms and in
many sections of the State there are comparatively speaking no hogs and
no arrangements for keeping them In such cases now is the best time to
perfect your plans for another years supply
FODDER PULLING AND SAVING HAY
This question has been so often discussed and there is such a diversity of
opinion as to whether the fodder should be pulled or left on the stalk that
we will only give our own experience of many years We have found that
where the corn is fully ripe and the fodder has not been injured by firing
its removal does not materially injure the corn and the fodder itself prop
erly cured is one of the most nutritious and appetizing foods for stock
and they prefer it to any other roughage Poorly cured or mouldy
from becoming wet while hanging on the stalks it is positively dangerous
to the animals eating it for this mould becomes a fine penetrating dust
filling the throat and lungs But we would advise always saving the fod
der if it can be properly done and if the peas have been previously sowed
as we have advised a large crop of hay and peavines can be saved at this
season when there is a rest from the crop cultivation and before the cot
ton picking begins By managing in this way each farmer can at a
small cost supply himself with an abundance of roughage which is
grateful to the work animals and when not being used they can be kept
in fine condition by feeding this with small rations of grain
IRISH POTATOES
Over a large portion of the State the successful gardener will be saving
his spring planting of Irish potatoes and perhaps it will not be amiss to
call his attention to the fact that with moderately favorable weather he
has it in his power to make another fair crop Prepare your old bed thor
oughly if it has been mulched so much the better for the second crop
For seed select the medium size potatoes from the first crop dry them in
the shade for a few days and then replant the bed just as in the spring114
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
except that instead of cutting the potato the whole tuber is planted Cover
with the plow and mulch heavily With rains the crop will be fine Of
course a drought will cut off the yield but even under unfavorable condi
tions the crop will generally be a good one You can leave them in the
ground all winter digging as you need them only being careful to keep
them heavily mulched and your table will be supplied with fresh and
most delicious potatoes They remained in our garden all last winter and
it was a very cold one without the least injury Try the experiment
TURNIPS
Prepare your beds now for rutabagas A mellow highly fertilized soil is
essential to the successful growth of root crops Thoroughly rotted stable
manure is an excellent fertilizer ashes and phosphates are good Later
sow the other varieties If the bugs and insects are troublesome try pyre
thrum powders
LATE CABBAGES
Get your bed prepared for the plants which should now be ready to set
out Lay off the rows three feet apart open a deep furrow and fill about
half full of well rotted stable manure or if guano is used put in a liberal
quantity and mix with the soil After setting the plants out if the worms
are troublesome mix one ounce ofparis green to four ounces of flour put in
a tin box and tie a thin cloth over the end sprinkle the plants while the
dew is on Persian insect powder is also a harmless and effective remedy
Work deeply in the early stages of growth shallow towards maturity To
preserve them during the winter dig a trench deep enough to receive the
stalks of the cabbage remove all loose leaves set them root down close to
gether and slanting towards the south at an angle of 45 degrees Bank
the earth on them far enough up to keep the next row from touching the
lirst This can be done while digging the trench for the second row Ar
range a shelter to keep off the suns rays If due care is taken and each
item is attended to promptly the time and labor will be rewarded by a
supply of fine hardheaded cabbages for winter use
SAVE EVERYTHING
from the farm and patches which will afford food for the cattle and work
animals during the winter months Many of us do not appreciate these
small savings but they fill many a small leak and save the main food
crops for the more active work season We must wake up to the
important fact that more food crops of all kinds are needed on the major
ity of Georgia farms As our seasons afford us every opportunity for mak
ing ample food supplies why should we hesitate or why should we
continue the old mistaken policy
PLANTING PEAS
We would again urge the importance of sowing peas as a renovator and
to insure an ample forage supply In the lower part of the State this has
been done to a great extent but in northern Georgia where the grain
crops have just been harvested now is the time to plow in the peas on theJULY CROJf REPORTIS
U5
stubble and in laying by the corn to sow them either broadcast or in the
drill according to the quality of land and distance of corn
MANURING
One of the least understood and yet one of the most important items
affecting our farm economy is the making and saving of every element
found or brought on the farm which can be converted into plant food
There has been so little apparent interest in this question and so little at
tention paid to it that it will require time and a thorough discussion before
we appreciate its grave import Under present conditions thousands of
pounds of the most valuable materials are allowed to go to waste each year
for the lack of that care and knowledge so necessary to preserve uninjured
the different element of plant food Most farmers consider these matters
too small to require much thought or attention but it is the neglect of
these small leaks on the farm which causes heavy outlays of time and
money when the farmer can ill afford to spare either For instance how
many farmers who read this article realize that the elements of fertility in
the urine of stock coutain just as much plant food as the most solid excre
ment We mention this because on most farms there is absolutely no
provision made for absorbing and holding these valuable materials We
cannot adequately calculate the waste in this one item Again many
farmers who keep their stables well supplied with absorbents in the way
of leaves or straw together with dry dirt muck or land plaster lose
much in the process of fermentation the ammonia being allowed to escape
and the materials which they have collected at considerable outlay of
time and labor become valueless except as a mulch on wornout land or to
be plowed under to prevent the land from running together A little more
attention just at the fermenting period to see that the pile was kept
moist and not allowed to decompose too rapidly would have insured a fine
supply of perfect plant food On the other hand too much moisture de
lays this process of fermentation which we have been trying to advance
Another important consideration in making manure is the quality and
character as well as the quantity of food supplied to the animals The
richest manures will be furnished by such highly concentrated food as
cottonseed meal and linseed meal next come peas beans and clover
then the grains and lastly the roots One fact is patent that is that
there can be no more fertilizing materials in the excrements than were
present in the food Therefore from poor food we can only expect a poor
quality of manure The urine contains most of the nitrogen and nearly
all the potash How important then to preserve its elements afid see
that they go back on our lands Another source from which a good supply
of the best fertilizing material can be realized is the trash pen into which
all the waste from the house and yard should be thrownthe leaves from
the yard the slops from the house anything which will contribute to
swell the final result and it is surprising how much can be gathered in
this way But to be successful in this as in everything else requires daily
care and attention Very little permanent good can be accomplished bylit
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
spasmodic effort Care today neglect tomorrow will blast and ruin most
enterprises and farming is no exception
Whenever you can spare the time from your crops haul the manure out
and broadcast it on your land if in the summer sow peas on this and
when they are matured turn them under if in the fall or spring sow small
grain with clover Building up our lands gradually but permanently
should be our aim and it is only by the application of the homemade
manures supplemented with phosphates on which clover peas and rye
are sown that we can reasonably hope for success Applying a few hun
dred pounds of highly available prepared fertilizer directly under the
plants which food is often exhausted before the plants attain maturity
can in no sense be said to restore fertility or permanently improve our
lands We cannot continue to take a small amount from a given quantity
of anything for an indefinite period and expect to retain the original
quantity And yet this is just what we are doing with our lands There
is only so much deposited there at the start we take this off year after
year in our different crops and while the rain and the atmosphere return
a small quantity and we supply some by artificial means the whole is not
usually enough to keep up even a fair condition for plant food Appre
ciating the many advantages which we enjoy in soil climate and water
let us begin now to shape our farm policy on the building up and improv
ing plan Let each idea be directed to the best means of obtaining these
results It has taken years of mistaken farm policy to bring us to our
present condition it will require time and a heavy expenditure of thought
muscle and money to put us back where we started and in the struggle
this question of proper methods of manuring plays an important part
To deal with it in an intelligent and practical manner is one of the absorb
ing needs of the times and to meet it successfully should be our daily
study R T Nesbitt
In Southern Cultivator
OTHER REMARKS
THE COTTON CROP IS BACKWARD
Since writing the foregoing the reports from the different counties have
come in and the representations are that as a rule the cotton crop is un
usually backward The plants have been stunted and thus growth much
retarded by the cold spring and later the heavy and excessive rains have
compacted the soil and so delayed the plowing that in many instances
the crops have suffered for work Under these conditions it will require
most favorable seasons from this time until the crop is made in order for
us to realize anything like a fair yield In some localities hail and wind
storms have wrought incalculable injury blasting in a few short hours
the patient work of months and gloom and despondency hang heavily over
the farmer who has seen his hopes thus suddenly destroyed But in our
favorable climate a large part of these losses can be recovered The manJULY CROP REPORT1893
117
of courage and resources while appalled when he contemplates his devas
tated fields will set to work to repair the damage as far as possible Dont
give up sow heavily of the millets and peasthe Spanish groundpeas can
still be planted and in the early fall sow rye and clover Keep busy and
keep down as far as possible unless ripening Active work is the best
remedy against despondency
OUR INQUIRY COLUMN
I would call the attention of farmers to this new feature of our work
and would solicit their interest in it I would be glad if they would read
the inquiries and answers for this month and will take pleasure in answer
ing through this medium as far as possible any inquiries sent to us by the
farmers of the State and I trust that we will succeed in making this not
only interesting but instructive as well
E T Nesbitt Commissioner118
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
INQUIRIES
These columns will be open to inquiries and answers and we hope to
make it of interest to all farmers and gardeners and that they will avail
themselves of its use
Necessarily answers may from time to time be crowded out but when
such is the case they will appear in subsequent reports
clover as a fertilizer
I would be glad if you would explain to me how clover renovates land
and renders it more fertile J C C
Fouch6 Ga
Nearly the entire dry weight of clover aside from the constituents of
water is carbon which is obtained from the atmosphere and if the crop is
plowed under and allowed to remain a portion of this carbon is deposited
in the soil If the hay is removed the amount of carbon deposited by the
roots on a well sodded field would still be very large
The agricultural value of carbon to the soil has thus been given
1 It makes the soil more retentive of manures
2 It causes it to appropriate larger quantities of the fertilizing gases of
the atmosphere
3 It gives it greater power to absorb moisture
4 It renders it warmer
In addition to the carbon the organic matter deposited in the soil by
clover contains a larger amount of nitrogen than that of other plants
except those that belong to the same family
The plant is a legumin which is now generally admitted to have the
power of appropriating free nitrogen which in the process of decay is
deposited in the soil in the form of ammonia While the value of carbon
does not depend on its entering into the composition of the plants but
upon its effects upon the mechanical condition of the soil nitrogen is in
dispensable to the growth of plants Thus we have an improved physical
condition and a direct contribution to the fertility of the soil
It may not be amiss to add that the cowpea which is one of Gods great
est blessings to the Southern farmer flourishing as it does where neither
weather nor soil will admit of clover also has the power of extracting from
the atmosphere the costliest element of plant food nitrogen
POTASH
How does potash make plants grow B M D
LaGrange Ga
Your question is one that will not admit of general answer if you desire
information as to what part of the structure of plants potash entersJULY CROP REPORTISM
no
But if you only desire to know whether the method of appropriation of
potash by plants differs in any way from its method of feeding upon other
elements it is sufficient to say that in taking up potash the method of
appropriation is the same In regard to what part of the plant potash enters
no general rulecanbefgiven as the quality of potash differs very much in
various plants In the cereals potash while entering into the formation of
the grajn plays amore important part in the formation of the straw to
which it adds much strength In cotton potash is a part of both plant
and seed
VALUE OF FERTILIZERS
What is the best metod of ascertaining the value of a fertilizer
S D W
Cason Ga
Your question as to the best method of ascertaining the value of fer
tilizers admitsof two constructions and in this light of two answers That
is the method first of arriving at the commercial value of the fertilizer
and second to arrive at its value to the soil of a particular farm The one
furnishes simply the value of the plant food contained in the mixture the
second its adaptability to the soil upon which it is used
The actual worth of the fertilizer may be high and yet by supplying
plant food which the soil already contains and not those elements in which
the soil is deficient its value to the crop may not be seen and the yield fall
short of what the farmer has reason to suppose would be the natural result
of its use
The question of actual value in the elements of plant food is one easily
settled and about which there need be no controversy Analysis by a
competent chemist gives the quantity of nitrogen phosphoric acid and
potash the mixture contains and the relative value
In the case of the State of Georgia and nearly all the States this analysis
is furnished by the State chemist through the Department of Agriculture
and by referring to the bulletins sent out there need be no questions as to
what the fertilizer contains The question of adaptability is a much
broader one and requires careful study and experimental work on the part
of the farmer himself There are those who desire the State and govern
ment by soil analysis to furnish them with a proper knowledge of the
character of their soil The value of soil analysis considering the variety
of the land even in the same field has been seriously questioned and cer
tainly without an enormous outlay could not be practically carried out
While such analysis by sections might properly establish general rules it
seems to us at present impracticable for individual application We there
fore advise that each farmer by experimental work on his own land
ascertain its needs Indeed such work is of much more value than any
theoretical application of fertilizers as by the yield the farmer acquires
absolute knowledge of the demands of his soil and in substantial fruit
gathers the results of his study While we would not reflect on the com
mercial fertilizers of today and presume that the percentages of the ele120
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
ments they contain are perhaps proper general deductions yet there are
those who are inclined to regard these applications to all land without
regard to its need in the light of a cureall as compared with a regular pre
scription This may be too severe yet there can be littie doubt that it is
the duty of every farmer who desires to advance and to adopt better
methods to purchase the ingredients and either mix them as past crops
would indicate his soils needs or add to the regular commercial fertilizer
in such proportion as he sees proper Many of the manufacturers are
ready at all times to prepare such formulas as the farmer desires and except
wheie the material is composted he may purchase if he wishes as experi
ments show his soil demands We would impress the necessity of study
ing the adaptability of the fertilizer to the soil to which it is applied and
also the needs of different crops for different proportions of the elements
of plant growth
WHITEWASH
I have noted in the publications that attention has frequently been called
to giving a sightly appearance to barns outhouses and fences by the use of
whitewash
Will you please give me a good recipe for preparing it
C I N Byron Ga
This recipe for a whitewash for outhouses and fences wiil be found to
give a good and lasting wash
In a watertight barrel put one half bushel of quick lime Slack this by
covering it with boiling water to the depth of about five inches steaming
until thoroughly slacked Dissolve in water one pound of common salt
and two pounds of zinc and add to the mixture
LEACHED ashes
Where ashes have been thoroughly leached does anything of manurial
value remain L S F Woodburn Ga
Where the leaching has been thorough all the potash is removed and the
greater part of the phosphoric acid There will however remain a large
percentage of lime with slight quantities of magnesia and phosphoric acid
which are of value to the soil It is not often that the leaching is so thor
ough as to entirely remove the potash
CLOVER HAY
I desire to know how many tons of clover hay my barn will contain
Can you give me how many feet in a ton O O G Adairsville Ga
A dry ton of clover hay contains from 577 to 604 cubic feetJULY CROP REPORT1893
121
REMOVED BY CROPS
Can you give me the amount in pounds of potash and phosphoric acid
removed from the soil by a crop of ten bushels to the acre of wheat of rye
of corn and of oats C P M Crawford Ga
Estimated in pounds the following amounts would be removed by the
crops named
Phospho
Potash ric Acid
Wheat1183 823
Rye1385 813
Corn862 1667
Oats1377 387
The figures embrace the amount removed by both grain and straw In
wheat oats and rye a greater amount of phosphoric acid than of potash is
removed by the grain whereas the straw takes a much larger amount of
potash This indicates phosphoric aeid for full heads and potash for
strength and development of straw Of course it must be remembered
that nitrogen will be necessary also In the case of corn phosphoric acid is
the dominant of both the plant and the grain
CRIMSON CLOVER
Has crimson clover been found valuable at the South
P C H Bainbridge Ga
At the experiment station in Louisiana experiments are being conducted
with crimson clover trifolium inearnatum as a winter renovator and
spring hay crop and we will soon have the benefits of the experiment At
our own station it has not succeded well except on very rich ground The
seed of this clover should be sown in September or October
PEAR LEAF BLIGHT
Will you please give me the remedy for pear leaf blight
B H B Blakely Ga
Pear leaf blight is one of the most difficult diseases that the horticulturist
has had to contend with and at the experiment stations many remedies
have been tried Two methods of treatment have been suggested one of
which may be classed as remedial and the other as preventive As a
remedy while it disfigures the tree the knife has been used with best suc
cess This consist in removing the affected parts by cutting The cutting
should be well back in the sound portion of the tree otherwise the blight122 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
will again attack the limb As a preventive either of the twogreat solu
tions for fungous growth or irjsects is used i e Bordeaux mixture or
ammoniated solution of copper For preparing these mixtures we refer
you to past reportsCircular No 4 1
Fifth Series f
CROP REPORT
JbOR THE MOSTH OF AUGUST 1S93
liettirneil I the Department of Af dealt lire August 1 1893
State of Geobgia Department op Agriculture
Atlanta Ga August t 1893
GENERAL REMARKS
A general review of the condition of the crops of the State is difficult
for the reason that only limited areas have been subjected to the same
amount of sunshine and rain In many cases in the same county in cer
tain sections the seasons have been propitious while in others all crops
have been parched for lack of proper moisture In Southern Georgia the
area where the weather has favored the growth of vegetation is larger in
extent than where the crops have suffered for want of rain while in Middle
and North Georgia the damaged area is much greater in extent

The ability of the plants to withstand drouth enables it to present a far
more healthy appearance than the corn crop in those sections where there
has not been a sufficient rainfall As stated this area is larger in Middle
and North Georgia where growth was retarded by the cold weatherprevail
ing in the spring and owing to which imperfect stands were secured
Upon the whole the plants in these sections is unusually small subjecting
it to the liability of future damage by early frost Only in exceptional
eases has the want of a proper stand been to any extent compensated for
by vigorous plant growth In Southern Georgia the outlook is more fa
vorable though here we have reports of localities suffering from drouth and
other localities where injury has resulted from too much rain
The last days of July brought showers to nearly every point in North
Georgia of great benefit to all vegetation and invigorating to the cotton124
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
plant Compared with the report for July the condition of the crop shows
in the average for the State only a slight change this a decrease a little
over one per cent Compared to last year the condition for the entire
State is about the same while sections vary widely
CORN
Comparative figures as to this crop are not encouraging Whereas last
month the department from the reports of the correspondents was able to
report a condition that promised a large yield owing to the drouth es
pecially in the principal corn section of the State the condition has fallen
off over ten points and the outlook is unfavorable The crop on the allu
vial lands has not suffered so greatly but the usual product of the upland
has been greatly reduced In the more southern parts of the State the
crop is matured but in the northern portion the recent rains will prove
very beneficial
MELONS
Inquiry as to the prospects of this crop compared with last year has not
been met with encouraging answers The growing of fruit for market
merits close study from every farmer and the causes of failure should be
investigated It may not be in either the quantity or quality of the pro
duct but in the method of marketing and the expenses of transportation
Rice sugar cane and sweet potatoes as seen from the tabulated state
ment present a more favorable condition than the two great staple crops
As these crops occupy a larger place in our agriculture than is generally
acceded to them it is a source of gratification to report that these crops
will be nearly if not quite an average
TABULATED STATEMENT
p r p S3 x nn
03 5 03 u 0
j3 OS
3 S3 01 0 m B
J o s
T3 03 O 1 9 M O 03 1 s 5 a fca rnCompared average V 03 Bo a so O 03 O S3 1 5 Is 9 OS ra 6D 1 I ai 01 0Q hat are the profi melon crop c with last year baccoConditio
O O o S X c
76 80 84 81 73 83
85 86 92 91 74 88
84 93 95 92 96 i 94
Southeast Georgia 89 88 90 87 102 90 75
82 81 1 6 92 95 80 95
831 85 97 89 93 78 87
AUGUST CROP REPORT1893
125
MONTHLY TALK WITH THE FARMERS
Department of Agriculture
Atlanta August 1 1893
COTTON ITS GENERAL CONDITION
The present crop year has so far been full of disappointment and hope
deferred The cotton over a very large territory embracing I may say
fully twothirds of the cotton belt has had to contend against almost over
whelming disadvantages First the cold spring retarded the planting and
when that was at last accomplished heavy rains set in which so packed
the lands that the seed germinated but imperfectly In consequence the
stand was generally defective and was further injured by the very high
winds and cool nights which followed each rain Then as if to put the
final destructive touch to the already suffering plants lice which always
flourish during a cool spring have done their utmost Such however is
the recuperative power of the cotton plant that as soon as the warm
growing weather of June set in the crop bounded forward But we are
now in the latter part of July confronted by the anomalous condition of
too much rain in the southern and southwestern portions of the State and
a stubborn drouth in the higher latitudes The general crop has been so
much injured by all these adverse influences that its condition is most
unsatisfactory In exceptionally favored localities where the seasons have
been propitious the crip is most promising but in other sections its condi
tion is most unpromising and my deliberate opinion after personal obser
vation in different sections and a careful comparison of the reports of cor
respondents is that the yield will be greatly reduced unless we have un
precedentedly favorable seasons from this time forth
CORN
In the southwestern part of the State the crop is fine but in the more
northern portions the yield has been fearfully cut off As it is too late
now to expect any favorable change the crop even in the more northern
counties being too far advanced to be affected by even most favorable
seasons it behooves us to turn our attention to other food crops which it is
not yet too late to provide for
FORAGE CROPS
In those sections of the State that have been spared the protracted
drouth and where it is yet possible to save such crops the farmers would
do well to save every blade of grass cultivated or otherwise of fodder of
peavines in short everything which can be cured for hay The pull
ing of the fodder may injure the corn to a certain extent but at the South
we have not yet learned to substitute other crops When the farmers have
learned to sow cultivate and harvest other crops which can take its place
they will find them more profitable and we shall see cornfodder relegated26
DEPARTMENT F AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
to the rear But until then I would advise the saving of the fodder al
though when we consider the amount of manual labor involved and the
small return it seems a grave agricultural mistake Pulling fodder is
laborious hot and tedious work In a given time one good hand with a
pair of mules and a good mower will so far outstrip the fodder pulling
process in the amount and value of hay gathered as to leave no reasona
ble doubt of its superior advantages The time for planting grass and
clover should be early in September and lest this should be carelessly or
hastily done the best plan is to begin in July and have everything in readi
ness The failures in these crops are often due to the want of care in put
ting out the manure and preparing the land Remunerative crops need
not be expected without thorough preparation and heavy manuring
lover grass turnips all require pulverized soil The first two should be
seeded heavily and covered lightly
In the inquiry column will be found a full reply to the questions in re
gard to the fertilization preparation for wheat as well as time of sowing etc
I would not advise the sowing of
TURNIPS
to any very large extent but it is a desirable crop for the table in winter
and spring I have always found it best to sow in the drill the land being
rich and well prepared As a protection against cold weather a furrow
can be thrown up each side with a turnplow and this will answer until the
very heavy freezes of December when they should be taken up and banked
SWEET POTATOES
should never be laid by fire See that the crop is clean and after tbe
last working go over it with a fork and loosen the vines that have taken
root in the middles Any potatoes which form here will be small and
worthless and will only take away that much material from the main
crop
OATS
My experience has been that if oats are sown early enough there is little
danger of winter killing If the land is thin tbe sooner they are sowed the
better in that they may more successfully resist the cold But it is bad
policy to sow oats on poor land Sow winter raised seed Sow on good
land or manure liberally Sow early and the evidence is that where the
crop succeeds and if these conditions exist it is almost certain to succeed
it will be worth two spring sown crops
RYE AXD BARLEY
As far as possible all fields not sown in oats or wheat should be sown in
rye It is one of the hardiest winter grains and may be sown from the 1st
of September to the 1st of December It will grow on poor land and if
turned under will greatly aid in bringing it to a better state of produc
tiveness Southern seed are preferred those from Virginia will do butAUGUST CROP REPORT1893
127
western seed should not be used Any of these grain crops prevent
washing and if the land is made very rich several cuttings can be obtained
and after the last the stubble turned under supplies much of the vegeta
ble matter needed for futurecrops Where this is not practicable on large
areas the farmer will find a small patch of either rye or barley a great help
in wintering his stock Make the lot very rich and the seeding very heavy
and the plants will attain a rapid growth after each cutting Nothing is
more conducive to health among stock of all kinds than this green food
and the farmer who tries it will rejoice in well kept horses and mules and
golden butter even in midwinter
GENERAL FARM REPAIRS
Now is the time for righting up the fences cutting the coffee weeds thistles
and other plants of noxious growth to prevent the maturity of their seeds
for another years crop The sassafras sprouts if dug up now will not grow
again There are many rich spots on live well conducted farms that
should be reclaimed and a little judicious cteaning and ditching now will
put them in condition for planting next spring
One of the greatest needs of the S uth is a sensible judicious and syste
matic plan of
MANURING
which will enable the farmer not only to make better crops but to improve
his lands We should have not so much a change of crops as better and
cheaper methods of making these crops and these better methods are de
pendent in large measure on a more comprehensive study and understand
ing of this important question of suitable manures and their proper appli
cation Until we investigate more closely soil conditions and the causes
of deterioration we are not prepared to deal with this question intelligently
R T Nesbitt Commissioner128
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
INQUIRIES RELATING TO THE FARM GARDEN
DAIRY ETC
Answers that do not appear in this report will be published in the next
ssue
FERTILIZING WHEAT
In reply toa number of questions on fertilizing for wheat we give a gen
eral answer
The studyof a proper application of fertilizers presents two matters of
paramountconsideration First the necessities of plants Second the
constituents of the soil The first is easy to ascertain by chemical analysis
but the second will require the exercise of the best judgment of the farmer
based upon the previous treatment the land has received and the results
obtained Careful experiments would give a correct idea of fertilizer de
manded and reasonable deductions can be made from the ordinary course
of crops and fertilizers
In the lastissue a table was given showing the proportion of phosphoric
acid and potash in wheat and adding nitrogen to this would show exactly
what thefplantdemanded and theoretically what fertilizer to use In
practical agriculture however a different phase is presented as the farmer
for his basis of operation has land already supplied in various proportions
with plant food and for this reason empirical rules as to fertilizers are im
possible and only general deductions can be made As indicated these gen
eral deductions must depend on the general character of the soil and its
previous treatment as to both crops and manures
When not exhausted much of Georgia soil is high in potash being
formed from the disintegration of feldspathic and micaceous rock but we
are inclined tortile opinion that the general deduction by reason of this has
been too largely followed and that much of our land would be benefited
and our crops increased by an additional amount of this element of plant
food In wheat its principal function is in the formation of straw to which
it gives strength while growth is promoted by the nitrogen It also enters
into the grain of which phosphoric acid is the chief part Phosphoric
acid as the principal component of the grain was recently strikingly illus
trated by a magnificent specimen of oats with the exception of the head
sent the department The straw was large and the yield would have been
unusual had the head shown a proper development The inquirer as to
the cause of the deficiency informed us that the land had received a lib
eral supply of manure from cows fed on cotton seed meal This supplied
an abundance of nitrogen to promote growth while the heads failing to fill
out evidenced the fact that phosphoric acid was wanting In regard to
nitrogen it should be remembered that it is the most costly of plant foodsAUGUST CROP REPORT1893
129
when purchased while the farmer has a cheap method of supplying it
and at the same time placing in the soil the humus necessary to its fer
tility In the case of wheat and other cereals it is especially easy to obtain
tbis supply at a small cost We allude to the pea crop or other leguminous
plants which have the power of appropriating free nitrogen Not only will
expense be saved but the best results obtained by the use of the cowpea
Experiments begun in 188889 at the North Carolina experiment station on
the value of cowpea vines in wheat culture and which were continued up
to last year forcibly illustrate the great value of the cowpea to this crop
especially when used in conjunction with phosphoric acid The following
table shows the results obtained
Applies itions per Acre Yields with Peavines Yields without Pvines
oj CD a3 CD CD
Lh u h U
a 03 o o o O
CD j
tn O CO 3 a a
c gO SO 0 H0 05 O co O CO O co
u 2g a o Ph H O o3 S 5 kia L
a a CO a a CDS T3 3 a O co 2 IDS T3 3 CD S T3 3 2 3
P 3 03 gffl gs caq gcq gM 2m
A O M O 25 O 0 O 0
1 2105 4209 4884 8646 9323 2156 938 6771 125 159 833 208 622 5625 547 60
2 300 833
3 300 1927
4 175 875 375 10677 1446 1562 1005 6667 521
45S3 7865 13696 1500 1667 1615 46 3073 2576 7969 1005
6 300 521
7 350 175 75 11560 1625 417 99 8542 312
It will be noted that the vines alone greatly increased the yield and with
the addition of fertilizers it was doubled
The results of these experiments do not differ from others conducted on
the same line or from the practical experience of the successful wheat
growth
As shown in the last report the yield per acre increased to a marked
degree this year and we believe with careful preparation and proper fertil
ization still greater progress will be made until a yield is secured that will
place wheat on a more profitable basis
The same treatment that land receives for wheat with but little varia
tion would answer for oats and rye We would impress the idea that if
these crops are to be successfully grown that preparation and fertilization
must not be overlooked Often wheat oats and rye are sown without the
end in view of securing a good yield but almost with the idea of only rest
ing the land If this is to be done a crop of peas alone is much more effect
ive and will be found more profitable130
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
GLANDERS
MANY INQUIRIES MADE CONCERNING THIS DISEASE
We have many inquiries at the department relative to glanders and as
the State is without a law authorizing preventive measures on the part of
this department we can only furnish such data as will enable the people
to judge when it is advisable to obtain the services of a veterinarian The
following by Dr C Cary of the Alabama Experiment Station in a bulle
tin of that station presents the general symptoms of the disease
1 Nasal glanders is recognized chiefly by the ulcers on the visible lining
membrane of the nose The ulcers are generally accompanied by a nasal
discharge and by a small hard deep seated swelling under the lower jaw
high up near the throat under the base of the tongue this swelling or
enlarged lymphatic gland rarely suppurates or discharges pus
2 Farcy glanders is manifested by the presence of hard buds or buttons
and ulcers or chancres found most frequently on the inside of the thigh or
on the inside or outside of the hind leg below the hock joint but may occur
on any part of the surface of the body
3 Pulmonary glanders manifests itself by a dry rough coat indigestion
emaciation and by that irregular breathing exhibited in a horse with the
heaves bellows Dut a case of pulmonary glanders cannot be diag
nosed with certainty until the suspected animal dies or communicates the
disease to another horse or mule or glanders becomes apparent in one or
both of the other forms of the disease
4 Any one or any two or all three of the foregoing forms of glanders
may appear in a single animal
5 Glanders in any or all of its forms is caused by a plant parasitethe
bacillus mallei
6 The germs or microbes are transmitted from the diseased to the
healthy animal by direct or immediate contact of the healthy with the dis
eased or by the healthy horses or mules coming in contact with the virus
the nasal discharge in watering troughs buckets mangers and stalls in
fected by a glandered animal
7 Man may become inoculated in sores or broken places in the skin and
thus contract glanders This occurs not infrequently with men who care
lessly handle glandered horses
All animals afflicted with glanders should be destroyed and their car
casses should be deeply buried in some out of the way place Never throw
the carcass of any animal into the river to breed disease and tilth
9 Disinfect thoroughly all infected stables watering troughs buckets
harness stable utensils
10 Strictly and completely quarantine or isolate all exposed or suspected
animals until certain they are or are not glandered
TREATMENT
It is useless dangerous and expensive to attempt to treat glanders in the
horse or the mule I know medicine venders and empirics will attempt
treatment of anything but the very best and most reliable authorities areAUGUST CROP REPORT1893
131
unanimous in declaring that glanders in the horse or mule is practically
incurable The danger of contracting the disease is far greater than one
would suppose when one sees men so reckless and knowingly careless in
handling glandered horses Recently a farmer gave the writer an idea of
the expense incurred by handling and retaining a glandered horse on his
form in the following words Had I destroyed the first case of farcy
that appeared on my farm T would have saved hundreds of dollars
Hence when you are certain that one of your animals is affected with
glanders destroy it at once and burn or deeply bury the carcass
GLANDERS IN MEN
The human family may be attacked by this loathsome disease In man
it appears in any of the three forms and the symptoms are somewhat
similar to those in the horse Glanders in man in its acute stage may be
mistaken for typhoid fever rheumatism pyemia blond poisoning or
erysipelas and chronic cases in man simulate chronic syphilis or tubercu
losis consumption The occupation and history of the afflicted person
must always be thoroughly considered since man contracts this disease by
carelessly handling glandered animals The microbes or bacilli gain admis
sion to the system through ulcers or broken places in the skin of the hand
and face The nasal discharge may be blown into the face or get on the
hands Moreover filthiness or uncleanliness of person makes such an on
more susceptible or more liable to become infected As we have previously
stated glandered animals should be destroyed tfnd deeply buried with as
little handling as possible
INERT MATTER
Does the inert matter found in fertilizers injure it
Why is it put in
J C B Jesup
Ordinarily the inert matter placed in fertilizers unless fraud is intended
is to reduce the grade To illustrate it sometimes happens that a manipu
lator or manufacturer to save freight rates and obtain the greatest quantity
of plant food at the least cost purchases goods the percentage of which run
much higher than usual For these high grade goods there is little de
mand and the quality is reduced by mixing in what is called a filler
When the filler is thoroughly mixed so as to secure uniform distribution
and the goods sold on the basis of the plant food actually contained the
farmer loses nothing The worth of a fertilizer can be safely judged from
the chemical analysis and if the analysis shows the goods equal to the
guarantee and the mechanical condition good it is immaterial whether
the fertilizer was made out of low grade goods or high grade material
reduced by mixing a filler132 DEPARMTENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
HERDS GRASS
Is there any difference between Herds grass and timothy H L T
Herds grass in all parts of the United States except New England is
identical with red top and not timothy In New England timothy is
known as Herds grass as it was introduced by a man named Herd from
whom it took its name In reading agricultural papers from this section
the distinction should be borne in mind
MELON ROOT ROT
Will you please give me the cause of melon root rot
H I C
In another part of this report you will find an answer to a similar ques
tion as regards root rot in cotton While we are not prepared to express
positive views we are inclined to the opinion that the same fungus pro
duces root rot in melons
ROOT ROTITS CAUSE ASD REMEDY
As several inquiries have been made on the subject of root rot in cotton
we reprint the reply of the department as it appeared in the Early Count
News
I note in the Early County News that owing to the amount of damage
done to the cotton crop in your section of the State by root rot it is sug
gested that the opinion and advice of the department of agriculture be
asked on this subject For this reason I take the liberty to present what
seems to me the most resonable cause of the disease and most practicable
remedy
Perhaps on the cause of uo other disease to which staple crops are sub
ject have such a variety of opinions existed as root rot In Texas where
cotton and other plant life have suffered greatlyanany have been inclined
to attribute it to certain mechanical or other conditions of the soil These
conditions are applicable to Georgia in but few instances and certainly
not a large number of fields upon which the disease has made its appear
ance and I am therefore inclined to dismiss anything that looks to the
mechanical and chemical condition of the soil as the direct cause of the
rot and to regard such conditions only as favoring the development and
spread of the disease
In an elaborate bulletin issued by the Texas experimental station after
thorough experimental work and scientific investigation the following
conclusion was reached Root rot in cotton is caused by ozonium auri
coaum The fungus has been found upon all roots which have died from the
disease I have no doubt of the correctness of this determination and itAUGUST CROP REPORT1893
133
is substantiated by the infectious character of the disease and directly by
inoculation of other plants and soils
Having determined the cause science would be useless could it not sug
gest a remedy or at least a palliative It was thought that fungicides
might prove beneficial and to ascertain their effectiveness a number of ex
periments were conducted The parasite being in the ground and the
plants tender the experiments were not satisfactory Another method
adopted was to deprive the parasite of the plants upon which it existed as
such plants harbored the cause and spread the disease
Investigation showed that ozoniurn in addition to cotton attacked a
number of forest trees sweet potatoes some weeds and other plants con
sequently such plants increase the fungus Study however demonstrated
that corn wheat oats rye and all the grasses did not suffer from the fun
gus and that rotation with these crops resulted in rapidly diminishing the
parasite The following rotation has been successfully tried Plant corn
after cotton and cotton and small grain after corn As soon as the corn is
gathered prepare for small grain and in August and September while
there is a green coat of vegetation on the stubble turn it under as deep as
possible
In conclusion I would say that it Is not surprising that when cotton is
planted year after year on the same land insects and disease should in
crease until the crop isnearly totally destroyed and that a judicious method
of rotation is the only way to avoid such results
FERTILIZERS
Are the fertilizers sold in other states about the same thing as those sold
in Georgia S M C
There is but little difference in the character of the complete fertilizer
sold in the various Southern States but a marked difference between the
South and the Middle and Eastern States In these States the usual formula
used contains much more potash and nitrogen with about the same amount
of phosphoric acid It is a question to be greatly considered as to whether
in the South it would not be advantageous to use higher grade goods
HEATING MANURE
Does heating increase the plant food in manure
J H H
The effect of heating on stable manure is not to increase the actual ele
ments of plant food but to better its mechanical condition and render it
more available The heating should not be too severe or allowed to con
tinue too long as the result would be injurious as ammonia would
escapei4
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
YELLOWS
The leaves of my peach trees turn yellow and the trees die What is the
matter with them C O A
The disease of which the trees are dying is known as yellows As yet
no remedy has been discovered which will check it It is best as soon as a
tree is affected to cut it down and burn it as in this way the spread of the
disease is to some extent prevented The roots should also be removed
from the soil
SHEEPRAISING
What do you think of the possibility of making money by raising sheep
in North Georgia H D L Gainesville 4a
Dogs have been the great drawback to sheep raising in all sections of
Georgia yet we are of the opinion that for this industry the wiregrass sec
tion and North Georgia under proper conditions are as favorable locali
ties as are to be found in the United States
The following description of our mountain shows the esteem in which it
is held by others as a sheep country and the opinion of a sheep raiser as
to the best breed
The highlands of the southern Blue Ridge which occupy the corner of
the four StatesNorth Carolina South Carolina Tennessee and Georgia
are a typical sheep country having a mild climate both as to heat and
cold the purest water flowing in the greatest abundance dry soil absolute
freedom from swamps abundant feed both of grass and wood range at
some seasons a great supply of mast from the trees There is rarely any
snow to prevent feeding from the ground in the winter the soil and cli
mate are excellently well adapted to the growth of all the grasses and
grains and from some years experience it has proved to H Stewart who
wrote the foregoing from North Carolina in a letter to The Country Gen
tleman that a sheep may be reared to full growth for seventyfive cents
and wool may be grown for ten cents a pound with equal profit to that in
the North at three times this price
Land is remarkably cheap taxes are very light and while the greater
part of the region is not supplied with easy transportation by rail yet wool
may be grown with equal facility to that afforded on the Western plains
The sheep now kept here are of the common native kind that have been
crossed to some extent with the Southdown and the crosses make good
sheep Recently the Cheviot and the Shropshire have been brought into
the country and do remarkably well From Mr Stewarts experience of
some years the Shropshire is the best pure breed for breeding the native
flocksAUGUST CROP REPORT1893
135
IRISH POTATOES
When should Irish potatoes be planted for second crop How late can
sweet potato slips be set and make potatoes
J G P Brook Station
To raise a second crop of Irish potatoes the seed should be from the first
crop and should be planted the latter part of June or early July Eor seed
dig the potatoes early in the morning or late in the afternoon so that the
sun will not strike them and dry them in the shade After they have lost
a laige per cent of water cover them with moist earth so that they will
sprout Then plant only those which have germinated In this way you
will always be able to secure a good stand as otherwise many may fail to
come up and a stand be lost So it is best to mulch the land so the soil
will be sufficiently moist to withstand a dry season You can also provide
yourself with an intermediate crop by planting a crop in May The seed
for this crop should be potatoes of the previous year and the crop can be
made certain by mulching
In a favorable season a crop can be made when set out early in July
We regard the first weeks in June as the time which will give the best
results
LEACHED ASHES
What is the best way to utilize leached wood ashes Would they be
good for turnips in conjunction with other fertilizers placed in drill at
time of planting W D H J Daltou Ga
Leached wood ashes if the leaching has been thorough contain more
lime than any ingredient of value to the soil and therefore had best be
used on crop3 that require a carbonaceous or lime soil They will be found
of special value to peanuts or with other fertilizer material as a top dress
ing forjjrass 2 We do not consider their fertilizing properties sufficiently
concentrated to be used in the drill under turnips
PASTURAGE
Can I save oats or rye in my corn at the last plowing for pasturage
H
At the last plowing you can sow either oats or rye in your corn for pas
turage We prefer the latter as we consider that rye makes the better
pasture of the two Whether you secure a good pasture early in the fall
will depend largely on the season but by the time it is required by the
failure for your summer pasture the growth will be such as to be ready for
grazing136 DEPARTMENT OE AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
PIG EATING SOW
Can you tell me what will keep a sow from eatiDg her pigs
F T H Hartwell
Let her feed be light for some time before farrowing If possible feed
her with grass clover and occasionally some bran etc It is difficult to
prevent a sow from eating her pigs who has once done so and the best
thing to be done is to convert her into pork A fender in the pen may do
some good and close watching prevent
A BAD HABIT
Can you inform me how to break cows from sucking themselves
D O A
There is quite an effectual way 8mear the teats with mucilage or some
like sticky substance and then dust them with red pepper A very little
wll do no harm and she will be satisfied with the tasteCircular No 6
Fifth Series j
CROP REPORT
EOR THE MONTH OF SEPTEMBER 1893
Returned o the Department of AoTicuture September 1 1HOH
State of Georgia Department of Agriculture
Atlanta Ga September 4 1893
GENERAL REMARKS
In the report for August we remarked that for the month of July only
limited areas had been subjected to the same weather conditions During
the month of August this has even been more marked and we regret to
say that trie area where the seasons have to any extent been propitious
has become much more limited indeed the weather has been so unfavor
able in some localities that the injury the crops have suffered has amounted
almost to a disaster Some sections have suffered from too much rain
while others have had rains followed by drouth with dry and parching
winds injurious to all plants
COTTON
Since the last report the condition of this crop has fallen off 4 per cent
and is now 79 27 and while these figures are slightly above those of last
year yet the backwardness of the crop is such that it is liable to further
injury and with only a small increase in acreage we are inclined to the
opinion that the total yield for the State will not exceed that of last year
With the low pricesprevailing it is imperative that the farmer should so
handle his crop both in gathering and sheltering the bales as to be able to
obtain the highest market price In that portion of the report given to
the monthly talk of the commissioner special attention is called to the im
portance of this matter138
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
CORN
The condition of this crop has fallen off very greatly and is now 11 per
cent below the corresponding period of last year Notwithstanding this
the increased acreage will compensate for loss by reason of unfavorable
seasons and the total yield will equal or exceed that of last year
RICE
The yield for this crop as shown by the tabulated statement promised to
be almost an average Since the correspondent reported very disastrous
storms have prevailed in this section resulting from the reports in enor
mous damage to rice planters We can only hope that detailed accounts
may show that the injury is not so widespread as reported
TABULATED STATEMENT
05
SO X
03 O E

SO fct D ej 03
o o O gfi
o O CO c o
c O C
3 o a Hi a
fc s o 3Q do 03 K
Cotton compared with an average 81 81 75g 79 79
Corn compared with an average 86J 85 94 77 94 88 96
Rice compared with an average 98 86 i 91 i 98 87
Sugar Canesorghum 85 92 92
99J
Sweet Potatoes 831 90 941 83 95
911
Tobaccocondition 96 94 93 96 95
The month j ust passed has carried out the sameweather conditions as that
which preceded it In some localities there has been too much rain for
the proper development of the fruit or cotton although there is redundant
weed growth Where these conditions exist the fields to a sup rfida ob
server presen a most promising appearance but a closer inspection re
veals the fact that there are more leaves than bolls or forms In other sec
tions which suffered from a long continued drouth the rains have caused
a most marked improvement and plant growth and development have
been rapd In all the drouth regions however barring exceptionally ear y
plantings the crop is backward and its ultimate size and yield will depend
on the lateness of the fall uepenaSEPTEMBER CROP REPORT1893
139
RUST
is also making its appearance showing the want of a proper distribution of
the elements of plant growth Sometimes however after a long drouth
heavy and repeated rains seem to produce a scalded condition of the plant
causing it to shed its leaves and young bolls and this condition is fre
quently mistaken for rust Again a highly nitrogenous manure not
properly distributed and coming in contact with the roots will produce
the same result But the experienced farmer can detect the difference be
tween these conditions and the fungous growth of genuine rust As ex
plained in last months report the most effective preventive of this de
structive disease in cotton has been found to be judicious rotation that is
planting other crops which offer no encouragement for the production of
fungous growth notably grains and grasses
It has also been demonstrated that the application of fertilizers running
high on potash has accomplished good results in checking the disease
Farmers should study these questions and in a small way experiment for
themselves watching each result carefully For the next two months
almost our entire time will be devoted to the
of this great money crop of the South Every energy and every moment
when the weather permits should be devoted to the housing of the staple
the production of which has cost us so many months of hard and continuous
labor and upon the successful marketing of which rest the hopes of not
only our agricultural population but of the people at large
ITS WIDE INFLUENCE
Besides those actually engaged in itsproduction and marketing this
crop furnishes employment to thousands of others clothes the world and
is of more or less interest to every civilized nation on the globe The
magnitude of its influence can scarcely be appreciated by those who have
not studied the various reciprocal relations which control and direct the
intricate machinery of the business world Within the narrow bounds of
our own State we produce 35000000 worth of the staple and this crop
though of late years made at an actual loss to the producer yet throws
life and activity into every enterprise conducted within our own borders
and extends out into the busy marts of other nations The eager eyes of
the world are now turned to the South anxiously awaiting the tidings of
fie coming crop
To say that above all others ours is preeminently the most favored coun
try for producing this great staple is but to state a fact which has been
fully demonstrated In Egypt at one time considered a formidable rival
the area on which cotton can be produced is limited and the same land is
never planted in succession although the land is rich and labor cheap
ten cents a day being the standard price The expenses of preparation and
irrigation are such that every pound costs the producer ten cents In
India the crop is of inferior grade the staple short and although labor is140
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
cheap and the plant perennial the cotton bears no comparison with that
of American growth Our principal aim now should be to cheapen the
cost of production to ourselves and thus drive out these foreign competi
tors We know that we can produce it at a cost of less than ten cents
and each point that we gain in cheapening its production but strengthens
our position as master of the situation If but ten years ago we had de
voted to this question the study we are giving to it today how different
our position before the world If by a judicious rotation of crops and sys
tematic manuring our lands were now stored with humus if we had
studied the question of home supplies and its influence on our money crop
in other words if we had learned to make our own provisions and make our
cotton cheaper the present financial depression would not affect us so sen
sibly Of course the farmer is a fellow sufferer with the men of other em
ployments from the present
FINANCIAL PRESSURE
But the careful farmer who by judicious management and wise fore
thought has made provision for ample home supplies while he may not
escape the business depression is perhaps today the most independent
man in the union He may read of the stringency of the money market
of the heavy burdens pressing upon the laboring men of other classes he
may realize that there is a cry going up from the masses not for bread but
for workwork to help the countless women and children and give
them food he may be told that men own thousands worth of property
with ample collaterals yet cannot realize one dollar on them These
rumors reaching his quiet home excite his sympathy and may cause a
feeling of apprehension but they do not affect his personal security He
hiis his home he has his provisions secured his cotton has been made at
reasonable cost and although he may not live in luxury he is a stranger
to the desperate struggle now going on in the business world In that
world there is absolutely stagnation of trade The banker sits with his
contracted brow and anxious expectancy awaiting telegrams from the
business centers hoping for some improvement in the financial situation
the merchant sees his trade diminished and depressed the artisan and
mechanic sit inactive by workshop and bench the factory operative is
suffering from enforced idleness every citizen of our State be he preacher
lawyer doctor merchant farmer mechanic artisan or day laborer feels
the effect of our financial condition
Generally speaking however the farmers lot is a happy one when com
pared with that of the thousands of workingmen in cities now thrown out
of employment Of course there are exceptional cases Some sections of
the State have been visited by severe and destructive storms and over a
large portion of North Carolina a protracted drouth has cut off the yield of
corn but as a rule the grain crops are good hogs are more plentiful and
the cotton has been made more economically than heretofore Under
usual conditions these facts would place the farmer on this vantage
ground that he could use his discretion in selling his cotton and not sac
rifice it at a ruinously low price But later when his obligations matureSEPTEMBER CROP REPORT1893
141
if there is no improvement in the financial condition he too will feel the
pressure to be almost unbearable His cotton will be ready for market
but unless times brighten there will be no money to move it or if he
owes his debts will have to be settled on a basis of five or six cents cot
tonperhaps less Under these circumstances what can he do Let him
if possible save himself from this tremendous sacrifice by placing his cot
ton with his merchant This will protect and maintain the credit of both
And then let him join his voice with the millions who are protesting
against our urjjust financial system which enables a few money lenders to
corner the money of the country the South and the West being the
victims while theShylocks of the East grow fat from their necessities and
sufferings
SAVING SEED FOR PLANTING
In gathering the cotton crop care should be taken to save only the best
seed for planting If the farmer cannot do this himself let him select a
careful hand who will go through the crop and select the best bolls from
the stalks and those from the middle crop are the most desirable as the
top crop is not usually well matured and the bottom crop is generally more
or less injured although good seed saved from the bottom or first crop gen
erally mature earlier The utmost care must be taken in drying the seed
and securing them against all injurious influences
The seed corn should be selected in the same manner taking only well
developed full ears from healthy vigorous stalks storing these carefully
and at the same time reselecting and using only the perfect grains from
the butt towards the middle of the ear rejecting the ends In storing
away the corn crop a good plan is to sprinkle each layer as it is put in the
barn with salt water this is a preventive of weevils often so destructive
in the lower part of the State and also renders the the shucks more palata
ble for feeding
FALL CROPS
I would again urge at the risk of being considered tedious that full
crops of grain grass and clover be put in as far as practicable
September is the month for getting in a stand for winter oats Bye and
barley should also be sown and if we would have a good start with clover
and grass now is the time to put them in Whatever is attempted in this
line should be done thoroughly To succeed properly the land should be
naturally good or should be made so by proper fertilization and the work
should be thorough We only court disappointment when at the end of
the fall we scratch in a few seed on our poorest land I again repeat
that this is one cause of the usual failure of our fall sown grains Xecessa
rily this work comes at an inconvenient time when we are absorbed in
saving cotton bur the man who has fully made up his mind to lay the
foundation for diversified crops and improved lands will find some plan
for carrying out his intention There will be many days when the cotton
is not in condition to be gathered These can be used in turning under the142
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
pea vines and sowing these fall crops Of course the man who has the most
of his farm in cotton is debarred from these improved methods for it will
be too late when the cotton is finally gathered to attempt them with
profit which is but another plea for concentrating our cotton crop and re
ducing the area and intensifying its preparation fertilization and cultiva
tion
A RECENT TKIP
through some of the most flourishing counties of the State proved to me
most conclusively the great change which is daily progressing in the mind
of our farmers in regard to the diversity of our crops and the importance
of closer attention to what might be termed the details of the farm There
is a growing interest in good stock a manifest desire to raise more care is
being shown in the selection of sires the question of judicious rotation of
crops is being more closely studied Humus is greatly needed in most of
our soils and intelligent farmers are beginning to realize that one of the
most important subjects for study is as to the cheapest and most practical
methods of storing it there Unquestionably peas and clover are the great
nitrogen depositors and humus manufacturers but if any farmer will take
the trouble to turn under in the fall even the growth of natural grass he
will be surprised at the increased yield of the succeeding crops grown on
this land over those where the land has been in clean culture thus denuded
of every particle of vegetable matter and then hastily prepared in the
spring for another crop It is by such experiments that we demonstrate
the correctness of the assertion that our lands almost with exception need
vegetable matter Farmers generally are beginning to realize this impor
tant truth and to one who travels through the State and studies its agri
cultural conditions the fact is patent that an era of better methods has
already dawned p T Nesbitt
CommissionerSEPTEMBER CROP REPORT1893
143
OATS
Owing to the fact that oats are generally regarded as an exhausting crop
they have not received the attention due to their value as a grain and forage
crop While practical experience is of the greatest importance in deter
mining the effect of a crop upon the soil still in the case of oats analysis
does not show a greater amount of plant food to be taken from the soil
than by other grain crops In advocating the sowing of oats we would not
be understood as in any way favoring the crop if where permanent pas
tures can be secured the oats for winter grazing and for forage are permitted
to take the place In farm economy all crops have a place and none should
use up the place of the other As grain food for work animals it is gen
erally understood that oats are superior to corn and both should certainly
be in the barn of every farmer enabling him to change the diet of his work
animals As a staple crop this grain has been regarded as uncertain In
our opinion this uucertanty is largely due to a failure to properly prepave
and fertilize the soil and to sow in time At the time of year when the
crop to be successfully grown demands the attention of the farmer he is
busy in the cotton field so the day of sowing is postponed until it is too
late to sow with promise of success Spring oats should be sown early in
February Fall oats according to the rule laid down by the Experiment
Station in which we concur north of a line joining Columbus Maoon and
Augusta should be sown in September south of the line named in Octo
ber and in the mountains even August sowing is advisable
PREPARATION
Before time for sowing arrives the land should be thoroughly prepared
by plowing turning under all the vegetable matter If the land is heavy
it will be found economical to use a twohorse turnplow On soft land a
cutaway or disk harrow may be used without previous plowing In sow
ing use from one and onehalf to three bushels depending on the soil and
the crop expected to be raised At the Experiment Station nitrogenous
or amnioniated fertilizers have proven the most beneficial under the oat
The following is the last experiment of the station on this subject as it
appears in Bulletin No 21
EXPERIMENTS WITH OATS
The winter of 18923 was unfavorable for oats frequent hard freezes and
intervening thaws injuring the stand and causing great irregularity But
for a heavy fall of snow at one time the damage would have been much
greater The results of the tests must therefore be accepted with con
siderable allowance The yield of grain probably would have been twenty
or twentyfive per cent greater had the stand been uninjured The results
are given for what they are worth with some notes on each experiment144
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
TABLE IFertilizer lest on Oats
Fertilizer per Acre Z
Series of Four Plots each each Plot 110 Acre
OD
Plots 1 6 11 16
Plots 2 7 12 17
Plots 3 8 13 18
Plots 4 9 14 19
Plots 5 10 15 20
200
200
200
200
o
Pi
c
50
50
4lli
400
200
200
3980
39 To
3825
3672
27 52
The Fertilizer Test Table 1 was unsatisfactory on account of the poor
stand which was due more to unfavorable conditions at sowing time than
to the effects of cold
The land was thin sandy pebbly soil with yellow clay subsoil origi
nally very poor and no especial effort had been made to improve it With
good manuring a yield of from twentyfive to thirty bushels of corn per
acre had just been taken from it The land was plowed with a twohorse
turnplow October 7th two and a half bushels of Appier oats sown broad
cast per acre and covered with a spading harrow No conclusions can be
ventured from the results
TABLE II Variety Text of Or
Fertilizer per Acre
Variety2 Plots of each
o
p

50
3
03
CO s i
a o
0
c
X Ol
4a r p

t z 2
3 a
a O C
Appier 241
Texas 241
Hunnicutt 24n
Black Winter 241
Winter Turf 241
140
140
140
140
140
920
920
92o
920
920
4437
4609
4000
3421
4421SEPTEMBER CROP REPORT1893 145
For the reasons already give no positive conclusions can be drawn from
the results of this experiment The seed were sown November 16 1892
three bushels per acre The laud was much better than that on which the
fertilizer test was made but the stand was very defective and irregular
owing to severe and repeated freezes
No definite conclusions other than thefmere statement of the yield of
each variety can be safely drawn
TOP DRESSING WITH NITRATE OF SODA
This experiment gives very significant results As the Table No 3 shows
the two series of plots receive the game quantities of superphosphate and
muriate of potash at the time of sowing November 171892 but series No
1 received 920 pounds of cotton seed meal per acre at that time while series
No 2 received only half as much cotton seed meal On March 3 series
No 2 received a top dressing of 207 pounds of nitrate of soda per acre es
timated to be equivalent according to analysis to the 460 pounds of cotton
seed meal The result strikingly shows the advantage of using less cotton
seed meal on oats in the fall and supplying an additional dose of nitrogen
in the form of nitrate of soda as a top dressing in the spring It is proba
ble that had series No 1 received only 460 pounds of cotton seed meal in
the fall the yield would have been quite as large as it was The cost of 920
pounds of cotton seed meal applied to series No 1 was substantially the
same as the cost of 460 pounds of cotton seed meal and 207 pounds of ni
trate of soda
FERTILIZING FOR COTTON
In view of the number of questions relative to fertilizing we publish the
following conclusions which were taken from the work of the stations and
appear in the Experiment Station Record
The conclusions are based on experiments in Mississippi and elsewhere
For sandy and sandy loam soils the author recommends from 200 to 600
pounds of a fertilizer containing two and a half per cent of nitrogen eight
per cent of watersoluble phosphoric acid and two per cent of potash
Red sandy lands with clay subsoil respond to a fertilizer containing three
per cent of nitrogen and eight to ten per cent of watersoluble phosphoric
acid Potash is not required Black and gray prairie soils do not respond to
commercial fertilizers bu t need tile drainage and leguminous crops Yellow
loam lands demand a fertilizer rich in potash with a small percentage of ni
trogen and phosphoric acid The brown loam soils of the bluff formation
respond well to fertilizers and require the same plant food as the sandy loam
soils There are also brief directions for the care of stable manure making
compost and applying fertilizers14li
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
INQUIRIES ANSWERED
WORK OF THE STATIONS
Bulletin No 21 of the Georgia Experimental Station contains interest
ing articles on practical dairying experiments with oats etc
The bulletins are sent to all persons actually engaged in farming who
make request for the same and we would advise our farmers to avail
themselves of the benefit of studying the experiment work conducted at
the station
On dairying in Georgia the director in the last bulletin says
In Georgia and the South generally the close and often the fierce com
petition that prevails between dairymen in other sections is not manifest
Owing to the small number of persons engaged in dairying as a business
the high price that dairy products command in the market and the inad
equate supply dairying has proved a profitable industry near our cities
and large towns in spite of the comparatively crude methods and lack of
intelligent skill brought to bear Very few who have embarked in this
line have failed of reasonable success and instances might be cited in
which small fortunes have been the result of ten or fifteen years of indus
trious application joined to very little skill and knowledge of the details
of the business
Dairying is thus becoming more and more popular and every year wit
nesses an increase in the number of persons who are embarking in it and
in the capital that is being devoted to it As any business grows in im
portance and in the number of its followers competition becomes sharper
and closer and the necessity for intelligence and skill becomes more
manifest
In the opinion of the writer based upon the judgment and experience
of men who are familiar with the advantages of other sections and par
ticularly the experience of Mr Wing the station dairyman Georgia pos
sesses natural advantages of soil water and climate that should enable her
to take high rank as a dairying State We believe that this industry fur
nishes the most convenient and promising field into which to divert our
energies and efforts from the past policy of Southern farmers which has
failed to result in that profit and prosperity to which the climate and other
natural resources entitle them
SMUT
What is the cause of smut in wheat and oats
The spores seed of the smut attach themselves to the kernels of wheat
or oats and are sown with them When the grain germinates the smut
spores also germinate and enter the young plants growing and subsistingSEPTEMBER CROP REPORT189
147
on the inside of the plant until when the head appears it is smut instead
of wheat or oats
To kill the spores we recommend the Jansen or hot water treatment
which has been thus given
The farmer may use his ingenuity in regard to the treating of his wheat
and oats and use whatever conveniences he has at hand any way so that
he accomplishes the desired result
One way we find convenient is to have a kettle in which to heat the
water quite hot say 165 degrees
Near this kettle place a barrel in which to treat the seed Fill this
barrel about onehalf full of hot water from the kettle and then by adding
either hot or cold water the temperature of the water in the barrel may
be kept at the desired height
It will be found very convenient to have the barrel in which the seed is
to be treated sunk into the ground so that the top is only a foot or so above
the surface
Into this barrel dip the seed
The dipping is easiy done by placing about a bushel of seed into a
coarse gunny sack and fasten this sack to one end of a long pole used as a
lever hung across a notched post
The seed should be kept moving all the time while in the hot water and
by using the pole this is easily done
Oats may be treated just before sowing
After taking them out of the barrel of hot water it is best to throw cold
water over them to cool them off and then let them stand and drain two
or three hours after which they may be sown broadcast
Wheat dries much more readily so if spread out immediately after treat
ing and left to dry a few hours it can then be sown broadcast or in a force
feed drill
As the grains will be considerably swollen after their treatment it is
well to regulate the drill to feed from one to two pecks more per acre than
with dry seed
It will be readily seen that this method is in the reach of every farmer
All that is required is one kettle one or two barrels and a coarse sack
Two men in one day can treat enough oats to sow twenty acres or
enough wheat to sow forty acres
One caution to be observed is that of using no bags or dishes for treated
seed that have been used for the untreated seed unless they have first
been scalded
The water should be at 135 degrees when the wheat or oats are put in
Allow the grain to remain in the water for five minutes and keep the tem
perature above 130 degrees Keep the seed moving all the time it is in the
barrel by means of the pole to insure thorough treatment of all the seed
Aim to keep the temperature as nearly 134 degrees as possible When the
seed is first put in the temperature of the water will fall rapidly but by
adding hot water it can be raised quickly to 134 degrees148
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
SOIL ANALYSIS
What will a soil analysis cost
A soil analysis will cost you about 50 and even this analysis would not
be complete so as to be a positive guide as to fertilization We believe in
soil analysis as the basis of general deductionsthat is that the character
of the soil in a particular section maybe the better judged But do not think
that such analyses are practicable for the individual farmer In view of the
fact that much of our soil is very variable and in the same field a great
difference is found experiments enable the farmer to form a much better
judgment as to what the soil needs This can be done with no extra cost
and with but little trouble If the farmer is accustomed to using the ordi
nary commercial fertilizer by putting a few sacks of fertilizer material on
different plots in the field he can vary the percentage so as to ascertain in
what the soil is deficient By exercising good judgment as to the previous
crops and their yield he will in the beginning be able to form some opin
ion as to the demands of the soil and in applying his manure fertilizer ac
cordingly We strongly advocate experimental work on every farm rather
than complete reliance on the work of others or the chemist
ROADS
1 Would it not be well to have a discussion as to the best method of ob
taining good roads in the columns of the reports
2 Does not the raising of cattle and stock afreet the farmers as much as
any crop If so why not have an inquiry column as to the number and
condition
A R I Gainesville
1 We believe the road question to be of the greatest importance to the
farmer and to the prosperity of the entire country and we would be glad
to hear from you and others on that subject
2 Questions relative to stock hogs and work animals appear from time
to time in the circulars sent out by the department and we would appre
ciate full answers Would also be glad to answer questions relative to
stock in the columns
ABOUT TOBACCO
1 At what height should tobacco be topped
2 Is there any way to hasten its maturity If so how
3 Should the sun ever be allowed to shine on tobacco after it is cut
G W 8 Starkville
1 Topping does not depend on the height of the tobacco as this will
vary greatly with variety and soil but should be done when there is
enough button to get hold of
2 Pruning topping and suckering should not be done during a rain or
when the plant is covered with dew for rust invariably resultsSEPTEMBER CROP REPORT1898
14
3 A hot sunlight in the middle of the day will burn the leaves therefore
the plant should not be left in the field between 1030 a m and 230 p M
for before or after those hours the sun is very hot
RUST IN COTTON
To what is rust due
Common rust is due to the absence of potash in the soil and an addi
tional amount of this element of plant food should be used For land
subject to mosaic or common rust the fertilizer should contain more
potash than is usually placed in a commercial fertilizer See that you use
a fertilizer with a large per cent of potash
TOBACCO BARN
Please give me a description of a tobacco barn
Have sent you a description of a tobacco barn issued by the department
which will give you the information you desire Should others desire in
formation on this subject we will gladly send it by mail
TURNING LAND
What is the best time to turn land that was sown in oats last fall It
has a good crop of rag weeds on it L A McC
Turn the land just as soon as the weeds are matured If turned green
by fermentation the soil looses a portion of the fertilizing properties of the
plants On the other hand waste also ensues if the weeds are left stand
ing too long
Can I buy seed wheat or other seed that have been tested at the station
T A I Lavonia
You can buy from dealers the same varieties as are used at the station
Select the variety with which from the experiments you are pleased and
we will inform you where they can be bought
SUBSOILINCi
Would it be profitable to subsoil low pine land that has no clay and has
been in cultivation for about thirty years J W R
It would not in our opinion be profitable to subsoil land of this
character150
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
SPRAYING FOR BLIGHT
We have before us a number of inquiries relating to blight in pear and
apple trees and in potatoes At the Hatch Experiment Station of Massa
chusetts elaborate experiments have been conducted covering these and
other plants which we reproduce recommending in the case of pear blight
that the infected parts be removed by cutting The cutting should be
well done on the affected parts We will give these questions and answers
in our next reDort
Geo W Harrison State Printer Atlanta GaCircular No 7
Fifth Series j
CROP REPORT I
FOR THE MONTH OF OCTOBER 1893
Returned to the Department of Agriculture October 1 1SQ3
State of Georgia Department of Agriculture i
Atlanta Ga October 4 1893 f
The same weather conditions that we have mentioned in previous re
ports of unequal distribution of snushine and rain have continued during
the month of September So marked has this feature of the season been
that in rainfall we are presented as shown by the report of the weather
bureau for the month with a rainfall of 1761 inches in Mt Vernon while
in Marietta the fall was only 105
A difference so great must necessarily result in a wide difference in the
crops in various parts of the State The general tendency however of
this unequal distribution has been to lower the condition of all crops
In the August report the estimate of the department on our staple
crop was that it would not exceed that of last year The reports received
from our large number of correspondents for the present month verify
this forecast and we are satisfied that notwithstanding the small increase
in acre and the large increase in the use of commercial fertilizers that the
prospect is such that the yield will accord with our estimate
The estimate of the weather bureau has been confused with that of
this department and through the press many reports have been circulated
that the estimate of the department was that the crop would exceed that
of last year 100000 bales We regret this exceedingly as we are anxious152 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
that no confusion should arise or question as to the future or present re
port of the department
Last year the almost absence of a top or second crop had the effect of
greatly reducing the yield This year we are confronted with the same
condition in even a more marked degree and notwithstanding the late
ness of the crop it will be virtually all gathered during the month of Oc
tober For this reason large receipts may be expected during this month
with rapid decrease immediately after The early maturity and absence
of a top crop are due to the changeable character of the season wet
weather followed by drought parching winds and the unequal distribution
of rain throughout the State which we have illustrated
It will be seen from reference to the tabulated statement that the con
dition and prospects since September report has fallen off 5 17
To the figures of the correspondents we are able to add the personal
observations of the Commissioner who has visited a large number of coun
ties since the last report These observations and inquiries corroborate the
estimates of correspondents
CORN
Notwithstanding the gloomy outlook as a result of want of rain the
yield of this crop with the increase of acreage will exceed that of last
year and in this connection it is gratifying to note that the tendency of
the Georgia farmer is towards independence of the growers of the west
HOG PRODUCTS
While in several localities the cholera has greatly damaged the pork
prospects yet considering the State at large we are pleased that we are
able to congratulate our farmers on the fact that the reports evidence that
fact that the yield in Georgia of Georgia cured hams and bacon will be
greater than for a number of years When we recall that in antebellum
days the State produced onefifteenth of the hog meat of the Union we
can see no reason why Georgia should not in this industry become a source
of supply instead of demandDepartment of Agriculture
Atlanta Ga October 1 1893
Cotton picking is now the allabsorbing work but there are other duties
belonging to this season which if a different system were adopted would
be considered as important and command an equal share of attention
On most Georgia farms this duty of saving the cotton takes precedence of
and overshadows every other because of the large area devoted to this
crop because it is regarded as the only money crop of the South because
the farmer must hurry to get out enough to meet his obligations now ma
turing and because if left standing in the fields beyond a certain period
it sustains irreparable injury from wind and weather It is not therefore
to be wondered at that other duties must lie in abeyance that the fall
preparation and fall crops are generally neglected and also that much cot
ton is forced on the market wbich could otherwise quietly await favorable
prices
LET US CONSIDER
tbis question Suppose every Georgia farmer had in the past made it a
part of his farm economy to sow largely in the fall of oats rye and barley
with enough wheat where it can be raised for home consumption had
each spring put in full crops of corn peas sorghum potatoes ground
peas and by this policy and by concentration in work and fertilization
had not only reduced the area but also the cost of cotton production
We would now witness in one State at least agricultural independence
For although the unequal pressure of our national legislation might fall
most heavily on the business of the farmer he could bear up against the
unjust load and while other men and other avocations might be swept
away in the general destruction he being grounded on the rock of home
supplies could weather the storm and emerge if not unharmed at least
with life and limb and strength to begin the struggle anew
Because I am more and more impressed with the importance of this mo
mentous question I would again urge its careful study No one knows
better than I the difficulties in the way of changing a cotton farm into one
of diversified crops No one more fully understands the feeling of uncer
tainty with which a man embarks into a new and untried system after fol
lowing its opposite all his life To one who has been accustomed to selling
a hundred bales it seems like starvation to be reduced to a half or a fourth
of that amount and yet paradoxical as it may seem the smaller amount
may be made to represent more actual cash than the larger But this
muchtobedesired result cannot be reached by the old haphazard meth
ods Careful study must be given not only to the plants their habits and
needs but to soils and soil conditions to fertilizers and their properties154
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
to their elements available and suited to the lands and the crops under cul
tivation to the system of plowing which will best bring to the surface
the elements existing even in our poorest lands and last but not least
the best and cheapest plan of restoring fertility to lands worn by years and
years of successive cotton and corn culture
In the history of our agricultural country there have been three periods
First the strictly pastoral stage with only a sufficient area under cultiva
tion to afford bread the inhabitants depending on flocks and herds for
sources of supply As the population increased and a more urgent neces
sity arose for larger bread supplies the forests were felled and the lands
being fresh and filled with humus a moderate application of energy caused
the yields from all crops to be abundant The barns were filled cotton
was king the farmers were independent and contentment marked the
second era But population has wonderfully increased cultivated lands
after a long series of years in which everything has been done to deplete
nothing to build up have at last rebelled and we find ourselves struggling
against the third and perhaps most difficult era in which our lands do not
respond as formerly and we are compelled if we would realize remunera
tive returns to resort to some system of renovation and rotation Even
in the grain growing Middle and Eastern States the lands show such a
marked decline that the farmers have been compelled to substitute other
crops and turn their attention to more careful systems of rotation and cul
tivation In many instances the farmers becoming discouraged have em
igrated to the newer and more fertile Western lands where they again sub
due the forests or bring under cultivation the rolling prairies In our own
section comparatively new there are thousands of acres once covered with
magnificent forest growth which from our prodigal use of their resources
and our want of care in preserving them against destruction are practically
abandoned the gullies widening and growing deeper with every shower
and nearly every atom of available plant food either leached out by winter
rains or burnt out by our long summer suns These bare lands are wast
ing lands It has been proven in England by careful experiment that
even a poor soil without vegetation loses annually by drainage nitrates
equivalent to 224 pounds per acre of sodium nitrate The naked land
itself left bare wastes by natural drainage that amount of this fertilize
per acre What a powerful argument in favor of covering these lands
with some crop peas clover rye that will arrest this waste make some
return for the labor and at the same time accumulate a supply of nitrogen
for future crops
If you are unable to do this at least cover it with Japan clover that is
in localities suited to clover which will deposit nitrogen in the soil and
hold it there for future use This plant will grow easily without care or
attention and besides benefitting the land will furnish pasture for stock
I am aware this
UPBUILDING
is slow and tedious work and that we can only work on a limited area
each year but the era of exhaustion is upon us and we must meet it sue
OCTOBER CROP REPORT1893
155
cessfully or go to the wall A beginning has already been made On
many farms the fields of cow peas that hope of Georgia farmers are now
ready for the reaper and attest the effort that is being made to return to
the soil some of the fertility that we have so ruthlessly destroyed But
we must broaden the foundation and there is much work that can be
done on a Southern farm at this season not so much with a view to pres
ent returns as to laying a solid basis for future operations The oat crop
throughout the State ought to be in the ground by the middle of this
month as later sowings are always liable to winter killing Rye and bar
ley can be sown much later and wherever possible heavy seedings of
these should be put in These green crops not only contribute a large
quota to the food supply for man and beast but feed the land also and put
it in better condition for the coming summers crops The bulk of the
crop will be sown in the next few weeks As I have advised before even
in those sections where wheat is not a paying money crop each farmer
should sow enough to supply his family and this with the improvement
to his land will reconcile him to the work The following on wheat
which I quote from a valued exchange so clearly and forcibly treats of
this subject that I feel it cannot be improved upon
What farmers need to learn in wheat growing districts is the great
value of a regular rotation in which a leguminous crop immediately pre
cedes the wheat Instead of putting wheat in roughly on corn ground
with a sprinkling of fertilizer to make a crop and leave the land worse off
how much better it would be to sow the annual wintergrowing crimson
clover with the same amount of fertilizer among the corn in August or
September let it be pastured whenever fit to be trodden in winter and in
May plow it under and sow the land in cow peas broadcast The result
would be a big crop of pea vine hay for stock and manure making and a
preparation for a wheat crop far more certain than the notoriously uncer
tain cornground wheat And if you find it difficult to cure the pea vines
as hay run them through the cutter when in full pod and make the best
ensilage that can be made for cows With plenty of ensilage clover hay
and wheat straw and plenty of good stock to eat them the road to big
wheat crops rich land and independence is open and a farm enriched
will always enrich the farmer as fast as a rundown farm will run him
down
Another subject very little understood and therefore very little practiced
at the South is
FALL PLOWING
It is contended by many Southern agriculturists that the advantages to
be gained by deep plowing of land are not for our section Their idea is
that as we do not have the heavy freezes of more northern latitudes which
were to disintegrate the land the benefits to us are not commensurate with
the labor and that from the packing heavy winter rains much of our
work has to be gone over in the spring This is in a measure true and if156
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
this disintegration were the only advantage their position would be well
taken But there are other and equally stroug reasons for deep fall plow
ing more especially on our stiff red lands which are only in rare instances
thoroughly worked Among these reasons in favor of deep fall plowing
are the following The loosening turning and aeration of the subsoil the
prevention of washing the storing of moisture from the winter rains
which falling on unplowed lands pass off carrying with them much
of the top soil the bringing to the surface of the mineral elements which
are stored in sufficient quantities in all our lands and for which in the
form of commercial phosphates and potash we each year pay out large
sums These locked up stores to become available must be brought to
the surface and there combined with vegetable matter and fall under the
direct action of the rains the frosts and the atmosphere By this deep
fall plowing we open the door through which nature yields up these treas
ures Jeff Welborn high authority in such matters says that by deep
plowing of red lands as early as possible in fall and winter and then cul
tivating in peas to supply the necessary nitrogen heavy crops can be
made and the land improved each year He has proved his faith by his
woiks and certainly his eminent success should encourage others to try
the same plan being assured that it is not an empty theory
Let me urge this plan upon the attention of our farmers Let each one
try a small area as an experiment doing the work thoroughly and having
once satisfied himself as to its utility and practicality let him appropriate
the minerals dominant in his soil and thus avoid these heavy obligations
for fertilizers which are now hastening his cotton on the market I do
not mean that he can dispense altogether with the use of commercial fer
tilizers for in conjunction with green crops they are an important adjunct
in this work of renovation but I do say that the man who is able to do
this fall plowing following it with leguminous crops will attain to surpris
ing results and at far less cost
CUT THE GRASS
which all over the State now covers the corn fields and which where peas
were thinly sown has sprung up offering the farmer a beautiful crop of
the very best hay far superior to that imported from other States We not
only need it on our farms but there is a ready market in the towns for a
good article well cured The farmer who allows this to waste may yet
have to buy the imported article with some of his hardearned and not
too abundant cotton money R T Nesbitt CommissionerINQUIRIES ANSWERED
I
SPRAYING FOB BLIGHT
The following interesting matter should have appeared in our last report
but was omitted on account of the unusual amount of matter before us
FOB THE APPLE
Spray for the destruction of the spores of the apple scab and leaf blight
with sulphate of copperblue vitriolone pound to twentyfive gallons of
water or sulphate of ironcopperasone pound to two gallons of water
For destruction of the tent caterpillar caukerworm and bud moth use
the Bordeaux mixture onehalf strength with Paris green one pound to
one hundred and fifty gallons just before the blossoms unfold and for the
same and the coddling moth as soon as the petals have fallen
Make a third application of the Bordeaux mixture and Paris green in
about two weeks from the time the petals fall Should there have been
heavy rains since the last application then use the ammoniacal carbonate
of copper one pound to fifty gallons of water at intervals of from two to
four weeks according to the weather until the middle of August
We would recommend the trial of sulphate of copper one pound to five
hundred and eight hundred gallons of water after the middle of June
Should no rain occur after the use of any fungicide or insecticide no fur
ther application need be made until it does rain but if the interval has
been long spraying should immediately follow a heavy rain
FOB THE PEAK
For the pear scab leaf blight and sucking of the fruit and coddling
moth the same treatment should be given as for the apple except that no
Paris green need be used until after the petals have fallen and only two
applications of that need be made
If the pear tree psylla should appear spray the trees thoroughly with
kerosene emulsion one part to twenty parts of water
FOB THE PLUM
We would advise the same treatment as given to the apple and pear for
the plum leaf blight black wart and the fruit rot For the plum curculio
use the Bordeaux mixture onehalf strength with Paris green one pound
to two hundred gallons One application of the ammoniacal carbonate of
copper should be made after the middle of August to prevent the rotting
of thefruit and the leaf blight158 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
FOE THE PEACH
To destroy the plum curculio spray with the Bordeaux mixture one
fourth strength and Paris green one pound to two hundred gallons For
the fruit rot spray with the ammoniacal carbonate of copper one pound
to fifty gallons of water Try the sulphate of copper one pound to one
hundred gallons of water for the fruit rot
FOB THE GRAPE
Spray with the concentrated solution of the sulphate of copper every
part of the vines and trellis before the buds unfold Just before the blos
som buds unfold spray with the Bordeaux mixture onehalf strength
with Paris green one pound to one hundred gallons As soon as the petals
have fallen spray again with the same then at intervals of about two
weeks use the ammoniacal carbonate of copper one pound to twentyrive
gallons Try the sulphate of copper one pound to five hundred and seven
hundred gallons of water at the same intervals
FOB BASPBEBBY AND BLACKBERBY
For the anthracnose of the blackcaps and the yellow rust of the black
berry use the concentrated solution of sulphate of copper before the buds
open Then spray with the Bordeaux mixture onehalf strength or the
ammoniacal carbonate of copper before the blossom buds unfold and two
or three times after the fruit has been gathered at intervals of two or
three weeks The first disease attacks the canes principally and more at
tention in spraying should be given to them than to the leaves
FOB THE STBAWBEEBY
Spray with the Bordeaux mixture onehalf strength and Paris green
one pound to one hundred gallons for the leaf blight and the spotted
paria as soon as growth begins in the spring Just before the blossoms
open use the Bordeaux mixture same strength but no Paris green After
the fruit has been gathered Paris green and the Bordeaux mixture should
be used if the bed or field is to be carried through another season
FOB THE POTATO
As soon as the larvse of the potato beetle begin to appear spray with the
Bordeaux mixture onehalf strength and Paris green one pound to one hun
dred gallons Use the same mixture as often as they appear in sufficient
numbers to be injurious If the weather be warm and moist applications
should be made at intervals of from one to three weeks after the vines
have blossomed of the Bordeaux mixture one halfstrength or the am
moniacal carbonate of copper one pound to fifty gallons of water even if
there are no larvse present The sulphate of copper one pound to five
hundred gallons should also be tried on a small scale to test its value
STBAWBEBBIES
Will you please tell me how to make a strawberry bed
H L I Marietta GaOCTOBER CROP REPORT18l
159
In making a strawberry bed you should first select soil as near as possi
ble adapted to the plant Select rich well drained moist land though if
unable to obtain to this by a liberal use of manure you will be able to
secure good crops
PREPARATION
Thorough preparation is essential to a numerative crop Subsoil your
laud to the depth of 14 inches and pulverize the soil thoroughly by har
rowing uotil in a perfect condition
MANURING
On the subject of manuring the Director of the Experiment Station says
Well rotted stable manure and wood ashes if applied liberally will in
any soil result in increased yield Such manures ought to be broadcasted
and well incorporated into the soil Commercial fertilizers bone dust
and superphosphate with potash salts and cotton seed meal or crushed
cottonseed are highly recommended Bonedust mixture with wood ashes
or muriate of potash instead should be used at the rate of at least one
half ton of the former and thirty to forty bushels of the ashes or two hun
dred and fifty pounds of muriate of potash instead A good fertilizer
which has given excellent results at the station may be mixed at home by
using at the rate per acre of 1000 pounds acid phosphate 250 pounds mu
riate of potash and 500 pounds of cotton seed meal this might be supple
mented early in spring with top dressing of 200 pounds of muriate of
soda per acre
In our experiments we have gen erally attained better results from chemi
cal fertilizers than from stable manure The latter is too stimulating and
heating in its character producing a rank growth of leaves and runners
at the expense of the fruit while in case of drouth the plant will suffer
and often die Strawberries require a cool moist soil therefore any
heating manures must be avoided The fertilizer experiments at the sta
tion the last season point in the same direction highly ammoniated fer
tilizers produce increased foliage aud runners but when the fruiting sea
son began we were disappointed in the promise We also have observed
that we obtain finer firmer more highly colored and better flavored ber
ries from a fertilizer containing a smaller percentage of nitrogenous matter
We can safely conclude that it is within our ability to a certain ex
tent to force the growth of our plants in a certain direction by using the
proper fertilizer materials But we must impress the cultivator again with
the necessity of supplying a very liberal amount of plant food if a large
crop and large berries is to be the result of our endeavors The expense
of labor in cultivating plants etc is the same on a highly as a poorly cul
tivated soil and as cultivation is the only source of expense after the bed
is established our failure or success hinges on a liberal supply of plant
food
MULCHING
The object of mulching is somewhat different in colder countries than
in our latitude There the plants are thus protected from severe freezing160
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
and repeated thawing in winter In our latitude we multch to protect our
plants from the injurious effect of the hot sun and to keep the ground
moist
METHOD OF PLANTING
In regard to planting there are two methodsthe hill and matted row
system For the best results we advise the former system which occa
sions larger results are obtained from the latter nevertheless more perfect
fruit and plants are developed under the former and the crop is more as
sured Plant twelve to fifteen inches apart in rows three feet and prevent
spreading by keeping the runners down
This article is necessarily limited and those who desire to engage in
strawberry culture as an industry we would advise the purchase of a
good work on the subject The work of the station can be secured free by
addressing R J Redding Director Experiment Ga and requesting
Bolletin 15
HOBN FLY
We have a small fly in this county which worries the cattle very much
Can you give me a remedy for them H I T
In the October reporr of 1892 and the July report of this year you will
find a description of this fly which is the horn fly also remedies The fol
lowing from the Breeders Gazette contains further information on the
subject
They worry cattle until they become thin and weak and take special
delight in massing by thousands and thousands all over the entire body of
weak and defenseless animals as these animals become powerless to op
pose them And in another way they will or may cause the death of
thousands of stock It is in this way They eat or suck blood about in
spots on cattleon theneck dewlap back of the shoulder blades and under
the belly of the animals The spots when first discernible have a dry ap
pearance of the cuticle with the hair eaten off short and stubby close to
the skin as if burned off These spots may be about the size of a nickel
or as large as a dollar but more oftener of the smaller or intermediate
size The cuticle is next eaten or dissolved away and a raw bloody sore
results which the pest continues to molest
One breeder has applied the following mixture to the pests and finds it
knocks them every time
Take kerosine spirits of turpentine sulphur and crysalic ointment
and mix them well and rub or sprinkle it on the cows I used it four
weeks ago and the flies have not bothered the cows since
Yet another farmer has sprayed upon his herds a strong kerosene mix
ture and found it effective
MITES
Can you tell me how to rid my poultry house and fowls of mites
A P A Rex
The question is one frequently asked by those who take an interest in
the small things of the farm which add so much to the comfort and profit
of farmingOCTOBBER CROP REPORT1893
101
Provide your fowls with a good dust bath to which sulphur has been
added Get a gallon more or less of crude petroleum and with a spray
ing bellows if you have it or with a brush if you have nothing better
thoroughly saturate every part of the inside of the poultry houses This
will rid them of every vestige of lice large or small and as the small lice
or mites mostly leave the fowls in the morning it will in a couple of ap
plications rid them of the pests A little lard oil and kerosene half and
half applied under the wings of the birds will kill all the large lice thatare
on them But every person who has many fowls should have some kind
of spraying apparatus and with this spray the house once a month with
kerosene emulsion This can be quickly done and will keep everything
perfectly clean
SCOURS
I
I
My calves have the scours very badly
Can you give me a remedy
H J H Bolton
Scalding the milk will usually remedy diarrhoea in calves and this is
much better than using drugs which are apt to injure digestion In ob
stinate cases a puffball squeezed into the milk and mixed with it will
remedy matters at once But it is unfortunate if such irregularities in
digestion are allowed to occur They commonly result from improper
methods of feeding
COMPOST
How much compost can I use to the acre
L A I
In the use of all fertilizers the character of the soil must be considered
it is difficult to name a land under proper conditions Replying to a simi
lar question but Furmans reply was
It is hard to use too much In France the average is 20000 pounds to
the acre A Georgia farmer will hardly average 100 pounds to the acre
I will average 10000 pounds next year Nothing pays near so well
LIME
Will lime be a benefit to pasture lands and how should it be applied
S I H
Lime as a top dressing will prove beneficial It should never be ap
plied in a caustic state but only after being airslaked and mixed with
much ashes road washings decomposed sods or other wastes and never
mix with stable manure or plowed under
TRANSPLANTING TREES
When is the best time to transplant trees O T
Trees can be successfully transplanted either in the fall or spring much de
pending upon the season as to the degree of success As a rule we prefer
to transplant in the fall62
DEPARTMENT qE AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
TO PREVENT GALLING
We have frequent inquiries relative to galled work animals and as we
believe that an ounce of preventative is worth a pound of cure present
the following on the subject of gearing horses Our farmers are too apt
to pay but little attention to their work animals and in the hands of care
less hired labor not only does the stock suffer but actual financial loss
occurs
Few farmers properly appreciate the importance and economy of keep
ing good gear and frequently overlook the gearing of their work team
A horse can do onethird more work with less fatigue when properly
geared If the few following rules are systematically carried out you will
never have a galled animal See that the collars fit properly and never
allow them to be left in the sun at feeding time Make your teamster
keep a piece of glass at the stable and scrape off carefully all the perspira
tion rubbing well with a corn cob or hand after scraping Bo this every
morning Keep a lump of beef tallow on hand and grease twice a week
after scraping In warm weather when the animals perspire freely
have the shoulders washed clean every night when watered Do this and
you will never have a galled horse In the spring of the year when flies
and gnats are troublesome grease the ears and neck of your horses with a
little grease in which has been mixed a little kerosene oil and the little
pests will not worry them so much
ITEMS OF INTEREST
REPLIES TO SHORT INQUIRIES
Sheep enrich laud very materially when feeding over it
The great bane of clover fields after a catch has been secured is weeds
Scientific agriculture is a big name but it only means intelligent farming
When a cucumber is allowed to ripen on the vine the latter will cease
bearing
Ducks do best on a variety of food with plenty of grass and a little grain
at night
If horses are allowed to graze for an hour or so after the days work they
will be all the better for it
Rye may be sown as soon as oats and early potatoes are harvested and
will afford a good bite for stock in the fall
After wheat is stacked it should not be threshed until it has gone through
the sweat which generally takes about six weeks
In bee keeping use no moth traps or complicated hives If you use a
good frame hive and keep your colonies strong you need not fear the
moth
It is claimed that a full feed of hay to horses following the feeding ofOCTOBER CROP REPORT1803
163
concentrated food is wasteful for the reason that it crowds the first out of
the stomach before proper digestion has been accomplished And so in
order to secure best results hay should be fed at first and the concentrated
food afterwards
TOMATOES AT THE MARYLAND STATION
In a bulletin of the Maryland station are given data in regard to the
testing of 33 varieties of tomatoes from which it is learned that as regards
earliness the best results were obtained with Earliest of All Table Queen
Paragon Ignotum No 10 Long Keeper Michigan Cumberland Red and
Favorite
The largest yields were given by Baltimore Prize Taker Cumberland
Red Chemin No 5 Mitchell Money Maker Paragon Perfection Purple
Queen Red Queen and Royal Red
An experiment with different fertilizers for tomatoes is also reported
The results were undoubtedly materially affected by unfavorable weather
The largest yield was given by the plat on which dissolved boneblack was
used alone and the next largest wbere a complete fertilizer was applied
SUBSTITUTES FOR GLASS GREENHOUSES
Trials with paper and oiled cloth as reported by Professor L H Bailey
of the New York Cornell station indicate that these are unsatisfactory
substitutes for glass in greenhouse roofs during the winter For sum
mer or late spring use oiled muslin is fairly satisfactory Plants which
require a heavy shade in summer can be grown to advantage under sucli
a roof In the summer of 1891 we found a cloth roofed house to be an ex
cellent place for flowering the tuberous begonias
Raw eggs are good to cure scours in young stock One egg makes a good
dose Give plain or in boiled milk
Give fattening cattle as much as they will eat and oftenfive times a
day Never give rapid changes of food but change often A good guide
for a safe quantity of grain per day to maturing cattle is one pound to
every hundred of their own weight Thus an animal weighing 1000 may
receive ten poundsTABULATED STATEMENT
S3 03
cj M
o

SB U u o O o 5ij
O o o
O 0 n3 a O m 43 5 3 CO S3 35
Cotton compared with an average 80 81 lb 77 78
Corn compared with an average 86 85 93 77 97 87
Susar Canesorghum 85 83 96 92 90 94 92 94 93 91 83 96 87 95 89
Sweet Potatoes 91
Tobaccocondition 95
Hi
REPORT
OF T1IK
Commissioner of Agriculture
STATE OF GEORGIA
Year Ending September 30 1893
E T NESBITT Commissioner
ATLANTA GA
Geo W Harrison State Printer
The Franklin Printing and Publishing Co
1893REPORT
To His Excellency W J Northern Governor
In compliance with the statute I have the honor of transmitting
a report of the transactions of the Department of Agriculture for
the fiscal year ending September 30 1893
As your Excellency is aware the work of this department may be
divided into three distinct branches i e The general work or
that relating specifically to the farm dairy etc the Fertilizer De
partment and the Oil Department Under the head of the first
branch I have seen no reason to change the policy adopted last
year either as to methods of distribution of literature or fhe con
duct of general affairs The effect of the change in the form of
agricultural matter from the supplement to plates delivered and
printed in the weekly and a part of the daily press has been illus
trated as manifestly beneficial by a much more widespread interest
in the work The correspondence of the Department upon this
line has greatly increased and I trust that the day is not far distant
when all the farmers of the State will regard the department as
their friend created to aid them in their efforts toward agricultural
progress The matter of diversification upon which so much de
pends I believe to be daily more impressed upon our farmers and
the cribs and smokehouses of the State are freer today from the
corn and meat of the West than for many years A striking evi
dence of this is found in the decrease in the amount of freight of
this character carried by the railroads of the State Again it is
gratifying to report that during the year from the wiregrass section
of the State over 20000 live hogs were shipped to Chicago to form
a portion of the output of the great packing houses In ante
helium days Georgia stood fifteenth in the number of hogs raised in170
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
the State and we see no good reason that in this essential to pros
perity she should not again becomea source of supply instead of
demand
COTTON
In regard to our great staple crop we regret to say that from re
ports received aud personal observation the crop will be a very
short one which without better prices tends greatly to discourage
our agricultural interest However the steps we have made toward
independent agriculture will largely compensate for the loss result
ing from low prices and enable our farmers to better resist the de
pressed condition at present prevailing
In regard to themonthly reports of the department a new fea
ture has been introduced in the form of an inquiry column and we
hope the large number of questions embracing nearly every feature
of farm work thus publicly answered will result iu a wider study
of agriculture and a more general adoption of improved methods
GLANDERS
I had the honor in my last report to call your Excellencys at
tention to the spread of this loathsome and destructive disease and
through you of recommending such remedial legislation as the
General Assembly in its wisdom should deem best
Many demands have been made on the Department for examina
tion and investigation of cases While we have been unable to in
vestigate all suspicious cases and while such investigations cannot
result in more than a diagnosis of the case yet I have seen proper
to send an expert to look iuto the last two cases called to the atten
tion of the department and to report on the same These cases
were located in the counties of Stewart and Early and the follow
ing is the surgeons reportANNUAL REPORTIS
171
Atlanta Ga September 30 1893
t
lo the Honorable R T Nesbitt Commissioner of Agriculture of
Georgia
Dear SirAt your request I have recently visited the couu
lies of Early and Stewart State of Georgia to investigate a conta
gious disease said to exist among the live stock of those counties
and after a careful examination beg leave to submit the following
report I visited Early county first four miles south of Arling
ton At the mills of Mr W A Carter I found two cases of glan
ders in two distinct forms namely acute glanders and chronic
glanders The acute case presented all of the essential symptoms
that are prominent in this fatal disease namely a discharge from
both nostrils ulcerated patches on mucous membrane lining nostrils
swelling on both sides of lower jaw in submaxillary space heavy
breathing legs swollen Those are symptoms that the ordinary
observer can readily see is glanders iathe acute form The chronic
case in the family driving horse is a form that may be easily over
looked or mistaken for a mild cold or an attack of catarrh and is
the form most to be dreaded as the animal thus affected may live
for years while every animal that comesin contact with him may
die with the disease in acute form Tire prominent symptoms in
this case were the occasional discharge of a glutinous substance
slight swelling in submaxillary space the swelling sometimes get
ting quite large and again receding complete absence of cough
the urine very light colored showing symptoms of diabetis The
general appearance would indicate very good health unless care
fully examined
In view of the fact that this horse had been fed with other
mules and horses for some time it is highly probable that a short
time will develop a good many more cases of glanders in that sec
tion
In Stewart county seven and a half miles north of Lumpkin Mr
Chambly had just lost a mule that no doubt died with chronic
glanders as he was known to have had a discharge from the nose
for over two years

On a farm near by I found a mule the property of Mr Holman172
DKPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
suffering with a chronic case of farcy This disease is analogous
with glanders only differing in the primary symptoms which arc
sudden swellings on different parts of the body differing in size
from a bean to a large abscess which when opened discharge an
oily amber colored fluid the urine becomes very lightcolored show
ing same as in glanders symptoms of diabetin In most cases
in Southwest Georgia the disease is traceable to the introduction of
Texas stock The ravages of this dread disease promise to be a
fruitful source of litigation in the next court of Stewart county
and unless more active measures aie taken by the legislature of this
State the seed of this disease will bring aharvest that will annihilate
the prospects of many a poor farmer Respectfully
J N Cook
Veterinary Surgeon
The recommendations here made we commend to the considera
tion of your Excellency and the General Assembly trusting that
agitation of the question will result in beneficial legislation
PUBLICATIONS
The publications of te department we believe to be a potent
factor in the work it accomplishes In this regard we would call
special attention to the almost imperative demand for a handbook
descriptive of the resources of the State in order that the depart
ment may be equipped to fulfill its functions in the matter of im
migration
The old handbook of the State and the Commonwealth of
Georgia while excellently presenting the claims of the State and
its resources that would induce immigration at the date of their
publication in many respects do not represent our present progress
and agricultural development Especially is this true of our great
growth in the melon orchard small fruit and trucking industry
calculated as they are to encourage the location of a desirable class
of citizens For these reasons I would advise that such appropria
tion as is thought proper be made out of the fees collected through
the department for the revision of the old Commonwealth or the
preparation and publication of a new work Appropriations I amANNUAL REPORTISO
173
aware are always and most properly regarded with caution as
none of the moneys of the State ought to be expended without the
benefits derived are commensurate with the sum spent In this
particular matter I am convinced that to furnish a complete answer
to the large number of inquiries that come direct to this depart
ment and also through other departments of State and from vari
ous outside sources would be of great value Such a work giving
full information as to what Georgia at present offers the home
seeker would I feel assured result in a desirable class of immi
gration increasing the wealth of the State and developing our re
sources I am further led to advise this appropriation for the
reason that the department is entirely selfsustaining and besides
pays into the treasury of the State each year a sum beyond its ex
penditures a part of which could very properly be devoted to the
purposes for which the department was created
SEED
The seed sent out by the department for the year have been care
fully selected with a view of diversifying our agriculture and as a
guide to the selection of proper varieties adapted to our soil and
climate The results of these distributions have been more benefi
cial than I had at first supposed and have led to the introduction
and cultivation of several advantageous varieties of seed throughout
the State and have also directed attention to the importance of a
better and more careful selection of seed for staple crops
CHEMICAL DEPARTMENT
The work of the State Chemist and his assistants will be dealt
with specifically in the report from that department but I wish to
call your Excellencys attention to the large number of determina
tions of minerals waters etc The State Chemist is not charged
with these duties but as we regard them as beneficial to the State
and citizen we have endeavored when not jrevented by other
duties to have these determinations accurately performed
A tabulated statement of the most important determinations of
this character can be found in Bulletin 26 of the department174
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICELTUREGEORGIA
COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS
This branch of the service in charge of the department is of the
greatest importance to the farmer embracing as it does a system
of inspection of fertilizers and fertilizer material provided for the
purpose of protecting him against frauds On the abolition of the
old system of bulk inspection in some quarters misgivings were
felt lest the new law should fail to furnish as perfect protection
Last year the superiority of the new law was evident and after the
second year of its operation I am induced to regard it with even
greater favor and to consider it compared to the laws in other
States the most perfect system now in force The esteem in which
it is held by the commissioners of other States is evidenced by many
inquiries on the subject of its operation
During the year errors in shipment where in sacking the wrong
fertililizer has been placed in the bags have been unerringly de
tected and the error rectified to the advantage of the purchaser
In these instances there was apparently no evidence of an intention
to defraud but rather of carelessness in the sacking of goods which
might possibly have resulted in injury to either purchaser or seller
Under the old law the detection of such cases was impossible and
even under the present law such contingencies call for the closest
supervision and more frequent trips by each inspector over the ter
ritory of which he has charge
INSPECTORS
The number of inspectors has been increased from six to twelve
but with such a reduction in wages and term of service as does not
call for a larger expenditure in salaries and the result of this change
is a more efficient and farreaching service
The following list gives the name of the inspectors with the
amount received by each and the term for which employed under
new commissions issued November 12 1892 and January 1 1893ANNUAL REPORT1893
175
Inspectors County Term month Salary
A Oemler Chatham 12 months 1000 00
W W Dews Randolph 12 a 1000 00
S R Murphy Harris 12 a 1000 00
W B Jones Troup 12 a 1000 00
J R Van Buren Jones 6 a 600 00
S R Fulcher Burke 6 a 600 00
J M B Goode Rockdale 4 it 333 32
M L Johnson Bartow 4 a 333 32
D T Paulk Irwin 4 it 333 32
T J Ramsev Murray 4 a 300 00
Z L Fryer Pike 4 a 300 00
R L Strickland Forsyth 4 a 300 00
6900 00
It will be noted that the amount expended for services during the
year does not represent he amount called for under the present ap
portionment This is due to inspectors working under the old rate
up to November 12 and January 1 the date of their commissions
thereby embracing in the old rate a portion of the present fiscal
year The following is the amount received by each inspector dur
ing the year ending September 30 1893
WBJones 1033 33
S R Murphy 1033 33
A Oemler 1033 33
WWDews 1033 33
S R Fulcher 900 00
J M B Goode 733 32
I R Van Buren 500 00
71 Fryer 300 00
TJRamsey 300 00
MGJohnson 333 32
DTPaulk 333 32
R LStrickland 300 00
Total
7833 28176
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
RECEIPTS AND EXPENDITURES
Total amount received for tags 30751
Salaries 7833 28
Traveling expenses 1696 56
Bottles lables etc 276 50
Tags 6014 00
Expressage 60 25
Netreceipts 1487134 30751 93
Covered in treasury14538 05
Balance 333 2914871 34
It will be seen by referring to the amount received for tag
that the amount of fertilizers sold in the State exceeds to
a considerable extent the amount sold last year In this con
nection it is pleasing to state that a larger amount than usual
has been used under wheat corn and other grain crops The proper
use of fertilizers we believe to be advantageous but indiscriminate
use detrimental Renovating crops should be used to restore or
ganic matter and furnish nitrogen and here while more properly
belonging under the head of publications we believe we can state
without egotism that the department is accomplishing much to
wards inducing diversification and renovation by compost and
leguminous crops
REPORT OF THE CHEMIST
Laboratory of the State Chemist State Capitoe
Atlanta Ga July 6 1893
Hon R 1 Nesbitt Commissioner of Agriculture of the State of
Georgia
Dear SirSince the passage of the new fertilizer law not per
mitting the sampling of fertilizers in bulk samples have been slow
in coming in at the earlier portion of the season While the law
is a splendid protection to the farmer inspectors taking samples of
the many brands upon the market after they have left the manufac
turers hands thus obviating some possible opportunities of decep
tion yet the slowness with which samples come in at first rendersANNUAL REPORT1893
177
the duties of the State Chemist especially arduous for while the
samples are constantly coming in at the earlier portion of the sea
son keeping him busy they come in such a way as not to enable
him to utilize his time to the best advantage When the samples
do start to pour in it requires the most energetic work possible to
get through in what would seem a reasonable length of time
During the season I have encountered severalsamples of manu
factured goods which contained considerable amounts of calcium
carbonate As sulphuric acid would decompose such calcium car
bonate when the former is used in the manufacture of acid phos
phate it is evident that calcium carbonate is added as a dryer or
possibly as a tiller I have been informed that an article consisting
largely of calcium carbonate with some calcium phosphate has
been recently shipped from Europe into the State as Belgium
Floats This article is sold sacked at the remarkably low price of
400 per ton While low in phosphoric acid it is rich in lime
and whilst seeming cheap at the above price it would appear from
the analyses of these carbonated goods that its use cannot be very
profitable to the manufacturers All the goods observed run very
high in insoluble and in reverted phosphoric acid the soluble phos
phoric acid running low The analyses of the goods show their
exact composition and tells the farmer just how they stand Of
course the farmer does not object to getting from four to six per
cent of insoluble phosphoric acid for nothing as he does in such
goods when they are sold on analysis
It is a subject for congratulation that the fertilizers sold through
out the State during this season have been of such excellent char
acter in spite of the exceedingly high prices of ammoniates which
have prevailed during a portion of the year In the State of Con
necticut whose bulletin for 1892 has been recently received one
fourth of the nitrogenous fertilizers analyzed this season failed to
reach their guarantees in one o r two ingredients The laws of
Georgia are too severe to tempt manufacturers to risk selling goods
below their guarantees in this State There seems to be an honest
effort made by all to reach their guarantees as it is a very unprofita
ble thing for them to do otherwise178 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
Besides tlieanalyses of the official samples of fertilizers takeu by
the inspectors a number of acid phosphates taken at random have
been examined for free sulphuric acid Only two out of the lot
contained any free sulphuric acid at all and those in very small
quantity This was done to set at rest the statement so often made
that the sulphuric acid of commercial fertilizers finally ruined the
land
Four kerosene oils were analyzed during the year to determine
the canse of their bad illuminating qualities A report upon them
occurs in another portion of the bulletin An apparatus has been
devised to enable inspectors to detect these oils in case the next leg
islature desires to enact any legislation upon the subject
A good sample of phosphate rock has been received from Ran
dolph county and several excellent ones from Deeatur county
The number of analyses made during the season were as follows
Acid phosphates A 107
Acid phosphates with ammonia 15
Acid phosphates with potash 67
Acid phosphates with ammonia and potash complete fertil
izers 625
Potash salts 22
Cotton seed meals 72
Chemicals not otherwise enumerated 1 42
Fertilizers under the Ellington bill 4
Minerals 278
Waters n
Marls 15
Native phosphates 47
Kerosene oils 4
Very respectfully
1309
GEORGE F PAYNE
State ChemistANNUAL REPORT1893
179
INSPECTION OF OILS
The limitation on fees for oil inspection whilefully compensat
ing the inspectors for the labor performed has proven a source of
revenue During the year 1542439 has been deposited in the
treasury from this source The wisdom of these inspections cannot
be questioned protecting as they do life and property from a dan
gerous explosive The thoroughness of these inspections as relat
ing to the explosive qualities of the oil is manifest from the fact
that no explosions as the result of too inflammable oil have been
reported
The complaints as to the burning quality of some of the oil sold
in the State noted iu our last report have continued during the
year These reports are made to this department under the opin
ion that the law not only provides a test as to the explosive quali
ties of the oil but also an illuminating test On account of the
numerous complaints of this character the State chemist under my
direction made a thorough investigation into the causes giving
rise to them The result of this investigation is shown by his
report which we give in full so if it be thought proper legislative
action may be taken The test recommended I commend as it can
be performed without extra salary expense In regard to the price
of instruments Required to make this test they should cost the
State about 2500 each
OPINION AND ANALYSES OF THE STATE CHEMIST
Atlanta 6a March 31 1893
Hon R T Nesbitt Commissioner of Agriculture of the State of
Georgia
Dear SirOn account of the general complaint throughout the
State of the poor illuminating qualities of much of the kerosene
oil now sold I have at your request made analyses and other
investigations of samples of oil submitted by you
For comparison I lay before you the analysis of two different
samples one a much complained of kerosene from Monticello the180
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
other an excellent sample of white kerosene bought in Atlanta
These figures bring out clearly the difference between a poor oil
and a good one
The results were as follows
1 Color of oil
2 Specific gravity
Flash TestFirst Flash with burning string heldii inch
above oil with open tester
4 Flash TestFull flash with burning string flitted
inch above oil with open tester
5 Fire TestOil takes fire with open tester
6 Percentage of normal oil distilling between 347
and 527
7 Percentage of oil distilling above 627 F
8 Color of 1st 40 per cent distilling over
9 Color of 2d 40 per cent distilling over
10 Color of last 20 per cent left in still
Analysis No 3378
Monticello
Sample
Analysis No 33811
Atlanta
Sample
Yellow
795
108 F
118 V
122 F
510 per cent
460 per cent
White
Yellow
Very dark brown
White
785
127 F
121 F
135 F
944 per cent
50 per cent
White
White
Light brown
11 Gravity and flash test of 1st 20 per cent distilling over
12 Gravity and flash test of 2d 20 per cent distilling over
13 Gravity and flash test of 3d 20 per c nt distilling over
14 Gravity and flash test of 4th 20 per cent distilling over
15 Gravity and Hash test oi residue not distilled over
Flash
Test
78 F
118c F
188 F
257 F
302 F
Sp Gr
750
775
805
822
835
Flash
Test
Sp Gr
105 F
119 F
i36 F
165 F
230 F
767
775
780
79
Not
tested
The samples were also tested for alkalies and acids as well as
sulphur compounds these were not present to any noticeable
extent
The Monticello oil was burned in a lamp several days side by
side with the Atlanta sample The light given by the Monticello
oil gradually became more and more smoky and less brilliant The
Atlanta oil maintained the high character of its light throughout
the experiment
Petroleum although apparently quite a simple body is yet a
very complex compound It is composed of a number of different
substances with different gravities and boiling points
The best kerosene oils for general illuminating purposes are
those which distill from petroleum between the temperatures of
347 F and 527 F Oils distilling below 347 F are dangerousANNUAL REPORT1893
18
to use although they give a good light Those distilling above
527 F are too heavy to burn well and partake of the nature of
lubricating oils
The sample of oil from Monticello is not a homogeneous oil
while the gravity is high indicating a heavy oil its flash test is
low indicating a light oil This sample is composed of a large
quantity of heavy gravity oil lightened up with a little very light
gravity oil This is shown iri the specific gravities of the different
distillates The indications of the flash test also show the presence
of this light gravity oil slight flashes showing at 108 F The
Atlanta oil shows its even character by every test while the Mont
icello oil though of heavier gravity is of much lower flash test
when the higher gravity would ordinarily indicate the reverse
Fractional distillation and careful testing of the distillates reveal
the true character of such oils
Very heavy oils require much heat to burn them consequently
very high gravity oils while safest to use do not give in the ordi
nary lamp as brilliant a light as those of lighter gravity but the
lighter the gravity of an oil the more easily it forms an explosive
gas hence the adoption of the present Georgia law requiring an oil
to stand a test of 120 F One would not expect lard oil nor cotton
seed oil to give a good light in an ordinary kerosene lamp This
is on account of their high gravity The oils like the samples from
Monticello contain too much high gravity oil to give a good light
While there is a little difference in the apparent gravity of the
Monticello and Atlanta samples the former being 795 and the
latter 785 yet there is a marked difference when the oils are sepa
rated by distillation The Monticello oil is heaviest to start with
yet the first 20 per cent is lighter than the first 20 per cent of
the Atlanta oil In the last 60 per cent the very high gravity of
the Monticello oil is most marked having been at first masked by
the 20 per cent of very light oil The specific gravity of a kero
sene would be a valuable test if it were not for the ease with which
the gravity can be diminished with the lighter petroleum products
Under the present laws I see no way in which you can prohibit
the sale of kerosene oils of poor illuminating powers if their test
meets the requirements of the code182
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
Aware of your earnest desire to detect and drive from Georgia
such miserable goods I would suggest that at the next meeting of
the legislature you request that a law be enacted permitting you to
forbid the sale of any kerosene illuminating oils as of standard
character which do not contain the proper amount of oil distilling
between 347 F and 527 F A good lamp oil should contain 85
per cent or over of such a distillate The Monticello sample only
contains 54 per cent while the Atlanta sample contains nearly 95
per cent I have devised a handy piece of apparatus which can
be used by the inspectors for such testing as that suggested
I have written several of the oil companies for prices of the oils
distilling at different temperatures to learn if possible the proba
ble effect upon the prices of kerosene oils in this State if the sale
of such goods as these complained of were prohibited I did not
succeed in getting the figures desired But learned from some of the
agents that they had a great deal less trouble in those States that
had no laws at all on the subject than they did in Georgia
Which no one doubts
Very respectfully
George F Payne State Chemist
P SThe sample sent you by the oil company as the same
goods as those shipped to Monticello was not the same as the sam
ple secured by your inspector at that point the companys sample
being an excellent white oil of 785 gravity Said sample was
probably a second shipment to Monticello sent to mix with and
improve the quality of the inferior oil G F P
Another sample of Kerosene claimed to be of inferior quality received for
Anahsis since the above report was made
j O SC
x art gib
t O oJlN TK
X ijjw fe
C 3g a c
X i Si m
0 o X 50 a so pa X ofl X
o 0 o a a
fc O fc 5 a m
Kerosene OilFrom Madison Ga 3547 White 690 310 786
Kerosene OilFrom Monticello Ga 3380 Yellow 540 460 795
Kerosene OilFrom Atlanta Ga 3378 White 94 4 56 785
ANNUM REPORT 1893
183
The two last samples are placed for comparison the last one
being a most excellent oil containing 944 per cent normal oil as
shown above The other two are much inferior to it containing
only 69 and 54 per cent respectively
STATEMENT
The following consolidated statement gives the amount of oil inspected
by the Inspectors in the different Districts
Consolidated Report of the Oil Inspectors for the State of Georgia
for 18923
District
Savannah
Athens
Augusta
Atlanta
Rome
Columbus
Dalton
Macon
Brunswick
Milledgeville
Americus
Gainesville
No Gallons
Inspected
Total gallons
1973480
147208
512745
1071723
86075
310430
39100
367773
213859
6246
50537
37490
5597296
Inspectors
Peter Reilly
James R Lyle
W H Barrett
John W Nelms
T J Lyon
J W Murphey Jr
J R McAfee
M J Hatcher
P V Plemming
Miller Grier
D P Davenport
E E Kimbrough
Fees
Received
9867 43
705 93
2564 72
5480 58
443 74
1553 50
200 50
1833 88
1069 30
31 22
263 81
187 15
Total fees 24129 76
Correct report
Octobor 12 1893
Joseph E Bkown Jr
COVERED IN TREASURY BY INSPECTORS
Barrett
Bielly
Hollis
Nelms 3877 75
Murphey
Hatcher
Fleming
McAfee
Davenport
Kimbrough
1066 25
8911 71
558 04
147 93
3877 75
435 45
229 43
174 66
3 00
16 07
4 10
15424 39
184
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
EXPERIMENT STATION
As ex officio chairman of the Board of Directors of the Experi
ment Station I have the honor of reporting that the experiments
conducted are receiving more attention from and study by the
farmers of the State The practical benefit of these experiments
cannot be doubted and our farmersshould avail themselves of their
benefit by having their names placed on the mailing list of the
station During the year experiments in fertilization of staple crops
variety tests and cultivation have been made with a continuation
of special experiments in tobacco culture and in dairying and
cheese making Horticultural and other experiments are also iu
progress The experiments are made with painstaking care as is
evidenced by the bulletins of the sation to which I refer your Ex
cellency for a detailed account of the work accomplished
Respectfully
R T Nesbitt
Commissioner of Agriculture
PROCEEDINGS
Eighteenth annual Meeting

GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY
HELD IN THE
City of Athens August 2d and 3d 1893
Chartered July 14th 1876 Organized August 16 1876 Reorganized under
New Charter August 1st 1882
Published Jointly by ike Society and Department of Agriculture
ATLANTA GA
Franklin Printing and Publishing Company
1893CONSTITUTION
Article 1 The name of this Association shall be the Georgia State Horti
cultural Society
Article 2 Its object shall be the advancement of the sciences of Pomology
Floriculture Arboriculture and Kitchen vegetable growing
Article Its members shall consist of annual and honorary members
who shall be elected by ballot at the annual or semiannual session of the
Society The annual fee shall be 200
Article 4 Tiie meetings shall be held at such times and places as may be
designated by the Society and special meetings may be convened at any time
on the call of the President
Article 5 Its officers shall consist of a President one VicePresident from
each Congressional District of the State a Secretary and a Treasurer The
President Secretary and Treasurer to be elected by ballot at the regular an
nual meeting and to serve until their successors are elected and inaugurated
The VicePresidents all to lie elected by ballot at this meeting those repre
senting districts having odd numbers to serve one year and those represent
ing districts having even numbers to serve two yearsonehalf to be elected
each year thereafter to serve two years
Article 6 The Constitution may be amended at any annual meeting by
a twethirds vote of the members presentBY LAWS
1st The President shall preside at all meetings of the Society call meetings
of the Executive Committee and under its direction have a general superin
tendence of the affairs of the Society and direction of the expenditures of
money He shall appoint all committees unless otherwise ordered
2d In case of death or inability of the President his official duties shall
devolve upon such one of the VicePresidents as may be elected by ballot
3d The VicePresidents shall by correspondence and personalintercourse
with the fruit growers and horticulturists of the various counties of their
respective districts endeavor to organize local societies They shall appoint
four members of their Congressional District and with their aid prepare and
forward to the Secretary before or at every annual meeting of the Society such
reports as have immediate connection with the condition of fruits progress in
their culture new seedling fruits or any other topic relating to horticultural
progress in their respective districts These reports are to be condensed by
the Secretary for publication
4th The Secretary shall attend to all the correspondence of the Society and
with the aid of a reporter keep a record of the transactions of the meetings
and prepare these for publication subject to the approval of the President
lie shall file and preserve all papers and books belonging to the Society
5th The Treasurer shall receive and keep an accurate account of all moneys
belonging to the Society disburse the same on the written orders of the
President which he shall retain and file as vouchers He shall make an an
nual report to the Society of the receipts and disbursements which with the
vouchers shall be referred to a special auditing committee appointed at the
annual meeting Before entering upon his duties he shall give bond to the
Society in the sum of one thousand dollars for the faithful performance of his
duties such bond to be approved by the Executive Committee
Oth The Executive Committee shall consist of the President VicePresi
dents Secretary and Treasurer They shall subject to the direction of the So
ciety manage all its affairs
7th The following Standing Committees shall be appointed by the Presi
dent immediately after his election or so soon thereafter as practicable
A Standing Fruit Committee consisting of five members It shall be the
duty of this committee to report annually on native and foreign fruits to ex
amine and before the close of the session report on all new seedling fruits
that may be exhibited and to make an ad interim report on those that were
exhibited in an unripe condition at the meeting of the Society but had subse
quently attained a state of maturity and on such other seedlings as may have
been submitted to their inspection during the Societys vacation
8th A Standing Committee on Synonyms consisting of five members shall
be appointed annually It shall be their duty to report annually to the Society
at its regular meetingH
GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY
189
9th Standing Committees to consist of two or more members each shall be
appointed annually upon the following subjects viz
Meteorology in relation to Horticulture
Entomology and Ornithology in their Relations to Horticulture
Ornamental and Useful Trees and Plants
Ornamental Gardening
Kitchen Vegetables
Wine Making
Packing and Shipping Fruits and Vegetables
10th A Standing Committee on Transportation to consist of five members
11th Special Committees shall be appointed by the President immediately
alter the organization of the annual meeting on Peaches on exhibition during
the session on Apples Pears and Miscellaneous Fruits on Grapes and
Wines on Vegetables It shall be the duty of these committees to make a
full and careful report upon each and every individual collection on exhibi
tion noting their condition and special merits if any also any particular
methods of cultivation by which improvements are made evident
1th No medal diploma or money shall be awarded by this Society as a
test monial of excellence for any fruit plant flower or vegetable offered for
exhibition The verdict of the Special Committee shall be the highest com
mendation of the Society
13th Vacancies occurring in committees shall be filled bv the chairman of
each and in case of his death or inability to serve his place shall be supplied
by the President of the Society
Uth No person shall be a member or be allowed to participate in the delib
erations of the Society who shall not have paid his fees in full before or at the
beginning of the session of the Society
15th Honorary members shall consist of persons of distinguished merit in
horticultural or natural sciences and nonresidents of Georgia They shall
be entitled to all the privileges of the Society without the payment of actual
fees except on questions of finance
16th These ByLaws may be altered by a twothirds vote of the members
present
OFFICERS
President
P J BERCKMANSAugusta
VicePresidents
1st Congressional DistrictDr J C LbHAKDYSavannah
2d Congressional DistrictB W STONEThomasville
3d Congressional DistrictSAMUELH RUMPHMarshallville
4th Congressional DistrictDk H H GARY LaGrange
5th Congressional DistrictDr SAMUEL 1IAPE Hapeville
6th Congressional DistiictA J WILLIAMSYatesville
7th Congressional DistrictCol GEO H WARINGCement
8th Congressional DistrictE K LUMPKINAthens
9th Congressional DistrictJOHN G JUSTICEMarcus
10th Congressional District Dr NEIL McINNESAugusta
11th Congressional DistrictJOHNTILLMANQuitman
Secretary
G II MILLERKomc
Treasurer
LOUIS A BERCKMANSAugusta
Finance Committee
Db H H GARYLaGrange
Dr NEIL McINNESAugusta
A J WILLIAMSYatesville
STANDING COMMITTEES
ON NEW FRUITS
L A BerckmansAugusta
B Y StoneThomasville
A J WilliamsYatesville
Hugh NStarnesExperiment
J C MillerRome
OX SYNONYMS
Hugh N StarnesExperiment
Dr J II WatkinsPalmetto
W D BeatieAtlanta
Jno G JusticeMarcus
W WThompson Smithville192 GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY
ON DOMESTIC WINES
Colonel Geo IT WaringCernen
Dr Neil MclnnesAugusta
8 D RiegelExperiment
Rudolph OetterVineyard
Dr J C LeHardySavannah
ON ORNAMENTAL AM USEFUL TRKES
R J ReddingExperiment
Charles DeeknerAtlanta
Geo H MillerRome
L Clarence Levy JrColumbus
R P JohnsonSmithville
OX VEGETABLES
G M Ryals Savannah
W E Brown Fort Valley
I D GailhtrdRome
Miss Julia Carl tonAthens
C T CampMoreland
ON PACKING AND SHIPPING FRUITS AND VEGETABLES
Samuel HumphMarshallville
T E BlackshearThomasville
Dr G A Bunch Clarks Hill 8 0
S M WaymanPomona
N T GauldenQuitman
OX METEOROLOGY AND lI0L0iY
Prof JS NewmanFort Hill S C
ON ENTOMOLOGY
Prof J E WillettMacon
OF TRANSPORTATION OK FRUITS AND VEGETABLES
W LGlessner Americus
B J MooreMarshallville
H HasselkusGriffin
G M UvalsSavannah
Geo UhlAugustaROLL OF MEMBERS OF THE GEORGIA STATE
HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY 1893
Adams J AReynolds
Badger G MQuitman
Bailey Prof L HIthaca N Y
Baldwin D FMarshallville
Baldwin E BMarshallville
Baldwin EdwinMarshallville
Barnes Mrs J CMilledgeville
Barnes M AMilledgeville
Barnes W H HMilledgeville
Beatie W DAtlanta
Beaty Mrs J Vineyard
BeckhamS FForsyth
Berckmans P JAugusta
Berckmans Mrs P JAugusta
Berckmans L AAugusta
Berckmans R CAugusta
Berckmans P J A JrAugusta
Blackshear T EThomasville
Boggs Rev W EAthens
Poone H LValdosta
Bostock Samuel mCoosaw S C
Brooks R PForsyth
Brown Dr J P HAugusta
Brown W EFort Valley
Brown Mrs W EFort Valley
Bryan Mrs J WDillon
Bryan HowardDillon
Bunch Dr G AClarks Hill S C
Burnett Mrs W DAthens
CallawayJ PLoraine
Camp A PMoreland
Camp H A Moreland
Camp G AMoreland
Camp J AMoreland
Camp H LMoreland
Carlton Mrs H HAthens
Carlton Miss JuliaAthens
I104
GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY
Carpenter Rev S BSanford Fla
Carter L WMetcalf
Cary Dr H HLaGrange
Cassady A AThomasville
Cobb Mrs LamarAthens
Collins J WAthens
Cunningham J D Jr Marietta
Cutts C SMarshallville
Deckle RobtThomasville
Deckner ChasAtlanta
Denmark R IQuitman
DeWolf D FMadison
Douglass Thomas LMarshallville
DuBose Dr J B Ridge Spring 8 C
Dun bar R EByron
Elliott A BSavannah
Evans L LSmithville
Eveland W BMarshallville
Fambrough J WBoston
Fambrougb W BBoston
Feagan H NRutland
Fell C E GSavannah
Felton W HMarshallville
Frederick E JReynolds
Frederick D BMazshallville
Frederick J VMarshallville
Frederick F JMarshallville
Gaillard I DRome
Galhouse HenryGriffin
Qalhouse JohnGriffln
Gaulden V TQuitman
Gibson B G DeBruce
Glessner W LAmericus
Graham MartinRome
Green L CGabbettsville
Griffin W BVineyard
Griffith C BAthens
Hansel A H Thomasville
Hape Dr Samuel Hapeville
Hasselkus H WGriffin
Heary JamesRome
Heath N R MThomasville
Hewitt ClarkWaupun Wis
Holmes JamesWalden
Hopkins M HLouisvilleGEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY
195
Houser O M Fort Valley
Howell A BChattanooga Term
James J BFort Valley
Jennings It SThomasville
Johnson DavidQuitman
Johnson R PSmithville
Jones WWWalden
Jones W WAugusta
Justice J GMarcus
Keller JuoMississippi
Keller Mrs JnoMississippi
Kollock W W Clarkesville
LeHardy Dr J CSavannah
LeHardv Mrs J CSavannah
Leinbeck T JRossville
Levy L Clarence JrColumbus
Logan J CKome
Long H L Leesburg
Lumpkin E KAthens
Lumpkiu Mrs EKAthens
Mauk S CButler
MoComb M HMilledgeville
McComb Mrs M GMilledgeville
McGee Mrs TJGriffin
McGough RobtForsyth
Mclnnes Dr Neil Augusta
McKinnonK WThomasville
Middleton W SClarks Hill S C
Miller G HRome
Miller J C Home
Milne DayidMacon
Moore B TMarshallville
Moses I IColumbus
Murph I F Marshallville
Murph F BMarshallville
Murphy A OBarnesville
Nelson W KAugusta
Newton Dr E D Athena
Niblack BVirgil
Oetter RVineyard
Parker E ABarnesville
Parkins W HDickey
Parnell Jno HWest Point196
GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY
Pfeister Wm Thomasville
Phelps Rev LymanSanford FJa
Pittman J TThomasville
Pittman W RThomasville
Ponder J MForsyth
Quarterman H C Metcalf
Quarterman W FThomasville
Redding R JExperiment
Redding Mrs S EExperiment
Reed C cCokesbury S
Bice W H Marshallville
RieSe1 MExperiment
Riegel S IX Experiment
Ruffln Geo TSynokto
Rumph EM Marshallville
Rumpb I A Marshallville
Rumph L BMarshallville
Rumph S H Marshallville
RyaIs G M Savannah
Sanford H HThomasville
f a0 B NAugusta
Slappey G RMarshallville
Slappey J UMarshallville
Smith Chas TPonona
8th MFPomona
SpanglerJRVineyard
l F AThe Rook
Stafford WCBarnesville
tanIey U LVineyard
Starnes Hugh NExperiment
Stevens MissHattie Quitman
Stevenson WmCowles BUMon Ala
Stone B W u
Thomasville
Stubbs John MDublin
Tarver M C r
Taylor C S gS
Thompson W WSmithville
Tlman John Quitman
Uhl Geo
TT Augusta
UmbachFGAfhens
Vanderchyse J CPowersville
aum C BThomasville
AinsonBFWaldenGEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY
197
Warder Mrs W MGriffin
Walker W JMarshallvi lie
Ware MSMarshallville
Waring Geo H Cement
Warren T D Bvron
Warren W E Powersville
WartheD R L Warthen
Watkins Dr J HPalmetto
Watson J CRidge Spring S C
Wayman 8 MPomona
Wayman Mrs S MPomona
Williams A JYatesville
Williams J CThomaston
Williams W FWarmSprings
Willett Prof J EMacon
Willingham T HByron
Willingham W RByron
Willis J BWalden
Willis W JWalden
Woodruff D BMacon
HONORARY MEMBERS
Wilder Hon M PBoston Mass
Crayton Hon B FAnderson S C
Furnass Hon R WBrownville Neb
Gray Prof AsaCambridge Mass
Green Mrs C CClayton Ala
Meehan ThomasPhiladelphia Pa
Quinu P TNewark N J
Sims Col R M Charleston S
Thurber Prof GeorgeNew York
Hexamer Dr F MNew York
Joly Charles VicePrest National Horticultural Society of France Paris
Hale J HSouth Glastonbury Conn
DeceasedPROCEEDINGS
The Eighteenth Annual Session of the Georgia State Horticul
tural Society was called to order by the President in the chapel of
the University of Georgia at Athens at 1055 a m Wednesday
August 2d 1893
The session was opened by prayer by Rev Dr W E Bois
Chancellor of the University after which Mayor Tuck in behalf of
the Ladies Garden Club and the city of Athens welcomed the
visiting members as follows
I feel Mr President and Ladies and Gentlemen of the Horticultural Soci
ety and those for whom I speak feel also that both the city of Athens and
the Ladies Garden Club have cause for selfcongratulation in receiving into
their midst and welcoming to their hearths and homes such a body as your So
ciety accompanied as it is with the privilege of meeting with you and taking
part in and enjoying your deliberations
We realize that your body is preeminently nonpolitical in character that
its membership is not composed of wire pullers and axgrinders but of strong
clearheaded wideawake men of business singleminded and earnest in the
pursuit of one of the noblest callings on earth and that mellowed and har
monized by your lady membership you have come here for the mutual inter
change of views experiences and suggestions and in such a work we not only
bid you welcome but pledge you our hearty cooperation
To welcome Georgians to this the intellectual mother of our State seems
almost superfluous A welcome is yours by right of your consanguinity It
is the simple extension of the friendly hand to returning pilgrimsto wan
derers who should feel that if not upon their native heath thev are none the
less at home
Secretary George H Miller in behalf of the Society responded
feelingly to the address of welcome as follows
Ladies of the Garden Club and Mr Mayor and Gentlemen of the City Council
It affords me great and sincere pleasure to respond to the kind words of
welcome I have just hearda welcome all the more appreciated on account of
its source I am indeed glad and pleased to come hereyes proudthat our
society is the honored guest of a club peculiar in the fact that it is distinct
ively mi generisthe only one of its kind in the length and breadth of the
State and setting an example which other communities may well and I trust
willseek to emulate The Ladies Garden ulub of Athens is doing noble
missionary work and as a valued factor of progress and advancement I honor
We are pleased too to visit a community whose name is inseparably associ
ated with education cultivation and refinement and we are convinced that
in such a place our labors will be productive of fuller and more perfect frui
tion And your mayor is fright Our work is not selfish Laboring under
Gods blue skies in the fresh pure air of the country which he made taking
as he sends them his sunshine and his rain ours is no unseemly scramble for
wealth or prominence crushing the weak and annihilating conflicting inter200
GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY
ests On the contrary our mission as I conceive it is to improve brighten
and beautify the earth to make two blades of grass grow where one grew be
fore to labor earnestly and unceasingly however humbly and not to regard
our task as finished until every home in this broad land of ours is blessed
and brightened by our work until every plain is dotted with groves and gar
dens and every hillside has its vineyardtill Flora and Pomona shall kneel
side byside at every hearthstone and peace and plenty crown a smiling land
I am indeed sorry so few members are present today to participate in the wel
come you have so generously extended I only hope and trust that in our pro
ceedings you may find something of value and interest in order that our deep
obligations may not be entirely uncancelled or your generous hospitality alto
gether unrewarded If your club finds any cause for congratulation in the
tact that we are here be assured our Society has reason to be delighted that
it has come
We return you our heartfelt thanks for your welcome
Dr H H Cary moved that a short recess be taken for the pur
pose of enrolling new members
Pres Berckmans before putting the motion stated that he
sincerely hoped the roster of the society would embrace the name
of every member of the University Faculty before the session was
closed
The motion was then passed and on order being again called
President Berckmans delivered his annual address
PRESIDENT BERCKMANS ADDRESS
Ladies and Gentlemen and Members of the Georgia State Horticultural Society
The first systematic effort towards organizing a Pomological Society in Geor
gia had its inception in this classic city As the center from which our
highest education emanated for past generations it was eminently proper that
such an effort should have been inaugurated in this community such an or
ganization being then recognized as a powerful factor in its advancement
In 1857 a few public spirited citizens of this city had a social meeting at
which it was decided to call a formal reunion of the fruit growers of the State
in order to perfect a plan of work which would promote our horticultural in
terests Annual meetings were held during three years the last taking place
on July 31st I860 when three hundred and eleven lots of fruit consisting of
two hundred distinct varieties were exhibited This was a memorable event
considering the available pomological products of that day and compared
lavorably with any fruit exhibitions which were then held in the Middle and
iNorthern States To bring togethertwo hundred distinct varieties of fruits at
a period of the season when the earlier and later ripening varieties were un
available showed that fruit growing had made most noted progress in tins
section of Georgia
It was my privilege to be in attendance during that session and to become
acquainted with many of your distinguished citizens who although having
gone to that undiscovered country from whose bourne nojtraveller returns fi
have left the imperishable record of their good deeds To Wm White
Ur Ward Chancellor Lumpkin Jarvis Van Buren and Dr Jus Camak alf
honor s due for their efforts in thus inaugurating what has today proven one
otthe most important sources of our States products
acceptingthe graceful invitation of the Ladies Garden Club the Geor
gia Nate Horticultural Society comes to the birthplace of the original Tomo
ogical Society organized in Georgia and in behalf of my colleagues I cordially
thank the fair women ot this city for the honor conferred upon us as well as
ihe pleasure of this reunion of kindred spirits where individual interests are
Ignored and th material benefits of all are recognized as the ethics of thisGEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY
201
organization It is needless to review the past history of this Association the
beneficial results of the collective work of its members are seen in the enor
mous proportions which fruit growing has reached in several sections of the
State A few years ago when the cultivation of fruits was scarcely thought of
as a money crop the lands in what are now the fruit producing sections of
Georgia were held at a nominal value of from five to ten dollars per acre
Compare the present value of land near Fort Valley Griffin Barnesville
Moreland and other favorable localities with that of a decade ago and the
result would demonstrate that no other class of products could have given
such a marvelous increase But there are other benefits besides an increase
in land values which are justly due to your past work Regular and usually
remunerative money returns from the North and West when the finances of
our agriculturists are in need of help an addition to our rural population of
men of activity energy and intelligence from less favored Northern climes are
most to be considered A better system of agriculture visible in these fruit
producing sections is the natural sequence of a better understanding of agri
cultural economy and a higher education
While pomology has done so much for the financial progress of our people
floriculture is the factor which is the most refining in its influence To many
of us who live in the country and have to deal with the natural processes
which produce material comforts our avocation would become irksome were
it not that we should consider our surroundings as a great school which has
within its curriculum many courses that afford the means for a broad educa
tion The cultivation of flowers and trees which add to the charm of our
country homes is a sure indication that we are receiving more pleasure and
satisfaction from our lives Nor is the pursuit of floriculture to be considered
as a mere pastime and pleasure Some men may hold our pursuit as beneath
their notice and left therefore as womens province because they see no fi
nancial returns in sight but their willingness to enjoy the attractions of their
homes made so by their wives and daughters is their selfcondemnation for
not appreciating at their full value a pursuit that makes up a great share of
their lifes enjoyment
Ladies of the Athens Garden Club
You who understanding the beneficial influences of a refined taste have in
augurated your association as the best means to educate the coming generations
by opening the door to natures heart and possibilities other lips than mine
must more fittingly render homage to your interest in our peoples happiness
but none appreciate your efforts in elevating mankind to a higher education
and usefulness than those who today are your grateful guests and coworkers
CAUSE OF DECLINE IX FRUIT CULTURE
In many sections of Georgia are found the remains of what evidently once
were thrifty orchards frequently we see very healthy pear apple and peach
trees although left uncared for and uncultivated for years past These sur
vivors demonstrate that the conditions of soil and climate are favorable but
through mans neglect they have given unsatisfactory returns Many orchards
after being planted and properly cultivated for a few years may not yield a
crop of fruit as speedily as was anticipated this from either unfavorable local
or climatic causes which often are but temporary in their influence but occur
ring during one or two succeeding years have brought discouraging results in
their train As is often to be expected trees receive less attention pruning
fertilizing and cultivating are gradually neglected or entirely abandond in a
few years the orchard is gone and further attempts at planting are seldom
resorted to
Usually the causes of failure are attributed to the climate or soil becoming
unsuited to fruit culture This opinion soon becomes the prevailing one in a
wide territory and that section is henceforth deprived of one of its sources of
revenue As said previously the old fruit trees occasionally found even in
2h202
GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

the midst of a young forest growth show that it is neither the soil nor climate
which has so often caused failures in fruit growing but the carelessness or
ignorance of the man who planted the tree The remedies are available if one
is willing to intelligently investigate the causes of failure therefore one
should first of all select such classes and varieties of fruits as are known to be
adapted to his section
For eighteen years past one of the main objects of this Society has been to
perfect its catalogue of Iruits which are successful in the various regions of
Georgia hence there is no excuse if these fruit lists are ignored Next exam
ine the condition of the soil select for each class of soil such varieties of fruits as
require special elements again do not fail to keep posted with such remedial
agents as will prevent insect depredation or the appearance of fungous dis
eases All these subjects have been practically discussed during the past
sessions of the society and you have therefore a most reliable and explicit
guide to aid you in your operations If the suggestions and advice which have
emanated from this Association are followed there will be little or no cause for
the decline in the fruit products which is becoming so painfully evident of
late in some sections of Georgia and in wondenul contrast with others where
horticulture is properly understood and practiced
HONORING HORTICULTURISTS
In this age of positivism when science is generalized often aiming at creating
a new faith based upon the philosophy of sciences which also seem to fre
quently ignore individual benefits or personal interests it is pleasing to record
instances where true scientific attainments united to a broad philanthropic
mind are appreciated at their full value Mr Thos Meehan of Germantown
Philadelphia whose name we feel honored in having appear upon our list of
distinguished honorary members was lately the recipient of a handsome testi
monial from his fellow citizens of their appreciation for his persevering efforts
for the establishment of small parks in the several sections of the city of Phila
delphia For eleven years past Mr Meehan has served as a member of the
common council of that city To this office he is reelected unanimously all
parties uniting in placing him in nomination as they recognize in himthe
zealous champion of the cause of public hygiene and comfirt Through his
efforts many breathing places where the working man can seek health and
relaxation have been added to the city and in Vernon Park a beautiful spot
which after a severe struggle he succeeded in having established his friends
and grateful fellow citizens appropriately presented him with a masterpiece
of the silversmiths art A most fitting quotation from Wm Penns letter to
his commissioners dated September 30th 1661 is inscribed That it may be a
green country town and always wholesome
We have undoubtedly progressed in the arts and their application to human
comfort but have we not in the above quotation a moral lesson which it would
be well for our modern city administrations to remember Wm Penns idea
of a perfect city was first of all that it be a healthy one Oglethorpe when
laying out the city of Savannah looked first to the comfort and health of its
inhabitants in providing numerous and everywhere accessible small parks as
breathing places for the people
Penn and Oglethorpe thus afforded means for the comfort of unborn genera
tions and the seed which they planted was to flower forever and to day are
benedictions to mankind The establishing of public parks is becoming daily
more and more necessary in all cities Men who are in authority should pos
sess sagacity and practical foresight in making the cities over which thev pre
side orderly clean healthy and attractive bv following the footsteps oftheir
illustrious predecessors
Not only is it the aim of the Society to foster the landscape art for the pub
lic s benefit but our individual efforts should tend towards establishing attrac
tive parks in our city or village abodes In recognizing the scientific attain
ments of Mr Meehan by men who are the recognized representatives of PhilaI
0E0RG1A STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY
203
delphias intelligent citizens horticulture has been honored as an art whose
usefulness to all is beyond question and that iis followers from the time of
Pliny and Columelle have been held as the most progressive and intelligent
among men
HORTICULTURAL CLUBS
Wherever such organizations are established and sustained a most refined
and intelligent community will be found It is unfortunate that in many
towns of Georgia such clubs have been allowed to become extinct after a short
existence It is needless to again impress upon our members the great value
of keeping alive any association whose object is educational to the highest
degree
The ladies of Athens understand the goodresults which have arisen and will
arise from their efforts and for their solicitude in aiding in the good cause I
am profoundly grateful I trust that their example will be followed and when
this Society again convenes I hope to see from the reports of our VicePresi
dents that many similar clubs have been organized and above all sustained
One of the most desirable features connected with local horticultural societies
is to offer one or more premiums for the best kept and most tastefully arranged
flower gardens an 1 also for the most productive and best cultivated kitchen
vegetable garden The details governing the awards can be arranged by the
club officers this I am satisfied is the best plan to improve cultural methods
and opens the field for a most delightful occupation and friendly competition
FORESTRY
At former sessions I have brought to your notice the lamentable and rapid
destruction of our forest trees and urged you to consider the question of arrest
ing the waste now everywhere seen as well as to devise means to replenish by
judicious planting what is today becoming a more and more scarce commodity
The day is not far distant when our timber supply will have to come from
other States and as there also the same disregard for the preservation of our
forests is carried on we are appalled at the fact that this scarcity of material
must ere long have a depressing influence upon the common welfare Efforts
have been repeatedly made through the work of the Forestry Congress to
arrive at some practical method for a better understanding of this vital ques
tion butour people seem to think such work needless and that there is sufficient
timber supply in Georgia for all time to come Let me warn you that this is
dangerous ground to stand upon and men whose predictions of disaster are
today held as birds of ill omen will a generation hence be considered in their
true light as sagacious and farseeing citizens Let me therefore impress upon
every member of this Society to work earnestly to prevent the rapid destruc
tion of our forests and for the inauguration of a judicious system of forest tree
planting The Western States such as Kansas Nebraska and others have for
many years past given their earnest care to this subject Arbor Day in these
States has become a mosf noted public feature and one most beneficial in its
results to their material wealth Our present efficient Secretary of Agriculture
the Hon J Sterling Morton was the first to inaugurate this scheme to make
his State eventuahy selfsustaining as to timber supply This effort has been
justly recognized by President Cleveland and we are to be congratulated as an
agricultural people that so efficient an official has been placed at the head of
a department from which we feel that our agricultural interests can be
benefited
OUR SOCIETY
has nowreached that place in our political fabric where it is recognized as one
of the most potent agents for creating wealth comfort and promoting a higher
education among our rural population We had entertained the hope that our
work would have been sufficiently appreciated by those who have reaped
untold benefits from our labors to be sustained in a substantial manner I204
GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY
regret to say that the various railroads of Georgia who of late years have
received such vast increase in carrying material from the fruit growers of
Georgia and at a time of the year when their revenue was usually very limited
have failed to recognize our efforts and ignored us completely
On the other hand the Southern Express has stood loyally by our Society
and has enabled us to bring our fruits and flowers for an exhibition which is
the best object lesson we can offer to prospective fruit growers and teach our
young men that our pursuit is not only pleasant healthful and elevating but
withal worthy of their attention as a profitable financial occupation
To the officers of that corporation and to the members of the press of Georgia
who have aided us in publishing notices of our sessions we feel most grateful
Our finances while in a healthy condition must be husbanded with the
strictest economy Fortunate are you in having a Secretary and Treasurer
who have most willingly served your interests without other compensation
than your commendation
To the honorable Commissioner of Agriculture of Georgiawe also are in
debted for financial aid in defraying a part of the expenses of printing your
proceedings of 1891 and 1892
Our friend and coworker Gustave Spethhas been called to his eternal rest
We miss him in our efforts to elevate our educational standard but still miss
his presence more in the warm friendship he so cordially extended to us We
had learned to appreciate his devotion to human progress and loved him for
his fidelity to his friends He was singularly gifted with keen powers of ob
servation and his thorough scientific training was happily recognized by those
who enjoyed his friendship Peace to his ashes his good work will forever be
remembered by his colleagues of this Society who appreciated the true honesty
and worth of this good man and citizen
And now my friends pardon me for having occupied so much of your time
but I have referred only to a few subjects which will open the door to a wider
programme for your discussions
On concluding his address President Bebckmans called the at
tention of the assembly to the fact that a t the meetings of the So
ciety it had always been the custom to put in the hands of the Sec
retary a Question Box available to all into which any person
wishing information on any question relating to horticulture was
privileged to drop his question The box would be opened from
time to time the question read and answer given Many hesitated
to propound oral questions even when of great importance on ac
count of excessive diffidence The Question Box overcame this
difficulty and he trusted many would avail themselves of it
The Secretary requested all members of the Ladies Garden Club
and Clarke County Agricultural Society to wear the convention
badges provided for the occasion
The President stated that he would announce the various com
mittees at as early an hour as possible during the afternoon session
stating that the reports of these committees were of the utmost
importance since they are indicative of the true value of the ex
hibits and hence their selection should be carefully and deliber
ately made
On motion of Dr Cary the meeting adjourned to 4 p mGEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY
205
AFTERNOON SESSION
The Society reconvened at 4 p m Dr E D Newton of Athens
was introduced who spoke as follows
ISOTHERMAL LINES
Their Relation to Arboriculture Horticulture and Agriculture
Mr President and Members of the State Horticultural Society Ladies and Gentlemen
I accepted the presidency of the Farmers Club of Clarke county on one
conditionautocratic power pure and simple Exercising this power I
expect to compel you one and all to take with me a trip round the world
figuratively not literallyto girdle the earthnot in forty minutes for I
dont think you could stand so long a tripbut in much less time
The line I intend you to take in our journey shall be that of our own home
Athensnot a geographical parallel but an isothermal or line of equal tem
perature through all its bendings and circumflexions dips twists rises falls
and general erraticism I intend to start from this point and proceed isother
mically around the world analyzing and dissecting the vegetable productions
in the three great divisions of arboriculture horticulture and agriculture
adapted to and flourishing on our isotherm through every country and di
vision of the earths surface westward to our starting point hoping and be
lieving that a thorough knowledge of isothermic plant life will result in giv
ing to us many new and valuable specimens which we can successfully culti
vate as well as new and important lessons in the treatment in the different
countries we may pass through of those plants we are now familiar with
Of course on this our first trip I can only outline our course taking you
through by lightning express The detailed information which 1 expect in
course of time to be able to lay before you must of necessity be compiled by
a laborious system of collaboration from general or rather technical litera
ture on this subject from divers statistical sources including the reports of
meteorological bureaus and scientific stations and where direct information is
unobtainable from correspondence with the various United States consulates
on our line of march and where these are wanting from the consulates of
Great Britain which penetrate every regionof the globe worth visiting
I am aware of the vastness of the undertaking but I am willing to devote
myself to it heart and soul convinced that valuable results will inevitably
follow though the complete fruition of my system may be a matter of years
If I had sufficient funds available for the purpose I would establish in Athens
a botanical garden which like that of our friend Berckmans near Augusta
would be a grand object lesson to the public and in it I would estab
lish cultivate and propagate every plant or tree growing on the same isotherm
around the world in both the Northern and Southern Hemispheres Every
plant grass tree or shrub would I grow trusting that thereby the intelli
gent farmer would be enabled to select for himself those likely to prove of
practical benefit in addition to what he is already familiar with
That I have selected the isotherm of Athens need not be matter of surprise
We will all readily admit that the grandest hemisphere on ibe globe is the
Westernthe grandest country in the Western Hemisphere the United States
the grandest State in the Union our own old State of Georgia and I claim
here the privilege of asserting that the grandest county in the Statealways
excepting Richmond in honor of your Presidentis our own county of Clarke
Therefore it is I make no further apology for selecting the isotherm of
Athens but proceed206
GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY
This map to which I call your attention kindly furnished me by my dis
tinguished friend of the Normal School Prof Ashmore has streaked across
it a red mark representing the 60 degree line or the isotherm delineating the
mean temperature of 60 degrees It dont look much like a parallel of latitude
I admit but its wobbly conformation seems rather to suggest a prolonged jag
based on a foundation of New Jersey apple jack It extends east through
South and North Carolina and so into the Atlantic Westward itrunsthrough
Alabama turning north then west again through Mississippi and Arkansas
thence southwest into lower Texas following the Rio Grande northwest again
thence into New Mexico and Arizona running northwesterly awhile then
dipping south and again northwesterly through California into the Pacific
This is the great line of mean temperature prevailing here in Athens and
along the course of which it is presumable that many local plants confined at
present to limited areas because unknown and unpropagated would reasona
bly flourish if introduced and properly cared for
The other line which you see on the map following approximately the same
course is the zero line or line of prohibitory temperature limiting the suc
cessful cultivation of many varieties of plant life indigenous to our isotherm
or line of 60 degrees This line runs eastward from Athens through South
Carolina thence northeasterly through North Carolina into the Atlantic ocean
near Norfolk Ya Westward it extends through Alabama climbing north
through West Tennessee near Memphis thence west through Arkansas and
Indian Territory into Oklahoma and the Pan Handle of Texas curving
sharply southward into New Mexico thence into Arizona making a second
southerly dip and thence sharply northwest through California up to the
limits of Oregon where it passes into the Pacific ocean
Now as to the course of these lines respectively through the Pacific west
ward to the shores of Japan and China and on through the vast continent of
Asia and Southern Europe over the Atlantic and home again I have not
time to speak in detial Much less have I time to follow the corresponding
lines in the Southern Hemisphere through their various ramifications My
object here today has been to call your attention to the importance of such an
investigation in detail and to enlist your interest and sympathies in the work
which I intend to undertake and the fruits of which I trust at some future
time to lay before you in a reasonably satisfactory shape
Nevertheless it is a trip as I have previously stated on which I would de
light to take you and if I was the proud possessor of some sort of a flying ma
chine after the order of some of Jules Vernes famous aerial cloudscrapers we
should start at once and never stop until we had circumnavigated the globe
along my isotherm and returning be prepared to add the most valuable paper
of recent years to horticultural and agricultural science
I assure you the trip would be well worth taking if we used my machine for
no other purpose than to split the zero line wide open and make a straight
shoot for Chicago and the Columbian Exposition
Pres Berckmans Dr Newton lias suggested an interesting
topic for consideration and other members are privileged to pre
sent their views which I trust they will not hesitate to do
Dr Newton I would like to have President Berckmans give the
Society his views on the effect of the Gulf Stream on the South
Atlantic coast and of the Pacific and Japan currents on the Califor
nia coast in relation to vegetation and horticulture From his
extensive experience in this and other countries and his capacity
for close investigation and research his views on the subject must
necessarily prove instructive
Pres Berckmans Dr Newton seeks to have me appear a
thorough globetrotter I can lay no claim to such distinction
GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY
207
I am not familiar with the Pacific ocean and can only state what I
know of the effect of the Gulf Stream on the American and Euro
pean coasts You all know of course how the Gulf Stream ap
proaches the Carolina coast veers off around Hatteras passes the
Banks of Newfoundland and carries its warmth and moisture to
render habitable and temperate the greater portion of theBritish
Isles Those portions of these islands most exposed to the warm
temperate breezes and humidity of the Gulf Stream notably Ire
land Cornwall and Devon the Isle of Wight and the channel
islands show a very much higher mean annual temperature than
the rest The climate is very noticeably affected by the Gulf
Stream so much so that in the Isle of Wight for instance certain
plants are cultivated successfully that are not hardy at points on
the coast of France from one hundred to two hundred miles
further south
This also holds good on the American coast Take Norfolk Vir
ginia for instance We know its reputation as the center of a great
trucking region competing successfully with inland points much
further south I have known of fig trees fruiting at Hampton
Roads for thirtyfive years standing too an occasional tempera
ture of 22 degrees below zero unscorched while here a cold of only
8 degrees above zero will seriously injure them This is due en
tirely to the influence of the Gulf Stream which is in certain
places very marked on the Atlantic coast so much so that certain
plants can be cultivated on the coast from 400 to 600 miles further
north than they can be in the interior The scuppernong or musca
dine on the Virginia seashore below Hampton Roads will not get
killed oftener than in our mountain regions
The winds from the Gulf Stream owe their marvelous power to
the precipitation of moisture which they effect
On the Isle of Wight coast I have seen geraniums climb to the
second story of the houses They cant do that in Augusta
Now as for isothermal lines what our friend Dr Newton has
said regnrding the relationship or uniformity of plant life along
their mapped course is true as far as it goes That is it is true
theoretically In fact an isothermic line is itself a theory It ex
ists only on paper and while its general course is most readily
established its actual course is not by any means continuous in
the conception of a belt or narrow zone along every mile of its
mapped route It is broken into and disrupted and modified by
so many local influences and causes that we cannot consider it as
an actuality in the shape of a continuous narrow zone Eleva
tions depressions water courses bodies of water treeless regions
forest areas air currents etc all conspire to change sometimes
phenomenally the average temperature of localities but a fevy
miles apart which theoretically would be shown on the map as on
precisely the same isotherm In the same way places perhaps sep
arated by several degrees of latitude are so affected by local condi
tions as to possess the same mean temperature and sustain practi
cally the same plant life208
GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY
The various natural modifications that locally control and equal
ize moisture and temperature are the arbiters of uniformity in
plant life not the line drawn on paper through a list of meteoro
logical stations happening for a series of years to report the same
mean annual temperature without reference to the conditions
locally affecting the intervening country between these stations
which in order to join them together the line is forced to bisect
Now I am daily in receipt of questions stating the writers loca
tion and character of soil and inquiring if it is suitable for fruit
growing I cannot give a satisfactory reply based on such partial
information I generally have furnished and so to avoid mislead
ing I usually tell them that the local conditions to which they
are subject must be known to pronounce intelligently on the mat
ter and advise them to try at first on a small scale until they can
determine for themselves
In plant life families are not confined to continuous zones or
isothermal lines They sometimes skip over vast stretches of ter
ritory disappearing in one place and cropping out in another
many hundreds or even thousands of miles off and are even sep
arated occasionally by several degrees of latitude despite the differ
ences of recorded temperature
Prof Asa Gray once said that his interest in the Japan flora was
heightened because of his discovery that certain species of plants
ended abruptly in California and cropped out again in Japan
The heath family is an example It occupies a narrow belt across
the continent of America and disappearing crops out across the
Pacific in Japan It is the same way in Europe Heather is very
common in Ireland and Scotland being largely distributed
over the latter country appearing also in parts of England It is
not universally prevalent however but disappears in one locality
to crop out in another more or less distant Eastward across the
continent we find it cropping out in Holland Belgium Russia
Poland on the steppes and finally in China connected by no con
tinuous zone or isotherm
Possibly Dr Newton intended his proposition to more particu
larly cover fruit growing along his isotherm than any other branch
of horticulture or agriculture If so the problem is scarcely sim
plified It would be difficult to select a certain class of fruit uni
versally successful along this zone and it would be an error to in
fer that a variety successful in one place along its course would
be adapted to another simpty because it fell in the same general
isothermic line Take our own State of Georgia In classifying
the fruits successfully grown within its limits in our catalogue we
found it necessary on account of its peculiar topography to divide
Jit for anything like accuracy into three zones at first and were
subsequently compelled to add another making four in all Geor
gia not only extends over several degrees of latitude from south to
north but its elevation from the sea line to the monntains cor
responds with the latitude accentuating its climatological effect
and rendering its area as adapted to various forms of plant life aGEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY
209
singularly comprehensive one with an enormous range We
hence established for our catalogue of fruits a Mountain Region
classifying for that region with its peculiar climate those fruits
best adapted to it and so on for the Middle Region Southern
Region and Coast Region all with greatly differing features and
climates Many of our catalogued fruits are suitable only for the
specific region for which they are recorded and recommended
Many others do well in two or more of the regions and some in
all Yet here is a territory stretching over five actual degrees of lati
tude the topography of which easily exaggerates these five into ten
It will not do to conclude that all plants cultivated in any coun
try along the isotherm of 00 degrees would flourish in Athens
Many might do so many more would not
I would suggest as a practical basis of operation along the line
referred to
First Discover and list all desirable species along your zone
Second Find out by experimentation in specific localities
throughout the State which of them would flourish and prove
acquisitions
Trial and experiment only will settle the matter
As a distinct object lesson in this connection take the Niagara
grape It does well in Richmond county in Griffin Rome and
Clarkesville It is successfully cultivated in the northern part of
New York and Ontario and is extremely successful in South Flor
ida There is a range for you If examined closely it is possible
the different local influences of all these places might be detected
in color flavor size etc This but shows over what a wide area
yeu can distribute a given variety
In concluding I can but say that I am sorry Dr Newton put me
on the stand The question is bigger than I can manage
Dr Cary Can you give me the temperature of the Gulf Stream
Pres Berckmans You are a scientist and of course know that it
differs at different points naturally losing temperature as it pro
ceeds northward Perhaps Dr Mclnnes can enlighten us
Dr McInnes I regret that I cannot help you
Dr Gary Well I thought it might be interesting to you to
know the temperature at the only point I have observed itoff the
South Florida coast There it is 79 degrees and so warm that bath
ing in midwinter in it is practicable
Pres Berckmans Yet many persons have crossed on the ice at
Hampton Roads
Dr Newton I think I can rank myself a great architect I
have built a portico and my friends have erected for me a noble
edifice I would ask if it would do for the State Agricultural Col
lege to ask the assistance of the various stations in establishing the
isotherms of Rome Athens Augusta Griffin Americus and Thom
asville both north and south of the equator
Pres Berckmans I thought I was here among my friends but I
find I shall have to devise some means to escape if I am forced to
monopolize your time in this way I would ask Dr Newton if he210
GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

has examined the plan of our catalogue I touched on its features
in a general way a few minutes since There we are practically
working for the resources of our own State and the benefit of its
citizens The division of the State into isothermal belts we found
impracticable and had to abandon it The general divisions now
established are as stated the Mountain Region embracing that
portion of the State included between the 34th and 35th degrees of
north latitude The Middle Region lies between the 32d and 34th
degrees The Southern Region includes all of the State south of
the Middle Region except the countiesof Chatham Bryan Liberty
Mclntosh Glynnand Camden which form the Coast Region So
you see we have not followed absolutely either parallels of latitude
or isothermal lines grouping instead in our general divisions
those counties most nearly approximating each other in climate
this being determined more by their local conditions than their
geographical position Your idea Dr Newton is a good one but
different local influences have more effect on plant life than
thermal lines
Dr Newton What has our Secretary to say on this subject
Sec Miller Nothing in addition to what the President
stated
iso
has
THE TRANSPORTATION OF FRUITS AND VEGETABLES
By Major W L Glessner Ajiericus Ga
Mr President and Ladies and Gentlemen of the Horticultural Society
I have no intention of inflicting upon you a set speech hut will merely give
you the benefit of some thoughts which have occurred to me since visiting
Cincinnati last week trusting they may prove of some practical value
While we are preeminently successful in raising fruit in Georgia and while
thatfruit is fine and of first quality the problem we have ever had to face is to
get it into market in such shape and manner as to realize the greatest profit
or even any profit at all
The problem of transportation presents many points for examination and
consideration
Picking selection and packing This I regard aslof primary importance No
matter how well the transportation lines may subsequently handle the fiuit
the result is invariably disastrous if it has not been carefully gathered well
selected and properly crated and handled by the shipper
We are new in the business comparatively speaking and have vet much
to learn I am often asked why California fruit always arrives at its destination
in much better condition than Southern fruit although it has to be transported
several times the distance Merchants universally admit this The answer is
simple Notice the difference in the packing This accounts for it I need
not amplify nor go into detail for you are all more or less familiar with the
appearance of California packages Peaches for example in packages of three
pecks six gallon baskets each peach carefully selected and wrapped two
layers in package Cherries are treated in same way except not wrapped all
neat and uniform and both safe and tasty
Now Georgia fruits get into market in ail sorts of ways packages not uniform
in size or appearance some full and evenly selected others with small and
large fruit mixed pitiably and general carelessness everywhere visible in the
handling neglect and ignorance evidently prevailing Of course some shipGEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY
211
pers older and more experienced send their goods in better shape but as a
rule want of uniformity and neglect prevail to a fearful extent
Now the shipper has aiso to contend with irresponsible commission mer
chants Even if he has exercised due care in picking selecting and packing
his fruit it may have been unfortunately consigned The commission mer
chant is a buyer in most cases on his own account and if your consignment
competes with the purchases he happens to have on hand he of course puts
your fruit off until he has disposed of his own
An easy way to avoid the loss entailed by this is to sell your frnit packed
and delivered on the track or in the orchard There is always a good profit
in this A fruit grower that I know of refused this season 250 per crate for his
peaches on the track He wasnt content with a moderate profltbut wanted all
there was in it Consequently he made his shipment without due thought or
consideration found that his car had to be reiced in Chattanooga and as a re
sult made nothing at all
I have found this season many large Western and Northern fruit handlers
who have come down to buy in the orchard picking packing and shipping
themselves and the money they pay the grower is hence all net profit This
practice invariably proves satisfactory to all parties As an illustration I
knew of one firm paying for peaches 100 to 150 per crate on the tree a
good profit to the grower They knew their business however and handled
the fruit properly realizing from 250 to 300 in the New York and Boston
markets only a fair and reasonable profit also As a result both parties are
anxious to renew their arrangement another season The best way to get rid
of the commission merchant is by selling on the tree I cannot emphasize it
too strongly This should be the case with all products Grain raisers and
cotton raisers sell at home and let those whose training education and equip
ment specially fit them to ship successfully undertake that part of the busi
ness and of course realize their just share of the profits thus avoiding frequent
loss and disaster This rule should hold good for fruit growers
Sometimes however a man is compelled to do his own shipping from force
of circumstances where he is comparatively isolated and has but a small ship
ment to makeless than a car load In this case if he will use due care and
precaution selecting only the best of his fruit throwing away literally all
that is not firstclass and shipping his choice fruit in neat uniform packages
he will generally come out on the right side of the account despite the commis
sion merchant
The question arises as to whether or not refrigerator cars are satisfactory
As a rule they give good results but sometimes they prove unsatisfactory I
had recently my attention called to a car load of grapes shipped to Cincinnati
in a refrigerator car which was reiced in Chattanooga When the car reached
Cincinnati there were two inches of water on the floor and the shipment barely
paid expenses I saw the condition of this car myself Half the grapes were
green and half had dropped from the stem The mismanagement in reicing
may have been responsible for half the loss but the shipper was clearly to
blame for the other half The commission merchant this time was not in
fault He does badly enough heaven knows but he should not be charged
with the few sins he does not commit
There is at present some complaint of the difficulty of getting a sufficiency
of cars but I think thia will regulate itself before long and in a few years the
shipper will get all the cars he wants Meanwhile it is practicable to make
small shipments by express though often times unsatisfactory Employes
are careless you cant handle crated peaches like pigironand the result is
the packages sometimes arrive in bad shape after their rapid transit
In shipping by refrigerator cars this year end icing has generally been
employed Center box icing has not given general satisfaction in Middle
Georgia Peaches however were abnormally wormy and rotten and afford no
true index to the comparative merits of the two systems
In concluding I should suggest an observation of the following rules as the
the keynote of successful transportation 212
GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

1 Fruit must be picked and packed in such manner as to bear transporta
tion with the least damage possible
2 Poor fruit like stains in cotton regulate the price of the entirea
package it should be carefully culled and selectedeven to the extent of some
times throwing away half the picking It will pay
3 Selling at home should be encouraged The grower should not want all
the profits Prices on the tree will gradually crawl up as the system is intro
duced and perfected
If these simple rules are observed we will hear less complaint of unsatisfac
tory results
Pres Berckmans You have been presented by Maj Glessner
with a most interesting and instructive address He is a practical
man with extensive experience and it will be greatly to your
interest to heed his advice and encourage as far as possible selling
at home
Sec Miller I have here a letter handed me by President
Berckmans which I wish to read It is as follows
Newark N J July 29 1893
Ky Dear Berckmans I notice in looking over your programme for your eighteenth annual
session to be held in Athens next week numerous practical questions down for discussion
all of them intended to enlighten those who cultivate the soil for pleasure or profit There
is one subject a very important one which should not be overlooked for it bears directly on
the net profits of the fruit growers of the South Practical experience soon teaches the proper
conditions which will produce a maximum crop of fruit but how to realize the highest market
value is the next important thing to learn and that is to learn how to select and properly
pack fruit for Northern markets From experience I am warranted in saying that wilh
oranges pears grapes and peaches fully onethird of their real value is lost to the grower by
careless sorting poor packing and using packages not popular in the markets where the fruit
is consigned When low prices are returned for fruit arriving in damaged condition the
hlame is placed on the shoulders of the commission merchant when the fault lies elsewhere
I can assure you if fruit growers would exercise the same care and use the same judgment in
sorting and packing fruit for market that they exercise in raising their crop it certainly
would pay them handsomely
Assure my fellow members in Georgia that I am with them in spirit and wishing vou everv
success I am Truly yours P T Quinn
Sec Miller This is a fair sample of the letters received from
commission men Their estimate of onethird loss is too low
Last week there came under my observation a fine crop of peaches
fifty crates of which were consigned to Cincinnati The baskets
unevenly filled and in bad shape were hauled twelve miles to the
railroad in a springless vehicle The consignment brought only
225 per crate but afterward the next consignment more care
fully assorted and hauled on springs sold for 300 and the ship
per was wired for more
If the shipper could occasionally see his fruit on its arrival at its
destination he would be ashamed of himself The express lines as
a rule are accommodating will attend to the proper handling of
fruit consigned to their care and treat all shippers handsomely
The fault generally lies with the shippers themselves They will
realize more profit by sorting down even to a sacrifice of onehalf
their fruit Men who do this reap their reward
Pres Berckmans In this connection I will state that I noticed
in the last number of the Florists Exchange an article showing the
work of association Near Marshallville and Fort Valley are some
orchards containing as many as 100000 peach trees At an average
yield of four or five crates to the tree their product may be estiGEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY
213
mated at from 200000 to 300000 cratesothers 10000 30000
40000 etc In an area of about fifteen square miles there are
massed about 1500000 trees The transportation of the crop from
such a number of trees is a very serious question It must be
done by express trains Single cars wont suffice to handle such an
enormous output The fruit crop brings comparatively an enor
mous amount of money for the acreage involved The statement
has been made that it requires about three acres on the average to
produce a bale of cotton in this State A carload of twentysix
bales will therefore represent the output from seventyeight acres
In fruit an acre will yield from one carload to several carloads It
takes about an acre of melons for a carload does it not Maj
Glessner
Maj Glessner About two acres on an average
Pres Berckmans The railroads ought considering the amount
of freight we put into their hands to be more interested in our
efforts recognize us more liberally and be willing to give our
shippers adequate accommodations when requested Beginning
with the melon crop of Southern Georgia they handle in turn the
enormous peach crop of the Marshallville region the peach and
grape crop of Middle Georgia and afterward the varied product of
the higher and later regions of the State including the very moun
tains themselves where flourishes the apple
Col DeWolf How many acres are required to make a carload of
peaches
Maj Glessner With trees fifteen feet apart 193 trees will cover
an acre A tree the fourth year will yield from two to three
crates say three A carload is 600 crates or about one acre to a
carload Over seventy acres of cotton are required to make a
carload
Col DeWolf Which is preferable the four quart package or
the flatter form
Maj Glessner It depends on the market Eastern and West
ern markets differ in their preference In the Eastern markets the
package should be smallerfour quarts or less There is more
money in the East and the people are willing to pay higher prices
for early fruit consequently it is better to ship early fruit East
but in small packages for ready divisibility One carload of early
fruit gluts Cincinnati and from Chicago as late as the first of
June advices were not to send more than one carload so early in
the season The Westerner must have prices low before he will
take hold
Mr B W Stone Great stress has been laid on selling in the
orchard This is all well enough but if the buyer is not forth
coming what then The fruit grower is necessarily compelled to
ship There was no need to ship pears last year in Southern
Georgia but this year there were no buyers on the ground In
such a case what is the best way to select reliable commission
men
Maj Glessner I meant to have touched on this point I214
GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY
would suggest that a committee in each fruit growing neighbor
hood be selected to look into the matter beforehand and designate
reliable houses selecting only old firms known to be established
and responsible It would be better still for a community to send
a man occasionally to the big markets to look into facilities and
shape the course of shipments If shipping west a man stationed
at Cincinnati could from there radiate to other points as occasion
required If a change took place suddenly in the complexion of
any market he being on the ground would be immediately
advised of it and could instantly divert shipments to other points
or change the destination of fruit already in transit It would pay
any fruit shipping company well to keep a man at such a point
during the season Besides the duties already detailed he could
keep an open eye on the commission man and lend him active
assistance as well
Prof Hunnicutt I think it would be a wise step for fruit grow
ers to establish fruit canneries in certain localities to consume their
surplus A little effort might establish even on a very small scale
at first pioneer industries of this kind that would expand into most
valuable adjuncts in a very short time I think it is worth con
side ation
Mr E K Lumpkin I would like to ask Major Glessner what he
has found to be the best grape for shipping purposes
Maj Glessner Most of the grapes shipped under myobserva
tion have been Ives Concord Delaivare Niagara and some Brightons
Delaware will bring the highest price if properly put up They
should be in small packages to cost less per package while more
per pound Tenpound baskets for Concord and Niagara and five
pound for Delaware would be proper Quality does not go for
much Appearance is the main thing to consider with all fruits
The commission merchant does not sell to the consumer direct but
to the small fruit dealersgenerally Italians Now the Elberta is
a fine peach yet I have noticed that when a Dago goes to a com
mission bouse he will not buy all Elbertas but will take half his
purchase in some inferior white peach at the same price He buys
by color for the variety and contrast necessary on his table to
catch the eye of the consumer It is the same way with grapes
The Dago will want one basket of black one of red and one of
white to make a pretty display irrespective of the quality of either
of the varieties He buys by looks and hence the importance in
neat and pretty packing to render a basket salable Not one in
one hundred knows the name of a variety he may purchase he
goes entirely by appearance
The President here announced committee appointments as fol
lows
ANNOUNCEMENT OF COMMITTEES
On Fruits on ExhibitionJ B Hunnicutt B W Stone W W
Kollock
On Flowers and VegetablesNeil Mclnnes R C Berckinans
W D BeatieGEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY
215
Mr E K Lumpkin announced that the Ladies Garden Club had
provided vehicles to take the members of the Horticultural Society
and their friends on a drive through the streets and suburbs of
Athens at 6 p m at which hour it was requested the convention
would adjourn At 8 30 a reception would be extended the con
vention in the hall of the Y M C A to which all visitors were cor
dially invited
Pres Berckmans in fitting terms accepted the courtesy and re
turned the thanks of the Society after which he announced that
Professor J B Hunnicutt would fill the time intervening before
adjournment by a few remarks on the subject of Forestry
PROFESSOR HTJNNICUTTS SPEECH
Ladies and Gentlemen of the Society
Accustomed as I am to fill when called on at odd moments all sorts of
cracksbeing in fact a genuine crackerI had no intention of dignifying
my few random remarks this afternoon by the imposing title of Forestry
which your President has so kindly selected for me Moreover I much
dislike to abandon the luscious subject of fruits for the hard dry and
woody one of forestry
If it must be however I will in briefly discussing the subject with
reference to its past history and present obligations divide it into three
heads
FIRST THE ERA OF DESTRUCTIVENESS
During this period which extended from the first settlement of the
country up to a comparatively recent date our forefathers appear to have
abandoned themselves to their mission with zeal fervor and devotion
vim energy and startling success Ruthlessly and unchecked they swept
everything before them and he who committed the most ferocious havoc
who inflicted on the forest of his day the wildest devastation and the
direst destruction seemed to congratulate himself on the fact that he was a
step in advance of his neighbors
SECOND THE ERA OF CONTEMPLATION
Wherein the devastator resting from his toil reviews his past achieve
ments He basks in the sunlight of his own approbation The forest
his enemyis subjugated and he revels in delightful anticipation of
further glories in the future
But across the spirit of his blissful dreams comes a doubt that perhaps
all is not so well He begins to realize that since the destruction of his
enemy the forest things have begun to change somewhat Nature does
not appear to turn the same face to him now as formerly The thermome
ter becomes fitful the barometer uneasy Drouths that he once knew not
begin to put in an appearance burning up his crops Freshets unheard of
in the old daysthe days of the forestsbeset him and drown out his
plantations The cyclone once a stranger is now a regular visitor relent
lessly sweeping before it the fruits of his handiwork Nature seems turned
entirely wrongsideout and he begins to reflect Somehow the convic
tion gradually forces itself upon him that he and he alone is to blame and
consciencestricken he is at last prepared to confess himself not only a
murderer but a fool This is the era in which we are today livingfortu
nately with our eyes open to the blunders of the past But after confession
comes reparation Being in a contemplative mood I trust the transition
will be gradual and easy into216
GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY
THIRD THE ERA OF RESTITUTION
In this period it shall become our study how best to restore what we
have so recklessly and blindly destroyed
This opens to us indeed a wide field It may be outlined under the fol
lowing heads
1st The preservation of what is lefthow to keep what we now have
2d The restoration of what is already destroyed
Under the first head it seems to me that a little method and system
could be made to produce a very great change in a short while If instead
of making a clean sweep of a piece of wood for timber and domestic pur
poses as we have been accustomed to do in the past we exercise some lit
tle care and judgment taking out from time to time only such trees as
are necessary or suitable for our wants and purposes and leaving the
thinned out remainder to grow up year by year into better material re
placing vacancies with proper substitutes a marvelous change would be
wrought in a few decades Not only would our forest areaalready small
enoughbe maintained at its present standpoint but that area be vastly
improved in the character and utility of its growth
This point glides insensibly into the secondHow to restore Indeed I
have partially touched upon it already in my suggestion to substitute val
uable for worthless trees Many of these infest our woods to the detriment
of better sorts Unfit for use or beauty ugly dwarfed and diseased they
merely occupy the room of better trees and serve to spread contagion
among their superiors These as suggested should give place little by lit
tle to serviceable ones and by their substitution enhance the value if not
the area of the forest
If I had the time I could enter largely into the esthetics of the subject
Beauty as well as utility might be considered advantageously Most men
trim a grove with reference to the trees as they stand there at the time
mere saplingsignoring the fact of their future growth and hence they
shoot up into tall slender worthless and unsightly sticks offensive to the
eye and valueless for service This should be avoided for obvious reasons
In its application to the home and orchard this instance could be widely
extended Thousands of misshapen and ugly trees are allowed to drag on
their pitiable existence when a little time and trouble and labor would
replace them with good strong healthy productive trees pleasing to look
upon and remunerative to their owner
It is the fault of our educators from the highest to the lowest that this
neglect is so apparent and goes on unchecked and unrebuked from year to
year Man is naturally selfish and hesitates to labor when he knows he
will never enjoy its fruits He has not sufficient regard for the rights of
posterity He should be educated up to it With a little wholesome tech
nical instruction when he once possesses the will he will soon find the
way to not only zealously preserve that which he now has left of his for
mer princely inheritance of forest area but he will quickly learn how to
cover his galled and scarred old hillsides red with the washings of fifty
seasons with the most suitable varieties of trees for profit and for beauty
Nor will it stop there He will soon acquire the taste requisite to beau
tify our towns and villages by avenues of grateful shade enhancing alike
the comfort and value of urban homes And whether treeplanting is
done in country or in city we should recollect that the two elements of
utility and beauty can always be made to go hand in hand I have often
thought that it would be a great thing if the State would adopt as the
Georgia Statetree the Pecan It is tough it is hardy it stands the
weather and the winds It is graceful and pleasing to the eye and remuner
ative to the owner If every village street and highway was lined with
this tree what combined usefulness and beauty might accrue If not
directly beneficial to our pockets at least our little children would reap the
benefit and it is no small thing to bring happiness even to a little child GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY
217
At present more interest appears to be taken in this subject of Forestry
in the arid West than here but it will not be long before we will have it
brought home to us emphatically Even in Southern Georgia their so
called inexhaustible supply will not long last Turpentine wont run for
ever The first few years after their trees are boxed they live oft the sap
The next few years they live off the lumber That gone they will have
to go to scraping in the ground for a living like the rest of us
In this section the native growth is scarce A few old monarch still
survive to remind us by their melancholy presence of the former glories
of a departed forest but for the most part only a second growth is visible
a mere travesty of former grandeur
I repeat again our work and study must include and cover
1 Preservation
2 Substitution
3 Recreation
Each of these divisions is of vital importance to posterity and should
be to us as well Interference with natural conditions must sooner or later
bring retribution and if we would avoid daily increasing calamity from
the heavy vengeance of outraged nature we must at once and in earnest
begin the work of propitiation And now thanking you for your patient
hearing I am done
Dr Cary I would like Prof Hunnicutt to explain why it is
that when a piece of pine woods is cut down cultivated and turned
out the resulting growth is invariably oak and hickory and when
oak and hickorv land is turned out it comes up pine
Prof Hunnicutt Simply natures lesson to man of rotaton
Dr Gary I understand you But where do the seed of the oak
and hickorv and inversely the pine masts come from
Prof Hunnicutt It is much too wide a subject to discuss here
The winds and elements birds beasts etc transport the seed
From higher ground to lower the rains wash them From lower to
higher the winds are factors in the distribution of the lighter seeds
and the heavier are necessarily dropped by various living agencies
There are alwavs plenty of seed present for a resulting growth of
any kind If the soil was sifted you would find them Nature
however regulates and dictates the rotation
Pres Berckmans You modestly returned thanks to us we
certainly should do the same to you for your able instructive and
practical address I trust the day is not far distant when the chair
of Forestry will be brought into the State curriculum beginning
here in Athens
Adjourned to Thursday August 3d 9 a m
Sh218
GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY
SECOND DAY
Athens Ga Thursday August 31893
The convention was called to order by the President at 930 a m
Dr Cary I regret to announce the death since our last meet
ing of one of our most prominent members Mr Gustave Speth
Horticulturist of the State Experiment Station I feel that his
demise demands more than passing notice Having been unable
however to obtain sufficiently minute details of his life and history
toplace in our obituary column I must ask the Society for further
time in order to prepare a suitable tribute to be spread on our
minutes and published in our proceedings I therefore move that
the matter take this course
Seconded and adoptedn lcmovtam
GUSTAVE SPETH
Born in Wurtemberg Germany
June nth 1839
Died at the Georgia Experiment Station
April 2d 1893220
GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY
IN MEMORIAM
Since the last convention of the Georgia State Horticultural Society at
Rome Ga in 1892 an honored and efficient member of this Society ha
gone to his reward Mr Gustave Speth the subject of this memorial
note was born in Wurtemberg Germany June 11th 1839 and died at the
Georgia Experiment Station Experiment Ga April 2d 1893 His father
was a physician of eminence and the son very naturally elected to follow
the same profession and was accordingly educated at the University of
Tubingen Germany whence he received his degree of M D and imme
diately engaged in practice with his father Very soon the young phvsician
was induced to serve as surgeon on an Atlantic steamer and after several
trips across the ocean and short visits ashore on this side he fell in love
with tins country About the same time he was strongly attracted towards
and in 1861 he gave up his profession as a physician surrendering at the
same time his title of doctor and engaged in an extensive mercantile
business in the city of New York assuming the duties of American citizen
ship as soon as possible However failing health induced him to go South
and he settled with his family in Augusta Ga in March 1879 For a time
he devoted himself to the drug business and became an active member of
the State Pharmaceutical Convention
While in Augusta his natural fondness for fruits and flowers and his
love of the truth purity and sincerity of nature at last asserted their
control over him and he purchased a snug farm in the vicinity of the citv
and devoted himself to what was to become his life workthe culture of
fruits flowers and vegetables While engaged in this line his natural
tastes and aptitudes aided and directed by the liberal culture and training
which he had received at Tubingen and supplemented by his wonderful
activity and energy secured to him such a reputation that he was called
devote a large share of his time and energies to experimental work and it
must be said to his credit be it spoken that he cared so little for money
for its own sake and was so wrapped up in his love of the scientific and
esthetic that he found little Huhfor making money The Georgia Station
where he began the work assigned him a little over three years before his
death was then m the midst of an old worn cornfield yielding but scantv
returns in corn and cotton to the unscientific and oldtime methods of
culture The soil was to be ditched and terraced renovated and invig
orated Trees and vines were to be planted Vegetables were to be
encouraged to grow on land that had never yielded twenty bushels of corn
or a half bale of cotton to the acre Under the skilful hand of Mr Speth
the bare fields of three years ago have been covered with fruit trees and
vines of all varieties known to the soil and climate of Georgia and are now
yielding largely in luscious fruits and ripening experience The fruition
was just beginning when the hand that planted and trained and pruned
lay quiet in the last slumber F
Mr Speths published works with the exception of occasional news
paper articles are confined to the papers prepared by him for the Bulletins
of the Georgia Station These papers are not many nor voluminous but
they give evidence of genuine merit they evince the honesty and
sincerity of an intelligent and indefatigable worker
Mr Speth was one of the most active and industrious of men He
hesitated at no amount of detail in methods to secure accuracy in results
GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY
221
donrAbovn1 hfanVerfTDd a timew there was nothing to be
aone Above all his honesty as an investigator and experimenter
CEturir a finished work to the approbation of toSXc
mSrf HhSSS rkerS th country and especially the Georgia Experi
S hf7 sustained a very serious loss in the death of Mr Speth
mlmlr ard mSt unasSUminS manners will be missed bv
mauj members of the Association of American Agricultural Colleges and
Expenmental Stations who had learned to respect and esteemffiMto
crnlrorourUSogcTetyneWrthand b mled in the
iUr comliee respectfully suggest that a blank page of our minutes
withPK n t 8hali be Ascribed the nameToFGustave
with the date of his birth and death
Respectfully submitted H H GARY Chairman222
GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

QUESTION BOX
Q No 1 Oak trees dying Red and post oak No apparent cause
Am told it is caused by worms but cannot find than They are shade tree
in my yard and I notice man others indifferent parts oj the city What
is probable cause and what is the remedy f
Sec Miller It is hard to answer with certainty without hav
ing seen the trees
Pres Bebckmans The probable cause is either fungus or in
sects Either may be a factor In the absence of a specimen of the
affected part it will be impossible to pronounce with certainty it
a limb was produced we could easily decide if it was an insect and
could probably name the species So also m case ot a tungus 11
the questioner prefers he can if he thinks it a fungus send a speci
men to Prof T B Galloway Division of Vegetable Pathology De
partment of Agriculture Washington D O and this is the course
I would suggest If an insect is suspected send to Prof L V Kiley
Division of Entomology Washington I noticed yesterday oak trees
dying the whole way from Union Point to Athens but not being
able of course to inspect closely could not locate the cause It
must however be either insects or a fungus
Mr E K Lumpkin Can it be caused by a borer I have had
preventive remedies suggested for this cause among them Bordeaux
Mixture and Kerosene Emulsion Would they be likely to prove
effective c
Pres Berckmans It is more likely that the disease arises from
a fungus than from the attack of an insect in which case the reme
dies suggested would not prove efficacious If the tree was bored
full of holes and each filled with chemical ingredients it is doubt
ful if the tree would absorb them A tree can only absorb liquid
food through its roots while a fungus is absorbed externally 1 lie
fungi producing blights are bacteria cryptograms or microbes in
finitesimal or microscopic in size but they can scarcely be absorbed
through the roots Some fungi possess great vitality and cannot
be killed except by strongly corrosive substances or great heat
Dr Cary Fungus is a vegetable growth and ot many kinds
with various distinctive features There is an apple fungus that
sometimes is quite prevalent and does much damage the bnocU
ley now appears to be quite generally attacked by it In certain
sections it appears covered with the fungus What the remedy is I
do not know
Mrs R C Orr Does not this fungus attack principally the
lower limbs of the apple trees leaving the upper portion ot the tree
comparatively exempt
Pres Berckmans I cannot say unless I saw the trees and could
locate the cause e
Mrs Orr I thought perhaps it was due to neglect ot the or
chard and that failure to properly clear up under the trees caused it
UoestelmGEOlKilA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY
223
Pres Berckmans P ungi are of many kinds some attacking the
under side of the leaf only others the upper side giving it a
bumpy appearance Others still attack it all over I cannot ad
vance an opinion as to this species without examination
Dr Hunnicutt of Louisiana Death now seems to be playing
special havoc with the chestnut trees of this section What causes
it Is there nothing we can doto discover the reason of the wide
spread destruction so universally apparent with this valuable tree1
Years ago chestnuts were abundant and thrifty Today they are
being rapidly swept out of existence Why isit
Pres Berckmans The Agricultural Department at Washington
says it is due to the inroads of an insect Every insect has a pecu
liar fancy tor some particular tree so with the chestnut parasite
As its favorite food disappears the insect will go too Then will
follow an era of recuperation for the tree Take evergreens here
in Athens 1 have seen the euonymus in good condition nowhere
else throughout the State as far as Florida A special insect the
coccos eunonymn affects this plant living on the sap of the leaves
I he only remedy is the destruction of the plant
Dr Gary Here are some potatoes that have been handed me
affected with some species of tuberculosis which I do not recognize
What is it b
Pres Berckmans Dr Thomas Taylor Division of Microscopy
is the man to enlighten you The Horticultural Society cannot
pretend on casual examination to decide matters of this sort
Q No 2 Pecan trees having a long tap root does it injure their bear
ing qualities to remove them while young or is it better to plant the nut
where the lee lx to stand and thus not have to transplant
Pres Berckmans Here in Athens 1 noticed some fine healthy
specimens of pecans but 1 could not ascertain if they were trans
planted or not Perhaps some one present may know
Mr Ltjmpkin I know the trees you refer to They bear but I
clo not know whether or not they were transplanted Years ago
there used to be some old trees in the vicinity and possibly these
are seedlings from the old trees
Mrs Orb I have had under observation two voung trees the
one transplanted the other a seedling Of the two the seedling was
the larger
P Beckmans No two individuals are identically the same
in either the vegetable or animal kingdom This accounts for the
accidental inequality you notice It proves nothing
Mr Lumpkin I have made inquiry and discovered that the
pecans President Berckmans has noticed and which are in full
bearing were transplanted fifteen or eighteen years since
Pres Berckmans This appears to settle the matter very expe
ilitiously and without unnecessary discussion and I am glad
indeed that it has taken this turn I have noticed a recent article224
GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY
by Mr Herbert Post asserting that pecans if transplanted while
producing possibly fine shade trees would not fruit 1 his is not
only contrary to scientific principles but to all evidence and expe
rience The primary function of a taproot is to hold the tree
erect in position It does its feeding mainly through its laterals
and the severing of the taproot in early life could have no possible
effect in preventing the laterals in after life from developing and
taking up and disseminating the plant food necessary for the pro
duction of fruit
In Augusta we have the same experience with transplanted
pecans that you have here They bear well So with the Louis
iana pecan growers they all transplant Mr Posts statement is
absolutely untenable
Q No 3 Is there any special manure or cultivation for young pecan
trees f
Pres Berckmans The same conditions under which the hickory
thrives apply to the pecan and it requires the same plant food
The natural habitat of both is rich alluvial soil The Louisiana
pecan growers observe this in establishing their groves Abund
ance of plant food existing in its natural state in the soil is requi
site for thorough success with the pecan though I have seen them
do measurably well on red and sandy soil As for special manure
you will find any form of complete fertilizer successful 1 he best
form would probably be stable manure
Q No 4 How should ferns be cultivated Should they hare much
potroom Should they he often repotted Should they be fertilized and
with what
Pres Berckmans That is a question which it would take a
week to answer Is there not a practical florist here who will
undertake to reply If not I can only say in brief that different
ferns require different treatment and cultivation All however
require a light soil with preponderance of leaf mold
little charcoal
Some ferns are
to maidenhair
soil used should consist of leaf mold or peat and
and moss and shallow pots should be employed
climbers and do well in baskets
Mr Lumpkin The question refers especially
ferns
Pres Berckmans My general statement applies to maidenhair
ferns as well as others All require moisture and shade and the
more fully you comply with these requirements the more pro
nounced will be your success I cannot go through the list of va
rieties giving special treatment for each It would take too long
In general observe these essentials for successful cultivation Leat
mold moisture shallow pots shade
Q No 5 By Dr Newton
peach and apple for thin vicinity
What
are
the best varieties of rapeGEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY
225
Pres Berckmans Our catalogue is your answer W e have been
eighteen years compiling it and you will find it practically correct
It recommends with one and two stars as the case may be those
varieties adapted to the different sections of the State and a glance
will suffice to give the information you seek
Dr Newton The recommendations of the catalogue are only
general for the sections covered and cannot of course take into con
sideration individual localities We are abnormally situated here
in Athens We have a comparatively low latitude and an elevation
of only TOO feet We are hence classified in Middle Georgia Yet
forty miles north of us there is an elevation of 1 200 feet and im
mediately beyond the mountains the cold north wind sweeping
down from them in winter and materially affecting our local con
ditions It was on account of this abnormal situation that the
ouestion was asked The catalogue lists the varieties that ought to
S well hit out our climate dont fit One of our former citizens
Mr Bancroft was some years ago a successful and extensive fruit
grower but finding the conditions so uncertain he drifted into
cotton and we have no large fruit growers in 9 four
the benefit of their experience How then shall we protect our
selves from the vicissitudes of temperature to which we are sub
jected in winter from the cold mountain breezes Should we expose
north or south and plant on hillsides or in protected situations
Col DeWoi f Providence has given you an answer by creating
Morgan countyto which I direct your attention The mountains
aSong way off there and her doors are open to you Come down
and settle among us
Sec Miller Dr Hunnicutt will soon be able on his experi
mentfarm at the Agricultural College to give you the specific in
formation you seek
Q No 6 By Mr Lumpkin How and when should celery be sown
for fall or winter use and how managed
Pres Berckmans I had hoped Maj Ryals would be here at this
session Last year he gave us in Rome a very practical talk on
vegetable growing and in his absence perhaps the best answer to
vour question will be found in the report of his speech published
in the Societys transactions for 1892
Mr Lumpkin It wont do it is good but too general
Pres Berckmans Nevertheless I think a sufficient detail will
be found on page 29 of the report of the proceedings at Rome and
by a man too who has made a practical success of the subject
Q No
How should grapes be trained or pruned f
Pres Berckmans I refer you to the paper of Mr S D Riegel
in our last annual report He has made the subject a careful study
and gave us a very interesting paper226
GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY
Q No 8 By Mr W W Kollnrl sv
Plant have mUedlnd diedI IJtiutarZT SSL 71T
and remedy wnat s the cause
Sec Miller How are your vines trained
Mr Kollock Tied to stakes and cultivated regularly fertilized
with acid phosphate and kainit applied broadcast
itv too local
that was your nettd hoSVer tttrdSay whaf
cause o sa3 what was the
variaMymallITlidtliketkn7 if voluer tomatoes are in
toSlerlur reCCCt eV havi8 Sld good
unteers invariably produce small fruit Agentleman here
that one vine with him produced large fruit StateS
iJiS32fJScomeupvoW
oabXmholdf Xt is with
experiments and report at our next mSting P dehmte lmeot
ttireSingtohiP Penition of
on the Jamesrher n il lian chd f WXX Bartlett pears
twelve years The Department w If Productive for
examiniitandmundSeKSf Washington sent specially to
and outside i TT
for consideration whether orcharEmM hi i j s a cluestl0
or in alternate row on ucco nnt nfti f planted ln solid blocks
tion The same is true o7nCs 15 T r0m Pct polleniza
1 would like information fiSet PGaches
Georgla toSvo I is the man in
cuously PP ta He Pants boti blocks and promis
buf mfeSenrlS Vk way they fruit alike
other fruitsTn as hrglZ scale P8 deS DOt extend
Miller I have in the past attributed the failure to fructifyGEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY
227
in a certain apple orchard to the cold rains washing the pollen out
of the bloom but now think it may perhaps he due to imperfect
pollenization
Pres Berckmans I can recall two alleged instances of persistently
imperfect pollenization First The Wild Goose plum This is
said to self fertilize imperfectly I have not lound it so Second
Duchesae pear The apparent failure to selflertihze however is
probably due to the necessity for a rest in alternate years as with
apples The blossoms are perfect
Sec Miller Isnt it tfue that the Brighton grape does not suf
ficiently selfpollenize
Pres Berckmans It is due to a different cause with the Brighton
Too many male flowers

DISTRICT REPORTS
FIRST CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT
Savannah Ga July 30 1893
To the Georgia State Horticultural Society
After making diligent inquiries I have failed to receive reliable statistics
concerning the average of commercial orchards the yield per acre returns
and costs for freight j
Almost every house built in the country has a garden pLanted aiound it
and fruit trees form an important part of the garden The varieties of
fruits which are most profitable for home consumption and home market
are the fig the plum the pear grape scupperncng some of the early
peaches pomegranate Japan plum pecan nuts walnuts and strawberries
FigsBlack Ischia Blue Genoa Brown Turkey Green Ischia
PlumsRed and Yellow Chicasaw Wild Goose
PearsBartlett Duchesse Seckle Keifler LeConte
QuinceChinese tt
GBAPESIsabella Delaware Catawba Hartford Ismgara Concoid
PEACHESAlexander Louise Rivers St John Early Beauty Chinese
Clino General Lee Stonewall Jackson Elberta Picquets Late
StrawberriesHoffman Sharpless Wilsons Albany
Respectfully submitted
J C LeHardy Chairman
SECOND CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT
No report
THIRD CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT
Marshallvieee Ga August 2 1893
To the Georgia State Horticultural Society
Your committee beg leave to submit the following report
The acreage of commercial orchards in this district has been greatly in
creased since our last report We think that not less than one million
peach trees have been planted within the two past years And the mcliea228
GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY
fe aTy SyjKSi WBubtefrre treS plafted tbi winter than ever
and they hav Ceen used maMy fo7b AWt h6 bT planted
also have been planted in anitJ iiSf g tbePeach orchards Plums
adapted to thePpeach The Bota and nh168 ia Rations not well
greatly in favor 11 be planted largely thiaU 80n Whlh are SIOwi
tbTtEnizpztibe ver t and of
the curculio and droppedfromtZiZ I Ithem proved to De stung by
orchards the greater pmTfthoWn befre mature In some ofthe
inclined to rot and th netreturns ftmPthg ntrS8 Were WOrmy and
disappointment to the grower while ofhS ntT08 as a rule were
feet fruit and sold at verv H0fY orchards produced njore per
forty carfoal ofpetchefhavb1flhfc Ut ne hundred
hundred and twentywo cases eaT andW Cate the CarS hold flve
shipments have nettedTbout Sinn tn i o 8 far as we can ascertain the
ear load Of cour etherehis oeena SSV S5000 to mi Pr
owing to the quality of fruit shippedand manner in 3Wn ia prices
re I0eCoenCtOnditfoa In wWenTwreoeTedfn martf
2 Oliver before in this
Respectfully submitted gP Ce8
r Samuel H Humph
VicePresdeit Third Congressional District
this season ask ou nave sprayed
Mr RtiMPH No
benei thillk PJg would have proved
Mr Rumph Undoubtedly
productive than those on S own roots mre
Mr Rumph Thats right
will not hold We should iJS V cuttlnSs ls delusive and
force of buroioMaS T yUr 8tstomlt anfl ive Jt the
be when the SeoTTs review eroneou impressions should
Pediorre
FOURTH CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT
To ae Geor9a State McuWwral August 1893
ThepStt ICaVe t0 8Ubmit the foing report
ingMtB11CTnttonyeto forlnauy of the fruits in
the fruits and a deficiencyinorherf t8 been a otal failure of mny of
poor many orchards proXdmnof J PeaclJ crP bw been particularly
a fair crop seemed to luiuGEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY
229
the crop badly and finally the balance rotted on the trees before maturing
in many places The same was true of the peach crop Later frosts
thinned out the long stemmed fruits badly Apples were also poor the
rotting process and dropping not quite so bad as with the last named fruits
but crop very poor The plum crop also poor Blackberries and strawberries
were fairly good Pear blight has done considerable injury this year As
heretofore stated in these reports it is a subject of congratulationthat
fruit culture is on the increase in this district Amateur culture is seen
everywhere largely as a result of the beneficial work of this grand society
Very few homes can be found without fruit trees
As mentioned in the last report from this district there is one large
shipping point a locality with over 1200 acres in fruits and the area year
by year increasing from which many car loads are shipped and with
handsome profits to the proprietors and our Society may feel a just pride
in claiming a paternity in this grand work We have a fine membership
of earnest prosperous workers in this favorable locality There are indica
tions of similar enterprise in other localities And finally your committee
is greatly pleased at seeing the results of the good work of this Society in
so many places in this district
Respectfully submitted
TT x H H CARY
VicePresideut Fourth Congressional District
FIFTH CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT
No report
SIXTH CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT
Yatesville Ga August 1 1893
To the Georgia State Horticultural Society
In this report we have to say that strawberries were a fine crop this year
and in some localities the bearing season was protracted to a later date tha n
usual Blackberries are receiving more attention and have done well
Kaspbemes are of no importance being almost worthless
Apples generally considered are rather below the average in yield and
quality We would call attention to Terrys Winter as promising
tS eeAr Rowing alongside of Shockley and Yates this season in
k L lu waymans orchard at Pomona it seems to be superior to
both these old standards in vigor and earliness in bearing and as its
keeping and eating qualities are represented to be good I would like to see
it catalogued with one star for the middle region and promising
The cold weather in spring destroyed the bulk of the peach crop and
fruit set was in abnormal or diseased condition from the beginning
Worms and rot prevailed and when the opportunity afforded these ness
for propagation is considered it is but little less than a misfortune that we
had any crop at all
Plums were also thinned down to a short crop by frost but as to quality
good The recent introduction of quite a number of to us new varieties
some of which are so promising has created quite a disposition to increase
the acreage for commercial purposes
Grapes are almost always an abundant crop and scarcely affected bv
causes other thanseasons Notwithstanding we have had rains in abun
dance generally there is not much complaint of rot and crop is in prime
Immediately upon the reception of our Presidents letter requesting quite
an elaborate report on matters of interest to fruit growers inquiries were
sent out to individuals in the several counties comprising this congres
sional district but up to a late hour for making this report nothing has230
GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY
been received upon which statistical figures could be based Our soil
climate and shipping facilities are the most favorable for profitable fruit
growing and our people are beginning to appreciate it Hundreds of acres
in some of our counties are already in fruit for commercial purposes and
results are such as will cause a large increase of acreage the coming season
Quite a number of landowners are furnishing lands and northern or resi
dent capitalists furnish the money in copartnership in fruit growing
There are instances of this plan adopted several years ago that have
resulted profitably to both parties
Respectfully submitted A J Williams
VicePresident Sixth Congressional District
SEVENTH CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT
No report
EIGHTH CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT
No report
NINTH CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT
No report
TENTH CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT
Augusta Ga August 1 1893
To the Georgia State Horticultural Society
Your committee reports as follows
ApplesHalf a crop The following varieties are shipped north and
west Astrachan Red Early Red Margaret Family Red June and for
home use Horse and Yellow Transparent The autumn varieties for ship
ping are Buncombe Carolina Greening Equinetelee and Fall Pippin
and for home use Carters Blue and Taunton The winter varieties are
chiefly used at home viz Black Warrior Ben Davis Chattahoochee
Hileys Eureka Red Limbertwig Romanile Shockley Stevensons
Wine Sap and Yates
PearsA large yield Our shipping varieties for summer are Bartlett
Seckle and 8 Michael Archangel Our autumn and winter varieties are
Duchesse dAugouleme Lawrence Onondaga Garber and LeConte
The Keiffer is used for home consumption
PeachesThe peach crop throughout the district was a failure it was
less than a quarter of an average The Alexander that has been so de
cried was especially good this season Our shipping varieties of freestones
are Alexander Hale Tillotson Fleitas St John Early Beauty Mountain
Rose Crawfords Early and Late Oldmixon Free Susquehanna Thurber
Elberta Stump the World and Globe The late varieties are Columbia
Picquets Cora Baldwins Late and Wonderful The Cling varieties are
Tuskena General Taylor General Lee Stonewall Jackson Oldmixon
Crofts Golden Pine Apple Indian Blood White Heath Eatons Golden
Finleys Darby
PlumsPlums as a rule were a failure in some places the Wild Goose
did well We plant the following kinds and in their season they yield
abundantly Botan both white and yellow fleshed Burbank Chabot
Ogon or White Plum Red Nagate Satsuma or Blood Plum
GrapesA large yield The rot was more prevalent than usual this
year and the beneficial effects of spraying were especially visible Our
shipping varieties are Delaware Ives Moores Diamond Niagara and
for home use Brighton Catawba Concord Diana Martha Moores Early
and of the Muscadine type Flowers Scuppernong and ThomasGEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY
231
StrawberriesWe had a short crop of strawberries owing to the
drought in April which also cut off the Raspberry and Blackberry crops
The prices of small fruits were remarkably high this year We find the
best leading market varieties are Bubach Hoffman Haverland and
Wilsons Albany
WatermelonsThe crop is about threefourths of an average Canta
loupes about half an average Prices were low
We note with pleasure the increase in floriculture in our midst There
are four establishments in the city of Augusta and they cannot supplv the
lemand for cut flowers
Respectfully submitted
N McInnes
VicePresident
ELEVENTH CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT
Quitman Ga August 1 1893
To the Georgia State Horticultural Society
It gives me pleasure to report an increased interest in Horticulture in
this the Eleventh Congressional District
The LeConte and Keiffer pears are the leaders as a market crop with
most people but early peaches and Japan plums have been more profitable
to some growers The Japan persimmon is reported also as being very
profitable The experiments made in grapegrowing have been so success
ful that many vineyards will be set next fall While the Concord Ives
Delaware and some others do well here this section seems to be especially
adapted to the Niagara and these will be set principally
The LeConte pear has blighted badly in a few of our counties but the
blight has not reached most of the eastern counties of this district Where
there is no blight the yield is about two hundred 200 bushels to the acre
where there is blight about 50 bushels depending of course upon the extent
of the blight The blight has made its appearance for the first time this
year upon the Keiffer It has never failed to bear a good crop Grapes
are above an average The peach crop which promised to be fine and
abundant was cut short by a large percentage rotting on the trees In
some sections Japan plums were similarly affected
Apples below an average A wind storm in June did great injury to
fruits Strawberries are not grown for market but do well here Returns
from consignments have been generally unsatisfactory and in many cases
barely enough has been realized to pav freight and handling Some pears
have been sold to buyers from SI to 175 per barrel on the tree but the
great solution of the fruit industry of this section is the marketing The
demand is on the increase but steps must be taken to bring buyers here
The fig crop is exceptionally good Considerable attention is being given
to pecan culture These trees are verv vigorous and are rapid growers only
a few trees have come into bearing These are full and hold their fruit
Number of acres of commercial orchards planted in this district esti
mated 3500 Pears 75 per cent peaches 15 per cent apples and plums 10
per cent Acreage in watermelons about the same as last year melons
better prices lower
Permit me in conclusion to say that no more inviting field is offered to
fruitgrowers than is offered in the Eleventh Congressional district
Very respectfully
John Tillman
VicePresident Eleventh Congressional District
232
GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY
REPORT OF HORTICULTURIST STATE EXPERIMENT STATION
Experiment Ga August 2 1893
To the Georgia State Horticultural Society
As the condition of the fruit crop of Spalding county and adjacent sec
tion has been included in the report of the VicePresident of the Sixth
Congressional District I have construed the request of President Berck
mans for a report from the Experiment Station to mean simply a report
covering the condition of fruits on the station grounds without reference
to the large area in fruit immediately surrounding
SMALL FRUITS
StrawberriesThis crop was marketed before I took charge and I
saw only the last of it No tabulated results were kept owing to Mr
Speths death but lam informed that the season was a fair one though
the crop suffered severely from the heavy April gales
Of the standard varieties Michel Wilson and Hoffman appear to be losing
ground Sharpies holding its own also Gandy Kentucky Haverland
and Triumph I would call special attention however to Parker Earle
It deserves notice from its great productiveness and strong and vigorous
rooting No runners Rusts in midsummer but recovers beautifully A
most promising berry and if only a little larger and less acid would
be a grand one Would like it catalogued as promising with one star
for middle region
RaspberriesTheir record is simply one of disaster and a story of the
survival of the fittest The section has died out literally root and
branch and of some sixteen varieties planted two years ago only Hera
tine Gregg and a few Cuthberts are left It is but fair to say however
that the plat was but poorly adapted to their culture being close and
gravelly and rather poor Under more favorable conditions perhaps a better
report can be made
BlackberriesThese have done measurably well rusting only mod
erately through quite a severe season They sold readily the entire season
through at live cents when wild berries were bringing only half that
amount Snyder easily leads in productiveness Early Harvest for easi
ness followed closely by Wilsons Early and Wilson Jr The two latter
lead in quality The handsomest berry in general appearance is Early
Cluster all fruit turning red at once and making a pretty show It is also
early and productive
Did not do well this year Much less than a normal crop appeared to have
set and of this about ten per cent was lost by rot in the early part of the
season Continuous use of Bordeaux mixture however seems to have
put an end to it and I cannot too strongly emphasize the importance of
early spraying By beginning soon enough next year I trust to reduce loss
from rot to less than five per cent
A thorough test has been made of Munsous hybrids Of them the most
promising appear to be in their order Brilliant Carman Bell Rommell
Lyon Campbell and Early Market
Unpromising Judge Miller Jaeger Hilgard Bagan VanDeman
Brunk Gov Boss Meissner Letorey Sweety Dr Kemp
Worthless Ruby Beagle Bed Eagle Texas Onderdonk Millardet
Prof Gully Nimalba
Of the standard grapes the following have proved excellent this season
Prentiss Niagara Delaware Mary Brighton
The following should be classed fair to good Eaton CorUand Triumph
Green Mountain Welcome Linn Queen Faith Catawba Telegraph BesGEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY
233
Moores Early Cynthiana Oreins JVo 7 Mo Reisling Agawam
Salem Barry Herbert Ooefhe Wilder Massassoit Aminia Berckmans
Empire State Mills White N Muscadine
The following as poor Etta Jessica Long Maxatawney Pizarro
Emily Allens Hybrid Othello Rulander Humboldt Isabella Nortons
Virginia Louisiana Amber Transparent Bacchus Elvira Clinton
Pearl Alvcy Black Eagle Canada Buckets Diana
The following as worthless Moycr Downing Conqueror Sultan
Elsinburgh
I have classified at some length because I am frequently asked for a list
of grapes best adopted to this section Of course this classification is sub
ject to modification from season to season and only holds good absolutely
for the immediate locality of the station
OTHER FRUITS
PeachesNo fruit was ripened at all this year The orchard young
vigorous and thrifty gave promise early in the season of an abundant crop
but with the exception of E Rivers and Louise no fruit was picked Most
of the fruit dropped while small and all rotted savagely on maturing or
previously
Pears and applesNot a tree has fruited except one dwarf Onondaga
and a Tinaluskee apple though the trees are vigorous and thrifty three
years old Only two trees lost by blight one Bartlctt and one Marguerite
both thrifty
Plums and cherriesNative plums rotted badly European bore no
fruit Japanese all varieties died like sheep with the murrain Direct
cause Rosette indirect presumably an old peach orchard on site of which
the trees were unfortunately planted
FigsBadly winter killed but growing well again and bearing nicely
Best varieties seem to be Black and White Ischia Brown Turkey and
Celestial Black Havana and Blue Genoa are worthless also White Four
Seasons
QuincesNo fruit except one Angers but thrifty and looking well
Respectfully submitted
Hugh N Starnes
Horticulturist State Experiment Station
REPORTS OF SPECIAL COMMITTEES

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON TREASURERS BOOKS
To the Georgia StaU Horticultural Society
We the committee having examined the Treasurers books and the
vouchers shown do find that there is on hand a balance of one hundred
and twentysix and thirtyfive onehundredths 12635 dollars and find
the vouchers and all accounts correct H H Cary
N McInnbs
August 3 1893
ih234 GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY
REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON VEGETABLE AND FLORAL
DISPLAY
To the Georgia State Horticultural Society
Your committee beg leave to report on the beautiful display of flowers
and vegetables melons etc as follows
Ladies Garden Club
A beautiful centerpiece very artistically arranged consisting of begonias
oleanders ferns geraniums and lilies with several waiters of cut flowers
also tomatoes one plate each Ponderosa Ignotum Peach Buck
Trophy Acme and one plate each carrots sweet potatoes kale kohlrabi
Salsify seven plates Irish potatoes three plates okra three plates egg
plants four plates beets four plates squash four plates onions one plate
pepper cabbage and cauliflower also collection of cornsome very fine
Mbs Bettie Myers
Three varieties ferns one pot Araucaria Excelsa one pot begonia one
waiter cut flowers
Mrs John Gerdine
One waiter cut roses oleanders and dwarf sunflowers
Mrs Stephen Gould
One waiter cut roses phlox geraniums and nasturtiums
Mrs R C Hamilton
One waiter assorted cut flowers one tray cabbage kale beans okra
corn onions tomatoes and egg plants
Mrs R K Reaves
One waiter cut roses and sunflowers
Mrs Asbury Hodgson
One waiter geraniums and pancratiums one waiter tomatoes and Irish
potatoes
Mrs H A Lowrance
One waiter cut roses one tub of ferns
Mrs E K Lumpkin
Fifteen varieties begonias thirtyone pots ferns one pot asparagus
tennissimus one cantaloupe and two plates asparagus Palmetto and
Colossal very fine for August
Mrs Ross Crank
One plate potatoes
J B Hunnicutt
One stalk corn sixteen feet tall
Mrs Nichols
One cantaloupe two watermelonsGEORGIA STATE HOKTICUETURAE SOCIETY
235
Mrs H H Carlton
Three cantaloupes one watermelon
Mrs Charles Bolton Chandler
One tray corn beets beans salsify tomatoes okra onions potatoes and
pepper
We desire to compliment the ladies of the Garden Club on the beauty
and size of their exhibit and especially to note the health and vigor of the
pot plants which show the careful and painstaking culture which has been
bestowed upon them also the beautiful display of cut flowers which com
pares favorably with former exhibits
G W Miller Son Rome Ga
Evergreens as follows Picea Pungens Cedrus Atlantica Cedrus Libani
Pyramidalis Cedrus Deodora Cedrus Silver Cryptomeria Japonica Ju
niperus Hibernica Cephalotaxus Drupacia Taxus Baccata Fastigiata
Thuya Peabody Erica Vulgaris Stricta Retinospora Plumosa Aurea Pinus
Excelsa Pinus Ponderosa Picea Pectinata Pendula Picea Pectinata
Picea Gordoniana Picea Concolor Picea Normandiana Abies Allcockiana
Abies Orientalis Abies Excelsa Retinospora Pisifera Retinospora Obtusa
Retinospora Plumosa Retinospora Pisifera Lutescens Retinospora Filifera
Biota Orientalis Pyramidalis Biota Compacta Pyramidalis Biota Orien
talis Aurea Biota Japonica Filiformis Thuya Siberica Thuya Queen
Victoria Thuya Occidentalis Thuya Hoveyi Thuya Globosa Thuya Occi
dentalis Pyramidalis Cupressus Sempervirens Cupressus Lawsoniana
Stricta Viridis Cupressus Lawsoniana Cupressus Aurea Cupressus Law
soniana Pyramidalis Alba Cupressus Lawsoniana Alba Spica Cupressus
Filiformis Elegans Chamsecyparis Spheroidea Aurea Chamsecyparis Atro
virens Abies Polita Abies Douglassii Abies Excelsa Aurea Abies Canaden
sis Abies Excelsa Pyramidalis Abies Alba Abies Excelsa Pygmcea Abies
Nigra Pumila Above fiftyfive varieties by G H Miller Son Rome
Ga form a very unusual and interesting exhibit as well as a valuable
object lesson
It affords us great pleasure to make special mention of the displays of
pot plants and ferns by Mrs E K Lumpkin and Mrs Bettie Myers
We desire in closing to tender our hearty thanks to the ladies of
Athens for the interest they have taken in our meetings and their hearty
cooperation in making our exhibibition rooms so attractive
Respectfully submitted N McTnnnes
R C Berckmans
W D Beattie
Committee
Pres Berckmans I hope I may be pardoned for testifying my
own appreciation of and adding my personal thanks for the re
markable skill and artistic taste prevailing in the decorations
referred to in this report especially in the begonias and ferns But
for our sessions being graced by the charming presence and refining
influence of you ladies half their interest would be lost We can
not overestimate the obligation we are under to such cultivated and
progressive bodies as the Ladies Garden Club of Athens and our
special report does you no more than justice and I am glad that
our published proceedings will pay fitting tribute to your efforts236 GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY
REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON FRUIT DISPLAY
Your committee beg to report as follows
PEACHES
S H HlMPH Marshallville
Three plates of Emma a new seedling peach deserves trial one plate
Jones Cling new and promising one plate Plants Cling new and prom
ising
W W Kollock Clarkesville Ga
One plate Bustians October one plate Lord Palmerston
G H Miller Son Rome Ga
One plate Crawfords late
Mrs H H Carlton Athens Ga
Two plates freestone peaches no label one plate Indian peach
Miss Julia Carlton Athens Ga
Two plates peaches no name
GRAPES
The Georgia Experiment Station
H N Starnes Horticulturist exhibits a very handsome display of
grapes consisting of seventynine plates as follows
One plate Catawba one plate White Northern Muscadine one plate Wel
come one plate Amber one plate Canada one plate Pearl one plate Her
bert one plate Mo Riesling one plate Berckmans one plate Diana one
plate Massassoit one plate Long one plate Empire State one plate Jessica
one plate Mills one plate Moores Early one plate Ives one plate Muscat
Primavis one plate Transparent one plate Linn Queen one plate Herbe
mont two plates Delaware one plate Isabella one plate Duchess one plate
Greins Xo 7 two plates Niagara two plates Brighton one plate Mary
very good showy large and promising one plate Prentiss one plate Barry
one plate Elvira one plate Black Eagle one plate Emily one plate Piz
zarro one plate Nortons Va one plate Keuka one plate Humboldt one
plate Elsinburgh one plate Salem one plate Wilder one plate Eaton one
plate Courtland one plate Etta one plate Bacchus one plate Rulander
one plate Goethe one plate Cynthiana one plate Louisiana one plate
Alvey one plate Conqueror one plate Othello one plate Telegraph one
plate Sultan one plate Clinton twenty plates of Munsons Hybrids aS
follows one plate Beagle one plate Meissner one plate Van Deman one
plate Carman flavor very good bunch attractive compact one plate Earlv
Market one plate Rommel one plate Onderdonk one plate Bell one plate
Judge Miller one plate Gov Ross one plate Campbell one plate Brilliant
very promising quality best deserving trial berries large and willdry on
bunch like raisins does not ferment one plate Prof Gully 7ery poor
straggling bunch one plate Hilgard one plate Lyon bunch compact
quality very good early and desirable for commercial use one plate Texas
very small irregular in ripening one plate Jaeger one plate Letorey one
plate Brunk
A P Rice Griswoldville Ga
One plate Superb fine appearanceGEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY
237

Ladies Gabden Club Athens Ga
Exhibits one plate Hcrbemont one plate Delaware one plate Brighton
one plate Concord one plate Prentiss one plate Perkins one plate
Niagara
P J Bebckmans Augusta Ga
A very handsome display consisting of twentyseven varieties
One plate Black Hamburg one plate Isabella irregular in ripening one
plate Concord one plate Fanny one plate Gaertner one plate Agawam
one plate Lindley straggling berry large uniform one plate Rulander
compact very attractive one plate Delaware one plate Berckmaus one
plate Catawba one plate Mo Riesling one plate Elvira one plate Pearl
one plate Moores Diamond one plate Greins No 7 two plates Niagara
one plate Welcome one plate Rockwood one plate Mrs McLure one plate
Amber one plate Maxatawney one plate Labrusca No 9 one plate
Prentiss one plate Noah one plate Lady Washington one plate Humboldt
Mks H H Caklton Athens Ga
Exhibits one plate Wilder one plate Lenoir one plate Delaware one
plate Concord one plate Ives one plate Herbemont one plate Unknown
L Clabence Levy Jr Columbus Ga
Exhibits one plate Empire State one plate Duchess one plate Herbe
mont very fine one plate Niagara
R P Johnson
Exhibits one plate Diana
W W Kollock Clabkesville Ga
Twentyone varieties of grapes one plate Eaton one plate Hartford
Prolific irregular in ripening one plate Martha one plate Susan one
plate Goethe one plate Vergennes one plate Maxatawney one plate
MSF lrfg nPener oue Pate Niagara one plate Lindley one
plate Moores Early rather small bunches very fine one plate Nortons
llgli t Plate Catawba Plate Wyoming Red extra specimens
one plate Delaware one plate Salem one plate Concord one plate Pock
lmgton one plate Elvira one plate Ives one plate Perkins excellent speci
G H Milleb Son Rome Ga
wExJbU varTieties of grapes viz Ives Concord Wyoming
Worden Brighton Niagara Elvira Perkins Duchess Wyoming
Ihe committee And different exhibits of Niagara from different localities
tae State to be specially of interest This grape shows itself to be
IiftaP qf euaTJoe rRng riPening very regularly according to
ocahty Those furthest South first and those of the Mountain Refion
Ripe Herbemonts were exhibited from Columbus and comparatively
equally good specimens from Athens but vet green
Nortons Virginia exhibited from Griffin fine compact bunches fully
cXr rt0n S VlrSlma from Clarkesville Ga not yet beginning to
PEARS
P J Bebckmans Augusta Ga
Exhibits twentyfive varieties One plate Beurre Superfin one plate
Minister Bara one plate Sandwich Island one plate Madame Von Siebold
very attractive and good cooking one plate Kieffer one plate Dr Koch
238
GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY
one plate Onondaga one plate Montcharlet one plate Hebe one plate St
Vincent de Paul one plate Smiths two plates Duchesse two plates
LeConte one plate Bartlett one plate Daimio one plate Lawrence one
plate Marguerite Marillat new very showy good for cooking one plate
Seckel two plates Van Mons one plate Dr Jules Guyot resembles Bart
lett but earlier one plate Beurre Clairgeau one plate St Michael
Mrs H H Carlton Athens Ga
Exhibits one plate LeConte one plate Bartlett one plate Seckel one
plate Duchesse
Miss Julia Carlton Athens Ga
Exhibits two plates LeConte
John Nichols Athens Ga
Exhibits one plate LeConte
W B Pittman Thomasville Ga
Exhibits one plate LeConte one plate Kieffer
B W Stone Thomasville Ga
Exhibits one plate LeConte very large
Ladies Garden Club Athens Ga
Exhibits one plate Duchesse
G H Miller Son Rome Ga
Exhibit one plate Smiths one plate LeConte one plate Kieffer
W W Kollock Clarkesville Ga
Exhibits one plate Bartlett one plate Gray Doyenne
The committee calls attention to the fact that pears on exhibition are
especially smooth
APPLES
G H Miller Son Rome Ga
Exhibit one plate Ben Davis one plate Howe one plate Romanite one
plate Willow one plate Kinnards
Mrs H H Carlton Athens Ga
Exhibits five plates not named
W W Kollock Clarkesville Ga
Exhibits one plate Jarrard one plate Horse one plate Royal Limbertwig
one plate Franklin five plates no name
PLUMS
W W Kollock Clarkesville Ga
Exhibits one plate Damson plums
Miss Julia Carlton Athens Ga
Exhibits one plate Reid plums
B VV Stone Thomasville Ga
Exhibited in alcohol one jar Hattankio very early one jar Ogon very
large one jar Burbank fine specimenGEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY
239
P J Berckmans Augusta Ga
Exhibits one plate Japan Blood No 3
FIGS
Ladies Garden Club Athens Ga
Exhibits two plates White Adriatic two plates Celestial
Mrs R C Hamilton Athens Ga
One waiter of fruits consisting of Celestial figs and two varieties of
grapes
Mrs E K Lumpkin Athens Ga
Exhibits one plate White Adriatic figs one plate Brown Turkey one
plate Seedling Quinces one plate Seek lepears one plate Concord grapes
Mrs C B Chandler Athens Ga
Exhibits one waiter pears apples peaches grapes and pecans
P J Berckmans Augusta Ga
Early Bearing walnuts Thin Shell walnut Juglans Seiboldii Japan
Walnut
We call attention to the prospective profits that might be derived from
more extended culture of walnuts and nuts of all kinds
Respectfully submitted
J B Hunnicutt
B W Stone
W W Kollock
Committee
REPORT OF STANDING COMMITTEE ON NEW FRUITS
Your committee beg to report upon the following exhibited by the
Georgia Experiment Station
GRAPES
BeagleBunch small black berry small quality medium
Letorey Bunch small shouldered black quality poor late
MommelBunch above medium shouldered berry large amber qual
ity good
Campbell Bunch above medium berry medium amber quality good
Dr KempBunch medium shouldered berry medium black quality
fair
MaryBunch medium berry large red skin thick quality good A
promising new variety
APPLES
FranklinFrom J W R Franklin large oblate orange ground over
spread with crimson calyx open stalk half inch long flesh white sugary
brittle quality good
SeedlingFrom W W Kollock small yellow ground nearly covered
with crimson white dots basin closed short stock flesh white juicy sub
acid quality good May prove valuable for its earliness Matures in
Habersham county 1st of June240
GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY
PEACHES
EmmaFrom 8 H Rumph very large yellow with light crimson
cheek flesh yellow fine grain very juicy quality best freestone in
maturity follows Elberta
Plant ClingDeep yellow striped and splashed dark crimson flesh
juicy rich red at stone quality best
WALNUT
Juglans SeiboldiiJapan WalnutFrom P J Berekmans nut small
hard nuts in clusters early and prolific bearer not sufficiently tested
PEARS
Marguerite MarillotFrom P J Berekmans Large yellow light red
cheek pyriform short stem quality good earlyand prolific bearer
Matures middle of July A promising new variety
L A Berckmans Chairman
G H Miller
H H Sanford
A J Williams
Rudolph L Oettkr
Committee
REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON ORNAMENTAL AND USEFUL
TREES
To the Georgia State Tlorticultinal Society
Your committee beg leave to submit the following report Among or
namental trees not new but good we delight to report favorably of the ever
popular Cedrus Deodora one of the most beautiful of trees It is like a foun
tain of green with its open pyramidal form of silver tipped feathery foliage
ever pleasing but especially grateful to the eye when it puts forth anew in
the spring with its fresher and brighter green typical of the resurrection
from the dark sleep of winter In rather sharp contrast we have a shrub
of recent introductionthe Prunus Pissardii a highly ornamental tree re
quiring a wet soil with clay subsoil It makes a fine show from the open
ing wood buds in the early spring succeeded by the masses of dainty
violetcentered white flowers its tender sprigs of crimson leaves and on
until the purple fruit is set and ripened and eaten late in the fall It is a
source of successive surprises and delights
For oddity and variety we note the Smoke treetwo species with its
curious cloudofstnokelike apparition and its winged leaves
Among shade trees Weirs Cutleaved Silver Maple rarely met with but
deserving of more general encouragement and cultivation Picea Pun
gens a native of the Rocky Mountains where it flourishes at an altitude
of 8000 to 10000 feet above the sea level It varies somewhat in color
when seed grown the most desirable varieties being of rich blue color
The needles are short sharp and pungent hence its specific name Suc
ceeds well near Rome and would probably succeed in Middle and South
Georgia better than the Norway Spruce
Picea Concolor is another beautiful species from the same rocky realm
As indicated by its specific name it carries the same colors the year round
a beautiful blending of ermine and emerald It does not bear trans
planting so well as Picea Pungent unless the plants enployed be very
small and well rootedGEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY
241
Picea Englemann resembles Picea PungeDS having a milder shade but
greater uniformity of color It promises well in North Georgia Pinus
Ponderosa appears somewhat like Austrian pine but is more compact
However its success in North Georgia is problematical
Silver Cedar a species of the great Red Cedar genus distinguished by
its rich silvery and extremely fine foliage It succeeds wherever the red
cedar flourishes
For a quick shade Pawlonia Imperialis Teas Japan Hybrid or Koemp
feri Catalpa or the Umbrella China are recommended The latter how
ever is not reliably hardy north of latitude 32 being subject to be killed
by very cold weather It is remarkable however for its quick and per
sistent assumption of its characteristic form even without the aid of the
pruning knife
For a tall growing tree take the White Ash either American or European
or the stately old standby the Elm Ulmus Americana The mistake is
often made of plantingindiscriminately the Ulmus Americana and Ulmus
Racemosa especially when the trees are reclaimed from the swamps by
the ignorant wild African nurseryman The latter hardly rises to the
dignity of a tree although remarkable for its light and graceful foliage
If the quick attention of the far away passerby is desired plant the
Mimosa or the Lagerstroemia if you can manage to keep the former in
decent shape
The Norway maple and the Silver maple are well known and approved
ornamental shade trees
We might extend this report indefinitely since the scope of our duties
is by no means confined to what is new There is a wide wide field for
improvement around the door yards the socalled lawns and the roadsides
of our rural sections But we fear to transgress the unwritten law of this
Societythat brevity is the soul of witthat papers should be short
and to the point We therefore bring this report to a full stop
R J Redding Chairman
Charles Deckner
Geo H Miller
Li Clarence Levy Jr
R P Johnson
Committee
ELECTION OF OFFICERS
VicePres Cary presiding on motion Mr P J Berckmans
was unamiously reelected President of the Society a committee
consisting of Mr Miller and Dr McInnes conducting him to the
chair
Pres Berckmans Such a unanimous manifestation of your con
tinued regard touches me deeply and it is impossible for me to
refuse it It is needless to say that what little I have done and
can still do to aid you is at your service Yet I would suggest that
some of the VicePresidents share the work with me It would be
greatly appreciated Nevertheless in whatever capacity I can
serve you you have only to command me
Dr Cary It is necessary that a good horticulturist fill the
the position of Secretary for which nominations are now in order
Mr G H Miller is not only a good horticulturist but he has
made an excellent Secretary and I now renominate him for the
place242
GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY
Mr Miller was unanimously elected
On motion of Dr Cary Mr Louis A Berckmans was unani
mously reelected Treasurer the speaker complimenting him
highly on his administration of the Societys funds
VicePresidents were then elected as follows
Second Congressional District B W Stone of Tbomasville
vice H H Sandford resigned
Third Congressional District Saml H Rumph of Marshallville
reelected
Fifth Congressional District Dr Samuel Hape of Atlanta
reelected
Seventh Congressional District Col Geo H Waring Cement
reelected
Eighth Congressional District Mr E K Lumpkin of Athens
filling vacancy
Ninth Congressional District Mr John G Justice of Marcus
reelected
Eleventh Congressional District Mr John Tillman of Quit
man reelected
Following the election came an interesting essay by Mr Miller
as follows
THE FUTURE OF HORTICULTURE IN GEORGIA AS RESULTING
FROM THE PRESENT
BY Q H MILLER ROME GA
Whittier has some beautiful thoughts in verse warning us against the
belief that all that is good and grand has gone before
That all of good the past hath had
Remains to make our own time glad
As Georgia horticulturists we have reason to be proud of the rich herit
age of knowledge and experience which is ours to appropriate to use as
stepping stones in our further advances into the domain of Pomona
We would not abate one iota of the honor due to those who have labored
up to this date to develop the horticultural resources of our State The
horticulturists in our State have done a grand work in investigating in
developing and in making known our resources We in common with
most of the Southern States have been twitted in regard to losing a golden
opportunity to advertise ourselves to the world through a display at the
Columbian Exposition
While ve believe the display our State could have made from the open
ing day of her strawberries plums peaches grapes vegetables and many
other horticultural products would have given her a grand advertisement
and while we deplore the fact that it will require years of effort to over
come the erroneous impressions caused by our failure to make an exhibit
yet this failure must not be laid to this Society nor to the horticulturists
of our State They could not do the work unaided They would gladly
have contributed of their time their money and their products but un
aided by the State they could not make a creditable display and hence
the first object lesson in the line of new fruits placed before the student of
our resources in the White City was strawberries and cherries from
southern Illinois about the 10th of June Let us hope that in the futureGEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY
24f
horticulture in our State will be encouraged by liberal appropriations as
she is now in many of our sister States Let us remember that the prog
ress of a State does not hang upon the multitude of her resources but
upon her methods of development
If the horticulturists of our State would march in the van of the great
army of competitors for the prize they must base their practical operations
upon scientific research There is a broad and ever widening field before
us for our intelligent study and experimentation Some of the questions
that must engage the attention of the future horticulturist are the improve
ment of varieties of fruits by cross fertilization and hybridizationthe
adaptations of our various classes of fruits to the diversified soils elevations
aspects and other local influences of our respective orchard and vineyard
situations the antidotes to our multitudes of insect enemies and fungoid
diseast s the modes of cultivation and the manurial aids best suited to the
full development of the various fruits under our culture in size and form
and excellence of quality the pollination or more properly the cross
fertilizing of plants as affecting their productiveness in short all matters
affecting the results of horticultural labors are now being so closely and
intelligently studied that those who fail to keep step to the spirit of the
age by persistent observation of all the elements of success or failure must
necessarily fall behind the ranks of the successful horticulturists of the age
If the horticulturist of the future would bring to a practical solution the
troublesome problems of his profession he must base his operations upon
close observation and profound study of the phenomena of nature
Pardon me for suggesting to the younger members of this Society the
importance of regularly journalizing all the daily observations and inter
esting features of your work Note when and how you have attended to
the planting and after cultivation of each species and variety of the fruits
under your care note the time of blooming the condition of the weather
and all the stages of growth and development Note the staminate plants
with which your pistillates are fertilized and closely scrutinize the varying
results if any as affecting quantity and quality of fruit produced Then
at the close of the season your journal should be thoroughly reviewed and
its lessons formulated as systematically as you make up your profit and
loss account from your ledger As a method of selfeducation we can sug
gest no better
The success of the horticulturist of the future will be to a great degree
measured by the extent to which the methods of science are applied to his
work If he is not a proficient scientist himself he must at least keep
himself informed upon all the new discoveries in science that will in any
way apply to his profession and be ready to appropriate them to his own
advantage My observation teaches me that the most successful practical
men are those who are continually searching for principles that underlie
methods of practice The workman who has a knowledge of the composi
tion and nature of the material he handles will labor more intelligently
and with greater prospect of being successful than he whose work is merely
blind venture As an illustration allow me to refer to the art of pruningt
We assert that this cannot be reduced to a line and rule system The
study of specific rules is not enough but everyone who would prune intel
ligently must study the structure and the uses of the different organs of
every tree and plant upon which he would use the knife
And aside from the real necessity of such investigation we commend
this wide field to every student of nature as one of absorbing interest and
beauty
If our State would attain to the eminence in horticulture to which a
proper development of her resources would entitle her the future votary
at her shrine must use well his brains realizing that he is brought in com
petition with scientific energetic painstaking growers from various sections
of our common country that have natural advantages as good as our own
He must also realize that the highest success will require not only the
244 GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY
general knowlege we have referred to but also a special study of the
peculiarities of our State or of the different sections that compose it mark
ing well the difference in climate and soil and learning to select the varie
ties that are adapted to his particular section
The future horticulturist must also give his attention to the production
and dissemination of new and improved varieties and allow us to predict
that as the years roll on the quality of fruit will become a more important
factor in determining value than it is at present As the tastes of consum
ers become better educated to the appreciation of quality such varieties as
the Champion grape and the Shockly apple will drop out of the lists As
expressing my own views of the possibilities that await the scientific experi
menter in this direction allow me to quote the words of a distinguished
biologist
We are now standing just at the gateway of scientific horticulture only
having taken a few steps in the measureless fields which will stretch out
as we advance into the golden sunshine of a more complete knowledge of
the forces which are to unfold all the graceful forms of garden beauty and
wealth of fruit and flowers for the comfort and happiness of earths teem
ing millions
Through the agency of horticultural progress in the future may we not
confidently hope that the love of nature will be more generally developed
in the hearts of the children and as a means to this desirable end shail
we not have the elements of horticulture taught in all our schools and as a
result of this training shall not our homes become more and more beauti
ful as clustered around them we shall find fruits and flowers all cared for
by appreciative hands
In that bright future of horticulture which is in store for us not only
will commercial orcharding receive that attention which will bring success
but the hills and valleys of our State will be dotted over with fruit gardens
and orchards and the homes of our people surrounded with shade trees
shrubbery and flowers Through the benign influence of horticulture in
the time to come the homes of our State shall become homes indeed
bright oases on the pathway of life Then instead of being as now so
often eager to leave home the children will
Quit the dear old place
With slow and lingering tread
As when we kiss a claycold face
And leave it with the dead
I am not becoming sentimental for I know of no question of greater
moment or more intensely practical than how to build up homes such as I
have just referred to And we must certainly give to horticulture of
which this Society is the principal exponent in this State the honor of
being one of the leading factors that shall produce this desirable result
In the future horticulture is destined to feel the refiningthe conserv
ing and stimulating influence of woman
In this city of culture you already have a Ladies Garden Club the
members of which are laboring to bring about that time when all that is
useful and beautiful about our homes shall be set to music in full
accord with the designs of the bountiful Creator When such organiza
tions as your Garden Club shall exist in every town and when our
local horticultural societies shall have the active cooperation of the ladies
then indeed will the commonwealth of Georgia take her proper and legiti
mate rank as a State and as a producer of fair beautiful and luscious fruits
abundant not only for the use of the producer and the inhabitants of her
own cities but also for export to the markets of the north and west and
we believe ere long to those of Europe also
I would not weary you by expanding this subject further
As horticulturists of today we have a mission in shaping the future of
horticulture in our State Let us build upon a solid foundation basing
our practice upon science and intelligent observation As our ship of horGEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY
245
ticulture sails into the future may progress be inscribed upon the banner
that floats from her mast may she be piloted by truth may her cargo be
the products of skilled horticulture for all the world
May our home legacy be Eden homes fit monuments to keep in
remembrance our efforts to take care of nurture and beautify the great
vineyard
Col DeWolf The admirable paper we have just heard has sug
gested some points I should like to interject just hero
First in the matter of the markets Recently on a visit to Chi
cago I was forcibly impressed with the enterprise and cheek of
the California fruit growers They know how to market and use
their knowledge to advantage pushing their wares to the front
with an energy and judgment that commands success Their ex
hibit there is remarkable but Georgia has the ability to have
beaten it hands down I am sorry we are not officially represented
there Yet adverse legislation has not entirely prevented us from
being represented Major Glessners energy and forethought have
secured a partial exhibit of Georgia fruitsmainly peachesin the
Ohio section They have been seen and have attracted consider
able attention Georgia can produce the best fruit of any section
in the United States It is not only good to look at but of the finest
quality California fruit is well enough for show but when it
comes to consumption the public wants Georgia fruit They have
learned to discriminate already
Have you no Georgia peaches I want Georgia not California
fruit is a common expression heard any day in front of the Chi
cago fruit stands The people will have them if they can get
them
It is the same with apricots California apricots are poor and
tasteless yet they are shoved into the market and sell If we can
only proceed in a systematic way to place our actual resources prop
erly before the world and to induce the intelligence of the North
and West to purchase and develop our landsand settle our wastes
it will be a great step in the direction of progress and a movement
which it will pay well to encourage We have capable men to take
the matter in hand and they should turn their attention to it The
trouble is the great mass of the people are indifferent General and
universal education is a prominent factor in enlightening us in pro
gressive methods and should be so recognized Until this is done
real progress will be slow and painful Our common school cur
riculum is at fault If horticulture and agriculture could be taught
in our public schools even in a crude and elementary way it would
materially help There are several unnecessary studies or branches
for which they could be appropriately substituted The schools are
the places for primary work on this line and institutes could be af
terward grafted in with the aid of the horticultural societies Put
a little of nature and Gods world into the dry curriculum of the
schools But even if this is at present not practicable or feasible
let the work of educating the whole people go on with increased
facilities and the result will be as stated the eventual broadening of246
GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY
our mental horizon and the acquirement of wider and more pro
gressive views which must eventually have their legitimate effect in
stimulating us to successful effort
I
HASTENED ENERGYA NEW THEORY
BY DR J H W ATKINS PALMETTO GA
Mr President and Gentlemen of the Georgia State Horticultural Society
The following notes appeared in the Southern Farm under date of
August 1889
But if you will allow me I will announce to the horticultural world
the discovery of one of natures hitherto hidden laws which when perfectly
understood will greatly increase the number of fine fruits and besides by
reproduction give us our finest midsummer fruits to ripen among the
earliest Natures diversely resultant operations have a rational cause
Thus I reasoned in 1876 and set in operation a series of experiments based
as I thought upon rational premises to determine the cause of the earlier
nd later ripening of fruits These experiments have culminated
and it is gratifying to state that success has crowned my efforts
I once felt that the late Mr Rivers the great nurseryman of Sawbridge
worth Eng was in possession of the secret because he produced a suc
cession of fine peaches through the whole season almost entirely from
the same parent but as he made no announcement of the fact during his
life and as nothing of the kind has been brought to light upon the subject
since his death so far as known to me I conclude I wrongly conjectured
The notes that follow however incomplete and imperfect I
hope will set in motion a spirit of investigation which will ultimately re
sult in confirming somewhere within the bounds outlined the truth as
foreshadowed
May 17 1872This day I borrowed Downing on Fruits and Fruit
Trees of America and read Van Mons and Knights theories and pro
cesses of ameliorating fruits I had never before read anything upon the
subject though since 1870 I have been giving some thought to the subject
In some respects I have closely followed Van Mons without knowing it
The desire to effect changes in flavor and refinement in texture of fruits
was what moved me in this matter I thought that qualities might be im
parted by manipulating the seedthat in addition to certain desirable
qualitiescertain specific favors might be imparted I abandoned this
latter idea after absorbing their views
May 10 2977I believe that the seed of faulty and premature fruits may
induce earlier ripening of fruits in seedlings and the present year 1875 I
plant a number of faulty seed to test the matter I will say here in
parenthesis that from a lot of premature and faulty seed of Tillotson one
pit germinated which is now the Buena Louise named for a dear deceased
daughter and bore its first crop in 1882 and is the earliest peach known
to me From a very large Tillotson which was a very perfect specimen
and was delayed in ripening by the few specimens left on the tree which
was vigorous and healthy 1875 I have a large and fine fruit bear
ing its first crop also in 1882 and ripening July 15th after George IV I
will further say here that the only peach left to ripen from the severe hail
storm of May 1874 on a vigorous young Hale tree ripened into a very
large and perfect specimen July 7th seed planted July 28th germinated
in the spring of 1875 and bore its crop in 1877 ripening with its parent
but not so good
I also think that an early ripening fruit or any other as to
that by having its time of blooming delayed and then placed underGEOEGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY
247
circumstances to rapidly ripen its fruit may thereby impart an accelerated
impetus in the ripening of its seedlings Trees kept back in cellar to
April 5th 1876 and transplanted carefully bloomed late and bore sound
and perfect fruit Alexander ripening July 4th those in orchard ripen
ing June 19th but being an early sort seed never germinated This prin
ciple I still think could be verified
Let us move forward now on a different road to catch the effect of haste
in the development of the germ for the future life
April 191882Today I took off all but a half dozen specimens of a well
laden young and vigorous tree of Thurber which must gradually die from
demolition of bark around collar The ripening will be hasty and prema
ture if the tree can live to effect it and the object is to plant the seed for
something earlier This tree never lived to mature its fruit but I planted
the six peaches in the flesh the skin of which was green and shriveled to
the pit One of these germinated and bore its first fruit in 1889 It is a
beautiful large highly colored cling or seiniciing on a vigorous tree
and ripens with and after Rivers A tree by it same age from a prema
ture specimen of Thurber from a healthy tree ripens its fruit a day or so
later sometimes as much earlier and both are gone before Thurber their
parent standing in ten feet of them commences to swell So much for
the impetus and haste if any imparted to the coming life in the germ
From my notes and memory many other affirmative instances could be
added The most decidedly premature specimen I ever planted was from
Flewellen but to my regret it succumbed to a cold snap when full of
blooms and sap
But perhaps we have enough on this line We may need something
more to convince us that in the dying act there is a hasty energizing and
an ameliorating influence a softening impetus that is transmitted through
the germ to posterity in the vegetable kingdom and to eternity shall I
say in the animal kingdom
I will give you however one more proof of the effect of hastened en
ergy in the struggle for life in the vegetable kingdom I might say some
thing more here of the probable ripening impress of the dying act both in
the animal and vegetable kingdoms but the mind staggers over the field
Before alluding to the additional proof spoken of however I will try to
illustrate my meaning more fully by analogy as thereby I may throw
more light on one line of my thoughts Many ideas that we conceive the
mind conceiving can grasp but cannot clearly elucidate There is reason
for all natural processes Whether in disease or health all processes are
natural and however changed and variegated they are still natural be
cause they are presided over controlled or modified by those laws they
are never in full abeyance
The why and how we cannot always know Some simple things we
feel that we know We know for instance that the puncture of our flesh
by a spicula of wood steel or other foreign body is followed by pain a
commotion in the system The energies of the system are at once
aroused to remove the intruder that there is a rush of blood or sap if you
please to the seat of danger a congestion inflammation and a ripening
or dying of the tissues locally in order that the cause may be removed
This is natures method Hence the need of a surgeon to prevent local
death or perchance general death
Something analogous takes place in the vegetable economy Fruits are
punctured by insects and after a period of incubation an irritating worm
is prowling through its flesh The whole effort of the tree is to expel the
offender even at the expense of the life of its progenythe germ
A congestion takes place inflammation death The ripening of fruits is
only the prelude to the death of the flesh But in the case cited it is mor
bid hastened and the whole effort of the tree is concentrated for the re
moval of the member or members hurtful to the economy and at the same
time a most powerful and hasty effort is made because in my view it is a248
GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY
law of nature for the development of the germ There is a hastened im
pulse transmitted to the embryonic life and upon the death by ripening
of the flesh the germ lies dormant until the sun and showers of spring
awaken it to motion when it germinates and resumes in my opinion the
movement acquired from its parent and carries it through its life In this
way I think its ripening is made to anticipate its parent by a longer or
shorter period proportionate to the greater or less activity of the capillary
movement in the ripening of the flesh and the development to viability
of the germ
If the theory be true it opens up a wide field in horticulture and agri
culture It can be utilized and applied in many ways other than I have
mentioned
I will now go back and give you the proof of the effect of hastened en
ergy in disease I could give instances corroborating in agriculture but I
will give this alone because it seems to me important in fruit culture In
looking over my notes I find allusion to it twice in 1889 These I condense
as follows
Eleven specimens from a Madover peach limb ripening its fruits ten to
fifteen days before the balance of the tree or trees of that variety were
taken oftloth of June and the balance ten taken off 22d of June two
days before the last Alexanders were shipped soft 18th to 30th and
kept well one week and more These were all large fine and perfect
specimens Worked stocks from this limb to transmit the impulse
Seed were planted but never germinated
June 25 1892In 1889 a limb upona Madover or Keepwell peach tree
was noticed to ripen its fruit in advance of the Rivers The main crop of
this variety follows Rivers nicely Thinking this freak or sport might be
cut loose and transmitted I worked some trees from it Although one of
these young trees bloomed this year cold snaps prevented any fruit
The same freaky limb however bore and the first perfect peach was
soft on 14th of June and kept without a sign of decay to the 23d The first
Louise and Rivers not soft were shipped on the 16th of June so that
should this freak be fixed it will be thrown a full ripening before itself
and supersede Louise and Rivers because it will not only cover their en
tire ground and precede Louise a few days but is superior in size color
flavor and keeping
June 10 189SA small but vigorous young tree raised by budding
from a premature Madover limb in 1889 has just ripened its last fruit the
pickings having been on the first third and tenth instant I shipped the
first Buenas on the 30th of May and last Buenas and Alexanders on the 8th
of June the day of the first shipment of Louise and Rivers
To show with what I had to compare the premature Madover I append
the following list of extra early peaches which I have tested from twelve
to seventeen years Alexander Amsden Arkansas Traveller late Alpha
Ashby Early Buena Louise Bakers May keeps well Burns Briggss
May Bowers Early Browns Early one of the best and nearly as early as
Buena Cumberland Early Charlie King Early Canada Climax Callie
Scaff very good and has small specimens to liager Downing rots Ex
celsior large one of the very best but later than Alexander Gov Gar
land Hapes Early Hyness Nectar sound everywhere Honeywell rots
everywhere Kelleys Early Musser large Saunders Williams Early
Sharps 1 2 3 1 with Alexander 2 and 3 with Hales and 2 a fine fruit
Vandemans 1 2 3 4 5 3 is with Louise 5 early but rots 2 later 4
with or nearly with Buena Buena distinctly earliest in test from 1882
to 1892 and more distinctly in 1893
Now must we conclude from this instance that we may not only by re
production but in a shorter way have our finest midsummer fruits to
ripen among the earliest The road seems open and yet another road
may be opened and our further experiments will soon confirm or reject
what now appears almost a reality Many detached notes I have butGEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY
249
have not time to throw them together If premature Madover should be
fixed it will supersede all extra early peaches since while nearly as early
it is very much superior in size and quality
I regret to say however that in its new position it showed disposition
to rot from which it is more free in its natural place than any variety be
fore or after it with me When I first noticed this premature limb in 1889
I suspected disease and with a sharp knife slit the upright shoot to relieve
probable engorgement and save its life although at that time there was no
evidence of disease either in foilage or fruit Its precocity aroused suspicion
In 1890 circulation in the limb was feeble and some of its laterals fif
teen to twenty inches in length have since died It is still struggling on
but has a perished appearance compared with the balance of the tree and
did not set fruit this year though other portions of the tree bore freely I
have again depleted it pruned other parts of the tree and mulched against
the strain of dry weather in order that it might have a full chance to re
cuperate Should it recover and return to its proper state I will note it
The immunities of some portions of the laterals from the premature im
press is suggestive and interesting and though I have a drawing with
figures explanatory it will make this article too long to give it
I am conducting experiments from which I firmly believe I will get
more refined and earlier and later fruits than the parents although I am
using the trees and fruits of standard varieties I cannot now go into
details Again as to premature limbs and trees We isolate the impulse
forward and propagate it and though they may get later each year alter it
is only what happens to all fruits thrown from the natural time of the va
riety I think and though the effort may be forever towards that time they
never quite reach it Nevertheless this forcing forward may be kept up
indefinitely from diseased trees or dying trees rather for such as I use are
really not diseased but are simply cut off from the source of lifeperished
into death and are only seemingly diseased
Vail Mons was unquestionably correct in my opinion in his theory that
the gathering of fruit before ripe and allowing it to ripeu and mellow be
fore planting the seed had a refining and ameliorating effect upon the
progeny He however snapped the thread of life at once and perhaps the
influence was not so potent as in my method Death takes place slowly
in my method because the tree and fruit is not totally cut off from the
source of sustenance and while dying there is a desperate natural effort to
mature the fruit and perfect the germ This effort is not the same in every
case In one it is hurried in another it is tardy In either case it is refin
ing In one case it causes the progeny to anticipate the parent in ripening
In another it is perhaps retarding
From what has been said if the premises be correct it can be seen how
fruits may be caused to vary vary in time of ripening vary in quality
Other modifying causes there be but these are the most potent Every
variation from nature has an actual cause Let us search for that cause
Man is the great evolutionist He is Gods chosen instrument to evolu
tionize as well as to revolutionize the world Through him if ever it will
be restored to its pristine happiness purity and beauty Variations result
from the intermeddling of man Superadded to the effect of soil climate
and seasons are changed habits changed circumstances forced surround
ings Therefore much which we accept as accident or chance is varia
tion for which man the evolutionist is responsible for without cultivation
it would not be possible
In conclusion Mr President and gentlemen of the Society let me say
that I am glad to have had the opportunity at least to meet with you I
was one of the charter members of this body seventeen years agone If I
delay so long I will never meet with you again I feeblyaided this Society
on foot you have placed it on horseback But I have an interest in your
labors the State has an interest yea the world You are engaged in a
grand work Your field is unsurpassed250
GEOEGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY
Isolate Georgia today from the balance of the world and in every de
partment of labor and knowledge she would march proudly on
She would need no outside aid save the continued blessings of heaven
She is an empire of varied soil climate productions mines illimitable re
sources In population she is an empire of energy economy industry
selfreliance and original mentality and inventiveness Let us not speak
of our Godgiven opportunities boastingly but invoke the continued direc
tion of that Almighty finger in evolutionary as well as material devel
opment
NEXT PLAGE OF MEETING
Sec Miller I have here a telegraphic communication which
I wish to read
OUTHBERT GA August 1 1893
P J Berokmans President Georgia State Horticultural Society
Randolph County Fruit Growers Association send greetings Our dele
gates will not arrive disappointed in dates We cordially invite you to
meet next year at Cuthbert Our homes will be open for your enter
tainment J M Rawls President
Upon motion of Secretary Miller seconded by Dr Gary Cuth
bert was unanimously selected as the place for the next annual
meeting of the Society
DISPOSITION OF FRUIT SUPPLY
On motion it was decided that the fruit display should be placed
at the disposal of the Ladies Garden Club of Athens
RATES
The President reported the signal failure of all efforts to obtain
either free transportation or reduced rates for members of the con
vention The utmost that could be obtained after every argument
was exhausted and after a lengthy correspondence by mail and
wire was a concession by the Passenger Association through
Commissioner Slaughter of a rate of four cents a mile for the
round trip This concession however depended upon an attend
ance of one hundred and the Association refused to waive the
clause requiring this attendance for the reduced rate to take effect
It was finally agreed however that each visitor by rail attending
the session whether a regular member of the Society or not could
be counted as such but when this was done the number still fell
short of one hundred Mr Slaughter was advised by wire of this
but declined to make any further concessions and so the matter
stood
If said the President the members had come one hundred
strong we could have obtained the reduced rate offered as it is we
shall have to pay full fare both ways No arguments seem to prevail
with the railroads Notwithstanding the immense value of our
sessions to the transportation lines in stimulating and encouraging
fruit growing throughout this section and the necessarily important
influence they exert in increasing the business of the roads we are
strangely ignoredeven though the roads stand in their own lightGEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY
251
in doing so I trust next year things will be working more regu
larly and we can obtain what we wish If not the only thing todo
will be to go in such force to Cuthbert as to be able to take advan
tage of the regular rules governing reduced rates
CATALOGUE
The President announced that as so few members were present it
had been decided that the usual changes in the catalogue should be
effected by circular letters sent out to each member by the Execu
tive Committee and the desired changes incorporated in the pub
lished report
MISCELLANEOUS
Dr Newton lam requested by Miss Frierson the librarian of
the University to extend an invitation to all of the visitors to in
spect the University Library
Pres Berckmans I trust all of the members will avail themselves
of this kind invitation They will find the library interesting
Dr Newton I would like to state that the FarmersClub of
Clarke county are endeavoring to effect the selection of a man in
each county of the State to act as a sort of county commissioner of
agriculture who will keep posted on agricultural and horticultural
statistics in his county and make regular reports to both societies
Much good can be effected in this way and we are endeavoring to
induce the State to pay the ordinary of each county 5000 per an
num to act in this capacity We would like the cooperation of
the Horticultural Society
Mr B W Stone Coming from the center of pear culture in
this State I have been asked for a preventive against pear blight
1 know of none other than careful preparation and thorough culti
vation
Chancellor Boggs I have been struck with the beauty of the
pear exhibit here and would like to see not only a partial display
but a typical pear exhibit embracing the entire list of varieties
successfully cultivated in this section
Dr H H Cary offered the following resolutions
Be it resolved That the thanks of the Georgia State Horticultural So
ciety are hereby tendered to the Clarke County Agricultural Society and
to the mayor and city council and the citizens of Athens for the very ele
gant hospitalities extended to us during our stay in their beautiful culti
vated and classic city and that such spontaneous and liberal courtesies
will be long remembered
Besolved further That our thanks are tendered to the Southern Express
Company for its continued liberality in giving us free transportation for
our exhibits a courtesy which we fully appreciate
Aesolucd finally That our special thanks are tendered the Ladies Garden
Club of the city of Athens for their thoughtfulness and consideration in
making such complete arrangements for our accommodation and conve
nience as well as for the additional charm which their attendance has
lent our session
Unanimously passed by a rising vote252 GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY
After a brief but graceful valedictory by Pres Berckmans in
which he expressed the hope that he would meet not only those
present but all of the old members and many new ones next year
in Cuthbert the Eighteenth Annual Session of the Society was
pronounced closed P J BERCKMANS
1 President
G H Miller
SecretaryCATALOGUE OF FRUITS
PLAN OF CATALOGUE
To enable the Society to publish a full and reliable catalogue of fruits
which are successfully cultivated in Georgia and in view of the vast differ
ences which the climatic influence of the several sections of our State has
upon the same fruit cultivated upon the mountains or near the seacoast
it has been deemed advisable to divide the State into four distinct sections
1 The Upper or Mountain Region embracing that section of Georgia
between the 34th and 35th degrees of latitude N
2 The Middle Region between 32d and 34th degrees including the
southwestern portion of the 32d degree except the counties named for
Southern Region
3 The Southern Region comprising the counties of Baker Berrien
Brooks Charlton Clinch Colquitt Early Echols Lowndes Miller
Mitchell Pierce Thomas and Ware
4 The Lower or Coast Region comprising the counties of Chatham
Bryan Liberty Mclntosh Glynn and Camden
The explanations of the columns will be found under each class of fruits
The varieties named in the several lists are of recognized good quality
inferior or rejected varieties being omitted
Synonyms are given in a few instances only where it was deemed neces
sary these are placed under the adopted name in italics
One indicates that the varieties succeed well in the region named
at the head of the column Two indicate the varieties most highly
recommended No indicates no report or that the variety is not suf
ficiently tested A dash indicates that the variety is unsuited
APPLES
Explanation of Columns
Column 1Name of varieties
Column 2Season of maturity
Column 3The particular use for which it is best adapted
Columns 4 5 G and 7The regions for which the varieties are recom
mended
Column 8Remarks
Explanation of Abbreviations
Column 2SeasonsS summer A autumn W winter E early L
late E S early summer L W late winter etc
Column 3UseK designates varieties recommended only for the
kitchen or cooking purposes D for drying C for those specially intended
for cider M those most valued for market Varieties not marked may be
considered as table or dessert sorts254
GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY
APPLES
NAME
B
r

1 B 0
bn
a
X
3

cd
0
1 o
REMARKS
Astrachan bied
Ben Davis syn New York
Pippin
Buncombe syns Meigs Red
Winter Pearmain Red Fall
Pippin
Black Warrior
Carters Blue syn Lady Fitz
patrick
Carolina Greening syns Green
Crank Southern Greening
Green Cheese
Cannon Pear main
Carolina Watson
ullasaga
Chattahooehee
Disharojn
Early Harvest
Elgin Pippin
Equinetelee syne Bachelor
Buckingham etc
Etowah syn Coopers Red
Fall Pippin
Family
Farrars Summer syn Robin
sons Superb
Ferdinand
Grimes Golden Pippin
Gravenstein
Homony suns Summer neat
of Kentucky Sops of Wine
Hileys Eureka
Horse
Hocketts Sweet
Horn
Julian
Jewetts Best
Kansas Queen
Kittageskee
Kentucky Red Streak syn
Bradfords Best
Kinnard
Lanier
May Pippin
Mamma
Mangum
Mavericks Sweet
Mitchells Cider
Moultries syn Indian Winter
Mrs Bryan
Neverfails sun RawVs Janet
Nickajack syns Summcrour
Berry Wonderetc
ES
LW
W
LW
S
EW
W
A
ES
A
A
W
A
Yellow June
Nantahalee syn
Oconee Greening
Palmer or Pear Apple
Romanite
Red June syn Carolina Red
June
A
EW
ES
S
LW
S
LW
LW
S
S
s
LA
A
W
A
ES
A
W
W
s
LW
A
A
W
s
A
E
LW
ES




























k



m


Profitable early market very prolific
Second quality excellent keeper
bloom buds
Excellent In some soils liable to blight of
Excellent fine keeper prolific
Large sugary very fine splendid grower
Excellent
Second quality fine keeper
Very large prolific profitable market
Requires strong clay soil
Excellent and fine keeper
iood quality fine grower
Universal favorite
Large and very good
to borer
soil subject
prolific
Very good needs strong
Very good fine keeper
Large and very good
Excellent and profitable summer apple
Very good lasts from July to October
Large good quality
Very good in Mountain Region
Good in Middle and Vesiern portion of
State
Excellent prolific
Late keeper lasts two months
Superior for cooking and drying prolific
Prolific and good keeper
Good keeper open grower I fruit
Productive excellent for cider showy
Very large very good stout grower
Very showy
Very prolific small very good
Fine grower
Excellent for mountains
Showy fajl apple good quality region
Very early reliable in Middle or western
Very good fine tree
Excellent prolific subject to moth
Very good good keeper unreliable
Promising well late summer
Good and late keeper
Showy and excellent
Excellent in some sections of Middle Re
gion unreliable apt to drop before
attaining full size soils
Very good apt to rot at core in some
Excellent
Medium very good prolific gion
Good quality excellent in Mountain Re
j Early prolific very good bears very
t young profitable for marketGEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY
APPLESContinued
255
NAME
gig
REMARKS
Rhodes Orange
Simmons Red
Shock ley
Santa
Summer cheese
Summer Queen
Stevensons Winter
Striped June syn Early Red
Margaret of the South
Sweet Bough eyn Sweet Har
vest
Terry
Hargrove
Tine Stumps
Taunton
Webbs Winter
Whites Wmter Pearmain
Wallace Howard
Wme Sap
Yates
Yellow Transparent
Yopps Favorite
York Imperial
ES
S
LW
LW
s
S
LW
ES
A
LW
A
A
W
w
w
A
LW
LW
E
S
w
M
Excellent summer fruit
Matures fruit from June to October
Keliable in every section profitable
Very good late keeper even on coast
Large prolific excellent for cooking and
Giod market apple drying
Unsurpassed in quality bearing and keep
ing
Excellent fine grower and prolific
Very good early sweet Red
An excellent keeper resembles Pry ors
A showy and excellent new apple
Promising for Piedmont region
Large showy good quailty fine for mar
Good iket open grower
Good
Very showy and excellent
Quality very good
Very good
young desirable variety
Small very good prolific and bears
LEADING VARIETIES OF APPLES FOR MARKET ORCHARDS
SummerAstrachan Red June Early Harvest Family Striped June
Horse Julian Horaony
Autumn Buncombe Carters Blue Equinetelee Taunton
WinterBen Davis Chattahoochee Greeniner Etowab Hocketts Sweet
Mangum Nickajack Komanite Shockley Stevensons Winter Yates
Santa Black Warrior256
GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY
PEACHES
Explanation of Columns1st name of variety 2d classfreestone
or clingstone 3d color of flesh 4th season 5th use Remaining col
umns denote the region etc
AbbreviationsClassF freestone C clingstone NeshW white
Y yellow R red SeasonE early V E very early M medium L
late V L very late Very early ripens from end of May to June 20th
early from June 20th to July 5th medium from July 5th to August 10th
late from August 10th to October 1st very late from October 1st to No
vember 10th UseF for family use only M the most valuable for
market D the most desirable for drying Varieties not marked may be
considered good for home use
NAME
A





O
u
o

o
o O
0
r c Q
X f H pj3 c
r
r 0 4 x
3 T3 t 3
a Q X o O
REMARKS
Alexander syn Aras
den
Amelia syn Stroman
Carolina
Ausiin
Beatrice
Berenice
Bustians October
Baldwins Late
tChinese Cling
K E Lee
Church
Columbia syns In
rlian Pace etc
Crawfords Early
Crawfords Late
Darby
Deuiminns September
Duff Yellow
Early Tillotsou
Eatons Golden
Elberta
Family Favorite syn
Robinson
Fruitland
Flewellen
Fleitas St John syn
May Beauty
Fords
Foster
Globe
Grosse Mignonne
GreatEastern
Goodes October
General Taylor
Hales
Honey syn Chinese
Honey
Heath White eyn
White English
Indian Blood Cling
Josephine
LaGrange
Lady Ingold
Late Admirable
Lemon Cling syn
Pineapple
VE
E
VL
VE
L
V L
VL
E
E
L
M
E
M
VL
L
I
VE
I
M
M
L
E
VE
VE
VE
L
M
M
VL
VE
VE
E
L
11
L
L
E
M
M
F
m
MF
M
U
M
M
MD
M
m
m
M
D
M
M
M
FM
Si
F
Quality very good bright color very
profitable
Very large very good
Excellent October cling
Excellent below medium size fine color
requires rich soil and thinning
An excellent very late cling
Good late freestone
Excellent and large subject to rot
Earlier than its parent Chinese Cling
Very good September freestone
Excellent for all purprses
Very good and standard market variety
Variable rots in some seasons
An excellent October cling
Similar to Lemon cling ripens one month
Very large early second quality later
Very desirable
Superior cling for preserving
Very large and handsome
Good market variety
Good for its season
Good early cling of Indian type variety
Very good early excellent market vari
Large very e irly promising ety
Earlier than Early Crawford
Very large Follows Elberta
Good but too tender for market
Very large variable in quality
Very good late Indian cling
Very good early cling
Variable apt to rot in some localities
for Florida
Very sweet blooms very early suitable
Excellent for preserving and market
Xevy juicy and good
Very large and good follows Globe
Large pure white good
Excellent earlier than Early Crawford
Very good too tender for market
Superior clingGEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY
PEACHES Continued
257
NAME
CD HH
REMAKES
Louise Rivers
Mountain Rose
Muscogee
Mystery
Newington Cling
Osceola
Oldmixon Freestone
Oldmixon Clingstone
Feento
Picquets Late
IRivers
Stump the World
Susquehanna
Sqow
Scotts October
Thurber
TinsIeysOct Cling
Tuskena
F W
W
W
11
V
F Y
K W
n w
C w
F Y
F w
F w
F Y
F w
C Y
F W
1 w
C Y
VE
M
M
M
M
L
M
M
VE
L
VE
M
M
M
VL
M
VL
VE
M
M
MD
F
M
M
F
F
ivi
Very good ripens 1 week afcer Beatrice
Superior to Early York
Whitefleshed Columbia Good
Excellent quality Follows Crawford
Good freestone of Indian type
Excellent market variety
Excellent market variety
Adapted to Florida only
Best freestone of its season
Of best quality large size too tender for
market
Superior market variety
Very large superior to Late Crawford
Pure white good for preserving
Good late cling
Very large best quality
Good late cling
Lemon cling June
t Several improved seedlings of Chinese Cling have been introduced less
liable to decay than the original iTlie following new varieties originated
by Mr Rivers of England are all inferior in quality to the Mountain Rose
which ripens at the same season viz Early Alfred Early Albert Early
Silver Magdala Dr Hogg Prince of Wales
LEADING MARKET VARIETIES IN ORDER OF MATURITY
Alexander Beatrice Louise Hales Early Tillotson Pleitas St John
Tuskena General Taylor Mountain Rose Foster Early Crawford Gen
Lee Chinese Cling Oldmixon Free Susquehanna Elberta Stump the
World Columbia Lemon Cling Muscogee Indian Blood Cling Picquets
Church White Heath Cling Eatons Golden Baldwins Austin Darby
Bustians
LEADING VARIETIES FOR SHIPPING TO NORTHERN AND WESTERN MARKETS
Alexander Fleitas St John Tillotson Crawfords Early Crawfords
Late Elberta Stump the World Susquehanna
FOR FAMILY USE
Add to aboveEarly Rivers Hales Yellow St John Amelia Moun
tain Rose General Taylor Cling Duff Cling General Lee Stonewall Jack
son Chinese Cling Thurber Lemon Cling Columbia Oldmixon Cling
Picquets Osceola Baldwins Late Heath White Demmings September
Cling Eatons Golden Bustians October Austins Late Tinsleys Oc
tober258
GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY
NECTARINES
Explanations amd abbreviations same as Teaches
NAME jy 3 J3 8 E o O o s o CO 03 0 X ai A s o tc 0 tf 5 a o G O Si A 0 a i 3 To G t U jg j 3 O 3 g o To a HI cti o O REMARKS
F F C F F F C P F c c F Y K K K K E Y K K W R YK W M M E E E M M M M K M M M




Reports from every section state this fruit to be unreliable owing to attacks of the eurculio




Sianwick

APRICOTS
Explanations and abbreviations same as Peaches
Breda
Early Golden
Hemskirke
Large Early
Large Red
Moorpark
Orange
Peach
Kaisha
St Ambrose
Royal
Turkey
F Y
V Y
V K
V It
V K
V Y
V Y
V Y
F Y
V YH
F YK
V Y
Trees are liable to be killed by
spring frost Only desirablefor
city gardens or where protected
by surrounding buildings
POMEGRANATES
NAME G si o X 3 q 3 0 d c a oj X m z a G a S QJ X a u 1 0 A 5 3 REMARKS
The climate of Mountain Region is too cold to grow this plant Suitable for pot culture

GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY
259
NUTS
WALNUTS
English JuglaDS RegiaThe most suitable soils are calcareous sandy
sandy loam gravelly or stony naturally well drained stiff clays retentive
of humidity are unsuited
CommonThis is the typical variety from which are derived the follow
ing forms or subvarieties
ChaberteNut oval medium full kernel rich in oil blooms late and
therefore suited to localities liable to late spring frosts
Early Bearing ProeparturiensisNuts medium nearly round good
quality The tree is remarkably prolific and begins to yield fruit at from
four to five years from seed Half hard shell
FranquetteLarge oblong pointed full kernel half hard shell
MayctteNuts produced in Paris half hard shell full kernel excellent
quality
ParisienneLarge oblong half hard and rough shell kernel scarcely
filling the shell Very prolific and of good quality
St JohnNut medium hard shell good quality Blooms latest of all
and valuable where late springs prevail
Thin ShelledNuts large oblong very thin shell of excellent quality
and the standard dessert variety Keeps sweet a long time Its shell is
liable to be crushed when roughly handled
EarhereNut very long half hard shell full kernel
Ailantm LeavedFruit produced in pendulous clusters wholly of orna
mental value
Cut LeavedLeaves deeply lancinated Nut medium of good quality
Lonji leakedFruit with a long beak Of no special commercial value
Walnut JapanJuglans SeiboldiiNuts produced in clysters of six to
twelve of medium size pointed shell very bard kernel very sweet prolific
and bears fruit when trees are four to six years old
Walnut American BlackJuglans NigraFruit large very hard shell
kernel sweet Doubtless susceptible of producing improved varieties by
judicious selection Timber valuable for cabinet work
Walnut Ashy Grey or Butter Nut Juglans CinereaMountain districts
not large hard shell May be improved under cultivation The timber is
valuable for cabinet work
PECANS
Carya OlivasforminSucceed in almost any soil but best in rich allu
vial or river bottoms Hardy from Texas to Nebraska
Nuts vary in size and shape from the very hard shelled inch nuts to the
very thinned paper shell which sometimes attain two and a half inches in
length Forms reproduce themselves from seed with some variation the
average of selfreproduction being about fifty per cent
Louisiana and Texas Paper Shell command the highest market prices
In shape they vary from twoandahalf incheslongby three quarterstoone
inch in diameter to other shapes approaching to the more globular but the
distinctive characteristics are the more or less thin shell which is well
filled by a sweet and well flavored kernel Some forms of the paper shell
class are known under local names such as Turkey Kgg Mexican Stuart
Colorado Pride of the Coast etc
Hard SheU Pecans vary in size and shape of nut the larger forms being
two inches by three quarters and many are of excellent quality but as a
commercial commodity do not command the high prices of the former
CHESTNUTS

American Castanea Americana of I DonNuts of medium size usually
three in a burr the middle one flattened and sometimes imperfect thei60
GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY
outer one planoconvex flavor sweet succeeds in almost any soil not too
moist but thrives best in rich clayey or rocky soils in the upland districts
Several forms have been produced by careful selection of the largest nuts
The most conspicuous being Paragon and Numbo both producing nuts of
very large size and excellent flavor
Chincapin Castanea PumilaNuts small solitary in burr flavor sweet
A small tree or large shrub succeeding in much lower sections of the State
than the chestnut No improved forms are recorded
European Castanea VescaIn each country of Europe are found forms
which seem specially adapted thereto and known mainly under local
names The following may be classed as principal varieties and known as
commercial sorts
OrdinaryNut medium very productive usually propagated from seed
and the variety known as European or Spanish
ExaladcNut large and considered of the best quality tree rather dwarf
and productive
PourtalonneNut very large
Green of LimousinLarge and keeps sweet a long time
CombaleNut very large and tree very productive
NouzillardeVery large and requires a warm soil and section
Lyons Lite Lusignan d Agen etc are names given to the large nuts
usually found in commerce
Identical reproduction by seed is unreliable fifty per cent may be taken
as a fair average The best varieties are increased by grafting
JapanThis is a distinct type resembling the European more closely
than the American and contains many forms Nuts grown upon seedling
trees vary remarkably in size and quality some being scarcely as large as
the American sweet chestnut whereas others are larger than any of the
European sorts Hence the best forms can only be reliably propagated by
grafting The word Mammoth cannot always be appliedto seedlings be
cause of the great variation in size
The true Mammoth as produced upon grafted trees is of very large size
sometimes attaining one and three quarters by one and onehalf inches
Flavor sweet and superior to the European sorts Burrs often producing
four to five nuts and occasionally as many as seven Tree of very dwarf
growth and begins to bear fruit at two years from graft
ALMONDS
As a rule unsuited to the State of Georgia owing to blooms of fruit being
injured by spring frosts Occasionally successful in the Coast and Southern
Regions
Hard ShellThis section comprises several varieties with sweet and
bitter kernels The latter resist spring frost better than the sweet varieties
and often yield good crops of nuts which are however of little value for
culinary purposes Where successful the following subvarieties produce
sweet nuts Ordinary Large Green Half Hard Shell all sweet nuts
Matherone Molicre Pistache
Soft or Paper Shell Princesse Sultane HetcrophylleThis is the most
esteemed for using in a fresh state Peach Almond a variety with occa
sionally a fleshy hull in this resembling a peach Of little value as a
fruit
FILBERTS
Corylus Avellana
These are divided into two classes 1 Filberts or with long husks 2
Hazelnuts or with short husks These plants thrive best in light but rich
soilsnand not too dry Plants must be trained to single stems and very low
heads all suckers carefully removed The best varieties are Cosford Kent
ish Cob Lambert Purple filbert White filbertGEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY
261
PEAKS
Explanation of Columns1st name of variety 2d season 3d use
4th stock upon which the variety succeeds best remainder the region in
which the varieties are recommended
AbbreviationsSeason and Vse same as those for Apples Stock Q
quince S pear stock Where not marked the varieties thrive equally
upon quince or pear
NAME a o V a v m CJ I D o 0 73 d 0 j X a 3 0 p 0 0 be O ID p 6 Z To M c 5 o p c f m 0 1 REMARKS
S A A S w E S A S S s A E S S s s s K A s s s s A s E S S VE s s s s s w M M SI si ia M S1 si SI M SI M si si S s S s u s s s Q s s s s s s s s s Q s s tC fit CO Good everywhere but subject to blight


Apt to lose its foliage Very good Good


A late keeper Very early poor grower Very fine in Mountain region Excellent but rots at the core standard only Very good fine color matures rapidly



Daimio
Doyenne dEte Good very early but small
Duchesse dAngouleme Most profitable of all on quince
Oriental type good Very good Productive and valuable as a late pear
Howell
KietFer
Variable as to quality ard Valuable in South Georgia very good for Good for canning table and market
LeConte syn Chinese Pear Mikado
Mrae Von Sieoold
Vigorous grower good quality

Ott Small but excellent and productive Seedling of Doyenne dEle and better Excellent quality reliable bearer


St Michael Archangel
Slow bearer fruit best quality

Promising well Oriental type Best keeper

BEST VARIETIES FOB MARKET IN ORDER OF MATURITY
On QuinceBuerre Giffard St Michael Archangel Buerre Superfine
Howell Duchesse dAngouleme Seckel Buerre dAnjou
On StandardDoyenne dEte Clapps Favorite Bartlett Belle Lucra
tive LeConte Flemish Beauty Buerre Clairgeau Lawrence Kieffer
Buerre Easter and Winter Nelfis
Oriental TypeDaimio Mikado Garber Mme Von Siebold Very
productive and valuable for canning and evaporating262
iEORfHA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY
PLUMS
Explanation ok Columns1st name of variety 2d color id class
whether free or clingstone 4th season remainder region in which the
varieties are recommended
Abbreviations ColorR red Y yellow B blue G green P pur
ple SeasonAs for peaches ClassC clingstone K freestone
8
REMARKS
Type Americana or Peach
Leaved
Harpers
Kanawha
Miner
Type Ghickasaw
Cumberland
Hughes
Missouri
Xewmans
Pottawottamie
Robinson
Wild Goose
Supposed Cross
Detaradeuc
Type OrientalSec 1 Japan
ese
Botan yeliow fleshed syn
Abundance
Botan white fleshed
Botankio
Burbank
Ohabot
Hattankio
Kelsey
Masu
Ogon or ShiroSmomo
KaLsuma or Blood
Ura Beni
Sec 2Chinese
Simoni
Sec 3Persian
Pissardii or Persian Purple
Plum
Type European
Rradshaw
Coes Golden Drop
Columbia
Damson syn Black
Damson
Duanes Purple
Green Gage
Imperial Gage
Lombard
Mogul syii Morocco
Monroe
Moores Arctic
Orleans Smiths
Red Gage
Shippers Pride
Washington
Yellow Gage
R
R
R
Y
R
R
R
R
R
R
YR
R
R
VR
YR
V R
Y
Q I
R
Y
K
R
R
tree
Very late prolific must ripen upon the
Promising well
Prolific and of good quality
ood quality prolific buarer
Grows in clusters
Follows Wild Goose
Excellent quality showy and prolific
Sweet early and pr lific
Sugary very good
Resembles Yellow Fleshed Botan but later
A showy and good fruit middle of July
Early good quality long
Very large best quality prolific
Very showy but of second quality
Latge yellow earliest of all good quality
Large deep purple flesh blood red very
Red long early good
Excellent flavor but shy bearer
Very early second quality a good cooking
fruit foliage bright purple
The curculio prevents this class of plums
from being raised to any extent Where
special care is taken to destroy the in
sects the varieties marked are recom
mended
Good quality in mountains
Promising profuse bearerGEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY
263
NATIVE GRAPES
Explanation of Columns1st name 2d variety id season 4th
use remaining columns for regions etc
Abbreviations ColorW white B blue or black E red PB pale
blue SeasonE early maturing from beginning to end of July M me
dium maturing from end of July to August 15th L late maturing after
middle of August VL very late maturing after middle of September
UserM market T table W wine
NAME o o O a o w V 6 a be a W S a B o a o 0 o 5 a d c u o V V B 0 M O St o O REMARKS
Type Labruscp or Fox Grape R B R B PR PR W B B B W W R B B B PB B PB B W w w B w B PB E E M M E 31 T T W MW TW TM Ver3r good quality good bearer
Good lable grape Less liable to rot than formeily regain
ing its old standard Among our best varieties Best table variety reliable slow grower
Good quality good bearer and shipper

Hartford B M E VE M E M M M M L L M M M M VL L L E M WM M TM M M M TW W W W W W W TW W W W WTl TW Good early variety for market
Prolific and no rot
An early shipper
Very early Profitable as a white market grape
Good bearer no rot second qualitv
Type Estivalis Summer Grape Black July syn Deve Larger than Concord Excellent shv bearer while young1
Long sn Cngham Warren syn Herbe Rots in middle region excellent for wine Good but not productive Best for red wine Apt to rot excellent quality
Type Cordifolia Frost Grape Good for red wine
Type Riparia Riverside Grape Type Rot undifolia Muscadine R liable in the upper middle region Good for white wine For white wine The latest of the type
Most certain bearer good wine grape
Pulps dissolving
An excellent early variety
264 GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY
GRAPES Continued
NAME C o o o c o OD cd o CO 6 a 0 Tc a a 0 d 0 M o c Tr o g a Q 0 Tc c X GO 3 3 REMARKS
Hybrid Varieties R W GW W R B R W B W w w M E L M M M M M M M M M T T T T T T M T T T T T 1 Vigorous better grower than Delaware
First quality but liable to rot requires
Goethe syn Rogers NoA Lady Washington Lindley syn Rogers No 9 sacking Good late requires sacking Moderate grower Good
Merrimack syn Rog Suitable for amateur culture
Good
White showy v
Wilder syn Rogers Good Very showy
Best quality
Excellent quality
LEADING VARIETIES FOR SHIPPING IN ORDER OF MATURITY
Moores Diamond Moores Brighton Ives Delaware Niagara Concord
Perkins Diana
BEST VARIETIES FOR WINE
RedNortons Virginia Lenoir Clinton Concord Ives Thomas
White Missouri Riesling Catawba Delaware Elvira Warren Noah
ScuppernongGEORGIA STATE IIOKI KCIrURAE SOCIETY
265
STRAWBERRIES
Explanation of Columns1st name 2d sex 3d origin 4th use
5th season
AbbreviationsSexP pistillate all others are hermaphrodite Ori
ginF foreign A American UseF family M market SeasonE
early YE very early L late
NAME

0
So qj M a o 5b it
d
a u u Z o 9 u
03 Ji 0 s 0
II A A M
lJ
H A M E
P A M E
II A A 51
II TH
II A 51 VE
11 A M VE
11 A A M M
11 L
II A M EL
H A 1 M
H A F M
II A F 51
REMARKS
Belmont
Bubach
Charles Downing
Crescent
Galceron
Hoffman
Michel
Nunans
Prince of Berries
Sharpless
Wilsons Albany
Eureka
Haverland
Gandv
Large suitable for rich soils
Excellent
Good variable as to soils
Pistillate must be cultivated in alternate rows
with other varieties
Large second quality
Best early shipper
Very early and good quality
Worthless for Middle Kegion valuable for im
mediate coast
Excellent for amateur cultivation
Size large and quality good
Best every report favorable
i romising well
Productive and large
RASPBERRIES
NAME d 0 ij i 0 3 B o C be i a O ho M a h j X 0 ic aA 05 rt c J REMARKS
Clnss I Cap Varieties w Bet of the black caps
Schaffers Late productive good shipper
Class ILAmerican Red Varieties Cuthbert or Queen of
Good
A promising red variety Good yellow productive
Class IIIHybrid of Foreign and American Red

Promising wtll
266
GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY
BLACKBERRIES


Valuable as a very eirly berry
MULBERRIES

Hicks Inferior fruit very prolific recommended for poultry and Large very good immensely productive hogs


FIGS
Explanation of Columns1st name 2d size 3d color 4th season
remaining columns for regions etc
AbbreviationsSizeS small L large M medium ColorW
white or yellow G green B brown or reddish P purple or blue V
violet Season E early M middle season E and L early and late
0 p C
it P C
X tr O
o
a
3 r 0 33

1
o o O CO a c
w E
f K S I m 4 4
p M 0 fr
p M 3
V E S r
B H 4 L 4 W
B M 5
G ML zr
V M
W M
w L
W M
REMARKS
Angelique synt Early
Lemon
Bcunswick syns Ma
donna Con1
Black Genoa
Black Ischia
Celestial
rfJBrown Turkey
Brown Smyrna
Green Ischia siftg
White Ischia Qreen
Italian
Lemon
Violet Round
Nerii
Marseilles
M
M
S
u
M
M
M
M
Small good early
Very lare and desirable
rood
Small prolific and desirable
Best of all for middle region
Very good and prolific
Very good
Good
Good
Rather dry but prolificGEORGIA STATE HOKTK UlTTRAE SOCIETY
261
CHERRIES
Explanations and abbreviations same as figs except color R red A
amber DR dark red or nearly black Y yellow YR yellow red
CHERRIES
Belle de Ccioisy
Belle et Magnifique
Black Heart Werders
Black Tartarian
Black agle
Carnation
Coes Transparent
Earlya Richmond
May Duke
English Morello
Napoleon
Kockport
Heine Hortense
Governor Wood
Baurnans May
Yellow Spanish
Wragg
DR
K
DR
DR
DK
R
AY
R
R
R
R
AR
R
R
R
R
P
p


r p
r fi G
M
1 qj
1 0 X



n o
j
REMARKS
Very early
Cherries are uncertain in middle region
except in a few localities where good
crops are sometimes produced the Mo
rello class being most desirable Trees
should all be giown on Mahaleb stock
QUINCES
XAME p 0 u 1 a o p c u c t p o fcc P 5 O O REMARKS
Fine quality Succeeds best in Soulhwestern Georgia good for preserving


Large and good

Quinces need strong clay soil They are unproductive in gray land
JAPAN PERSIMMONS
Diospyros Kaht
It is almost impossible to give an accurate nomenclature owing to the
confusion which exists in the collections imported from Japan These col
lections seldom contain more than twelve varieties yet when the trees
bear fruit the same name is often found to apply to several distinct va
rieties or one variety has several names The best and most distinct varie
ties have been included in this list and with such synonyms added
thereto as have been ascertained after several years trial and while no
claim is laid to strict accuracy the aim has been to reach this as nearly as
possible268
GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY
All the varieties are hardy in the Middle and Coast Regions and occa
sionally in the Mountain Region
The fruit is usually of a bright orange red or vermilion the color being
more or less intense according to variety and begins to color when half
grown but should be allowed to hang upon the tree until just before frost
is expected or with the early ripening varieties until fully soft If gath
ered before a frost there is a slight astringency next to the skin but this
disappears after being kept in the house for a few days or weeks If allowed
to be slightly touched by frost the flavor is much improved but it will
then not keep many days It is therefore desirable to gather the fruit
before frost if intended for keeping and then some varieties will keep
until January or February The flesh is soft rich and sweet and with a
slight apricot flavor The fruit should be eaten with a spoon
Some varieties are apt to overbear and should have the fruit thinned so
soon as set in April
Trees are propagated mainly by grafting upon the collar of the roots and
upon the native species Seedlings vary in size shape and quality but as
the largest proportion are male plants and those which are fruitful are apt
to produce small and worthless fruit very little reliability can therefore be
placed upon seedlings so far as yielding edible fruit
Among or Yenion name of a Japanese ornamentRound flattened
deeply ribbed dark orange red and sometimes yellowish red two and a
half to three inches in diameter average weight six ounces and occa
sionally a specimen weighing sixteen ounces is produced Very sweet
flesh red and is edible while still solid but quality improves as it becomes
soft Maturity September to end of November Tree of moderate height
HachiyaBeehive in JapaneseSynonyms Costata Imperial Yomato
etc Oblong with a blunt apex slightly ribbed two and a half by three
inches average weight five ounces Flesh deep orange red astringent
while solid but sweet and very good when soft Should be house ripened
and can be kept until March Tree of vigorous and tall growth
Hlyakume weighsone hundred me a unit of Japanese weightThis
is perhaps the most desirable of all the round red fleshed varieties and as
the fruit affects various shapes it is known under many names such as
Pound Ihnenashi or Seedless etc The Agricultural Bureau of Tokio
gives the latter name to a variety with black mottled apex but we find
both round and elongated forms upon the same tree as also uniformly
orange and orange yellow colored specimens while many are heavily
tipped with black This variation of forms and colors has doubtless led to
its array of synonyms Fruit large average three inches in diameter and
five ounces in weight usually flattened but elongated forms are quite
common upon the same branch Flesh bright orange red Keeps very
late Must be soft before being edible Tree of moderate height apt to
be of dwarf growth
Toyama Oaki Name of localityMedium to large round but some
what narrower at the apex yellowish orange with dark black pencillings
at apex Flesh dark brown or greyish brown very sweet Can be eaten
when solid four to six ounces
hurokiime this may possibly be Qashiyohira or Palace Persimmon
Very large round somewhat flattened three to three and a half inches in
diameter average weight ten ounces and sometimes yields specimens of
sixteen ounces in weight keeps late Flesh red Tree erect grower
MiyotanSynonym Mazelli Round or slightly oblong two and a half
inches in diameter average weight five and a half ounces slightly ribbed
Skin deep orange red Flesh usually deep brown red but bright red or half
red and half brown fleshed specimens are often produced upon the same
tree the results of crossfertilization by other varieties Tree of medium or
dwarf growth exceedingly prolific Fruit keeps very late The brown
fleshed specimens are edible while solid and as early as October 1GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY
269
Okame Stout young girl in JapaneseSynonyms Oblong Hyakurne
Mikado etc medium to large two and a half by three and a half inches
oblong deep red nearly always seedless keeps late
Txurunoko Stork EggSynonym Minokaki Persimmon from
Mino a locality Large oblong pointed two and a half by three and a half
inches weight four to five ounces sometimes ten ounces Skin bright
red some specimens covered with black at apex Flesh red very good
Keeps late edible only when soft Foliage long and shiny tree compact
and vigorous grower This variety varies very much as to size at different
seasons
YedoJchi No 1 or best in Yedo latter being the old name of
TokioSynonym MaruGata round shape Medium round some
specimens slightly oblong flattened at base and narrowing at apex skin
dark red often with black mottlings near apex flesh mahogany brown
with darker spots brittle and is edible while solid as early as October 1
Very prolific and bears fruit in large clusters Tree an upright grower
Zenji or Zingi name of Japanese villageSmall one and threefourth
by two inches weight three to four ounces Flesh dark brown with
darker spots very sweet Edible as early as middle of September while
still solid and lasts throughout October
Bulletin No 26
Third Series
SEASON 489293
Commercial Fertilizers
CHEMICALS
Inspected Analyzed and Admitted for Sale in the State of Georgia
up to Jun 30 1893
UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF
Hon K T NESBITT
Commissioner or Agriculture
of the State of Geobgia
Dr GEORGE F PAYNE State Chemist
ATLANTA GA
GEO W HARRISON State Painter
Franklin Printing and Publishing House
1893VALUATIONS
For Available Phosphoric Acid Ammonia and Potash for season of 189293
Available phosphoric acid 4 cents a pound
Ammonia or its equivalent in nitrogen 13 cents a pound
Potash 4 cents a pound
Tf calculated by units
Available phosphoric acid 80 cents per unit
Ammonia or its equivalent in nitrogen 2 60 cents per unit
Potash 80 cents per unit
The relative commercial value which is given each fertilizer is calculated
from the above figures with an addition to each of 260 per ton to cover in
spection sacks mixing and handling
To calculate the commercial value of a ton of a given fertilizer bear in mind
that a ton weighs 2000 pounds and one per cent of this is twenty pounds
If a goods contain one per cent of available phosphoric acid this will be twenty
pounds of available phosphoric acid in a ton Twenty pounds of available
phosphoric acid at four cents a pound will be eighty cents for each per cent
contained in a ton or eight cents per unit as it is generally designated Am
monia being thirteen cents a pound each one per cent or twenty pounds in a
ton will be worth 260 As potash is the same value as available phosphoric
acid each per cent in a ton will be worth eighty cents
To illustrate this take a sample containing
Available phosphoric acid1010 multiply by 0808 08
Ammonia 260 multiply by 260 6 76
Potash 110 multiply by 80 88
Inspection sacks mixing and handling 2 60
Ttelative commercial value18 32
These valuations were obtained by the most careful investigation and fairly
represented the wholesale cash value on the first of January 1893 of fertilizers
in Georgia in those cities where the goods enter the State or where they are
manufactured A great majority of the number of manufacturers whose prices
were used as a basis for these valuations offered their goods at Savannah for
cash at figures which correspond with these values Any one buying at a dis
tance from Savannah should add the freight to that point to obtain its local
wholesale cash value This subtracted from the price charged for the goods
will give one a fair idea Of what is charged as profit Goods are sold very close
for cash but when sold on time dealers are compelled to charge full price to
cover interest cost of collection and bad debts
It is impossible to fix exact values for an entire season upon mercantile
goods subject to the fluctuations of the market hence these values while con
sidered fairly approximate are to be regarded rather as comparative and not
absolute 4 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
Georgia is the largest consumer of commercial fertilizers of any State in the
Union Thanks to our well devised fertilizer laws she also secures them at
lower prices than any other State Goods of identical composition and made
in one instance of which we are aware in the same factory are sold in the New
England States for 3000 per ton in Tennessee for 26 per ton and in Georgia
for S2200 per ton
P S Since the above values were fixed ammoniates advanced rapidly in price
until about the middle or latter portion of March when they reached their
highest point The best quality of blood selling at 340 per unit which is
equivalent to 2 7 cents a pound for ammonia Cotton seed meal reached 25
per ton Blood is now selling in Chicago in large lots at from 200 to 225
per unit and in this State cotton seed meal can now be bought at 21 per ton
From the analysis of any of the brands one can readily figure out its commer
cial value at any particular quotation of ammoniates by following directions
as given above
PAINES NONACID PHOSPHATE
Of late many circulars advertising Paines NonAcid Soft Phosphate have
been sent out over the State and dealers have been urged to uss it in the place
of acid phosphate in preparing fertilizers
A large number of letters having come to the Commissioner asking about
this nonacid phosphate the State chemist was requested to make an analysis
and report on the same
Atlanta Ga December 2 1892
Hon JR T Nesbitl Commissioner of Agriculture
Dear SirIn response to your request for my opinion upon Paines Non
Acid Phosphate I have made a careful analysis of the same and find it
to contain nearly two per cent of available phosphoric acid and a little over
twentyfive per cent of insoluble phosphoric acid The total phosphoric acid
amounts to about twentyseven per cent which is equivalent to fiftynine
per cent bone phosphate The exact figures are as follows
Moisture 116 per cent
Insoluble phosphoric acid2528 per cent
Reverted phosphoric acid 181 per cent whtch is available
phosphoric acid L81 per cent
Total phosphoric acid 2709 per cent
The NonAcid Phosphate is ground very fine over ninetyseven
per cent of it will go throvgh a sixtymesh sieve and about fiftyfive per
cent of it will pass through a fine bolting cloth The common commercial
name for finely ground phosphate rock untracted with acid is Floats
Unground phosphate rock furnishes but little food to plants but when ground
to a very fine powder its surface is enormously increased and the action of
the atmosphere and acids of the soil the effects of heat and cold sunshine
and rain are much accelerated Floats have been fully demonstrated to be
of some value as a fertilizer but in no way to approach the effects of acid phos
phates Paines NonAcid Phosphate contains a small percentage of
available phosphoric acid and on this account will be superior to ordinary
flpajts ANALYSES OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS1892
Average acid phosphates contain about thirteen per cent of available phos
phoric acid and from one to four per cent of insoluble phosphoric acid The
NonAcid Soft Phosphate does not contain quite two per cent of available
phosphoric acid and over twentyfive per cent of insoluble phosphoric acid
The Department of Agriculture recognizes available phosphoric acid as worth
four cents a pound and insoluble phosphoric acid as of no immediate value
The NonAcid Soft Phosphate could not be sold as an acid phosphate under
the laws of Georgia as ten percent of available phosphoric acid is required in
acid phosphates nor could fertilizer manufacturers use it to advantage in
making up goods in place of an acid phosphate as the valuations upon phos
phoric acid in amixed fertilizer are based upon the available phosphoric acid
In regard to the circular submitted some of the statements are misleading
to our farmers For instance the following Give the crop the first season
as much available phosphoric acid as the South Carolina acid phosphate and
without the injurious effects of the sulphuric acid According to the methods
adopted by the Association of Official Agricultural Chemists of the United
States which are acknowledged to be the very best in the country the average
South Carolina acid phosphate contains more than six times as much available
phosphoric acid and the injurious sulphuric acid referred to is changed into
sulphate of lime when phosphate rock which is phosphate of lime comes in
contact with the sulphuric acid It is not harmful in such combinations sul
phate of lime being frequently and advantageously used alone in the form of
gypsum or land plaster The acidity of acid phosphate is due to phosphoric
acid and the name acid phosphate is an abbreviation of the words acid phos
phate of lime When sulphuric acid is added to phosphate of lime the lime
is taken up by the sulphuric acid which it neutralizes forming sulphate of
lime and the phosphoric acid being freed from part of the lime gives its acid
oliiracter to the compound
Many acid phosphates contain no free sulphuric acid it having beeu fully
neutralized by the lime A few do contain a small quantity of free sulphuric
acid wThich when present is usually decomposed by the carbonates in the
soil
The circular also states that the NonAcid Soft Phosphate contains from
2 to 5 per cent of soluble phosphoric acid I found no soluble phosphoric
acid Soluble phosphoric acid is that phosphoric acid which can be dissolved
out of a fertilizer with water
The statement that over 20 per cent of the phosphoric acid in this phos
phate has been shown to become soluble in citrate of ammonia is misleading
as only not quite two per cent of it was found upon analysis to be soluble in
the solution of citrate of ammonia prescribed by the Association of Official
Agricultural Chemists to be used in determining reverted phosphoric acid
This NonAcid Soft Phosphate should prove more quickly available than
ordinary powdered phosphate as about onehalf per cent of it is in such a fine
powder that it will wash through the finest filtering paper and nearly two per
cent of it is in an available form It is not to be classed with acid phosphate
as it is distinctly a nonacid phosphate and contains no soluble phosphoric
acid which is the chief valuable feature of an acid phosphate It also contains
only about the usual amount of reverted phosphoric acid found in acid phos
phates Respectfully
George F Payne
State ChemistDEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
INFERIOR KEROSENE OILS
OPINION AND ANALYSES OF THE STATE CHEMIST
Atlanta Ga March 31 1893
Hon R T Nesbitt Commissioner of Agriculture of the State of Georgia
Dear SirOn account of the general complaint throughout the State of
the poor illuminating qualities of much of the kerosene oil now sold I have
at your request made analyses and other investigations of samples of oil
submitted by you
For comparison I lay before you the analyses of two different samples one
a much complained of kerosene from Monticello the other an excellent sam
ple of white kerosene bought in Atlanta These figures bring out clearly
the differences between a poor oil and a good one
The results were as follows
Analysis No 3378 Analysis No 330
Monticello
Atlanta
Sample
Sample
1 Color of oil
2 Specific gravity
3 Flash TestFirst flash with burning string held 4 inch
above oil with open tester
4 Flash TestFullflash with burning string flitted inch
above oil with open tester
5 Fire TestOil takes fire with open tester
6 Percentage of normal oil distilling between 347 and 527
7 Percentage of oil distilling above 527 F
8 Color of 1st 40 distilling over
9 Color of 2d 40 distilling over
10 Color of last 20t left in still
Yellow
795
106 F
118 F
122 F
540 f
460 i
White
Yellow
Very dark brow
White
785
127 F
129 F
135 F
944
56
White
White
Light brown
Flash Test c Gr Flash SP Gr Tept Sp Gr
11 Gravity and flash test of 1st 20j distilling over 12 Gravity and flash test of 2d 20 distilling over 78 F 118 F 188 F 257 F 302 F 750 775 805 822 835 105 F 119 F 136 F 165 F 230 F 767
13 Gravity and flash test of 3d 20 distilling over 14 Gravity and flash test of 4th 20S distilling over 780
15 Gravity and flash test of residue not distilled over Not tested
The samples were also tested for alkalies and acids as well as sulphur com
pounds these were not present to any noticeable extent
The Monticello oil was burned in a lamp several days side by side with
the Atlanta sample The light given by the Monticello oil gradually became
more and more smoky and less brilliant The Atlanta oil maintained the
high character of its light throughout the experiment
Petroleum although apparently quite a simple body is yet a very complex
compound It is composed of a number of different substances with differ
ent gravities and boiling points
The best kerosene oils for general illuminating purposes are those which
distill from petroleum between the temperatures of 347 F and 527 F OilsANALYSES OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS18923
distilling below 347 F are dangerous to use although they give a good light
Those distilling above 527 F are too heavy to burn well and partake of the
nature of lubricating oils
The sample of oil from Monticello is not a homogeneous oil while the
gravity is high indicating a heavy oil its flash test is low indicating a light
oil This sample is composed of a large quantity of heavy gravity oil light
ened up with a little very light gravity oil This is shown in the specific
gravities of the different distillates The indications of the flash test also
show the presence of this light gravity oil slight flashes showing at 108 F
The Atlanta oil shows its even character by every test while the Monticello
oil though of heavier gravity is of much lower flash test when the higher
gravity would ordinarily indicate the reverse
Fractional distillation and careful testing of the distillates reveal the true
character of such oils
Very heavy oils require much heat to burn them consequently very high
gravity oils while safest to use do not give in the ordinary lamp as brilliant
a light as those of lighter gravity but the lighter the gravity of an oil the more
easily it forms an explosive gas hence the adoption of the present Georgia
law requiring an oil to stand a test of 120 F One would not expect lard oil
nor cotton seed oil to give a good light in an ordinary kerosene lamp This
is on account of their high gravity The oils like the samples from Monticello
contain too much high gravity oil to give a good light While there is little
difference in the apparent gravity of the Monticello and Atlanta samples the
former being 795 and the latter 785 yet there is a marked difference when
the oils are separated by distillation The Monticello oil is heaviest to start
with yet the first 20 per cent is lighter than the first 20 per cent of the
Atlanta oil In the last 60 per cent the very high gravity of the Monticello
oil is most marked having been at first masked by the 20 per cent of very
light oil The specific gravity of a kerosene would be a valuable test if it
were not for the ease with which the gravity can be diminished with the
lighter petroleum products
Under the present laws I see no way in which you can prohibit the sale of
kerosene oils of poor illuminating powers if their fire test meets the require
ments of the code
Aware of your earnest desire to detect and drive from Georgia such miser
able goods I would suggest that at the next meeting of the legislature you
request that a law be enacted permitting you to forbid the sale of any kero
sene illuminating oils as of standard character which do not contain the
proper amount of oil distilling between 347 F and 527 F A good lamp oil
thould contain 85 per cent or over of such a distillate The Monticello
sample only contains 54 per cent while the Atlanta sample contains nearly
95 per cent I have devised a handy piece of apparatus which can be used
by the inspectors for such testing as that suggested
I have written several of the oil companies for prices of the oils distilling
at different temperatures to learn if possible the probable effect upon the
prices of kerosene oils in this State if the sale of such goods as these com
plained of were prohibited I did not succeed in getting the figures desired
Butlearned from some of the agents that they had a great deal less trouble in
those States that had no laws at all on the subject than they did in Georgia
Which no one doubts Very respectfully
GEORGE F PAYNE State Chemist8
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
P SThe sample sent you by the oil company as the same goods as those
shipped to Monticello was not the same as the sample secured by your in
spector at that point The companys sample being an excellent white oil of
785 gravity Said sample was probably a second shipment to Monticello
sent to mix with and improve the quality of the inferior oil G F P
Another sample of Kerosene claimed to be of inferior quality received for Analy
sis since the above report teas made
Kerosene OilFrom Madison Ga
Kerosene OilFrom Monticello Ga
Kerosene OilFrom Atlanta Ga
o
S3
o
o
347
3380
3378
White
Yellow
White
3 d i
o
to Gp So
oj t m l
o u a 3 CM
3
Q 03
S 3b C3
Cb M
1 5 WS
090 310
540 460
944 56
u
a
785
795
785
The two last samples are placed for comparison The last one being a
most excellent oil containing 944 per cent normal oil as shown above The
other two are much inferior to it containing only 69 and 54 per cent re
spectivelyANALYSES OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS1892
FREE SULPHURIC ACID IN ACID PHOSPHATES IS USUALLY
SMALL IN AMOUNT
Nine samples were selected at random from a number of the arid phos
phates sold in the State
This does not include the sulphates but only the free sulphuric acid The
free acid usually found in fertilizers is phosphoric acid the sulphuric acid
being taken up by the lime of the phosphate rock and the phosphoric acid
liberated from its insoluble condition
Sample Number
Percentage of Free Sulphuric Acid
Present
3165
3106
19
j09
IW 5one
i None
None
None
None
None
None
3168
3169
3170
3171
S172
317310
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
REPORT OF THE CHEMIST
Laboratory ok the State Chemist State Capitol
Atlanta Ga July 6 1893
Son It T Nisbitt Commissioner of Agricutire of the State of Georgia
Dear SirSince the passage of the new fertilizer law not pennittino the
sampling of fertilizers in bulk samples ave been slow in coming in at the
earlier portion of the season While the law is a splendid protection to the
larmer inspectors taking samples of the many brands upon the marker after
they have left the manufacturers hands thus obviating some possible oppor
tunities of deception yet the slowness with which samples come in at first
lenders the duties of the State Chemist especially arduous for while the sam
ples are constantly coming in at the earlier portion of the season keeping him
busy they come in such a way as not to enable him to utilize his time to the
best advantage When the samples do start to pour in it requires the most
energetic work possible to get through in what would seem a reasonable length
ot time
During the season I have encountered several samples of manufactured
goods which contained considerable amounts of calcium carbonate As sul
phuric acid would decompose such calcium carbonate when the former is used
in the manufacture of acid phosphate it is evident that calcium carbonate is
added as a dryer or possibly as a filler I have been informed that an article
consisting largely of calcium carbonate with some calcium phosphate has been
recently shipped from Europe into this State as Belgium Floats This article
is sold sacked at the remarkably low price of 400 per ton While low in
phosphoric acid it is rich in lime and whilst seeming cheap at the above price
it would appear from the analyses of these carbonated goods that its use can
not be very profitable to the manufacturers All the goods observed run verv
high in insoluble and in reverted phosphoricacid the soluble phosphoric
acid running low The analyses of the goods show their exact composition
and tells the farmer just how they stand Of course the farmer does not object
to getting from four to six per cent of insoluble phosphoric acid for nothing
as he does in such goods when they are sold on analysis
It is a subject for congratulation that the fertilizers sold throughout the
State during this season have been of such excellent character in spite of the
exceedingly high prices of ammoniates which have prevailed during a portion
of the year In the State of Connecticut whose bulletin for 1892 has been
recently received onefourth of the nitrogenous fertilizers analyzed this season
failed to reach their guarantees in one or two ingredients The laws of Geor
gia are too severe to tempt manufacturers to risk selling goods below their
guarantees in this State There seems to be an honest effort made by all to
reach their guarantees as it is a very unprofitable thing for them to do other
wise
Besides the analyses of the official samples of fertilizers taken by the in
spectors a number of acid phosphates taken at random have been examined
for free sulphuric acid Only two out of the lot contained any free sulphuric
acid at all and those in very small quantity This was done to set at rest the
statement so often made that the sulphuric acid of commercial fertilizers finally
ruined the landANALYSES OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS18923
11
Four kerosene oils were analyzed during the year to determine the cause of
their bad illuminating qualities A report upon them occurs in another por
tion of the bulletin An apparatus has been devised to enable inspectors to
detect thes oils in case the next legislature desires to enact any legislation
upon the subject
A good sample of phosphate rock has been received from Randolph county
and several excellent ones from Decatur county
The number of analyses made during the season were as follows
Acid phosphates 107
Acid phosphates with ammonia 15
Acid phosphates with potash 67
Acid phosphates with ammonia and potash complete fertilizers G25
Potash salts 22
Cot ton seed meals 72
Chemicds not otherwise enumerated 42
Fertilizers under the Ellington bill 4
Minerals 278
Waters 11
Marls 15
Native phosphates 47
Kerosene Oils 4
1300
Very respectfully
GEORGE F PAYNE
State Chemist12
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
ELLINGTON BILL
No 168
An act to regulate the sale of fertilizers in the State to fix a method for
determining the value of the same and for other purposes
Section I Be it enacted by the General Assembly of Georgia and it is
hereby enacted by authority of the same That from and after the passage
of this act it shall be lawful for any purchaser of fertilizer from any owner
thereof or agent of such owner to require of the person selling and at the
time of sale or delivery to take from each lot of each brand sold a sample
of its contents
Sec II Be it further enacted That said sample so taken shall be mixed
together and placed in a bottle jar or such other receptacle as the pur
chaser may present It shall then be the duty of such purchaser and seller
to deliver said package to the Ordinary of the county who shall label same
with the names of the parties and of the fertilizer
Sec III Be it further enacted That said Ordinary shall safely keep said
package allowing neither party access to the same save as hereinafter pro
vided The Ordinary shall receive a fee of ten 10 cents from the party
depositing such sample for each sample so deposited
Sec IV Be it further enacted That should said purchaser after having
used such fertilizer upon his crops have reason to believe from the yields
thereof that said fertilizer was totally or partially worthless he shall no
tify the seller and apply to the Ordinary to forward the said sample depos
ited with him or a sufficiency thereof to insure a fair analysis to the State
Chemist without stating the names of the parties the name of the fertili
zer or giving its guaranteed analysis the cost of sending being prepaid by
the purchaser
Sec V Be it further enacted That it shall be the duty of the State
Chemist to analyze and send a copy of the result to said Ordinary
Sec VI Be it further enacted That should said analysis show that said
fertilizer comes up to the guaranteed analysis upon which it is sold then
the statement so sent to the State Chemist shall be conclusive evidence
against a plea of partial or total failure of consideration But should said
analysis show that such fertilizer does not come up to the guaranteed analy
sis then the sale shall be illegal null and void and when suit is brought
upon any evidence of indebtedness given for such fertilizer the statement
of such Chemist so transmitted to the Ordinary shall be conclusive evi
dence of the facts whether such evidence of indebtedness is held by an
nnocent third party or not
Sec VII Beit further enacted That in lieu of the State Chemist should
the parties to the contract agree upon some other chemist to make said
analysis all the provisions of this act shall apply to his analysis and re
port to the Ordinary
Sec VIII Be it further enacted That should the seller refuse to take
said sample when so required by the purchaser then upon proof of this
fact the purchaser shall be entitled to his plea of failure of consideration
and to support the same by proof of the want of effect and benefit of saidANALYSES OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS18923
13
fertilizer upon his crop which proof shall be sufficient to authorize the
jury to sustain defendants plea within whole or in part whether said suit
is brought by an innocent holder or not
Sec IX Be it further enacted That all laws and parts of laws in conflict
with this act be and the same are hereby repealed
Approved December 27 1890
Special attention is called to
Sec 1Requhng seller to take the sample
Sec IIRequiring purchaser ani seller to deliver package to Ordinary
Sec IIIRequiriog Ordinary to keep package allowing neither party access to the same
Sec IVRequiting the forwarding of samples ajler seeing the yield of crop
Sec IVRequiring cost of sending being prepaid by purchaser
REMARKS ON THE ELLINGTON BILL
Unless the law is complied with and samples are taken in the presence
of purchaser and seller and kept in charge of the Ordinary the State Chem
ist will not make the analyses If the sample is not taken in the presence
of the seller and kept in charge by the Ordinary until sent to the Chem
ist a dishonest purchaser by taking his own sample during the absence of
the seller and mixing it with dirt could cause the ruin of an honest man
and vice versa a rascally dealer by adding rich ingredients or substituting
another sample could swindle an honest farmer
It is impossible under the law for the Chemist to have any knowledge
whatever of the names of the parties or of the names of the fertilizers or
of their guarantees This is eminently proper as it is equally so that
neither purchaser nor seller should have private access to the sample
The farmers desire protection against lowgrade goods and dishonest
dealers proper care and attention to this law will certainly secure it
The State Chemist earnestly requests the sealing with wax of all sam
ples in the presence of buyer and seller Although the law does not re
quire it it is advisable that it should be done A record should be kept by
the Ordinary of the names of the two parties the names of the brand and
the guarantee and the samples should be numbered as taken and a cor
responding number should be put upon the bottles When the sample is
sent to the Chemist everything should be scraped off the bottle but the
number or the sample should be placed in another bottle and numbered
to correspond with his record book to prevent samples getting mixed
The Ordinary should write the name of the county on the package when
shipping that the Chemist may know to what county the package be
longs It is impossible sometimes to identify samples which are sent to
this office by the sender failing to write on the package where it is from14
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
COTTON SEED MEAL
IT MUST BE INSPECTED UNDER THE CALVIN RILL
The Calvin Bill relating to the inspection and analyses of cotton seed
meal does not seem to be thoroughly understood by manufacturers and
dealers in that article
Under the bill all cotton seed meal must be inspected and analyzed be
fore it can without violating the law be sold or offered for sale to be used
as a fertilizer or for any other purpose
Rules and regulations governing these inspections have been prescribed
by the Commissioner and will be printed but in order that through mis
apprehension no sales in violation of the act may be made the CommU
sioner issues the following
CALVIN BILL
A bill to be entitled an act to require all cotton seed meal to be subjected
to analysis and inspection as a condition precedent to being offered for
sale and to forbid the sale in this State of such cotton seed meal if it be
shown by the official analysis that the same contains less than 7i per
centum of ammonia to prescribe a penalty for the violation of the pro
visions of this act and for other purposes
Section I Be it enacted by the General Assembly of Georgia and it is
hereby enacted by the authority of the same That from and after the
passage of this act it shall not be lawful for any person or persons to offer
for sale in this State any cotton seed meal until the same shall have been
duly analyzed by the State Chemist and inspected as now required by law
in the matter of all fertilizers and chemicals for manufacturing or com
posting purposes nor shall it be lawful to offer such cotton seed meal for
sale in this State if it be shown by the official analysis that the same con
tains less than 7i per centum of ammonia provided that the provisions
of this act as to the per centum mentioned in this section shall not apply
to meal manufactured from sea island cotton seed but the Commissioner
of Agriculture shall upon the passage of this act fix and make public a
minimum per centum which shall control as to the cotton seed meal
referred to in this proviso provided further that if any cotton seed meal
shall not analyze up to the required per centum of ammonia the same
may be offered for sale as secondclass meal provided the analysis be made
known to the purchaser and stamped on the sack
Sec II Be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid That there
shall be branded upon or attachedto each sack barrel or package of cotton
seed meal offered for sale in this State the true analysis as determined by
the State Chemist and the number of pounds net in such sack barrel or
package
Sec III Be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid That it shall
be the duty of the Commissioner of Agriculture to take all steps necessary
to make effective the provisions of sections 1 and 2 of this actANALYSES OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS18923 15
Section IV of the act makes the person orpersons violating the pro
visions of the act guilty of a misdemeanor and on conviction punished as
prescribed in section 4310 of the Code
Section V repeals conflicting laws
I desire to call the attention of all manufacturers of and dealers in cotton
seed meal to the above law which requires the inspection tagging and
analysis of all cotton seed meal whether sold for cattle food fertilizer pur
poses or other uses This law will be enforced and T most earnestly re
quest all manufacturers to promptly comply with its requirements And
in case of doubt as to the method to apply to the Department of Agricul
ture for the rules and regulations governing such inspections
R T NESBITT
Commissioner of Agriculture16
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
NEW LAW GOVERNING THE INSPECTION OF FERTILIZERS
AND FERTILIZER MATERIAL
On the 19th of October 1891 an act the full text of which is here given
was approved by the Governor In many respects it changes the method
of inspecting fertilizers and fertilizer materials and in these changes the
Commissioner trusts that all manufacturers and dealers or their agents
will willingly acquiesce as the department will require and will see that
the law and the regulations established by the Commissioner are carried
out The assent and cooperation of manufacturers and dealers or their
agents will obviously render their dealings with the department more
pleasant and at the same time will better enable the Commissioner to give
an efficient service and will aid him more readily to detect any spurious
article that is sought to be imposed upon the people of the State and in
protecting the farmers at the same time to protect the honest manufacturer
and dealer
AN ACT
To amend and consolidate the laws governing the inspection analysis and
sale of commercial fertilizers chemicals and cotton seed meai in the
State of Georgia and to repeal all other laws and parts of laws in con
flict therewith and for other purposes
Section I Be it enacted by the General Assembly of the State of Geor
gia That all manufacturers of or dealers in commercial fertilizers or
chemicals or cotton seed meal to be used in manufacturing the same who
may desire to sell or offer for sale in the State of Georgia such fertilizers
chemicals or cotton seed meal shall first file with the Commissioner of
Agriculture of the State of Georgia the name of each brand of fertilizers
or chemicals which he or they may desire to sell in said State either by
themselves or their agents together with the name of the manufacturer
the place where manufactured and also the guaranteed analysis thereof
and if the same fertilizer is sold under different names said fact shall be so
stated and the different brands that are identical shall be named
Sec II Be it further enacted That all fertilizers or chemicals for man
ufacturing the same and all cotton seed meal offered for sale or distribu
tion in this State shall have branded upon or attached to each bag barrel
or package the guaranteed analysis thereof showing the percentage of
valuable elements or ingredients such fertilizers or chemicals contain em
bracing the following determinations
Moisture at 212 deg Fahper Ceut
Insoluble phosphoric acid per Cent
Available phosphoric acidper cent
Ammonia actual and potentialper cent
Potash K20percent
The analysis so placed upon or attached to said fertilizer or chemical
shall be a guarantee by the munufacturer agent or person offering the
same for sale that it contains substantially the ingredients indicated
thereby in the percentages named therein and said guarantee shall beANALYSES OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS18923
17
binding on said manufacturer agent or dealer and may be pleaded in any
action or suit at law to show total or partial failure of consideration in the
contract for the sale of said fertilizer chemical or cotton seed meal
Sec III Be it further enacted That it shall be the duty of the Com
misioner of Agriculture to forbid the sale of either of the following Any
acid phosphate which contains less than ten per centum of available phos
phoric acid any acid phosphate with potash which contains a sum total of
less than tenpercentum of available phosphoric acid and potash when the
per cents of the two are added together any acid phosphate with ammonia
which contains a sum total of less than ten per centum of available phos
phoric acid and ammonia when the per cents of the two are added to
gether any acid phosphate with ammonia and potash which contains a
sum total of less than ten per centum of available phosphoric acid ammo
nia and potash when the per cents of the three are added together that
no brands shall be sold as ammoniated superphosphates unless said brands
contain 2 per cent or more of ammonia And also to forbid the sale of
all cotton seed meal which is shown by official analysis to contain less than
7 J per cent of ammonia Nothing in this act shall be construed to nullify
any of the requirements of an act entitled an act to require the inspec
tion and analysis of cotton seed meal
Sec IV Be it further enacted That all persons or firms who may de
sire or intend to sell fertilizers chemicals or cotton seed meal in this State
shall forward to the Commissioner of Agriculture a printed or plainly
written request for tags therefor stating the name of the brand the name
of the manufacturer the place where manufactured the number of tons
of each brand and the number of tags required and the person or persons
to whom the same is consigned the guaranteed analysis also the the num
ber of pounds contained in each bag barrel or package in which said fer
tilizer chemical or cotton seed meal is putup and shall at the time of
said request for tags forward directly to the Commissioner of Agriculture
the sum of ten cents per ton as an inspection fee whereupon it shall be
the duty of the Commissioner of Agriculture to issue tags to parties so ap
plying who shall attach a tag to each bag barrel or package thereof
which when so attached to said bag barrel or package shall be prima facie
evidence that the seller has complied with the requirements of this act
Any tags left in possession of the manufacturer or dealer at the end of the
season shall not be used for another season nor shall they be redeemable
by the Department of Agriculture
Sec V Be it further enacted That it shall not be lawful for any per
son firm or corporation either by themselves or their agents to sell or offer
forsale in this State any fertilizer chemicals or cotton seed meal without
first registering the same with the Commissioner of Agriculture as re
quired by this act and the fact that the purchaser waives the inspection
and analysis thereof shall be no protection to said party so selling or offer
ing the same for sale
Sec VI Be it further enacted That the Commissioner of Agriculture
shall appoint twelve inspectors of fertilizers or so many inspectors as in
said Commissioners judgment may be necessary who shall hold their of
fices for such terms as said Commissioner of Agriculture shall in his judg
ment think best for carrying out the provisions of this act The greatest
compensation that any one inspector of fertilizers shall receive shall be at
218 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
the rate of one hundred dollars per month and his actual expenses while
in the discharge of his duty as such inspector It shall be their duty to
inspect all fertilizers chemicals or cotton seed meal that may be found at
any point within the limits of this State and go to any point when so di
rected by the Commissioner of Agriculture and shall see that all fertiliz
ers chemicals or cotton seed meal are properly tagged
Sec VII Be it further enacted That each inspector of fertilizers shall
be provided with bottles in which to place samples of fertilizers chemicals
or cotton seed meal drawn by him and shall also be provided with leaden
tags numbered in duplicate from one upward and it shall be the duty of
each inspector of fertilizers to draw a sample of all fertilizers chemicals
and cotton seed meal that he may be requested to inspect or that he may
find uninspected and he shall fill two sample bottles with each brand and
place one leaden tag of same number in each sample bottle and shall
plainly write on a label on said bottles the number corresponding to the
number on said leaden tags in said bottles and shall also write on the la
bel on one of said bottles the name of the fertilizer chemical or cotton
seed meal inspected the name of the manufacturer the place where man
factured the place where inspected the date of inspection and the name
of the inspector and shall send or cause to be sent to the Commissioner
of Agriculture the samples so drawn by him annexed to a full report of
said inspection written on the form prescribed by said Commissioner of
Agriculture which report must be numbered to correspond with the
number on said sample bottles and number on the leaden tags placed
therein and it shall also be the duty of said inspectors of fertilizers to
keep a complete record of all inspections made by them on forms pre
scribed by said Commissioner of Agriculture Before entering upon the
discharge of their duties they shall take and subscribe before some officer
authorized to administer the game an oath faithfully to discharge all the
duties which may be required of them in pursuance of this act
Sec VIII Be it further enacted that the Commissioner of Agricul
ture shall have the authority to establish such rules and regulations in re
gard to the inspection analysis and sale of fertilizers chemicals and cotton
seed meal not inconsistent with the provisions of this act as in his judg
ment will best carry out the requirements thereof
Sec IX Be it further enacted That it shall be the duty of the Com
missioner of Agriculture to keep a correct account of all money received
from the inspection of fertilizers and to pay the same into the treasury
after paying out the said sum of expenses and salaries of inspectors and for
the tags and bottles used in making sucli inspections
Sec X Be it further enacted That all contracts for the sale of fer
tilizers or chemicals in the State of Georgia made in any other manner
than as required by this act shall be absolutely void provided that noth
ing in this act shall be construed to restrict or avoid sales of acid phos
phate kainit or other fertilizer material in bulk to each other by
importers manufacturers or manipulators who mix fertilizer material for
sale or as preventing the free and unrestricted shipment of these articles
in bulk to manufacturers or manipulators who mix fertilizer material for
sale
Sec XI Be it further enacted That any person selling or offering for
sale any fertilizers or chemicals without having first complied with theANALYSES OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS1892
19
provisions of this act shall be guilty of a misdemeanor and on conviction
thereof shall be punished as prescribed in section 4310 of the Code of
Georgia
Sec XIII Be it further enacted That all laws and parts of laws in
conflict with this act be and the same are hereby repealed
1 With the provisions of the above law the Commissioner requests that
all manufacturers and dealers in commercial fertilizers chemicals and
other fertilizer material immediately comply
While the law itself is sufficiently explicit to be thoroughly understood
to facilitate its operations the following form is prescribed
REQUEST FOR REGISTRATION
To E T Nesbitt Commissioner of Agriculture Atlanta Oa
You are hereby requested to register for sale and distribution in the State
of Georgiamanufactured by
at
THE FOLLOWING IS THE GUARANTEED ANALYSIS OF THE
BRAND
Moisture at 212 Fahper cent
Insoluble phosphoric acidper cent
Available phosphoric acidper cent
Ammonia actual and potentialper cent
Potash Kj Oper cent
The ammonia is in the form of
Theis put up inof
lbs each
It is identical with
In consideration of being allowed to sell and distribute the above brand
before the official analysis thereof is made agree and bind
to cancel all sales thereof and forfeit all
claims for purchase money therefor if after the official analysis is made
the Commissioner of Agriculture shall prohibit its sale in accordance with
law
2 Under section 4 relating to requests for tags in order that no delay
may occur in shipments the manufacturer or dealer need not notify the
Department at the time of the request for tags of the name of the pur
chaser or consignee but must notify the Commissioner in writing of every
sale or consignment on the day in which the same is made This notice
must distinctly state the brand of the fertilizer or the name of the
chemical or fertilizer material and the number of tons together with the
name of the purchaser or consignee and their place of residence It must
request inspection and contain an agreement to cancel all sales thereof in
the event the Commissioner shall prohibit its sale in accordance with law
The following form may be used substantial compliance with the above
rule being regarded as sufficient20
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
NOTICE OF SALES AND CONSIGNMENTS AND REQUEST FOB
INSPECTION
189
To JR 1 Nesbitt Commissioner of Agriculture Atlanta Qa
You are hereby notified thathave this day made the fol
lowing sales and consignments and request that the same be inspected



13
a a S D
o
pq S QP
o H o3 P ao
a O S D
a a a
3 o O g
In consideration of being allowed to sell and distribute the above before
the official analysis thereof is madeagree and bind
to cancel all sales thereof and forfeit all claims for
purchase money therefor if after the official analysis is made the Commis
sioner of Agriculture shall prohibit its sale in accordance with law
Manufacturers and dealers by this rule are not required to delay ship
ment in order that the inspection may be made but are required to see
that their goods are properly tagged the inspection being made while the
fertilizer or fertilizer material is in the hands of the purchaser or consignee
3 All orders for tags must be sent direct to this Department and the re
quest must be accompanied with the fees for inspection at the rate of ten
cents per ton for the fertilizer or fertilizer material on which they are to
be used
Manufacturers and dealers or their agents may request tags in such
quantities as they see fit but each request must state distinctly the brand
or brands on which they are to be used with the number of tons of the
brand or of each of said brands
It is not necessary that the fertilizer or fertilizer material be actually on
hand at the time the request is made but manufacturers or dealers can
order such a number of tags as they may need during the season bearing
in mind that no tags carried over will be redeemed by the Department
In the event that more tags are ordered for any brand thau it is ascer
tained can be used on the sales and consigument of that brand by proper
notice with the consent of the Commissioner the tags can be used on an
other brand put up in packages or sacks of the same weight and sold or
consigned the same season
4 If a fertilizer be offered for registration inspection or sale branded as
either of the following
Ammoniated Superphosphate
Ammoniated Dissolved Bone
1 Ammoniated G uano
Guano
FertilizerANALYSES OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS18923
21
or other words implying that the same is an ammoniated superphosphate
the guaranteed analysis must claim that it contains not less than two per
cent of ammonia actual or potential
5 That part of section 3 excepting from the operations of the act an
act to require the inspection and analysis of cotton seed meal leaves
the inspection of that article under the Calvin bill which requires that all
cotten seed meal for whatsoever purpose to be used be inspected It is
therefore necessary and is required that a request for inspection be sent to
the Commissioner and that the inspection be made in the hands of the
manufacturer dealer or their agent or if shipped in the State at some
convenient point before the meal is sold or distributed In all cases fees
will be sent direct to the Commissioner who will immediately order the
nearest inspector to make the inspectionTABLE No 1
Ammoniated Guano Containing Two per Cent and Upwards of Ammonia
NAME OF BRAND
Ashley Soluble Guano
Atlantic Soluble Guano
Atlantic Fertilizer
A G Cos Formala for Cotton and Corn
Alliance Aind Dissd Bone
Ammoniated Bone Cerealizer
Alliance Standard Guano
Alliance High Grade Guano
Anti Trust Guano
Ammoniated Dissd Bone
Acid Meal
Ammoniated Dissd Bono
Ammoniated Dissd Bout
Ammoniated Dissd Bone
Ammoniated Dissd Bone
Acme Guano
H 3
l a
H 49
F 121
N 21
M 19
E 101
E 103
D 187
F 135
F 136
A 10
I 71
D 4
11 171
B 138
a
3633
3602
3525
3010
3500
3506
3663
3661
3555
349
8519
3107
3636
3222
362o
3373
a
1313
027
1202
1128
1111
10 2
1221
1129
040
886
1046
1859
6
1315
1146
1130
Phosphoric Acid
6


3


q
171 385
183 003
142 801
83 7 IS
97 730
201 975
127 7S7
155
178
170
100
280
1 28
184
152
713
0 7
597
731
844
701
729
077
730
I
174
191
169
loo
110
170
209
296
315
259
116
i
183
226
108

821
1077
1058
8H7
S2S
II
957
922
968
912
998
000
10311
H12
903
240
220
264
220
290
200
220
25
250
282
1 18
240
57
235
201
2 S3
104
155
137
218
124
156
155
2S2
116
338
is
M
159
163
157
224
3 12
10 SO
18 17
19 02
17 16
18 5
IS 01
17 21
18 96
17 76
19 03
17 51
17 71
18 87
17 26
111 84
10 28
Guaranteed
Analysis
r
o
Sl
l
3 3
SO
00
J3

V
o
o
BY WHOM AND WHERE MANU
FACTURED
Ashley Phosphate Co Charleston S C
Atlantic Phosphate Co Charleston S C
Atlantic Phosphate Co Charleston S C
Augusta Guano Co Augusta Ga
I Comer Hull Co Savannah Ga
4 Comer Hull Co Rome Ga
I Co wet a Fertilizer Co Newman Ga
lVCoweta Fertilizer Co Newnan Ga
Cordele Guano Co Cordele Ga
The Ga Farmers Oil Fert Co
Madison Ga
The Ga Fanners Oil Fert Co
Madison l la
li K Legg Bro Maiietta Ga
M Mallette lakson a
Patapsco Guano Co Baltimore Md
1 Richland Guano Co Rlchland Ga
1 Southern Phosphate Works Maw la
b
W

w
H
K
H
O

W
o
a
H
a
w
I

W
o
wA P Brantleys Reliable Guano
Alliauce Standard
Ashepoo Fertilizer
Ashley Cotton and Corn Compound
Ashley Complete Fertilizer
Ashley Ammoniated Difsd Bone
Ashley Soluble Fish Guano
Ashley Small Grain Specific
Augusta High Grade Guano
Alliance High Grade Guano
Atlanta Ammd Superphosphate
Atlanta Ammoniated Superphosphate
Adairs Ammd Dissd Bone
Ammoniated Dissolved Bone
Aurora Ammoniated Phospho
Ammoniated Alkaline Phosphate
Ammoniated Dissolved Bone
Ammd Dissolved Bone Phosphate
Ammoniated Dissd Bone
Ammoniated Dissd Bone
Alliance Complete Guano
Ammoniated Dissd Bone
Arlines Ammoniated Bone
Alliance High Grade Guano
Americus GuanoD
P 55 3501 1113 296 573 328 901 210 11316 41 1 i 8
H 135 3676 721 183 632 257 889 213 180 16 69 1 8
E 31 3314 1183 247 768 57 825 260 162 17 21 3 8
J 3 3300 1256 420 546 316 862 200 123 15 68 2 8
D 11 3306 1190 471 342 460 802 213 122 15 53 7 8
H 19 3438 888 394 438 456 898 200 202 16 10 2 8
J 5 3302 1021 438 223 507 730 305 101 17 17 2 8
D 16 3366 1190 471 342 400 802 213 122 15 68 2 8
F 55 3374 950 372 675 231 906 252 164 17 71 9
L 1 3386 1050 130 695 281 979 235 242 18 47 t 8
I 23 3386 1050 130 695 281 7l 235 242 18 17 2 8
D 22 3385 887 241 731 48 982 222 27S 18 45 2 8
D 22 3385 887 241 731 2 IS 982 222 278 is 45 2 8
C 96 3417 1050 343 739 271 11 10 256 151 is 56 2 8
1 24 31S7 1521 115 688 326 10 14 226 232 is 41 2 9
E 20 3363 1021 2 15 762 123 885 230 247 17 63 1 s
3443 335 930 1050 155 187 841 817 226 221 1067 1068 201 200 102 106 17 25 17 19 1 1 8
C 82 8
E 20 3410 1073 212 031 269 893 265 192 18 17 1 8
H 12 3407 1358 251 698 306 1004 242 227 18 74 2 8
C 122 3362 1293 252 733 183 916 262 207 18 38 2 8
P 93 3144 119 03 745 127 87 242 147 17 04 2 8
IJ 23 3386 1050 13C 695 284 9 if 233 242 IS 47 o S
C 128 312f 1533 11 72C 211 92t 22 14 is 9 1 9
F 57 329 1721 24 93 7 100 22C 15 17 6 S
1 Wilcox Gibbs Guano CoSavaiiuahGa
1 Durham Fertilizer Co Durham N C
1 Ashepoo Phos Co Charleston S C
1 Ashley Phosphate Co Charleston S C
1 Ashley Phosphate Co Charleston S C
1 Ashley Phosphate Co Charleston S C
1 Ashley Phosphate Co Charleston S C
1 Ashley Phosphate Co Charleston S C
y2 Augusta Guano Co Augusta Ga
1 Atlanta Guauo Co Atlanta Ga
1 Atlanta Guano Co Atlanta Ga
1 Americus Guano Co Americus Ga
1 Americus Guano to Americus Ga
1 A I Adair McCarty Bros Atlanta Ga
2 Baldwin Fertilizer Co Savannah Ga
iy2 Cowrta Fertilizer Co Newaan Ga
1 Chesapeake Guano Co Baltimore Md
1 Chesapeake Guano Co Baltimore Md
1 Listers Ag Chem Works NewarkNJ
1 Stubbs Tison Savannah Ga
1 Stubbs Tison Savannah Ga
1 Southern Phosphate Wcrks Macon Ga
1 Atlanta Guano Co Atlanta Ga
14 Savannah Guano Co Savannah Ga
1 Marietta Guano Co Atlanta Ga

O
O
w
o
W
Ed
So
l
wTABLE No 1Continued
NAME OF BRAND
Alliance Standard
Americus Amrad Bone Superphosphate
Bradleys Ammoniated Dissolved Bone
Buffalo Bone Guano
Buffalo Bone Fertilizer
Burke County Fertilizer
Blood and Bone Guano
Bowkers Nassau Guano
Bowkers Cotton Fertilizer
Bowkers Crown Guano
Bradleys Patent Superphosphate
Blood and Bone Guano
Boss Guano
Boss Guano
Bei keley Soluble Guano
Berkeley Ammoniated Fertilizer
Bone lompotmd
C
c
c
f
F
II
I 32
C 24
C 26
0 n
E 31
I t
F
1 65
L 100
C 255
F 17
321
3203
3201
3188
3188
3263
3436
3305
3306
3305
3411
3136
3288
3444
3lls
361
327H
Phosphoric Acid
1352
1421
11 Ill
S73
873
IS 14
51S
1242
1318
1242
1422
1177
ill73
1195
1298
1070
III10
91
116
116
279
279
109
344
179
164
179
209
145
220
03
442
134
75
878
710
705
853
853
707
803
636
741
036
707
724
802
745
645
604
922
to 3
V
179
374
390
126
120
219
354
263
210
203
316
2 87
182
127
286
301
250
1057 261
1084 222
1095 225
979 253
979 253
926 285
1157 279
899 214
951 203
899 214
1023 250
1011 226
984 243
872 242
931 218
905 210
1172 211
229
131
148
159
159
131
165
173
154
173
130
100
143
147
180
172
3
S3
61
19 67
18 09
18 39
15 28
is 28
is 41
20 43
16 68
li
16 68
18 32
17 41
17 93
17 04
17 13
16 67
17 10
Guaranteed
Analysis
SI

a 2
35
ft
BY WHOM AND WHERE
MANUFACTURED
Savannah Guano Co Savannah Ga
Williams Clark Fert Co New York
VV J Pollard Agt Augusta Ua
Bradley Fert Co Boston Mass
W J Pollard Agt Augusta Ga
Furman Farm Imp Co Atlanta Ga
Furman Farm Imp Co Atlanta Ga
Waynesboro Oil Fert Co
Waynesboro Ga
Albany Fert Farm Imp CoAlbanyGa
Bowker Fertilizer Co Savannah Ga
Bowker Fertilizer Co Savannah Ga
Bowker Fertilizer Co Savannah Ga
Bradley Fertilizer Co Boston Mass
David Brown Albany Ga
Imperial Guano Co Charleston S C
Southern Phosphate Works Macon Ga
Berkeley Phosphate Co ChailestonS C
Berkeley Phosphate Co CharlestonS
Baldwin Fertilizer Co Savannah Ga

H
W
i
H
O

o
w
M
a
a
f
H
n
w
H
I
Q
M
O
HiBowkers Vegetable Grower0 321
B D Sea Fowl GuanoF 124
Boyds Animal Bone Guano
Brannaus Choice Animal Bone Guano E 121
Brannans Select Cotton Seed Meal Guano E 126
Butts County GuanoL u
Brighams Ammoniated Dissolved Bone II 21
Blankinships Ammoniated Dissolved Bone
Blood and Bone Fertilize
Blood Bone and Fish Guano
Beef Blood and Eone Fertilizer
Blood and Bone Guano
Crescent Bone Fertilizer
Cherokee Ammoniated Bcne
Climax Guano
Covveta High Grade Guano
Cotton Maker
Cumberland Fertilizer
Cranstons Ammd Dissd Bone
Coweta Animal Bone Fertilizer
B 21
D 188
F l22
N 93
C 87
D 12
p 73
E 21
C 82
C 44
H 4
E 91
Cherokee Soluble GuanoE
Cotton FertilizerjJ i
Cairo Guano
Carolina Fertilizer
Cumberland Bone Superphosphate
I 99
C
3682 1270 2 16 8 SI 20 1088 360 170 i23 02
3515 1276 152 702 418 1120 295 134 20 34
3370 1011 168 788 191 982 207 300 1969
3666 973 19 780 222 1011 220 217 18 47
3687 887 150 828 218 10 10 225 27 19 01
3685 946 91 734 288 1022 263 191 18 33
3490 1129 101 800 147 1013 204 180 19 00
3672 1081 349 072 288 900 240 1 15 17 68
3433 1600 114 652 218 871 2 10 150 17 03
fMl 1552 111 548 207 815 202 117 1 30
3511 979 85 073 210 881 237 131 16 87
3094 1410 225 472 332 814 2 12 214 10 25
3310 1308 193 719 157 870 228 263 17 04
3312 1391 156 733 150 833 225 211 17 20
3312 1391 156 733 150 883 225 211 17 20
3370 1011 168 788 194 982 267 300 19 79
335 1050 187 847 221 1068 200 106 17 19
3324 1303 187 750 207 963 201 153 16 72
3339 1193 435 675 167 842 256 170 1735
3370 1011 168 788 194 982 267 300 19 79
3454 958 35j 55 288 847 207 147 1595
3301 1251 207 681 34J 102 215 211 1813
3391 1221 29J 72S 20 921 2 BE 201 1824
341 1425 20 70 3K 1023 25 130 1832
320 138 13 69 37 106 218 136 17 84
Bowker Fertilizer Co Savannah Ga
Bradley Fertilizer Co Boston Mass
Coweta Fertilizer Co Newnan Ga
Coweta Fertilizer Co Newnan Ga
Coweta Fertilizer Co Newnan Ga
J R Carmichial Jackson Ga
Georgia Chemical Works Augusta Ga
W G Bankinship Atlanta Ga
Head Fertilizer Co New York
Read Fertilizer Co New York
S W Travers Co Richmond Va
Dalton Guano and Mfg Co Dalton Ga
Comer Hull Co Savannah Ga
Commercial Guano Co Savannah Ga
Commercial Guano Co Savannah Ga
Coweta Fertilizer Co Newnan Ga
Chesapeake Guano Co Baltimore Md
Charles Ellis Savannah Ga
Edisto Phosphate Co Charleston S C
Coweta Fertilizer Co Newnan Ga
Greenville Fertilizer Co Greenville S C
Nevassa Guano Co Wilmington N C
Rasin Fertilizer Co Baltimore Md
if
X
El
X
O
O
Si
w
Q

K
w
CO
1 Bradley Fertilizer Co Boston Mass
1 Cumberland BonePhos Co PortlandMe
VV J Pollard Agt Augusta GaTABLE No 1Continued
NAME 01 BRAND
Cotton Seed Meal Mixture
Comer Hull Cos Pure Animal Bone Vegeta
ble Fertilizer
Carolina Fertilizer
Coneys Home Made Manure
Chatham Guano
Crockers Southern Amd Bone Superphophat
Chicora Soluble Guano
Chicora High Grade Fertiizer
Chicora Ammoniated Dissolved Bone
Chesapeake Guano
Charlotte Ammoniated Fertilizer
Cranstons Compound for Cotton and Corn
Cotton Plant Guano
Chattahoochee Guano
Cooper Johnsons Amd Diss Bone
Clarks Soluble Guano
Complete Fertilizer
H 102
38
F Lit
B 221
C 91
J 122
C 206
1 101
C 206
J 26
H 180
II 1
L 114
E 88
F 126
F 127
N 58

3646
3683
3515
S552
3360
mio
3617
3652
361
8443
3656
3641
3655
3496
3517
3631
958
It 7
1276
1071
1364
1446
1286
10
1236
980
1112
1320
013
lilO
1363
1527
1143
Pfwsplioric Acid
253
11
152
141
90
137
224
255
224
158
07
2S5
Ml
112
118
181
577
484
702
737
826
024
833
824
S33
841
7S2
487
839
8 SO
43
784
8 on
M I
81
Si
229 806 243
582
418
31
133
273
190
153
190
220
259
368
261
121
1 76
321
207
1001
1120
1054
959
897
1023
07
1023
1007
1141
855
1100
1001
9 1
1005
1070
010
295
251
205
200
200
254
206
204
209
216
221
205
267
206
200
176
479
139
160
147
206
152
174
152
102
191
125
221
1 55
184
154
217
31 00
20 34
18 81
10 77
16 62
17 35
18 41
17 35
17 25
19 45
10 05
18 90
17 17
17 96
17 22
18 30
Qtiaranteed
Analysis
BY WHOM AND WHERE MANU
FACTURED
I Georgia Chemical Works Augusta la
5 Comer Hull Co Savannah Ga
1 Bradley Fertilizer Co Boston Mass
1 S W Coney Coney Ga
1 Commercial Guano Co Savannah la
I Crocker Fert Chem Co Buffalo N Y
1 Chicora Fertilizer Co Charleston S C
1 Chicora Fertilizer Co Charleston S C
Chicora Fertilizer Co Charleston S C
1 Chesa peake Guano o Baltimore Md
li Charlotte Oil Fert Co Charlotte N C
1 Edisto Phosphate Co Charleston S
2 Houston Guano Works Fort Valley Ga
1 laGrn11se Mi 1 Is 1 aGiange Ga
1 Royal Fertilizer Co Charleston S
1 Southern Phosphate Co Atlanta Ga
I1 Schloze Bros Chattanooga Tcnn
X
2

w
c
cl

H
cj
W
K
I

C
to
7Capitol Cotton Fertilizer
Crown Guano
Cigar Leaf Tobacco No 1
Cigar Leaf Tobacco No 2
Cotton Seed Compound
Dabneys Choice Guano
Dissolved Bone Ammonia and Potash
Durham Bull Ammoniated
Dabneys Choice Guano
Dalton Ammoniated Dissolved Bone
Dissolved Bone Ammonia and Potash
D R Creechs C jmplete Fertilizer
Davy Crockett Guano
Diamond Cotton Food
Doubly Anchor Soluble Guano
Dixie Guano
Double Ammoniated Truck Farmers Special
Eagle Ammoniated Diss Bone
Edisto Soluble Guano
Etiwan Ammd Superphosphate
Etiwan Guano
Edistfl Ammd Dissd Bone
EllisHigh Grade Ammd Dtssd Bone
Elberta Fertilizer
Excellent Georgia Standard Guano
H 30
C 277
C 321
C 322
F 33
3637
3620
3680
3681
3258
3612
F 160
V 114
N 23
SI 61
I 61
F 148
C ID
C 71
F IS
C 113
H 122
C 57
E 53
E
I 57
B 20
r
P 55
3606
3189
368
3491
3641
3604
3242
3385
3891
34 is
3653
3232
3440
32 ill
3282
3840
3598
3504
1250
925
1052
950
476
930
817
993
804
1130
1008
14 SI
1198
135
1060
1221
127
1120
151s
635
815
15 IS
1001
1400
1113
77 650
293 842
640
622
239 824

138
301
267
660
611
549
573 231
222
277
52
36
303
266
292
251
87
1119
69
658
1127
926
903
800
5771 807
251
244
425
383
238
261
213
201
226
173
1103
919
151
168
128
260
18 10
19 27
28 01
25 19
19 01
17 61
16 3
16 30
67
207
78
125
91
241
293
17
105
206
101
453
206
264
113
2111
1026
601
650
688
878
794
722
739
775
109
129
112
609
640
723
573
177
300
260
253
179
210
202
11
116
257
671
ll
257
350
61
220 1501 15 97
1203
901
910
941
1057
1004
921
SSI1
971
866
800
S30
866
990
784
91 I
220
216
200
200
261
226
255
793
227
200
200
251
20
331
300
161
165
136
113
229
146
201
I U
118
132
103
130
133
240
634
19 25
16 74
16 16
16 23
19 67 1
n
17 67
15 24
33 85
17 11
16 11
15 02
17 04
It n
15 44
21 18
16 II
9
VA
9
S
8
8
9
s
8
8
8
s
8
S
1
5
4
2
iy2

2
2
IK
2
2 IS W Travers Co Richmond Va
IVj W E Treadwell Co Atlanta Ga
in
8
I
1
1
VA
l
VA
i
i
l
l
i
1
4
1
1
Wilcox GibbsGuno Co SavannahGa
Wilcox GibbsGuno Co SavannahGa
Elbert County Fert Co Elberton Ga
Atlanta Miano Co Atlanta Ga
A P Branlley Co Blackshear Ga
Durham Fertilizer Co Durham N C
J H Dabney Atlanta Ga
Dalton Guano Mfg Co Dalton Ga
T J Lowe Mableton Ga
Savannah Guano Co Savannah Ga
Jas M Smith Smithonia Ga
Savannah Guano Co Savannah Ga
Imperial Fertilizer Co Charleston S C
Kasin Fertilizer Co Baltimore Md
Wilcox Gibbs Guano Co Savannah Ga
V Canwile Augusta Ga
Edisto Phosphate Co Charleston S 0
Etiwan Phosphate Co Charleston S C
Etiwan Phosphate Co Charleston S C
Edisto Phosphate Co Charleston SC
Grovania Oil and Fert Co Grovania Ga
Southern Phosphate Works MaconGa
Wilcox Gibba Guano CoSavannahGa

5c
O
O
g
2
w
S3
Q
h1

f1
w
H
M
Sd
x
ITABLE No I Continued
NAME OF BRAND
Eagle Ammd Dissd Bonec 7
Eutaw Fertilizer D i
Eddystone Soluble Guano F 17
Eddystone Soluble Guano J n
FlephautGuano I 28
Eagle Ammoniated Bone SuperphosphateH 7
Edisto Ammoniated FertilizerF 11
Ells Production Bone SuperphosphateC 119
Ellis Soluble Pacific GuanoC 51
Excelsior Guano F 4j
Empire Guanoij S5
Eddystone Soluble GuanoH 33
Excelsior High Grade Fertilizer D 43
ExcelsiorQ j
Furman High Grade Guano
Furman High Grade Fertilizer
F 18
F 16
Farmer Favorite0 132
3282
3365
3386
3225
3S88
3432
3389
3111
3329
s9o
3391
3187
3314
3242
3189
8189
3432
S
1518
1178
1050
1276
1016
1419
1193
1268
1415
1216
1221
1182
1183
1352
827
827
1419
Phosphoric Acid

a
Guaranteed
Analysis
206
228
130
178
255
92
135
230
160
114
293
202
247
91
310
3 10
92
609
7 SO
695
7
823
748
675
523
795
771
722
858
7
878
797
797
718
257
219
284
286
291
3
1
364
2 12
238
202
162
57
179
125
125
36
866
919
979
918
1114
1113
842
887
977
1009
924
1020
825
1057
972
972
11 IS
200
252
235
227
251
254
256
230
201
226
255
231
260
261
275
275
251
I
131 SIC 11
164 17 97
2421 18 4
131 17 53
103 18 83
174
170
153
139
204
201
163
162
229
175
175
174
19 49
17 35
16 eo
16 73
19 18
18 24
IS 17
17 21
19 67
18 72
18 72
19 III
a 2

2
r o

BY WHOM AND WHERE MANU
FACTURED
m i
Edisto Phosphate Co Charleston S C
Ashepoo Phosphate Jo Charleston S C
Atlanta Guano Co Atlanta Ga
mericus Guano Co Americus Ga
Albany Fert Farm Imp Co AlbanyGa
Bradley Fertilizer Co Boston Mass
Edisto Phosphate Wks Charleston S C
Charles Ellis Savannah Ga
Charles Ellis Savannah Ga
Excelsior Mfg Co Washington Ga
Rasin Fertilizer Co Baltimore Md
Walton Guano Co Social Circle Ga
Ashepoo Phosphate Co Charleston S C
Savannah Guano Co Savannah Ga
Furman Farm Imp Co Atlanta Ga
Furman Farm Imp Co Atlanta Ga
Bradley Fertilizer Co Boston Mass
W

W
13
g
W
S3
H
O

o
w
II
a
d
H

W
M
I
Q
W
O
w
oForest City Ammoniated Dissolved Bone
Farmers Standard Guano
F W Wagner Cos Excelsior Truck Fertz
Farmers Friend Fertilizer
FarmersAmmd Dissd Bone
Farmers Pride Guano
Farmers Alliance Guano
Garrett Zellars Ammoniated Diss Bone
Gossypium Phospho
Georgia State Standard Ammd Superphophate
Georgia Fertilizer
GemGuano
Gouldings Bone Compound
Georgia Formula
Giant Guano
GouldiDgsSt Gearge
Gilead Phosphate
Gem Fertilizer
Gem of Athens Fertilizer
Georgia State Grange Fertilizer
Georgia Major
Georgia Formula
Geo C Selmans Guano
Gem Ammd Dissd Bone for Warren Axon
High Grade Ammd Superphosphate
r
e
A
C
N
E
F
E
F
C
P
E
D
J
H
D
F
47 3311 1353 206 8 431 898 220 25017 50 8
57 3442 550 40 791 28l 1072 257 205 19 39 2 8
11 3686 850 73 913 128J 1041 627 572 31 80 8
79 3358 1396 151 682 185 867 250 131 17 00 2 8
21 3500 1414 97 738 190 928 290 121 18 55 1 8
97 365 1127 467 528 283 811 208 138 15 59 1 8
73 3564 1131 151 755 233 988 220 204 17 83 2 S
58 3446 84S 404 838 149 9S7 251 107 17 87 1 9
13 3392 1215 139 921 1 Oil 1030 320 157 20 41 1 8
8S 3311 13 2OS 855 43 898 220 250 17 50 1 8
69 3277 1295 243 748 89 837 214 251 16 86 1 8
91 3443 930 155 841 2ill 1067 204 102 17 25 3 8
18 3368 1331 77 6S2 218 900 261 130 17 62 1 9
37 3145 1095 137 841 136 977 247 162 18 13 1 8
Ha 3391 1221 293 722 202 924 255 201 18 24 2 9
18 3368 1331 77 682 218 900 261 130 17 62 1 9
3152 1093 238 298 752 1050 344 208 21 60 2 9
111 351S 1124 311 614 201 815 200 227 16 13 2 8
125 3511 1007 116 817 284 1101 25 100 18 7C 4 8
37 3387 1521 145 08 32i 1014 226 2 33 18 44 2 9
13 336f 904 148 585 302 88 284 157 18 3f 1 8
1 350 1241 2K 77 20 971 215 181 17 3 1 8
13 352 1301 1 Ii 6 If 43 105 205 127 17 2 1 8
30 362 113 18 82 19 ior 22f 10 17 3 2
5 l 348 93 131 I7 26 9 39 2 6 18 18 40 2 9
3
Comer Hull i Co Savannah Ga
Middle Georgia Oil and Fertilizer Co
Hogansville Ga
F W Wjgner Co Charleston S C
Read Fertilizer Co New York
Comer Hull Co Savannah Ga
Edisto Phosphate Co Charleston S
Southern Phosphate Co Atlanta Ga
Geo W Scott Mfg Co Atlanta Ga
Geo W Scott Mfg Co Atlanta Ga
Comer Hull Co Savannah ia
Comer Hull fc Co Savannah Ga
Chesapeake Guano Co Baltimore Md
Goulding Fertilizer Co Pensacola Fla
Georgia Chemical Works Augusta Ga
Rasin Fertilizer Co Baltimore Md
Goulding Pertilizer Co Dublin Ireland
and Pensacola Fla
Cincinnati Desiccating Co Cincinnati O
Acme Mfg Co Wilmington N C
Athens Oil and Fert Co Athens Ga
Baldwin Fert Co Savannah Ga
Co operative Mfg Co Forsyth Ga
Georgia Chemical Works Augusta Ga
Monroe Guano Co Monroe Ga
Chesapeake Guano Co Baltimore MI
Carter V Woofolk Albany Ga

on
H
GO
O
a
o
s

Q

TJ
W
ts
K
W
GOTABLE No 1 Continued
NAME OF BRAND
m
Hogansville Guano
Home Compound
Humbers Compound
Home Compound
Hunter Pearce Battys Amu Dissd Bone
Hunts Favorite
Homo Mixture
Houstons High tirade Melon Grower
Houstons Pride
Henry County Ammd Fertilizer
Harwells State Standard
High Grade Ammd Guano
Humbers Compound
Hardees Cotton Boll
High Grade Formula
Harvest Queen
Imperial Ammd Fertilizer
E 5
C 181
U I
D 68
C 159
L 70
D 106
7 217
a
L 41
F 56
I 44
B 17
C 41
F 80
E 20
C 207
a
Phosphoric Acid

u
E73
O w
M
Guaranteed
Analysis
82
3 2
3 b
la
s1
5
BY WHOM AND WHERE MANU
FACTURED
112
3850
3434
3836
3614
3632
3617
3871
3546
8628
3290
3313
3134
3323
3151
3110
3818
550
817
581
1625
1705
1108
II
652
llli
1250
1038
0113
681
1470
992
1073
1321
Hi
301
75
10
8
156
9
93
162
178
393
217
75
189
87
701
li II
5 12
654
706
711
661
9 13
803
737
843
050
542
766
696
242 031
17ll 745
281
202
12
2 21
207
171
189
2 15
119
211
166
210
812
141
247
262
266
1072 2
908 213
854 866
sTs 220
912 201
017 222
850 216
1158 285
952 206
948
IIIIlll
860
851
000
042
893
1011 24
285
220
2 10
366
208
270
266
205
128
184
281
131
202
236
332
180
215
122
204
184
263
2HI
192
123
819 39
16 38
20 12
17 59
10 OS
IS III
10 90
20 63
17 0
19 51
17 36
17 1
211 42
17 42
18 76
18 17
Is 111
IX
2 11
IX 1
2 1
2 1
2 i4
IX

1
2
1
1

1
2 2
2 2
2 I
2 I
Middle Georgia Oil and Fert Co
Hogansville Ga
TheA 1 Brantley Co Blackshear Ga
Blanehard Humber Co Columbus Ga
Cairo Fertilizer Co Cairo la
Comer Hull Co Rome Ga
Ooweta Fert Co Newnan Ga
Columbus Fert Co Girard Ala
Houstons Guano Works Fort Valley Ga
Houstons Guano Works Fort Valley Ga
A T Henderson Hampton Ga
Qeo W Scott Mfg Co Atlanta Ga
David Brown Albany Ga
BlanehardHumber Co Columbus Ga
Comer Hull Co Savannah Ga
Gairdner Arnold Co Elberton Ga
Listers Agricultural and Chemical Wks
Newark N J
Imperial Fertilizer Co Charleston S C
ft
ft
i
ft
H
ft
2
H
O
ft

o
w
II
o
ft
ft
ft
w
ft
I
c
ft
o
wtrwins Compound
Imperial Guano
Imperial Guano
Imperial Soluble Guano
Imperial Guano
John Lanes Kolb Gem Guano
John M Greens Formula
J H Jones Cos Standard
John M Greens Formula
Jumbo Guano
John M Greens Formula
Jonahs Gourd Guano
Jewells High Grade Guano
Jackson High Grade Guano
J A Garrisons Ammd Dissd Bone
J P Williams Cos Stand Bone Superphos
J J Sparks Bone Soil Food
J S Wood Bros Amd Dissd Bone
J C Quillian Bros Cotton Guano
Kennesaw High Grade
Koton GuanoM 1
Kramers Ammd Dissd BoneB 108
Kennesaw High Grade GuanoM 49
KiugGuanop 2S
L 123
F 145
D 21
11 17
J 17
C 39
D 7
F 81
4
D 127
H 31
C 29
H 19
L 30
O 35
C 3
H 149
C 81
F 103
F 39
s
3386
3334
3317
3383
3277
3225
3309
3386
3315
3187
3247
343a
3493
3603
3310
3678
3407
3510
3273
3491
3665
3405
3391
S3I
1050
733
1092
919
1295
1276
1101
1050
1042
1182
1045
888
1056
1394
1368
1132
1358
1110
1320
6 on
1058
1402
1221
184 161
130 695
343 214
206 835
248 724
243 748
178 762
67
130
223
202
239
394
209
224
193
107
251
110
2
226
130
462
29
773
695
787
858
931
4a
741
707
719
828
6
7
608
545
876
638
722
710
284
708
170
2 16
89
236
160
284
196
162
175
456
264
200
15
138
306
211
342
323
337
301
202
871
979
922
1005
970
837
998
933
979
983
1020
1106
898
1005
907
876
9116
1004
979
950
868
1213
942
924
307
235
215
2
222
214
227
231
235
260
231
220
200
245
211
228
202
252
20
260
6
242
119
119
188
251
131
221
242
428
163
217
202
187
219
263
315
207
245
180
18 M
18 47
ik
17 61
16 86
17 53
17 81
18 47
IS 21
18 07
3571 182
218
265
255
190
168
201
1890
16 40
18 50
17 08
17 64
18 00
18 64
47 48
18 40
21 28
19 49
Is 32
18 24 2
I C Irwin Concord Ga
Atlanta Guano Co Atlanta Ga
Americus Guano Co Americus Ga
Imperial Fertilizer Co Charleston S C
Walton Guano Co Social Circle Ga
Comer Hull Co Savannah Ga
Americus Guano Co Americus Ga
J H Jones Co Elberton Ga
Atlanta Guano Co Atlanta Ga
Albany Fertilizer and F Imp Co
Albany Ga
Walton Guano Co Social Circle Ga
Mitchell County Fert Co Camilla Ga
Ashley Phosphate Co Charleston S C
Almand Moon Jackson Ga
2 Baldwin Fertilizer Co Savannah Ga
2 Comer Hull Co Savannah Ga
2 G Ober Sons Co Baltimore Md
1 Rasin Fertilizer Co Baltimore Md
2 Jas G Tindey Co Richmond Va
1 Kennesaw Guano Co Atlanta Ga
1 Georgia Cotton Oil Co Rome Ga
1 Coweta Fertilizer Co Newnan Ga
1 Kennesaw Guano Co Atlanta Ga
Rasin Fertilizer Oo Baltimore Md

i
so
H
CO
O
Q
O
K
g
to
Q

EO
H
N
M
W
GOTABLE No 1Continued
NAME OF BRAND
Phosphoric Acid
X
a
o tf
05
Guaranteed
Analysis
BY WHOM AND WHERE MANU
FACTURED
L Dissd Bone Ammonia and Potash
L C Dissd Bone Ammonia and Potash
L W I X L Ammd Bone Superphosphate
Legg Bro s Cotton Grower
Lockwood Cotton Grower
Lee Brand Guano
Lorentz Rittler Ammd Guano
Listers Success
Listers Vegetable Compound
Lanes Our Own
Latirners Cotton Fertiliser
Latimers Cotton Fertilizer
Mastodon Ammd Soluble Phosphate
Middle Georgia High Grade Guano
Mann ings High Grade Guano
Matchless Cotton Grower
Monarch Soluble Guano
10
F 75
F 93
A
14
E 103
C lie
L 138
T 148
3
K 114
0 46
H 30
E 77
M I
B 24
M IT
3129
3449
3464
3808
3261
3510
3528
3662
3599
8310
3512
3674
3629
3616
3509
3433
3496
1140
1102
1190
1078
1128
1140
1012
1070
1013
1363
930
7
11 12
950
1200
1500
1363
329
266
270
233
249
110
106
118
74
193
151
11
2 II
78
136
114
113
734
722
711
879
834
768
120
861
562
711
5n
500
755
849
733
CS2
7 13
22
2 hi
202
217
125
211
212
111
161
157
822
352
211
123
211
218
176
95
012
07
I12H
950
070
s 32
0 72
721
876
825
siil
966
072
982
874
010

2ri
2 2
220
217
205
200
200
844
22s
256
250
280
355
272
240
217
15S
15
181
118
112
2 I
261
194
427
213
20S
216
165
179
208
1 TO
I 1
818 1 2 9
18 15 2 8
Is SI 2 8
IS 17 1 0
16 71 Mi 8
17 48 2 8
Hi 71 2 8
17 12 2 9
33 12 2 7
17 01 2 8
17 51 2 s
17 23 2 8
18 92 1 s
21 OS 2 8
10 10 2 8
17 03 2 8
17 9fi IX 8
23 i
1 LeibigMfg Co or Langsum Wood
son Atlanta ia
1 Langston Woodson Atlanta Ga
1 Langston A Woodson Atlanta Ga
1 Geo W Scott Mfg Co Atlanta Ga
1 Clarence Angier Atlanta Ga
2 Jas G Tinsley Co Richmond Va
1 Lorentz Rittler Baltimore Md
V2 Listers Agricultural Chemical Works
Newark N J
7 Listers Agricultural Chemical Works
Newark N J
2 Comer Hull V Co Savannah la
2 Acme Mfg Co Wilmington N C
2 Acme Mfg Co Wilmington N C
Georgia Chemical Works Augusta Ga
Middle Georgia nil and Fertilizer Co
Hogansville Ga
V 1 Manning Powder Springs Ga
Read Uertilizer Co New York N Y
Royal Fertilizer Co Charleston S C
W
d

w
H
W
X
H
O

w
Q
e
F
H
n
w
E
I

C
W
Magnolia Fertilizer
Marietta High Grade Guano
Monroe Guano
Hells Cotton Grower
Manatee Guano
Monarch Guano
Mastodon Amind Sjlublc Phosphate
McWhorters High Grade Guano
Newnan High Grade Guano
Newton County High Grade
Ocmulgee Guano
Obers Sol Ammd Superphosphate of Lime
Owl Brand Guano
Old Reliable
Oglethorpe Ammd Dissd Bone
Orient Complete Manure
Our Own
Ohio Valley Phosphate
Orange Growers Own Guano
Old Dominion Guano
Our Special
Obers Special Ammoniated Dissolved Bone
Obers A A Special Preparation
Obers Farmers Standard Ammd Superphos
Obers Ammd Dissolved Bone Fhosphate
78 3601 1370 152 736 89 825 246
57 3291 1720 242 930 79 1009 220
20 3204 1124 104 848 167 1015 236
17 3383 919 248 724 246 970 222
62 3444 1195 03 745 127 872 242
22 3373 1139 237 739 108 847 283
3437 10 12 120 872 185 1057 240
158 3605 1439 116 179 239 918 200
7i 3638 913 105 920 114 1034 221
94 3455 958 127 788 265 1053 264
in 3444 1195 03 745 127 872 242
99 3428 1197 111 862 155 1017 249
74 3448 1370 202 714 221 935 233
14 3364 1100 183 794 123 917 200
17 3311 1353 206 853 13 898 220
83 3452 839 151 825 305 1130 200
16 3235 1518 93 874 183 1051 273
1 3153 738 451 237 605 842 271
257 3597 1165 05 875 to 915 363
73 3561 1434 151 755 233 9S8 220
in 3513 972 230 448 216 661 486
12 3493 1270 150 834 106 940 223
99 3428 1197 111 862 155 1017 249
26 3507 1228 99 654 171 825 220
12 3493 1270 150 834 106 940 223
iiii J20 75 8 2K 10
159 17 66 2 8 2 1
175 18 25 1 8 2 1
188 17 61 1 8 2 1
147 17 04 2 8 1
312 19 28 2 8 2 1
161 18 58 1 8 2 1
104 16 00 2 8 2 1
109 1748 2 8 2 1
179 19 32 1 8 2 1
147 17 04 2 8 2 1
142 18 38 2 8 2 1
133 17 20 2 8X 2 IX
68 15 68 o 8 2 110
250 17 50 2 8 2 2
125 17 84 2 8 2 1
236 20 04 1 8 2 1
239 18 48 2 8 2 2
1001 27 36 1 8 4 10
201 17 85 2 8 2 2
1022 28 72 1 7 4 5
180 17 35 1 s 2 IX
143 18 38 2y2 8 2 l4
158 16 18 Wz 8 2 IX
181 17 35 m 8 2 IX
Walker Stratman Co Tittsburg la
Marietta Guano Co Atlanta Ga
Monroe Guano Co Monroe Ga
Walton Guano Co Social Circle Ga
Southern Phosphate Works Macon Ga
Southern Phosphate Works Macon Ga
Georgia Chemical Works Augusta Ga
W P McWhorter Smithonia Ga
Robt McBride Newnan Ga
A N Hays Covington Ga
Southern Phosphate Works Macon Ga
G Ober Sons Co Baltimore Md
Davie Whittle Petersburg Va
Comer Hull Co Savannah Ga
Comer Hull A Co Savannah Ga
Atlantic and Virginia Fertilizer Co
Richmond Va
Savannah Guano Co Savannah Ga
Cincinnati Desiccating Co Cincinnati O
Wilcox GibbsGuno Co Savannah Ga
Southern Phosphate Co Atlanta Ga
Houston Guano Works Fort Valley Ga
G Ober Sons Co BaltimoreMd
G Ober Sons Co Baltimore Md
Q Ober Sons Co BaltimoreMd
G Ober Sons Co BaltimoreMd

a
t
r1
f
w
w
o
a
o
W
a

r1
j
ts
w
iJ
onTABLE No 1CorUvnuad
NAME OF BRAND
to
Orr Hunters Matchless Blood and Bone
Olympic Guano
Obers Special Dissolved Bone
Pope Fleming Ammd Fertilizer
Planters Soluble Guano
Planters Soluble Fertilizer
Port Royal Cotton Fertilizer
Patapsco Ammoniated Soluble Phosphate
Potomac Guano
Penguin Guano
Plowman Guano
Pollards Pacific Guano
Powhatan Raw Bone Superphosphate
Phoenix Guano
Plow Brand
Plowman Guano
potent Pacific Guano
C 11
L 10
J 179
H 9
C 98
M 41
C 54
C 42
P 26
J
J
C
C 116
b lie
C 75
J 58
F 90
S
3407
3444
3011
3361
3417
3417
3311
3375
33U
3373
3458
3161
3528
3624
3663
3373
3453
1358
1195
1048
1048
1050
1050
1353
1338
1221
113
116S
1561
1012
765
787
1139
1488
Phosphoric Acid

OB
I
Guaranteed
Analysis
ii v
3 o
2E
8
a 2
a
3 o
3 5
251
03
376
175
343
343
206
120
293
237
182
97
406
100
573
237
1101
698
745
725
783
739
739
855
856
722
739
688
697
620
677
154
739
841
306
127
174
118
271
271
43
117
202
108
161
362
2 12
129
647
108
134
1004
872
899
901
1010
1010
898
973
924
847
849
1059
S32
806
801
847
975
252
242
207
23S
256
256
220
250
255
283
254
246
200
200
264
283
204
207 118 61 2
117 17 01 2
171 16 44 2
174 17 38 2
154 18 50 2
154 18 50 2
250 17 50 1
196 18 44 1
201 18 24 2
312 19 28 2
188 17 50 2
135 19 51 2
261 16 71 2
106 15 69 1
159 16 14 1
312 19 28 2
151 16 90 2
2
2
2
2
2X
2
2
210
2
BY WHOM AND WHERE MAN
UFACTURED
Rasin Fertilizer Co Atlanta Ga
Southern Phosphate Co Macon Ga
G Ober A Sons Co Baltimore Md
Augusta Guano Co Augusta Ga
A D Adair McCarty Bros Atlanta Ga
A D Adair McCarty Bros AtlantaGa
Comer Hull CoSivannah Ga
Patapsco Guano Co Baltimore Md
Rasin Fertilizer Co Baltimore Md
Southern Phosphate Works Macon Ga
Southern Phosphate Works Macon Ga
Pacilic Guano Co Bciston Mass
W J Pollard Agt Augusta Ga
Lorentz Rittler Baltimore Md
Walton Whatin Co Charleston S C
Walton Whann Co Charleston S C
Southern Phospha e Works Macon Ga
Southern Phosphate Co Atlanta Qa

a
H
O

o
93
i
Q
d
H
a
w
i
c
M
O
wPlanters Pride Guano
Planters Soluble Guano
Plowboy Brand Guano
Pride of Dooly Guano
Pomona Guano
Perfection Guano
Quick John Fish Guano
Rome Cotton and Corn Guano
Rabbit Foot Guano
Ruths Good Luck Guano
Royal Soluble Guano
Reeses Pacific Guano
Reeses Exeellenza Guano
Richland High Grade Guano
Rockdale Standard
Ramspeck Bone Phosphate
Richmond Brand Guano
Reliance Ammoniated Superphosphate
Royal Superphosphate
Rescue Guano
Standard Guano
Samson Ammd Guano
S uth Carolina Ammd Dissd Bone
Stonewall Guano
Sea Gull
E 85
H 102
P 27
U 186
C 91
D 116
D il
M 19
B
C
F 126
C 101
P 50
D 46
F 134
F 142
F 110
B 116
E 33
J 56
D
D 38
C 14
H 39
F 97
3672
3645
3501
3555
3360
3439
3631
3806
3546
3357
3496
3527
3548
3193
3518
3521
3511
3624
34U
3157
3315
3139
3364
3359
3375
1081
958
1100
949
1361
930
1481
1042
1119
1108
1361
1013
1241
1177
1084
961
1100
765
1422
1059
1042
930
1100
1050
1338

349
253
109
178
90
157
78
201
162
308
113
95
72
193
166
95
67
400
209
297
223
157
183
187
120
672
577
778
672
826
711
650
975
803
679
743
2
152
788
839
783
697
129
707
627
787
711
794
847
856
288
229
157
296
13
285
260
146
149
195
176
926
1022
154
1
424
229
677
316
175
196
285
123
221
117
960
806
935
9
959
996
910
1121
979
874
919
1142
1174
942
978
1207
9 26
806
1023
802
983
996
91
1068
973
240
243
349
250
205
210
200
200
200
200
267
249
247
256
26
207
22
200
250
280
260
210
200
200
250
145
176
189
115
117
174
136
150
180
261
134
121
132
196
161
121
106
130
175
128
174
68
106
19
17 68
16 7
20 66
17 76
16 77
17 42
16 16
18 01
17 07
16 88
17 96
19 17
19 47
18
18 65
17 63
16 82
15 29
18 32
17 63
18 24
17 42
15 68
17 19
18 44
1 Marietta Guano Co Atlanta Ga
1 Georgia Chemical Works Augusta Ga
1 Farmers Supply Co Macon Ga
1 Cordele Guano Co Cordele Ga
1 Cjmmercial Guano Co Savannah Ga
1 David Brown Albany Ga
1 Savannah Guano Co Savannah Ga
1 Comer Hull Co Rome Ga
IK Houston Guano Works Fort Valley Ga
1 Lorentz Rittler Baltimore Md
1 Royal Fertilizer Co Charleston S C
1J Jno S Reese Co Baltimore Md
1J Jno S Reese Co Baltimore Md
1 Riohland Guano Co Richland Ga
1 Rockdale Oil Fertilizer Co Cjnyersa
G A Ramspeck Decatur Ga
1 James G Tinsley Co Richmond Va
1 Walton Whann C Charleston S C
1 Bradley Fetilizer Co Boston Mass
1 SDuthern Phosphate Works Macon Ga
1 Albany Fert Farmlmp CoAlbanyGa
1 David Brown Albany Ga
110 Comer Hull Co Savannah Ga
1 Chesapeake Guano Co Baltimore Md
1 Patapseo Guano Co Baltimore Md

t1

go
M
GO
O
i
Q
O
W
Q

W
w
N
K
SO
GOTABLE No 1Continued
KAME OF BRAND


1
u s
1 s 3 3
fc R
a i t3 O

w jj
Soluble Sea Island Guano
SlinglufTs Diss Bone for Homo Fert Chemicals
Sterling Guano
Southern States Standard
Solid South Guano
Stonewall Guano
South American Guano
South Georgia Bone Superphosphate
Sul Treasury Guano
Sims High Grade Guano
S a Bird High Grade Guano
Standard Cotton Seed Meal Guano
Seals Ammoniated
Stubbs Tison Ammoniated Dissolved Bone
Sunny South Bone Phosphate
Stono Soluble Guano
Stono Complete Fertilizer
Samana Guano
Southern Ammoniated Dissolved Bone Guano
Stonewall Tobacco Fertilizer
P 9 3391
A 8 3218
F 52 3288
C 21 3239
F 57 3291
F 103 3510
F 48 3407
D J70 3553
C 80 3433
E 74 3612
0 61 3122
P 28 3501
E 9t 31121
F 48 3407
F 141 3521
J 71 3607
L 143 3664
F 89 3561
B 127 3524
E 130 3510
1221
735
1073
1523
1720
1140
135S
1288
1500
930
770
1110
1131
1358
964
1237
941
1131
1488
1140
Phosphoric Acid
n

Guaranteed
Analysis
h
PT5
3 o
3S
2
3
3 o
BY WHOM AND WHERE MAN
UFACTURED
293
461
220
88
242
110
251
127
114
133
302
109
183
251
361
440
151
110
110
792
852
80
881
930
768
6
S72
652
G60
702
778
820
098
7 S3
707
771
755
841
202
186
182
148
79
211
3011
1 12
IS
266
348
157
197
306
124
Ifin
1911
233
131
7US 211
924
1055
984
1028
1009
971
1004
1011
870
926
950
935
1017
1004
1207
897
961
988
975
979
255
273
2 13
324
220
205
252
211
2 HI
261
260
349
220
252
207
234
227
220
201
205
201
143
239
159
245
207
131
150
168
155
189
109
20
113
124
201
151
245
18 24
18 13
17 93
21 16
17 66
17 48
IS 61
17 24
17 03
18 11
15 21
20 66
17 32
18 64
17 63
16 76
17 18
17 85
16 90
17 48
H
i Rasin Fertilizer Co Baltimore Md
Boykin Carmer Co Baltimore Md
I Clarence Angier Atlanta Ga
1 C L Montague Co Savannah Ga
1 Marietta Guano Co Atlanta Ga
2 James G Tinsley Co Richmond Va
1 Basin Fertilizer Co Baltimore Shi
1 Read Fertilizer Co New York
1 Read Fertilizer Co New York
Vi Atlanta Guano Co Atlanta Ga
V2 Atlanta Guano Co Atlanta Ga
1 FarmersSupply Co Macon Ga
1 Chesapeake Guano Co Baltimore Md
1 Rasin Fertilizer Co Baltimore Md
G A Ramspeck Decatur Ga
1 Stono Phosphate Works Charleston S C
1 Stono Phosphate Works Charleston S C
2 Southern Phosphate Co Atlanta Ga
1 Southern Phosphate Co Atlanta Ga
2 James i Tinsley Co Richmond Va

w
I
O
cj
H
w
S
I
Q
W
O
w
oSouth Gecrgia Bone Superphosphate
Scotts Animal Ammoniated Guano
Sternes Ammoniated Raw Bone Superphos
Truck Farmers Special Guano
The Complete Cotton Fertilizer
Tussehaw Guano
Talley Bagwells Ammoniated Dissd Bone
Talley Bagwells Blood and Bone Guano
Tussehaw Guano
Treadwell Abbott Cos Ammd Dissd Bone
Truck Farmers Friend
The Farmers Favorite Ammd Phosphate
Victor Guano
Wy mis Monarch Guauo
Walton Guano
Wilcox Gibbs Co Manipulated Guano
Wando Soluble Guano
V G Blankenshlp Ammd Dissd Bone
W O C a pure Blcod Guano
Westons Ammd Dissd Bone
WT Lane Bros Ammd Dissd Bone
Wilsons A Guano
Wilsons B Guano
Williams Formula
W G Blankinships Ammd Dissolved Bone
XX Standard
Zells Ammd Bone Superphosphate
Zells Economizer
d m
F 50
E 3
C 12
C 91
L 150
E 137
E 138
M 46
C 11
N 45
J 7
C 58
C 58
F 15
0 23
C 00
E 85
E 23
J 44
C
L 91
L 92
J 248
E 85
C 47
E 36
B
3639
3290
3257
3231
3800
3684
3073
3291
3496
3407
3690
3609
3283
3283
3187
3210
3413
3291
3371
3323
3311
3640
3644
3545
3072
3395
3412
3412
1610
1038
1055
1533
1304
800
1081
1720
1303
1353
1235
1348
1454
1453
1188
1306
920
1720
1054
1470
1353
900
1070
994
1081
1097
123
1232
91
393
81
42
90
147
349
242
113
251
92
84
257
257
202
148
330
242
191
189
206
132
110
100
348
49
296
2
665
843
965
1012
820
681
672
930
743
098
785
816
574
574
858
633
7mi
930
830
705
855
752
783
855
672
647
714
7 It
221
166
108
87
133
231
288
79
176
306
181
262
276
270
165
294
265
79
216
141
43
255
198
169
288
330
278
278
886
1009
1133
1099
959
912
960
1009
919
1004
966
1078
850
850
1020
927
1045
1009
1046
906
898 1007
981
1014
960
211
220
300
400
205
304
210
220
207
252
200
230
249
249
231
203
240
220
280
208
220
277
238
242
240
77 225
992
992
227
227
122
122
150
408
147
168
145
159
134
207
331
148
130
130
163
228
151
159
301
263
250
73
311
437
145
111
124
124
10 15
17 30
23 66
25 05
16 77
19 09
17 08
17 66
17 86
18 64
1856
18 48
16 96
16 96
18 07
17 11
18 40
17 66
20 68
17 42
17 50
18 44
19 12
21 50 1
17 08 2
17 00 1
17 4S 1
17431 1
M A Davis Cairo Ga
Geo W Scott Mfg Co Atlanta Ga
2 Standard Guano Chemical Mfg Co
New Orleans la
4 j Wilcox Gibbs Guano Co SavannahGa
Commercial Guano Co Savannah Ga
Jackson Oil Mill Jackson Ga
Talley Bagwell Atlanta Ga
Talley Bagwell Atlanta Ga
Royal Fertilizer Co Charleston S C
Rasin Fertilizer Co Baltimore Md
Schloze Bros Chattanooga Tenn
Savannah Guano Co Savannah Ga
Edisto Phos Co tor J H Wynn
Atlanta Ga
Edisto Phosphate Co for J H Wynn
Atlanta Ga
Walton Guano Co Social Circle Ga
Wilcox Gibbs Guano CoSavannahGa
Wando Phosphate Co Charleston S C
Marietta Guano Co Atlanta Ga
Coweta Fertilizer Co Newnan Ga
Comer Hull Co Savannah Ga
Comer Hull Co Savannah Ga
W P Wilson Hampton Ga
W P Wilson Hampton Ga
Houston Guano Works Fort Valley Ga
W G Blankinship Atlanta Ga

m
GO
O
o
z
g
g
tn
po
Q

tr1
mi
M
pa
H
n
pa
GO
V Savannah Guano Co Savannah Ga
I
1 Zell Guano Co Baltimore Md
1 Zell Guano Co Baltimore MdTABLE No 2
Cotton Seed Mails Analyzed Under Provisions of Calvin Bill Approved July 22 1891
NAME OF BRAND u V s 3 a S e CO u o o S 3 U 3 C8 O 2 J 2 a o S 1 O M o C4 0 3 EC S3 5 1 w 03 h 2 o ox 11 uarc Anal A CO pc 3 O a o s s 3 i 3 3 O BY WHOM AND WHEKE MANUFACTURED
F 51 F 17 F 42 F 7 F 8 D 8 32S7 3192 3275 3101 3303 3183 3183 3170 3177 3186 3174 3272 3270 908 891 898 896 836 903 860 882 S07 856 874 900 888 856 851 880 23 00 23 16 23 i 23 29 21 73 23 47 22 60 22 83 21 08 22 2 22 72 23 75 23 08 22 25 22 12 22 88 7 7 TA y2 7 7 7K TA TA TA TA
ooperative Manufacturing Co Forsyth Ga Excelsior Manufac uring Co Washington Ga


Farmers Cotton Oil Manufacturing Co LccustGrove Ga Georgia Cotton Oil Co Albany Ga Georgia Cotton Oil Co Albany Ga Georgia Cotton Oil Co Rome Ga Georgia Cotton Oil Co Atlanta Ga Georgia Cotton Oil Co Atlanta Ga Georgia Cotton Oil Co Augusta Ga Georgia Farmers Oil and Fertilizer Co Madison Ga


M 15 F 9 F 10 H 1 F 11 F 31 IS 5 1



Cotton Seed Meal LaGrange Mills LaGrange Ga Merchants and Farmers Oil and Guano Co Fort Gaines Ga Monroe Guano Co Monroe Ga
F lii 8109
w
w
H
S
H
C

o
w
o
d
rj
to
I
O
w
c
w
OCotton Seed Meal
Cotton Seed Meal
Cotton Seed Meal
Cotton Seed Meal
Cotton Seed Meal
Cotton Seed Meal
Cotton Seed Meal
Cotton Seed Meal
Cotton Seed Meal
Cotton Seed Meal
Cotton Seed Meal
Cotton Seed Meal
Cotton Seed Meal
Cotton Seed Meal
Cotton Seed Meal
Cotton Seed Meal
Black Cotton Seed Meal
Dark Cotton Seed Meal
Cotton Seed Meal
9 38171830
3207
3208
3191
3209
3162
3269
3271
3219
3330
3332
3331
3340
3539
3212
3538
3541
3570
3069
845
879
845
854
38
830
830
8
882
886
910
906
878
838
838
634
663
880
21 58
21 97
22 85
21 97
22 21
a 84
21 58
2158
21 84
22 93
23 03
23 66
23 55
22 82
21 85
21 84
16 48
17 23
22 88

1A
VA
VA
VA
VA
va
va
VA
va
va
va
va
VA
VA
VA
VA
5
5
VA
Macon Oil Ice Co Macon Ga
Macon Oil Ice Co Macon Ga
Milledgeville Oil Fertilizer Co Milledgeville Cia
Rout McBrideNevnan Ga
RockdaleOil Fertilizer Co Conycrs Ga
Southern Cotton Oil Co Atlanta Ga
Waynesboro Oil Mill Fertilizer Co Waynesboro Ga
West Point Oil Mill West Point Ga
Twiggs Oil Fertilizer Co Jeffersonville Ga
Americus Guano Co Americus Ga
Georgia Cotton Oil Co Macon Ga
Georgia Cotton Oil Co Columbus Ga
Southern Cotton Oil Co Savannah Ga
J M Smith Smithonia Ga
Twiggs O and F Co Jeffersonville Ga
Walton Guano Co Social Circle Ga
A P Brantley Co Blackshear Ga
Florida Manufacturing Company Madison Fla
Dawson Oil Co Dawson Ga
GO
go
o
o
g

W
w
o

w
jo
w
GOTABLE No 3
Superphosphates with Ammonia and Potash
NAME OF BKAND
Asbepoo Dissd Bono Am and Potash
A A P High Grade Acid Phos
A rcadia Diss Bone
Blood and Bone Compound
Beef Blood and Bone Compound
Baltimore Soluble Bone
Central City Dissd Bone
Dissd Bone Ammoniated Potash
Double Anchor Dissd Bone Am and Potash
Dissolved Bone Ammonia and Potash
Eclipse Cotton Food
Edisto Dissd Bone Am and Potash
Etiwan Dissd Bone Am and Potash
Etowah Superphosphate
I inMiali Soluble Bone Ammonia and Potash
Home Bros Cotton Growers Dissd Bone
r
F 87
E SO
P S
M 84
L 35
89
P 54
D 139
I 88
318
D 151
C 171
M 2
E is
P 39
ce
8321
8650
8502
3181
3508
8458
3502
3503
3280
3622
3651
3615
3195
8393
3502
s
Phosphoric Acid
x
1201
950
1560
1351
1850
1035
1560
1070
1235
1035
1212
1111
870
1333
1073
15110
201
196
08
301
24
210
08
198
2 13
2 16
210
351
110
184
07
68
7 si
850
077
075
884
770
077
s 16
S03
770
624
755
530
S IS
910
677
890
426
231
371
13
2
231
278
70
233
221
253
200
343
168
3I

ll7i
1282
908
1040
1017
1012
908
1094
879
10 12
845
1008
835
1195
1084
008
133
120
117
131
105
150
11
155
174
150
122
100
175
130
1511
117
Qxtaranteed
Analysis

170
159
174
102
152
17S
174
114
211
178
168
146
125
105
168
174
S10 01
17 24
14 29
15 25
111 21
10 02
11 20
10 20
15 SI
10 02
13 87
10 21
14 83
16 38
16 07
11 20
He

0
o
IY WHOM AND WHERE MANU
FACTORED
Athepoo Phosphate Co CharlestonS C
Coweta Fartilizer Co Newnan ia
Southern Phi sphate Work Macon Ga
Kennesaw Guano Co Atlanta Ga
Marietta Guano Co Atlanta Ga
Patapsco Guano Co Baltimore Md
Southern Phosphate Works Macon Ga
Albany FertFarm ImpCoAlbanyla
Imperial Fert Co Charleston S C
Georgia Chemical Works Augusta Ha
Commercial Guano Co Savannah la
Edisto Phosphate Co Charleston ia
Etiwan Phosphate Co Charleston S C
Southern Phosphate Co Atlanta Ga
Furman Farm Imp Co Atlanla Ga
Southern Phosphate Works Macon la
o
w

H
S
H
O
a
d
f
H
O
M
O
WImperial Diss Bone Ammonia and PutashC 51
J J Taylors Dissd Bone Am and PotashC 17
L M Peacocks Blood and Bone Compound
Manatee Dissd Bone
McCartys Soluble Bone Ammonia and Potash
Marietta Guano Cos Dissolved Bone
Monogram Cotton Special
Rainbow Soluble Phosphate
Rainbow Soluble Phosphate
Rome Dissd Bone Am and Potash
Roddenburgs Special Cotton Fruiter
Rainbow Soluble Phosphate
Sparks Dissd Raw Bone with Alkaline Salts
Suwannee Dissd Bone Am and Potash
Sea Bird Ammd Superphosphate
State Alliance Favorite
Standard Bore Guano Ammonia and Potash
Teiry Lunsford Gos Dissd Bone
Thompsons High Grade Superphosphate
Wando Diss Bone Ammonia and Potash
Wynns Dissd Bone Am and Potash
CO
39
il
5
C 115
E 62
L 78
E 96
D 72
B 63
J 281
B 300
B 199
J 60
C 17
M 34
B 199
C 15
D 154
3280
3236
3459
350
3995
3182
3430
3127
3621
3657
3644
3623
3612
3828
3627
3459
3236
3508
3627
3234
3651
1235
1333
1379
1501
995
1383
1088
1120
1144
1140
ir20
1241
958
920
1001
1379
1333
1350
1069
1145
1154
11
106
182
08
409
410
87
145
142
202
35
803
1046
464
077
778
800
777
83
oso
970
880
1361 784
100 587
200
145
18
106
24
145
448
351
700
639
5
1046
884
639
801
755
76
157
589
31
237
131
154
266
400
26
377
294
411
301
342
464
157
133
342
270
253
879
1203
1053
908
101
1021
931
1098
1080
1232
1257
1078
9
1007
981
1053
12
1017
981
1077
1008
1741 211
186 156
146
117
184
115
lSS
140
150
152
110
140
175
150
173
146
186
165
173
128
169
11
174
158
109
176
177
170
128
100
178
473
190
143
117
250
152
143
137
146
15 81
17 33
i
1129
10 76
14 63
14 88
16 44
10 31
17 43
10 31
16 28
18 91
10 0
16 08
15 75
15 10
16 24
16 08
15 64
10 21

10
10
li
8
10
8
8
10
10
10
10
10
6
9
9
Id
10
8
9
10
8
I1
1 Imperial Fertilizer Co Charleston S C
1 Savannah Guano Co Savannah Ga
1 C L Montague Co Savannah Ga
1 Southern Phosphate Works Ma con Ga
1 A D Adair McCarty BrosAtlantaGa
1 Marietta Guano Co Atlanta Ga
1 Lorentz Rittler Baltimore Md
1 Atlanta Guano Co Atlanta Ga
1 Walton Guano Co Social Circle Ga
1 Comer Hull Co Rome Ga
1 Cairo Fertilizer Co Cairo Ga
1 Americus Guano Co Americus Ga
4 G Ober Sons Co BaltimoreMd
1 Grovania Oil and Fert Co Grovania Ga
1 Atlanta Guano Co Atlanta Ga
1 C L Montague Co Savannah Ga
1 Savannah Guano Co Savannah Ga
1 Terry Lunsford Co Atlanta Ga
1 Atlanta Guano Co Atlanta Ga
1 Wando Phosphate Co Charleston S C
1 Edisto Phos for T H Wynn Atlanta Ga

GO
M
te
O
j
C
o
H
W
a

P
i
M
H
W
GOTABLE No 4
Acid Phosphates dud Superphosphates with Potash
NAME OF BRAND
Acid Phosphate and Potash
Acid Phosphate and Potash
Ashepoo Bone Ash
Atlanta Soluble Bone and Potash
Adairs Formula
Ashepoo Acid Phosphate and Potash
Acid Phosphate and Potash
Acid Phosphate and Potash
Ashley Acid Phosphate and Potash
Acid Meal
Acid Phosphate and Potash
Acid Phosphate and Potash
Bowkers Diss Bone Phosphate and Potash
Brannans llissd Bone and Potash
Bowkers Diss Bone Phosphate and Potash
Berkeley Acid Phosphate
V 109
E 4i
F ss
E 41
I lr7
Phosphoric Acid
to

M 23
S484
3394
3462
3B89
3591
3462
3465
3463
3258
3254
3252
3225
3279
5441
3414
i7i
1200
1268
809
1090
lili
809
10112
1195
1468
1471
1250
1174
1597
1423
1558
129
21
Hi
288
270
20
288
9
129
177
35
201
106
80
132
981
801
871
893
SO
871
I Ill
99S
842
106
825
936
838
935
S 71
200 0711
300
512
3 llll
335
259
399
353
363
251
154
2 Hi
10
323
258
457
102
1281
1313
1270
1228
1064
1270
1272
1361
101
1221
1035
1246
1161
1188
1332
1081
110
100
147
118
200
147
1 15
177
111
238
229
121
126
163
101
120
S at
X
813 72
13 IK
13 93
13 36
12 74
13 91
13 I
14 90
12 21
14 28
12 71
13 53
12 81
13 40
14 06
12 21
Guaranteed
Analysis

c c
3 2 Sri i
ST 2 c fix J3
J3 a S
d a B
i pM
4 10 1
1 11 1
1 10 1
1 10 1
1 10 2
4 10 1
1 10 1
1 10 1
t 10 1
2 10 1
1 12 1
2 11 li
1 10 2
2 11 IK
1 10 l
BY WHOM AND WHERE MANU
FACTURED
Kavassa Guano Co Wilmington N C
Savannah Guano Co Savannah Ga
Ashepoo Phosphate Co Charleston S C
Atlanta Guano Co Atlanta Qa
A I Adair Mccarty BrosAtlantaGa
Ashepoo Phosphate Co Charleston S I
Georgia Chemical Work Augusta Ga
A N Hays Covington Ga
Ashley Phosphate Co Charleston S C
Chicora Fertilizer Co Charleston 6 C
Gairdner Arnold Co Elb rton Ga
Patapsco Guano Co Baltimore Md
BowkerFertilizer Co Savannah Ga
Chesapeake Guano Co Baltimore Md
Bowker Fertilizer Co Savannah Ga
iBcrkeley Phosphate Co Charleston S C
hfl

W
H
H
W
O
IT1
H
I
a
o
toBaldwin Fertilizer Gos Bone Potash
oweta Dissolved Bone and Potash
Cranstons High Grade Acid Phosphate
Charleston Dissolved Bone and Potash
harleston Acid Phosphate
Cotton Plant Bone No 1
otton Plant Bone No 2
Chicora Acid Phosphate and Potash
Cherokee Acid Phosphate and Potash
Dissolved Bone and Potash
Double Anchor Acid Phosphate
Dissolved Bone and Potash
Dissolved Bone and Potash
Dissolved Bone an d Potash
Eutaw Acid Phosphate
Etiwan Acid Phosphate
Farish Furman Formula
FarmersPride Aeid Phosphate
Georgia Bone Compound
High Grade Black Rock Diss Bone
Imperial High Grade Bone Ash
Jewells High Grade Acid Phos
Lockwood Acid Phosphate
Monarch Acid Phosphate and Potash
Magnolia Acid Phosphate
H 27
E 55
H 50
96
1
J 245
B 202
C
F 77
B 64
E 50
M 65
D 33
D 163
F
F I
N
H 50
J 25
E 6
E 71
O 52
C 32
6
E
F 50
3470
3694
3260
3209
354S
3590
3321
3461
3369
3416
3483
3589
3593
3462
3268
3474
3594
3464
3259
3634
3592
3250
3259
3286
1331
1423
1620
1353
1230
261
132
116
255
31
1212 93
13061 97
1481 1
1150
1319
1192
1252
1090
1157
809
66S
1236
1620
1233
1400
1494
1161
1353
1400
1107
246
147
174
1
207
363
288
162
96
116
73
207
230
138
255
207
132
870
935
1025
921
940
1078
907
1085
898
759
929
861
893
654
871
960
814
1025
261
2
270
2 3
339
255
340
872
870
904
921
872
889
2
364
3
287
335
442
399
344
257
270
271
257
197
338
231
257
301
1121
1188
1295
1152
1279
1333
1247
1178
1186
1123
1237
1148
1228
1096
1270
1304
1071
1295
10
1129
10 C7
1242
1152
1129
1190
368IJ11 61
163
115
i04
155
204
121
109
139
115
100
229
118
120
147
106
220
115
221
105
107
100
104
105
113
13 III
13 88
12 64
14 07
15 01
13 51
12 89
14 20
12 40
13 29
13 61
13 56
12 32
13 93
13 88
12 92
13 88
12 16
12 47
11 99
13 30
12 64
12 47
13 02
111
111
10
In
10
10
10
HI
10
Id
10
9
Hi
10
10
11
10
10
10
10
Hi
HI
10
10
III
Baldwin Fertilizer Co Savannah Ga
Coweta Fertilizer Co Newnan Ga
Edisto Phosphate Co Charleston S C
Imperial Fertilizer Co Charleston S C
Stono Phosphite Works harleston S C
Houston Guano Works Fort Valley Ga
Houston Guano Works Fort Valley Ga
Chicora Fertilizer Co Charleston S C
Greenville Fertilizer Co Greenville S C
Americus Guano Co AmericusGa
Imperial Fertilizer Co Charleston SC
T J Lowe Mableton Ga
Americus Guano Co Americus Ga
Albany F and F Imp Co Albany Ga
Ashepoo Phosphate Co Charleston S C
Etiwan Phosphate Co harleston S C
Furman Farm Imp Co Atlanta Ga
Edisto Phosphate Co Charleston S C
Commercial Guano Co Savannah Ga
Royal Fertiliser Co Charleston S C
Imperial Fertilizer Co Charleston S C
Ashley Phosphate Co Charleston SC
Clarence Angier Atlanta Ga
Royal Fertilizer Co Charleston S C
Orr Hunter Athens Ga

i
GO
Pi

O
o
o
w
W
W
i3
N
M
W
l0
toTABLE No 4 Continued
NAME OF BRAND
Olivers Potash Compound
Potash Acid Phosphate
Potash Acid Phosphate
Potash Acid Phosphate
Potasso Phospho
Royal Acid Phosphate and Potash
Richland Bone Phosphate and Potash
Sterling Acid Phosphate
Stono Acid Phosphate and Potash
Sharps High Grade Acid and Potash
Tinaleys Bone and Potasli Mixture
Wilcox Gibbs Cos Superphosphate
Wando Acid Phosphate and Potash
Wynns Monarch Acid Phosphate
Phosphoric Acid
a
3462
37C4
3596
3608
3294
8259
3471
32S1
3299
3441
34SB
3816
3210
3994
809
874
1213
1005
1204
1400
1307
1264
1230
1423
1107
1039
1115
1620
2
535
283
29
118
207
146
225
41
132
71
96
02
116
871
663
622
770
1228
872
869
801
940
93c
53
768
900
1021
399
181
273
277
213
257
304
347
339
253
480
322
361
2711

1270
844
895
1047
1411
1129
1173
11 is
1279
118
16 16
1666
1266
1295
o
Oo
Guaranteed
Analysis
BY WHOM AND WHERE MANU
FACTURED
11
2 IS
161
179
216
105
192
117
155
163
266
21
107
118
13 93
11 33
11 04
12 16
15 81
12 47
1351
12 72
11 16
13 46
12 88
13 28
13 05
13 8s I

Ashepoo Phosphate Co Charleston S C
Cordele Guano Co Cordele Ga
Lorentz Rittler Baltimore Md
Southern Phosphate Works MaconGa
Geo W Scott Mfg Co Atlanta Ga
Royal Fertilizer Co Charleston S C
Richland Guano Co Richland Ga
Clarence Angler Atlanta Ga
Stono Phosphate Co Charleston S c
Coweta Fertilizer Co Nownau Ga
las G Tinsley Co Richmond Va
Wilcox GibbsGuano Co Savannahsa
Wando Phosphate Co Charleston S
Edlsto Phosphate Co Charleston S C

is

o
w
o
3
a
w
M
I
Q
W
o
w
oTABLE No 5
Plain Acid Phosphates and Superphosphates
NAME OF BRAND
Ashepoo Dissd Bone
Ashley Dissd Bone
Acme Acid Phosphate
Augusta Acid Phosphate
Atlanta Soluble Bone
Americus Dissd Bone
Adairs High Grade Dissd Bone
Acid Phosphate
Acid Phosphate
Acid Phosphate
Atlanta Soluble Bone
Atlantic Acid Phosphate
Atlanta Soluble Bone
Acid Phosphate
Adairs Acid Phosphate
Acid Phosphate
6 a XI S 3 a S 9 S 3 b O u A 03 h 3 a u 3 W O g Phosphoric Acid i c 0 s s 0 w A m 0 1 3 a co S Bit Guaranteed Analyse
6 3 3 O a 6 1 0 6 0 3 d 3
32 Ho oja ft J OTZ si It s 0 c 0 a s a c3 O
J li 3314 1104 270 989 326 1315 813 12 4 10
F 149 3582 1465 151 956 330 1292 12 93 2 12
F 115 3486 1359 160 997 280 li83 12 80 2 12
H 87 3685 1740 128 1183 215 1398 13 78 2 13
B 31 3329 1220 75 967 328 1295 12 90 1 10
D 19 3369 1319 147 959 276 1238 12 65 1 10
M 43 8342 1268 115 1081 184 1265 12 72 1 12
D 138 3577 1405 290 908 240 1148 11 78 1 10
J 57 3348 1340 132 975 316 1291 12 92 1 10
N 41 3691 1183 99 1268 299 1567 15 13 1 13
F 153 3583 036 284 B58 345 1301 13 00 1 10
E 40 3338 696 116 805 307 1232 12 45 2 10
E 4 3339 1220 75 967 328 1295 12 90 2 10
D 3 3398 1470 261 1026 313 1339 13 31 1 12
F 54 3342 1213 115 1081 184 1205 12 72 2 12
L 2 33531 9 00 33 1236 221 1457 14 25 7 12
BY WHOM AND VVHEKE MANU
FACTURED
Ashepoo Phos hate Co Charleston S C
Ashley Phosphate Co Charleston S C
Acme Mfg Co Wilmington N C
Augusta Quano Co Augusta Ga
Americus Guano Co Americus Ga
Americus Guano Co Americus Ga
A D Adair McCarty Bros AtlantaGa
Carter ct Woolfolk Albany Ga
Southern Phosphate Works Macon Ga
Schloze Bros Chattanooga Tenn
Walton Guano Co Social Circle Ga
Atlantic Phosphate Co Charleston S C
Atlanta Guano Co Atlanta Ga
Albany Fert4 Farm Imp Co AlbanyGa
A D Adair McCarty Bros Atlanta Ga
Georgia Chemical Works Augusta Ga

w
g
H
o

c
w
II
o
d
f
H
d
w
H
I
o
w
o
w
Acid Phosphate
Acid Phosphate
Ashepoo Acid Phosphate
Atlantic Dissolved Bone
Acid Phosphate
Black Rock Dissd Bone
Bowkers itassan Dissolved Bone Phosphate
Baldwin Fertilizer Cos High Grade Acid Phos
Brannas High Grade Acid Phosphate
Chatham Acid Phosphate
Cotton Boll Acid Phosphate
Coweta High Grade Acid Phosphate
Capitol Dissd So Carolina Bone
Cordele Dissd Bone
Chicora Dissolved Bone
Central City Acid Phosphate
Chicora Acid Phosphate
Dissolved Bone Acid Phosphate
Durham Bull Acid Phosphate
Diamond Soluble Hone
Dissd Bone Acid Phosphate
Dabneys High Grade Acid Phosphate
Dalton High Grade Acid Phosphate
Double Anchor Dissd Bone
Ezells Dissolved Bone
9
19
9
8
71
17
2M
155
1
2S
11
3360 1500 102 1126 270
3406 1220 133 1122 258
3251 1178 383 1122 246
32ei li45 211 1145 97
3211 605 224 938 534
3670 1160 65 1281 240
3245 1426 72 1231 153
8101 1362 169 994 419
3349 1200 101 1167 219
3335 1450 88 1021 310
3179 1654 63 1086 249
3193 654 174 1192 250
3581 880 65 848 416
3488 924 230 342 844
3252 1283 99 1227 143
3567 1687 40 1130 281
3262 1283 9 1227 134
3311 1191 113 983 393
3351 1527 1 1211 231
3477 1202 96 1132 248
3574 1223 128 1333 224
3584 1210 341 956 255
3473 1315 74 1307 236
35SS 1095 3OS 953 332
3344 1104 27C 98S 326
1396 13 80

1252 1472
1384 1413 1386 1335 1442

1361 1411
1376
1380


12 85
1315
13 76 2
13 64 4
13 55 4
12 53 2
14 37 2
14 76 2
13 87 2
1390 2
13 63 1
13 28 2
13 28 2
14 13 2
12 51 2
12 08 2
13 48 2
13 89 2
13 48 2
13 60 2
14 13
13 61 1
15 or 1
12 28 1
14 90 1
12 85 2
13 12 2
A N Hays Covington Ga
Navassa Guano Co Wilmington N C
Ashepoo Phosphate Co Charleston S C
Atlantic Phosphate Co Charleston S C
Georgia Farmers Oil Fertilizer Co
Madison Ga
Farmers Supply Co Macon Ga
Bowker Fertilizer Co Savannah Ga
Baldwin Fertilizer Co Savannnh Ga
Coweta Fertilizer Co Newnan Ga
Commercial Guano Co Savannah Ga
Comer Hull Co Savannah Ga
Coweta Fertilizer Co Newnan Ga
S W Travers Co Richmond Va
Cordele Guano Co Cordele Ga
Chicora Fertilizer Co Charleston S C
Southern Phosphate Works Macon Ga
Chicora Fertilizer Co Charleston S C
Savannah Guano Co Savannah Ga
Durham Fertilizer Co Durham N C
Walton Whann Co Charleston SC
C I Montague Co Savannah Ga
J H Dibney Co Atlanta Ga
Dalton Mfg Co Dalton Ga
Imperial Fertilizer Co Charleston S C
Ashepoo Phosphate Co Charleston S C

w
H
O

Q
O

M
Ed
Q

f
Sd
H
WTABLE No 5Continued
NAME OF BRAND
Phosphoric Acid
X
Eureka Acid Phosphate
Edisto Dissolved Bone
ICtivvan Dissolved Bone
Excelsior Acid Phosphate
Eutaw Acid Phosphate
English Dissd Bone Acid Phosphate
Eagle Acid Phosphate
Edisto Acid Phosphate
Enoree Acid Phosphate
Forest City Acid Phosphate
Florida High Grade Phosphate
Furman Acid Phosphate
Garrett ellers High Grade Acid Phosphate
Georgia Acid Phosphate
I leorgia State Standard Acid Phosphate
Georgia State Grange Acid Phosphate
Georgia State Standard Diss Bono Phosphate
F 84
H 11
F 31
F 44
F 26
D 53
H 11
V 26
C 212
D 81
E 87
E 72
C I
C
D
II 103
3347
3346
3400
3341
3213
3472
3594
3346
3213
317
3571
3654
3578
3170
3170
333
3382
1014
1110
1474
15
1354
1030
1220
1110
1351
lir I
1330
1317
121s
165
1654
1177
1152
211
202
70
I
233
79
116
20
233
63
55
139
179
63
63
2 11
916
S00
12SI
060
10 15
033
1028
806
1045
108
1205
029
1162
10so
10SI
1030
390
107
193
374
270
492
270
407
270
249
46
346
102
2 10
2 10
220
295
139f
1273
14 74
1340
1324
II 2
1295
1273
1321
1335
lo 0s
1275
13 i
1335
13
1256
1314

Guaranteed
Analysis
39
3 o

EY WHOM AND WHERE MANU
FACTURED
13 04
12 7S
14 39
13 3
13 10
14 00
12
12 78
13 10
13 28
15 94
12 so
13 13
13 28
10 2s
12 00
13 21
Atlantic Va Fert Co Richmond Va
Edisto Phosphate Co Charleston S C
Etiwan Phosphate Co Charleston S C
Excelsior Mf g Co Washington la
Ashepoo Phosphate Co CharlestonS C
Savannah Guano Co Savannah la
Edisto Phosphate Co Charleston S C
Edisto Phosphate Co Charleston S C
Ashepoo Phosphate Co Charleston S
Comer Hull Co Savannah Ga
Commercial Guano Co Savannah la
Furman Farm Imp Co Atlanta Ga
Coweta Fertilizer Co Newnan Ga
Comer Hull V Co Savannah Ga
Comer Hull Co Savannah Ga
Baldwin Fertilizer Co Savannah a
Coiner Hull Co Savannah Ga
3
W

H
2
w
zi
H
O
1

hrj
I
o
w
o
w
oHigh Grade Acid Phosphate
Hunter Pearce Battys Acid Phosphate
High Grade Acid Phosphate
High Grade Acid Phosphate
Imperial Dissd Bone
Imperial Dissolved Bone
Kennesaw Acid Phosphate
Kramers Dissolved Bone
L and W High Grade Acid Phosphate
Leggs High Grade Acid Phosphate
Leggs High Grade Acid Phosphate
Leader Acid Phosphate
Listers Dissd Bone
Marietta Hish Grade Acid Phosphate
Monarch Dissolved Bone
Oglethorpe Dissolved Bone Piiosphate
Oglethcrpe Acid Phosphate
Our Dissolved Bone Phosphate
Obers Dissolved Bone Phosphate
Port Royal Acid
Pomona Acid Phosphate
Port Royal Dissolved Bone Phosphate
Palmetto Acid Phosphate
Piedmont Acid Phosphate
Rome Acid Phosphate
C 7
C 160
E 113
C 141
L 41
F 35
E 43
E 35
C 103
F 28
N 11
M 28
D 83
F 53
M 46
J 12
H 16
C 89
a 10
c
I
H 100
J 12
N 18
F 53
M 18
3355
3873
3580
3572
a588
3266
3310
3337
3352
3292
3343
3180
3576
3476
3481
3332
3179
3335
3333
3179
3335
3382
3475
3476
347
1482
1594
1100
2003
1097
1264
1220
1105
1323
1350
1259
839
736
1250
1226
1152
1654
1450
1188
1054
1450
1152
1105
1250
1242
118
110
61
308
264
2S7
155
383
147
67
159
41
2 12
202
1228
991
1218
1284
953
97
889
1122
1021
1277
1354
578
1191
953
9C4
1367
1272
1151
1593
12 S5
1271
1330
1408
1201
202 1479
261 1615
139
271
233
309
332
291
441
286
180
510
220
351
392
82
333
212
41
1029 295
1086 249
1025
952
1086
1025
1029
829
953
1169
310
378
249
310
295
428
351
325
1088
1411
1304
1296
1324
1335
1335
1330
1335
1335
1324
1257
1304
1491
SI 53
12 76
14 20
15 34
12 88
12 76
13 21
3 86
12 20
II 13
IS 52
11 24
13 88
13 03
12 96I 2
13 21
13 28
13 28
13 24
13 28
13 28
13 21
12 60
13 03
10
12
14
13
12
12
12
10
10
13
13
10
13
111
12
12
12
13
12
12
12
12
12
10
12
Read Fertilizer Co New York N Y
Comer Hull Co Rome Ga
National Acid Co New Orleans La
Wilcox it Gibbs Guano Co SavannahGa
Imperial Fertilizer Co Charleston S C
Imperial Fertllieer Co Charleston S C
Kennesaw Guano C Atlanta Ga
Cweta Fertilizer Co Newnan Ga
Langston Woodson Atlanta Ga
Geo W Scott Mfg Co Atlanta Ga
Geo W Scott Mfg Co Atlanta Ga
Read Fertilizer Co New York N Y
Listers Agl Chem WorksNewarkNJ
Marietta Guano Co Atlanta Ga
Royal Fertilizer Co Charleston S C
Comer Hull Co Savannah Ga
Comer Hull Co Savannah Ga
Commercial Guano Co Savannah Ga
G Ober Sons Co Baltimore Md
Comer Hull Co Savannah Ga
Commercial Guano Co Savannah Ga
Comer Hull Co Savannah Ga
Bradley Fertilizer Co Boston Mass
Marietta Guano Co Atlanta Ga
Comer Hull Co Rome Ga

GO
M
O
a
M
CO
O

IT1
H
H
IS
w
w
ITABLE No 5Continued
NAME OF BRAND
Royal Dissolved Bone
Scotts High Grade Acid Phosphate
Scotts High Grade Aeid Phosphate
Southern Acid Phosphate
Soluble Bone
Sunny South Acid Phosphate
Sunny South Acid Phosphate
Sims Higli Grade Acid Phosphate
Sunny South Aeid Phosphate
Tinsleys Stonewall Acid Phospbaie
Wynns Monarch Dissolve I Hone
Walton Acid Phos hale
Wando Acid Phosphate
Wando Dssolved Bone
XXXX Dissolved Bone Acid Phosphate
XX Dissolved Bone Acid Ph sphate
Phosphoric Acid
3181
3292
3343
359
3571
3339
3369
3579
3487
3282
3586
3583
r7
3396
3296
3237
1228
1350
1259
1303
1231
1220
1319
1262
1197
1012
892
636
1048
1208
1073
1463
202
1 47
67
100
191
73
117
1 15
109
9
154
284
313
27
58
I
904
1277
1361
1069
974
967
959
883
12 o
519
1232
956
1106
924
1501
1305
392
202
251
388
351
328
279
132
203
339
291
34
217
101
357
272
1296
1479
1615
1457
13
1295
1238
1315
1468
1130
1526
1501
1324
1328
1858
1577

0 u
BJ
Guaranteed
Analysis
to a

BY WHOM AND WHKRE MANU
FACTURED
J12 96
14 43
15 52
14 25
13 20
12 90
12 65
13 12
II 35
11 111
14 89
13 00
13 17
13 22
17 17
15 21
Royal Fertilizer Co Charleston S C
Geo W Seott Mfg Co Atlanta Ga
Geo W Scott Mfg Co Atlanta Ga
Southern Phosphate Co Atlanta Ga
Columbus Fertilizer Co Columbus Ga
Atlanta Guano Co Atlanta Ga
Amerieus Guano Co Americus Ga
Atlanta Guano Co Atlanta Ga
G A Ramspeek Deeatur Ga
James G Tinsley Richmond Va
Edisto Phosphate Co Charleston S C
Walton Guano Co Social circle Ga
Wando Phosphate Co Charleston S C
Wando Phosphate Co C arleston S C
Savannah Guano Co Savannah Ga
Savannah Guano Co Savannah I
b
H
W
H
J
W
A
H
O

o
w
G
d
10
trj
I
C
ft
o
oNAME OF BRASD
oo
Kainit
Kainit
Kainit
Kainit
Kainit
Kainit
Kainit
Kainit
K unit
Kainit
Kennesaw Ground Bone
Pure Raw Ground Bone
Fine Ground Bone
Pure Animal Bone Meal
Pure Animal Bone Meal and Potash
Muriateof Potash
Sulphate of Potash
Sulphate of Ammonia
J 1
C 25
C 31
H 59
F 147
P 3
H 47
0 84
P
C 30
C 142
C 83
C 301
C 224
C 223
3298
3320
3249
3531
3531
3123
3530
3334
3535
3580
372
3158
3151
3613
3319
3532
3533
3537
TABLE No 6
Potash Salts and Miscellaneous Brands
Phosphoric Acid
2341
22
20
2227
1353
3
Guaranteed
Anaysis
i
si
12
1248
1243
1162
1296
1303
1200
216
1200
12 46
12 74
12 58
12 56
11 89
12 80
13 04
12 23
12 32
12 20
12 50
475
429
360
46i
2
si

1168
5358
2590
45 40
23 32
74 81
22
1
is
2000
2000
2000
BY WHOM AND WHERE MANU
FACTURED
4000
4000
4000
Ashley Phosphate Co Charleston S C
Bowker Fertilizer Co Savannah Ga
Imperial Fertilizer Co CharlestonS C
Wilcox Gibbs Guano Co
Savannah Ga
James M Smith Smithonia Ga
Savannah Guano Co Savannah Ga
Head Fertilizer Co New York N Y
Comer Hull Co Savannah Ga
Joseph Mabbett Bro Quitman Ga
Royal Fertilizer Co Charleston S C
Kennesaw Guano Co Atlanta Ga
Standard Guano Chemical Mfg Co
New Orleans La
Cincinnati Desiccating CoCincinnatiO
Wilcox Gibbs Guano Co
Savannnh Ga
Wilcox Gibbs Guano Co
Savannah Ga
Wilcox Gibbs Guano Co
Savannah Ga
Wilcox Gibbs Guano Co
Savannah Ga
Wilcox Gibbs Guano Co
Savannah Ga
2
V
Q
O

TABLE No 6Continued
NAME OF BRAND



fi fcl
3 z
s
g 03
o d
5 O J3 w
d
co ij a
Phosphoric Acid
Home Fertilizer Chemicals
Cerealits
Bone Phosphate
Paines NonAcid Soft Phosphate
Plaster
ennimans Patent Composter
A
A 12
D J73
F 13
2Si
J 120
17
3687
3555
8153
3536
3596J
420
408
116
1722
252s
CD 0
Guaranteed
An
P
Si
s
265
181
265
181
1087
270
32 lo
3687
702
912
803
27ft
827
is
BY WHOM AND WHERE MAN
UFACTURED
1751
Boykin Caroler Co Baltimore Md
Boykin Carmer Co Baltimore Md
Dollar Bros Co Hague Fla
55 i Paine Fertilizer Co Jacksonville Fla
Boykin Carmer Co Baltimore Md
Stubbs Tison Savannah Ga
o
H

W
H
H
H
O
J

o
w
a
t1
H
H
I
O
W
o
S3
aAnalyses made under the Provisions of the WingUm BUI Approved Deeemher 27th 1890
NAME OF
COUNTY
NAME OF
ORDINARY
Dooly
Warren
Campbell
Meriwether
ADDRESS OF
ORDINARY
Hon JD Hargrove
Hon R W Hubert
Hon R C Beavers
Hon A J Hinton
Vienna Ga
Warrenton Ga
Fairburn Ga
Greenville Ga
3 1 a
3155
3151
3156
3701
1229
630
836
1545
Phosphoric Acid
en
74
810
426
154
545
51
778
791
p3
229
646
377
140
774
697
1155
931
174
742
194
238
366
20
180
223
REMARKS

GO
ft
go
O
ft
a
o
B
ft

a
ft
ft
3
IS
ft
w
CO54
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICUIrjRi GIXKJGIA
PHOSPHATES
Ami Minerals Sent as Supposed Phosphatet
NAME OF COUNTY NAME OF SENDER S 3 Name of Substance 32 u o H o O O Ph 3 a o K Q P4 Percentage of Phosphoric Acid Expressed as Bone Phosphate
Baldwin D W Brown 720 Calcium phosphate calcium carbonate and clay 2009 4387
M C Kollock M C Kollock 629 12 Buhrstone Trace
Buhrstone
Chatham M C Kollock G26Buhrstone
Colquitt D H Gay 721 Shale

Decatur R A Connell1 461 Phosphate rock 3144 304 68 68
Decatur W R Mims 507 694 695 696 697 698 699 700 701 Calcium carbonate 665
Decatur R A Connell R A Connell R A Connell R A Connell
Decatur Phosphate rock 3183 Trace 69 51
Decatur Flint only
Decatur Uncrystallized s i 1 ic a s with crystalline silica on outside
Decatur R A Connell R A Connell R A Connell R A Connell Phosphate rock 3121 3269 Trace 3149 68 15
Decatur Phosphate rock 71 39
Decatur Chalcedony only 6876
Decatur Phosphate rock
FultonI V Sage 458 Soft calcium carbonate Trace only
Houston Joseph Palmer 460 Fossiliferous limestone soft 42 92
Joseph Palmer 462 Fossiliferous limestone
Mr Douglas 687 Silica

Lowndes Lowndes G R McRee G R McRee 631 645 Buhrstone Buhrstone 12 75 25 165

Mclntosh Mclntosh Hilton Dodge Lumber Col 547 Hilton Dodge Lumber Co 548 Calcium carbonate Calcium carbonate Trace Trace
Mitchell C H Parham 457 Calcium carbonate soft frace only
ANALYSES OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS1892
PHOSPHATES
And Minerals Sent as Supposed Phosphates
NAME OF
COUNTY
NAME OF
SENDER
Montgomery
Montgomery
Montgomery
Montgomery
Montgomery
Montgomery
Randolph
Randolph
Randolph
Randolph
Randolph
Randolph
Randolph
Randolph
Randolph
Randolph
Randolph
C VV YVickstroun
C AY Wickstroun
Y Wickstroun
C AV Wickstroun
C AVAYickstroun
C AAr Wickstroun
Name of Substance
Richmond
Richmond
Schley
Yilcox
AA7ilcox
Wilcox
AVilcox
AVilcox
AAilcox
44 Clay
450 Clay
451 Clay
452 Clay
4531 Sand stone
454lSandstone
RF ivey
I Ar Duke
I V Duke
I V Duke
I V Duke
I A Duke
I V Duke
I V Duke
I VDuke
I V Duke
a Hood
4461 Buhrstone
659J Buhrstone
660 Buhrstone
661
662
663
664
665
660
667
459
o
nA
o
GO
a o
0J

Is
Am
m m
o ro D
i cs
W UA
n
25
5
Buhrstone
Buhrstone
Buhrstone
Buhrstone
Buhrstone
Buhrstone
Phosphate rock
Fossiliferous limestone
2053
Trace
4484
Branchs Son Co 630
Branchs Son Co 681
C L Peacock
502
Silicified shells
Chalcedony
Trace
Shell limestone
468Fossiliferous Buhrstone
469 Fossiliferous Buhrstone
470 Fossiliferous Buhrstone
471 Fossiliferous Buhrstone
472 Fossiliferous Buhrstone
J E Bowen
J E Bowen
J E Bowen
J E Bowen
J E Bowen
J E BowenI 473jFossihferous Buhrstone
06
Trace
Trace
Trace
Trace
Trace
Trace56 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
MINERALS ANALYZED
Name of
County Sent
From
Baldwin
Bar tow
Bartow
Bullocb
Name of Mineral
Name of
County Senti
From
Name of Mineral
Calcium phosphate with
limestone and clay 720
White clay 1 55X
Fire clay1 552
White clay 444
ButtsIron pyrites
ButtsIlron pyrites
520
553
Campbell Quartz crystal cos
Carroll
Crystal quartz n
Catoosashale
Emanuel
Enianuel
Emanuel
Emanuel
Emanuel
Emanuel
Emanuel
Emanuel
Emanuel
Emanuel
Emanuel
Emanuel
Emanuel
ChathamBuhrstone
Chatham Buhrstone
Chatham Buhrstone
CherokeeBrown hematite
CherokeeBrown hematite
Cherokee Brown hematite
Cherokee
Cherokee
Cherokee
Cherokee
Cherokee
Cherokee
Cherokee
Cobb
Cobb
siliceous iron ore tiO
riliceous iron ore 64
Siliceous ion ore 642
Siliceous iron ore 643
Siliceous iron ore 66i
Siliceous iron ore 670
Siliceous iron ore 671
Siliceous iron ore 672
Siliceous iron ore 673
Siliceous iron ore 674
Rock crystal ggg
Rock crystal 691
Mica j92
EmanueliMica m small particles 1
Fannln Galena
688
FloydGreisen
Iron
Cobb
Cobb
Cobb
Cobb
Cobb
Cobb
Cobb
Cobb
Cobb
Cobb
Fayalite
Micaceous schist
Micaceous schist 67
Micaceous schist 677
Yellow ochre 678
Yellow ochre 679
Yellow ochre 680
Micaceous schist t is
Micaceous clay with
silicate
Tourmaline rock
Feldspar
Quartz crystals
Granular quartz
Granular quartz
Granular quartz
Granular quartz
Quartz
Quartz
Iron pyrites
CobtIlrqnpyrites trace of copper 531
Colquitt
jShale 720
DawsonChalcedony
Decatur
Decatur
Decatur
Decatur
Decatur
Decatur
Decatur
Decatur
Decatur
Phosphate rock with rall
cium carbonate 461
Limestone 544
Chalcedony with Drusy
quartz
Chalcedony with prusy
quartz
Buhrstone
Phosphate rock
Flint
Chalcedony with Drusv
quartz
Phosphate rock
Decatur Phosphate rock
DecaturChalcedony
DecaturICalcium phosphate
tonIron pyrites 543
futon Impure State 655
lultonGranite
FultonKeldspa
Fulton
Fu ton
Fulton
Fulton
Fulton
Fulton
Mica schist
Shale
Limestone soft
Quartz gold bearing
Iron pyrites
556
557
558
559
458
465
543
tj iio
Iron pyrites 644
Gilmer Micaceous schist
Kilmer Iron ore
Gilmer Metallic Copper
merAlloy of copper lead 4 silver
GilmerQuartz
BurnerQuartz
GilmerI Manganese ore
GilmerMagnetite
Gilmer Almandite
533
534
535
536
587
5s
539
541
51L
Glynn Mica sand golden colored
456
Gwinnett Tourmaline rock
GwinnettCorundum
Gwinnett Galena
GwinnettMetallic iron
640
64
694
695
696
DoolyPure white tand
549
Habersham
Habersham
Habersham
Habersham
Habersham
Habersham
Habersham
Habersham
Habersham
Habersham
Hall
Hall
Hall
Hall
Hall
Hall
Hall
Hall
Hali
Hall
Hall
bellow ochre light color
Yellow ochrA light color
Yellow ochre medium
Yellow ochre pinkish
Yellow ochre medium
Yellow ochrewhitish yellow
Crystal quartz dark
Crystal quartz clear
Kyanite
Kyauite
492
49
560
562
514
515
516
517
518
519
614
615
616
617
Specularite
Micaceous schist
Mica schist
Semi opal
Chalcedony
Chalcedony
Chalcedony
Chalcedony
Chalcedony
Chalcedony
Chalcedony
455
572
582
683
581
585
586
587
588
589
590ANALYSES OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS18923
MINERALS ANALYZEDContinued
57
Name of
County Sent
From
Name of Mineral
A
Name of
County Sent
From
Name of Mineral
HallIChalcedony 591 tman
Hall Banded jasper 592 Quitman
Hall Banded jasper 593 Q man
Hall Mica schist 8p rna
Hall Iron p rites i I o man
Hall Impure Kaolin 19 Quitman
IfcAuartz 47teS
HeardIron pyrites 443j Quitman
HoustonLimestone
Houston Kossiliferous limestone1 462
Laurens Buhrstone v
LincolnIron pyrites gold bearing
LincolnGalena
LincolnSerpentine
Lincoln Iron pyrites
Lowndes Buhrstone
LowndesBuhrstone
MadisonIFeldspar
MadisonFeldspar
MarionQuartz sand
Alariou Yellow ochre
Marion Red hematite
MarionFerruginous gravel
MclntoshCalcium carbonate
Mclntosh Shell limestone
Meriwether
Meriwether
aleriwether
Meriwetner
Meriwether
Meriwether
Meriwether
Meriwether
Mm
Ir
498
499
631
til
ICili
467

684
685
as
Manganese ore
Manganese ore
Manganese ore
Manganese ore
Manganiferous iron ore
Manganiferous iron ore
Red hematite
Manganiferous iron ore
Manganiferous iron ore
Quitman Manganiferous iron ore
Quitman Manganiferous iron ore
QuitmanManganiferous iron ore
Quitman Manganiferous iron ore
Quitman jlron ore
Rabun
Rabun
Rabun
Rabun
Rabun
Rabun
Rabun
Rabun
Rabun
Quartz crystals
Tourmaline
Garnets
Steatite
Soapstone
Tourmaline
Tabular quartz
Quartz crystals
Mitchell Soft calcium carbonate
547
548
565
566
56
56S
569
570
563
564
Micaceous hematite
Tourmaline rock
Chalcedony
Genthite
Corundum sand
Agalmatolite
Flesh colored clay
Micaceous hematite
Hornblende
467
Montgomery Clay
Montgomery Clay
Montgomery iClay
Montgomery Clay
Montgomery Sandstone
Montgomery Sandtone I iJ
NewtonIMica in large sheetsI 55
Newton Mica schist W
NewtonDioriteji
PolkYellow ochre
Polk
Tolk
Polk
Polk
Polk
Polk
Polk
Polk
Polk
Dolomite
Red ochre
Bauxite
Bauxite
Fire clay
Fire clay
Semiopal
Yellow ochre
Brown clay
Randolph
Randolph
Randolph
Randolph
Randolph
Randolph
Randolph
Randolph
Randolph
Randolph
Randolph
Randolph
Randolph
Randolph
Randolph
Randolph
Randolph
Randolph
Randolph
Richmond
Richmond
Galena
Buhrstone
Buhrstone
Buhrstone
Buhrstone
Buhrstone
Buhrstone
Buhrstone
Buhrstone
Buhrstone
Phosphate rock
Fossiliferous limestone
Burhstone
Shale
Buhrstone
Sbae
iBuhrstone
Buhrstone
Ferruginonsclay
v
619
620
621
622
649
650
651
652
653
654
655
656
657
658
476
177
478
480
481
489
484
415
446
659
660
661
662
663
664
665
666
667
459
703
704
705
706
707
708
717
574
575
576
612
613
PulaskiI Marl clay
PulaskiSilicifled shell
PulaskiI Marly clay
Quitman
Quitman
Quitman
Quitman
Quitman
Quitman
Manganese ore with iron
Manganese ore with iron
Manganese ore with iron
Manganese ore with iron
Manganese ore with iron
Manganese ore
635
636
637
638
639
618
Rockdalei Feldspar
RockdaleFeldspar
RockdaleFeldspar
RockdaleMica
Rockdale
Rockdale
Rockdale
Rockdale
Rockdale
Rockdale
Rockdale
Rockdale
Rockdale
Rockdale
Rockdale
Rockdale
Kockdale
Rockdale
Rockdale
Silicifled shells 630
Chalcedony1 bbl
599
600
601
602
603
604
605
606
607
608
609
610
611
686
594
595
596
597
Mica
Mica
Mica scbist
Mica schist
Mica schist
Mica schist
Mica schist
Mica schist
Milky Quartz
Quartz rounded
Milky quartz
Milky quartz
Milky quartz
Amethystine quartz
Feldspar
Schley
Shell limestone 562
ScrevenSandstone
ScrevenSandstone
463
53258 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
MINERALS ANALYZEDContinued
Name of
County Sent
From
Taylor
Name oi Mineral
White clay
TownsMicaceous hematite
TownsTourmaline
TownsChalcedony
Towns Biotite
TownsGeuthite
TownsCorundum sand
TcwnslAgalmatoiite
Towns Pink clav
Towus Hornblende
TownsIlron pyrites
TownsClay
Towns Garnet
Towns Iron pj rites
TownsMicaceous hematite
TownsActinolite
TownsArseno pyrites
Towns Garnets in hornblende
rownsSpecular iron ore
TownsGalena
TownsSerpentine
Towns Iron pyrites
TownsIron pyrites gold bearing
a
I
fl
477J
4784
479
isn
LSI l
482
isi
484
485
in
1ST
488
489
490
491
49
496
497
498
199
500
Name of
County Sent
From
Name of Mineral
Union
Union
Union
Union
Union
Union
Union
Union
Union
Union
Union
Union
Union
Union
Union
Union
White
White
Wilcox
Wilcox
Wilcox
Wilcox
Wilcox
Wilcox
Wilcox
Micaceous hematite4761
Tourmaline rock 477J
Chalcedony 7nj
Genthite 48OJ
Corundum sand 1x11
Pink clay 83i
Hornblende 8J
Garnet 187
Iron pyrites 188
Micaceous hematite 891
Actinolite490
Mispickel mi
Iron pyrites 494
Garnets in hornblende
Specular iron ore 496
Iron pyrites gold bearing501
itlnk fi 1833
Hornblende s a
Buhrstone ns
Buhrstone 4jg
Silicified limestone 170
Buhrstone 171
Buhrstone 472
Buhrstone 47
Red oxide iron 513ANALYSES OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS18923 59
for the past fourteen seasons will be found inter
The following averages 1
esting
General Average of all Fertilizers
For the season of 18745
For the season of 18750
For the season of 18767
For the season of 18778
Available
Phosphoric Ammonia
Acid
923
1094
1087
1143
For the season of 1878 9j I195
For the season of 187980
For the season of 18801
For the season of 18812
For the season of 18823
1024
1096
1088
1103
For the season of 18834 1082
For the season of 18845
For the season of 1S856
For the season of 1S867
For the season of 18878
1113
1101
1139
1166
For the season of 18889 H48
For the season of 188990
For the season of 18901
For the season of 18912
For the season of 18923
1146
1130
1090
10 81
255
253
252
279
270
258
253
248
253
247
224
243
245
246
280
275
254
240
232
Potash
517
249
275
223
166
133
141
147
150
155
144
165
194
212
194
197
189
170
185
Thw arp the general averages of all fertilizers mciuuiug
general averages of all fertilizers including Acid Phos
le No II for the season named J
SbS ff of Soda Kainit Muriate of Potash and Sul
phate of Potash are not included in this list60 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
Averages of Ammoniated Fertilizers
Available
Phosphoric Ammonia
Acid
For the season of 18745
For the season of 18756
For the season of 18767
For the season of 18778
For the season of 18789
For the season of 187980
For the season of 18801
For the season of 18812
For the season of 18823
For the season of 18834
For the season of 18845
For the season of 18856
For the season of 18867
For the season of 18878
For the season of 18889
For the season of 188990
For the season of 18901
For the season of 18912
For the season of 18923
873
1036
1051
1083
1152
953
1030
1020
1022
978
1035
1015
1030
1047
1030
1037
1010
996
966
284
298
273
2 79
270
259
253
248
253
247
229
243
245
246
280
275
256
234
232
Potash
531
279
243
225
164
135
145
258
148
157
151
164
196
214
190
195
185
181
189ANALYSES OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS18923 61
Average of Konammoniated Fertilizers
For the season of 18745
For the season of 18756
For the season of 18767
For the season of 18778
For the season of 18789
For the season of 187980
For the season of 18801
For the season of 18812
For the season of 18823
For the season of 18834
For the season of 18845
For the season of 18856
For the season of 18867
For the season of 18878
For the season of 18889
For the season of 188990
For the season of 18901
For the season of 18912
For the season of 18923
Available
Phosphoric
Acid
Potash
1105 385
1199 464
1168 454
1310 216
1320 163
1244 128
1260 130
1248 105
1255 156
1259 148
1287 140
1262 168
1345 185
1381 207
1396 181
1383 188
1376 209
1274 169
1363 152
62
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
The number of brands inspected analyzed and placed upon the market
for each season since the organization of the Department is as follows
For the season of 18745110 brands
For the season of 18756 101 brands
For the season of 18707 25 brand
For the season of 18778127 brandg
For the season of 18789102 brands
For the season of 187980182 brands
For the season of 18801226 brands
For the season of 18812 270 brands
For the season of 18823354 brand
For the season of 18834336 brands
For the season of 188453J9 hrn
For the season of 18856345 brands
For the season of 18S07322 brands
For the season of 18878 OQ t
S31 brands
For the season of 18889355 brands
For the season of 188990440 brands
For the season of 18901492 brands
For the season of 18912 ano
60S brands
For the season of 18923 no
o98 brandsANALYSES OF COMMEKCIAL FERTILIZEKS18923 63
The number of brands of ammoniated and nonammoniated fertilizer
for each season is as follows
For the season of 18745
For the season of 18750
For the season of 18767
For the season of 18778
For the season of 18789
For the season of 187980
For the season of 18801
For the season of 18812
For the season of 18823
For the season of 18834
For the season of 18845
For the season of 18856
For the season of 18867
For the season of 18878
For the season of 1S889
For the season of 188990
For the season of 18900
For the season of 18912
For the season of 18923
Ammo
niated
Nonammo
niated
86 24
68 33
85 40
90 37
119 43
135 47
163 66
187 83
239 115
210 126
229 140
215 130
200 116
242 135
254 101
300 140
343 149
364 209
400 192
ffe
vtiUNIVERSITY OF GEORGIA LIBRARIE
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