PUBLICATIONS OF THE GEORGIA STATE Department of Agriculture IFOiR THE SrrEIR 1333 Volume XIX R T NESBITT COMMISSIONER OF AGRICULTURE ATLANTA GA Geo W Harrison State Printer Franklin Publishing House 6671 Ivy Street UP u Oh f a PREFACE This compilation of the publications of the Department of Agriculture litters from preceding volumes in that those bulletins and circulars the entire matter in which were embraced in a final report or bulletin have been omitted and only the final issue inserted These omissions are not detrimental and repetition only is avoided The last annual edition which was increased to two thousand volumes was not found beyond the demand for the work and therefore this number was retained and it was not thought expedient to return to the former small edition of five hun dred volumes The changes made in circulars of the Department which was apparent through the yearthe introduction of an Inquiry Column the issuance of a report every month in the year containing matter of interest in relation to the farm dairy etc has we believe added largely to the value of the volume as a book of reference and information and we trust that the contents of the volume are such as will merit its preservation by those who receive it The proceedings of the Horticultural Society which we also included will be found worthy of the study of those interested in fruit culture in GeorgiaINDEX 0 A Address before the State Agricultural Society 57 A Bad Habit 136 Annual Report 169 Afternoon SessionHorticultural Society205 Apples255 Apricots 258 B ByLaws 188 Blackberries 266 C Cheese Making in Georgia 11 Cultural Notes on Potatoes 57 Crop Report for May 81 Cotton Seed Huller89 Crop Report for June 95 Care of the Horses 101 Clover and the Farm 103 Cultivation After Rains 106 Crop Report for July 109 Crop Report for August 123 Crop Report for September 137 Crop Report for October 151 Cotton 170 Chemical Department 173 Commercial Fertilizers 171 ConstitutionHorticultural Society 187 Catalogue Horticultural Society 253 Catalogue of Fruits 253 Cherries 267 D Disease from Damaged Fodder 37 Diversified Industries 40 District Reports 227 Disposition of Fruit Supply 250VT INDEX E Experiment StationPractical Tests Explained 73 Effect of Nitrogenous Manure 104 Election of OfficersHorticultural Society 241 F Kami Values 19 Farmers Should be Thankful etc 35 Fruit Culture in North Georgia 47 Fertilizing Formula 105 Fertilizing Wheat 128 Fertilizers 133 Fertilizing for Cotton 145 Figs 26W G General Remarks for November 5 General Remarks for December 19 Garden Work for December 38 General Remarks for May 82 Jeneral Remarks for June 95 General Remarks for July 109 General Remarks for August 124 Glanders 130 General Remarks for September 138 Glanders 170 H Home Owners 39 Home Markets for Home Products 52 How to Prevent Cotton Blight 92 Handling Fowls 107 Herds Grass 132 Heating Manure 133 Honorary MembersHorticultural Society 197 Hastened Energy 240 I Inquiries 118 Inquiries Relating to the Farm etc 12S Inert Matter 131 Irish Potatoes 135 Incfuiries Answered 146 Inquiries Answered 157 Items of Interest 162 Inspection of Oils 179 Isothermal Lines 205INDEX VII JanuaryPlants for the New Year 28 June Crop Report 95 July Crop Report 109 Japan Persimmons 267 Let Speculation Alone 38 Land Plaster 106 Leached Ashes gg M Monthly Talk with the Farmers 3 Monthly Talk with the Farmers 15 Matters of General Interest 23 Monthly Talk with Farmers 28 Monthly Talk with Farmers 40 Monthly Talk with Farmers 53 Monthly Talk with Farmers 66 Monthly Talk with Farmers 84 Monthly Talk of the Commissioner 98 Monthly Talk of the Commissioner Ill Monthly Talk with the Farmers 125 Melon Root Rot 132 Mulberries 266 N November 4 Nutmeg Melons 105 Next Place of MeetingHorticultural Society 250 Nectarines 258 Nuts 259 Native Grapes 263 O One or Two Plain Truths 22 On the Country Road 93 Other Remarks Hg Oats 43 October Crop Report 152 Opinion and Analyses of State Chemist 179 OfficersHorticultural Society 190 Potash as a Fertilizer 44 Potato Experiments 93 Pasturage 35INDEX Pig Eating Sow 136 Publications 172 Proceedings of 18th Annual Meeting Georgia Horticultural Society 185 Proceedings 190 President Berckmans Address 200 Peaches 256 Pomegranates 258 Pears 261 Plums 202 Q Quinces 207 R Root RotIts Cause and Remedy 132 Report 170 Report of the Chemist 170 Roll of Members of the Georgia Horticultural Society 1893 191 Report of Horticulturist Experiment Station 232 Reports of Special Committees 233 Report of Committee on Vegetable and Floral Display 234 Keport of Committee on Fruit Display 236 Report of Standing Committees on New Fruits 239 Report of Committee on Ornamental and Useful Trees 240 Rates 250 Raspberries 265 S Suggestions and Information by Agricultural Department 3 Selections Published in Monthly Reports 71 Sheep Raising 134 September Crop Report 137 Spraying for Blight 1 0 Substitutes for Glass Greenhouses 163 Seed 173 Statement 183 Standing CommitteesHorticultural Society 191 Strawberries 265 T The Effect of Subsoiling 39 The Date Cold Spell 40 The Garden 4 Thoughts on Stock Raising in Georgia 50 The Life History of Cutworms 102 Things that are Told 107 Tomatoes at the Maryland Station 163 Tabulated Statement 64 The Future of Horticulture in Georgia 242INDEX ix Y Yellows134 COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS AND CHEMICALS A Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers Averages of Ammoniated Fertilizers 60 Averages of Nonammoniated Fertilizers 61 C Cotton Seed Meal 14 E Ellington Bill 12 F Free Sulphuric Acid in Acid Phosphate etc 9 I Inferior Kerosene Oils 6 M Minerals Analyzed 56 N New Law Governing Inspections 16 Notice of Sales and Consignments 20 P Paines Nonacid Phosphate 4 Phosphates 54 R Report of the Chemist 10 Remarks on Ellington Bill 13 Request for Registration 19 T Tables of Analyses 22 V Valuations 3SUGGESTIONS AND INFORMATION BY THE GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGNOIM K T NESBITT Commissioner of Agriculture ATLANTA GA The Franklin Printing and Publishing Company 1893SUGGESTIONS AND INFORMATION EY THE Georgia Department of Agriculture MONTHLY TALK WITH THE FARMERS NOVEMBER Department of Agriculture Atlanta November 1 1892 The month of October on the whole has been most favorable for gath ering the crops of corn and cotton and the farmers have shown great energy and care in placing the fleecy staple beyond the reach of injury from un favorable weather Throughout the State the yield is the poorest in ten years Today the fields are almost bare nothing in the plants to mature In other words the crop is gathered for this season and the results are most unsatisfactory There has not been in years a season in which the absence of favorable climate and soil conditions has been more conspicuously marked Where the proper preparations were made in time and the soil had even in moderate quantities the requisite elements for plant growth and where energy and sound judgment have characterized the planting and subse quent cultivation the yield is notwithstanding adverse seasons fairly good But where there was late planting light manuring or no manuring at all and where the cultivation was slow and imperfect the yield is the poorest I have ever known The experience of the past twentyfive years should convince every farmer who was allured by the high prices of cotton directly after the war into following the onecrop system that an agricultural people never made a greater mistake than in staking their all on a single issue The making of these successive crops has cost not only vast sums of borrowed money but has consumed time and talent and energy and worn out a soil that once possessed every element for producing in abundance all the crops suited to our climate and section I have been forcibly indeed pain fully impressed the past season with the undeniable fact that most of our surface soil is lost to us forever and even in more favored sections where the lands are level the manifest decline in both plant growth and yield are so marked as to cause grave apprehension for the future success of our agricultureDEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA This depleting wearing out system cannot continue indefinitely the end must come ere many years roll around and then what are we to do We have had all the teams and every farm appliance pulling everything down hill since the war we have nearly reached the bottom and what then Can you show me any section of the State where the farms have been made richer and more productive Of course there are individual exceptions and where you find these exceptions you generally find plenty of home supplies and prosperity But as a rule the answer to this question must be unfavorable The truth is our farms are growing poorer with each succeeding crop We all realize that it is much easier to exhaust and tear down than to reclaim and build up these old fields But they can be re claimed and we owe it to ourselves to our children to set about the task It is estimated that only about five per cent of those engaged in trade ever accumulate wealth quite a large number succeed in gaining a com fortable support but many in all occupations from various causes often from lack of energy or proper business qualifications fail of their object and these become the chronic grumblers and faultfinders in every com munity and attribute to bad laws and unfavorable seasons the misfortunes and disappointments which have fallen to their lot The successful farmer must be a man of energy and tact wideawake and ever ready to take on any information regarding his work He is not a grumbler but bravely meets and grapples with every difficulty in his path to success He secures pleasure as well as independence from his chosen occupation He recognizes the fact that the limit of production in this country has never been reachedthat we are years behind the farmers of many European countries These people from necessity their dense pop ulation forcing them to the most extraordinary efforts to gain a livelihood have learned to exercise the greatest care in saving every element of plant food in concentrating their work in adopting the most advanced and in telligent systems of farming They have learned theleseon which we are just beginning to studythat is how to reap the largest and most profitable yield from the smallest area These thoughtful busy workers are demon strating that even under continuous cultivation lands can be worked at a profit and at the same time kept up to a high degree of productiveness To realize the utter absurdity and hopelessness of continuing to cultivate land in the same crop without rest or change one needs only to ride over this State and examine the yield on those fields which have been devoted to cotton year after year To a thoughtful mind the sight is a most de pressing one We generally occupy the position which we make for ourselves and we cannot reasonably hope to fill a higher one The farmer who allows his lands to rundown year after and then expects to realize an independence from them is making the grand mistake of his life It is the man and not the farm that determines its value It is true that there is a difference in location climate and nature of soil but there is a wider difference in the men who use these conditions Professor Brewer well illustrates this idea by a case which came under his own observation A neighbor bought a farm for 20 an acre He so improved it that in three years he was offeredSUGGESTIONS AND INFORMATIONNOVEMBER 5 300 an acre for it At his death it sold for 250 an acre In a few years the purchaser sold it for 100 an acre to a man who finally disposed of it for 12 an acre In our favored climate nature holds out to us every encouragement Let us read and think for ourselves Let us emulate the example of our more progressive and successful neighbor There is plenty of room at the top of the ladder only crowding and disappointment at the bottom Let us struggle higher up where comfort and abundance await us R T Nesbitt Commissioner GENERAL REMARKS Since the October report was issued we have had plenty of sunshine and warm weather for harvesting crops over nearly the entire State Farmers have availed themselves of the fine opportunity and gathering has pro gressed rapidly In the southern portion of the State cotton picking is far advanced and with a few more weeks of fine weather the entire crop will be gathered In Middle Georgia cotton is nearly all opened and picked and in Northern Georgia much of the crop is out Corn gathering and the housing of peas has continued rapidly through the fine weather and a great part of the work is completed COTTON While the fine weather has been favorable to cotton picking yet the en tire absence of moisture has not been without its injurious effects With occasional showers the small top crop would have matured whereas by the dry warm weather small bolls have been forced open prematurely The lint from such bolls is very tight and in ginning goes largely to motes From a careful consideration of reports and personal observation of the con dition of the crop in a part of the State we feel safe in saying that the crop for this year will not be more than sixtyfive per cent of that of last year These figures take into consideration not only the small yield per acre but also the reduction in acreage CORN The corn crop of this year is the largest made in the State for a number of years While the crop of last year probably in the northern part of the State exceeded in the yield per acre yet considering the increased acreage and the yield in other portions of the State the department regards this as the largest crop during the past decade GRAIN The sowing of wheat and oats lias been retarded by the dry weather but we trust that the farmers will put in larger crops of small grain than here tofore The fall is the proper time to begin to prepare for a decreased acreage in cotton and for bringing up land by diversified farming Let those who have undertaken to renovate their lands and to make their farms selfsustaining continue in their efforts in this the right direction The advance made in the price of cotton leads to the hope of higher pricesDEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA but let it be always remembered that if a better price is to be obtained that the acreage must be reduced aud the size of the crop diminished Over production will always result in a depression of the market and living prices cannot be expected where a surplus remains on hand WORK OF THE DEPARTMENT Perhaps more than any other Department of State the Agricultural De partment has been confronted with opposition In many instances this opposition grows out of the fact that the work of the department is not thoroughly understood in other cases out of the idea that supported by taxation the expenditures exceed the benefits conferred on the people It is true that a part of the fund that supports this department is derived from the general fund but such is only the case because a great part of the fees collected through the agency of the department go to the school fund In the bieinial report of the department to the governor the gratifying result was shown that the fees collected from inspections that came under the supervision of the department were more than ample to meet every ex penditure for the entire department in all its branches with a balance in favor of the State of over 3000 The season from which these figures were taken was an unusually small one as regards the business done in com mercial fertilizers and it is a conservative estimate to place the amount that will be usually derived above all expenditures at S10000 During 189192 the change in the law in regard to the fees of inspectors of oils was not in full force and an increase from this source can be reasonably expected SUPERVISION OF INSPECTION Two classes of inspection are under the direct control aud supervision of the department and the benefits derived from these inspections perhaps present the work of the department in its most tangible form The in spection and analysis of fertilizers we regard as of the most vital impor tance to the farmers for whose benefit the department was especially created The history of the fertilizer business prior to the inspection system shows its immense benefits In the courts of nearly every country where ferti lizers were used were found cases where farmers deriving no benefit from the goods purchased were contesting at a great disadvantage the worth of the goods The following from the report of the commissioner to the governor gives briefly the law on the subject of fertilizer inspection with some other matters of importance to the department THE INSPECTION OF FERTILIZERS The imperative necessity for laws governing the inspection of fertilizers hasbeen recognized by the legislative bodies of nearly all the States The first law passed on this subject in Georgia was in 1868 Being of an experi mental character it was inadequate to protest against various frauds that might be sought to be perpetrated and so framed that the subsequent large business that developed would have afforded immense revenue to the offi cials executing the law Under thislaw the inspector or party drawing the sample was at the same time the chemist making the analysis It was theSUGGESTIONS AND INFORMATIONNOVEMBER duty of these officers when requested to inspect fertilizers at any point within the State and to furnish certificates of such inspection It made it unlawful for any person to sell fertilizers without such certificate of inspec tion for making which the inspector received fifty cents a ton The act creating this system provided for no general supervision of the work of the inspectors each being an independent officer in that section of the State in which he was located Xaturally therefore when the act of 1874 cre ating the Dspartment of Agriculture was passed the head of this de partment was placed in charge of all inspections The use of fertilizers rapidly increasing the necessity for a change in the law became apparent and to meet this the act of 1877 was passed Could this law have been so executed as to have each shipment inspected the protection would have been ample but the consumption became so large that inspections in bulk were made to facilitate business These inspections afforded no sufficient protection as the goods remaining in the hands of the manufacturer after the sample was drawn were subject to subsequent adulteration and manip ulation in which event the analysis of the sample would not represent the goods sold Recognizing this when I came into office I endeavored to avoid this class of inspections by passing an order directing all inspections to be made after the goods were sacked and ready for shipment With the force at the command of the department it was found impossible to make all in spections in this way and that inspections in bulk were unavoidable that the business might be conducted without delay Realizing the insuffi ciency of these inspections I presented a bill to to the last General As sembly which made a radical change in the system This bill became the law and does I believe furnish a perfect protection against any ordinary effort to place spurious goods on the market and renders any class of fraud almost certain of detection Already under its operation honest errors made by manufacturers in sacking goods have been discovered and the mistakes rectified to the advantage of the farmers The provisions of the new law are such that the manufacturer or dealer who sells goods b3low the State standard places himself in danger of ren dering void all transactions for the year and of having the State prohibit subsequent sales The opportunities and chances for detection are so great that no dealer or manufacturer would risk the great loss entailed by discovery of illegitimate sales for the sake of the benefits that would be derived from fraudulent transactions That act totally abolishes all inspec tions in bulk and all inspections are made after the goods leave the hands of the manufacturer or dealer Briefly stated it provides that all manufact urers or dealers must register the guaranteed analysis of the brand of a fer tilizer they sell or propose to offer for sale This guarantee is placed on record in the office and is also branded on the sack that purchasers may ascertain without difficulty the standard up to which the goods must come In order to maintain a high standard the law also requires all ammoniated goods to contain two per cent of ammonia with a total of eight per cent of available phosphoric acid and potash To give further protection and to better enable purchasers by name and without reference to the guarantee to know something of the goods purchased I passed an order under the8 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA power conferred by the bill requiring all fertilizers offered for registration inspection or sale branded as either of the following Arximoniated Super phosphate Ammoniated Dissolved Bone Ammoniated Guano Guano Fertilizer or in other words implying that the same is an ammoniated superphosphate The guaranteed analysis must claim that it contains not less than two per cent of ammonia actual or potential After registration the manufacturer or dealer may order as many tags as he sees proper specifying upon what brand or brands they are to be used These tags are now more properly speaking registration tags as they do not signify that the fertilizer has been actually sampled but only that the conditions precedent to selling or offering for sale have been complied with When the sales are made it is the duty of the manufacturer to notify the department of the number of tons the name of the consignee and where shipped A failure on the part of the manufacturers to comply with these conditions renders the sale absolutely void The inspectors are directed where to make inspections as each sale is recorded in the office They are also sent out on general trips through the territory assigned them taking samples wherever found and reporting to the department the name of the brands with the guaranteed analysis found on the sack While samples are not taken from every shipment the fact that a large number aredrawn in every part of the State and the inability of the manufacturer to tell from what samples analysis will be made upon which depends his future business in the State and his collections furnishes we believe a perfect safeguard In regard to the price of fertilizers in the State it is gratifying to report that our farmers are able to purchase at as small cost as in any State in the Union Our tonnage tax is so low as not to be considered in making the selling price which was not the case while the tax remained at fifty cents per ton While the tax is only ten cents per ton it will be seen by the receipts from this source that a sufficient sum is raised to maintain the entire inspection system and without taxation protect our farmers from many frauds and impositions Did the manufacturers add ten cents to every ton of goods sold which they do not the farmer could well afford to pay this small fee to insure him against adulterated and spurious goodsi and secure for him a service that would otherwise cost him from ten to fifteen dollars So firmly am I convinced of the necessity of a thorougli system of inspection that were it necessary to support it by general taxation I believe the State would be compensated by the amount saved from bur densome litigation that would result did no such system exist However the present tonnage tax has proven far better than any other method and supporting itself adds several thousand dollars annually to the school fund of the State GLANDERS As your Excellency is aware through the Executive Department and direct to this department many complaints have been made by letter and in cases of alarm by telegram of glanders among stock in the State Our laws make no provision for such cases and through your Excellency I would respectfully call the attention of the General Assembly to the necesSUGGESTIONS AND INFORMATIONNOVEMBER sity of providing some means to suppress and prevent the spread of this loathsome disease without deeming it proper in this report to suggest the method When it has been within the power of the department without too great an expenditure cases have been investigated but with no power to act beyond the investigation and with no means at the command of the department except what has been saved from the general fund appropriated to the department by economy in other directions I feel that the depart ment is unequipped to handle the matter and to prevent the spread of the disease now in its infancy and in case of an emergency to do what would be necessary to prevent a disastrousdestruction of our stock So far a willingness on the part of those who own diseased animals to destroy them for the benefit of the community has been shown but should the owner of one affected animal conclude not to permit it to be killed it is difficult to say to what extent the disease might spread At the last session of the General Assembly Mr Chappell from Laurens county introduced a bill providing for compensation when glandered stock was killed but that measure did not meet with the approval of a majority of the house and failed to pass Competent veterinarian surgeons are of the opinion that nearly if not all the cases found in the State are brought in by Texas stock and maintaining tbis view a number of States have enacted quarantine regulations against such stock requiring its inspection The fact that this disease not only destroys stock but also endangers human life to my mind furnishes sufficient argument why legislative action of some character should be taken Again chronic cases of glanders may re main in a community for months spreading many cases of the disease in its acute form without its source being discovered Such conditions evi dently demand an investigation by a surgeon who thoroughly understands his work EXPERIMENT STATION In many quarters complaints have been made against the station on the ground that the expenditures were too great for the amount of good done These complaints are generally based on the supposition that the fund that supports the station is appropriated by the State when in fact it is derived from the general government and it does not appear to me reasonable that any part of our people should wish not to receive or permit the farmers to recpive the benefit from an appropriation made by the United States As required by law the essential part of the work of the station has been reproduced in the reports of this department That many of these experiments are valuable there can be no doubt if the results of systematic culture and fertilization of various characters are of any benefit to the farmer That many are unable to avail themselves of the benefit of the experiment is doubtless true but the lessons taught remain the same Toe Commissioner of Agriculture is exofficio chairman of the Board of Directors of the station The board which is appointed by your excel lency is made up of successful farmers from each congressional district in the State The efforts of these gentlemen have been to make the station beneficial to every class of farmers and to illustrate to our farmers what can be done in certain branches of agriculture As the head of the departIO DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA merit my voice in the affairs of the station is only imperative in case of a disagreement resulting iu a tie between the other directors but the present policy of conducting the station has been agreed upon after general con sultation among the directors The establishment of a dairy and the experiments in tobacco I especially advocated as tending to show the capabilities of Georgia outside of our previous agricultural policy The line now being pursued will I believe result in great benefit and I hope our farmers will endeavor to profit by the experience of the farm estab lished for their benefit A word in this report as to the way in which the station was established may not be amiss The land was donated by the people of Spalding county and the State has appropriated 315000 expended principally for improvements of a permanent character as the government permits only a small portion of its annual appropriation to be used for that purpose The ten thousand dollars came out of the fees arising from the inspection of fertilizers and so was no addition to the general tax The station is operated and maintained by 815000 annually set aside by congress for that purpose INSPECTION OF OILS The change in the law in regird to the fees of oil inspectors furnishes a source of revenue from these inspections The object of the law is to pre vent the sale of oil and other explosive substances of so low a grade that life and property would be endaugered In addition to this the depart ment has been able to secure oil of a better burning quality where poor oil has been shipped into the State SEED The object and aim of the department in sending out seed is not as some suppose simply to furnish seed for ordinary farm and garden purposes but to encourage the use of well selected seed test the value of differ ent varieties direct the attention of the farmers to other branches of agri culture so that whether certain crops can be grown profitably can be ascertained and to introduce seed that have been tested and found of superior value LITERATURE The reports sent out by the department are to give the farmers informa tion not only oil the condition of the crops and the prospective yield but also such information as will be useful on the farm the department endeavors to make these reports timely and we would be glad to receive from farmers succinct reports of experiments or unusual results obtained by certain methods of cultivation At any and all times the department is willing to give any information at its command or communicate with the department at Washington when necessary to ascertain auy mitter about which there may be an inquiry It is our desire to make the department beneficial to the farmers outside of the supervisions of inspections and by every means at our command to advance practical agriculture In this work we ask the cooperation and support of the farmers of the StateSUGGESTIONS AND INFORMATIONNOVEMBER I I CHEESEMAKING IN GEORGIA BY HON R T NESBITT COMMISSIONER OF AGRICULTURE OF GEORGIA From the Southern Cultivator On a recent visit to Griffin while attending the meeting of the Board of Directors of the Experiment Station I was very much interested in exam ining into the details of the cheesemaking experiment now being tried there This industry has never been thoroughly tested in Georgia In deed it has been supposed heretofore that the difficulties climatic and otherwise here surrounding successful and profitable cheesemaking were too numerous to be easily overcome But a careful review of these diffi culties and a somewhat extended study of the farm experiment has con vinced me that the beginning of this industry will open another source of income to our farmers and its benefits will be felt not only in the actual cash it may bring in but in the improvement of our stock and lands as well The establishment of cheese factories and creameries in every neighborhood where they can be supported means a steady and reliable market for milk much of which is now wasted It also means more and better stock and in the natural consequence of farm economy there fol lows more green crops more and better home manure and crowning advantage of all improved and improving lands The arrangements for a cheese factory unlike some other of the smaller in dustries do not require any considerable outlay of capital and while neat ness and care are essential the conditions are such that cheese of excellent quality can be successfully made at far less risk than where the milk is sent any distance to market or where butter is the product In the first case that is where the milk is marketed at any distance there is the danger of souring particularly in midsummer In the second that is where the product is to be butter the variations of the cream as to quality and quan tity owing sometimes to weather conditions or other circumstances equally beyond control often cause disappointment In keeping cows for cheesemaking the factory being established the farmer sells milk at so much the pound which is returned to him either in money or cheese The price is fixed the market is at his door his only care is to produce the milk in sufficient quantities to pay him for the outlay This being done he has not only added to his income but has another wholesome and nu tritious item among his family supplies In almost every thickly settled neighborhood one of these factories might be started on the cooperative plan several farmers combining and one of their number thoroughly posting himself in all the necessary details of the work At the experi ment station the factory is in daily operation and any one wishing in struction will be welcomed and given every facility for learning the business There is nothing complicated in the process and any man or woman of ordinary intelligence can in thirty days learn everything necessary for carrying on the work To give some idea of the requirements I quote from some note3 which were kindly furnished me by Captain Redding the director in response to some questions which I had asked I also give his letter bearing directly upon this subject12 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA Experiment Ga August 27 1892 lion R T Nesbitt Commissioner of Agricultvre Atlanta On My Dear SirIn response to yours of the 25th I enclose Notes on Cheesemaking in Georgia which you may find useful You may add that the cheese made tbe present summer at the station dairy has been in great request selling readily at the dairy at fifteen cents per poundthe whole cheese Wherever it has been tested it has given satisfaction Mr Wing says that the conditions here in Georgia for cheese making are more favorable than in Ohio where he has been making cheese all his life Very truly R J Redding Director NOTES ON CHEESEMAKING IN GEORGIA 1 Character and cost of building Any cheap outbuilding or mere shed will answer all purposes for mak ing cheese It is only necessary to be dry and comfortable for the operator But the curing room should be tight and close yet capable of ventilation A good 8x10 pantry or storeroom such as may be found in most well built farm houses would answer 2 Fixtures machinery etc A cheese vat consisting of a wooden box lined with tin with a small furnace underneath a press with one or more sqrews similar to a cider press screw a few tin cheese hoops of different sizes curd knives strainers dipper and a thermometer The entire outfit for a dairy of twentyfive cows will cost less than 100 3 The process of cheesemaking is briefly as follows The nights milk is kept in a cool place until morning when it is mixed with the mornings milk and all poured into the cheese vat and beated up to a temperature of eightyfour degrees A small quantity of prepared rennet rennetine is then added and the milk is constantly but gently stirred to prevent the cream from rising until it commences to thicken In about forty minutes the milk will become solid it curdles you would call it clabber or sweet curds When the curd has become pretty firm it is cut into small cubesabout the size and shape of diceby means of the curd knives which is done in a few moments The heat is then increased until the curds show a temperature of ninetysix to ninetyeight degrees by the thermometer This heating is to cause tu pieces of curd to con tract thereby expelling the whey The whey is then drained away and is used to feed pigs young calves etc being fattening food The curd is now salted at the rate of onehalf ounce of salt to the pound of curd and the latter is enclosed in a press cloth and put into the cheese hoop and pressed until the whey is all expelled which will be in about twenty minutes The cheese is now removed from the press hoop the press cloth removed and the permanent cloth bandage put on and then returned to the hoops and press where it is pressed with the full force of the press and screw and a threefoot leverthe firmer the better The cheese usually remains in the press until next day or say eighteen hours when it is marked with date of making and placed on a shelf in the curing room to be turned over every day and rubbed with the handSUGGESTIONS AND INFORMATIONNOVEMBER 13 The curing room should be kept at about the temperature of seventy or seventyfive degrees by opening wiudows and doors at night and closing up during the day The cheese will be ready for use in from three weeks to several months as may be determined by the maker during the process of making 4 In the south the months of March April May June August Sep tember and October are the best cheesemaking months but cheese may be made at any season Usually cheese is made in spring summer and fall and butter in winter beeause buttermaking requires a cool tempera ture which cannot be secured in summer without the aid of ice which is too expensive and inconvenient 5 How to dispose of milk when not made into cheese It is generally more profitable to sell milk than either butter or cheese but milk will keep only a few hours and cannot be sent long distances Therefore the milk market is easily glutted Buttermaking is the better way unless a large number of cows are kept and the local market not re liable for milk Generally cheesemaking will be found more profitable than either when operating with a good sized herd 6 In Georgia nine and onehalf pounds of milk are required to make one pound of cured cheese 7 As before stated the curds may be manipulated so as to make a long keeping or short keeping cheesesay from three to four weeks to six months may intervene between making and marketing according to the will of the maker When a cheese becomes ripe or ready for eating and it is desired to hold it for a better market it must be kept in a cool roomin summer time in cold storage At the last meeting of the Board of Directors of the Experiment Station it was determined that at the State fair to be held in Macon in the coming October the station cheese factory shall be in daily operation Many per sons who could not otherwise have an opportunity of witnessing the prac tical working of such a factory can there study every item of labor experience etc The field is open to any enterprising person and I trust such will take hold and make it remunerative to themselves and to the farmers Every enterprise which opens new avenues of work and fur nishes fresh sources of iDcome is a blessing and we need all the help which such combinations may afford us THREE BREEDS OF SWINE A recent bulletin issued by the Louisiana Experiment Station gives the following results of their experiments with three breeds of swine There has been more demand for Red Jerseys than for either of the other two The Berkshire and Essex seem to be in about equal favor The Red Jerseys are great consumers with rapid growth and full development in flesh and fat food consumed They are hardy good rustlers and prolific raising as high as three litters per annum With an abundance of food they are rapid pork makers They are however omniverous and will eat chicken lamb or kid whenever permitted This a serious objection to theH DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA small farmer and his good housewife The Berkshires share with the Eed Jerseys many of their excellent qualities They are excellent foragers and when crossed on the native give perhaps the best range hog in the world They are healthy and prolific and furnish the finest marbleized hams For a general stock hog they can hardly be surpassed They too are in clined to be carnivoious and should not be brought into too intimate rela tions with young fowls lambs and kids The Essex are emphatically lot hogs They are slow and uncertain breeders They are somewhat slug gish and always fat They are gentle kind and indisposed to extensive foraging They can easily be made to weigh 150 to 250 pounds when one year old a size admirably adapted to the table wants of a farmer on a scaleSUGGESTIONS AND INFORMATIONDECEMBER I 5 MONTHLY TALK WITH THE FARMERS DECEMBER Department of Agriculture Atlanta Ga December 1 1892 The year of 1892 has nearly passed away and as we take a retrospective view of our labors our successes and our defeats for this year we find much food for earnest thought It is our duty to consider and weigh well the grave responsibilities which surround us and in making our arrangements for another year to ask ourselves if our efforts have been conducted on the right lines Have we conducted our farms on common sense business principles Have we managed in such a way as not only to reap the largest yield from the smallest area at the lowest cost but have we realized the full benefits of this result In planting our various crops did we con sult the ever important condition of supply and demand and in dispos ing of them did we exercise the business acumen which enabled us to market them to the best advantage Is it not too much our habit in the hurry and often perplexity of arranging our business at the beginning of each year to overlook these important questions In our anxiety we are liable to forget that the farmers obligations are not confined to the narrow circle of his own farm and home but on each one rests in part the duty of feeding and clothing the world A failure in this can but bring disap pointment and suffering to the busy toilers in other occupations and trades and also those who while helping us are not producers whose daily wants have to be supplied It is to the farmers that these teeming millions turn not only for their meat and bread but for the clothes which they wear and the farmers alone can produce them This is their supreme right and thus to them belongs the lever which moves the world Do we realize the magnitude of the undertaking Is is not our duty not only to supply our needs but to meet this demand which the world makes upon us and are we pursuing a system which will accomplish this work To understand this question more thoroughly let us go back thirty years At that time there were fields in every section of our State that without fertilizer yielded large returns With ordinary preparation and fair cultivation we reaped abundant crops of our staple productions We had wide expanses of woodland pastures which furnished our meat at an almost nominal cost and a contented thoroughly controlled labor system Prosperity and con tentment smiled on every side Then came the devastations of war and an entire change in our system of labor After this from necessity often but as truly from mistaken farm methods the tenant and renting system began and also the pernicious and false and I should say easy and elastic plan of securing advances to the full and often more than full value of the crops under cultivation These mistakes have tended to bring about a speculative system of farming The ease with which credit could be ob tained on cotton and the impossibility of securing it on any other crop and the cheapness of our lands have influenced many farmers to produce a money crop or rather what they hoped would be a money crop to the ex clusion of those food crops s absolutely essential to the success comfori6 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA and I may say perpetuity of our calling Granted that this system is he result of our losses from a most destructive war and the wiping out of old established customs it is equally true that it has established temporary methods which have well nigh bankrupted us Time has effectually demonstrated the folly of continuing an agricultural policy which has brought us only disappointment and defeat in the past and yet in some cases from apathy in others from a spirit born of despair we see our farmers plunging each year deeper and deeper into the whirl pool of ruini Seeking and gaining the consent of their patient and hopeful creditors they brace themselves for their new work and by increasing cot ton their only money crop vainly hope to retrieve their failing fortunes This new work is only new as far as the season is concerned It is a new year but it is the same old methods the same old hopes the same old efforts to produce a cotton crop on credit to pay old debts No mathematical proposition was ever more easily demonstrated than this that a farmer cannot purchase supplies on time to make cotton at present prices In nine cases out of ten the losses are so great that he finds his obligations have been increased rather than diminished by the honest out mistaken efforts he has made to release himself from the relentless grasp of debt Let us resolve on different methods Ours is an honorable calling and farming is just as much a business as selling goods or mining ores and requires far more study and preparation Let no man think that he can successfully embark in it without some previous preparation or knowledge of eveu its simplest duties To the man who farms because he loves it and not simply because he can gain a hard living by it who studies business as well as the most enlightened agricultural methods who applies the knowledge gained from the brain work researches of others as well as that gleaned from his own observation and experience who uses brain force as well as physical strenthto this man nature opens her storehouse and pours out her rich treasures In studying her laws we shall realize that each year we owe a duty to our land as well as to our families and ourselves We shall And that we cannot continue indefinitely to draw plant food from the soil and expect that soil to remain in fruitful condition Taking even a small quantity each year wears out and depletes and while this depletion may not be noticeable at the start a gradual reduction both in the plant growth and yield of fruit must take place and each succeeding year marks a larger decrease in the productive power of the land Let us illustrate When a cotton planter puts his usual 200 pounds of fertilizer to the acre he has among other elements put in four pounds of ammonia and when he realizes his usual acreage of onethird of a bale to the acre he has removed from the soil in the seed alone twelve pounds of ammonia In other words he each year takes off in the seed alone eight pounds more of ammonia than he supplies and the land has to make up the deficit Could there be stronger argument against our present methods Our fathers with a per fect system of labor trained and disciplined pushed the exhausting pro cess to such a degree and the consequences of our following this destructive policy are so serious that today we find ourselves confronted by conditiors which we must meet and conquer or own ourselves defeated These unSUGGESTIONS AND INFORMATIONDECEMBER 17 satisfactory methods do not meet the demands of our more enlightened age They are wrong from any standpoint and with hired labor they are absolutely ruinous If we are in debt is it possible for us to lessen that debt by taking on us obligations to make a cotton crop which as I have already stated costs under our present methods more than it will bring in the markets Let us study this question thoroughly consider our surroundings examine care fully the condition and requirements of our lands count the cost and then apply ourselves diligently to the task of ascertaining which methods which crops will pay the largest dividends Having determined these let us use our best judgment and energy to produce the best results Select some good agricultural publication nothing better than The Southern Cultivator and its contemporary The Southern farm both published in Atlanta and as you sit around your firesides these long winter nights read and study the results which are being obtained in every section by live and wideawake farmers The day with us is passed when we can do superficial work because the elements once so abundantly supplied by our soil are from unwise and careless management greatly exhausted Any one with ordinary intelligence and energy can on rich land dig a support from the soil Only intelligent and properly directed skill can wrest success from our changed condition But here science comes to our aid points out the trouble and suggests the remedy and common sense tells us that we have the conditions for success in our grasp if we will only control them Science says there are certain elements necessary to the growth of your crops supply these in greater quantities than your crops require and you keep up the fertility of your lands Common sense says you have a mo nopoly on a crop which is absolutely necessary to the world keep it in proper bounds and your independence is secured Build up a small acreage each year by a careful system of rotation green crops and manuring Take a few acres and every spare moment haul out the scrapings from lot stable and fence corners also from rich spots in your woods Now and during the winter months is the time for this work It has been demon strated that stable manure spread on the land and allowed to remain during the winter has produced seventy bushels of corn per acre The same quantity plowed under in the spring the same season yielded only fifty bushels per acre Purchase your acid cotton seed meal and potash now and during the bad weather mix these ingredients on a tight floor in the proportion of 600 pounds meal 1200 pounds acid and 200 pounds German kainit You will save from 4 to 5 per ton have a first class fertilizer and know just exactly what you are using Or you can take acid cotton seed meal and stable manure in the following proportions and have a fertilizer equal if not superior to any on the market Acid 650 pounds stable ma nure 675 pounds cotton seed meal 225 pounds or green cotton seed 675 pounds When land is deficient in potash add 200 pounds of kainit In this formula deduct 75 pounds each green cotton seed and stable manure and 50 pounds of superphosphate Again let me warn you not to be led into the mistake of raising too much cotton Dont be tempted to leave the only true plan to success that isDEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE GEORGIA plenty of food supplies and then all the cotton you can cultivate without having to borrow more than it is worth to make it The present condition of the cotton market is sufficient proof of the un alterable laws of supply and demand The theory that we cannot pro duce too much cotton is entirely exploded by the experiences of 1891 and 1892 In 1891 we produced the biggest crop on record and the price fell far below the cost of production and many farmers more especially those who bought their provisions are yet struggling to pay off the obligations incurred in making that crop In 1892 by reason of reduced acreage and unpropitious seasons the yield has fallen below the average and now that this fact is established beyond controversy we see the price bounding up in spite of speculative effort to depress it and notwithstanding the fact that we have no more money in circulation than we had one year ago when there was a popular theory that scarcity of money and underconsumption and not overproduction depressed the market and was the cause of the disastrous low price Had the majority of farmers by pursuing a sound agricultural policy been able to hold this years crop that is the crop of 1892 they would now be reaping the golden harvest over which the speculators are rejoicing It is true there are farmers who by raising an abundance of provisions reduc ing the cotton area and by careful methods increasing the yield while lessening the cost are today reaping the benefit from their wise fore thought But unfortunately they are the exception The bulk of the cotton has gone out of the hands of the farmers and they are compelled to see their crop the result of much anxious thought and weary toil enrich ing others instead of themselves Let me urge you in planting your crops for 1893 to remember that when we glut the markets of the world we have to accept such prices as the buyer sees fit to give but when we have our supplies and a cotton crop just sufficient to meet the demands of trade we can to a certain extent dictate the price Dont allow yourselves to be allured into false methods by the present high price of cotton This will be my last talk with the farmers before the opening of a new year May they realize the grave responsibilities which it brings and by a wise and careful policy use its opportunities to their own best advantage R T Nesbitt Commissioner GENERAL REMARKS As this report will be the last issued from the department for the year 1892 we desire to thank the correspondents of the department who have rendered us such valuable aid in their preparations We are glad to note that the estimates made from the reports sent during the growth and gathering of the crop are proving substantially correct while we regret that in some instances they are not so gratifying as we would wish The large increase made in the number of reporters has rendered the result from the compiled figures much more certain as inequalities in the crop in different localities of the same section were more accurately ascertainedSUGGESTIONS AND INFORMATIONDECEMBER 19 COTTON In regard to this crop the present indications and reports are that it will be under rather than above previous estimates of the department While in nearly every quarter the crop of 1891 for the State has been placed at 110000 bales the department from the best information at its command has never regarded it as in excess of 1000000 bales and of the two great crops the actual production in 1890 as the greater Taking there fore 1000000 bales as the yield for last year 60 per cent or 650000 bales or near that number will be the crop for this year These figures were given in the November report since issuing which reports have been received which might justify a reduction in the estimate and which assures us that the yield will certainly not exceed the amount given PICKING The gathering of the crop in nearly every part of the State has been com pleted and the quantity remaining in the fields is hardly worthy of com putation While the crop was late the total absence of a top crop concen trated the picking within a short time and gathering was finished at an earlier date than usual MARKETING As soon as ginned and packed cotton has been carried to the markets and a much larger per cent of the crop has been sold up to this time than for several years PLANT LESS Let every farmer remember what we have so often said on the reduction of the cotton acreage and plant less in the year 1893 than in 1892 with more grain and forage crops CORN The total yield of corn in the State exceeds that of last year The aver age yield is not great especially in North Georgia but the loss in this re spect is more than compensated by the increased acreage We hope to see a large increase this year and for succeeding years until our farmers are from the production of this crop independent of the grain fields of the West SMALL GRAIN The season for sowing full crops of small grain has not been so propitious as we might desire but we trust that our farmers have not been deterred from increasing the acreage in their crop In those portions of the state adapted to wheat culture we would urge upon our farmers to study the best methods of fertilizing and culivating until all failures in this crop will be entirely due to the seasons and not improper methods FARM VALUES Governor Northen in his last inaugural address gave the figures showing the large increase in the taxable value of the property of the State during the past decade These figures were gratifying to all who have the interest of the State at heart but their effect was marred by the fact that nearly theDEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA entire increase was urban and the percentage of increase in the value of farm lands was very small The figures are particularly striking when we consider that our State is classed as agricultural aud that upon the farm a majority of our peeple depend for their livelihood and our State for its financial and commercial standing In arriving at the causes that have led to these results let us consider upon what the value of our farm lands depends The land itself does not constitute the farmers wealth but the constituents of the soil are his capital If these constituents serve for the nutrition of plants his land is productive and valuable otherwise it yields but little and is of small value Outside of the productive features as the basis of the value of our lands other things are to be considered as forming a part of the valuation For however valuable the products if the cost of making approximates or exceeds its worth there being little or no net earning from the soil its value will not be enhanced by reason of its productiveness The three great questions therefore to be considered by the practical and theoretical agriculturalist arehow to increase the productiveness of the soil how to reduce the cost of making and how to obtain the highest price in the market Rational agriculture says a writer in contradistinction to the spolia tive system of farming is based upon the principles of restitution The farmer each year with the gathered crop takes from the soil a part of its actual value This must be restored or to that extent his capital is impaired and like the man living beyond the interest on his money con sumes each year a portion of his principalthus impoverishing himself event ually The rotation of crops as a method of restitution has been repeat edly considered in these reports When the crops are removed from the soil it should be remembered that no rotation will restore land and that all crops exhaust to some extent certainly as to their own reproduction The physical and chemical condition of the soil may be improved and existing nutritious matter converted into an available form compensat ing for exhaustion but no permanent improvement is accomplished On the other hand if the crop is allowed to remain on the land extracting as it has certain manurial values from the atmosphere or its product in barn manure is returned to the fieldthe soil will increase in productiveness In any elaborate consideration of the compensation of the soil for removed crops it would be necessary to deal with each crop separately and to go into the results obtained by scientific investigation is a work too compre hensive to find space in these reports A study of these matters are however of vital importance not only where it is sought to restore land after a certain crop but also as indicating the class of fertiliser essential to the production of that crop We would not be understood as in any way detracting from the merits of rotation but simply as suggesting that in studying methods of restoring land or of hold ing them to their present standard not only should such crops be planted and rotation adopted as will result in the least exhaustion but the plant nutrition of the crop as often as possible should be returned to the soilSUGGESTIONS AND INFORMATIONDECEMBER 21 This may in a great degree be accomplished and yet the crop utilized as food for farm animals Commercial fertilizer while we approve their use at the proper time and in the proper place have too often led to a total aban donment of the manure pile and farmers have grown lax in returning to the soil plant food of which a little care need only be taken to prevent spoliation of their land and which may be used to renovate and restore it Care should be taken in saving barnyard manureotherwise it will loose much of its valuable and most soluble nutritious property by evaportion wasting etc Our open farmyards too often lead to injudicious manage ment of manure where effort is made to husband their resources and spread over a large area without timely saving our manures loose half of their fertilizing value In asking our farmers in preparing and fertiliz ing their lands for a crop to consider not only the yield for the year but a permanent increase in the productiveness of the soil we would emphasize the necessity of rotation as improving the physical and chemical condition of the soil and compensating for exhaustion which attends reproductions and enjoin the necessity of not permitting anything of manurial value on the farm to waste Do this and with judicious use of chemical fertilizer material the value of our farm lands will increase KEDUCE THE COST OF MAKING In rendering our lands productive and increasing the yield per acre we have done much towards reducing the cost of making as approximately the same amount of labor is involved in cultivation where the yield is small as where the yield is large In addition to this the use of labor sav ing implements should be studied and adopted where they can be a sav ing in this direction Here it would not be out of place to say that fine economy can be shown on the farm by a proper care of tools harness etc STUDY THE MARKET Of all questions intimately related to profit on the farm the southern planter has perhaps paid less attention to a study of the markets than any other This results from the fact that our principal crop is one that has always found a ready sale for cash It is the duty of the farmer to study the wants of the town city or village near which he has located facilities for shipping to the large marts of commerce and their demand for various farm products By doing this he will frequently find side crops which he may profitably cultivate and for which he may be able to get cash when it is much needed The diversification that would result would not only be of immense benefit in restoring worn land but would aid at arriving at what should be the aim of the farmer of the cotton States a reduction of the acreage in cotton and that crop as a surplus It may be said by some that now that the cotton market has gone up it is useless to further urge this upon the farmer THE NECESSITY OF A SMALL ACREAGE To this we need only reply that the same error will again result in the same disaster and that living prices can only be obtained by a reduction22 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA in the amount made The journey began in the right direction we should not turn back allured by the hope of temporary profit when experience has demonstrated that it can bring only ruin We wish it was in our power to convincingly impress on the mind of every farmer if we of the South would prosper we must make our farms selfsustaining utilize everything of value at our command to renovate our waste land and reducing the acreage in cotton plant it only as an independent mouey crop In con clusion we reiterate let your doctrine be one of restitution not spoliation more grain grass and fruits and less cotton ONE OR TWO PLAIN TRUTHS BY HON E T NESBITT COMMISSIONER OF AGRICULTURE OF GEORGIA From the November Southern Cultivator I know what I am about to say will not at first be pleasant or perhaps acceptable to the majority of farmers but when thinking men analyze these plain truths they will pardon their first disagreeable impression for the sake of the kernel of good that lies in them I do not claim originality in presenting them they have been repeated hundreds of times and the principles underlying them are as old as the hills themselves but the urgency of our present needs demands that they should be impressed again and again upon the minds of our farmers Farming all things considered is the best business on earth and the safest where the farmer gives the same attention to his work that the doctor the lawyer the merchant bestows on his but under our present management it is actually cheaper for a farmer to buy cotton than it is for him to raise it And this is the crop on which we expend all our energies all our means and on which we depend for our income To the owner of land this condition is deplorable but to the farmer who rents land and borrows money or provisions to make cotton it is ruinous When we examine into the causes which have lead to this distressing and almost general agricultural condition we find among other mistakes two of greatest prominence The first is that we have depended too much on common fertilizers and too little on green crops and home manures The history of agriculture throughout the world shows that in those countries where commercial fertilizers are relied on exclusively or even mainly to produce crops poverty and want have resulted while in countries where it is used in conjunction with thorough preparation of the land that is a preparation which puts the land in condition to utilize the fertilizer pros perity and riches even have blessed the farmers intelligent efforts It is beyond contradiction that a man cannot permanently enrich his land with guanos alone They produce an artificial stimulus but they do not build it up This building up must be done by green crops and by compost applied broadcast over the land The common practice of run ning a furrow drilling in a little commercial fertilizer covering and plant ing on that is positively no benefit to the land and often proves of littleSUGGESTIONS AND INFORMATIONDECEMBER 23 benefit to the crop And this is not from any fault of the guano the failure most frequently comes from our mistaken manner of using it A most important lesson which we have got to learn is that we cannot afford to use expensive fertilizers unless by means of these renovating crops and deep plowing we put our lands in condition to appropriate to the best advantage that large proportion of these fertilizers which is now wasted Our lands once brought to this condition we need not fear to fertilize heavily The renovating process is slow and tedious but until we nerve ourselves to this task all undertake it earnestly and systematically we cannot hope for agricultural prosperity This process of renovation is also costly but it is not more so than the present plan of planting large areas hastily prepared and imperfectly cul tivated And in the end the building up plan is far more certain far more remunerative Just here is suggested to our minds the second grave error that is plant ing large areas in the uncertain slipshod manner which has charac terized our methods for many years in other words undertaking to plant more land than we can thoroughly manage There are thousands of acres throughout the State which do not begin to pay for the cost of cultivation Leave these to the kindly offices of Mother Nature select only your best land and apply there all the energy all the manure which has heretofore been too much diluted by the spreading process What we need is concentration If our last seasons 9000000 bales had been made on half the land which was used to make that crop and the other half had been applied to improved methods of raising corn wheat oats grass and stock how many millions of money that escaped through our fingers would have been retained at home and be now adding to our prosperity The big farms of the Northwest have not as a rule proved permanently profitable The most prosperous communities are where the farms are moderate in size highly cultivated and occupied by intelligent and indus trious families who take pleasure and pride in their business and sur roundings To make the cotton producers at the South the richest and most inde pendent people of the globe they have only to cultivate less land in cotton cultivate it better that is bring it to the highest state of cultivation pos sible and put the remainder in diversified crops cultivated on the same plan MATTERS OF GENERAL INTEREST TO THE FARMER The following extracts from the exchanges of the Department of Agri culture do we believe contain sound advice and information of value to farmers CLOVER AS A FERTILIZER SUITED BEST TO MIDDLE AND NORTH GEORGIA The clover plant yields the richest manures and that is the stuff that most farmers now need Clover gives good wheat corn meat milk and the24 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA cheapest and best of all fertilizers Wheat and clover should take the place of weeds and sassafras bushes I look back over fifty years and make a note of the fact that the farms of this locality on which clover has been grown with the greatest regularity are today the farthest from exhaustion Clover is such a help in solving the problem of available plant food that I believe it to be a work of benev olence to help in the management of it There is one blunder almost universal which I believe largely reduces the value of clover both for feed seed and fertility and this is the uni versal habit of pasturing young clover as soon as the wheat is out of the field I do not think it is even a wise policy to pasture for a month or six weeks after harvest and believe it better to lay down a rule never to past ure the first fall under any circumstances This rule I have followed for twenty years and believe that I have been the gainer by it As a recapitulation of this article or rather to enforce it I say sow clover with all small grain no matter what crop is to follow it Use plenty of seed it is the cheapest way of fertilizing and keeping your land clean at your command Do not be so greedy for a little feed as to pasture the young clover before it has made growth enough to cover the land for by so doing you will in the long run have much less feed and less benefit to the land Remember that a soil densely shaded is always improved and that no other crop you can grow will furnish as good shade as clover HOW AND WHEN TO SOW CLOVER September is the best month in which to sow clover October is probably the next best if not sown before the last of October it is better to wait until February It is not considered the best practice by the most expe rienced clovergrowers in the southern border of the clovergrowing section to sow the seeds with small grain Success is more certain when clover is sown by itself or with some other grass like orchard blue grass etc If you sow in February we would advise not to sow with oats or other grain There is no advantage to be gained in breaking the land earlier than a week or two before sowing unless it may be necessary to break earlier in order to get it into good condition The soil should be well pulverized and har rowed smoothly Sow about twelve pounds of clover seed per acre if sown by itself if with orchard grass use eight or ten pounds of clover and one and onehalf bushels of orchard grass seed While the surface is mellow and fresh from recent harrowing mix the clover seed with ashes or sifted soil or with good fertilizer and sow half one way and half the other so as to get a uniform distribution then sow the orchard grass or other grass seed in the same way No covering by plw brush or harrow is necessary the next rain will cover sufficiently If the soil is not rich enough to bring half a bale of cotton or twentyfive bushels of corn per acre it would be well to fertilize it using not less than two hundred pounds of good ammo niated phosphate FARMING A SCIENCE Farming is a real science and not mere plowing and dropping seed in the ground any negro can do that but to sow and plow with judgment to unSUGGESTIONS AND INFORMATIONDECEMBER 25 derstand the laws of nature and to take advantage of these laws means success When a farmer says It is too much trouble I have not the time I know how to gauge his judgment Whatever willgive oradvance prosperity in any business there is always time to do that thing ADOPT BUSINESS METHODS Of many remedies one worth trying is business That old saw business s business contains a world of meaning it is full of sound common sense Every farmer ought to be a firstrate business man In this age he must be or he will fail as sure as fate Show me a farmer who has no head for business and you will point to a man who is on the road to ruin But what do we mean by a firstrate business man Is the farmer who produces abundant crops of the best quality at the least cost a good business man 3STot necessarily such a man is undoubtedly a good farmer but he might at the same time be a poor business man There are a large number of farmers in the country who year after year produce abundant crops of the best quality and at the least cost and yet grow poorer and poorer the longer they live because they are not good busi ness managers The pecuniary success of farming as well as every other business depends not so much upon production of abundance of products of the best quality at the least cost important as this may be as it does upon the proper answer to the questions What shall we produce in what quantities when shall it be producedand how when where and for what price and to whom shall it be sold WHY NOT BAISE YOUR OWN WORK ANIMALS The following from The Southern Cultivator shows that at eight cents per pound Georgia pays 100000 bales of cotton for horses and mules Can our farmers prosper and pursue this course A careful estimate reveals the fact that most of the counties in Middle Georgia have for long years paid in actual cash from 318000 to 30000 annually for mules and horses brought from the West Striking a low average from the entire State we find between 3000000 and 4000000 taken from the State for stock that could be raised for a nominal sum upon our own fields What stupendous folly when it is conceded on all hands that our stock can be raised at less cost than in the markets from which we buy Grass grows as freely our soil produces forage as abundantly our winters are far less rigorous and the necessary care therefore less ex pensive Everything is favorable to the enterprise wisdom and economy urge the undertaking Every farmer should raise at least the stock needed upon his farm It greatly helps the general good to hold annual colt shows both as an evidence of progress and an encouragement to others USE MORE FERTILIZERS The farmers of the South do not use enough manure or to state it in a different form they take from the soil every year very much more than they return to it in manure It is easy to show that fertilizers pay better dividends than any other investment on the farm The conclusion is irre26 DEPARTMANT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA sistible that we should use more fertilizers not commercial or bought fer tilizers alone but home manures composts green crops turned under marls etc everything that will add more to the yield of the crop than the cost of its application To have an abundance of stable or barnyard manures there must be an increase in the number of animals fed This gives diversity to the farm and increases the sources of income A well fed cow will nearly pay for her keep in manure besides a good profit on the butter sold and consumed A GOOD MAXIM FOR FARMERS Raising cotton on poor land does not pay I cannot afford to raise cotton in less quantities than one bale per acre and in order to bring my land up to that point must make manure and the cheapest is that made from stock raised on a farm The old beaten trackis not always the best The old beaten track is not the one that will always lead us most quickly or even most surely to success in agriculture New ideas and new methods have come up in every branch of farm practice during recent years and many of them have already been tried and found good A prejudice in favor of old ways should not keep one from being progressive Read study and keep up with the times Farmers cannot prosper as long as they are compelled to sell their cotton or starve The situation is an unfortunate one for our farmers but they can improve it very much hereafter by their own efforts They can never command the situation so long as they must sell their cotton or starve They cau command it when they can live without selling and sell only to realize profits The increase in the production of food crops on Southern farms shows a tendency in the right direction It is a tendency which no rise in the price of cotton should stop If it continues long enough it will make the production of cotton again profitable and our farmers pros perous CULTIVATE WELL IF YOU PLANT LESS More work amounts to nothing unless there is reason judgment and calculation back of it Judgment and calculation are all important in all undertakings The know how the know when and the know why are calculation and judgment nicely balanced Labor without forethought and calculation will end in failure or a poor support System plan me thodical ways do not beget a fussy bustling or an excited way of doing things but the machinery of action seems to run itself Again a small business with small profits demand long and arduous labor There is no expansion in some callings the field is limited and it will not grow larger for there is no room for enlargement A certain amount of business can be done in a certain calling and no extra efforts will add to it Take the newspaper business of today with a paper inSUGGESTIONS AND INFORMATIONDECEMBER 2J every county and in some two or three They will have a certain amount of circulation and no more and all the fuss and fury displayed or put on will not add a dollar but rather sink money A piece of India rubber will stretch to a certain length and any more pulling will break it Again two farmersBaldwin and Milledgewith a mule apiece go to farming Baldwin cultivates about thirty acres with his mule manures well works deep plants everything he consumes on the place corn po tatoes etc raises his own meat has system judgment and calculation in everything he does does not rush and push to try to do too much with his force and the result is a success His cotton money is all clear gain Milledge without judgment and calculation wants to cultivate all cotton and tries to make one mule cultivate about sixty acres Always in the grass ground badly plowed everything to buy that he should have raised and though he works harder longer and wears himself out he is a failure and grows poorer and poorer every year Far better to make one acre well manured produce thirty bushels of corn or a bag of cotton than three acres half cultivated with all the wear and tear to get thirty bushels or one bag The saving of labor is making money Whatever you do do well and do not try to do too much First calculate how much you can do and what it will pay you to do it Then let judg ment be your every day monitor to keep out wild dreams of speculation over sanguine expectations and hope without reason to back it28 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA MONTHLY TALK WITH THE FARMER OF GEORGIA JANUARY PLANS FOR THE NEW YEAR Department of Agriculture Atlanta Ga January 1 1893 A new year with all its hopes opens before us Let us take the oppor tunities which it brings and begin our work with well defined plans and purposes Our losses and disappointments are behind us to repine over them is folly To apply the lessons which they have taught is all we can gain from them Unfortunately some of us are in debt but having ar ranged terms with creditors let each take fresh courage and let us all begin at once to put our plans into execution In doing this let us thoughtfully consider whether these plans are well matured well digested evolved and crystallized from patient and painstaking methods or are they simply the result of that hopefulness which springs afresh in our hearts with every recurring season Unless they are founded on the more substantial basis we need scarcely hope for progress or for success We should consider thoughtfully not only wherein we have succeeded but wherein we have failed and to what causes these failures are due Have we handled our affairs on business principles Were our lands thoroughly prepared before planting Were manures wisely and judiciously used Were they dis tributed on land that had some vigor left in it or did we follow the old and ofttried plan of attempting to make a crop on land which from years of unwise treatment is rendered powerless to pay any dividend on the capital and labor expended in its cultivation In investigating these ques tions I find that our greatest mistake lies in this hopeless effort to use elements which are so firmly bound in the soil that only the sesame of enlightened agricultural methods will un lock them to us Instead of applying these methods we go on from year to year hoping by taking a little from each broad acre to better our fortunes when the only wise the only true plan is to take our best lands study its needs supply its deficiencies with a liberal hand and concentrate on it all the energy which is too often but wasted on the opposite method By this plan we have an opportunity of treating the worn acres Each farmer should study the best methods for doing this consider his surroundings and adopt that which best suits the condition of his land and his individual means Let us resolve that we will not be led away from legitimate methods because our chief money crop is now bringing a fair price with a prospect of permanent advance Let us not allow this fact to blind or mislead usSUGGESTIONS AND INFORMATIONJANUARY 2Q We are passing through a period of great financial depression and embar rassment Let us realize that this has in a large measure been induced by our own mistakes and not allow the glittering prospect of high prices next fall to allure us into forgetting the hard lessons of a quarter of a century Bear in mind that while we are to a great extent independent of all other nations in the production of cottonthat is that no other nation can pro duce it profitably at ten ceuts yet when we produce a cotton crop at any profit if this is done by diminishing the all important food crops WE SACRIFICE THE INDEPENDENCE which this monopoly would give us and any reduction in the price falls with distressing effect upon us We make the worlds cotton We have no competition worthy of serious consideration The worlds cotton market is our own We must utilize THIS TREMENDOUS OPPORTUNITY to the very best advantage We can overstock the market and ruin our selves giving the profits to the foreigner who buys from us or by a WISE DIVERSIFICATION at home we can place ourselves in position to take advantage of favorable markets In this we are more fortunate than our Western grainproducing brother who can only furnish the world with bread after the supply in other countries has been exhausted The South can produce cotton cheaper than other countries and to that extent she has an opportunity to make a profit on the crop As yet no rival which is strong enough to wrest this advantage from us has entered the field But our industry is in a MOST CRITICAL CONDITION because we put into our cotton crop nearly all our brawn and muscle as well as the larger part of our hopes and plans THE SITUATION CAN BE IMPROVED by directing a larger portion of our energies than is at present given to the production of NEEDED FARM SUPPLIES If this is done generally and our lands treated in a way to demonstrate that we appreciate the untold blessings which surround us and also that we have resolved to cast aside our past unsatisfactory methods we can take hope and will be in position to reap advantage from any favorable changes in the market Our lands would thus be left in better condition for subse quent crops our homesupport would be assured and our cotton crop would be almost clear profit In a short time we would begin to realize the bene fits of the change and eventually our section would be enriched to an extent scarcely dreamed of now Xearly EVERY FARMER WHO READS THESE LINES or who has read previous monthly talks and followed me in the policy30 DEPARTMENT 0E AGRICULTUREGEORGIA which I have marked out must agree that I am correct and yet concert of action among farmers seems a physical and moral impossibility EACH FARMER ACTING FOR HIMSELF must decide this question for his own best interest Let each individual resolve to abandon a system which time and experience has proven leads only to financial embarrassment destruction of our lands and a paralysis of our energies consider his financial ability and just how much land he can afford to put in cotton without incurring HEAVY LIABILITIES which under the most favorable circumstances he will be barely able to meet Then let him determine what part of his land is in such condition as with suitable fertilizers intelligent methods and average seasons will yield a fair profit Let him adapt his crops as far as possible to the condi tions of his soil his distance from market and the needs of his farm Dont be misled into planting any crop whether it is cotton tobacco or broom corn to the exclusion of those necessary to FILL THE BARN THE CRIB THE SMOKEHOUSE Resolve from this time that you will be farmers in the broadest sense of that term and decide before the first week of the new year has passed what crops and in what proportions they will have to be planted to insure independence and PLENTY FOR YOUR FAMILY Study carefully the question of fertilization and do not plant land which under the most favorable conditions will barely yield the cost of produc tion No definite rule can be laid down as to the quantity or kind to be applied Each farmer must experiment and determine this question for himself Acid phosphate in conjunction with cotton seed meal kainit or muriate of potash furnishes a form of plant food which any farmer can prepare and is in a majority of cases suited to the needs of our lands If you have good lands well supplied with humus use liberally and work well into the soil If your land is run down take only the best por tions put all your work on these and by planting renovating crops in conjunction with fertilization gradually bring up the other poorer portions LONG STAPLE COTTON Since the introduction of commercial fertilizers and their judicious use on the light sandy soil of lower Georgia it has been demonstrated that the long staple cotton can be grown successfully in all the lower tier of counties and as this commands more than double the price of the short staple I would advise its cultivation in that section There is certainly money in it to the farmer who will give it the proper care in both cultiva tion and gathering I know of instances where farmers have made a bale to two acres and have received from twenty to twentythree cents per pound for their crops What could we substitute that would pay a largerSUGGESTIONS AND INFORMATIONJANUARY 3 I per cent per acre The seed will deteriorate but if we are successful in producing a fair crop this difficulty can be overcome by the introduction of new seed every few years High fertilization counts as sensibly on this crop as any that we plant and as it is a larger grower it requires great dis tance Should any farmer wish information as to seed etc I will cheer fully aid him TOBACCO About a year ago great interest was manifested in the cultivation of to bacco and some neighborhoods became greatly excited over the reports of fortunes being made in the production of this crop In my addresses and in every article I have written on this subject I have advised a conserva tive course The results of the past season establish beyond a doubt that good tobacco can be grown in Georgia Both bright and mahogany wrap pers of good texture can be made But in many instances farmers have made the mistake of planting too large a crop of only one or at the outside two varieties and as the result of inexperience and other attendants on a new industry the tobacco has turned out unmarketable THE PROPER PLAN in entering on this to us untried industry is to experiment with small patches of several different varieties and acquire the necessary knowledge not only for the cultivation but for the curing of the crop Everything depends on proper handling of the crop after it is made Tobacco is differ ent from cotton in this that the wide margin in prices is due solely to the condition of the tobacco marketed and is not influenced by combinations or speculation The following table approximates prices and gives an idea of the wide difference between poor and good samples FILLERS Common to medium3 to 6 cents Medium to good6 to 8 Good to fine8 to 15 A difference of 12 cents from lowest to highest grade SMOKERS Common to medium81 to 6 cents Medium to good6 to 8 Good to fine8 to 10 A difference of 6 cents CUTTERS Common to medium8 to u centg Medium to goodH Q 19i 1 Good tofine12J to 20 A difference of 12 cents WRAPPERS Common to medium 10 to 16 cents Medium to good 16 to 2 Good to fine 20 to 30 A difference of 20 cents32 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA The market for low grade of fillers is always crowded and dull Market for fine bright and mahogany wrappers is always active and prices firm A glance only is needed to see that it will not pay to make large crops of poor grade Our plan should be to turn out a large proportion of good quality It is said that from 700 to 1000 pounds of tobacco can be grown on one acre but it depends on its cultivation and subsequent handling whether this amount would be marketable If these are properly managed a good proportion of both wrappers and cutters can be had TOBACCO FACTORIES I am convinced from the experience of the past year that unless we can have our factories in our own State it will not pay to make tobacco except for home consumption Let our farmers demonstrate that they are willing to bestow the care and attention which this crop requires in other words let them raise good tobacco then warehousemen experienced and compe tent classifiers and also factories will follow broom corn It has always been our policy to encourage diversification of crops and experiments in untried branches of agriculture that the full capacity of our soil and climate may be thoroughly tested at the same time advising that the cultivation of no plant be undertaken on a large scale until a sufficient number of crops have been profitably marketed to prove that there is money in its cultivation It is always necessary before entering upon a new agricultural undertaking to carefully consider the market prices and facilities for marketing and the farmer himself is best fitted to deal with these questions in regard to his local market its demands other markets their demands freight rates etc We thus preface a few words on broom corn and its cultivation in reply to inquiries on this subject in order to prevent any farmer from undertaking to cultivate it on too large a scale without having thoroughly weighed the conditions that surround him or proved it a profitable crop The introduction of broom corn into the United States has been credited to Benj Franklin It is said that in a whisk broom from the East Indies he found a single seed and that from the planting of this seed has ex tended the cultivation of broom corn until it has reached its present large proportions Whether this be true or not the plant belongs to the sugar cane family essentially North American and it can be grown in any part of the United States SOIL Any soil adapted to common corn will be found good for broom corn and like corn unless the soil is rich or well fertilized the yield will be very poor Rotation will be found advantageous though the crop will grow on the same ground for years Any ordinary complete fertilizer ap plied in the hills or drills will do to manure with if required by the soil and its use and that of barnyard manure will nearly always be found to largely increase the yieldSUGGESTIONS AND INFORMATIONJANUARY 33 PLANTING Prepare your land well as if for ordinary corn and sow in hills three feet by four or in drills three and a half feet apart The rows should be run north and south that all the plants may receive the benefit of the sun alike In each hill from forty to fifty seed should be dropped covering them from an inch to an inch and a half Where seed are sown in drills they should be about two inches apart In thinning out leave from three to ten stalks to the hill The seed should be planted a little later than common corn CULTIVATION In cultivation weeds should be exterminated and for this reason work should begin as soon as the plants are large enough to be distinguished and continue until the plants are a foot or more high The harrow tooth culti vator with the front tooth removed is the best implement and when the condition of the crop demands it it should be hoed over VARIETIES As to habit the plant is both dwarf and standard the former growing from three to four feet and the latter as high as fifteen feet In harvesting the dwarf variety the brush is jerked out of the sheath of the upper leaf without bending or breaking In the standard varieties where the season is likely to be too short for the corn to mature the brush should be lopped that is the top bent over twelve or fifteen inches below the brush allowing it to hang down against the stalk As our seasons are usually long lopping will seldom be necessary The time to cut is when the blossoms begin to fall With the standard varieties where the stalks are too high to be reached tabling is required This consists in breaking down the stalks of two rows about two and a half feet from the ground so that they will cross each other diagonally CURING The corn should be cured under a roof where there is a free circulation of air From two to four weeks will be all the time required The seed are removed in several ways and this should be done before the corn is cured though it may be delayed until afterward A hatchel a wooden comb or a long tooth currycomb may be used to remove them WHERE TO MARKET In preparing for market the corn is put up in bales weighing from 150 to 450 pounds In putting up the bales a hay or cotton press can be used Neat and wellpacked corn will bring a better price than when carelessly packed Before packing the brush should be assorted as crooked and de fective heads will injure the sale The price of broom corn varies very much the best corn being worth from 7 to 15 a hundred and inferior qualities from 2 to 10 From four to six hundred pounds can be made per acre Louisville Cinci nnati and St Louis are perhaps the best markets for Southern growers34 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA MELON CROP I wish to call the immediate attention of melon growers to the effect thata cholera epidemic or even the fearof that disease entering our ports would have on the melon trade We would advise our growers to reduce their acreage so that if the disease should again break out the result to them would not be so disastrous It is well known that the fear of cholera will often induce the authorities of large cities to enforce regulations against the sale of fruits and that when the disease is across the Atlantic the sale of melons is greatly effected Confronted by such conditions no farmer can afford to plant very largely and none on borrowed capital Should the cholera be stamped out in Europe growers will lose but very little as enhanced price will compensate for reduced yield We trust that all who raise melons for market will seriously consider the financial loss they might incur by planting too largely Medical experts have warned us that this disease has been lurking in several European states for two years and the chances are favorable for an outbreak in the United States the coming summer The man who is financially able to make the experiment who has the money to invest can afford to incur tbe risk if in his judgment the chances for success are greater than for failure but the man who bor rows money to invest in so doubtful an enterprise is courting overwhelm ing disaster HOGS Among the many plans which have sunk into innocuous dissuetude is that of making our own juicy hams and beautifully white and whole some lard In curing our own pork we have the satisfaction of knowing just how these hogs were raised their condition when converted into pork and the quality of meat in daily use on our tables We all can remember with what pleasure weoncelooked forward to the hog killing But the very same reasons which induced us to give up making our corn and wheat namely the price of cotton the low figure at which we could obtain our bread from the West our changed labor introducing the restless tenant and renter system the ease with which credit could be obtained to make cotton and buy all food supplies the losses from cholera and other diseases all combined to iufluence a majority of our farmers to abandon the raising of hogs But because we have erred in this matter is no reason why we should continue in a course which is wrong in principle and should be abandoned at once EVERY MAN WHO OWNS A FARM and fifty per cent of those who rent can with a little extra labor and out lay prepare pastures and plant crops which will come on at different sea sons of the year rye and barley in the fall followed by oats then field peas these to be succeeded by ground peas and potatoes and in this way he can raise his meat at a nominal cost The present year I have cured a beautiful lot of meat which pastured and at the same time fed on the waste milk of which we had a quantity the slops and vegetables from the kitchen the wasting fruits from the orchard and then fattened on the patches of peas groundpeas and potatoes hardened with a little corn hasSUGGESTIONS AND INFORMATIONJANUARY 35 cost me so little that I have scarcely felt it There is not a farmer in the State who will fail to make this a success if he will give to it the same thought and care that he gives his corn and cotton If you are BENTING YOUB LANDS advise with your tenants and by example as well as by precept induce them to attend to this question which will be profitable to you and of equal benefit to them If the owner is unmethodical and careless the renter is apt to exhibit the same spirit The example of one good farmer in a neighborhood is worth all the letters or essays that could be written in a year The need for intelligent energy and business forethought was never more pressing than now Push your business Keep it well in hand and dont for a moment suffer it to fall into unprofitable ruts for the want of a little attention a little forethought The mistakes and follies as well as the successes of a quarter of a century are known te us and these should guide us to like successes and away from similar failures Let us not repine and by permitting our fears to take possession of us lead us into deeper difficulties Utilize the days when too wet for farm work in giving to the old HOME a more comfortable appearance Put a coat of whitewash or better still if you can afford it a coat of paint on the barn and outbuildings reset the garden posts either having charred the ends soaked them in oil or coated them with tar trim up the orchards adorn the yard as much as your time and means will allow The wife and daughters will value this and in after years the grandchildren will love to recall the days spent at the old home stead We cant stand still We must either go forward or retrograde Besolve not to be a drone Parties wishing information which our department can furnish will be cheerfully aided and have only to address a postal or letter to Agricultural Department New Capitol Atlanta A large number of weekly papers are now handliug the publications of the department and I would be glad if they could be so distributed in every county in the State I hopethose papers which are not now publishing them will write to the department as to terms for publication etc r t Nesbitt Commissioner of Agriculture The following are taken from our exchanges FARMERS SHOULD BE THANKFUL FOR SOME THINGS Good living returns have oome and are sure to come to the farmer who does his best As in any other line of business there will be good and poor years I am thankful that the average returns from farming are reasonably good and certain On my farm I am king No man can spit tobacco juice about me or befoul the air with the smoke from his mouth or make me listen to swear36 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA ing or any impure or foul conversation I do not have to put up with any bodys impudence as a matter of business policy said a merchant to me the other day as a customer left his store whose words I could not have stood Thank God that you do not have to be all smiles and bows when you are just aching to kick a man across the street I am my own boss except that I must produce what the world wants No one can discharge me or find fault with my work There is always work to do I am never out of a job and still am not closely tied up except for a few weeks of the year Many farmers are as closely confined as other business men I am not thanks to not undertaking too much Continue the work of opening out ditches and draining the wet places on the farm By so much as the land is kept dry by so much is it kept warm and fitted to become a proper seed bed in due season Few crops succeed with their feet in the water There should be good drainage to the depth of at least two feet in all land under cultivation In this two feet enough water will be stored to keep the land moist and serve to supply the needs of the crop in all ordinary seasons Belowthat depth the water should not stagnate but have opportunity to drain away We made a practice of putting all drains down to a depth of three feet where practi cable when draining land and saw marked advantage in doing so In our last issue we wrote somewhat fully on the subject of rotation of crops We hope that our readers have given the subject consideration and decided to practice a sound system of rotation during the coming year The fields for the different crops should now be decided upon and the ne cessary preparation be carefully studied and as far as the weather and labor will permit the first steps towards this preparation be taken In de ciding upon the question of the crops to be raised we would once again strongly urge the importance of not attempting too much Do not work an acre of land which you cannot properly manure and fertilize Much of the unprofitableness of farming arises from the neglect of this rule To rely simply upon the natural fertility of the soil to produce a crop is in the South to rely upon a broken reed It only means that you will get your labor for your pains There will be no profit How can there be a profit in growing ten bushels of wheat or twenty bushels of corn on the acre At least three times this yield should be produced to leave a profit and that can be accomplished by good preparation and good fertilization and the labor involved will not be nearly so great as will be required for the cultiva tion of the larger area Better let some of your open land remain uncultivated than cultivate it at a loss Make every acre you cultivate rich and then after taking a crop from it it will take well in clover or grass and continue to increase in fer tility whilst resting and other acres can be brought into a like profitable condition It is too late now to sow any crop but the fine weather may well be util ized in plowing the land intended for spring crops as long as this work can be done Do not however plow when the land is wet or when frozen Frost buried under the furrow will be found there late in the spring and will have made the subsoil cold and unfit for a seed bedSUGGESTIONS AND INFORMATIONJANUARY 37 DISEASE FROM DAMAGED FODDER It is a serious mistake to feed fodder that has been damaged by rain and wet weather to animals without first dusting it out to dry The injurious effect which such food has upon stock more than equals the entire loss of all the fodder gathered Such fodder is gathered from marshy lands and meadows that have been inundated during the mowing time Sedge hay or common upland hay that has been wet at the time of mowing will be impregnated with disease germs that will be communicated to the animals that eat the hay Stock of a very robust nature will find their health se riously impaired if fed regularly upon such fodder A great deal of our sedge hay must be cut and gathered when the feet of the plants are wet During many seasons the meadows never get dry enough to allow a dry harvest This hay is generally stacked for fodder in the barnyardand in a very few weeks mold and rot show themselves near the bottom and around the sides If this decomposition goes on long enough the stock will refuse to eat it and as a rule nearly onethird of the stack is sheer waste The storms of winter only aggravate the matter and make the hay poorer than in the fall It is a cheap fodder however and probably the manure which it forms eventually pays for the work of gath ering it Otherwise the great loss would make it unprofitable to cut salt hay All fodder thus stacked when it is wet whether it be salt hay fresh up land hay corn fodder or any plant growth will contain disease germs which under favorable circumstances will develop rapidly The heat of the stack and the constant moisture are just the conditions that are needed to develop fungi The color of the fodder changes gradually and the odor that arises from it when mowed is strong and disagreeable If such damaged fodder is to be given to stock the ration of each day should be hauled out of the stack and shaken up so thoroughly that the wind will dry it and all odor will be destroyed In this way the sun and wind will dry it and make it safer for food for stock After it has been dried it will be well to moisten it a little with a weak salt or acid solution This not only destroys disease germs but makes the fodder more palatable for the animals Grains are often damaged in the same way and fed in a moldy condition to the animals There is just as much danger in the grain as in the fodder food ration Damaged grain is often bought by farmers for cheaper rates and stock is kept upon them right along Thi3 will not be so cheap as the pure grain if it is going to injure the health of the animals Nevertheless all danger can be avoided by dusting the grain out well and moistening it with the weak solutions mentioned In this country and abroad it is quite a common thing to feed wet damaged fodder to animals regardless of con sequences but for all such carelessness there is strict payment to be made to nature C S Walters in Wisconsin Agriculturist38 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA LET SPECULATION ALONE It may be that the present crop of cotton will not go beyond 6000000 bales Possibly it will fall a trifle below that estimate and its price may be still further advanced The danger is that the situation will invite speculation In past years the people of the South have lost millions of dollars in futures They now see a chance to get their money back and they are yielding to the tempta tion But it should be recollected that certain speculators are interested in forcing prices down and they may be successful No man is shrewd enough to forecast the result It will be argued that they should be op posed by other speculators trying to force prices up There will be plenty of men in New York to look after that part of the business The safe course for our people is to let futures alone We have found that out in the past A southern expert discussing the subject also gives this piece of advice One word more of warning Do not settle your acreage for next year on the basis of present prices An increase even in acreage will strengthen the bears and lower the price of cotton Cut down for 1893 the acreage of 1S92 and put the land in vegetables in fruit in sheep or in corn The cot ton crop of 1892 cost the producer less than the cotton crop of any recent year By diversifying your products and reducing still further your acre age the cotton crop of 1893 should cost less than that of 1892 There is more hope of relief in this direction than in any government aid This is sound counsel A further reduction of acreage next year will be to our advantage and diversified agriculture will make us indpendent It is no time for the South to plunge into the folly of speculation or into the folly of increasing our cotton output GARDEN WORK IN DECEMBER If thegarden has not received the necessary fall plowing and manuring before this it should be attended to at once And just here we wish to say we are a Arm believer in the great agricultural and horticultural text Stir the soil We believe in deep preparation and shallow cultiva tion If any weeds have been allowed to go to seed in the garden gather them carefully and burn them Take down the tomato itrellis or frames rolling the wire on large spools made by sawing a block off of a round log twelve inches in diameter and nail stout pieces of board on the sides to hold the wire on When the wire is run off they can be stored in a dry place till needed The stakes and other pieces should be stored in a dry place or piled up and covered Apply a heavy dressingof manure from cow stalls stables and hen house also a libhral dressing of ashes and when the ground is in good working order put two mules to a strong plow with long bull tongue or scooterSUGGESTIONS AND INFORMATIONJANUARY 39 and break deep and close as possible running twice in the same furrow Then with a turning shovel lay it up in ridges to soften The garden must be well drained no soil will produce good crops after being soaked with water during the winter Good drainage is very necessary for an early crop as land not well drained will remain cold till late in the spring Soil to produce well must have air and sun the air cannot penetrate the soil when covered with or full of water it must be well drained and well broken W S Phillips in Southern Cultivator HOME OWNERS There are 12000000 families in the United States and of this number nearly twothirds own their homes Anarchists and lawless men who came here from Europe to stir up strife do not understand our conditions They come from countries where the land is owned by a few persons and where the masses are not home owners Now this makes a big difference Every home owner is to this extent a capitalist He is interested in protecting the rights of property and in preserving law and order He can never have any sympathy with anarchy because he would lose more than he would gain by a social upheaval The American home is our great bulwark against disorder It is planted everywhere and whether it is a stately mansion in the city a little cottage in the village or a log cabin in the wilderness or nestling in some nook on the mountain side it is alive with the hum of industry and the laughter of children There is a family of Godfearing people in it with an old fashioned Bible and out of that home go the men and women who build up the republic and shape its public opinion That is the corner stone of our society and there is no anarchy no law lessness no wicked purpose lurking in its shadow God bless the American home It will yet purify our politics and restore the reign of justice through a triumphant democracy It is the hostage we have given to peace and its sweetness and light will conquer every evil that stands in the way of our peace and prosperity THE EFFECT OF SUBSOILING Subsoiling is one of the greatest benefits to the soil and is one of its great needs By plowing the land one foot deep or more every two years it brings up new dirt or loam to the sun The first rudiment of good farm ing is good plowing poor plowing is worse than bad cultivation for crops Good plowing gives life to the soil and causes the land to produce a good crop Applying fertilizer and plowing deep to bring up the subsoil will cause the land to produce its best the next season Break and rebreak your land in the spring or break it good in the fall or winter and it will need only a slight breaking in the spring It pays better to subsoil on low40 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA flat lands or lands that do not wash so much as hilly ones Even on hilly land occasional subsoiling helps to restore the chemical vitality to the soil that has been taken from it by the plant Cotton is very hard on the soil although it leavest it in good tilth for other crops yet subsoiling is of great benefit to the cotton crop In Mis souri it used to be the rule to subsoil every three years but some would subsoil every two years and it paid wonderfully well The most prominent feature of the Southern soils and particularly those of Texas is the large percentage of carbonate of lime that they contain There is also consider able potash and a fair amount of phosphoric acid By subsoiling you bring up to the sun these chemicals which enrich the land as if it were new land DIVERSIFIED INDUSTRIES As has been said of Southern communities our people must learn not only how to create wealth but how to save it They must live less on themselves and more on the outside world They must locate the leaks that drain them of their profit and stop them as soon as possible By keeping money at home the South will rapidly and positively increase in wealth and prosperity The surest means of keeping money at home is in the manufacture at home of all necessary suppliesthe planting in a community of small industries for diversified manufacture The Souths future rests in her people making everything they need and stop sending money away to the West and East for necessities that can be better and more profitably manufactured at home The South is a great wealth producer but the east and the West reap nearly all the profit Unless a stop is put to this drain there can be but little accumulation of wealth and no satisfactory progress All the government aid in creation will not relieve the planter unless he begins to fertilize the impoverished soil MONTHLY TALK WITH THE FARMERS OF GEORGIA Department of Agriculture Atlanta Ga February 1 1893 THE LATE COLD SPELL perhaps the severest in ten years has caused almost an entire paralysis of farm work and it is only where a great deal of energy and determination have been brought to the front that anything has been accomplished in the field A little cleaning up repairs on fences the cutting away of briars and bushes in old fence rows are in most cases all that has been at tempted The thermometer registered as low as six degrees and never higher than fourteen for several days and it was this uniform cold withSUGGESTIONS AND INFORMATIONFEBRUARY 41 the snow which followed that saved the oat crop Had it alternated be tween freezing and thawing for same period the damage would have been irreparable I am informed that in some localities more especially lower Georgia the oat crop has succumbed and where this CHOP HAS BEEN KILLED I would advise the reseeding of the same land just as soon as the weather permits of outdoor work It has been too much our practice in the past to put this land in cotton DONT BE TEMPTED to do this If this land was fertilized in the fall put on a little more plant food and put your oat seed in the first opportunity and I dont think you will have cause to regret your action I have never seen a farmer who per mitted the land on which cotton had been killed to go unplanted and I have yet to see the man who replanted it in any crop but cotton The plows must now be moving every favorable moment but DONT PLOW YOUR LAND WHEN IT IS TOO WET The little time gained by this plan is far outbalanced by the injury to the land for if there is much clay this becomes mortar and so compacted that it requires years of subsequent intelligent work to counteract the in jury Too many tenants and hired men are ignorant of or indifferent to the harm done and hence this mistaken plan is often followed The heavy freezes have destroyed much insect life and will render our land more pliable and easily broken by the plow THE COMPOST HEAPS should be pushed forward with vigor Try a compost of stable manure acid phosphate and potash This puts your land in fine mechanical condi tion and gives plant food well adapted to our soils and standard crops For this purpose there is nothing better than the formula prepared by the late Mr Furman which I give in full elsewhere in this report In planning for your crops DONT GO ON THE IDEA that it is the number of acres rather than the preparation and condition of the land which marks the successful farmer With our cheap and abundant lands it seems almost natural that we have fallen into this error But let us realize that it is an error and resolve to follow better methods In the last fifty years agriculture has made vast strides and it is in those older countries where advanced scientific methods have been practiced that a marked degree has been attained and our own State comparatively young and fresh has to depend to a large extent on outside assistance for the food to support our population OUR CHIEF CROP all goes to swell the profits of other industries leaving us nothing but a hard living The consequent dissatisfaction is causing many farmers to seek42 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA employment in other lines of business To trace the evils of such a state of feeling we need only study agricultural history in England Her farm ing population is thirtythree per cent of the whole and in 1890 she im ported four hundred millions of breadstuffs Her laboring population is poorly housed underpaid discontented The average farm is 390 acres and in the last sixty years she has lost 8500000 of her population by immi gration In France on the contrary you And an energetic painstaking frugal people cultivating and owning their small farms Her rural population is seventyfive per cent of the whole In 1890 she exported one hundred and thirtyfive millions of products and in sixty years she has lost only 500000 people by immigration Her farms average ten acres but there are four millions of farmers who make an independent living on farms of two acres each Her people are independent and hopeful for the future In England the farmers have lost by the enclosure acts 8000000 acres of land while in France nearly the same number of acres have been gained by the working people In our own State we see our own people burdened with A SUPERABUNDANCE OF LAND and undivided as to the best method for managing it in order to make it pay even a moderate interest I understand and appreciate the difficulties which this condition bringsand I in common with many others know that the man who expects to realize a profit or to pay off debts by stretch ing his credit to make a few more bales of cotton literally futures to be dug out of the ground these to be exchanged for meat and meal and fer tilizers to run a few more shiftless laborers is making a grave mistake We admit that this old beaten track has landed us anywhere but in prosperity We know that the financial policy of the government has dis criminated against the farmers but we must also acknowledge that after seeing our carefully matured plans end in ignominous failure or like Dead Sea fruit turn to ashes on our lips it is the part of wisdom to try different methods We have watched these fruitless efforts year after year and it is folly to go on compounding our mistakes Let us direct our attention chiefly to such AN APPORTIONMENT OF OUR CROPS as will secure our home supplies and then make such money crops as our circumstances will admit One man can control labor with apparent ease and if the labor is near him this man can afford to take some risk in plant ing crops which require rapid and clean cultivation On the other hand I would advise any man who knows he will have difficulty in obtaining labor to direct his work on the line of grasses and stock Begin on a small scale and build up gradually The owner should be the head to him should be left the direction and control of the farm economy which he should study to conform to the most enlightened methods Let him plant such crops as have best succeeded in his vicinity work within his means and dont undertake more than he can handle intelligently and with the amount of labor at his commandSUGGESTIONS AND INFORMATIONFEBRUARY 43 THE GARDEN An abundant supply of fresh vegetables is undoubtedly one of the luxu ries of the farm and to produce these requires good management The garden should have been deeply covered with manure and this well plowed in not too deepbefore the heavy freezes began If this has not been done haul out your manure at once and broadcast Plow and harrow until you have your soil in good tilth and in planting the different vegetables try and supply as far as posible the plant food needed by that special variety Irish potatoes the first garden crop usually planted requires a good deal of potash and two successive crops in the same year can be easily made We are now the first of February eating potatoes dug out of the open ground entirely uninjured by the severe cold and as perfect and large as those of the usual spring crop They were planted in August and heavily mulched Should it be necessary to reseed the oats put in an additional number of acres rather than curtail those already sown Should this crop fail you have a well manured and nicely prepared seed bed for FIELD PEAS from which crop you can gain a fine supply of feed and your land be left in improved condition Keep a large slice of your farm for CORN AND SORGHUM planting several varieties of the latter with a view to succession of crops There is nothing better for hogs and if planted convenient to the hog pas ture can be handled without much expense Leave a good patch for pota toes and ground peas Remember that THE HOG CROP IS SHORT and the price of meat is advancing Look well to the hogs Give them careful attention I have a neighbor who always raises an abundant supply of meat He has never lost a hog from cholera He gives them the same attention that he gives his plow animals the same regular daily feeding and watering and at one year of age his porkers average 200 pounds This result is not so much from the quantity of food as from the regularity with which it is given In all these monthly talks I have endeavored to show that we should abandon methods which must result in absolute stagnation of our energies Our agricultural misfortunes appeal directly to the business interests of the whole country and our towns and cities will not continue to thrive and grow when agriculture their dependence is in an unhealthy condition Build up our agriculture and every industry throughout our common wealth will be revitalized Every effort of our government our agricul tural societies and our public men should be directed to this great work I cannot close this talk without agaiu appealing to our farmers to avoid the broad acre and the cotton craze R T Nesbitt Commissioner44 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA POTASH AS A FERTILIZER Of the three great plant foods phosphoric acid nitrogen and potash the farmer perhaps more often has the value of potash illustrated than that of the others The increased yield on those spots in the field where old brush or logs have been burned bear testimony to its efficacy as a fertilizer The benefits derived may not be felt the first year as it may not have be come thoroughly enough mixed with the soil to have supplied with it the other materials necessary for plant growth In America potash as a fertilizer has never been so highly regarded as in Europe The reason for this is evident from the large per cent of potash shown in analysis of many of our soils as compared with those of Europe and the further fact that our staple crops do not require as large a per cent of this ingredient as other crops more largely cultivated in densely popu lated districts The natural sources of potash in the soil is from the disin tegration of feldspathic and micaceous rocks and for this reason the clay lauds in the state formed by such disintegration are not so likely to require a large application of this element with other fertilizer material to render them fertile as other lands in the formation of which these rocks did not enter Potash being very soluble is easily leached out of the soil and consequently in washed clays originally containing a large quantity little is to be found and much clay soil might be found to produce a larger yield by a greater application of this element The agricultural potash of commerce is principally the salts of potash or kainit imported from Straasfurth Germany and contains about twelve per cent of actual potash and muriate of potash which contains eighty per cent of muriate of or about fifty per cent actual potash Freed from combination pure potash is very caustic and absorbs water from the air very rapidly in this state the cost would be increased and the difficulty of handling very great Another radical objection to potash in its caustic state is that it cannot be composted to advantage as its chemical action releases the ammonia in the manure Among truckers and fruit growers the value placed upon this ingredient of our fertilizers as promoting the growth of vegetables and fruits is evi denced by the high percentage contained in special preparations made for their use Indeed the value of potash in these particular branches of agri culture is too well recognized to admit of discussion and the fact of its use in combination with phosphoric acid and nitrogen excludes further refer ence to the matter in this article the purpose of which is to discuss whether this ingredient might not in some section of our State be advantageously increased in our commercial fertilizer and in making compost In advice on the subject of fertilizing no impirical directions of a general nature can be given and experiment alone can be relied upon to accurately tell the demands of the soil For this reason we would not be understood as advis ing a farmer to largely increase the quantity of kainit he is accustomed to use in his compost heap without first having tried such an increase on a small part of a field and noted the effect on the yield It may be that the land does not demand potash but is deficient in phosphoric acid or nitrogenSUGGESTIONS AND INFORMATIONFEBRUARY 45 or that the ordinary compost formula for corn and cotton is well adapted to the soil The value of experiments to test the wants of the soil cannot be overestimated and the farmer thus has at his command a simple and inexpensive method of ascertaining what should be applied to his land which is superior to an expensive chemical analysis of the soil Too often we are prone to rely on soil test made by others without properly consid ering their relative merits as applicable to our land and to reason that the same fertilizer that produced a large yield on one field will produce a large yield on all fields whereas different chemical and mechanical conditions may demand fertilization of a very different character Those farmers who have made a success and have converted worn land into fertile fields have done so by studying the wants of the particular soils they are seeking to bring up and by supplying organic matter phosphoric acid nitrogen and potash as experiments demonstrated it was demanded We are thus careful to emphasize the immense value of experimental test of the soil by the farmer as we believe that old rules should not be departed from until new methods have had their worth demonstrated Personally we have no doubt that on much of our land especially in Southern Georgia an increase in the amount of potash ordinarily used would be found advantageous yet it would be unsafe to ask the adoption of such an increase until its merits have been tried and the best combination of the three great plant foods ascertained From Terrell county reports have been made to the department of an in creased yield from the use of an additional amount of potash on the other hand in the general fertilizer experiment on corn conducted at the State Experiment Station among the conclusions reached were these That the soil was deficient in all three of the elements phosphoric acid potash and nitrogen That it was particularly deficient in nitrogen because nitrogen invariably produced the most marked increase in the yield That phos phoric acid was next in order of deficiency since its effectiveness in increas ing the yield was next after that of nitrogen That potash was least effective was least needed The results of this experiment while showing the efficacy of nitrogen and phosphoric acid as fertilizers does not by any means demonstrate that where there is a deficiency of potash in the soil an increase of this element in combination may not produce a large increase in the yield A large number of experiments conducted at the Hatch Ex periment Station of the Massachusetts Agricultural College sustains this view and the conclusions there reached place a very high value on potash as a fertilizer for corn In comparing the results of the experiments the director of the station says These comparisons indicate the surpassing importance of potash for corn upon this soil thus confirming the general result of the work with corn during the two preceding years In view of the almost universal response of com to this fertilizer upon soils of so many different classes and of all degrees of fertility and in so many widely separated localities the conclusion that it should be a prominent ingredient of fertilizers used for this crop appears to me irresistible The director of the same station advocates from experiments the use of potash with ordinary barn yard or stable manure for corn and finds that46 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA fertilizers containing a larger proportion of potash produce in Massachu setts better results than the ordinary special corn fertilizer The conclu sion reached as to the formula to be used on the soil on which these exper iments were conducted are so large in potash that we give the formula recommended by the director as shown to what extent potash as a ferti lizer may be successfully used for corn where the land does not naturally supply this element The formula recommended is nitrogen 25 to 30 pounds potash 75 to 80 pounds and perhaps 25 pounds of phosphoric acid A striking feature of this formula is the small amount of phosphoric acid recommended with a doubt as to its value on the soil The widely different results obtained by the Georgia station and that of the Massachusetts station furnishes no ground whatever for questioning the accuracy of the work of either station but rather bear testimony to the value of experimental work It would seem from the results obtained at Griffin that the soil is well supplied with potash and that there is little need of increasing the quantity of this ingredient while an increase in the quantity of nitrogen would result in great benefit The work of the Mas sachusetts station is of more value as a potash test as most of the exper ments appear from the results obtained to have been made on land de pleted of this element and the increased yield from a very large use of it testify directly to its value as a corn fertilizer Chemical analysis of the various crops shows that they contain a large per cent of potash and if the composition of the product is a criterion by which to judge the manure to be used where potash is deficient a large per cent is demanded Wheat and wheat straw ashes in 1000 dry parts contain 361 potash and 529 phosphoric acid corn and corn stalks 357 potash and 620 phosphoric acid oats and oat straw 453 potash and 465 phosphoric acid The ashes of turnips and potatoes show much larger amounts of potash than of phos phoric acid In 1000 grains air dried of cotton stalks and seed there is 158 potash and 133 phosphoric acid In dealing with these analyses the fact that some soils contain a supply of potash is to be considered as favoring a larger proportion of phosphoric acid On the other hand where fertilizers have been previously used the soluble character of potash and the fact that phosphoric acid when not taken up by the plants remains in the soil is to be weighed in behalf of increasing the proportion of potash The small per cent of potash found in the average commercial fertilizer the great difference in our lands as regards this element and the injury re sulting from its absence call upon the farmer to exercise his best judgment in regard to its use The value of the home tests as enabling him to reach a proper conclusion cannot be overestimated Where soil is wanting in all three of the principal plant foods these analyses would advocate a much larger per cent of potash than is ordinarily used Experiments alone would therefore inform the farmer what he should do In conclusion we would advise farmers in Southern Georgia and on the sandy lands of North Georgia to add an additionalamount of potash on some part of a field not such a trial as would effect you financially were itSUGGESTIONS AND INFORMATIONFEBRUARY 47 to prove a failure but such a one as would by the yield show whether the soils demand an increase in the amount of potash used and whether the increase in the yield made a profit over the cost of the fertilizer Should such experiments be made we would esteem it a favor if they were reported to the Department of Agriculture Atlanta Ga FRUIT CULTURE IN NORTH GEORGIA BY J 0 MILLER OF HOME From the Proceedings of the Horticultural Society published by the Society and the Department of Agriculture Georgia has come to be recognized as one of the leading States if not the leading State of the South so far as the culture of fruit is concerned This prominence is justly accorded we fully believe still her capabilities in this respect are but partially known or appreciated Aside from her soil and climatic influences Georgias geographical position gives her a decided ad vantage over the adjoining Southern States Her products go by the most direct routes to the great distributing markets of the North Her fruit growing interest is yet in its infancy but what a wonderful stir the infant is making in the great Iruit markets Already Georgia peaches pears and grapes are quoted at the very top They are now taken as the criterion of excellence by the very best trade this being the reception given our infant what may we expect when it is grown When I think of this I tremble for the future of many other fruit sections We are beginning to realize that we have a great State especially in the field of horticulture Commercial fruit growers from Delaware Western New York Michi gan and Missouri the old established centersof fruit growing of the United States who were in attendanceat the Nurserymens Convention in Atlanta in June after one weeks sojourn within our borders acknowledged that Georgia has the brightest outlook of any section in our republic They after a few days travel and observation grasped the situation with greater zeal and brighter predictions as to our future than many a Georgia horti culturalist The peach interest of Georgia is now becoming a big industry Can she hold the place already gained and is there danger of it being overdone Let us note for a moment her place in comparison with other noted peach sections California lands suited for the peach are extremely high irrigation is absolutely necessary the alkali in the soil is no advantage then the Eastern insect foes are making their appearance in spite of her quarantine against us The distance they must ship their products to find a market is a great hardship on the California growers which they cant overcome The great peach region of South Jersey Delaware and Eastern Maryland is practi cally out of the race as the yellows have brought desolation and waste to48 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA that beautiful and once profitable fruit region In the Michigan fruit belt it is true they have to some extent checked the ravages of the yellows but not until the industry was crippled and the confidence of prospective planters shaken Even grant them the recovery of all lost ground in the Michigan field orany other peach region North it would not visibly affect us from the fact that Georgia will lead the market with better peaches than they could offer When they market Alexanders and others of that type Georgia will give the market Elbertas Crawfords etc so you see Georgia is in the field with hardly enough competition to incite her growers to cultivate aad handle as they should for their own best interest Where else in the peach world will you hear commercial growers say as some of our largest Georgia growers have that it does not pay to fool with the borer or trouble about thinning the fruit They reason from actual experience that the trees can be brought into bearing so cheaply and the fruit without any trouble of thinning brings such very satisfactory prices that we will not bother with any of its usual fancy touches What is true of the peach is relatively true of many other fruits we take the peach as an example simply because there has been more attention given to that fruit as yet than to others We have now come to speak more directly as regarding North Georgia interests North Georgia needs not further advertising of her capabili ties abroad as much as she needs advertising among her own people We do not in many sections at least appear to have awakened to the proper realization of what can be done in the line of fruit growing Our own people must acquaint themselves in the line of horticulture with the elements of prosperity about them and undeveloped resources in their midst which await intelligent action rather than attracting strangers with stories of what can be done It has been often stated and it is a truthful statement that if the various sections of our country were set apart from each other and so placed that each must depend upon her own native resources for support and develop ment North Georgia would lead them all We believe in North Georgia as a fruitgrowing section but there will be many failures and disappointments There are many obstacles yet to overcome This is not the Garden of Eden but we accept the spirit of Whit tiers hymn Why search the wide world everywhere For Edens unknown ground That garden of the primal pair May never more be found If all fruit growers would either accept this or conclude they had found the garden how much better it would be for them How often you hear them say if we could only grow fruit like California or Western New York we would be perfectly satisfied or if peaches would hit like they did thirty years ago it would be profitable The front rank fellows we acknowledge do not talk in this strain North Georgia is fast leading into a nicely adjusted diversity of productsSUGGESTIONS AND INFORMATIONFEBRUARY 49 with a great variety of industries which will render us capable of main taining a large and prosperous population It will depend very largely on the growth of horticulture as to the degree of development of these conditions for instance bonanza farming would add but little to our prosperity but small farms converted into homes bringing about them the attractions of horticulture will be the foundation of our future prosperity We have a country in which capital and work are the price of success But we now wish to notice what a judicious expenditure of money and labor under intelligent guidance will bring Accurate statistics from our own State and section will ever be ready to prove what has already been done In cultivated products of horticulture the range of species is noticeably wider than most sections of our country In the same county which ripens the fig the beautiful Japan plums and develops the most perfect peaches and pears we find the apple in its perfection This is wonderfully attractive possession as it makes secure the highest satisfaction of living The diversity of fruits that can be easily grown with slight expense will be the best retnrns horticulture can promise the people This with the delightful climate and multitude of other good things be stowed upon us contains profit that cannot be indicated by dollars The North Georgian should never ask the question What are we living for Looking at the fruit interest from the standpoint of a commercial grower is there room and hope for North Georgia That this section will produce the fruit has been fully demonstrated We have it from Eastern commission merchants that North Georgia peaches were larger finer and of better qual ity than any arrivals during the season Pears do well especially is this true of the Keiffer The grape succeeds admirably Japan plums promise to more than fulfill the most sanguine expectations Some few of the Eu ropeans succeed nicely Duke and Morello cherries are a success on nearly all soils Apple growing which is yet almost entirely undeveloped is most prom ising especially in the territory north of us If you have ever seen Bald wins golden Kinnards choice and even native seedlings as grown in that region you understand why we should be sanguine as to the future of apple culture With the entire southland for a market this is one fruit that no grower could reasonably fear of overproduction In fact the ques tion of overproduction need not engage the attention of our fruit growers but these are questions that must have careful intelligent consideration or failure will be the result If we make commercial growing a success varieties must be grown that are adapted to our soil climate and elevation proper cultivation must be given remedies for insect depredations must be properly and timely applied the fruit must have proper handling The markets to be supplied must be carefully studied and then cater to the best trade5 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA Neglect of any of these points will most likely in time bring disaster upon the grower His returns will be in exact proportion to his knowledge and the practi cal businesslike application of it to the work The great question remains to be solved Will our people with the position the climate and possibilities of the future of fruit growing in plain view give North Georgia the great prominence as a source from which to supply a large territory with the most luscious fruits which she should justly receive THOUGHTS ON STOCKRAISING IN GEORGIA SUGGESTED BY DAILY OBSERVATION BY HON R T NESBITT COMMISSIONER OF AGRICULTURE At this season of the year I pass on the railroad ear after car filled with mules and horses shipped here for sale and as each day I see the droves pass my office window the thoughts in my mind becomes an earnest wish that every farmer could realize the tremendous drain on our resources caused by this yearly buying of stock and that some plan could be prac tically formed for keeping at home the immense sums which are paid out for this one item In Atlanta alone are sold each year about 60000 head representing about 650000 Can we not keep at home a part at least of this large waste It does seem that if the stock raisers of the West can with all the attendant risk breed and raise this number of mules and horses then pay the expenses of shipping and still realize a handsome profit we with comparatively nominal railroad expenses and every advantage of climate and situation could make such an investment pay well added to which stock raised here being acclimated would be far less liable to sickness than those brought from a higher latitude Even where it is not desirable to enter into this as a regular business there is scarcely a farmer owning land who could not by proper manage ment arrange to raise a colt or two and this once accomplished he would be astonished at the ease with which it has been done and the small outlay it has cost him I have now a valuable threeyearold the raising of which cost me scarcely a dollar Indeed were I to begin to calculate how much she has cost I would say nothing except the attention because her food was raised on the farm and would have been consumed there in plainer words she represents what would otherwise have been wasted Understand I do not at present urge the raising of stock on a large scale except where necessary preparations have been made because where one goes into this as a regular business there are several requisites which are absolutely necessary to success and if these or even one or two of these are lacking failure is almost certain to follow I was recently talking with a gentleman who was well posted and whoSUGGESTIONS AND INFORMATIONFEBRUARY 51 had been an enthusiast on this subject He owned a large tract of land live thousand acres in one of the best portions of the State a large part of hn I enfa Pasture He bu8t a mares hired the necessary labor for their attention and fitted up his place with all the appointments for a firstclass stock farm But he forgot one thing that the class of labor which can plod along in the corn and coton fields is not unless under the most careful direction capable of attending to the duties of a stock farm The negro is often cruel to and careless of his own mule or horse and when trusted with those belonging to others is with honorale excep tions notoriously brutal In this case the owner lost a jack for which he had paid 1000 shot by the negro foreman who honestly thought he was doing his employer a valuable service in thus saving a mare worth 100 f Sw TqU J UDf0rtunate and eIualy unnecessary convinced our friend that it would not pay to run a stock farm with labor entirely ignorant of the requirements of the work but tnat every department must be carefully watched and directed by an intelligent head So per suaded is he however that when properly managed this work is bound to pay good returns that after an interval of several years he has resolved to make another effort and in this venture being armed with experience which he lacked in the first his chances of success are greater If he can succeed in interesting and converting to his views someof the large basST d UOt dUbt that they WiH build up a Payjn But suppose we do not care to embark in this business on a large scale but would like to raise one or two colts each year or every two or three years to replace such stock as may be lost or become unfit for full work How are we to manage it Good jacks are expensive and not one farmer in a thousand can afford to keep one In the South they are also sare and their services high Why cannot several farmers combine and purchase a jack His services to outsiders would help pay for him and the cost to each individual farmer would be thus so far lessened that he could afford the expense But even in such cases where we attempt to raise stock for the demands of our own business alone the utmost precaution is necessary and to trust valuable animals to the care of irresponsible parties is to invite failure The owner must either resolve to see to every detail himself or place the care of his stock in the hands of competent persons Last winter a friend of mine during his enforced absence from home lost a valuable mare with foal through the carelessness of the ignorant attendant who when the animal was found dead m her stall admitted that he had noticed that something was wrongwith her when she returned from the pasture the evening be fore but did not think it worth mentioning A gentleman recently told me of his misfortune in having three mares lose their colts from the grossest carelessness Of course this klnHrXk S7ST T What GVerDOr Nrthen of ising Hos Cattle and Sheep applies with equal force to raising mules He affirm that lack of preparation is the main cause of unprofitableness S52 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA raising at the South The next evil is the lack of care and this evil possi bly grows out of or rather is a part of the other But if there is proper preparation and due care in maintaining proper conditions I see no reason why we may not supply in part at least this yearly recurring demand for mules and horses and thus save to ourselves the money which other States now appropriate The sections to which this trade now belongs did not originally and do not now possess a tithe of the advantages which today belong to us Let us hear from those counties notably Putnam Morgan Jones and Bibb which have made this industry a study and a success Let these men give to their less fortunate brothers the benefit of their experience HOME MARKETS FOR HOME PRODUCTS BY HON R T NESBITT COMMISSIONER OF AGRICULTURE In passing along the thoroughfares of our capital city ones attention is at once arrested by the amount and variety of farm and garden truck dis played on every side fruits and vegetables as well as the more staple pro ducts in tempting array and profuse abundance greet the passerby and to a stranger these displays suggest local thrift diversity of home agricult ure and attendant prosperity But when we inquire from whence come these evidences of the farmers industry we find that Illinois Ohio Michi gan Wisconsin Tennessee California Florida North Carolina all con tribute their quota of onions turnips butter hay apples eggs poultry potatoes grouudpeas and that the Georgia farmers who could largely control this market have scarcely a crate of vegetables or a box of eggs AtlanU pays out every year at least five or six hundred thousand dol lars for truck and vegetables nearly every dollar of which should belong to Georgia farmers and yet it is doubtful if they get onetenth part of that amount Surely if these farmer from the froeen regions of the west where land sells anywhere from ten to fifty times as high as in Georgia can make and ship butter for instance and realize a handsome profit Georgia farmers with cheaper land open winters and comparatively nominal freight ought to make more Our manufacturing population is increasing each year and as time moves on the demand for such articles will increase correspondingly Cannot Georgia farmers prepare to meet this demand There are hun dreds of acres of land now idle or worge that could be made to pay a handsome interest if intelligently and carefully managed Wherever a firstclass article is produced it makes a market for itself A few years ago the Georgia peach and the Georgia melon had no place in the general market but by sheer force of excellence they have made their way and are now universally recognized and sought after This is not the result of a mere perfunctory gathering and throwingSUGGESTIONS AND INFORMATIONMARCH 53 together of a few crates of peaches or a few carloads of melons but it represents the success crowning a business which has been studied and arranged for in its minutest detail Let not the farmer delude himself into the belief that he can produce an inferior article and command a good price and let him not underrate the effect of careful handling and preparation for market Often there is a wide margin of difference in the price of two articles whose intrinsic value is the same owing to the fact that one is more carefully handled and more temptingly arranged than the other In a business of this kind after a solid foundation has been laid and the preliminary work done the success or failure of the undertaking depends largely on whether the im portant details of handling and marketing have been intelligently and carefully studied and faithfully executed Let us set our wits to work to overcome the difficulties and grasp the benefits which lie in our reach In view of these difficulties and our want of experience let us study methods of preparation of planting of gath ering and preparing for market Seek information from every attainable source and having done this study the markets themselves for the suc cessful truckman knows not only how to produce firstclass goods but also how to sell them to the best advantage MONTHLY TALK WITH THE GEORGIA FARMERS Depabtment of Agriculture Atlanta Ga March 1 1893 The first of March finds the farmers in a most backward state of prepara tion The weather has been such first freezing and then raining that it has been impossible to plow the red lauds and even on the gray lands very little has been accomplished There are drawbacks and hindrances to every occupation and these are but the disappointments incident to our avoca tion but when difficulties confront us we should summon our best energies to meet and combat them Trials and difficulties develop and make the strong man they paralyze and destroy the weak We still have much to be thankful for the unerring return of the seasons the blessing of the early and latter rain the perennial hope which springs in the farmers breast as he goes out to begin his years work and sees all nature donning her fresh spring robe the pleasure of witnessing the soil respond to his efforts and the gradual development of the different crops from seedtime to harvest Surely the farmer in his work comes nearest to God and takes its results more directly from the hand of the great ruler of the universe How important then that he study to make no mistake in executing his part of the contract54 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA I hope my farmer friends have utilized these muggy days in REPAIRING as far as possible the farm buildings and fences and in making compost the latter a most important factor in the farm economy Every moment when the land is too wet to plow can be utilized to the best advantage in giving your farms a more homelike and comfortable appearance and even when the rain keeps the farmer indoors there are many jobs in the way of mending and preparing implements wagons plow stocks harness etcr for the coming strain which should not be neglected and always there are the stables and yards to be cleaned out and attended to leaves to be hauled and cattle and stock comfortably bedded On a stranger the impression of a wellkept farm is beyond estimation Even ONE THOROUGHLY CULTIVATED WELLKEPT FARM in a neighborhood is an object lesson to be seen and appreciated not only by farmers but by every passing traveler At first it may not seem to exert any sensible influence but gradually adjoining places begin to touch up the lands are better prepared more manure and of better quality is made more progressive methods are undertaken a spirit of emulation is roused evidences of thrift are seen on every side and erelong the improved condition of the neighborhood is the subject of favorable comment through out the county OURS IS A POSITION OF HONOR AND RESPONSIBILITY and if we expect to fill it with credit to ourselves and families we must fit ourselves for it as do successful men in other avocations by careful study and by well directed energy and diligence Every moment every hour is worth so much to us they are not to be wasted if we expect success to crown our efforts The slothful indolent man no matter in what occupa tion he may be engaged has no reasonable hope for even moderate pros perity Let us observe the methodical systematic energy of the successful merchant the snap and vim which characterize the successful lawyer or banker No idling in the hours devoted to business no putting oft until tomorrow the work which demands attention today THE FARMER MORE THAN ANY OF THESE comes directly in contact with nature and has the better opportunity of studying her in her various moods Why should not he draw inspiration from her perfect work lying all around him and portrayed in the smallest plant the minutest blade of grassno detail lacking each complete of its kind I understand that there can be NO ARBITRARY RULE laid down by which each individual farmer is to governed but in thtse monthly talks I wish to make suggestions which will not only arrest the attention of the farmers but which will provoke discussion on the lines I advocate On one pointSUGGESTIONS AND INFORMATIONMARCH 55 WE ARE ALL AGREED and that is that we will have to build up our lands or stop cultivating them and that we must make our farms selfsupporting But when we begin to discuss the plans for accomplishing these muchtobedesired ends we differ because our circumstances and conditions individual climatic and otherwise are such as to preclude the possibility of all working by the same rule For instance one farmer has a large family many of the mem bers are old enough to help him in his work and he owns a good piece of bottom land Such a man can make his home supplies on a few acres and then devote the rest of his farm to the production of cotton or some other money crop which can be worked successfully and cheaply by his imme diate family Another man owns a farm the larger part of which is so poor that until the land is improved there is no hope for him to succeed Common sense teaches him to try and build up a few acres each year and cultivate only such spots as will yield some return for the time and labor bestowed upon them Again take the weather which has prevailed dur ing January and February In North and Middle Georgia the lands for the most part being stiff and adhesive the continued rains have prevented any progress in plowing In Southern and more especially Eastern Georgia rain has been needed for the small grain crops and plowing is well ad vanced and preparations for planting move on apace It is most gratifying to find from all the information obtainable at this department from reports of correspondents and from other sources that in nearly every county and in particular sections of some counties there has been a marked improvement in the production of home supplies that there is now on hand a larger per cent than is usual at this season and that there is evident determination on the part of farmers to pursue such a sen sible farm policy as will not only bridge over our present unfortunate con dition but give us an assurance of future success The blind worship of cotton is I trust becoming a thing of the past for the selfinflicted punish ment which the farmers have had to suffer has taught them a salutary lesson Wherever the farmers are studying their surroundings and condi tions with an eye to ultimate results where they are giving more thought ful consideration to the reasons which should control them in the direction of their affairs good results are beginning to be seen They realize their past mistakes and are applying themselves to the task of correcting them TO THOSE FARMERS who are still considering the advisability of an allcotton policy I would utter a word of warning It is the farmer who has not thought to provide for his corn crib or smokehouse until the past two months who is suffer ing most today Meat at 12J cents with the lard pressed out is not a very pleasant subject for the allcotton farmer to consider except as it may re lease him from the thraldom of mistaken methods and policies And the man who expects to buy his lard and sells his cottonseed to the oil mills under the mistaken idea that he is making a good trade pays two or three times its value when it comes back to him in the lard at fifteen cents a56 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA pound The selling of all the cottonseed to the merchant is all right for in each ton of raw cottonseed applied to laud there is 20 worth of oil which is absolutely wasted as the oil possesses no manurial value and cottonseed meal is the better fertilizer but the farmer who buys his lard and meat is playing a losing game IF I CAN INDUCE MY FELLOW FARMERS to read and discuss these ideas even if they fail to agree with me I will feel that one important step has been gained i e that these discussions will bring to the front new ideas and stronger reasons for the abandon ment of our ruinously false system and the substitution of better and more remunerative methods Of course my opinions are not invulnerable Al ready I have had farmers dissent from them and my suggestions do not always receive the cordial support of my thinking friends but I do not object to fair criticism and the good results of such discussions will be seen later on If every neighborhood throughout the State would reorganize their alliance clubs with the distinct understanding that their object is to foster and build up an interest on everything pertaining to agriculture and to permanently advance every interest connected with the farm and permit only such questions to be discussed iu their meetings much light could be thrown on these questions fraught with such deep interest to every struggling farmer and there would soon be a revival of that love for our country homes once so general among our people The friction pro duced by the ideas brought out in these meetings when intelligently dis cussed would have a most salutary effect on our entire farm economy The fruit men the truck men have gained valuable aid and information from an exchange of ideas If they can perfect an organization to protect and advertise and advance their interest why cannot the general farmer I hope the farmers will study the results of the experiments made at the experimental station in crops and fertilizers for the past season I WISH ALSO TO CALL THEIR ATTENTION to the paper read before the Agricultural Convention during its recent meeting in Augusta which is published in this report From this can be learned the nature of some of the duties devolving on me as Commissioner of Agriculture Acquaint yourselves with these duties and find out if they are beiDg faithfully executed and if your interest is protected and ad vanced The latter part of this paper is devoted to the advisability of teaching agriculture in our public schools Read it carefully and I think you will agree with me that there are very strong reasons why it should be taught I cannot close this article without making AN APPEAL for broad acres of oats corn millet potatoes cane and only so much cotton as you can produce at a profit Ordinarily land which produces only a bale to three acres is worked at a dead loss Think seriously before you embark in such a ruinous undertakingSUGGESTIONS AND INFORMATIONMARCH 57 Elsewhere in this report I publish a letter from a prominent farmer which puts this question in such a strong light that nothing more need be said R T Nesbitt Commissioner of Agriculture CULTURAL NOTES ON POTATOES Here is a summary of the results of experiments extending over a period of three years at the Michigan station FirstIt was found that the seed end is as good if not better than any other part of the potato for planting and as a rule produces fewer small tubers SecondAs a rule medium sized potatoes cut into halves lengthwise using at the rate of thirteen to fifteen bushels of seed to the acre will produce best net results planted one and onehalf or two feet apart ThirdIf smaller seed is used the eyes should be fifteen inches apart and pieces containing two or three eyes about eighteen inches At dis tances o ver two and onehalf feet the number of hills is so much decreased that the yield is lessened FourthWhen potatoes are cheap it does not pay to use small potatoes a seed but when seed potatoes are high tubers the size of hens eggs may be used for one year without greatly decreasing the yield FifthEven on fairly rich soil manure or fertilizers can be used with profit When manure cannot be obtained without hauling two or three miles five hundred pounds of mixed chemicals or of some good brand of commercial fertilizer will be cheaper to use and will be a profitable in vestment Other items are that as the best depth for planting the result seemed to favor covering the seed about three inches This seemed to be right for dry seasons The highest yield was obtained when manure was used as a mulch between rows While it can readily be shown that the fertilizers were used with profit it is difficult to say which of the chemicals was most necessary It is to be observed that the land on which the experiments were made is represented as in excellent tilth and of more than average fertility ADDRESS BEFORE THE STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY WORK OF THE AGRICULTURAL DEPARTMENT NECESSITY OF AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION The following address which was delivered before the State Agricultu ral Society treats of two important subjects The Department of Agricult ure and its relations to the farmers and the necessity of particular educa tion relating to agriculture The object and aims of the department are set out and the commissioner is anxious that those who desire to render5 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTOREGEORGIA the department more useful may be able to cooperate with him in the work The introduction into our school system of studies that would be of particular advantage to those who intend to engage in farming and which would invite others to investigate and induce them to make the farm their home and upbuild our agriculture is a subject of great interest and which has been but little agitated in the State Few men can succeed at any occupation without possessing natural qualification or being fitted by education Complete success on the farm is no exception to the rule embodying as it does in its entirety a large and varied knowledge of scien tific and business affairs The farmer of the future with increasing popu lation will have to ask and require more of the soil and must be fitted to obtain these results The question involves the place our children raised on the farm who shall become farmers shall take in the advancement of agriculture in the future We trust that all who see these reports will read with care and thought what is said on this subject THE WORK OF THE DEPARTMENT Mr President and Gentlemen of the Agricultural Convention In making this my yearly report before your society there are two subjects of utmost importance to which I would like to call yourattentioD and I will do so as briefly as possible The first is The Relations of the Agricultural Department and the Importance of its Work to the People of Georgia and the second is The Relations of Agriculture to the Youth of our Land and the Importance of its Being Taught in our Public Schools In order to arrive at a better understanding of the first I will outline the principal work of the department since its organization seventeen years ago leaving it to the minds of my hearers to feed on the details and then explain its present management and the benefits which our State agriculture receives from its work Before opening this subject I will state that there is a widespread prej udice in the minds of average farmers against the department arising most often from want of information as to the aims and the manner in which those aims are carried out and it is in part to combat those prejudices and give the needed information that the present paper has been prepared About seventeen years ago owing to the rapidly increasing use of com mercial fertilizers there was a popular demand for some more thorough and effective means of protecting the consumer against fraud in the pur chase of these goods and at the same time promoting the sale of goods suitable to our lands and to the needs of the crops under cultivation We all remember the beautifully prepared Peruvian guano costing from 90 to 100 per ton according to the distance from market the tremendous lifegiving principles it possessed causing our crops to spring forward as if by magic but we also remember that at gathering time the results were most disappointing After this came the eraof cheaper goodswhichinmany cases possessed no merit and were prepared often with no other object than to swindle the purchaser The results from their use were not as rep resented or expected and the farmers were naturally disappointed andSUGGESTIONS AND INFORMATIONMARCH 59 disgusted Then followed garbled reports of these results made by design ing salesmen to mislead and entrap unsuspecting farmers As a sequel suspicion crystallized into certainty of fraud and caused our courts to be crowded with litigation the duped buyers seeking by law to right their wrongs Our lands were deteriorating and exhausting from years of mistaken agricultural treatment and with the consequent spirit of unrest and dis satisfaction arose the demand for an agricultural department whose duties were defined as protective and educational In all countries as the population becomes more dense and the natural products of the farm fail to meet the increasing demands commercial fertilizers play their part in solving the problem and with their aid comes the demand for more en lightened agricultural methods and thus follow agricultural schools agri cultural colleges and departments of agriculture It was under this pressure and to throw around the farmer the protec tion of which he stood so much in need that our legislature in 1876 estab lished our Department of Agriculture New and untried it met with much adverse criticism even from those for whose benefit and promotion It was created All through its history it has had to combat prejudice sometimes denunciation and often its life has trembled in the balance Doubtless there have been mistakes but these are so far outnumbered by its advantages that we should pardon them for the sake of the great work it has accomplished in securing the farmers against fraud if nothing else The most important protective duties with which the department is charged are the inspection and analysis of the tremendous amount of com mercial fertilizers which annually cover hundreds of thousands of tons and the sampling and testing of the enormous bulk of illuminating oils of fered for salein this State Millions are annually spent for these two arti cles needed and used on nearly every farm and in nearly every farm home in Georgia The old system of each fertilizer inspector being a chemist and conduct ig his own analysis which was practiced during the earlier days when the amount of commercial fertilizers used was by comparison merely nominal and the latter system of inspecting in bulk have both been abolished and our system is at present regulated on a different basis and in its provisions for protecting the farmer at the same lime dealing fairly with the manfao turers is considered nearly perfect The analysesof the different fertilizers are published to the world butany individual farmer wishing an analysis of any brand of goods sold in this State has only to drop me a line and the knowledge will be forthcoming In the sampling and testing of illuminating oils a much simpler and less difficult test is made Under the present law the inspector is only required to make a fire or explosive test It is not allowed to be stored or offered for sale in this State unless it is demonstated by the test that it will not ex plode at 120 degrees Fahrenheit The department has no power to apply an illuminating test and repeated complaints have reached us as to the in ferior illuminating qualities of much of the oil which has passed the fire6o DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA test The defect in many cases probably arises from the pressure of foreign matter in the oil notably sulphuric acid which is largely used in refining the crude oil To meet this difficuliy will require a special act of the legis lature During the last session of that body I called attention to this defect in the law but in the pressure of other matters this was passed over Until we have further legislation on this subject the remedy must be with the people themselves When inferior oil is put upon you write to the mer chant from whom you purchased and ascertain the name of the company manufacturing it and also the inspectors name which should be branded in plain letters on the barrel As soon as you ascertain these facts notify me at the department In this way we have been able to have several lots shipped back to the manufacturers and we can thus create a decided de mand for further legislation on this important matter In its educational capacity the department is further charged with the duty of collecting such farm statistics and information as when properly presented will aid the farmers in the intelligent management of their affairs To say that this information will not be of value to our farmers is to assert that no agricultural education is necessary and to set at naught the painstaking and successful investigations of such eminent men as DeSaussure Sir Humphrey Liebig and others But for the patient and scientific researches of these men we would be today groping in darkness not only as to the necessary elements of plant food but as to the best methods of their application to the growing crops It was only after years of perplexing experiment that Liebig discovered that these elementsto be effective must be in soluble form and that the very means he had taken to hold them in the soil was the cause of successive disappointing crop results Thanks to him we now know that we might apply ton after ton of high grade fertilizers and unless the elements of growth were in soluble form or if there was not sufficient moisture in the soil to render them sol uble the plants would actually starve to death the elements of life within their reach but entirely unavailable The department has used every means in its power through the press and through its monthly reports to disseminate such information as would benefit the farmers but until the interest in these questions is more wide spread I feel that much of the labor is lost The department has also con tributed somewhere near threefourths of a million of dollars to the public school fund of the State and this brings me to the second branch of my sub ject viz AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION The Relations of Agriculture to the Youth of the Land and the Impor tance of its Being Taught in our Public Schools For my treatment of this subject I am indebted to a recent very inter esting bulletin from the Canada Department of Agriculture and from this I have taken the liberty of quoting at length The comparative statements I have collected most carefully and their evidence is to my mind a very strong argument on the affirmative side of this most important and farSUGGESTIONS AND INFORMATIONMARCH 61 reaching question In discussing the subject it naturally resolves itself into three heads Should agriculture be taught in our public schools Can it be taught How can it be taught 1st Should it be taught Among the foremost of the reasons for an affirmative answer and view of the question is that the large per cent of our people who are engaged in agriculture are dependent upon it either directly or indirectly Nearly eighty per cent of the people of Georgia are farmers or are obtaining their living either directly or indirectly from the soil and fourfifths of the public school population belong to the farms and villages In studying this phase of the subject we must note one factthat is the movement citywards of our rural population The farmers sons and daugh ters are each year being drawn towards the towns andas time moves on the changes produced by this tendency are becoming more marked and if not checked will seriously affect our prosperity Various reasons have been adduced to account for this fact which is also true of nearly every other country except perhaps France but among the most plausible is this that the fault lies in defective systems of education The systems of edu cation may not be the direct cause but perhaps through them something may be done to check the exodus from the country to the towns This tendency must eventually affect our social and political life because as a rule it is taking from the country its best elementthose from twenty to forty years of ageand leaving on the farms the old and infirm and the young and immature In the United States the rural population which was in 1790 9565 per cent of the whole was in 1890 only 7088 per cent In Georgia from 1880 to 1890 the increase in cities of over 8000 inhabitants amounted to over 3 per cent of the whole population and if we include towns of 500 inhabitants and upwards the increase in urban population amounts to over 10 per cent with almost corresponding decrease in rural population We can thus realize the loss to our rural districts which becomes a subject for serious consideration when one remembers that we have lands to which we wish to direct immigration and that ours is first and foremost an agri cultural country Again instruction in agriculture should be given because of the large amount of capital invested in it and because other industries are largely dependent on it both for a market and for a source of supply The more carefully we study this question themore will we be convinced that success in agriculture underlies success in manufacture in trade and in commerce that according to the number of persons engaged in and directly dependent upon agriculture the capital invested in it and the wealth which it adds to the country every year agriculture stands way above any other industry in importance and that anything done to develop agriculture to help those now engaged in it or who are soon to engage in it should receive every encouragement That there is certainly a possibility of enormous62 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA improvement in crop production in Georgia comparison with many of the other countries such as England France and Germany will prove From the foregoing it will be seen 1st that the large majority of our people are intimately associated with farm work 2d that the tendency is for the best element to remove from this work and 3d that the wealth and commerce of the country are greatly dependent on agriculture three strong reasons why agriculture should be taught if it can To answer the second question viz Can agriculture be taught in our public schools we have only to point to France as the most progressive and advanced of all civilized nations in the matter of agricultural education France has a population of 38095155 her farms are the best cultivated in Europe and her produce per head has increased by onehalf in the last quarter of a century Let it be noted that it is within that period that agricultural education has become compulsory in the her public schools There are also in each of the eighty six departments of France besides the public schools farm schools apprentice schools agricultural orphan ages and other institutions devoted to agriculture alone and in this num ber I we do not include the Agricultural University of Paris famous the world over for its investigations nor the three national schools of agricult ure one of horticulture one of dairying three of veterinary science two of forestry and two shepherds schools It was in 1879 that in France a law was passed compelling every normal school within six years to provide agricultural instructions for the teachers in training and requiring the primary schools within three years to make agriculture a compulsory subject of study The work it will be seen began with the training of teachers a step certainly in the right direction This instruction is given by professors of agriculture whose duties are threefold to instruct teachers in training to hold conferences with the farmers and to carry out investigations sug gested by the government Let us examine some of the results of this system In an interesting article on Village Life in France and England Rev W Tuckwell an Englishman says In these small farms as in all the other holdingswe had seen the farming was extraordinarily skillful Not only was the land far cleaner than most farms in England but we were arrested by the dextrous economy in laying out crops the unexpected rotations the use of chemical manures This was due we were told to the govern ment agricultural college He concludes with the following remarkable statement showing some of the results of the French system In England the owners of estates above one acre in size are about 300000 In France they are 7000000 In England the average extent of a single farm is 390 acres In France ten acres 4000000 owners holding properties of two acres while farms of 200 acres are so few that they can be counted on the fingers In 1890 s4aonoCoeonnnPrtedaVOUt 120000000 th f od England imported 360000000 In sixty years 8500000 emigrants have left England less than 500000 have left France In England the rural population is 33 perSUGGESTIONS AND INFORMATIONMARCH 63 cent of the whole in France upwards of 75 per cent In England finally the peasant is miserably housed underpaid servile despairing in France he is decent welltodo independent hopeful In the French Postoffice Savings Bank there are 600000000 in 6500 000 deposits an average of less than 100 for each depositor The conclu sions to be derived from a study of this question are 1 France has found it advisable to supplement the work of her agricult ural colleges by introducing agriculture as a special study into her general school system 2 The work has been begun by training the teachers first and while general methods have been prescribed the system is sufficiently elastic to meet the varying abilities of teachers and pupils 3 The work is as yet in only the first stage of development and although all the rural children of France have not yet been reached and the end aimed at has not yet been attained the success achieved is very encouraging and worthy the imitation of other nations C C James deputy minister of agriculture for Ontario Canada to whose valuable paper I am indebted for much of the information on the subject says It may not be advisable to follow the lead of France in all particulars but her experience certainly warrants the conclusion that the education of the rural classes in their own work is very beneficial The imparting of a little agricultural information in public schools would doubtless have a good effect upon the attendance of our agricultural colleges and possi bly create a necessity for increasing such facilities The agricultural colleges have in all countries had to do too much begging for students while at the same time schools of law medicine dentistry pharmacy technology have been soon crowded The United States schools of agriculture are also schools for training teachers and for giving instructions in manual arts and in commercial courses Many of these institutions to obtain students for their agricultural departments have been compelled to rely almost entirely upon short courses of six months or two months In proof of this last I have only to mention the winters course of two months now being taught in our State College of Agriculture at Athens And now we come to the third question How can agriculture be taught in our public schools Upon this ques tion hangs the whole difficulty and here I borrow again the language from Mr James paper All are now agreed that agriculture should be taught if it can and many who have studied this question are quite satisfied that it can be taught in some form but when we come to the question of how it is to be taught much difficulty arises from the variety of and conflict of opinions But one or two conclusions are indispensable and first and foremost is this that all or nearly all depends upon the teacher Second that too much should not be attempted at first The work should be in troduced gradually and the understanding at the outset should be very64 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA definite that by teaching agriculture in the public schools it is not in tended to teach how to plow how to harvest or how to feed stock but rather the why and wherefore and to arouse an interest in agricultural operations Third that the principal aim and object of this instruction in our public schools should be the creation of a sentiment in favor of agricultural work the arousing of a noble ambition in young minds to become progressive and successful argiculturists the spreading abroad of the idea that the industrious thoughtful honest farmer is the most valu able citizen in this land of ours a man to be respected appreciated and honored by every member of the community Prof Calvin Thomas says Very little can be done by common schools to check the drift towards the cities Whatever tends to improve the economic status of the farm industry and to elevate the plane of the farmers life will tend to correct this evil In other words let us insist on showing the farmer boy a world at home full of interest of beauty of thought of study of doing It may be that the condition of the rural school has been a repelling force in sending many a boy to the town or city In arithmetic in reading in drawing in history subjects now included in our public shool curriculum a turn could be given toward and applica tions made to agriculture If the purpose of such instruction be carefully kept in mind viz to interest the pupils in matters pertaining to agricult ure and to instruct them in the use of their eyes to see what lies on all sides of them and to see correctly it matters little what part of the im mense field of agriculture be selected the roads upon which they come to school or which so often keep them from school the weeds by the road side and in the feace corners the flowers shrubs and trees beyond the fences the soil of the fields and the different crops growing upon that soil the in sects and the birds which are in some cases so necessary in others so de structive to the crops the fruits and vegetables These and other subjects will suggest that the instruction must be confined to but a small part of what is probably the widest and most comprehensive science known to man the science of agriculture Prof Huxley says The farmer must be made by thorough farm work Nevertheless I believe that practical people would be all the better for scientific knowledge It would keep them from hopeless experiments and enable them to take advantage of the innumerable hints which Dame Nature gives to those who live in direct contact with things If I were called upon to frame a course of elementary instruction preparatory to agriculture I am not sure that I would attempt chemistry or botany or physiology or geology as such The history of a bean of a grain of wheat of a turnip of a sheep of a pig of a cow properly treated with the introduction of the elements of chemistry physiology and so on as they come in would give all the elementary science which is needed for the comprehension of the process of agriculture and in a form easily as similated by the youthful mind Again I quote from Mr James In conclusion I would say that theseSUGGESTIONS AND INFORMATIONMARCH 65 suggestions do not involve any upsetting or overturning of the present system of education but rather an adaptation to agriculture as far as possible of subjects now upon the curriculum If nothing more be done than to start our rural pupils to thinking to give them an impetus or a turn in the right direction to develop in them a taste for agricultural study and in vestigation to arouse in them a desire to know more and read more about agricultural affairs and especially to increase in them a respect for their work and a pride in their calling then the most important end of their education will have been attained COTTON ACREAGE The monthly talk of the commissioner closes with an appeal for selfsus taining farms and a reduction of the cotton acreage Through all the pub lications of this department we have endeavored to emphasize this appeal From the commissioner of Texas comes a circular letter setting forth our former disaster and the loss that will again attend overproduction also a private letter requesting the cooperation of this department The com missioner stands ready to do all in his power to prevent an increase in acreage Will our farmers not heed any of these warnings with a disas trous experience yet fresh in their minds We have confidence in the good sense of our agricultural classes and trust that they will The following extracts from a letter of a leading and successful farmer presents in a concise way the benefits that will accrue from a small crop and the low price and loss that come from productions beyond the demands of consumption It is generally admitted that with meat at 8 cents per pound and corn at 75 cents per bushel the average price of producing a pound of cotton is 8 cents With these admitted facts before the cotton growers their policy should be to still further reduce the acreage and place the American crop as near as possible to a 7000000 bale basis thus insuring 10 cents a pound for cotton or a profit to the farmer of at least 2 cents on the pound but if to the contrary they return to an increased acreage and an increased use of fertilizers and produce a 9000000 or 10000000 bale crop values will be re duced below 7 cents and every pound of cotton will be sold at a net loss of 1 cent or more per pound Which will the farmer choose a decrease of labor and plenty of home supplies at a handsome profit or an increase of labor with smokehouses and corncribs in the West and ruinous loss on the production of their cotton crop Can any sane man hesitate A 7000000 bale crop will bring 10 cents or in round numbers 350000000 while a 9000000 bale crop will bring not over 7 cents or say 1315000 a loss of revenue of 35000000 and how about the cost of production To raise a 7000000 bale crop at 8 cents per pound will cost 280000000 which if sold at 10 cents will net the farmers a profit over and above cost of production of 70000000 on the other hand to raise a 9000000 bale crop at 8 cents per pound will cost 360000000 which if sold at as much as 7 cents a pound would only bring 315000000 or a net loss to the producers of 45 000000 showing a difference in favor of the lesser crop of 115000000 and that with plenty of home supplies for the next crop 5DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA MONTHLY TALK WITH THE GEORGIA FARMER State of Georgia Department of Agriculture Atlanta Ga April 1 1S92 March has been a much more favorable month for all farm work than the one which preceded it but ihe rains though not heavy have been con stant and have in Middle and North Georgia seriously interrupted the work and greatly delayed the thorough preparation of the land In these sections the area put in good condition for planting is much less than is usual at this season The average temperature and rainfall for January February and March for the present year as compared with the same months for 1892 are as follows temperature 1892January 382 1892February 477 1892March 480 Total1339 1893January 361 1893February 462 1893March to date 512 Total1335 rainfall 1892January 288 1892 February li 1892March 180 Total 555 1893January97 1893February 191 1893March to date93 Total 381 From this it will be seen that the average temperature for the three months is about the same while the rainfall is greater for 1892 But the present year though we bave had fewer heavy rains they have been longer continued and there have been many consecutive days when the lands have been too wet to plow THE PROGRESS MADE by the wideawake farmers in the lower portion of the State both in prepSUGGESTIONS AND INFORMATIONAPRIL 67 aration and planting is all that could be desired but with those of us living on the red heavy lands of Middle and North Georgia the delays have been most vexatious and the exercise of the greatest energy and sound judg ment will be necessary to enable us to make good this heavy losi of time I have repeatedly urged upon my fellow farmers THE NECESSITY OF MORE THOUGHTFUL CARE AND DISCRIMINATION in the general disposition and character of their crops I have urgently advised such a crop division as with ordinary seasons would insure an abundance of home supplies and corn as a surplus for a chance purchaser I have also urged a reduction of the area to be put in cotton Letters received at the department from intelligent correspondents and an extended intercourse with the people generally lead me to believe that this last advice has to a great extent been unheeded Ordinarily THE SALE OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS reported at this office is an indication of the probable cotton area But while the sales of the present season are fully as large if not larger than for the heavy cotton crop of 1891 this fact cannot now be taken as a cer tain indication of increased cotton acreage for the reason that the high price of cotton seed has induced many farmers to dispose of their supply and in their place use the commercial fertilizers under their corn and other cfrops It is gratifying to state that there has been an increase in THE AREA DEVOTED TO GRAIN and thus if the cotton crop should reach anywhere near the enormous figure of 1891 the farmers will in all probability be better fortified with home supplies against the probable low price of their staple crop Natu rally each farmer considers that he is the best judge as to the line of policy to be pursued in the management of his farm and in the main he is correct because he understands better than any outsider the many difficulties and obstacles which hamper his progress For this reason he is becoming im patient of the advice which is so freely bestowed upon him from all direc tions and often from men whose knowledge of farming he knows is con fined to the mere handling and selling of farm products But in under estimating this advice he sometimes commits a grave error These men have a view of business conditions and a general knowledge of the worlds markets which are denied to the individual farmer For instance although the crop of 1892 was a short one it is now known to business men that in consequence of labor troubles the shutting down of the British mills and general stagnation of business there may be an actual surplus on hand at the end of the season and also that any disturbance of the peace of the world would result disastrously to the cotton market Even a small war cloud in Europe coming at a critical period might prove the death knell to Southern prosperity Again when we EX A M IN E CAREFULLY and thoughtfully into the cause affecting our prosperity we must conclude68 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA that an agricultural system which annually depletes our lands and renders them with each succeeding year less valuable less productive is radically wrong If we valued these lands as we should if we realized the absolute necessity for each farmer to pursue such a division of crops such a system of rotation and cultivation as would keep his lands supplied with vegeta ble matter we would have fewer acres given up to briars and old field pines we would have less grumbling and we could reasonably expect a better interest than we at present realize from the large amount of principal locked up in our farms Various reasons have been assigned for our present unfortunate condition Some assign our unwise and unfavorable national legislation as the cause maintaining that the unjust methods of taxation which force the farmer to pay tribute on all he possesses while the holder of bonds gives no return for his millions should be repealed By these laws undoubtedly the heaviest burden is placed on those least able to bear it Others attribute the trouble in part at least to the entire destruction of our system of labor and the results of a ruining war Others again claim that the introduction of a farm policy which looks only to the production of one crop and that of a character which in its cultivation takes from the soil every particle of humus or vegetable matter must in the end prove the ruin of any agricultural people Admitting the force of all these argu ments it must still be apparent to any thinking farmer that the duty rests on us as individuals to help ourselves as far as possible Let us do what we can personally to make our home conditions more bearable and then unite with our neighbors in demanding that we have more liberal laws A SENATORIAL COMMITTEE consisting of men who are themselves engaged in agriculture with Senator George as chairman has recently been engaged in investigating the cause of the widespread agricultural depression and after months of earnest work give us their conclusions as follows There are causes for this low price coming from legislation now in force and there are other causes coming from needful legislation yet to be enacted It is certain however that these causes cannot be remedied in time to affect the price of the crop now about to be planted even indeed if their force can be entirely destroyed Thecotton farmers must therefore for the present resort to such remedies or palliatives for low prices as may come from their own action independent of legislation They also suggest as a remedy against a further decline in price that the acreage be reduced to the extent necessary to raise all our food and forage crops and work animals especially our meat corn horses and mules This he says will increase the price of the cotton crop and at the same time diminish the use of the proceeds of the crop by a larger reduction in the amount heretofore applied to buy necessary supplies In conclusion the senator says After much reflection upon data collected from all countries adapted to raising cotton I am satisfied of this painful truth That we are never at least in this generation to have generally the high price for cotton we once had Cotton will never but in experimental cases and for short peSUGGESTIONS AND INFORMATIONAPRIL 69 riods be high enough for the producer to rely upon it as the means of pur chasing supplies which can be raised at home As the repealing of certain obnoxious laws and the enactment of others more favorable must be a slow process the advice here given appeals to the common sense of every thinking man We have it in our power to help ourselves in a great measure and in spite of unequal laws and low priced cotton we can raise our own supplies and thus become virtually in dependent of either condition WHEN THIS TALK reaches the eyes of my farmer friends the main crops will be planted in nearly every portion of this State or so nearly so that nothing I could say would materially change the plans of even a dozen farmers But there is still time to put in a full quota of small cropsmillet sorghum potatoes groundpeas Where the preparation has on account of the weather or other drawbacks been hurried or superficial I would urge the most thorough PLOWING OF THE YOUNG CORN Work it deeply and closely now and dont leave it until you have put it in thoroughly good condition in order that the young rootlets will best feel the invigorating influence of sun and air and can reach out in every direc tion through the well prepared bed to secure the plant food essential for the growth and development of the crop Dont overlook the fact that all the good you can do your corn in the way of cultivation must be done in a few weeks By the last of May in Southern Georgia and early in June in the more northern counties this work should be completed The plowing should be directed according to the character and condition of the soil On light sandy lands surface culture with a light running sweep or cultivator should be followed this in order to preserve from injury the little rootlets which will be found feeding very near the surface When weather condi tions are very favorable the cutting off of these little feeders may not result in material injury but if the soil becomes dry the injury can never be fully repaired Natures laws are most beautifully and intelligently adjusted and as far as possible should be understood and carefully observed To those who carefully study these she reveals many apparent mysteries The gradual development of the little leaves from the closely folded bud the growth of the plant the development and maturity of the fruit are full of interest and are carried on by such unvarying laws that he who studies and follows them intelligently will learn to adapt his plans to their requirements With the human organism whenever natural laws are dis regarded the body suffers and this is equally true in the vegetable world How important then that the farmers should gain information from every possible source and that agriculture the foundation of all national pros perity should be fostered and encouraged not only by the government but by every known agency within the reach of every citizen of our com monwealth It is for the special study of these questions at the experiment stations in the different States have been established and here can be car7o DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA ried on investigations which are too intricate or too expensive for the ability of the ordinary farmer but the results of which are of incalculable benefit to each individual worth to the aggregation of farmers thousands of dollars and to the country at large prosperity or the reverse according as the farmers study and profit by them It is THE DUTY OF EACH FARMER to examine and study these reports for unless they manifest an interest in and appropriate the benefits of these experiments the object in establish ing these stations will be defeated A proper appreciation of this work will do much to revive our declining industry infuse new life into our methods and broaden and deepen our agricultural knowledge The results from THE EXPERIMENT STATIONS should be given to our farmers iu the simplest language All high sound ing names and technical terms should be eliminated wherever and when ever it is possible The stations are supposed to be educators and when the reports are filled with tables and scientific terms which only scientists can understand the station falls short of the work intended and our farmers fail to derive the benefits which they have a right to expect Let the reports be couched in such language that the reading farmer who is seeking light and information will not become involved in a maze of tech nicalties and give up the effort in disgust The complete experiment of giving plant food to the crops at different periods of their growth involves not only too great risk and expense for the ordinary farmer but is one which calls for extra work at a time when he cannot very well afford it But if this experiment is made for him and the result established beyond dispute he can go ahead with the certainty of knowledge born not of his own experience but of those whose duty it is and who are paid by the government to establish correct methods Experiments at various stations have established the fact that in most cases the best results arc obtained when the fertilizer is applied at the time the land is prepared for the seed because while later applications might if there was plenty of rain ma terially increase the yield in case of drought they would be of little benefit because the land would not be moist enough to take them in soluble form to the plants As we cannot control weather conditions we cannot take the risk unless we can use artificial irrigation The intelligent use of COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS is of grave importance to the South and every opportunity of studying this question and of acquiring information which will enable the farmers to derive the largest returns from this moistener should be afforded them The wise application of these prepared manures with a judicious system of rotation means increased yields and a gradual restoration of elements which enter into the structure of our cultivated crops and of which our lauds have been deprived Want of information in this line has cost ourSUGGESTIONS AND INFORMATIONAPRIL 71 farmers thousands of dollars The fertilizers have been put on lands from which has been taken by successive crops generally of cotton all vegetable matter The land in this starved condition cannot utilize the highly nitrogenous manures which have been on it and the results have been most disappointing To reap the full benefit of commercial fertilizers the land must first be supplied with humus and this can be done most cheaply by a judicious rotation of crops We all understand that when the land has been THOROUGHLY AND DEEPLY PREPARED and subsequent rains have not compacted the soil that rapid surface cult ure is all that is necessary But if your lands are heavy clay have not been well prepared or have run together aud baked there is no speedier or more effective plan than to run a good harrow across your corn and cotton just as if you intended to destroy your entire crop Run directly across the rows and while a few plants may suffer the general result will be most gratifying The first crop of grass and weeds will be destroyed the soil will be pulverized and the young plants show the good effects at once I have never seen a farmer who has tried this implement who would not use it again under the same conditions I trust that when May opens the outlook for fair crops will be more encouraging and that farmers through out the State will have arranged for plenty of home supplies even should the cotton crop be a large one for home supplies assured be cotton high or low means independence R T Nesbitt Commissioner SELECTfONS PUBLISHED IN THE MONTHLY REPORTS The census office has issued a bulletin entitled Statistics of Farms Homes and Mortgages In it is a chapter on ownership and debt The leading results in Georgia are given as follows As to farms the conclusion is that 58 per cent of the farm families in our State hire their lands and 42 per cent own the farms they cultivate In other words among 100 families 58 hire their farms with an incumbrance and 42 own without an incumbrance On the farms occupied by the tillers who are owners there are liens amounting to 81697500 with an annual interest charge of 57 to each family Each incumbered farm is presumed to be worth 1627 and is subject to a debt of 681 There are sever cities in the State having a population of 8000 and less than 100000 and in these 80 per cent of the families hire their homes and the rest rent It is gratifying to know that 94 per cent of the city population who do own homes have titles free of encumbrance Figures in this remarkable paper show that the yearly interest charge on each incumbered city home in the State is about 9772 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA There are 552059 families in the State There are 175688 farm families There is an apparent increase in farm tenancy from 45 per cent in 1880 to 50 per cent in 1890 A curious feature of this paper is a statement that city homes are hired and incumbered in a greater degree than is found out side of cities In the seven cities of Georgia having a population of 8000 and less than 100000 there are 41282 families of which 33131 hire and only 8151 own their own roofs dont feed cotton seed to hogs One of the most important subjects to swine raisers has been tested and decided at the Texas station and in bulletin 11 it is definitely proved that cotton seed is poisonous to swine This article though valuable for feeding purposes to many animals is positively deadly in its actions when fed to swine As many farmers have been giving more or less of it to their swine in the past it is quite important that the matter should be decided for them In the Southern States of the Union especially is cotton seed meal given to hogs and from 10 to 20 per ton are often paid for it Several epidemic diseases among swine have been traced back to cotton seed meal and the true theory now is to leave it out in the swine ration It is a poison to them no matter how fixed or mixed with other articles At the station shoats and pigs fed on the meal died within a few months while others though they lived longer showed evident signs of poisoning quite early GOOD ADVICE Right now is the time that your cattle and colts need close attention If not given some dry food and salted regularly they will get down before you know it Feed them well until the grass is tough enough to sustain them and they will be all right The young grass and buds are too laxa tive and weakening to be relied upon yet Now is the time to give your stock a fine start for the seasonSUGGESTIONS AND INFORMATIONAPRIL EXPERIMENT STATION 73 PRACTICAL TESTS CAREFULLY EXPLAINED SELECTION AND COMMENTS ON BULLETIN NO 20 BY THE GEORGIA AGRI CULTURAL DEPARTMENT Bulletin No 20 of the Georgia Experiment Station which has just been issued contains the following valuable experiments General fertilizer experiment on corn subsoiling for corn intercultural fertilizing corn the effect of fodderpulling deep vs shallow cultured corn variety test corn composting in the heap vs mixing in the furrow corn variety test of cotton distance experiment on cotton effect of increasing amount of fer tilizer cotton general fertilizer experiment on cotton As presented in the bulletin elaborate tabular statements of the experi ments are given furnishing a very complete and comprehensive view of the work In this report we do not consider it necessary to reproduce these tables as those who desire to closely inquire into the work of the sta tion can do so by applying to the director Mr R J Redding Experiment Ga We would advise our farmers to avail themselves of the benefits to be derived from a study of the experimental work concluded at the station and to have their names placed on the mailing list FULTON EXPERIMENT ON CORN In this as in the other experiments we give the general with the results and conclusions reached by the station with such experiments as are neces sary in the absence of the tabulated statements The experiment was located on a piece of fairly good clay soil following a good crop of cotton in 1891 The land was divided into twentyeight plots each containing three fourfoot rows 105 feet long On twentyfour plots eight combinations of superphosphate muriate of potash and nitrate of soda were used each combination being applied to three plots On two plots cotton seed meal was substituted in the place of nitrate of soda in such proportion as to fur nish corresponding percentages and two plots were unfertilized For ascertaining the results the average of plots similarly fertilized was taken The different combinations were formed on 312 pounds superphosphate 39 pounds muriate of potash and 65 pounds nitrate of soda as a normal ration The changes being made by doubling the ration of one or more or all the ingredients It will be seen that the normal ration gave a fertilizer which showed now about 810 phosphoric acid 468 potash and 279 am monia The amount of potash contained in the normal ration being from two to three times the amount contained in the average commercial ferti lizer should be borne in mind in considering the poor results obtained by74 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA doubling this material It should also be remembered that as muriate of potash contains about 50 per ceat actual potash doubling this ration rap idly increases the percentage of potash in the mixture The highest increase in yield was given on those plots on which the acid phosphate only was doubled A striking feature of the experiment was that on this soil in none of the experiments did the increased yield pay for the fertilizers used the highest increase being 802 bushels with a cost for fertilizers of 716 The average yield on unfertilized plots was 1896bushels per acre that of fertilized 2488 bushels and the average cost of fertilizers was S730 per acre The following are the results and conclusions as given by the station RESULTS 1 The Effect of Muriate of PotashThis form of potash seems to effect the yield injuriously when the normal quantity is doubled especially those plots on which the elements were applied in only normal quantities This effect is not apparent in every plot where muriate of potash was applied in double rations but it is so in ten out of fourteen plots 2 The Effect of Nitrate of SodaIn seven plots out of twelve on which the nitrate was doubled the other elements remaining the same the yield was increased 3 The Effect of Superphosphatela eight plots out of fourteen on which the superphosphate was doubled the others remaining unchanged the yield was increased 4 The Effect of Cotton Seed Meal There were two plots on which cotton seed meal was substituted for a double ration of nitrate of soda In one plot 9 the yield was increased and in the other plot 10 the yield was decreased by the substitution CONCLUSIONS 1 The use of muriate of potash was of doubtful benefit on this land Even if beneficial in small doses a limit is soon reached beyond which an increase in the amount is certainly injurious 2 The effect of superphosphate was certainly beneficial The effect of nitrate of soda was also of decided benefit 4 Cotton seed meal did not seem so decided in its effects 5 In general the results of this experiment do not favor the use of con centrated chemical fertilizers on corn In no case did the increased yield of the fertilized plots over the unfertilized pay for the cost of the fertilizer See results and Conclusions under Experiment No 7 Table VI sriJSOILING FOR CORN In considering the results of the experiment the effect of the character of the season should be borne in mind as in a dry season great benefit might be derived while in a wet season its effect might hardly be per ceptible The effect of nitrating is also given in this experiment The nitrate was applied on April 27 at the time of the first plowing and one June 13 The quantity was 130 pounds per acreSUGGESTIONS AND INFORMATIONAPRIL 75 The effect of subsoiling amounted practically to nothing the increased yield being only 23100 of a bushel or less than one peck of corn per acre This increase would not pay the cost of the extra labor employed in sub soiling Effect of NitratingThe most remarkable feature in the results on this acre was the effect of the two additional applications of nitrate of soda The increased yield of corn was only 298 bushelsnot enough to justify such applicationsbut the effect on the aftergrowth of crab grass was remarkable After the crop was laid by the effect on the growth of the grass as compared with the north half on which no additional doses of nitrate were applied was very marked giving a yield of 86G pounds of crab grass per acre CONCLUSIONS 1 Subsoiling on this land does not pay for the extra labor required 2 It is a good practice to apply nitrate of soda to corn during the early stages of growth in view of the extra growth of grass that it induces This is in confirmation of an experiment performed on an adjoining section in 1890 In that case the plots manured with stable manure 8000 per acre and chemicals produced no aftergrowth of grass while adjacent plots on which nitrate of soda and cotton seed meal were used as ammoniates instead of stable manure gave a very luxuriant aftergrowth equivalent probably to one ton of hay per acre IXTERCULTURAL FERTILIZIXCiCORN This experiment is a repetition of similar experiments made by the station in 189091 with but a slight change in the details The object of the ex periment was to ascertain the benefits to be derived by applying fertilizers during the growth of the plants The readily available character of nitrate of soda renders it superior to cotton seed meal as an intercultural fertilizer While as a general ammouiate cotton seed meal is superior as it remains long in the soil and not lending out what is not taken up by the plants one year remains for subsequent crops RESULTS A careful study of the table fails to show any significant difference be tween the yields of plots on which the fertilizers were all applied at one time before planting and those which received the same lormula in two or more successive doses The average yield of plots on which the formula containing nitrate of soda as an ammoniate was applied at one timebefore plantingwas less than five pecks per acre greater than the average yield of the plots on which the formula was divided into two and three doses But this difference small as it is is not sustained by the results of the in terculturally fertilized plots compared with each other The yields of the plots on which cotton seed meal was substituted for nitrate of soda is un expectedly low as compared with the nitrate of soda plots Plot 12 on which the whole was applied at ne time shows an exceptionally high76 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA yield but there is reason to fear that some error was committed or there was undiscovered cause for this excess The average yield of all the cotton seed meal plots however was nearly two bushels less than the average yield of the nitrate of soda plots CONCLUSIONS The results correspond substantially with those of similar experiments made in 1890 and 1891 hence we conclude 1 There is no material advantage to the current growing crop of corn in dividing the fertilizer into two or more doses to be applied successively during the growing period 2 This experiment indicates that for corn nitrate of soda is a somewhat better form of nitrogen than cotton seed meal DEEP VS SHALLOW CULTURECORN The object of this experiment was to find if there is any advantage or loss in cultivating corn deeply A number of experiments of a similar nature have been concluded at the station and they all confirm the conclu sion that after thorough preparation no advantage is to be obtained by deep culture the shallow culture plots yielding more fodder in most ex periments In the last experiment there was an increase of 029 of a bushel in deep culture plots which did not pay for the extra plowing VARIETY TESTCORN In this experiment the following varieties were used resulting in the yields given Bushels Per Acre 1 Southern White3069Gooduniform 2 Shaws Improved2640Fine ears 3 Shoe Peg2518Irregular 4 Higgins Improved 2771Good 5 Pattersons Select2511Irregular 6 Banks Improved2816Mixed colors 7 Hendersons Prolific 2893Very good 8 Shannons Yellow 2145Very fine 9 Shannons White2724Very good 10 Golden Beauty2068Inferiornot sound 11 Blounts Prolific2389Sound and good As has been remarked in commenting on variety tests of corn in previous years such tests are by no means conclusive to which of several varieties is the best Such tests can only compare the relative productiveness of such varieties as are very similar if not identical in their habits of growth and periods of fruiting As between two kinds of corn one of which silks and tassels several weeks in advance of the other it is manifest that the seasons may be very unfavorable for the earlier variety at the most critical period silk ing time while the later variety may strike the seasons exactly rightSUGGESTIONS AND INFORMATIONAPRIL 77 and vice versa So of the two varieties that differ very much in size of stalk and ears the distance given to both being the same one may have just the right number of plants on the land while the other may be too thick or too thin Practical farmers understand this It is but fair to say that the nine first named seemed to be much alike in size of stalk and ear but not exactly while numbers 10 and 11 were smaller in stalk and ear and a little earlier Hence the test is not strictly fair to these two especially Blounts Prolific as they should have been planted closer Nos 1 7 8 and 9 seemed most desirable on the score of yield uni formity in size of ears and color of grain and soundness COMPOSTING IN THE HEAP VS MIXING IN THE FURROWCORN The ebject of this experiment was to find the comparative results of com posting stable manure cotton seed and acid phosphate in the heap per mitting the mass to ferment for some weeks and mixing the same quan tities of the same ingredients in the opening furrows just before planting The propositions adopted correspond with a formula that is popular with farmers in some sections viz Superphosphate 200 lbs Green cotton seed1000 lbs Stable manure 1000 lbs 2200 lbs Two lots each containing the above respective amounts of the three in gredients were carefully weighed March 8 one of these lots was thoroughly mixed wet with water and thrown into a loose mass into one of the cow stalls under shelter The other lot was kept dry until April 1 On that day the two lots were distributed in the opening furrows and covered with turnplows and this small bed was opened with a shovel plow the corn planted and covered with a hand hoe the next day April 2 Subse quent treatment was exactly the same on both series of plots The land was naturaily thin sandy soil underlaid by yellow clay very similar to much of the branch hillside gray soils of Middle Georgia It had been in cotton fertilizer experiments the two years previously the plots and rows right angles to those of the present experiment But the land was poor On all of the plots the corn grew off well and throughout the season was the best on the farm but there was no perceptible difference between the different plots It was very uniform in every respect over the entire section The yield carefully gathered and weighed September 22 shows no differ ence Unfortunately no unfertilized plots were left and therefore the increased yield of cotton due to the composts does not appear but Mr Kimbrough agriculturist believes the unaided soil would not have made exceeding twelve or fifteen bushels of corn per acre CONCLUSIONS 1 That there is no material advantage if any in composting and fer menting a mixture of cotton seed stable manure and acid phosphate sev78 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA eral weeks beforehand compared with applying the same quantities of the same materials unfermented one day before planting 2 Incidentally it appears that on thin sandy land deficient in humus a mixture of cotton seed crushed stable manure and acid phosphate gives better results on such lands than a mixture of cotton seed meal muriate of potash and acid phosphate This may be in part due to the excess of acid phosphateincreasing the costand the presence of muriate of potash in experiment No 6 This point will be more clearly elaborated next season VARIETY TEST OF COTTON In this experiment twentyfive varieties of cotton were planted and for a full conception of the results the tabulated statement of the station must be seen We give here the comments of the director of the station on special varieties VarietiesBates Big Boll is a new variety to this station and very promising giving the largest yield of the twentyfive both in seed cotton and percentage of lint It has large bolls a symmetrical stalk and fair staple Okra LeafQuite early and suited to the rich lowlands and prairies of high latitudes It is deficient in foliage Hunnicutts ChoiceAn excellent prolific variety Southern HopeGood productive Tennessee Gold Dust and KingsVery early and moderately produc tive These two are remarkably similar in every respect and probably of identical origin Well suited to high latitudes because of their extreme earliness yielding more than threefourths of their total crop before the 1st of October although planted April 18 PittmansThis was the most prolific variety in 1891 but did not main tain its position It is a short limbed cluster variety Duncans Mammoth Mammoth Prolific Truitts Improved are all very similar in habit and probably of same origin but Truitts Improved has a larger weed and is more prolific Jones Wonderful is an excellent type of the upland staple varieties and is more productive and of better staple than any of the class tested on the station The yield of lint per 100 pounds of seed cotton was found by carefully ginning the entire product of each variety January 20 after thorough air drying It may be said by way of caution that there is no necessary relation be tween the yield of lint per 100 pounds of seed cotton and the actual yield of lint per acre A variety may yield a high percentage of lint calculated on a given weight of seed cotton and yet yield less lint per acre than another variety It is probably more a question of seed than of lint We have but little doubt that some varieties that are popular with the mass of farmers because of their large percentage of lint compared to seed simply produce less seed per acre instead of more lint per acre It remains true however that a small seeded varieiysmall in size and small in percentage of the SUGGESTIONS AND INFORMATIONAPRIL 79 wholeis better for poor land and low culture than a variety having natu rally large seed and a smaller percentage of lint For further remarks on this line and in regard to large boiled varieties the reader is referred to Experiment No 10 N BTwo elaborate experiments that appear in the bulletin of the station Effectofencreasing Amount of Fertilizers on Cotton and General Fertilizer Experiment on Cotton will appear in the next report of the de partment space not permitting their publication in this issue Circular No 1 1 Fifth Series i CROP REPORT FOR THB MOIXTH OP MAY 1893 Returned to the Department of Agriculture May 1 1893 State of Georgia Department of Agriculture Atlanta Ga May 4 1893 GENERAL REMARKS The circular upon which this report is based embraced sixtyfour inquiries and was prepared with a view of obtaining as full and accurate information as possible on crop areas condition etc and such other facts as would show the situation of our farmers at the begiuning of the new crop year To present all the statistical information collected is beyond the limits of this report We are aware that the correctness of the various agricultural reports is frequently called in question and are gratified that the reports of this de partment for last season were so fully sustained in detail by yield As the large number of correspondents of the department are selected with refer ence to their position to have a knowledge of the things upon which they report no matter how much the compiled figures may conflict with special individual views their approximate correctness can but be sustained In those matters upon which correspondents report in regard to which the department has other sources of information the figures substantially ac cord We thus premise this report for the reason that between it and the general understanding of the situation outside of those directly interested a conflict may exist COTTON Under the head of our great staple crop the following questions were asked Acreage compared to an average Acreage compared to last year What per cent of the total area in cotton in your county is manured with either commercial fertilizers home manure or compost What per cent of these was home manure or compost What per cent of the crop is up What is the stand compared with a good stand Condition of plants com82 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA pared with an average How much earlier or later than usual Com pared to the whole area in grain crops corn and wheat 100 representing such area what is the area in cotton in your county The matter of most importance to the cotton grower and our entire agricultural interests raised by these questions is relative to the cotton acreage On this subject we have had the benefit of answers from about 800 reporters and in addition to this special reports from interviews with a large number of farmmers If these reports can be taken as authorita tive and we believe they can the cotton acreage of the State while show ing a slight increase over last year is still not up to an average as made by the two great crop years of 1890 and 1891 In reporting the crop as not up to an average and as exceeding the crop of last year by only 4J per cent we are aware that some may question the accuracy of the report on the ground tbat the report for the same month last year showed a very marked decrease in acreage which cannot by comparison be reconciled with the figures of this year In making such comparisons it should be remembered that the decreased acreage of last year was as compared to the larger acreage of 1891 and not as compared to the average acreage of the State As shown by the tabulated statement compared to an average the area in the State planted in cotton is 97 and as compared to last year 104J The greatest increase is in North Georgia while Middle Georgia shows the smallest The condition of the crop through Southern Georgia is fair and as a rule average stands are reported in Middle Georgia and in North Georgia the crop outlook is not so promising the cold weather having re tarded germination and growth Considered as a whole on the prospective cotton production in the State the news from correspondents is more satisfactory than the pessimistic views indulged in by many We trust that the small acreage indicated will be substantiated and that the price of our great money crop may be allowanced by production within the demands of consumption CORN It is pleasing to be able to again report an increase in the acreage planted in com in the State and also gratifying to note that more attention is being paid to fertilizing in raising corn as indicated by the large quantities of stable manure composted and commercial fertilizer used under this crop While the increase is only 3 per cent as against 14 per cent last year it demonstrates a steady tendency on the part of our farmers to raise their supplies at home and to cease depending on the granaries of the West for their food supply OATS The acreage planted in this crop remains substantially the same and there is little change in the relative quantity sown in the fall and spring The prospects for a fair yield over the State are not good though special lo calities report a fine outlook Recent rains have materially improved the prospect and we trust that the harvest may be larger than is now prom isedMAY CROP REPORT1893 83 WHEAT We are glad to note from an increased acreage that interest in this crop is increasing and that the falling off in acreage prior to last year promises to be recovered All North Georgia and much of Middle Georgia are well adapted to this cereal and more care should be bestowed on its cultiva tion The yield last year was good and in many counties this year the outlook is promising though in some localities injury from rust is reported By sowing wheat a profitable reduction of the cotton acreage can be made and our farmers should study the best methods of sowing preparation of the soil and fertility FERTILIZERS The purchase of commercial fertilizers and their use in the State exceeds that of last year but except to take the place of compost the reports of correspondents do not indicate that an exceptionally large quantity has been used under cotton Large increases in its use under corn oats and wheat are reported But few cotton seed have been used this year in mak ing compost owing to the high price they brought in the market A greater per cent than for any previous year has been sold and in many instances fertilizers purchased to take their place CLOVER AND GRASSES The pasture and meadow lands through the State are in good condition and for hay the acreage has been increased and other lands seeded in clo ver and the grasses FRUIT It is gratifying to note that no serious damage to the fruit crop has been reported except in very limited areas and that the outlook is for another good fruit year A fair crop of apples and pears have set and peaches have almost entirely escaped injury from frost The interest in fruit growing in the State is increasing and from the large number of inquiries received at the department the horticulture of the State is attracting the attention of those in other States who are seek ing a mild and healthful climate and wish to devote themselves to this industry STOCK Sheep wool stock and stock hogs are in a better condition than at this time last year The reports show an increase in the number of the lat ter on hand The high price of meat renders it more imperative that the Southern farmer should raise his own supply He can then without det riment receive a high price for cotton seed the result of high priced hog products LABOR SUPPLIES ETC No complaints are made of a scarcity of labor and wages remain about the same as last year In a number of counties a full supply of corn with 84 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA corn to sell is reported and a large percentage comparatively of meat on hand T3 a o o o 1 05 A a o 03 ft O T3 t3 u 03 a eg 03 03 U 0 OS C O oS W O go io O CT3 0 cj S OS d a OS S o otton Acreage to last Year 9 p is a 4U o 03 a tusc 03 OS o Vheat Conditio pect Compare Average O O c O l 100 93J 94 97 i 96J 106J 102J 103 104 105 104 106 105 102 101 99J 96 108 97 99 102 107 120 100 100 98 97 104i 108 104 1 110 1 98 MONTHLY TALK WITH THE GEORGIA FARMERS Agricultural Depai tTMBNT State of Georgia Atlanta Ga May 1 1893 the weather and the crops Up to the middle of April the weather throughout the State was un usually warm and was exceptionally favorable for the preparation plant ing and germination of our staple crops but since then the long continued dry weather has seriously threatened the oat crop and although an oppor tune rain averted this danger it was succeeded by such high and parching winds that the benefit to other planted crops was in a great measure lost The rainfall for the month has been very light over the entire State except in a few counties and in some localities the rains followed by the heavy winds have produced such conditions that the COTTON seed more especially have failed to germinate and the stands will continue imperfect until the weather and soil conditions are more favorable Where the lands have a fair percentage of vegetable matter thereby pre venting compacting of the soil and allowing a free passage of the moisture from below and air from the atmosphere above the stands are good but in many localities a seasonable rain will be necessary before we see the con tinuous lines like green ribbons stretching across the fields Every farmer realizes how important it is toMAY CROP REPORT 1893 85 GET A GOOD STAND at the start the cultivation is so much easier and the prospect in every way so much more encouraging In localities where the soil has become com pacted or a heavy crust has formed by the continued and high winds following the rain I would advise harrowing as the most effective and satis factory way to secure the speedy appearance of the little plants and at the same time exterminate any foreign growth which may have presented itself This plan insures the destruction of the first crop of weeds and grass and leaves the seed bed in excellent condition to appropriate favorable at mospheric conditions It is most important that DURING A DROUGHT our lands should be kept free of all crusts or clods Some farmers when the ground becomes hard will put off plowing it until a rain falls The time to get rid of this crust is at once goat it with any implement you may have at hand which you can use to the best advantage but the harrow is preferred because it enables the farmer to cover thoroughly a large area in a comparatively short time The man who defers this work under the im pression that a few days delay can do no very great harm deceives himself and if tbere should be a protracted drought irreparable injury to the crops must result with consequent disappointment and hardship to the farmer Often during a drought the seeds germinate but from absence of moisture have not the ability to force themselves through the soil It is just at this critical period that the farmers judgment and energy must join hands and give the help so much needed In those sections of the State where the cotton is well started the CULTIVATION is progressing most favorably In localities where there is only a partial stand owing to the dry weather I would advise the use of a small scooter with the left wing of a scraper attached the right wing can be turned up and act as a mould board to protect the young plants from dirt or clods falling on them Run the scooter near the plants allowing some dirt to fall on any seed which may have been left uncovered the wings break the middles destroying any weed growth that may have appeared and render the subsequent cultivation lighter and more easily accomplished A rake or lightrunning cultivator will answer the same purpose It should be the aim of every farmer to keep his land not only free of weeds but in the most perfect tilth possible thus giving its absorptive powers full play and enabling the roots to perform their full duty It is in proportion as the little rootlets have a nice melloV thoroughly broken soil in which to seek for the elements of plant life that the plant develops When these rootlets the mouths of our plants are checked in their search for food in just such proportion the growing plants must suffer and their full ability be retarded or permanently destroyed Appreciating these facts how im portant are soil conditions and we can only produce them by deep and thorough preparation and subsequent rapid and intelligent cultivation86 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA CORN The stand of corn throughout the State is an exceptionally fine one and although in the northern part of the State it is a little injured by the cold and also by the bud worm it is rallying and the prospect is an encouraging one In a quickly maturing crop like corn it is important that not one moment be lost in intelligent cultivation We have just so much time to do this work in and any delay is a risk Air and moisture are absolutely essential to life and development of the plant and every means should be used to render these natural conditions as effective as possible While the prep aration and planting of any crop is generally considered about onehalf the actual work necessary to be done there are so many contingencies so many instances where the nicest judgment is required in order to determine just the right policy to pursue that the latter half is perhaps the most critical although where the preparation has been deep and thorough there is less cause for apprehending disaster Where this has been done the CULTIVATION should be on some plan that will enable us to pass over the crop rapidly simply breaking the surface I have found in sandy land that a cultiva tor with the wirjg set so as only to break the surface soil is all that is needed On red stiff lands if the land has been compacted side with a small scooter using the wing of a scrape for the middles as directed for cottonthe scooter to break the land next the young corn the scrape to clear out the middles Another very good plan on stiff land planted in corn is to side with a long scooter and put a shovel furrow in the middles From this go to the cotton finishing that return to the corn with a larger scooter running partly in the siding furrow so as to break the ridge between the small scooter furrow and that made in the middle by the shovel If you can spare the time right here break the middles thoroughly with four inch scooters On lighter soils this plan will not be necessary but on red stiff lands you will be delighted with its effects on the growth and development of the young plants and should a drought occur your crop will be in con dition to withstand its effects Every moment should be intelligently and energetically utilized now Let us devote more time and care to FOOD CROPS The millets peas groundpeas Spanish can be put on spare land Let us also see to it that a larger acreage in POTATOKS is put in This crop is so easily cultivated so quickly made and under ordinarily favorable conditions yields so abundantly that it is a matter for surprise that our farmers do not pay more attention to its value Of course when a full crop is made the price in the fall rules low and just at that time the picking and housing of the cotton crop requires so much atten tion that the necessary care in gathering and handling the potatoes is often neglected The farmer feels that he cannot spare the time from the all important cotton although the potatoes if carefully gathered and proMAY CROP REPORT1893 7 tected will yield a better per cent on the labor and money invested than the same in cotton It is because they possess so little money at the time of gathering that they are neglected and hundreds of bushels are lost yearly from imperfect protection and careless methods of housing Make them and save them properly leaving the smaller ones in the fields for the hogs and in the spring put them on the market when they command a good price There is scarcely a farmer who by paying attention to these smaller crops could not command good prices for them at a season when cash is so much needed and so hard to obtain Or they could be exchanged at remunerative figures for sugar coffee and such needed articles as we cannot produce at home This question of an abundance of home supplies is one of such importance that we cannot afford to pass over it indiffer ently And the opportunity of putting in these crops once gone cannot be reclaimed until another year rolls around In most occupations mis takes can be corrected and sometimes their effects eliminated the injury sustained being overcome by maturer judgment but in farming the fact that time and tide waits for no man is a peculiar force and the proper time for doing certain things being suffered to pass by the loss can never be remedied at least in that crop and the years work with all its attend ant expenses and worries ends in ignominious failure The best MANUEE FOR SWEET POTATOES is well rotted stable manure but if commercial fertilizers are used one containing a large per cent of acid phosphate and some potash is the best form in which to apply it Have the land thoroughly and deeply broken put in the manure and bed out long enough for the land to settle before the slips are put in Dont wait for a rain but in the afternoon set out the plants by opening a hole with a pointed stick putting in a little water then the plant pressing the wet dirt to the root end and drawing the dry earth around the top dont neglect the gardens Nothing adds so much to the comfort and happiness of village or rural life nothing so conduces to health and content as a well kept garden And from an economic standpoint no part of the farm pays so well Keep the ground in fine tilth and continue to put out a supply of all the favorite vegetables Try a May crop of Irish potatoes Prepare and plant as for the early spring crop If the planting for a later crop is put off until sum mer it is usually harder to obtain a stand on account of the hot dry weather Potatoes planted in May are said to have better keeping quali ties than those planted earlier If there are WORMS IN THE CABBAGE scatter a little insect powder over them It is death to all insect life and is harmless to man A small outlay in this put on in time will save your cabbages not only from worms but from the ravages of the fly Another good plan is to mix together one ounce of paris green and four ounces ofS8 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA Hour put in a small tin box with muslin tied over the end and sprinkle the plants while the dew is on Finely powdered tobacco is also good and at the same time is a fertilizer FOQ THE BARK LOUSE on fruit trees or shrubbery cut up fine onehalf pound of turpentine soap mix with two gallons of kerosene and beat until pefectly smooth to this mixture add fifteen gallons of water and spray the affected trees This is not an expensive or troublesome preparation and the results of its use are most beneficial The large increase in the use of COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS would under ordinary circumstances indicate a large increase in the COTTON ACREACfE but from our numerous reliable correspondents covering nearly every militia district in the State we get a most comprehensive view of the situation and from these I am convinced that the increase in acreage is NOT SO GREAT as has been supposed In very many of the genuine cotton counties an actual loss has occurred so much more land having been devoted to food crops These crops including all the small grains corn millet ground peas etc have been largely increased and on them has been applied much of the large amount of commercial fertilizers which have been used Many farmers last year owing to the low price of cotton reduced their bills for fertilizers and in some cases abandoned their use entirely but the plan was so unsatisfactory and so unremunerative that they have this season gone on the other extreme perhaps and applied fertilizers more heavily to all their growing crops To what extent this can be done with profit remains an undetermined question so much depending on the previous preparation the character of the seasons and the intelligent and skillful cultivator Of one fact our people may rest assured and it affords me genuine satisfaction to publish it to them and to the world our farmers are fast arriving at the conclusion that their salvation and that of the country at large lies in the abandonment of THE OLD COTTON POLICY which seeks to produce on credit cotton with which to buy all farm sup plies Bitter experience has taught them that a farm policy which is not selfsustaining is a mistaken and ruinous one and they have wisely de cided on a crop division this year which with favorable seasons means independence for them and more food in Georgia for the support of man and beast than we have had for years These evidences of a better and mere intelligent system of farm economy are apparent to even the casual observer and to one watching closely the general drift of our agricul ture the improvement is most marked An investigation of this subject proves that in proportion as the interest in home supplies is lessened just so much is the attraction for home and home surroundings relaxed andMAY CROP REPORT1893 89 this perhaps accounts in part for the decline in the profits once realized from the crops of an average Georgia farm Another reason that the estimate of the cotton acreage based on the use of commercial fertilizers is enormous is that the FAILURE IN THE HOG CROP caused a heavy advance in the price of cotton seed oil which is largely used to supply the deficiency in the lard market A corresponding ad vance in the price of cotton seed caused thousands of farmers even among those who had always approved the seed to decide that at 20 to 26 a ton it was to their interest to dispose of them and substitute commercial fer tilizers which in a large majority of cases was done and thus the prod uct of oil has been greatly increased the price of lard has been kept down below the meat market the oil mills have been run on full time giving employment to hundreds of operatives the railroads have received increased tonnage and the farmers have an additional source of income at a time when most needed As I am closing this report rains are falling which will greatly benefit the growing crops and will simplify the plans for their successful cultiva tion R T Nestsitt Commissioner COTTON SEED HULLS THEIR ECONOMIC VALUE AS A FEEDING STUFF AN ADDRESS DELIVERED BY DR GEORGE F PAYNE BEFORE THE CONVEN TION OF THE GEORGIA STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY AT AUGUSTA GA FEBRUARY 16 1893 It is difficult to imagine anything apparently more dry tasteless and devoid of nourishment than cotton seed hulls yet within the last few years they have come to the front as a most valuable cattle food Chemical analysis shows us that although they appear so uninviting and insipid they yet contain substances of much value The producers of cotton seed oil formerly burned their seeds under the boilers and sold the ashes such ashes are rich in potash containing from 25 to 30 per cent but as a ton of hulls only yields from 2J to 3 per cent of ashes there will be only from 50 to 60 pounds of such ashes for each ton of hulls burnt this would only represent from 15 to 18 pounds of potash A tou of hull ashes if of good quality can contain 600 pounds of potash which would be worth about 24 But as it takes about 35 tons of hulls to produce such a ton of ashes it is far more profitable to sell the hulls for feed even at the low price of 3 per ton90 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA Cotton seed hulls contain in every 100 pounds Moisture 7251b Ash2881b Crude fiber 42831b Fat 1541b Crude protein 3751b Nonnitrogenous extractive matter417551b In a food analysis such as this the moisture represents the absorbed water in the material the ash indicates the mineral portion remaining after the substance has been burnt and the nutritive ingredients are the crude fiber fat protein and nonnitrogenous extractive matter The crude fiber is the woody substance or crude cellulose of the food the fat is the oily matters the protein is the albuminoids and might be said to cor respond in character to the white of an egg and the nonnitrogenous ex tractive matter is that portion which is not water ash fiber fat nor pro tein It is composed of soluble substances and consists chiefly of such carbohydrates as gum starch sugar etc While such an analysis shows certain nutritive bodies it does not neces sarily follow that they can be all digested and assimilated In fact it has been found by actual experiment that the digestibility of the constituents of the various feeding stuffs are not the same but are nearest alike in those materials which most closely resemble each other It has also been ascer tained that to secure the best results in cattle feeding the amount of digestible protein present must be always accompanied by a certain pro portion of digestible nonnitrogenous matter consisting of crude fiber fat and extractive This is called the nutritive ratio The crude protein is the nitrogenous portion of the food and is the most costly Its chief work is the production of flesh and muscle The crude fibre fat and nonnitrog enous extractive matter furnish heat and fat and in adding their total digestibility together that of the fat is first multiplied by 2J to put it upon an equal basis with the others as its fat and heat producing powers are that much greater The nutritive ratio varies for different animals and for different condi tions under which they live The following are some of the most impor tant ratios Milch cowsOne part of digestible protein to 54 parts digestible nonni trogenous matter Oxen FatteningOne part of digestible protein to 55 up to 65 parts digestible nonnitrogenous matter according to age and weight Growing animalsOne part of digestible protein to 47 up to 80 parts digestible nonnitrogenous matter according to age and weight Any decided change from these proportions means waste of food hence the proper regulation of the different ingredients of a ration is a most im portant matter In discussing cotton seed hulls it is well also to speak of cotton seed meal as they are the natural concomitants of each other We have stated above that cotton seed hulls contained 3 pounds of crude protein in 100MAY CROP REPORT1893 91 pounds 26 per cent of this 3j pounds is digestible This gives 98100 of a pound of digestible protein this is the unit for the nutritive ratio of cotton seed hulls The crude fiber in the hulls is 42 83100 pounds and 52 per cent of it is digestible this will give 22 27100 pounds of digestible crude fiber The fat present is 1 54100 pounds and 27 per cent is digestible this figures to 42100 of a pound of digestible fat which is to be multiplied by 2J as described above this makes it figure up to 1 5100 pounds The nonni trogenous extractive matter in cotton seed hulls is 411 pounds 40 per cent of this is digestible which upon multiplication gives 16 710 pounds of diges tible nonnitrogenous extractive matter Upon adding together the diges tible percentages of crude fiber fat and non nitrogenous extractive matter as figured above the result will be 40 2100 pounds As we have only 98100 of a pound of digestible protein the nutritive ratio will be as 98100 is to 40 2100 or asl is to 40 810 But as a nutritive ratio of 1 40 810 is much too low for feeding purposes it should be corrected by some far richer food and we naturally turn to cotton seed meal which is too expensive and also has too high a nutritive ratio to use alone Cotton seed meal in a hundred pounds contains 5 18100 pounds of a crude fiber of which 26 per cent is digestible There is 11 74100 pounds of fat of which 91 per cent is digestible The nonnitrogenous extractive matter amounts to 25 27100 pounds and 91 per cent is digestible Calculat ing these percentages and adding them together as in the case of the hulls give a total of 51 5100 pounds of digestible nonnitrogenous matter The crude protein present in cotton seed meal is 44 pounds of which 87 per cent is digestible this yields 38 71100 pounds of digestible protein Hence the nutritive ratio of cotton seed meal will be as 38 71100 is to 51 5lOf or as 1 13 10 Here we have two materials widely differing in their nutritive ratios cotton seed hulls being 1 40 810 and cotton seed meal 1 1 310 a very rough food and a very rich one If one desires to feed an animal for the best results in a given case whether it is for work fatten ing or the furnishing of milk the nutritive ratio is secured for such an animal under the given conditions The nutritive ratio for the milch cow for example is as 1 5 410 By calculation we rind that it will take about 100 pounds of hulls and 22 pounds of cotton seed meal to produce this ration or in even numbers and for a food rich enough for most purposes 1 pound of meal to every 5 pounds of hulls Some animals may not be willing at first to touch the hulls containing this small amount of meal but they are readily taught to eat them by add ing the meal very liberally at first and then gradually decreasing the amount until the desired proportion is reached when they continue to eat the mixture with avidity and relish The use of cotton seed hulls for fattening cattle and for milch cows has been very extensively practiced for some time in the Mississippi Valley The demand at New Orleans by the dairies alone consuming all produced by the oil mills of that large city A gentleman in this State who is engaged largely in the granite business employs a number of teams of oxen These animals were always thin until he put them upon cotton seed hulls now they are sleek and fat theyill DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA are fed on hulls alone with only the addition of a liberal handful of cotton seed meal to each bucketful of hulls His business furnishes another illus tration of value to the farmer showing how little the farmers interests are somtimes considered The railway which freights this gentlemans granite to the city charges him 8 a carload of 30000 pounds when these cars are returned carrying 10000 pounds of cotton seed hulls the charge is SI 2 a carload In actual practice the proportion of 5 pounds of meal to 25 pounds of hulls has been found very satisfactory indeed as a daily ration The cost of such feeding is quite small With the meal at 22 a ton and the hulls at 3 the daily cost of such feeding would be 7 cents a day or S277J a month Cattle fatten readily under such feeding which is said to be cheaper than using corn even at 25 cents a bushel The manure is also considerably richer than that produced under the ordinary system and hence more valuable I would suggest to all farmers who are in either the raising or fattening of cattle or the feeding of milch cows a fuller study of the wonderful economy and good results of feeding cotton seed hulls HOW TO PREVENT COTTON BLIGHT BY B V H Among the bulletins of the southern experiment stations one of great value to the cotton planter has recently been published by the Alabama Experiment Station treating of cotton blight For the purpose of devising means to cure this much dreaded desease elaborate experiments were instituted by the station A field of uniform soil was selected for the purpose which was then divided into plats equal in size To some of these various fungicides were applied among them kainit the remainder were left untreated to serve for comparison Care ful observations were made of the growth of the cotton and of the appear ance of blight and finally the cotton on each experiment plat was separately harvested and weighed The results are striking in demonstrating that by the usef kainit about 400 pounds per acre cotton blight may be entirely prevented At the same time the yield of cotton is largely increased The illustrations of the bulletin add materially to its value The cotton plants presented in the illustrations are from the experiment field representing the plants as they appeared on an average The large and vigorously developed cotton stalk shows plainly the effect of kainit and forms a striking contrast with the tiny sicklylooking plants produced upon that part of the field on which kainit was omitted The bulletin eontaines also a review of the history of kainit as a preven tive against cotton blight which fully corroborates the results obtained by the station and a quotation from a North Carolina planter is given stating that kainit is to rust what quinine is to chillsa specificMAY CROP REPORT1893 Off The pamphlets Potash in Agriculture and Potash and Paying Crops which give results of thousands of experiments throughout the country deserve the careful study of every intelligent farmer who wishes to derive profit from the use of fertilizers They may be obtained free of charge by addressing Dr B Von Herff 93 Nassau street New York agent of the German Kali works POTATO EXPERIMENTS At the West Virginia station trials were made with potatoes on ten plots of wornout land with the object of determining the effect of kainit used alone and in combination with phosphoric acid and nitrogen and to test the effects on the yield of using different amounts of seed cut to halves quarters and single eyes Early Rose White Star and Beauty of Hebron were the varieties planted In each case whole potatoes halves quarters and single eyes were planted Where the superphosphate was used with the kainit there was a marked increase in the yield The increase with nitrate of soda was very small The smallest profits were where kainit was used alone and the largest on the plots where kainit was combined with superphosphate In the case of the White Star and Beauty of Hebron the halves quarters and single eyes produced decidedly more than the whole potatoes With Early Rose the results were variable With regard to the number and vigor of the stalks from different sized seed the director of the station says We find that in all varieties the whole potato produces a greater num ber and more vigorous stalks than either the halves quarters or single eyes and that the general rule is a gradual diminution of the number and vigor of the stalks as the size of the pieces planted diminishes until we reach those cut to one eye in each piece when we find that the number of the stalks is materially increased Of those cut to single eyes nearly all germinated We further find that the increased yield is not in proportion to the increase of the number of stalks From these facts we iufer that in the preparation and planting of the seed to secure the best results the potato should be so cut as to secure one strong vigorous stalk from each piece and planted so as to secure from three to four stalks to each hill ON THE COUNTRY ROAD The New England Farmer advises in addition to the regular crops grown that you sow peas and oats and stop buying bran and cotton seed The Massachusetts Plowman says that peas and oats sown together make excellent fodder to feed green They also are among the best of crops for winter feeding circular no 2 i Fifth Series j CROP REPORT FOR THE MOUTH OF JUNE 1893 Returned to the Department of Agriculture June 1 18B3 State of Georgia Department of Agriculture Atlanta Ga June 4 1893 GENERAL REMARKS Notwithstanding the fact that the temperature during the month has1 ranged very low crops with the exception of cotton have not suffered and are looking well The warm weather that has been interspersed with the cold days and nights has done much to secure this result Several storms of special severity have passed over localities especially in the east ern portion of the State causing considerable destruction to fences build ings and crops and the high winds that have prevailed in nearly every section of the State have blown many peaches and plums from the trees As noted this crop has suffered most from the prevailing weather con ditions and in many quarters poor stands are reported as a result of the cool nights However the plant has great recuperative powers and the increased heat that has prevailed at intervals has had the effect of invig orating the plants that survived the cold A comparison of the tabulated statement for the same period last year does not show a gratifying result and the prospect is not as good as at this time last year In several of the larger cotton counties correspondents noting the various reports that have been issued since the report from this department emphasize the fact that in their counties no increase has been made in the cotton acreage From personal observation and predicated upon reports we do not at this time see that either the acreage or condition promises in Georgia a much greater yield this year than last We would rather that all reduction was the96 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA result of a cutting down of the acreage and none the result of crop failure and sincerely hope that our farmers realizing their situation will not again permit themselves to be confronted by so large a production beyond the demands of consumption A reference to the tabulated statement shows an encouraging condition as regards this crop Compared with last year the yield promised judging from the harvested area and the condition of the standing crop as in North Georgia 985 Middle Georgia 98 and the State 103 Two successive years of successful raising of this crop ought to induce our farmers to study the best methods of cultivation and resort to thorough instead of superficial preparation Usually classified as a side instead of a main crop wheat culture in Georgia has not received the attention it merits and deserves In our last report we called attention to the adaptability of so much of our soil to this cereal and we trust that thoughtful considera tion of the matter will year by year see an increased acreage and better methods We doubt not that a study of the causes of failure and avoid ing them will except when the year is unusually disastrous assure a fair yield OATS The weather during the month has favored this crop and the rains early in the month have had the effect of increasing the yield Here again we would call attention to the fact that if a larger yield of oats is desired more care than we are accustomed to bestow should be taken in the preparation and fertilization of the soil Compared with an average the prospective yield for the State is 97 35 CORN In regard to this crop the most flattering conditions exist and while bud worms have done considerable damage in localities on the whole the out look is promising With the increased acreage in corn as regards this crop we are fast moving to a selfsustaining position Reports have been received at the department of a number of farmers in lower Georgia who have corn sufficient and to spare and of an increase of the large number usual in North Georgia With the increased yield in corn comes an in crease in our meat product which comes in further on the road to inde pendence MELOXS The reports to the department and the compiled figures of the Melon Growers Association show a decrease in the acreage in melons While as a money crop and a source of diversification the department has been in clined to encourage planting yet the reduction we believe to be a cause for congratulation to the melon growers as a glutting of the market always results disastrously to the producer The condition of the crop is fair though the cool nights have not been favorable to the best developmentJUNE CROP RETORT1893 97 of the plant The crop is now being laid by and shipping will commence in about two weeks the Florida melon already having made its appearance in the market PEAS Before closing this report we desire to call attention to pea planting and to urge upon our farmers the necessity of putting in between the furrow and on other land as large a crop as possible The cowpea is essentially the legumiu of Southern Georgia where clover will not flourish In the renovation of land it plays a scientific part as do all legumins and has the power possessed by no other germs of plants of adding free nitrogen to the soil Nitrogen or ammonia as it is classed by the department is the most expensive of plant foods and its artificial supply to plants does not give the satisfactory results as when supplied by means of leguminous plants These plants seem to be natures prime restorer to be utilized by man The process of restoration when soil is reclaimed by its ordinary vegetation is slow by these crops rapid and complete Wnen the farmer can without loss and even with profit add to the productiveness of his soil it would seem unnecessary to call attention to the matter But in looking after the cultivation of the crops upon which we depend for money and supplies we are too apt to lose sight of the significance of the crop which only prepares our land for better service next year June above all other months is the month for sowing this crop and as alluded to it can be planted in many places where clover would not grow The crop can follow a crop of grain and invigorate the land and largely replace the plant food that has been removed In planting in corn it is best to use an early bush variety in order not to injure the corn If the land is very rich the peas can be broadcast but we would not advise this c c fci S 3 O 0 3 o n o S Is Oats Yield or prospective yield compared to au aver age of five years o V 5 s a 0 at as A OW H 5 1 C A O Pi So a 8 a SC as a a C r 1 O a u a 3 o a 3 CO o g2 H o oi 0 o T3 to a a o 1 a Ja 8s P o o al 8s a sg O i a B o 0Q a a o gts 3g a S z O i so 2 gS CO a oc a 2d a to aj a o o 3 erf a fj t oS o 3 a O p a o bO 1 g Z O 3 5 Oj 0 o O So 2l z q 1 North Georgia 100 92 15 96 98 93 98 98 17 98 95 98 10 8 9 98 98 107 107 12 16 90 17 82 94M 95 98 88 92 93 94 93 98 99 96 86 96 98 89 91 83 Middle Georgia Southwest Georgia East Georgia 92 91 86 95 94 90 92 87 94 Southeast Georgia 82 State 96 97 35 9 103 14 92 92 15 WA 92 93 91 i 89 98 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA MONTHLY TALK OF THE COMMISSIONER THE WEATHER AND THE CROPS From the 1st to the 18th of the month we had seasonable rains but they were followed by such high cold winds that the cotton more especially was seriously affected its growth retarded and on the thin gray lands of some sections the stand completely destroyed These unfavorable con ditions have not only imposed ADDITIONAL WORK on the farmer in that he has in many cases been compelled to plow up and replant his cotton but where a bare stand has beeu left the cultivation has been more difficult on account o the care necessary to save each little plant While the crops in the northern portion of the State are backward the weather for the latter portion of the month has brought about most encouraging growth and development and as a rule the crops are fairly well advanced Every month should be a busy one on the farm but if there is any one period into which more should be crowded than at any other time the work for THE MONTH OF IUXE is that which requires more thought closer attention to the various needs of the different crops greater care in the cultivation more intelligent direction in every way A mistake now may prove fatal A CORN CROP can at this period be utterly ruined by one injudicious plowing Remem ber that it needs all the support it can draw from the soil through its roots They were put there and their office is to take in the elements of plant food suited to its growth and development and should they be injured the vitality of the plant is impaired to just that extent How important then that the plan of cultivation should be such as to conserve every influence of heat and light and air to the best development of the plant Before this talk reaches the farmers in the more southern portion of the State the corn crop will have been laid by but in Middle and Northern Georgia much of the crop will have to receive another working This difference is even more marked than usual because of the very unpropitious weather during portions of April and May As a rule the last working should be given to corn just as the stalks bunch to tassel For this purpose arrange your scrapes to run as level as possible and where you can possibly manage to do the work sow PEAS broadcast and while you may receive no benefit in the shape of matured peas you will be repaid in the fertilizing properties which this crop has deposited in your soil and your land will be put in better condition for suc ceeding crops No farmer can regret sowing peas even if he never gathersJUNE CROP REPORT1893 the crop There is an idea that this is wasted if it never reaches the barn but the grateful shade they furnish the land the crowding out of noxious weeds and grasses which take up the fertilizer and return nothing except additional work and worry for the farmers the fertilizing material they absorb into the soil will more than repay for the time and labor expended Dont allow other work to crowd out this important crop We must re store some of the elements of fertility to our exhausted lands and there can no better time be found to commence this needed reform than just now On your oat stubble scatter a phosphate and sow a bushel of peas to the acre With seasons you will get a good cutting of vines for your stock and by turning the stubble under in the fall you lay the foundation for a marked improvement in the crops which follow if you do not need the vines for stock feed leave them until they attain maturity and then turn under COTTON should be cultivated flat and shallow and with the leading thought that the work should be hastened in such manner that the plants will be en couraged to mature and begin taking on fruit at the earliest possible mo ment The farmer who succeeds in this lias reason to congratulate himself that he has pursued an intelligent and remunerative plan The time at which cultivation should cease depends so much on the character of the land and its general condition that it is impossible to lay down any fixed time for the suspension of this work When however the fruiting season arrives the fields being in good tilth the cultivation having been such as to best appropriate the elements of plant gYowth and development it matters not whether you have plowed your crop over three times or six times you have reached the period when further cultivation may result in harm On old and very stiff land I have sometimes seen good results from a plowing late in July but where the conditions are favorable it is best to layby early in July The effect of commercial fertilizers has been to hasten the maturing of the crop and thus materially shorten the crop season This month also finds us with SMALL GRAIN to be harvested which is a heavy draft on the resources of the farm and unless arranged for with careful forethought entails much inconvenience As our farms are usually managedthe harvest comes when every nerve is strained in taking care of the other main crops and unless additional labor can be procured loss must follow If a mower can be hired and your lands admit of its use save the grain with that But if it is necessary to use cradles as mauy are compelled to do additional help must be hired be cause the regular force must be kept at the cultivated crops Shock care fully and cap securely thus avoiding the waste which too often results from careless haste in these important particulars By careful manage ment the harvesting can go on and the other crops receive their due share 100 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA of attention The work is imperative and exacting but by prudence and foresight any clashing of duties may be avoided and the general work of the farm move on undisturbed Continue to put out POTATOES You cant have too many and if you cant sell them in the fall put them away carefullythe methods for doing this we will discuss laterand sell in the spring when they always command a good price They can be saved and with very little trouble or expense over the old haphazard methods Keep the GARDENS clean Dont allow the weeds and grass to appropriate the fertilizer in tended for your vegetables to the disappointment of the good wife and children whose comfort and health are so largely dependent on the aid of good wholesome food With ordinary seasons there is no reason why every farmer should not be supplied with an abundance of homeraised vegetables in every respect superior to those shipped and exposed for sale in the city markets We should watch closely THE EFFECT OF THE FERTILIZERS applied to our various crops and endeavor to arrive at some certain con clusion as to their adaptability to our soils and their effect on the crops STABLE MANURE is a complete fertilizer and therefore adapted to all our standard crops Let me urge upon our farmers to try and save every pound of this life giving lifesustaining plant food Stall or pen your cattle at night Keep the stalls well rilled with leaves straw or any substance that will absorb or retain the volatile elements Woods earth or if you have it marl or land plaster spread upon the bedding will act as an absorbent thus retain ing the valuable elements which are usually allowed to waste The urine contains as valuable plant food as the more solid matter and this should impress the thrifty farmer who has never given this subject much thought with the importance of so constructing his stables that no loss will occur from leaching or leaking On the average farm nearly all of this is wasted and it is only when the farmers attention is called to the over sight that he realizes the large saving which he might annually accom plish by care in this one particular Were the small farm economies more generally practiced we might be saved many expenditures which now seem absolutely necessary in order to carry on our business R T Isesbitt CommissionerJUNE CROP REPORT1893 101 CARE OF THE HORSES TREATMENT AND REMEDIES FOR CHAFING AND GALDS One source of annoyance to the farmer and of much suffering to the horses worked in the spring and summer plowing are the collar and har ness galls These wounds or abrasions are very common during the spring plowing particularly with horses used in breaking new ground or from illfitting collars or harness at any time of the year In the spring of the year when the horse has been unused to steady work for some months the skin is tender aDd easily injured The horse from being wintered on a scanty allowance of grain is soft sweats easily and if the collar and shoulders are not properly attended to chafing of the skin is almost sure to follow The harness should be repaired cleaned and oiled before the spring plowing begins During the springtime the collar in particular should be thoroughly cleansed after every days use A good preventive against collar and harness galls especially the former is to bathe well at the close of the days work the shoulders and other parts of the horse rubbing or working against the harness in a strong solu tion of cold water and common salt Other good preventives are to wash the shoulders frequently with cold water and afterward bathe with white oak bark alcohol or other astringents Illfitting or badly made harness which galls a horse should be refitted at once or laid aside for other and better The treatment of such abrasions is simple and effective if the cause be remedied without delay While by proper care and attention to the horse we can well nigh avoid distress to the faithful animal yet the carelessness indifference and negligence of hired men and forgetful and too often careless or unin formed boys and even the reckless and apparently unconcerned owners themselves cause many cases of collar and harness galls and some too which are serious The remedies for harness galls are many Of these I will mntion 1 Alcohol one pint in which are well shaken the whites of two eggs 2 A solution of nitrate of silver ten grains to the ounce of water 3 Sugar of lead or sulphate of zinc twenty grains to an ounce of water 4 Carbolic acid one part in fifteen parts of glycerine 5 White lead and linseed oil mixed as for paint and applied to the abrasion with a brush it forms an airtight coating and soothes the pain 6 White wood ashes and spirits of turpentine of each one and onehalf tablespoons black pepper ground one tablespoon lard enough to make one pint in all mix well and apply All of the preceding can be applied to cases of saddle galls and abrasions Any simple astringent wash or powder will effect a cure provided the sores are not irritated by friction If the ani mal must continue his work the harness collar or saddle must be pad ded or chamberedExchange 102 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA THE LIFE HISTORY OF CUT WORMS There are few garden pests that are more exasperating in their manner of doing damage than cut worms writes Clarence M Weed in the Ameri can Cultivator A choice tomato plant perhaps of a new variety a half dozen young cabbages two or three young squashes near together are found lying prostrate in the morning when they were upright and healthy the evening before It is easy to see that their stems have been cut off near the surface of the ground during the night but no other signs of the depredator are visible Sometimes by poking the earth away from the roots of the plants one can find a dirty brown worm This is the cut worm the author of the mischief There are a great many different species of these cut worms and they attack a great variety of field and garden crops They are all young or larvpe of medium sized nightflying moths These moths deposit their eggs generally on the twiggs or branches of trees and shrubs and the larva which soon hatch from the eggs descend to the ground where they feed upon grass or clover They become about half grown by the time winter sets in Then they shelter themselves under boards or rubbish or burrow iuto the soil Thus they pass the winter and in spring come out of their hiding places in a very famished condition They begin feeding as soon as possible and attack a great variety of plants such as cabbage tomatoes turnips squashes melons corn oats and others In the garden they commonly gnaw off the stems and leave the plants lying on the ground though occasionally they eat the whole plant Late in the spring or early in summer they be come full grown as worms Then they make themselves hollow cells in the soil and change to the pupa or chrysalis state Two or three weeks later they again change this time coming forth as adult moths In some species there are two broods each season and in others there is but one Like all other injurious insects cut worms fluctuate greatly in numbers from year to year Some seasons they are very destructive while at other times their injuries may attract no attention This is doubtless due to the various enemies cut worms have to contend with They are preyed upon by birds toads frogs and predaceous beetles They are attacked by many kinds of parasites and are subject to certain contagious diseases All these agencies help greatly to keep the pests in check ARTIFICIAL REMEDIES I have recently summarized the three most important methods of artifi cially checking cut worm damage as follows 1 The poison method This consists in killing off the worms before the crops are planted by strewing over the soil bunches of fresh clover or cabbage leaves which have been treated with Paris green or London pur ple either by dipping into a solution of poison or dusting it on dry The halfgrown worms prowling about iu search of food eat of the baits thusJUNE CROP REPORT1893 103 set and are destroyed before doing any harm This method has proved a practical success with many gardeners and is well worth trying where there is likely to be trouble from these pests Of course care must be taken that chickens or stock do not get at the poisoned leaves 2 Using boards as traps This method consists in placing boards on the ground in and about the garden and collecting in the morning the worms that will congregate beneath them during the night 3 Digging out the worms where plants have been cut off This is prac ticable in most gardens and is well worth doing thus preventing further damage Fall plowing is also a valuable general measure because it exposes the worms to enemies and the weather Burning up rubbish and burning over waste grassland also kills some CLOVER AND THE FARM The clover crop in all wellarranged systems of farming occupies a prominent place The clover crop is well adapted to follow any other crop and is a good preparation of the soil for any other crop The all important problem which confronts the farmer everywhere is how to main tain and increase the fertility of his soil and the clover plant is an indispensable aid The farmer who makes the most free and continuous use of clover will maintain his farm at the highest point of productiveness at the least expense The clover plant when cured for hay is a most valuable food rich in nitrogeilous elements and is a much more valuable food for feeding than other kinds of hay HOW CLOVER GATHERS NITROGEN Recent investigations have thrown much light upon the way in which clover acts explaining why it has been found so beneficial in increasing the productiveness of the soil It has long been known that the clover plant gathered from some source large quantities of nitrogen but it had been thought that it drew it to a large extent from the subsoil Recent researches however show that it has the power to gather from the air all the supplies of nitrogen which it needs Nitrogen it must be remembered composes fourfifths of the atmosphere presenting an inexhaustible sup ply It has been found that clover obtains its nitrogen from the air by means of the bacteria that have their base of operations in the little knots or nodulous warts or tubercles on the clover roots It has also been shown that clover can be grown in pure sand fertilized with potash and phos phoric acid but without the least trace of nitrogen provided it has been watered with clear water which has been filtered through soil in which clover plants have been grown containing the bacteria which assist in gathering the nitrogen from the air This indicates that sandy land can be made to produce good crops of clover without the application of any301 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA nitrogenous manures provided a sufficient supply of phosphoric acid and potash are present MINERAL ELEMENTS NEEDED Clover is quite exhaustive to the soil in respect to phosphoric acid and potash It removes quite large quantities of these elements and if the supply runs short the clover crop will fail This is tbe reason that some soils after a few crops of clover fail to produce good crops of clover and the land is said to be clover rich What is needed is a supply of the mineral elements and then good crops of clover can be again produced The cost of supplying the necessary quantities of phosphoric acid and potash is not great considering the value of the crop produced If the farmer by supplying the clover plant with what potash and phosphoric acid it needs can secure the gathering from the air all the supplies of nitrogen which he needs he has gained an important point in the solu tion of the fertilizer question The cost of nitrogen is about sixteen cents per pound while the cost of potash is about four cents and that of phos phoric acid about seven cents per pound If he can save buying the most costly element of plant food and have abundant supplies of it gathered from the air for him by the clover plant he has made a long stride ahead and can well afford to purchase freely of the less costly mineral elements Now the farmers want to act generally upon this principleraise plenty of clover for the sake of the nitrogen feed to farm stock save the ferti lizers and apply to the soil and go on enriching their farms and increasing productiveness EFFECT OF NITROGENOUS MANURE An interesting experiment is reported in a recent bulletin from the Storrs station in Connecticut It was undertaken to show the effect of nitrogen on grass both as to yield and quality Potash and phosphoric acid alone increased the yield of clover but did not that of the grasses Nitrate of soda on the grasses increased the yield in every casethe most profit being obtained from a dose of three hundred and twenty pounds per acre This corroborates the former report that clover is a nitrogen collec tor while grasses like timothy are nitrogen consumers It also explains the philosophy of using liquid manures and other substances containing soluble nitrogsn on grass in the spring It was also found that the appli cation of nitrogenous fertilizers increased the proportion of protein in the grasses making hay of higher feeding value Fertilizer farmers using large quantities of soluble nitrogen often claim that the hay they grow is very superior in quality and greatly preferred by stock to that grown on poorer soil This experiment shows that they are correctJUNE CROP REPORT1893 105 NUTMEG MELONS Single plants in the row do better than in the hills insects do not get in their work as they do in the hill After all the danger from this source is about past I thin out so that each plant is about three feet from its neigh bor This gives each an independent position Then each plant gets an equal share of the rain on the lot Should the root grubs begin to work on the roots which can be discovered by the plant just wilting dissolve nitrate of potash one ounce in a pint of water and put a tablespoonful into a pail of water and apply a pint to each hill in the evening Keep this up for several days or until the first solution is all used I use seeds of several different kinds as I plant for family use and save the seeds of the best each year and when I plant next year I also buy some new seeds of some of the green nutmeg varieties and never fail to have lots of melons I believe that by this method I can raise a melon for every two square feet of ground in the lot At the Utah station the Cory and Maules XX have proved good early and the Everbearing and Squantum good second early and late varieties of sweet corn FERTILIZING FORMULAS The elements of fertility absolutely necessary in a complete commercial fertilizerare nitrogen potash and phosphoric acid Many other substances are found in all manures both natural and manufactured which need not be named Experience has shown that different crops generally succeed best by the use of varied combinations of the principal fertilizing elements Hence the leading manufacturers furnish the public with manures for different crops under different brands as potato manure corn manure tobacco manure etc which they guarantee to contain ammonia phos phoric acid and potash in the percentages stated Now that many of the State experiment stations are analyzing them ex tensively and manufacturers have their reputations at stake in maintaining the quality of their goods one runs little or no risk in buying a special fer tilizer of which the composition is guaranteed in any of the leading makes A quite common and good formula for potato manure is ammonia 450 to 5per cent phosphoric acid 8 to 10 percent actual potash 6 to 8 per cent The potato brand will be equally useful on most garden vegetables although manufacturers offer many specialties such as cabbage manure onion ma nure fruit and vine manure manures for different soils also complete manures for general use06 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA LAND PLASTER A TALK in which it is explained what it is and what it does There is probably as much plaster used now as ever but the common use of it and familiarity with it makes it less talked about There are sev eral popular errors iu regard to land plaster that ought to be corrected says the Rural New Yorker authority for the following First there is no vegeta ble or organic matter iu it It is solely mineral and contains 32J percent of lime 46J of sulphuric acid and 21 of water loosely combined as water of crystallization It is often said that plaster takes water from the air and thus supplies the crops in a dry time This is not the ease It is not absorbent of water any more than sand is and the small quantity used on an acre generally less than 100 pounds would be quite opposed to the possibility that it could be of any service even if it absorbed several times its weight of water When plaster is heated or calcined the water contained in it is driven off and it is then able to combine with this water again as plaster for the masons use and make a soft stony substance But it costs some thing to burn the plaster and this is never done for its use for the land or if it is it is a mistake and a waste of labor Third it has been said that plaster should be applied to the crops when the leaves are wet with dew or rain because then it will be dissolved and taken in by the leaves and thus do great good to the plants Now it is perfectly certain that plants do not take any solid matter or even water or vapor of water in the leaves only air is thus taken in by them and the truth is that the plaster is dissolved in the water of the soil of which 400 parts dissolve one of gypsum and is then taken in by the roots and thus its effect is often perceived in the darker green color of the leaves twenty four hours after the application of it Another reason why plaster may not be so much used now is that super phosphate of lime has a large proportion of sulphate of lime in it and this is precisely the same as the plaster which is natural sulphate of lime South Carolina rock is a phosphate of lime mixed with carbonate in the form of shells and is only slowly soluble in the soil But it is more soluble when it is finely ground in which state it is called floats and is then cheaper than when it is dissolved by acid as superphosphate and if a large quantityas much as a ton to the acreis used it has been found useful and a permanent benefit to the land Being insoluble it is not of any ap parent benefit when used in small quantities CULTIVATION AFTER RAINS Here is some timely advice from the Wisconsin Agricultural Experiment Stations annual report Unless the ground is already too wet the stirringJUNE CROP REPORT1893 107 of the surface soil whenever practicable should follow just as soon after a considerable rainfall as the tools will work well The cultivation should as a rule be shallow leaving a thin stratum of the surface soil finely pul verized and comparatively cut off from the ground below If this is not done the extremely rapid evaporation which takes place from undisturbed wet soil on hot clear days may even in a few hours not only dissipate that which has just fallen but also a part of that which the rain has caused to be drawn toward the surface from lower levels and thus leave the ground actually drier as a whole than before the rain even though it may look more moist at the surface When a succession of showers follow one another at just the right inter vals and are of the right amounts to strengthen the capillary flow into the upper stratum from below each time without any percolation taking place it is evident that such soils left to themselves under these conditions may lose not only the water which falls directly upon them but a considerable portion of that stored below down at least to five feet On the other hand if each shower is promptly followed by cultivation there will be at first a movement of water upward and finally the same rains which under other conditions would leave the lower strata drier than before they fell may contribute a considerable amount by percolation to the deeper layers HANDLING FOWLS A Wisconsin farmer called attention at a farmers club to the important point of handling fowls He illustrated the meaning as follows If you catch a bird leaving its wings free a desperate struggle will result likely to injure the plumage and in the case of a sitting hen to distract her from her vocation My plan is as follows Approach the bird from behind place both hands firmly and quickly right over the wing points then slip the right hand down and secure the legs firmly All fluttering will thus be avoided and the bird held by the legs with the left hand under the breast will not offer resistance Night is the time to catch and handle birds for then one can slip up from behindand proceed as has been described without annoyance to the bird or loss of time and worry to the owner THINGS THAT ARE TOLD Soda moistened with water and applied directly to the bee sting will allay the pain almost immediately and counteract the poison If stung in the field take some earth moisten it so it will adhere to the surface and lay it on and the effect will be like magic A bee sting should be treated as soon as possible or the remedies will prove ineffectual In a bulletin issued from the New York Experiment Station it is recom mended that the treatment with bordeaux mixture on celery plants be con108 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA tinued from transplanting time to blanching time if there is reason to anticipate attacks of leaf spot Statistics prove farmers to average longer life than most other workers a fact due to the even lives they lead and steady employment the year round Of the seven different kinds of asparagus on trial at the Rural grounds Dreers Eclipse and the Old Conover were the first this year to give cuttingsCircular No 3 Fifth Series CROP REPORT FOR THB MONTH OF JULY 1893 Returned to the Department of Agriculture July 1 ISO State of Georgia Department of Agriculture Atlanta Ga July 4 1893 GENERAL REMARKS The month of June has in nearly every section been favorable to all crops with the exception of cotton and fruit which have suffered from the cold weather cotton The outlook for a fair yield of this crop is anything but promising Es pecially is this true in North and Middle Georgia where the crop is from fifteen to twenty days late It was stated in the report of the department that the weed was in these sections smaller than it had been for a num ber of years at the same season The weather during the month has farther retarded the growth and the crop is now more backward than it was when that report was issued Much of it is in the grass and it has also suffered from the insect pests that infest the plant during its early growth or when in a debilitated state by unfavorable seasons Consider ing the small increase in acreage and the lateness of the crop while it is difficult so early to forecast the yield the present outlook is that the crop will not more than equal that of last year The condition compared to this time last year has fallen off 2 per cent and is 16 below an average the falling off being due to causes such as early frost that renders the crop subject to future disaster We are inclined to regard the whole prospect as very discouraging110 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA WHEAT The fact that the tabulated statement shows the average yield of this crop to be 10 bushels per acre is a source of congratulation For the last two years our farmers have been studying the causes of former failures in this crop and by better methods of cultivation and fertilization are obtaining yields which with fair market prices will justify sowing on a much larger scale We are anxious to encourage a sentiment in favor of this cereal and as we have repeatedly stated there is no reason why it should not be made a means of diversification and in the more favora ble localities a money crop In the next issue of the report we will have something to say on this subject The yield of fourteen bushels of oats per acre for the State as shown by correspondents is above what we supposed the crop would be and doubt less exceeds the expectations of our farmers This yield is abundant four bushels in excess of the usual yield and is an evidence of improved condi tion of our land and of the better methods of preparation OTHER CROPS The tabulated statement presents a comprehensive view of other crops which are extremely promising with the exceptions named d 5b o 5b 5b to 8 a as 5 O bo o 8 O 3 GO S 2 C5 T3 A g o 3 O 3 as S3 WheatAverage yield per acre 9 7 10 134 11 104 OatsAverage yield per acre 15J m 164 n 14 Clover GrassYield compared to average 9 100 99 CottonCompared to an average condi so 84J 89 97 80 84f 96 96 101 93 93 96 95 96 92 94 75 93 93 904 94 93 93 97f 91 93 98 86 55 63 96 94 83 72 66 93 96 88 80 88 97 88 80 56 04 87 94 85 04 63 i 97 65 69 94 JULY CROP REPORT1893 111 MONTHLY TALK OP THE COMMISSIONER The month of July ou the wellconducted Georgia farm means some little letup in the hard struggle necessary in the months of May and June Except in the more northern counties the crops should have re ceived their last working the grain crops should have been well harvested and barring a field here and there which from unexpected causes has gotten a little behind we can afford to give our plows a leave of absence from the cultivated crops If the COTTON is in good growing condition taking on fruit rapidly a light plow passed over the surface might not do any apparent harm but all things con sidered it would perhaps be best not to incur the risk Any disturb ance of the roots just now particularly if the plowing should be followed by even a temporary drought causes loss of fruit and while such plowing may cause the plant to take on a new growth and develop new fruit it is better to pursue a system of cultivation which will retain and develop in the shortest time possible the fruit already on the plant than to risk get ting a later if perhaps fuller crop Where the fruiting has been delayed by unfavorable weather or inability on the part of the farmer to ive the necessary cultivation at the proper time thus allowing weeds and grass to spring up and struggle for supremacy a plow should be passed over the land as lightly as possible but in such a manner as to kill out this foreign growth Pulverize the soil and avoid root pruning and disturbance as far as may be In the LAYING BY of both corn and cotton the plowman should endeavor by a careful ad justment of his plowstock to avoid any injury or mutilation to the grow ing plants Take off the long singletree and substitute a shorter one or a stretcher placed between the traces will answer a good purpose The ordinary singletree in the last working will often break and destroy a great many limbs besides seriously injuring the other parts of the plants The greatest judgment and care are necessary at this critical period One careless plowing now will much reduce the yield and bring to naught pre vious intelligent and well considered plans All the cultivation should have been carried on with a view to leaving the land as LEVEL and as friable as the soil will admit Even the lands that are idle should be left as level as possible In order to best understand how to plow and when to plow we must first understand WHY WE PLOW and this brings us to the consideration of a most interesting subject but for lack of time and space we can only touch upon one or two of its main112 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA features We plow to bury the top or surface growth to prepare a prop erly pulverized seed bed to receive the seed and best nourish the young anil growing plants to kill the weeds and grass to break the crust after each rain and thus conserve the moisture which would otherwise be evaporated from the surface In planning for the preparation and cultivation of every crop we must remember one most important truth plants do not eat they drink and our aim should be to put the soil in such condition that the moisture which comes up from below may be held in reach of the plants and of any fertilizer we may use and also to prevent the evaporation of this moisture as far as possible No matter how much natural or prepared plant food there may be in the soil without the all important moisture to render this food available it is utterly worthless to the growing plants Each man should study his crops his soils the needs of each and so man age his plowing as to develop the best elements of both and get the greatest good from the smallest outlay The main work in the crops having been nearly completed we now have an opportunity of beginning the REPAIRS on out buildings and fences so necessary to the appearance of the farm as well as the absolute comfort of farm life Neat trim well kept build ings gardens and fences are an advertisement for any neighborhood They give an air of thrift and prosperity that nothing else will Lefus resolve that come what may we will return to legitimate farm methods raise our home supplies beautify our homes and enjoy the prosperity which w ill once again be ours To begin let us arrange to raise our own HOGS This we cannot do by purchasing a few wellbred sows and turning them into some old field which on account of its convenience to stable and barn has been kept fenced and called a pasture Prepare for pasturing by en closing some land and this fall seed it to clover Nothing so improves your land and no finer food for farm animals can be produced Then sow on the same land with the clover your small grain to come on in the spring which being cut off leaves the clover as a foundation for your venture in meat raising Because a hog is a hog dont decide that his treatment should be hoggish Give him uniform good attention shelter from the weather regular food and water and keep him free from vermin Nothing so contributes to the destructive diseases to which the hog is sub ject as filth insufficient and irregular food and undestroyed swarms of vermin These points cannot be guarded too carefully Cleanliness and plenty of wholesome food and pure water are as essential to their healthy development as to that of the horse or cow In ante bellum days the plan was to turn the shoats out in the spring to range at will over wide expanses of wood and swamp and glean a fair support without further attention until fall when they were taken up and put in the grain fields to be later penned and fattened for pork But this plan has become a thing of the 3 ULY CROP REPORT1893 113 past The entire method of raising our porkers must be changed to meet our changed condition and surroundings A smaller number good past ures of clover and grass cultivated crops for their support The hog crop of the United States is not keeping pace with the increase in population Raise hogs we must or do without meat unless we wish a larger part of our hardly earned cotton crop to go to pay our meat billsan outlay which we can avoid by raising our meat at home Is not the folly of paying for bacon twelve cents cash sixteen cents time apparent when we know that we can buy everything a hog eats and raise pork at seven cents Or living on a farm where we can arrange for the feeding production and care of our hogs we can bring the cost down to less than five cents We can conduct the other departments of farm work successfully and do this without feeling the outlay or realizing that we have been put to much ad ditional expense and we cannot make our farming a success if we neglect this important and natural factor in its economy Begin with a few hogs and increase your stock as your arrangements to care for and pasture them will allow Dont undertake too much at first On many farms and in many sections of the State there are comparatively speaking no hogs and no arrangements for keeping them In such cases now is the best time to perfect your plans for another years supply FODDER PULLING AND SAVING HAY This question has been so often discussed and there is such a diversity of opinion as to whether the fodder should be pulled or left on the stalk that we will only give our own experience of many years We have found that where the corn is fully ripe and the fodder has not been injured by firing its removal does not materially injure the corn and the fodder itself prop erly cured is one of the most nutritious and appetizing foods for stock and they prefer it to any other roughage Poorly cured or mouldy from becoming wet while hanging on the stalks it is positively dangerous to the animals eating it for this mould becomes a fine penetrating dust filling the throat and lungs But we would advise always saving the fod der if it can be properly done and if the peas have been previously sowed as we have advised a large crop of hay and peavines can be saved at this season when there is a rest from the crop cultivation and before the cot ton picking begins By managing in this way each farmer can at a small cost supply himself with an abundance of roughage which is grateful to the work animals and when not being used they can be kept in fine condition by feeding this with small rations of grain IRISH POTATOES Over a large portion of the State the successful gardener will be saving his spring planting of Irish potatoes and perhaps it will not be amiss to call his attention to the fact that with moderately favorable weather he has it in his power to make another fair crop Prepare your old bed thor oughly if it has been mulched so much the better for the second crop For seed select the medium size potatoes from the first crop dry them in the shade for a few days and then replant the bed just as in the spring114 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA except that instead of cutting the potato the whole tuber is planted Cover with the plow and mulch heavily With rains the crop will be fine Of course a drought will cut off the yield but even under unfavorable condi tions the crop will generally be a good one You can leave them in the ground all winter digging as you need them only being careful to keep them heavily mulched and your table will be supplied with fresh and most delicious potatoes They remained in our garden all last winter and it was a very cold one without the least injury Try the experiment TURNIPS Prepare your beds now for rutabagas A mellow highly fertilized soil is essential to the successful growth of root crops Thoroughly rotted stable manure is an excellent fertilizer ashes and phosphates are good Later sow the other varieties If the bugs and insects are troublesome try pyre thrum powders LATE CABBAGES Get your bed prepared for the plants which should now be ready to set out Lay off the rows three feet apart open a deep furrow and fill about half full of well rotted stable manure or if guano is used put in a liberal quantity and mix with the soil After setting the plants out if the worms are troublesome mix one ounce ofparis green to four ounces of flour put in a tin box and tie a thin cloth over the end sprinkle the plants while the dew is on Persian insect powder is also a harmless and effective remedy Work deeply in the early stages of growth shallow towards maturity To preserve them during the winter dig a trench deep enough to receive the stalks of the cabbage remove all loose leaves set them root down close to gether and slanting towards the south at an angle of 45 degrees Bank the earth on them far enough up to keep the next row from touching the lirst This can be done while digging the trench for the second row Ar range a shelter to keep off the suns rays If due care is taken and each item is attended to promptly the time and labor will be rewarded by a supply of fine hardheaded cabbages for winter use SAVE EVERYTHING from the farm and patches which will afford food for the cattle and work animals during the winter months Many of us do not appreciate these small savings but they fill many a small leak and save the main food crops for the more active work season We must wake up to the important fact that more food crops of all kinds are needed on the major ity of Georgia farms As our seasons afford us every opportunity for mak ing ample food supplies why should we hesitate or why should we continue the old mistaken policy PLANTING PEAS We would again urge the importance of sowing peas as a renovator and to insure an ample forage supply In the lower part of the State this has been done to a great extent but in northern Georgia where the grain crops have just been harvested now is the time to plow in the peas on theJULY CROJf REPORTIS U5 stubble and in laying by the corn to sow them either broadcast or in the drill according to the quality of land and distance of corn MANURING One of the least understood and yet one of the most important items affecting our farm economy is the making and saving of every element found or brought on the farm which can be converted into plant food There has been so little apparent interest in this question and so little at tention paid to it that it will require time and a thorough discussion before we appreciate its grave import Under present conditions thousands of pounds of the most valuable materials are allowed to go to waste each year for the lack of that care and knowledge so necessary to preserve uninjured the different element of plant food Most farmers consider these matters too small to require much thought or attention but it is the neglect of these small leaks on the farm which causes heavy outlays of time and money when the farmer can ill afford to spare either For instance how many farmers who read this article realize that the elements of fertility in the urine of stock coutain just as much plant food as the most solid excre ment We mention this because on most farms there is absolutely no provision made for absorbing and holding these valuable materials We cannot adequately calculate the waste in this one item Again many farmers who keep their stables well supplied with absorbents in the way of leaves or straw together with dry dirt muck or land plaster lose much in the process of fermentation the ammonia being allowed to escape and the materials which they have collected at considerable outlay of time and labor become valueless except as a mulch on wornout land or to be plowed under to prevent the land from running together A little more attention just at the fermenting period to see that the pile was kept moist and not allowed to decompose too rapidly would have insured a fine supply of perfect plant food On the other hand too much moisture de lays this process of fermentation which we have been trying to advance Another important consideration in making manure is the quality and character as well as the quantity of food supplied to the animals The richest manures will be furnished by such highly concentrated food as cottonseed meal and linseed meal next come peas beans and clover then the grains and lastly the roots One fact is patent that is that there can be no more fertilizing materials in the excrements than were present in the food Therefore from poor food we can only expect a poor quality of manure The urine contains most of the nitrogen and nearly all the potash How important then to preserve its elements afid see that they go back on our lands Another source from which a good supply of the best fertilizing material can be realized is the trash pen into which all the waste from the house and yard should be thrownthe leaves from the yard the slops from the house anything which will contribute to swell the final result and it is surprising how much can be gathered in this way But to be successful in this as in everything else requires daily care and attention Very little permanent good can be accomplished bylit DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA spasmodic effort Care today neglect tomorrow will blast and ruin most enterprises and farming is no exception Whenever you can spare the time from your crops haul the manure out and broadcast it on your land if in the summer sow peas on this and when they are matured turn them under if in the fall or spring sow small grain with clover Building up our lands gradually but permanently should be our aim and it is only by the application of the homemade manures supplemented with phosphates on which clover peas and rye are sown that we can reasonably hope for success Applying a few hun dred pounds of highly available prepared fertilizer directly under the plants which food is often exhausted before the plants attain maturity can in no sense be said to restore fertility or permanently improve our lands We cannot continue to take a small amount from a given quantity of anything for an indefinite period and expect to retain the original quantity And yet this is just what we are doing with our lands There is only so much deposited there at the start we take this off year after year in our different crops and while the rain and the atmosphere return a small quantity and we supply some by artificial means the whole is not usually enough to keep up even a fair condition for plant food Appre ciating the many advantages which we enjoy in soil climate and water let us begin now to shape our farm policy on the building up and improv ing plan Let each idea be directed to the best means of obtaining these results It has taken years of mistaken farm policy to bring us to our present condition it will require time and a heavy expenditure of thought muscle and money to put us back where we started and in the struggle this question of proper methods of manuring plays an important part To deal with it in an intelligent and practical manner is one of the absorb ing needs of the times and to meet it successfully should be our daily study R T Nesbitt In Southern Cultivator OTHER REMARKS THE COTTON CROP IS BACKWARD Since writing the foregoing the reports from the different counties have come in and the representations are that as a rule the cotton crop is un usually backward The plants have been stunted and thus growth much retarded by the cold spring and later the heavy and excessive rains have compacted the soil and so delayed the plowing that in many instances the crops have suffered for work Under these conditions it will require most favorable seasons from this time until the crop is made in order for us to realize anything like a fair yield In some localities hail and wind storms have wrought incalculable injury blasting in a few short hours the patient work of months and gloom and despondency hang heavily over the farmer who has seen his hopes thus suddenly destroyed But in our favorable climate a large part of these losses can be recovered The manJULY CROP REPORT1893 117 of courage and resources while appalled when he contemplates his devas tated fields will set to work to repair the damage as far as possible Dont give up sow heavily of the millets and peasthe Spanish groundpeas can still be planted and in the early fall sow rye and clover Keep busy and keep down as far as possible unless ripening Active work is the best remedy against despondency OUR INQUIRY COLUMN I would call the attention of farmers to this new feature of our work and would solicit their interest in it I would be glad if they would read the inquiries and answers for this month and will take pleasure in answer ing through this medium as far as possible any inquiries sent to us by the farmers of the State and I trust that we will succeed in making this not only interesting but instructive as well E T Nesbitt Commissioner118 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA INQUIRIES These columns will be open to inquiries and answers and we hope to make it of interest to all farmers and gardeners and that they will avail themselves of its use Necessarily answers may from time to time be crowded out but when such is the case they will appear in subsequent reports clover as a fertilizer I would be glad if you would explain to me how clover renovates land and renders it more fertile J C C Fouch6 Ga Nearly the entire dry weight of clover aside from the constituents of water is carbon which is obtained from the atmosphere and if the crop is plowed under and allowed to remain a portion of this carbon is deposited in the soil If the hay is removed the amount of carbon deposited by the roots on a well sodded field would still be very large The agricultural value of carbon to the soil has thus been given 1 It makes the soil more retentive of manures 2 It causes it to appropriate larger quantities of the fertilizing gases of the atmosphere 3 It gives it greater power to absorb moisture 4 It renders it warmer In addition to the carbon the organic matter deposited in the soil by clover contains a larger amount of nitrogen than that of other plants except those that belong to the same family The plant is a legumin which is now generally admitted to have the power of appropriating free nitrogen which in the process of decay is deposited in the soil in the form of ammonia While the value of carbon does not depend on its entering into the composition of the plants but upon its effects upon the mechanical condition of the soil nitrogen is in dispensable to the growth of plants Thus we have an improved physical condition and a direct contribution to the fertility of the soil It may not be amiss to add that the cowpea which is one of Gods great est blessings to the Southern farmer flourishing as it does where neither weather nor soil will admit of clover also has the power of extracting from the atmosphere the costliest element of plant food nitrogen POTASH How does potash make plants grow B M D LaGrange Ga Your question is one that will not admit of general answer if you desire information as to what part of the structure of plants potash entersJULY CROP REPORTISM no But if you only desire to know whether the method of appropriation of potash by plants differs in any way from its method of feeding upon other elements it is sufficient to say that in taking up potash the method of appropriation is the same In regard to what part of the plant potash enters no general rulecanbefgiven as the quality of potash differs very much in various plants In the cereals potash while entering into the formation of the grajn plays amore important part in the formation of the straw to which it adds much strength In cotton potash is a part of both plant and seed VALUE OF FERTILIZERS What is the best metod of ascertaining the value of a fertilizer S D W Cason Ga Your question as to the best method of ascertaining the value of fer tilizers admitsof two constructions and in this light of two answers That is the method first of arriving at the commercial value of the fertilizer and second to arrive at its value to the soil of a particular farm The one furnishes simply the value of the plant food contained in the mixture the second its adaptability to the soil upon which it is used The actual worth of the fertilizer may be high and yet by supplying plant food which the soil already contains and not those elements in which the soil is deficient its value to the crop may not be seen and the yield fall short of what the farmer has reason to suppose would be the natural result of its use The question of actual value in the elements of plant food is one easily settled and about which there need be no controversy Analysis by a competent chemist gives the quantity of nitrogen phosphoric acid and potash the mixture contains and the relative value In the case of the State of Georgia and nearly all the States this analysis is furnished by the State chemist through the Department of Agriculture and by referring to the bulletins sent out there need be no questions as to what the fertilizer contains The question of adaptability is a much broader one and requires careful study and experimental work on the part of the farmer himself There are those who desire the State and govern ment by soil analysis to furnish them with a proper knowledge of the character of their soil The value of soil analysis considering the variety of the land even in the same field has been seriously questioned and cer tainly without an enormous outlay could not be practically carried out While such analysis by sections might properly establish general rules it seems to us at present impracticable for individual application We there fore advise that each farmer by experimental work on his own land ascertain its needs Indeed such work is of much more value than any theoretical application of fertilizers as by the yield the farmer acquires absolute knowledge of the demands of his soil and in substantial fruit gathers the results of his study While we would not reflect on the com mercial fertilizers of today and presume that the percentages of the ele120 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA ments they contain are perhaps proper general deductions yet there are those who are inclined to regard these applications to all land without regard to its need in the light of a cureall as compared with a regular pre scription This may be too severe yet there can be littie doubt that it is the duty of every farmer who desires to advance and to adopt better methods to purchase the ingredients and either mix them as past crops would indicate his soils needs or add to the regular commercial fertilizer in such proportion as he sees proper Many of the manufacturers are ready at all times to prepare such formulas as the farmer desires and except wheie the material is composted he may purchase if he wishes as experi ments show his soil demands We would impress the necessity of study ing the adaptability of the fertilizer to the soil to which it is applied and also the needs of different crops for different proportions of the elements of plant growth WHITEWASH I have noted in the publications that attention has frequently been called to giving a sightly appearance to barns outhouses and fences by the use of whitewash Will you please give me a good recipe for preparing it C I N Byron Ga This recipe for a whitewash for outhouses and fences wiil be found to give a good and lasting wash In a watertight barrel put one half bushel of quick lime Slack this by covering it with boiling water to the depth of about five inches steaming until thoroughly slacked Dissolve in water one pound of common salt and two pounds of zinc and add to the mixture LEACHED ashes Where ashes have been thoroughly leached does anything of manurial value remain L S F Woodburn Ga Where the leaching has been thorough all the potash is removed and the greater part of the phosphoric acid There will however remain a large percentage of lime with slight quantities of magnesia and phosphoric acid which are of value to the soil It is not often that the leaching is so thor ough as to entirely remove the potash CLOVER HAY I desire to know how many tons of clover hay my barn will contain Can you give me how many feet in a ton O O G Adairsville Ga A dry ton of clover hay contains from 577 to 604 cubic feetJULY CROP REPORT1893 121 REMOVED BY CROPS Can you give me the amount in pounds of potash and phosphoric acid removed from the soil by a crop of ten bushels to the acre of wheat of rye of corn and of oats C P M Crawford Ga Estimated in pounds the following amounts would be removed by the crops named Phospho Potash ric Acid Wheat1183 823 Rye1385 813 Corn862 1667 Oats1377 387 The figures embrace the amount removed by both grain and straw In wheat oats and rye a greater amount of phosphoric acid than of potash is removed by the grain whereas the straw takes a much larger amount of potash This indicates phosphoric aeid for full heads and potash for strength and development of straw Of course it must be remembered that nitrogen will be necessary also In the case of corn phosphoric acid is the dominant of both the plant and the grain CRIMSON CLOVER Has crimson clover been found valuable at the South P C H Bainbridge Ga At the experiment station in Louisiana experiments are being conducted with crimson clover trifolium inearnatum as a winter renovator and spring hay crop and we will soon have the benefits of the experiment At our own station it has not succeded well except on very rich ground The seed of this clover should be sown in September or October PEAR LEAF BLIGHT Will you please give me the remedy for pear leaf blight B H B Blakely Ga Pear leaf blight is one of the most difficult diseases that the horticulturist has had to contend with and at the experiment stations many remedies have been tried Two methods of treatment have been suggested one of which may be classed as remedial and the other as preventive As a remedy while it disfigures the tree the knife has been used with best suc cess This consist in removing the affected parts by cutting The cutting should be well back in the sound portion of the tree otherwise the blight122 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA will again attack the limb As a preventive either of the twogreat solu tions for fungous growth or irjsects is used i e Bordeaux mixture or ammoniated solution of copper For preparing these mixtures we refer you to past reportsCircular No 4 1 Fifth Series f CROP REPORT JbOR THE MOSTH OF AUGUST 1S93 liettirneil I the Department of Af dealt lire August 1 1893 State of Geobgia Department op Agriculture Atlanta Ga August t 1893 GENERAL REMARKS A general review of the condition of the crops of the State is difficult for the reason that only limited areas have been subjected to the same amount of sunshine and rain In many cases in the same county in cer tain sections the seasons have been propitious while in others all crops have been parched for lack of proper moisture In Southern Georgia the area where the weather has favored the growth of vegetation is larger in extent than where the crops have suffered for want of rain while in Middle and North Georgia the damaged area is much greater in extent The ability of the plants to withstand drouth enables it to present a far more healthy appearance than the corn crop in those sections where there has not been a sufficient rainfall As stated this area is larger in Middle and North Georgia where growth was retarded by the cold weatherprevail ing in the spring and owing to which imperfect stands were secured Upon the whole the plants in these sections is unusually small subjecting it to the liability of future damage by early frost Only in exceptional eases has the want of a proper stand been to any extent compensated for by vigorous plant growth In Southern Georgia the outlook is more fa vorable though here we have reports of localities suffering from drouth and other localities where injury has resulted from too much rain The last days of July brought showers to nearly every point in North Georgia of great benefit to all vegetation and invigorating to the cotton124 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA plant Compared with the report for July the condition of the crop shows in the average for the State only a slight change this a decrease a little over one per cent Compared to last year the condition for the entire State is about the same while sections vary widely CORN Comparative figures as to this crop are not encouraging Whereas last month the department from the reports of the correspondents was able to report a condition that promised a large yield owing to the drouth es pecially in the principal corn section of the State the condition has fallen off over ten points and the outlook is unfavorable The crop on the allu vial lands has not suffered so greatly but the usual product of the upland has been greatly reduced In the more southern parts of the State the crop is matured but in the northern portion the recent rains will prove very beneficial MELONS Inquiry as to the prospects of this crop compared with last year has not been met with encouraging answers The growing of fruit for market merits close study from every farmer and the causes of failure should be investigated It may not be in either the quantity or quality of the pro duct but in the method of marketing and the expenses of transportation Rice sugar cane and sweet potatoes as seen from the tabulated state ment present a more favorable condition than the two great staple crops As these crops occupy a larger place in our agriculture than is generally acceded to them it is a source of gratification to report that these crops will be nearly if not quite an average TABULATED STATEMENT p r p S3 x nn 03 5 03 u 0 j3 OS 3 S3 01 0 m B J o s T3 03 O 1 9 M O 03 1 s 5 a fca rnCompared average V 03 Bo a so O 03 O S3 1 5 Is 9 OS ra 6D 1 I ai 01 0Q hat are the profi melon crop c with last year baccoConditio O O o S X c 76 80 84 81 73 83 85 86 92 91 74 88 84 93 95 92 96 i 94 Southeast Georgia 89 88 90 87 102 90 75 82 81 1 6 92 95 80 95 831 85 97 89 93 78 87 AUGUST CROP REPORT1893 125 MONTHLY TALK WITH THE FARMERS Department of Agriculture Atlanta August 1 1893 COTTON ITS GENERAL CONDITION The present crop year has so far been full of disappointment and hope deferred The cotton over a very large territory embracing I may say fully twothirds of the cotton belt has had to contend against almost over whelming disadvantages First the cold spring retarded the planting and when that was at last accomplished heavy rains set in which so packed the lands that the seed germinated but imperfectly In consequence the stand was generally defective and was further injured by the very high winds and cool nights which followed each rain Then as if to put the final destructive touch to the already suffering plants lice which always flourish during a cool spring have done their utmost Such however is the recuperative power of the cotton plant that as soon as the warm growing weather of June set in the crop bounded forward But we are now in the latter part of July confronted by the anomalous condition of too much rain in the southern and southwestern portions of the State and a stubborn drouth in the higher latitudes The general crop has been so much injured by all these adverse influences that its condition is most unsatisfactory In exceptionally favored localities where the seasons have been propitious the crip is most promising but in other sections its condi tion is most unpromising and my deliberate opinion after personal obser vation in different sections and a careful comparison of the reports of cor respondents is that the yield will be greatly reduced unless we have un precedentedly favorable seasons from this time forth CORN In the southwestern part of the State the crop is fine but in the more northern portions the yield has been fearfully cut off As it is too late now to expect any favorable change the crop even in the more northern counties being too far advanced to be affected by even most favorable seasons it behooves us to turn our attention to other food crops which it is not yet too late to provide for FORAGE CROPS In those sections of the State that have been spared the protracted drouth and where it is yet possible to save such crops the farmers would do well to save every blade of grass cultivated or otherwise of fodder of peavines in short everything which can be cured for hay The pull ing of the fodder may injure the corn to a certain extent but at the South we have not yet learned to substitute other crops When the farmers have learned to sow cultivate and harvest other crops which can take its place they will find them more profitable and we shall see cornfodder relegated26 DEPARTMENT F AGRICULTUREGEORGIA to the rear But until then I would advise the saving of the fodder al though when we consider the amount of manual labor involved and the small return it seems a grave agricultural mistake Pulling fodder is laborious hot and tedious work In a given time one good hand with a pair of mules and a good mower will so far outstrip the fodder pulling process in the amount and value of hay gathered as to leave no reasona ble doubt of its superior advantages The time for planting grass and clover should be early in September and lest this should be carelessly or hastily done the best plan is to begin in July and have everything in readi ness The failures in these crops are often due to the want of care in put ting out the manure and preparing the land Remunerative crops need not be expected without thorough preparation and heavy manuring lover grass turnips all require pulverized soil The first two should be seeded heavily and covered lightly In the inquiry column will be found a full reply to the questions in re gard to the fertilization preparation for wheat as well as time of sowing etc I would not advise the sowing of TURNIPS to any very large extent but it is a desirable crop for the table in winter and spring I have always found it best to sow in the drill the land being rich and well prepared As a protection against cold weather a furrow can be thrown up each side with a turnplow and this will answer until the very heavy freezes of December when they should be taken up and banked SWEET POTATOES should never be laid by fire See that the crop is clean and after tbe last working go over it with a fork and loosen the vines that have taken root in the middles Any potatoes which form here will be small and worthless and will only take away that much material from the main crop OATS My experience has been that if oats are sown early enough there is little danger of winter killing If the land is thin tbe sooner they are sowed the better in that they may more successfully resist the cold But it is bad policy to sow oats on poor land Sow winter raised seed Sow on good land or manure liberally Sow early and the evidence is that where the crop succeeds and if these conditions exist it is almost certain to succeed it will be worth two spring sown crops RYE AXD BARLEY As far as possible all fields not sown in oats or wheat should be sown in rye It is one of the hardiest winter grains and may be sown from the 1st of September to the 1st of December It will grow on poor land and if turned under will greatly aid in bringing it to a better state of produc tiveness Southern seed are preferred those from Virginia will do butAUGUST CROP REPORT1893 127 western seed should not be used Any of these grain crops prevent washing and if the land is made very rich several cuttings can be obtained and after the last the stubble turned under supplies much of the vegeta ble matter needed for futurecrops Where this is not practicable on large areas the farmer will find a small patch of either rye or barley a great help in wintering his stock Make the lot very rich and the seeding very heavy and the plants will attain a rapid growth after each cutting Nothing is more conducive to health among stock of all kinds than this green food and the farmer who tries it will rejoice in well kept horses and mules and golden butter even in midwinter GENERAL FARM REPAIRS Now is the time for righting up the fences cutting the coffee weeds thistles and other plants of noxious growth to prevent the maturity of their seeds for another years crop The sassafras sprouts if dug up now will not grow again There are many rich spots on live well conducted farms that should be reclaimed and a little judicious cteaning and ditching now will put them in condition for planting next spring One of the greatest needs of the S uth is a sensible judicious and syste matic plan of MANURING which will enable the farmer not only to make better crops but to improve his lands We should have not so much a change of crops as better and cheaper methods of making these crops and these better methods are de pendent in large measure on a more comprehensive study and understand ing of this important question of suitable manures and their proper appli cation Until we investigate more closely soil conditions and the causes of deterioration we are not prepared to deal with this question intelligently R T Nesbitt Commissioner128 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA INQUIRIES RELATING TO THE FARM GARDEN DAIRY ETC Answers that do not appear in this report will be published in the next ssue FERTILIZING WHEAT In reply toa number of questions on fertilizing for wheat we give a gen eral answer The studyof a proper application of fertilizers presents two matters of paramountconsideration First the necessities of plants Second the constituents of the soil The first is easy to ascertain by chemical analysis but the second will require the exercise of the best judgment of the farmer based upon the previous treatment the land has received and the results obtained Careful experiments would give a correct idea of fertilizer de manded and reasonable deductions can be made from the ordinary course of crops and fertilizers In the lastissue a table was given showing the proportion of phosphoric acid and potash in wheat and adding nitrogen to this would show exactly what thefplantdemanded and theoretically what fertilizer to use In practical agriculture however a different phase is presented as the farmer for his basis of operation has land already supplied in various proportions with plant food and for this reason empirical rules as to fertilizers are im possible and only general deductions can be made As indicated these gen eral deductions must depend on the general character of the soil and its previous treatment as to both crops and manures When not exhausted much of Georgia soil is high in potash being formed from the disintegration of feldspathic and micaceous rock but we are inclined tortile opinion that the general deduction by reason of this has been too largely followed and that much of our land would be benefited and our crops increased by an additional amount of this element of plant food In wheat its principal function is in the formation of straw to which it gives strength while growth is promoted by the nitrogen It also enters into the grain of which phosphoric acid is the chief part Phosphoric acid as the principal component of the grain was recently strikingly illus trated by a magnificent specimen of oats with the exception of the head sent the department The straw was large and the yield would have been unusual had the head shown a proper development The inquirer as to the cause of the deficiency informed us that the land had received a lib eral supply of manure from cows fed on cotton seed meal This supplied an abundance of nitrogen to promote growth while the heads failing to fill out evidenced the fact that phosphoric acid was wanting In regard to nitrogen it should be remembered that it is the most costly of plant foodsAUGUST CROP REPORT1893 129 when purchased while the farmer has a cheap method of supplying it and at the same time placing in the soil the humus necessary to its fer tility In the case of wheat and other cereals it is especially easy to obtain tbis supply at a small cost We allude to the pea crop or other leguminous plants which have the power of appropriating free nitrogen Not only will expense be saved but the best results obtained by the use of the cowpea Experiments begun in 188889 at the North Carolina experiment station on the value of cowpea vines in wheat culture and which were continued up to last year forcibly illustrate the great value of the cowpea to this crop especially when used in conjunction with phosphoric acid The following table shows the results obtained Applies itions per Acre Yields with Peavines Yields without Pvines oj CD a3 CD CD Lh u h U a 03 o o o O CD j tn O CO 3 a a c gO SO 0 H0 05 O co O CO O co u 2g a o Ph H O o3 S 5 kia L a a CO a a CDS T3 3 a O co 2 IDS T3 3 CD S T3 3 2 3 P 3 03 gffl gs caq gcq gM 2m A O M O 25 O 0 O 0 1 2105 4209 4884 8646 9323 2156 938 6771 125 159 833 208 622 5625 547 60 2 300 833 3 300 1927 4 175 875 375 10677 1446 1562 1005 6667 521 45S3 7865 13696 1500 1667 1615 46 3073 2576 7969 1005 6 300 521 7 350 175 75 11560 1625 417 99 8542 312 It will be noted that the vines alone greatly increased the yield and with the addition of fertilizers it was doubled The results of these experiments do not differ from others conducted on the same line or from the practical experience of the successful wheat growth As shown in the last report the yield per acre increased to a marked degree this year and we believe with careful preparation and proper fertil ization still greater progress will be made until a yield is secured that will place wheat on a more profitable basis The same treatment that land receives for wheat with but little varia tion would answer for oats and rye We would impress the idea that if these crops are to be successfully grown that preparation and fertilization must not be overlooked Often wheat oats and rye are sown without the end in view of securing a good yield but almost with the idea of only rest ing the land If this is to be done a crop of peas alone is much more effect ive and will be found more profitable130 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA GLANDERS MANY INQUIRIES MADE CONCERNING THIS DISEASE We have many inquiries at the department relative to glanders and as the State is without a law authorizing preventive measures on the part of this department we can only furnish such data as will enable the people to judge when it is advisable to obtain the services of a veterinarian The following by Dr C Cary of the Alabama Experiment Station in a bulle tin of that station presents the general symptoms of the disease 1 Nasal glanders is recognized chiefly by the ulcers on the visible lining membrane of the nose The ulcers are generally accompanied by a nasal discharge and by a small hard deep seated swelling under the lower jaw high up near the throat under the base of the tongue this swelling or enlarged lymphatic gland rarely suppurates or discharges pus 2 Farcy glanders is manifested by the presence of hard buds or buttons and ulcers or chancres found most frequently on the inside of the thigh or on the inside or outside of the hind leg below the hock joint but may occur on any part of the surface of the body 3 Pulmonary glanders manifests itself by a dry rough coat indigestion emaciation and by that irregular breathing exhibited in a horse with the heaves bellows Dut a case of pulmonary glanders cannot be diag nosed with certainty until the suspected animal dies or communicates the disease to another horse or mule or glanders becomes apparent in one or both of the other forms of the disease 4 Any one or any two or all three of the foregoing forms of glanders may appear in a single animal 5 Glanders in any or all of its forms is caused by a plant parasitethe bacillus mallei 6 The germs or microbes are transmitted from the diseased to the healthy animal by direct or immediate contact of the healthy with the dis eased or by the healthy horses or mules coming in contact with the virus the nasal discharge in watering troughs buckets mangers and stalls in fected by a glandered animal 7 Man may become inoculated in sores or broken places in the skin and thus contract glanders This occurs not infrequently with men who care lessly handle glandered horses All animals afflicted with glanders should be destroyed and their car casses should be deeply buried in some out of the way place Never throw the carcass of any animal into the river to breed disease and tilth 9 Disinfect thoroughly all infected stables watering troughs buckets harness stable utensils 10 Strictly and completely quarantine or isolate all exposed or suspected animals until certain they are or are not glandered TREATMENT It is useless dangerous and expensive to attempt to treat glanders in the horse or the mule I know medicine venders and empirics will attempt treatment of anything but the very best and most reliable authorities areAUGUST CROP REPORT1893 131 unanimous in declaring that glanders in the horse or mule is practically incurable The danger of contracting the disease is far greater than one would suppose when one sees men so reckless and knowingly careless in handling glandered horses Recently a farmer gave the writer an idea of the expense incurred by handling and retaining a glandered horse on his form in the following words Had I destroyed the first case of farcy that appeared on my farm T would have saved hundreds of dollars Hence when you are certain that one of your animals is affected with glanders destroy it at once and burn or deeply bury the carcass GLANDERS IN MEN The human family may be attacked by this loathsome disease In man it appears in any of the three forms and the symptoms are somewhat similar to those in the horse Glanders in man in its acute stage may be mistaken for typhoid fever rheumatism pyemia blond poisoning or erysipelas and chronic cases in man simulate chronic syphilis or tubercu losis consumption The occupation and history of the afflicted person must always be thoroughly considered since man contracts this disease by carelessly handling glandered animals The microbes or bacilli gain admis sion to the system through ulcers or broken places in the skin of the hand and face The nasal discharge may be blown into the face or get on the hands Moreover filthiness or uncleanliness of person makes such an on more susceptible or more liable to become infected As we have previously stated glandered animals should be destroyed tfnd deeply buried with as little handling as possible INERT MATTER Does the inert matter found in fertilizers injure it Why is it put in J C B Jesup Ordinarily the inert matter placed in fertilizers unless fraud is intended is to reduce the grade To illustrate it sometimes happens that a manipu lator or manufacturer to save freight rates and obtain the greatest quantity of plant food at the least cost purchases goods the percentage of which run much higher than usual For these high grade goods there is little de mand and the quality is reduced by mixing in what is called a filler When the filler is thoroughly mixed so as to secure uniform distribution and the goods sold on the basis of the plant food actually contained the farmer loses nothing The worth of a fertilizer can be safely judged from the chemical analysis and if the analysis shows the goods equal to the guarantee and the mechanical condition good it is immaterial whether the fertilizer was made out of low grade goods or high grade material reduced by mixing a filler132 DEPARMTENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA HERDS GRASS Is there any difference between Herds grass and timothy H L T Herds grass in all parts of the United States except New England is identical with red top and not timothy In New England timothy is known as Herds grass as it was introduced by a man named Herd from whom it took its name In reading agricultural papers from this section the distinction should be borne in mind MELON ROOT ROT Will you please give me the cause of melon root rot H I C In another part of this report you will find an answer to a similar ques tion as regards root rot in cotton While we are not prepared to express positive views we are inclined to the opinion that the same fungus pro duces root rot in melons ROOT ROTITS CAUSE ASD REMEDY As several inquiries have been made on the subject of root rot in cotton we reprint the reply of the department as it appeared in the Early Count News I note in the Early County News that owing to the amount of damage done to the cotton crop in your section of the State by root rot it is sug gested that the opinion and advice of the department of agriculture be asked on this subject For this reason I take the liberty to present what seems to me the most resonable cause of the disease and most practicable remedy Perhaps on the cause of uo other disease to which staple crops are sub ject have such a variety of opinions existed as root rot In Texas where cotton and other plant life have suffered greatlyanany have been inclined to attribute it to certain mechanical or other conditions of the soil These conditions are applicable to Georgia in but few instances and certainly not a large number of fields upon which the disease has made its appear ance and I am therefore inclined to dismiss anything that looks to the mechanical and chemical condition of the soil as the direct cause of the rot and to regard such conditions only as favoring the development and spread of the disease In an elaborate bulletin issued by the Texas experimental station after thorough experimental work and scientific investigation the following conclusion was reached Root rot in cotton is caused by ozonium auri coaum The fungus has been found upon all roots which have died from the disease I have no doubt of the correctness of this determination and itAUGUST CROP REPORT1893 133 is substantiated by the infectious character of the disease and directly by inoculation of other plants and soils Having determined the cause science would be useless could it not sug gest a remedy or at least a palliative It was thought that fungicides might prove beneficial and to ascertain their effectiveness a number of ex periments were conducted The parasite being in the ground and the plants tender the experiments were not satisfactory Another method adopted was to deprive the parasite of the plants upon which it existed as such plants harbored the cause and spread the disease Investigation showed that ozoniurn in addition to cotton attacked a number of forest trees sweet potatoes some weeds and other plants con sequently such plants increase the fungus Study however demonstrated that corn wheat oats rye and all the grasses did not suffer from the fun gus and that rotation with these crops resulted in rapidly diminishing the parasite The following rotation has been successfully tried Plant corn after cotton and cotton and small grain after corn As soon as the corn is gathered prepare for small grain and in August and September while there is a green coat of vegetation on the stubble turn it under as deep as possible In conclusion I would say that it Is not surprising that when cotton is planted year after year on the same land insects and disease should in crease until the crop isnearly totally destroyed and that a judicious method of rotation is the only way to avoid such results FERTILIZERS Are the fertilizers sold in other states about the same thing as those sold in Georgia S M C There is but little difference in the character of the complete fertilizer sold in the various Southern States but a marked difference between the South and the Middle and Eastern States In these States the usual formula used contains much more potash and nitrogen with about the same amount of phosphoric acid It is a question to be greatly considered as to whether in the South it would not be advantageous to use higher grade goods HEATING MANURE Does heating increase the plant food in manure J H H The effect of heating on stable manure is not to increase the actual ele ments of plant food but to better its mechanical condition and render it more available The heating should not be too severe or allowed to con tinue too long as the result would be injurious as ammonia would escapei4 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA YELLOWS The leaves of my peach trees turn yellow and the trees die What is the matter with them C O A The disease of which the trees are dying is known as yellows As yet no remedy has been discovered which will check it It is best as soon as a tree is affected to cut it down and burn it as in this way the spread of the disease is to some extent prevented The roots should also be removed from the soil SHEEPRAISING What do you think of the possibility of making money by raising sheep in North Georgia H D L Gainesville 4a Dogs have been the great drawback to sheep raising in all sections of Georgia yet we are of the opinion that for this industry the wiregrass sec tion and North Georgia under proper conditions are as favorable locali ties as are to be found in the United States The following description of our mountain shows the esteem in which it is held by others as a sheep country and the opinion of a sheep raiser as to the best breed The highlands of the southern Blue Ridge which occupy the corner of the four StatesNorth Carolina South Carolina Tennessee and Georgia are a typical sheep country having a mild climate both as to heat and cold the purest water flowing in the greatest abundance dry soil absolute freedom from swamps abundant feed both of grass and wood range at some seasons a great supply of mast from the trees There is rarely any snow to prevent feeding from the ground in the winter the soil and cli mate are excellently well adapted to the growth of all the grasses and grains and from some years experience it has proved to H Stewart who wrote the foregoing from North Carolina in a letter to The Country Gen tleman that a sheep may be reared to full growth for seventyfive cents and wool may be grown for ten cents a pound with equal profit to that in the North at three times this price Land is remarkably cheap taxes are very light and while the greater part of the region is not supplied with easy transportation by rail yet wool may be grown with equal facility to that afforded on the Western plains The sheep now kept here are of the common native kind that have been crossed to some extent with the Southdown and the crosses make good sheep Recently the Cheviot and the Shropshire have been brought into the country and do remarkably well From Mr Stewarts experience of some years the Shropshire is the best pure breed for breeding the native flocksAUGUST CROP REPORT1893 135 IRISH POTATOES When should Irish potatoes be planted for second crop How late can sweet potato slips be set and make potatoes J G P Brook Station To raise a second crop of Irish potatoes the seed should be from the first crop and should be planted the latter part of June or early July Eor seed dig the potatoes early in the morning or late in the afternoon so that the sun will not strike them and dry them in the shade After they have lost a laige per cent of water cover them with moist earth so that they will sprout Then plant only those which have germinated In this way you will always be able to secure a good stand as otherwise many may fail to come up and a stand be lost So it is best to mulch the land so the soil will be sufficiently moist to withstand a dry season You can also provide yourself with an intermediate crop by planting a crop in May The seed for this crop should be potatoes of the previous year and the crop can be made certain by mulching In a favorable season a crop can be made when set out early in July We regard the first weeks in June as the time which will give the best results LEACHED ASHES What is the best way to utilize leached wood ashes Would they be good for turnips in conjunction with other fertilizers placed in drill at time of planting W D H J Daltou Ga Leached wood ashes if the leaching has been thorough contain more lime than any ingredient of value to the soil and therefore had best be used on crop3 that require a carbonaceous or lime soil They will be found of special value to peanuts or with other fertilizer material as a top dress ing forjjrass 2 We do not consider their fertilizing properties sufficiently concentrated to be used in the drill under turnips PASTURAGE Can I save oats or rye in my corn at the last plowing for pasturage H At the last plowing you can sow either oats or rye in your corn for pas turage We prefer the latter as we consider that rye makes the better pasture of the two Whether you secure a good pasture early in the fall will depend largely on the season but by the time it is required by the failure for your summer pasture the growth will be such as to be ready for grazing136 DEPARTMENT OE AGRICULTUREGEORGIA PIG EATING SOW Can you tell me what will keep a sow from eatiDg her pigs F T H Hartwell Let her feed be light for some time before farrowing If possible feed her with grass clover and occasionally some bran etc It is difficult to prevent a sow from eating her pigs who has once done so and the best thing to be done is to convert her into pork A fender in the pen may do some good and close watching prevent A BAD HABIT Can you inform me how to break cows from sucking themselves D O A There is quite an effectual way 8mear the teats with mucilage or some like sticky substance and then dust them with red pepper A very little wll do no harm and she will be satisfied with the tasteCircular No 6 Fifth Series j CROP REPORT EOR THE MONTH OF SEPTEMBER 1893 Returned o the Department of AoTicuture September 1 1HOH State of Georgia Department of Agriculture Atlanta Ga September 4 1893 GENERAL REMARKS In the report for August we remarked that for the month of July only limited areas had been subjected to the same weather conditions During the month of August this has even been more marked and we regret to say that trie area where the seasons have to any extent been propitious has become much more limited indeed the weather has been so unfavor able in some localities that the injury the crops have suffered has amounted almost to a disaster Some sections have suffered from too much rain while others have had rains followed by drouth with dry and parching winds injurious to all plants COTTON Since the last report the condition of this crop has fallen off 4 per cent and is now 79 27 and while these figures are slightly above those of last year yet the backwardness of the crop is such that it is liable to further injury and with only a small increase in acreage we are inclined to the opinion that the total yield for the State will not exceed that of last year With the low pricesprevailing it is imperative that the farmer should so handle his crop both in gathering and sheltering the bales as to be able to obtain the highest market price In that portion of the report given to the monthly talk of the commissioner special attention is called to the im portance of this matter138 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA CORN The condition of this crop has fallen off very greatly and is now 11 per cent below the corresponding period of last year Notwithstanding this the increased acreage will compensate for loss by reason of unfavorable seasons and the total yield will equal or exceed that of last year RICE The yield for this crop as shown by the tabulated statement promised to be almost an average Since the correspondent reported very disastrous storms have prevailed in this section resulting from the reports in enor mous damage to rice planters We can only hope that detailed accounts may show that the injury is not so widespread as reported TABULATED STATEMENT 05 SO X 03 O E SO fct D ej 03 o o O gfi o O CO c o c O C 3 o a Hi a fc s o 3Q do 03 K Cotton compared with an average 81 81 75g 79 79 Corn compared with an average 86J 85 94 77 94 88 96 Rice compared with an average 98 86 i 91 i 98 87 Sugar Canesorghum 85 92 92 99J Sweet Potatoes 831 90 941 83 95 911 Tobaccocondition 96 94 93 96 95 The month j ust passed has carried out the sameweather conditions as that which preceded it In some localities there has been too much rain for the proper development of the fruit or cotton although there is redundant weed growth Where these conditions exist the fields to a sup rfida ob server presen a most promising appearance but a closer inspection re veals the fact that there are more leaves than bolls or forms In other sec tions which suffered from a long continued drouth the rains have caused a most marked improvement and plant growth and development have been rapd In all the drouth regions however barring exceptionally ear y plantings the crop is backward and its ultimate size and yield will depend on the lateness of the fall uepenaSEPTEMBER CROP REPORT1893 139 RUST is also making its appearance showing the want of a proper distribution of the elements of plant growth Sometimes however after a long drouth heavy and repeated rains seem to produce a scalded condition of the plant causing it to shed its leaves and young bolls and this condition is fre quently mistaken for rust Again a highly nitrogenous manure not properly distributed and coming in contact with the roots will produce the same result But the experienced farmer can detect the difference be tween these conditions and the fungous growth of genuine rust As ex plained in last months report the most effective preventive of this de structive disease in cotton has been found to be judicious rotation that is planting other crops which offer no encouragement for the production of fungous growth notably grains and grasses It has also been demonstrated that the application of fertilizers running high on potash has accomplished good results in checking the disease Farmers should study these questions and in a small way experiment for themselves watching each result carefully For the next two months almost our entire time will be devoted to the of this great money crop of the South Every energy and every moment when the weather permits should be devoted to the housing of the staple the production of which has cost us so many months of hard and continuous labor and upon the successful marketing of which rest the hopes of not only our agricultural population but of the people at large ITS WIDE INFLUENCE Besides those actually engaged in itsproduction and marketing this crop furnishes employment to thousands of others clothes the world and is of more or less interest to every civilized nation on the globe The magnitude of its influence can scarcely be appreciated by those who have not studied the various reciprocal relations which control and direct the intricate machinery of the business world Within the narrow bounds of our own State we produce 35000000 worth of the staple and this crop though of late years made at an actual loss to the producer yet throws life and activity into every enterprise conducted within our own borders and extends out into the busy marts of other nations The eager eyes of the world are now turned to the South anxiously awaiting the tidings of fie coming crop To say that above all others ours is preeminently the most favored coun try for producing this great staple is but to state a fact which has been fully demonstrated In Egypt at one time considered a formidable rival the area on which cotton can be produced is limited and the same land is never planted in succession although the land is rich and labor cheap ten cents a day being the standard price The expenses of preparation and irrigation are such that every pound costs the producer ten cents In India the crop is of inferior grade the staple short and although labor is140 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA cheap and the plant perennial the cotton bears no comparison with that of American growth Our principal aim now should be to cheapen the cost of production to ourselves and thus drive out these foreign competi tors We know that we can produce it at a cost of less than ten cents and each point that we gain in cheapening its production but strengthens our position as master of the situation If but ten years ago we had de voted to this question the study we are giving to it today how different our position before the world If by a judicious rotation of crops and sys tematic manuring our lands were now stored with humus if we had studied the question of home supplies and its influence on our money crop in other words if we had learned to make our own provisions and make our cotton cheaper the present financial depression would not affect us so sen sibly Of course the farmer is a fellow sufferer with the men of other em ployments from the present FINANCIAL PRESSURE But the careful farmer who by judicious management and wise fore thought has made provision for ample home supplies while he may not escape the business depression is perhaps today the most independent man in the union He may read of the stringency of the money market of the heavy burdens pressing upon the laboring men of other classes he may realize that there is a cry going up from the masses not for bread but for workwork to help the countless women and children and give them food he may be told that men own thousands worth of property with ample collaterals yet cannot realize one dollar on them These rumors reaching his quiet home excite his sympathy and may cause a feeling of apprehension but they do not affect his personal security He hiis his home he has his provisions secured his cotton has been made at reasonable cost and although he may not live in luxury he is a stranger to the desperate struggle now going on in the business world In that world there is absolutely stagnation of trade The banker sits with his contracted brow and anxious expectancy awaiting telegrams from the business centers hoping for some improvement in the financial situation the merchant sees his trade diminished and depressed the artisan and mechanic sit inactive by workshop and bench the factory operative is suffering from enforced idleness every citizen of our State be he preacher lawyer doctor merchant farmer mechanic artisan or day laborer feels the effect of our financial condition Generally speaking however the farmers lot is a happy one when com pared with that of the thousands of workingmen in cities now thrown out of employment Of course there are exceptional cases Some sections of the State have been visited by severe and destructive storms and over a large portion of North Carolina a protracted drouth has cut off the yield of corn but as a rule the grain crops are good hogs are more plentiful and the cotton has been made more economically than heretofore Under usual conditions these facts would place the farmer on this vantage ground that he could use his discretion in selling his cotton and not sac rifice it at a ruinously low price But later when his obligations matureSEPTEMBER CROP REPORT1893 141 if there is no improvement in the financial condition he too will feel the pressure to be almost unbearable His cotton will be ready for market but unless times brighten there will be no money to move it or if he owes his debts will have to be settled on a basis of five or six cents cot tonperhaps less Under these circumstances what can he do Let him if possible save himself from this tremendous sacrifice by placing his cot ton with his merchant This will protect and maintain the credit of both And then let him join his voice with the millions who are protesting against our urjjust financial system which enables a few money lenders to corner the money of the country the South and the West being the victims while theShylocks of the East grow fat from their necessities and sufferings SAVING SEED FOR PLANTING In gathering the cotton crop care should be taken to save only the best seed for planting If the farmer cannot do this himself let him select a careful hand who will go through the crop and select the best bolls from the stalks and those from the middle crop are the most desirable as the top crop is not usually well matured and the bottom crop is generally more or less injured although good seed saved from the bottom or first crop gen erally mature earlier The utmost care must be taken in drying the seed and securing them against all injurious influences The seed corn should be selected in the same manner taking only well developed full ears from healthy vigorous stalks storing these carefully and at the same time reselecting and using only the perfect grains from the butt towards the middle of the ear rejecting the ends In storing away the corn crop a good plan is to sprinkle each layer as it is put in the barn with salt water this is a preventive of weevils often so destructive in the lower part of the State and also renders the the shucks more palata ble for feeding FALL CROPS I would again urge at the risk of being considered tedious that full crops of grain grass and clover be put in as far as practicable September is the month for getting in a stand for winter oats Bye and barley should also be sown and if we would have a good start with clover and grass now is the time to put them in Whatever is attempted in this line should be done thoroughly To succeed properly the land should be naturally good or should be made so by proper fertilization and the work should be thorough We only court disappointment when at the end of the fall we scratch in a few seed on our poorest land I again repeat that this is one cause of the usual failure of our fall sown grains Xecessa rily this work comes at an inconvenient time when we are absorbed in saving cotton bur the man who has fully made up his mind to lay the foundation for diversified crops and improved lands will find some plan for carrying out his intention There will be many days when the cotton is not in condition to be gathered These can be used in turning under the142 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA pea vines and sowing these fall crops Of course the man who has the most of his farm in cotton is debarred from these improved methods for it will be too late when the cotton is finally gathered to attempt them with profit which is but another plea for concentrating our cotton crop and re ducing the area and intensifying its preparation fertilization and cultiva tion A RECENT TKIP through some of the most flourishing counties of the State proved to me most conclusively the great change which is daily progressing in the mind of our farmers in regard to the diversity of our crops and the importance of closer attention to what might be termed the details of the farm There is a growing interest in good stock a manifest desire to raise more care is being shown in the selection of sires the question of judicious rotation of crops is being more closely studied Humus is greatly needed in most of our soils and intelligent farmers are beginning to realize that one of the most important subjects for study is as to the cheapest and most practical methods of storing it there Unquestionably peas and clover are the great nitrogen depositors and humus manufacturers but if any farmer will take the trouble to turn under in the fall even the growth of natural grass he will be surprised at the increased yield of the succeeding crops grown on this land over those where the land has been in clean culture thus denuded of every particle of vegetable matter and then hastily prepared in the spring for another crop It is by such experiments that we demonstrate the correctness of the assertion that our lands almost with exception need vegetable matter Farmers generally are beginning to realize this impor tant truth and to one who travels through the State and studies its agri cultural conditions the fact is patent that an era of better methods has already dawned p T Nesbitt CommissionerSEPTEMBER CROP REPORT1893 143 OATS Owing to the fact that oats are generally regarded as an exhausting crop they have not received the attention due to their value as a grain and forage crop While practical experience is of the greatest importance in deter mining the effect of a crop upon the soil still in the case of oats analysis does not show a greater amount of plant food to be taken from the soil than by other grain crops In advocating the sowing of oats we would not be understood as in any way favoring the crop if where permanent pas tures can be secured the oats for winter grazing and for forage are permitted to take the place In farm economy all crops have a place and none should use up the place of the other As grain food for work animals it is gen erally understood that oats are superior to corn and both should certainly be in the barn of every farmer enabling him to change the diet of his work animals As a staple crop this grain has been regarded as uncertain In our opinion this uucertanty is largely due to a failure to properly prepave and fertilize the soil and to sow in time At the time of year when the crop to be successfully grown demands the attention of the farmer he is busy in the cotton field so the day of sowing is postponed until it is too late to sow with promise of success Spring oats should be sown early in February Fall oats according to the rule laid down by the Experiment Station in which we concur north of a line joining Columbus Maoon and Augusta should be sown in September south of the line named in Octo ber and in the mountains even August sowing is advisable PREPARATION Before time for sowing arrives the land should be thoroughly prepared by plowing turning under all the vegetable matter If the land is heavy it will be found economical to use a twohorse turnplow On soft land a cutaway or disk harrow may be used without previous plowing In sow ing use from one and onehalf to three bushels depending on the soil and the crop expected to be raised At the Experiment Station nitrogenous or amnioniated fertilizers have proven the most beneficial under the oat The following is the last experiment of the station on this subject as it appears in Bulletin No 21 EXPERIMENTS WITH OATS The winter of 18923 was unfavorable for oats frequent hard freezes and intervening thaws injuring the stand and causing great irregularity But for a heavy fall of snow at one time the damage would have been much greater The results of the tests must therefore be accepted with con siderable allowance The yield of grain probably would have been twenty or twentyfive per cent greater had the stand been uninjured The results are given for what they are worth with some notes on each experiment144 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA TABLE IFertilizer lest on Oats Fertilizer per Acre Z Series of Four Plots each each Plot 110 Acre OD Plots 1 6 11 16 Plots 2 7 12 17 Plots 3 8 13 18 Plots 4 9 14 19 Plots 5 10 15 20 200 200 200 200 o Pi c 50 50 4lli 400 200 200 3980 39 To 3825 3672 27 52 The Fertilizer Test Table 1 was unsatisfactory on account of the poor stand which was due more to unfavorable conditions at sowing time than to the effects of cold The land was thin sandy pebbly soil with yellow clay subsoil origi nally very poor and no especial effort had been made to improve it With good manuring a yield of from twentyfive to thirty bushels of corn per acre had just been taken from it The land was plowed with a twohorse turnplow October 7th two and a half bushels of Appier oats sown broad cast per acre and covered with a spading harrow No conclusions can be ventured from the results TABLE II Variety Text of Or Fertilizer per Acre Variety2 Plots of each o p 50 3 03 CO s i a o 0 c X Ol 4a r p t z 2 3 a a O C Appier 241 Texas 241 Hunnicutt 24n Black Winter 241 Winter Turf 241 140 140 140 140 140 920 920 92o 920 920 4437 4609 4000 3421 4421SEPTEMBER CROP REPORT1893 145 For the reasons already give no positive conclusions can be drawn from the results of this experiment The seed were sown November 16 1892 three bushels per acre The laud was much better than that on which the fertilizer test was made but the stand was very defective and irregular owing to severe and repeated freezes No definite conclusions other than thefmere statement of the yield of each variety can be safely drawn TOP DRESSING WITH NITRATE OF SODA This experiment gives very significant results As the Table No 3 shows the two series of plots receive the game quantities of superphosphate and muriate of potash at the time of sowing November 171892 but series No 1 received 920 pounds of cotton seed meal per acre at that time while series No 2 received only half as much cotton seed meal On March 3 series No 2 received a top dressing of 207 pounds of nitrate of soda per acre es timated to be equivalent according to analysis to the 460 pounds of cotton seed meal The result strikingly shows the advantage of using less cotton seed meal on oats in the fall and supplying an additional dose of nitrogen in the form of nitrate of soda as a top dressing in the spring It is proba ble that had series No 1 received only 460 pounds of cotton seed meal in the fall the yield would have been quite as large as it was The cost of 920 pounds of cotton seed meal applied to series No 1 was substantially the same as the cost of 460 pounds of cotton seed meal and 207 pounds of ni trate of soda FERTILIZING FOR COTTON In view of the number of questions relative to fertilizing we publish the following conclusions which were taken from the work of the stations and appear in the Experiment Station Record The conclusions are based on experiments in Mississippi and elsewhere For sandy and sandy loam soils the author recommends from 200 to 600 pounds of a fertilizer containing two and a half per cent of nitrogen eight per cent of watersoluble phosphoric acid and two per cent of potash Red sandy lands with clay subsoil respond to a fertilizer containing three per cent of nitrogen and eight to ten per cent of watersoluble phosphoric acid Potash is not required Black and gray prairie soils do not respond to commercial fertilizers bu t need tile drainage and leguminous crops Yellow loam lands demand a fertilizer rich in potash with a small percentage of ni trogen and phosphoric acid The brown loam soils of the bluff formation respond well to fertilizers and require the same plant food as the sandy loam soils There are also brief directions for the care of stable manure making compost and applying fertilizers14li DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA INQUIRIES ANSWERED WORK OF THE STATIONS Bulletin No 21 of the Georgia Experimental Station contains interest ing articles on practical dairying experiments with oats etc The bulletins are sent to all persons actually engaged in farming who make request for the same and we would advise our farmers to avail themselves of the benefit of studying the experiment work conducted at the station On dairying in Georgia the director in the last bulletin says In Georgia and the South generally the close and often the fierce com petition that prevails between dairymen in other sections is not manifest Owing to the small number of persons engaged in dairying as a business the high price that dairy products command in the market and the inad equate supply dairying has proved a profitable industry near our cities and large towns in spite of the comparatively crude methods and lack of intelligent skill brought to bear Very few who have embarked in this line have failed of reasonable success and instances might be cited in which small fortunes have been the result of ten or fifteen years of indus trious application joined to very little skill and knowledge of the details of the business Dairying is thus becoming more and more popular and every year wit nesses an increase in the number of persons who are embarking in it and in the capital that is being devoted to it As any business grows in im portance and in the number of its followers competition becomes sharper and closer and the necessity for intelligence and skill becomes more manifest In the opinion of the writer based upon the judgment and experience of men who are familiar with the advantages of other sections and par ticularly the experience of Mr Wing the station dairyman Georgia pos sesses natural advantages of soil water and climate that should enable her to take high rank as a dairying State We believe that this industry fur nishes the most convenient and promising field into which to divert our energies and efforts from the past policy of Southern farmers which has failed to result in that profit and prosperity to which the climate and other natural resources entitle them SMUT What is the cause of smut in wheat and oats The spores seed of the smut attach themselves to the kernels of wheat or oats and are sown with them When the grain germinates the smut spores also germinate and enter the young plants growing and subsistingSEPTEMBER CROP REPORT189 147 on the inside of the plant until when the head appears it is smut instead of wheat or oats To kill the spores we recommend the Jansen or hot water treatment which has been thus given The farmer may use his ingenuity in regard to the treating of his wheat and oats and use whatever conveniences he has at hand any way so that he accomplishes the desired result One way we find convenient is to have a kettle in which to heat the water quite hot say 165 degrees Near this kettle place a barrel in which to treat the seed Fill this barrel about onehalf full of hot water from the kettle and then by adding either hot or cold water the temperature of the water in the barrel may be kept at the desired height It will be found very convenient to have the barrel in which the seed is to be treated sunk into the ground so that the top is only a foot or so above the surface Into this barrel dip the seed The dipping is easiy done by placing about a bushel of seed into a coarse gunny sack and fasten this sack to one end of a long pole used as a lever hung across a notched post The seed should be kept moving all the time while in the hot water and by using the pole this is easily done Oats may be treated just before sowing After taking them out of the barrel of hot water it is best to throw cold water over them to cool them off and then let them stand and drain two or three hours after which they may be sown broadcast Wheat dries much more readily so if spread out immediately after treat ing and left to dry a few hours it can then be sown broadcast or in a force feed drill As the grains will be considerably swollen after their treatment it is well to regulate the drill to feed from one to two pecks more per acre than with dry seed It will be readily seen that this method is in the reach of every farmer All that is required is one kettle one or two barrels and a coarse sack Two men in one day can treat enough oats to sow twenty acres or enough wheat to sow forty acres One caution to be observed is that of using no bags or dishes for treated seed that have been used for the untreated seed unless they have first been scalded The water should be at 135 degrees when the wheat or oats are put in Allow the grain to remain in the water for five minutes and keep the tem perature above 130 degrees Keep the seed moving all the time it is in the barrel by means of the pole to insure thorough treatment of all the seed Aim to keep the temperature as nearly 134 degrees as possible When the seed is first put in the temperature of the water will fall rapidly but by adding hot water it can be raised quickly to 134 degrees148 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA SOIL ANALYSIS What will a soil analysis cost A soil analysis will cost you about 50 and even this analysis would not be complete so as to be a positive guide as to fertilization We believe in soil analysis as the basis of general deductionsthat is that the character of the soil in a particular section maybe the better judged But do not think that such analyses are practicable for the individual farmer In view of the fact that much of our soil is very variable and in the same field a great difference is found experiments enable the farmer to form a much better judgment as to what the soil needs This can be done with no extra cost and with but little trouble If the farmer is accustomed to using the ordi nary commercial fertilizer by putting a few sacks of fertilizer material on different plots in the field he can vary the percentage so as to ascertain in what the soil is deficient By exercising good judgment as to the previous crops and their yield he will in the beginning be able to form some opin ion as to the demands of the soil and in applying his manure fertilizer ac cordingly We strongly advocate experimental work on every farm rather than complete reliance on the work of others or the chemist ROADS 1 Would it not be well to have a discussion as to the best method of ob taining good roads in the columns of the reports 2 Does not the raising of cattle and stock afreet the farmers as much as any crop If so why not have an inquiry column as to the number and condition A R I Gainesville 1 We believe the road question to be of the greatest importance to the farmer and to the prosperity of the entire country and we would be glad to hear from you and others on that subject 2 Questions relative to stock hogs and work animals appear from time to time in the circulars sent out by the department and we would appre ciate full answers Would also be glad to answer questions relative to stock in the columns ABOUT TOBACCO 1 At what height should tobacco be topped 2 Is there any way to hasten its maturity If so how 3 Should the sun ever be allowed to shine on tobacco after it is cut G W 8 Starkville 1 Topping does not depend on the height of the tobacco as this will vary greatly with variety and soil but should be done when there is enough button to get hold of 2 Pruning topping and suckering should not be done during a rain or when the plant is covered with dew for rust invariably resultsSEPTEMBER CROP REPORT1898 14 3 A hot sunlight in the middle of the day will burn the leaves therefore the plant should not be left in the field between 1030 a m and 230 p M for before or after those hours the sun is very hot RUST IN COTTON To what is rust due Common rust is due to the absence of potash in the soil and an addi tional amount of this element of plant food should be used For land subject to mosaic or common rust the fertilizer should contain more potash than is usually placed in a commercial fertilizer See that you use a fertilizer with a large per cent of potash TOBACCO BARN Please give me a description of a tobacco barn Have sent you a description of a tobacco barn issued by the department which will give you the information you desire Should others desire in formation on this subject we will gladly send it by mail TURNING LAND What is the best time to turn land that was sown in oats last fall It has a good crop of rag weeds on it L A McC Turn the land just as soon as the weeds are matured If turned green by fermentation the soil looses a portion of the fertilizing properties of the plants On the other hand waste also ensues if the weeds are left stand ing too long Can I buy seed wheat or other seed that have been tested at the station T A I Lavonia You can buy from dealers the same varieties as are used at the station Select the variety with which from the experiments you are pleased and we will inform you where they can be bought SUBSOILINCi Would it be profitable to subsoil low pine land that has no clay and has been in cultivation for about thirty years J W R It would not in our opinion be profitable to subsoil land of this character150 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA SPRAYING FOR BLIGHT We have before us a number of inquiries relating to blight in pear and apple trees and in potatoes At the Hatch Experiment Station of Massa chusetts elaborate experiments have been conducted covering these and other plants which we reproduce recommending in the case of pear blight that the infected parts be removed by cutting The cutting should be well done on the affected parts We will give these questions and answers in our next reDort Geo W Harrison State Printer Atlanta GaCircular No 7 Fifth Series j CROP REPORT I FOR THE MONTH OF OCTOBER 1893 Returned to the Department of Agriculture October 1 1SQ3 State of Georgia Department of Agriculture i Atlanta Ga October 4 1893 f The same weather conditions that we have mentioned in previous re ports of unequal distribution of snushine and rain have continued during the month of September So marked has this feature of the season been that in rainfall we are presented as shown by the report of the weather bureau for the month with a rainfall of 1761 inches in Mt Vernon while in Marietta the fall was only 105 A difference so great must necessarily result in a wide difference in the crops in various parts of the State The general tendency however of this unequal distribution has been to lower the condition of all crops In the August report the estimate of the department on our staple crop was that it would not exceed that of last year The reports received from our large number of correspondents for the present month verify this forecast and we are satisfied that notwithstanding the small increase in acre and the large increase in the use of commercial fertilizers that the prospect is such that the yield will accord with our estimate The estimate of the weather bureau has been confused with that of this department and through the press many reports have been circulated that the estimate of the department was that the crop would exceed that of last year 100000 bales We regret this exceedingly as we are anxious152 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA that no confusion should arise or question as to the future or present re port of the department Last year the almost absence of a top or second crop had the effect of greatly reducing the yield This year we are confronted with the same condition in even a more marked degree and notwithstanding the late ness of the crop it will be virtually all gathered during the month of Oc tober For this reason large receipts may be expected during this month with rapid decrease immediately after The early maturity and absence of a top crop are due to the changeable character of the season wet weather followed by drought parching winds and the unequal distribution of rain throughout the State which we have illustrated It will be seen from reference to the tabulated statement that the con dition and prospects since September report has fallen off 5 17 To the figures of the correspondents we are able to add the personal observations of the Commissioner who has visited a large number of coun ties since the last report These observations and inquiries corroborate the estimates of correspondents CORN Notwithstanding the gloomy outlook as a result of want of rain the yield of this crop with the increase of acreage will exceed that of last year and in this connection it is gratifying to note that the tendency of the Georgia farmer is towards independence of the growers of the west HOG PRODUCTS While in several localities the cholera has greatly damaged the pork prospects yet considering the State at large we are pleased that we are able to congratulate our farmers on the fact that the reports evidence that fact that the yield in Georgia of Georgia cured hams and bacon will be greater than for a number of years When we recall that in antebellum days the State produced onefifteenth of the hog meat of the Union we can see no reason why Georgia should not in this industry become a source of supply instead of demandDepartment of Agriculture Atlanta Ga October 1 1893 Cotton picking is now the allabsorbing work but there are other duties belonging to this season which if a different system were adopted would be considered as important and command an equal share of attention On most Georgia farms this duty of saving the cotton takes precedence of and overshadows every other because of the large area devoted to this crop because it is regarded as the only money crop of the South because the farmer must hurry to get out enough to meet his obligations now ma turing and because if left standing in the fields beyond a certain period it sustains irreparable injury from wind and weather It is not therefore to be wondered at that other duties must lie in abeyance that the fall preparation and fall crops are generally neglected and also that much cot ton is forced on the market wbich could otherwise quietly await favorable prices LET US CONSIDER tbis question Suppose every Georgia farmer had in the past made it a part of his farm economy to sow largely in the fall of oats rye and barley with enough wheat where it can be raised for home consumption had each spring put in full crops of corn peas sorghum potatoes ground peas and by this policy and by concentration in work and fertilization had not only reduced the area but also the cost of cotton production We would now witness in one State at least agricultural independence For although the unequal pressure of our national legislation might fall most heavily on the business of the farmer he could bear up against the unjust load and while other men and other avocations might be swept away in the general destruction he being grounded on the rock of home supplies could weather the storm and emerge if not unharmed at least with life and limb and strength to begin the struggle anew Because I am more and more impressed with the importance of this mo mentous question I would again urge its careful study No one knows better than I the difficulties in the way of changing a cotton farm into one of diversified crops No one more fully understands the feeling of uncer tainty with which a man embarks into a new and untried system after fol lowing its opposite all his life To one who has been accustomed to selling a hundred bales it seems like starvation to be reduced to a half or a fourth of that amount and yet paradoxical as it may seem the smaller amount may be made to represent more actual cash than the larger But this muchtobedesired result cannot be reached by the old haphazard meth ods Careful study must be given not only to the plants their habits and needs but to soils and soil conditions to fertilizers and their properties154 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA to their elements available and suited to the lands and the crops under cul tivation to the system of plowing which will best bring to the surface the elements existing even in our poorest lands and last but not least the best and cheapest plan of restoring fertility to lands worn by years and years of successive cotton and corn culture In the history of our agricultural country there have been three periods First the strictly pastoral stage with only a sufficient area under cultiva tion to afford bread the inhabitants depending on flocks and herds for sources of supply As the population increased and a more urgent neces sity arose for larger bread supplies the forests were felled and the lands being fresh and filled with humus a moderate application of energy caused the yields from all crops to be abundant The barns were filled cotton was king the farmers were independent and contentment marked the second era But population has wonderfully increased cultivated lands after a long series of years in which everything has been done to deplete nothing to build up have at last rebelled and we find ourselves struggling against the third and perhaps most difficult era in which our lands do not respond as formerly and we are compelled if we would realize remunera tive returns to resort to some system of renovation and rotation Even in the grain growing Middle and Eastern States the lands show such a marked decline that the farmers have been compelled to substitute other crops and turn their attention to more careful systems of rotation and cul tivation In many instances the farmers becoming discouraged have em igrated to the newer and more fertile Western lands where they again sub due the forests or bring under cultivation the rolling prairies In our own section comparatively new there are thousands of acres once covered with magnificent forest growth which from our prodigal use of their resources and our want of care in preserving them against destruction are practically abandoned the gullies widening and growing deeper with every shower and nearly every atom of available plant food either leached out by winter rains or burnt out by our long summer suns These bare lands are wast ing lands It has been proven in England by careful experiment that even a poor soil without vegetation loses annually by drainage nitrates equivalent to 224 pounds per acre of sodium nitrate The naked land itself left bare wastes by natural drainage that amount of this fertilize per acre What a powerful argument in favor of covering these lands with some crop peas clover rye that will arrest this waste make some return for the labor and at the same time accumulate a supply of nitrogen for future crops If you are unable to do this at least cover it with Japan clover that is in localities suited to clover which will deposit nitrogen in the soil and hold it there for future use This plant will grow easily without care or attention and besides benefitting the land will furnish pasture for stock I am aware this UPBUILDING is slow and tedious work and that we can only work on a limited area each year but the era of exhaustion is upon us and we must meet it sue OCTOBER CROP REPORT1893 155 cessfully or go to the wall A beginning has already been made On many farms the fields of cow peas that hope of Georgia farmers are now ready for the reaper and attest the effort that is being made to return to the soil some of the fertility that we have so ruthlessly destroyed But we must broaden the foundation and there is much work that can be done on a Southern farm at this season not so much with a view to pres ent returns as to laying a solid basis for future operations The oat crop throughout the State ought to be in the ground by the middle of this month as later sowings are always liable to winter killing Rye and bar ley can be sown much later and wherever possible heavy seedings of these should be put in These green crops not only contribute a large quota to the food supply for man and beast but feed the land also and put it in better condition for the coming summers crops The bulk of the crop will be sown in the next few weeks As I have advised before even in those sections where wheat is not a paying money crop each farmer should sow enough to supply his family and this with the improvement to his land will reconcile him to the work The following on wheat which I quote from a valued exchange so clearly and forcibly treats of this subject that I feel it cannot be improved upon What farmers need to learn in wheat growing districts is the great value of a regular rotation in which a leguminous crop immediately pre cedes the wheat Instead of putting wheat in roughly on corn ground with a sprinkling of fertilizer to make a crop and leave the land worse off how much better it would be to sow the annual wintergrowing crimson clover with the same amount of fertilizer among the corn in August or September let it be pastured whenever fit to be trodden in winter and in May plow it under and sow the land in cow peas broadcast The result would be a big crop of pea vine hay for stock and manure making and a preparation for a wheat crop far more certain than the notoriously uncer tain cornground wheat And if you find it difficult to cure the pea vines as hay run them through the cutter when in full pod and make the best ensilage that can be made for cows With plenty of ensilage clover hay and wheat straw and plenty of good stock to eat them the road to big wheat crops rich land and independence is open and a farm enriched will always enrich the farmer as fast as a rundown farm will run him down Another subject very little understood and therefore very little practiced at the South is FALL PLOWING It is contended by many Southern agriculturists that the advantages to be gained by deep plowing of land are not for our section Their idea is that as we do not have the heavy freezes of more northern latitudes which were to disintegrate the land the benefits to us are not commensurate with the labor and that from the packing heavy winter rains much of our work has to be gone over in the spring This is in a measure true and if156 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA this disintegration were the only advantage their position would be well taken But there are other and equally stroug reasons for deep fall plow ing more especially on our stiff red lands which are only in rare instances thoroughly worked Among these reasons in favor of deep fall plowing are the following The loosening turning and aeration of the subsoil the prevention of washing the storing of moisture from the winter rains which falling on unplowed lands pass off carrying with them much of the top soil the bringing to the surface of the mineral elements which are stored in sufficient quantities in all our lands and for which in the form of commercial phosphates and potash we each year pay out large sums These locked up stores to become available must be brought to the surface and there combined with vegetable matter and fall under the direct action of the rains the frosts and the atmosphere By this deep fall plowing we open the door through which nature yields up these treas ures Jeff Welborn high authority in such matters says that by deep plowing of red lands as early as possible in fall and winter and then cul tivating in peas to supply the necessary nitrogen heavy crops can be made and the land improved each year He has proved his faith by his woiks and certainly his eminent success should encourage others to try the same plan being assured that it is not an empty theory Let me urge this plan upon the attention of our farmers Let each one try a small area as an experiment doing the work thoroughly and having once satisfied himself as to its utility and practicality let him appropriate the minerals dominant in his soil and thus avoid these heavy obligations for fertilizers which are now hastening his cotton on the market I do not mean that he can dispense altogether with the use of commercial fer tilizers for in conjunction with green crops they are an important adjunct in this work of renovation but I do say that the man who is able to do this fall plowing following it with leguminous crops will attain to surpris ing results and at far less cost CUT THE GRASS which all over the State now covers the corn fields and which where peas were thinly sown has sprung up offering the farmer a beautiful crop of the very best hay far superior to that imported from other States We not only need it on our farms but there is a ready market in the towns for a good article well cured The farmer who allows this to waste may yet have to buy the imported article with some of his hardearned and not too abundant cotton money R T Nesbitt CommissionerINQUIRIES ANSWERED I SPRAYING FOB BLIGHT The following interesting matter should have appeared in our last report but was omitted on account of the unusual amount of matter before us FOB THE APPLE Spray for the destruction of the spores of the apple scab and leaf blight with sulphate of copperblue vitriolone pound to twentyfive gallons of water or sulphate of ironcopperasone pound to two gallons of water For destruction of the tent caterpillar caukerworm and bud moth use the Bordeaux mixture onehalf strength with Paris green one pound to one hundred and fifty gallons just before the blossoms unfold and for the same and the coddling moth as soon as the petals have fallen Make a third application of the Bordeaux mixture and Paris green in about two weeks from the time the petals fall Should there have been heavy rains since the last application then use the ammoniacal carbonate of copper one pound to fifty gallons of water at intervals of from two to four weeks according to the weather until the middle of August We would recommend the trial of sulphate of copper one pound to five hundred and eight hundred gallons of water after the middle of June Should no rain occur after the use of any fungicide or insecticide no fur ther application need be made until it does rain but if the interval has been long spraying should immediately follow a heavy rain FOB THE PEAK For the pear scab leaf blight and sucking of the fruit and coddling moth the same treatment should be given as for the apple except that no Paris green need be used until after the petals have fallen and only two applications of that need be made If the pear tree psylla should appear spray the trees thoroughly with kerosene emulsion one part to twenty parts of water FOB THE PLUM We would advise the same treatment as given to the apple and pear for the plum leaf blight black wart and the fruit rot For the plum curculio use the Bordeaux mixture onehalf strength with Paris green one pound to two hundred gallons One application of the ammoniacal carbonate of copper should be made after the middle of August to prevent the rotting of thefruit and the leaf blight158 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA FOE THE PEACH To destroy the plum curculio spray with the Bordeaux mixture one fourth strength and Paris green one pound to two hundred gallons For the fruit rot spray with the ammoniacal carbonate of copper one pound to fifty gallons of water Try the sulphate of copper one pound to one hundred gallons of water for the fruit rot FOB THE GRAPE Spray with the concentrated solution of the sulphate of copper every part of the vines and trellis before the buds unfold Just before the blos som buds unfold spray with the Bordeaux mixture onehalf strength with Paris green one pound to one hundred gallons As soon as the petals have fallen spray again with the same then at intervals of about two weeks use the ammoniacal carbonate of copper one pound to twentyrive gallons Try the sulphate of copper one pound to five hundred and seven hundred gallons of water at the same intervals FOB BASPBEBBY AND BLACKBERBY For the anthracnose of the blackcaps and the yellow rust of the black berry use the concentrated solution of sulphate of copper before the buds open Then spray with the Bordeaux mixture onehalf strength or the ammoniacal carbonate of copper before the blossom buds unfold and two or three times after the fruit has been gathered at intervals of two or three weeks The first disease attacks the canes principally and more at tention in spraying should be given to them than to the leaves FOB THE STBAWBEEBY Spray with the Bordeaux mixture onehalf strength and Paris green one pound to one hundred gallons for the leaf blight and the spotted paria as soon as growth begins in the spring Just before the blossoms open use the Bordeaux mixture same strength but no Paris green After the fruit has been gathered Paris green and the Bordeaux mixture should be used if the bed or field is to be carried through another season FOB THE POTATO As soon as the larvse of the potato beetle begin to appear spray with the Bordeaux mixture onehalf strength and Paris green one pound to one hun dred gallons Use the same mixture as often as they appear in sufficient numbers to be injurious If the weather be warm and moist applications should be made at intervals of from one to three weeks after the vines have blossomed of the Bordeaux mixture one halfstrength or the am moniacal carbonate of copper one pound to fifty gallons of water even if there are no larvse present The sulphate of copper one pound to five hundred gallons should also be tried on a small scale to test its value STBAWBEBBIES Will you please tell me how to make a strawberry bed H L I Marietta GaOCTOBER CROP REPORT18l 159 In making a strawberry bed you should first select soil as near as possi ble adapted to the plant Select rich well drained moist land though if unable to obtain to this by a liberal use of manure you will be able to secure good crops PREPARATION Thorough preparation is essential to a numerative crop Subsoil your laud to the depth of 14 inches and pulverize the soil thoroughly by har rowing uotil in a perfect condition MANURING On the subject of manuring the Director of the Experiment Station says Well rotted stable manure and wood ashes if applied liberally will in any soil result in increased yield Such manures ought to be broadcasted and well incorporated into the soil Commercial fertilizers bone dust and superphosphate with potash salts and cotton seed meal or crushed cottonseed are highly recommended Bonedust mixture with wood ashes or muriate of potash instead should be used at the rate of at least one half ton of the former and thirty to forty bushels of the ashes or two hun dred and fifty pounds of muriate of potash instead A good fertilizer which has given excellent results at the station may be mixed at home by using at the rate per acre of 1000 pounds acid phosphate 250 pounds mu riate of potash and 500 pounds of cotton seed meal this might be supple mented early in spring with top dressing of 200 pounds of muriate of soda per acre In our experiments we have gen erally attained better results from chemi cal fertilizers than from stable manure The latter is too stimulating and heating in its character producing a rank growth of leaves and runners at the expense of the fruit while in case of drouth the plant will suffer and often die Strawberries require a cool moist soil therefore any heating manures must be avoided The fertilizer experiments at the sta tion the last season point in the same direction highly ammoniated fer tilizers produce increased foliage aud runners but when the fruiting sea son began we were disappointed in the promise We also have observed that we obtain finer firmer more highly colored and better flavored ber ries from a fertilizer containing a smaller percentage of nitrogenous matter We can safely conclude that it is within our ability to a certain ex tent to force the growth of our plants in a certain direction by using the proper fertilizer materials But we must impress the cultivator again with the necessity of supplying a very liberal amount of plant food if a large crop and large berries is to be the result of our endeavors The expense of labor in cultivating plants etc is the same on a highly as a poorly cul tivated soil and as cultivation is the only source of expense after the bed is established our failure or success hinges on a liberal supply of plant food MULCHING The object of mulching is somewhat different in colder countries than in our latitude There the plants are thus protected from severe freezing160 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA and repeated thawing in winter In our latitude we multch to protect our plants from the injurious effect of the hot sun and to keep the ground moist METHOD OF PLANTING In regard to planting there are two methodsthe hill and matted row system For the best results we advise the former system which occa sions larger results are obtained from the latter nevertheless more perfect fruit and plants are developed under the former and the crop is more as sured Plant twelve to fifteen inches apart in rows three feet and prevent spreading by keeping the runners down This article is necessarily limited and those who desire to engage in strawberry culture as an industry we would advise the purchase of a good work on the subject The work of the station can be secured free by addressing R J Redding Director Experiment Ga and requesting Bolletin 15 HOBN FLY We have a small fly in this county which worries the cattle very much Can you give me a remedy for them H I T In the October reporr of 1892 and the July report of this year you will find a description of this fly which is the horn fly also remedies The fol lowing from the Breeders Gazette contains further information on the subject They worry cattle until they become thin and weak and take special delight in massing by thousands and thousands all over the entire body of weak and defenseless animals as these animals become powerless to op pose them And in another way they will or may cause the death of thousands of stock It is in this way They eat or suck blood about in spots on cattleon theneck dewlap back of the shoulder blades and under the belly of the animals The spots when first discernible have a dry ap pearance of the cuticle with the hair eaten off short and stubby close to the skin as if burned off These spots may be about the size of a nickel or as large as a dollar but more oftener of the smaller or intermediate size The cuticle is next eaten or dissolved away and a raw bloody sore results which the pest continues to molest One breeder has applied the following mixture to the pests and finds it knocks them every time Take kerosine spirits of turpentine sulphur and crysalic ointment and mix them well and rub or sprinkle it on the cows I used it four weeks ago and the flies have not bothered the cows since Yet another farmer has sprayed upon his herds a strong kerosene mix ture and found it effective MITES Can you tell me how to rid my poultry house and fowls of mites A P A Rex The question is one frequently asked by those who take an interest in the small things of the farm which add so much to the comfort and profit of farmingOCTOBBER CROP REPORT1893 101 Provide your fowls with a good dust bath to which sulphur has been added Get a gallon more or less of crude petroleum and with a spray ing bellows if you have it or with a brush if you have nothing better thoroughly saturate every part of the inside of the poultry houses This will rid them of every vestige of lice large or small and as the small lice or mites mostly leave the fowls in the morning it will in a couple of ap plications rid them of the pests A little lard oil and kerosene half and half applied under the wings of the birds will kill all the large lice thatare on them But every person who has many fowls should have some kind of spraying apparatus and with this spray the house once a month with kerosene emulsion This can be quickly done and will keep everything perfectly clean SCOURS I I My calves have the scours very badly Can you give me a remedy H J H Bolton Scalding the milk will usually remedy diarrhoea in calves and this is much better than using drugs which are apt to injure digestion In ob stinate cases a puffball squeezed into the milk and mixed with it will remedy matters at once But it is unfortunate if such irregularities in digestion are allowed to occur They commonly result from improper methods of feeding COMPOST How much compost can I use to the acre L A I In the use of all fertilizers the character of the soil must be considered it is difficult to name a land under proper conditions Replying to a simi lar question but Furmans reply was It is hard to use too much In France the average is 20000 pounds to the acre A Georgia farmer will hardly average 100 pounds to the acre I will average 10000 pounds next year Nothing pays near so well LIME Will lime be a benefit to pasture lands and how should it be applied S I H Lime as a top dressing will prove beneficial It should never be ap plied in a caustic state but only after being airslaked and mixed with much ashes road washings decomposed sods or other wastes and never mix with stable manure or plowed under TRANSPLANTING TREES When is the best time to transplant trees O T Trees can be successfully transplanted either in the fall or spring much de pending upon the season as to the degree of success As a rule we prefer to transplant in the fall62 DEPARTMENT qE AGRICULTUREGEORGIA TO PREVENT GALLING We have frequent inquiries relative to galled work animals and as we believe that an ounce of preventative is worth a pound of cure present the following on the subject of gearing horses Our farmers are too apt to pay but little attention to their work animals and in the hands of care less hired labor not only does the stock suffer but actual financial loss occurs Few farmers properly appreciate the importance and economy of keep ing good gear and frequently overlook the gearing of their work team A horse can do onethird more work with less fatigue when properly geared If the few following rules are systematically carried out you will never have a galled animal See that the collars fit properly and never allow them to be left in the sun at feeding time Make your teamster keep a piece of glass at the stable and scrape off carefully all the perspira tion rubbing well with a corn cob or hand after scraping Bo this every morning Keep a lump of beef tallow on hand and grease twice a week after scraping In warm weather when the animals perspire freely have the shoulders washed clean every night when watered Do this and you will never have a galled horse In the spring of the year when flies and gnats are troublesome grease the ears and neck of your horses with a little grease in which has been mixed a little kerosene oil and the little pests will not worry them so much ITEMS OF INTEREST REPLIES TO SHORT INQUIRIES Sheep enrich laud very materially when feeding over it The great bane of clover fields after a catch has been secured is weeds Scientific agriculture is a big name but it only means intelligent farming When a cucumber is allowed to ripen on the vine the latter will cease bearing Ducks do best on a variety of food with plenty of grass and a little grain at night If horses are allowed to graze for an hour or so after the days work they will be all the better for it Rye may be sown as soon as oats and early potatoes are harvested and will afford a good bite for stock in the fall After wheat is stacked it should not be threshed until it has gone through the sweat which generally takes about six weeks In bee keeping use no moth traps or complicated hives If you use a good frame hive and keep your colonies strong you need not fear the moth It is claimed that a full feed of hay to horses following the feeding ofOCTOBER CROP REPORT1803 163 concentrated food is wasteful for the reason that it crowds the first out of the stomach before proper digestion has been accomplished And so in order to secure best results hay should be fed at first and the concentrated food afterwards TOMATOES AT THE MARYLAND STATION In a bulletin of the Maryland station are given data in regard to the testing of 33 varieties of tomatoes from which it is learned that as regards earliness the best results were obtained with Earliest of All Table Queen Paragon Ignotum No 10 Long Keeper Michigan Cumberland Red and Favorite The largest yields were given by Baltimore Prize Taker Cumberland Red Chemin No 5 Mitchell Money Maker Paragon Perfection Purple Queen Red Queen and Royal Red An experiment with different fertilizers for tomatoes is also reported The results were undoubtedly materially affected by unfavorable weather The largest yield was given by the plat on which dissolved boneblack was used alone and the next largest wbere a complete fertilizer was applied SUBSTITUTES FOR GLASS GREENHOUSES Trials with paper and oiled cloth as reported by Professor L H Bailey of the New York Cornell station indicate that these are unsatisfactory substitutes for glass in greenhouse roofs during the winter For sum mer or late spring use oiled muslin is fairly satisfactory Plants which require a heavy shade in summer can be grown to advantage under sucli a roof In the summer of 1891 we found a cloth roofed house to be an ex cellent place for flowering the tuberous begonias Raw eggs are good to cure scours in young stock One egg makes a good dose Give plain or in boiled milk Give fattening cattle as much as they will eat and oftenfive times a day Never give rapid changes of food but change often A good guide for a safe quantity of grain per day to maturing cattle is one pound to every hundred of their own weight Thus an animal weighing 1000 may receive ten poundsTABULATED STATEMENT S3 03 cj M o SB U u o O o 5ij O o o O 0 n3 a O m 43 5 3 CO S3 35 Cotton compared with an average 80 81 lb 77 78 Corn compared with an average 86 85 93 77 97 87 Susar Canesorghum 85 83 96 92 90 94 92 94 93 91 83 96 87 95 89 Sweet Potatoes 91 Tobaccocondition 95 Hi REPORT OF T1IK Commissioner of Agriculture STATE OF GEORGIA Year Ending September 30 1893 E T NESBITT Commissioner ATLANTA GA Geo W Harrison State Printer The Franklin Printing and Publishing Co 1893REPORT To His Excellency W J Northern Governor In compliance with the statute I have the honor of transmitting a report of the transactions of the Department of Agriculture for the fiscal year ending September 30 1893 As your Excellency is aware the work of this department may be divided into three distinct branches i e The general work or that relating specifically to the farm dairy etc the Fertilizer De partment and the Oil Department Under the head of the first branch I have seen no reason to change the policy adopted last year either as to methods of distribution of literature or fhe con duct of general affairs The effect of the change in the form of agricultural matter from the supplement to plates delivered and printed in the weekly and a part of the daily press has been illus trated as manifestly beneficial by a much more widespread interest in the work The correspondence of the Department upon this line has greatly increased and I trust that the day is not far distant when all the farmers of the State will regard the department as their friend created to aid them in their efforts toward agricultural progress The matter of diversification upon which so much de pends I believe to be daily more impressed upon our farmers and the cribs and smokehouses of the State are freer today from the corn and meat of the West than for many years A striking evi dence of this is found in the decrease in the amount of freight of this character carried by the railroads of the State Again it is gratifying to report that during the year from the wiregrass section of the State over 20000 live hogs were shipped to Chicago to form a portion of the output of the great packing houses In ante helium days Georgia stood fifteenth in the number of hogs raised in170 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA the State and we see no good reason that in this essential to pros perity she should not again becomea source of supply instead of demand COTTON In regard to our great staple crop we regret to say that from re ports received aud personal observation the crop will be a very short one which without better prices tends greatly to discourage our agricultural interest However the steps we have made toward independent agriculture will largely compensate for the loss result ing from low prices and enable our farmers to better resist the de pressed condition at present prevailing In regard to themonthly reports of the department a new fea ture has been introduced in the form of an inquiry column and we hope the large number of questions embracing nearly every feature of farm work thus publicly answered will result iu a wider study of agriculture and a more general adoption of improved methods GLANDERS I had the honor in my last report to call your Excellencys at tention to the spread of this loathsome and destructive disease and through you of recommending such remedial legislation as the General Assembly in its wisdom should deem best Many demands have been made on the Department for examina tion and investigation of cases While we have been unable to in vestigate all suspicious cases and while such investigations cannot result in more than a diagnosis of the case yet I have seen proper to send an expert to look iuto the last two cases called to the atten tion of the department and to report on the same These cases were located in the counties of Stewart and Early and the follow ing is the surgeons reportANNUAL REPORTIS 171 Atlanta Ga September 30 1893 t lo the Honorable R T Nesbitt Commissioner of Agriculture of Georgia Dear SirAt your request I have recently visited the couu lies of Early and Stewart State of Georgia to investigate a conta gious disease said to exist among the live stock of those counties and after a careful examination beg leave to submit the following report I visited Early county first four miles south of Arling ton At the mills of Mr W A Carter I found two cases of glan ders in two distinct forms namely acute glanders and chronic glanders The acute case presented all of the essential symptoms that are prominent in this fatal disease namely a discharge from both nostrils ulcerated patches on mucous membrane lining nostrils swelling on both sides of lower jaw in submaxillary space heavy breathing legs swollen Those are symptoms that the ordinary observer can readily see is glanders iathe acute form The chronic case in the family driving horse is a form that may be easily over looked or mistaken for a mild cold or an attack of catarrh and is the form most to be dreaded as the animal thus affected may live for years while every animal that comesin contact with him may die with the disease in acute form Tire prominent symptoms in this case were the occasional discharge of a glutinous substance slight swelling in submaxillary space the swelling sometimes get ting quite large and again receding complete absence of cough the urine very light colored showing symptoms of diabetis The general appearance would indicate very good health unless care fully examined In view of the fact that this horse had been fed with other mules and horses for some time it is highly probable that a short time will develop a good many more cases of glanders in that sec tion In Stewart county seven and a half miles north of Lumpkin Mr Chambly had just lost a mule that no doubt died with chronic glanders as he was known to have had a discharge from the nose for over two years On a farm near by I found a mule the property of Mr Holman172 DKPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA suffering with a chronic case of farcy This disease is analogous with glanders only differing in the primary symptoms which arc sudden swellings on different parts of the body differing in size from a bean to a large abscess which when opened discharge an oily amber colored fluid the urine becomes very lightcolored show ing same as in glanders symptoms of diabetin In most cases in Southwest Georgia the disease is traceable to the introduction of Texas stock The ravages of this dread disease promise to be a fruitful source of litigation in the next court of Stewart county and unless more active measures aie taken by the legislature of this State the seed of this disease will bring aharvest that will annihilate the prospects of many a poor farmer Respectfully J N Cook Veterinary Surgeon The recommendations here made we commend to the considera tion of your Excellency and the General Assembly trusting that agitation of the question will result in beneficial legislation PUBLICATIONS The publications of te department we believe to be a potent factor in the work it accomplishes In this regard we would call special attention to the almost imperative demand for a handbook descriptive of the resources of the State in order that the depart ment may be equipped to fulfill its functions in the matter of im migration The old handbook of the State and the Commonwealth of Georgia while excellently presenting the claims of the State and its resources that would induce immigration at the date of their publication in many respects do not represent our present progress and agricultural development Especially is this true of our great growth in the melon orchard small fruit and trucking industry calculated as they are to encourage the location of a desirable class of citizens For these reasons I would advise that such appropria tion as is thought proper be made out of the fees collected through the department for the revision of the old Commonwealth or the preparation and publication of a new work Appropriations I amANNUAL REPORTISO 173 aware are always and most properly regarded with caution as none of the moneys of the State ought to be expended without the benefits derived are commensurate with the sum spent In this particular matter I am convinced that to furnish a complete answer to the large number of inquiries that come direct to this depart ment and also through other departments of State and from vari ous outside sources would be of great value Such a work giving full information as to what Georgia at present offers the home seeker would I feel assured result in a desirable class of immi gration increasing the wealth of the State and developing our re sources I am further led to advise this appropriation for the reason that the department is entirely selfsustaining and besides pays into the treasury of the State each year a sum beyond its ex penditures a part of which could very properly be devoted to the purposes for which the department was created SEED The seed sent out by the department for the year have been care fully selected with a view of diversifying our agriculture and as a guide to the selection of proper varieties adapted to our soil and climate The results of these distributions have been more benefi cial than I had at first supposed and have led to the introduction and cultivation of several advantageous varieties of seed throughout the State and have also directed attention to the importance of a better and more careful selection of seed for staple crops CHEMICAL DEPARTMENT The work of the State Chemist and his assistants will be dealt with specifically in the report from that department but I wish to call your Excellencys attention to the large number of determina tions of minerals waters etc The State Chemist is not charged with these duties but as we regard them as beneficial to the State and citizen we have endeavored when not jrevented by other duties to have these determinations accurately performed A tabulated statement of the most important determinations of this character can be found in Bulletin 26 of the department174 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICELTUREGEORGIA COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS This branch of the service in charge of the department is of the greatest importance to the farmer embracing as it does a system of inspection of fertilizers and fertilizer material provided for the purpose of protecting him against frauds On the abolition of the old system of bulk inspection in some quarters misgivings were felt lest the new law should fail to furnish as perfect protection Last year the superiority of the new law was evident and after the second year of its operation I am induced to regard it with even greater favor and to consider it compared to the laws in other States the most perfect system now in force The esteem in which it is held by the commissioners of other States is evidenced by many inquiries on the subject of its operation During the year errors in shipment where in sacking the wrong fertililizer has been placed in the bags have been unerringly de tected and the error rectified to the advantage of the purchaser In these instances there was apparently no evidence of an intention to defraud but rather of carelessness in the sacking of goods which might possibly have resulted in injury to either purchaser or seller Under the old law the detection of such cases was impossible and even under the present law such contingencies call for the closest supervision and more frequent trips by each inspector over the ter ritory of which he has charge INSPECTORS The number of inspectors has been increased from six to twelve but with such a reduction in wages and term of service as does not call for a larger expenditure in salaries and the result of this change is a more efficient and farreaching service The following list gives the name of the inspectors with the amount received by each and the term for which employed under new commissions issued November 12 1892 and January 1 1893ANNUAL REPORT1893 175 Inspectors County Term month Salary A Oemler Chatham 12 months 1000 00 W W Dews Randolph 12 a 1000 00 S R Murphy Harris 12 a 1000 00 W B Jones Troup 12 a 1000 00 J R Van Buren Jones 6 a 600 00 S R Fulcher Burke 6 a 600 00 J M B Goode Rockdale 4 it 333 32 M L Johnson Bartow 4 a 333 32 D T Paulk Irwin 4 it 333 32 T J Ramsev Murray 4 a 300 00 Z L Fryer Pike 4 a 300 00 R L Strickland Forsyth 4 a 300 00 6900 00 It will be noted that the amount expended for services during the year does not represent he amount called for under the present ap portionment This is due to inspectors working under the old rate up to November 12 and January 1 the date of their commissions thereby embracing in the old rate a portion of the present fiscal year The following is the amount received by each inspector dur ing the year ending September 30 1893 WBJones 1033 33 S R Murphy 1033 33 A Oemler 1033 33 WWDews 1033 33 S R Fulcher 900 00 J M B Goode 733 32 I R Van Buren 500 00 71 Fryer 300 00 TJRamsey 300 00 MGJohnson 333 32 DTPaulk 333 32 R LStrickland 300 00 Total 7833 28176 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA RECEIPTS AND EXPENDITURES Total amount received for tags 30751 Salaries 7833 28 Traveling expenses 1696 56 Bottles lables etc 276 50 Tags 6014 00 Expressage 60 25 Netreceipts 1487134 30751 93 Covered in treasury14538 05 Balance 333 2914871 34 It will be seen by referring to the amount received for tag that the amount of fertilizers sold in the State exceeds to a considerable extent the amount sold last year In this con nection it is pleasing to state that a larger amount than usual has been used under wheat corn and other grain crops The proper use of fertilizers we believe to be advantageous but indiscriminate use detrimental Renovating crops should be used to restore or ganic matter and furnish nitrogen and here while more properly belonging under the head of publications we believe we can state without egotism that the department is accomplishing much to wards inducing diversification and renovation by compost and leguminous crops REPORT OF THE CHEMIST Laboratory of the State Chemist State Capitoe Atlanta Ga July 6 1893 Hon R 1 Nesbitt Commissioner of Agriculture of the State of Georgia Dear SirSince the passage of the new fertilizer law not per mitting the sampling of fertilizers in bulk samples have been slow in coming in at the earlier portion of the season While the law is a splendid protection to the farmer inspectors taking samples of the many brands upon the market after they have left the manufac turers hands thus obviating some possible opportunities of decep tion yet the slowness with which samples come in at first rendersANNUAL REPORT1893 177 the duties of the State Chemist especially arduous for while the samples are constantly coming in at the earlier portion of the sea son keeping him busy they come in such a way as not to enable him to utilize his time to the best advantage When the samples do start to pour in it requires the most energetic work possible to get through in what would seem a reasonable length of time During the season I have encountered severalsamples of manu factured goods which contained considerable amounts of calcium carbonate As sulphuric acid would decompose such calcium car bonate when the former is used in the manufacture of acid phos phate it is evident that calcium carbonate is added as a dryer or possibly as a tiller I have been informed that an article consisting largely of calcium carbonate with some calcium phosphate has been recently shipped from Europe into the State as Belgium Floats This article is sold sacked at the remarkably low price of 400 per ton While low in phosphoric acid it is rich in lime and whilst seeming cheap at the above price it would appear from the analyses of these carbonated goods that its use cannot be very profitable to the manufacturers All the goods observed run very high in insoluble and in reverted phosphoric acid the soluble phos phoric acid running low The analyses of the goods show their exact composition and tells the farmer just how they stand Of course the farmer does not object to getting from four to six per cent of insoluble phosphoric acid for nothing as he does in such goods when they are sold on analysis It is a subject for congratulation that the fertilizers sold through out the State during this season have been of such excellent char acter in spite of the exceedingly high prices of ammoniates which have prevailed during a portion of the year In the State of Con necticut whose bulletin for 1892 has been recently received one fourth of the nitrogenous fertilizers analyzed this season failed to reach their guarantees in one o r two ingredients The laws of Georgia are too severe to tempt manufacturers to risk selling goods below their guarantees in this State There seems to be an honest effort made by all to reach their guarantees as it is a very unprofita ble thing for them to do otherwise178 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA Besides tlieanalyses of the official samples of fertilizers takeu by the inspectors a number of acid phosphates taken at random have been examined for free sulphuric acid Only two out of the lot contained any free sulphuric acid at all and those in very small quantity This was done to set at rest the statement so often made that the sulphuric acid of commercial fertilizers finally ruined the land Four kerosene oils were analyzed during the year to determine the canse of their bad illuminating qualities A report upon them occurs in another portion of the bulletin An apparatus has been devised to enable inspectors to detect these oils in case the next leg islature desires to enact any legislation upon the subject A good sample of phosphate rock has been received from Ran dolph county and several excellent ones from Deeatur county The number of analyses made during the season were as follows Acid phosphates A 107 Acid phosphates with ammonia 15 Acid phosphates with potash 67 Acid phosphates with ammonia and potash complete fertil izers 625 Potash salts 22 Cotton seed meals 72 Chemicals not otherwise enumerated 1 42 Fertilizers under the Ellington bill 4 Minerals 278 Waters n Marls 15 Native phosphates 47 Kerosene oils 4 Very respectfully 1309 GEORGE F PAYNE State ChemistANNUAL REPORT1893 179 INSPECTION OF OILS The limitation on fees for oil inspection whilefully compensat ing the inspectors for the labor performed has proven a source of revenue During the year 1542439 has been deposited in the treasury from this source The wisdom of these inspections cannot be questioned protecting as they do life and property from a dan gerous explosive The thoroughness of these inspections as relat ing to the explosive qualities of the oil is manifest from the fact that no explosions as the result of too inflammable oil have been reported The complaints as to the burning quality of some of the oil sold in the State noted iu our last report have continued during the year These reports are made to this department under the opin ion that the law not only provides a test as to the explosive quali ties of the oil but also an illuminating test On account of the numerous complaints of this character the State chemist under my direction made a thorough investigation into the causes giving rise to them The result of this investigation is shown by his report which we give in full so if it be thought proper legislative action may be taken The test recommended I commend as it can be performed without extra salary expense In regard to the price of instruments Required to make this test they should cost the State about 2500 each OPINION AND ANALYSES OF THE STATE CHEMIST Atlanta 6a March 31 1893 Hon R T Nesbitt Commissioner of Agriculture of the State of Georgia Dear SirOn account of the general complaint throughout the State of the poor illuminating qualities of much of the kerosene oil now sold I have at your request made analyses and other investigations of samples of oil submitted by you For comparison I lay before you the analysis of two different samples one a much complained of kerosene from Monticello the180 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA other an excellent sample of white kerosene bought in Atlanta These figures bring out clearly the difference between a poor oil and a good one The results were as follows 1 Color of oil 2 Specific gravity Flash TestFirst Flash with burning string heldii inch above oil with open tester 4 Flash TestFull flash with burning string flitted inch above oil with open tester 5 Fire TestOil takes fire with open tester 6 Percentage of normal oil distilling between 347 and 527 7 Percentage of oil distilling above 627 F 8 Color of 1st 40 per cent distilling over 9 Color of 2d 40 per cent distilling over 10 Color of last 20 per cent left in still Analysis No 3378 Monticello Sample Analysis No 33811 Atlanta Sample Yellow 795 108 F 118 V 122 F 510 per cent 460 per cent White Yellow Very dark brown White 785 127 F 121 F 135 F 944 per cent 50 per cent White White Light brown 11 Gravity and flash test of 1st 20 per cent distilling over 12 Gravity and flash test of 2d 20 per cent distilling over 13 Gravity and flash test of 3d 20 per c nt distilling over 14 Gravity and flash test of 4th 20 per cent distilling over 15 Gravity and Hash test oi residue not distilled over Flash Test 78 F 118c F 188 F 257 F 302 F Sp Gr 750 775 805 822 835 Flash Test Sp Gr 105 F 119 F i36 F 165 F 230 F 767 775 780 79 Not tested The samples were also tested for alkalies and acids as well as sulphur compounds these were not present to any noticeable extent The Monticello oil was burned in a lamp several days side by side with the Atlanta sample The light given by the Monticello oil gradually became more and more smoky and less brilliant The Atlanta oil maintained the high character of its light throughout the experiment Petroleum although apparently quite a simple body is yet a very complex compound It is composed of a number of different substances with different gravities and boiling points The best kerosene oils for general illuminating purposes are those which distill from petroleum between the temperatures of 347 F and 527 F Oils distilling below 347 F are dangerousANNUAL REPORT1893 18 to use although they give a good light Those distilling above 527 F are too heavy to burn well and partake of the nature of lubricating oils The sample of oil from Monticello is not a homogeneous oil while the gravity is high indicating a heavy oil its flash test is low indicating a light oil This sample is composed of a large quantity of heavy gravity oil lightened up with a little very light gravity oil This is shown iri the specific gravities of the different distillates The indications of the flash test also show the presence of this light gravity oil slight flashes showing at 108 F The Atlanta oil shows its even character by every test while the Mont icello oil though of heavier gravity is of much lower flash test when the higher gravity would ordinarily indicate the reverse Fractional distillation and careful testing of the distillates reveal the true character of such oils Very heavy oils require much heat to burn them consequently very high gravity oils while safest to use do not give in the ordi nary lamp as brilliant a light as those of lighter gravity but the lighter the gravity of an oil the more easily it forms an explosive gas hence the adoption of the present Georgia law requiring an oil to stand a test of 120 F One would not expect lard oil nor cotton seed oil to give a good light in an ordinary kerosene lamp This is on account of their high gravity The oils like the samples from Monticello contain too much high gravity oil to give a good light While there is a little difference in the apparent gravity of the Monticello and Atlanta samples the former being 795 and the latter 785 yet there is a marked difference when the oils are sepa rated by distillation The Monticello oil is heaviest to start with yet the first 20 per cent is lighter than the first 20 per cent of the Atlanta oil In the last 60 per cent the very high gravity of the Monticello oil is most marked having been at first masked by the 20 per cent of very light oil The specific gravity of a kero sene would be a valuable test if it were not for the ease with which the gravity can be diminished with the lighter petroleum products Under the present laws I see no way in which you can prohibit the sale of kerosene oils of poor illuminating powers if their test meets the requirements of the code182 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA Aware of your earnest desire to detect and drive from Georgia such miserable goods I would suggest that at the next meeting of the legislature you request that a law be enacted permitting you to forbid the sale of any kerosene illuminating oils as of standard character which do not contain the proper amount of oil distilling between 347 F and 527 F A good lamp oil should contain 85 per cent or over of such a distillate The Monticello sample only contains 54 per cent while the Atlanta sample contains nearly 95 per cent I have devised a handy piece of apparatus which can be used by the inspectors for such testing as that suggested I have written several of the oil companies for prices of the oils distilling at different temperatures to learn if possible the proba ble effect upon the prices of kerosene oils in this State if the sale of such goods as these complained of were prohibited I did not succeed in getting the figures desired But learned from some of the agents that they had a great deal less trouble in those States that had no laws at all on the subject than they did in Georgia Which no one doubts Very respectfully George F Payne State Chemist P SThe sample sent you by the oil company as the same goods as those shipped to Monticello was not the same as the sam ple secured by your inspector at that point the companys sample being an excellent white oil of 785 gravity Said sample was probably a second shipment to Monticello sent to mix with and improve the quality of the inferior oil G F P Another sample of Kerosene claimed to be of inferior quality received for Anahsis since the above report was made j O SC x art gib t O oJlN TK X ijjw fe C 3g a c X i Si m 0 o X 50 a so pa X ofl X o 0 o a a fc O fc 5 a m Kerosene OilFrom Madison Ga 3547 White 690 310 786 Kerosene OilFrom Monticello Ga 3380 Yellow 540 460 795 Kerosene OilFrom Atlanta Ga 3378 White 94 4 56 785 ANNUM REPORT 1893 183 The two last samples are placed for comparison the last one being a most excellent oil containing 944 per cent normal oil as shown above The other two are much inferior to it containing only 69 and 54 per cent respectively STATEMENT The following consolidated statement gives the amount of oil inspected by the Inspectors in the different Districts Consolidated Report of the Oil Inspectors for the State of Georgia for 18923 District Savannah Athens Augusta Atlanta Rome Columbus Dalton Macon Brunswick Milledgeville Americus Gainesville No Gallons Inspected Total gallons 1973480 147208 512745 1071723 86075 310430 39100 367773 213859 6246 50537 37490 5597296 Inspectors Peter Reilly James R Lyle W H Barrett John W Nelms T J Lyon J W Murphey Jr J R McAfee M J Hatcher P V Plemming Miller Grier D P Davenport E E Kimbrough Fees Received 9867 43 705 93 2564 72 5480 58 443 74 1553 50 200 50 1833 88 1069 30 31 22 263 81 187 15 Total fees 24129 76 Correct report Octobor 12 1893 Joseph E Bkown Jr COVERED IN TREASURY BY INSPECTORS Barrett Bielly Hollis Nelms 3877 75 Murphey Hatcher Fleming McAfee Davenport Kimbrough 1066 25 8911 71 558 04 147 93 3877 75 435 45 229 43 174 66 3 00 16 07 4 10 15424 39 184 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA EXPERIMENT STATION As ex officio chairman of the Board of Directors of the Experi ment Station I have the honor of reporting that the experiments conducted are receiving more attention from and study by the farmers of the State The practical benefit of these experiments cannot be doubted and our farmersshould avail themselves of their benefit by having their names placed on the mailing list of the station During the year experiments in fertilization of staple crops variety tests and cultivation have been made with a continuation of special experiments in tobacco culture and in dairying and cheese making Horticultural and other experiments are also iu progress The experiments are made with painstaking care as is evidenced by the bulletins of the sation to which I refer your Ex cellency for a detailed account of the work accomplished Respectfully R T Nesbitt Commissioner of Agriculture PROCEEDINGS Eighteenth annual Meeting GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY HELD IN THE City of Athens August 2d and 3d 1893 Chartered July 14th 1876 Organized August 16 1876 Reorganized under New Charter August 1st 1882 Published Jointly by ike Society and Department of Agriculture ATLANTA GA Franklin Printing and Publishing Company 1893CONSTITUTION Article 1 The name of this Association shall be the Georgia State Horti cultural Society Article 2 Its object shall be the advancement of the sciences of Pomology Floriculture Arboriculture and Kitchen vegetable growing Article Its members shall consist of annual and honorary members who shall be elected by ballot at the annual or semiannual session of the Society The annual fee shall be 200 Article 4 Tiie meetings shall be held at such times and places as may be designated by the Society and special meetings may be convened at any time on the call of the President Article 5 Its officers shall consist of a President one VicePresident from each Congressional District of the State a Secretary and a Treasurer The President Secretary and Treasurer to be elected by ballot at the regular an nual meeting and to serve until their successors are elected and inaugurated The VicePresidents all to lie elected by ballot at this meeting those repre senting districts having odd numbers to serve one year and those represent ing districts having even numbers to serve two yearsonehalf to be elected each year thereafter to serve two years Article 6 The Constitution may be amended at any annual meeting by a twethirds vote of the members presentBY LAWS 1st The President shall preside at all meetings of the Society call meetings of the Executive Committee and under its direction have a general superin tendence of the affairs of the Society and direction of the expenditures of money He shall appoint all committees unless otherwise ordered 2d In case of death or inability of the President his official duties shall devolve upon such one of the VicePresidents as may be elected by ballot 3d The VicePresidents shall by correspondence and personalintercourse with the fruit growers and horticulturists of the various counties of their respective districts endeavor to organize local societies They shall appoint four members of their Congressional District and with their aid prepare and forward to the Secretary before or at every annual meeting of the Society such reports as have immediate connection with the condition of fruits progress in their culture new seedling fruits or any other topic relating to horticultural progress in their respective districts These reports are to be condensed by the Secretary for publication 4th The Secretary shall attend to all the correspondence of the Society and with the aid of a reporter keep a record of the transactions of the meetings and prepare these for publication subject to the approval of the President lie shall file and preserve all papers and books belonging to the Society 5th The Treasurer shall receive and keep an accurate account of all moneys belonging to the Society disburse the same on the written orders of the President which he shall retain and file as vouchers He shall make an an nual report to the Society of the receipts and disbursements which with the vouchers shall be referred to a special auditing committee appointed at the annual meeting Before entering upon his duties he shall give bond to the Society in the sum of one thousand dollars for the faithful performance of his duties such bond to be approved by the Executive Committee Oth The Executive Committee shall consist of the President VicePresi dents Secretary and Treasurer They shall subject to the direction of the So ciety manage all its affairs 7th The following Standing Committees shall be appointed by the Presi dent immediately after his election or so soon thereafter as practicable A Standing Fruit Committee consisting of five members It shall be the duty of this committee to report annually on native and foreign fruits to ex amine and before the close of the session report on all new seedling fruits that may be exhibited and to make an ad interim report on those that were exhibited in an unripe condition at the meeting of the Society but had subse quently attained a state of maturity and on such other seedlings as may have been submitted to their inspection during the Societys vacation 8th A Standing Committee on Synonyms consisting of five members shall be appointed annually It shall be their duty to report annually to the Society at its regular meetingH GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY 189 9th Standing Committees to consist of two or more members each shall be appointed annually upon the following subjects viz Meteorology in relation to Horticulture Entomology and Ornithology in their Relations to Horticulture Ornamental and Useful Trees and Plants Ornamental Gardening Kitchen Vegetables Wine Making Packing and Shipping Fruits and Vegetables 10th A Standing Committee on Transportation to consist of five members 11th Special Committees shall be appointed by the President immediately alter the organization of the annual meeting on Peaches on exhibition during the session on Apples Pears and Miscellaneous Fruits on Grapes and Wines on Vegetables It shall be the duty of these committees to make a full and careful report upon each and every individual collection on exhibi tion noting their condition and special merits if any also any particular methods of cultivation by which improvements are made evident 1th No medal diploma or money shall be awarded by this Society as a test monial of excellence for any fruit plant flower or vegetable offered for exhibition The verdict of the Special Committee shall be the highest com mendation of the Society 13th Vacancies occurring in committees shall be filled bv the chairman of each and in case of his death or inability to serve his place shall be supplied by the President of the Society Uth No person shall be a member or be allowed to participate in the delib erations of the Society who shall not have paid his fees in full before or at the beginning of the session of the Society 15th Honorary members shall consist of persons of distinguished merit in horticultural or natural sciences and nonresidents of Georgia They shall be entitled to all the privileges of the Society without the payment of actual fees except on questions of finance 16th These ByLaws may be altered by a twothirds vote of the members present OFFICERS President P J BERCKMANSAugusta VicePresidents 1st Congressional DistrictDr J C LbHAKDYSavannah 2d Congressional DistrictB W STONEThomasville 3d Congressional DistrictSAMUELH RUMPHMarshallville 4th Congressional DistrictDk H H GARY LaGrange 5th Congressional DistrictDr SAMUEL 1IAPE Hapeville 6th Congressional DistiictA J WILLIAMSYatesville 7th Congressional DistrictCol GEO H WARINGCement 8th Congressional DistrictE K LUMPKINAthens 9th Congressional DistrictJOHN G JUSTICEMarcus 10th Congressional District Dr NEIL McINNESAugusta 11th Congressional DistrictJOHNTILLMANQuitman Secretary G II MILLERKomc Treasurer LOUIS A BERCKMANSAugusta Finance Committee Db H H GARYLaGrange Dr NEIL McINNESAugusta A J WILLIAMSYatesville STANDING COMMITTEES ON NEW FRUITS L A BerckmansAugusta B Y StoneThomasville A J WilliamsYatesville Hugh NStarnesExperiment J C MillerRome OX SYNONYMS Hugh N StarnesExperiment Dr J II WatkinsPalmetto W D BeatieAtlanta Jno G JusticeMarcus W WThompson Smithville192 GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY ON DOMESTIC WINES Colonel Geo IT WaringCernen Dr Neil MclnnesAugusta 8 D RiegelExperiment Rudolph OetterVineyard Dr J C LeHardySavannah ON ORNAMENTAL AM USEFUL TRKES R J ReddingExperiment Charles DeeknerAtlanta Geo H MillerRome L Clarence Levy JrColumbus R P JohnsonSmithville OX VEGETABLES G M Ryals Savannah W E Brown Fort Valley I D GailhtrdRome Miss Julia Carl tonAthens C T CampMoreland ON PACKING AND SHIPPING FRUITS AND VEGETABLES Samuel HumphMarshallville T E BlackshearThomasville Dr G A Bunch Clarks Hill 8 0 S M WaymanPomona N T GauldenQuitman OX METEOROLOGY AND lI0L0iY Prof JS NewmanFort Hill S C ON ENTOMOLOGY Prof J E WillettMacon OF TRANSPORTATION OK FRUITS AND VEGETABLES W LGlessner Americus B J MooreMarshallville H HasselkusGriffin G M UvalsSavannah Geo UhlAugustaROLL OF MEMBERS OF THE GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY 1893 Adams J AReynolds Badger G MQuitman Bailey Prof L HIthaca N Y Baldwin D FMarshallville Baldwin E BMarshallville Baldwin EdwinMarshallville Barnes Mrs J CMilledgeville Barnes M AMilledgeville Barnes W H HMilledgeville Beatie W DAtlanta Beaty Mrs J Vineyard BeckhamS FForsyth Berckmans P JAugusta Berckmans Mrs P JAugusta Berckmans L AAugusta Berckmans R CAugusta Berckmans P J A JrAugusta Blackshear T EThomasville Boggs Rev W EAthens Poone H LValdosta Bostock Samuel mCoosaw S C Brooks R PForsyth Brown Dr J P HAugusta Brown W EFort Valley Brown Mrs W EFort Valley Bryan Mrs J WDillon Bryan HowardDillon Bunch Dr G AClarks Hill S C Burnett Mrs W DAthens CallawayJ PLoraine Camp A PMoreland Camp H A Moreland Camp G AMoreland Camp J AMoreland Camp H LMoreland Carlton Mrs H HAthens Carlton Miss JuliaAthens I104 GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY Carpenter Rev S BSanford Fla Carter L WMetcalf Cary Dr H HLaGrange Cassady A AThomasville Cobb Mrs LamarAthens Collins J WAthens Cunningham J D Jr Marietta Cutts C SMarshallville Deckle RobtThomasville Deckner ChasAtlanta Denmark R IQuitman DeWolf D FMadison Douglass Thomas LMarshallville DuBose Dr J B Ridge Spring 8 C Dun bar R EByron Elliott A BSavannah Evans L LSmithville Eveland W BMarshallville Fambrough J WBoston Fambrougb W BBoston Feagan H NRutland Fell C E GSavannah Felton W HMarshallville Frederick E JReynolds Frederick D BMazshallville Frederick J VMarshallville Frederick F JMarshallville Gaillard I DRome Galhouse HenryGriffin Qalhouse JohnGriffln Gaulden V TQuitman Gibson B G DeBruce Glessner W LAmericus Graham MartinRome Green L CGabbettsville Griffin W BVineyard Griffith C BAthens Hansel A H Thomasville Hape Dr Samuel Hapeville Hasselkus H WGriffin Heary JamesRome Heath N R MThomasville Hewitt ClarkWaupun Wis Holmes JamesWalden Hopkins M HLouisvilleGEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY 195 Houser O M Fort Valley Howell A BChattanooga Term James J BFort Valley Jennings It SThomasville Johnson DavidQuitman Johnson R PSmithville Jones WWWalden Jones W WAugusta Justice J GMarcus Keller JuoMississippi Keller Mrs JnoMississippi Kollock W W Clarkesville LeHardy Dr J CSavannah LeHardv Mrs J CSavannah Leinbeck T JRossville Levy L Clarence JrColumbus Logan J CKome Long H L Leesburg Lumpkin E KAthens Lumpkiu Mrs EKAthens Mauk S CButler MoComb M HMilledgeville McComb Mrs M GMilledgeville McGee Mrs TJGriffin McGough RobtForsyth Mclnnes Dr Neil Augusta McKinnonK WThomasville Middleton W SClarks Hill S C Miller G HRome Miller J C Home Milne DayidMacon Moore B TMarshallville Moses I IColumbus Murph I F Marshallville Murph F BMarshallville Murphy A OBarnesville Nelson W KAugusta Newton Dr E D Athena Niblack BVirgil Oetter RVineyard Parker E ABarnesville Parkins W HDickey Parnell Jno HWest Point196 GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY Pfeister Wm Thomasville Phelps Rev LymanSanford FJa Pittman J TThomasville Pittman W RThomasville Ponder J MForsyth Quarterman H C Metcalf Quarterman W FThomasville Redding R JExperiment Redding Mrs S EExperiment Reed C cCokesbury S Bice W H Marshallville RieSe1 MExperiment Riegel S IX Experiment Ruffln Geo TSynokto Rumph EM Marshallville Rumpb I A Marshallville Rumph L BMarshallville Rumph S H Marshallville RyaIs G M Savannah Sanford H HThomasville f a0 B NAugusta Slappey G RMarshallville Slappey J UMarshallville Smith Chas TPonona 8th MFPomona SpanglerJRVineyard l F AThe Rook Stafford WCBarnesville tanIey U LVineyard Starnes Hugh NExperiment Stevens MissHattie Quitman Stevenson WmCowles BUMon Ala Stone B W u Thomasville Stubbs John MDublin Tarver M C r Taylor C S gS Thompson W WSmithville Tlman John Quitman Uhl Geo TT Augusta UmbachFGAfhens Vanderchyse J CPowersville aum C BThomasville AinsonBFWaldenGEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY 197 Warder Mrs W MGriffin Walker W JMarshallvi lie Ware MSMarshallville Waring Geo H Cement Warren T D Bvron Warren W E Powersville WartheD R L Warthen Watkins Dr J HPalmetto Watson J CRidge Spring S C Wayman 8 MPomona Wayman Mrs S MPomona Williams A JYatesville Williams J CThomaston Williams W FWarmSprings Willett Prof J EMacon Willingham T HByron Willingham W RByron Willis J BWalden Willis W JWalden Woodruff D BMacon HONORARY MEMBERS Wilder Hon M PBoston Mass Crayton Hon B FAnderson S C Furnass Hon R WBrownville Neb Gray Prof AsaCambridge Mass Green Mrs C CClayton Ala Meehan ThomasPhiladelphia Pa Quinu P TNewark N J Sims Col R M Charleston S Thurber Prof GeorgeNew York Hexamer Dr F MNew York Joly Charles VicePrest National Horticultural Society of France Paris Hale J HSouth Glastonbury Conn DeceasedPROCEEDINGS The Eighteenth Annual Session of the Georgia State Horticul tural Society was called to order by the President in the chapel of the University of Georgia at Athens at 1055 a m Wednesday August 2d 1893 The session was opened by prayer by Rev Dr W E Bois Chancellor of the University after which Mayor Tuck in behalf of the Ladies Garden Club and the city of Athens welcomed the visiting members as follows I feel Mr President and Ladies and Gentlemen of the Horticultural Soci ety and those for whom I speak feel also that both the city of Athens and the Ladies Garden Club have cause for selfcongratulation in receiving into their midst and welcoming to their hearths and homes such a body as your So ciety accompanied as it is with the privilege of meeting with you and taking part in and enjoying your deliberations We realize that your body is preeminently nonpolitical in character that its membership is not composed of wire pullers and axgrinders but of strong clearheaded wideawake men of business singleminded and earnest in the pursuit of one of the noblest callings on earth and that mellowed and har monized by your lady membership you have come here for the mutual inter change of views experiences and suggestions and in such a work we not only bid you welcome but pledge you our hearty cooperation To welcome Georgians to this the intellectual mother of our State seems almost superfluous A welcome is yours by right of your consanguinity It is the simple extension of the friendly hand to returning pilgrimsto wan derers who should feel that if not upon their native heath thev are none the less at home Secretary George H Miller in behalf of the Society responded feelingly to the address of welcome as follows Ladies of the Garden Club and Mr Mayor and Gentlemen of the City Council It affords me great and sincere pleasure to respond to the kind words of welcome I have just hearda welcome all the more appreciated on account of its source I am indeed glad and pleased to come hereyes proudthat our society is the honored guest of a club peculiar in the fact that it is distinct ively mi generisthe only one of its kind in the length and breadth of the State and setting an example which other communities may well and I trust willseek to emulate The Ladies Garden ulub of Athens is doing noble missionary work and as a valued factor of progress and advancement I honor We are pleased too to visit a community whose name is inseparably associ ated with education cultivation and refinement and we are convinced that in such a place our labors will be productive of fuller and more perfect frui tion And your mayor is fright Our work is not selfish Laboring under Gods blue skies in the fresh pure air of the country which he made taking as he sends them his sunshine and his rain ours is no unseemly scramble for wealth or prominence crushing the weak and annihilating conflicting inter200 GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY ests On the contrary our mission as I conceive it is to improve brighten and beautify the earth to make two blades of grass grow where one grew be fore to labor earnestly and unceasingly however humbly and not to regard our task as finished until every home in this broad land of ours is blessed and brightened by our work until every plain is dotted with groves and gar dens and every hillside has its vineyardtill Flora and Pomona shall kneel side byside at every hearthstone and peace and plenty crown a smiling land I am indeed sorry so few members are present today to participate in the wel come you have so generously extended I only hope and trust that in our pro ceedings you may find something of value and interest in order that our deep obligations may not be entirely uncancelled or your generous hospitality alto gether unrewarded If your club finds any cause for congratulation in the tact that we are here be assured our Society has reason to be delighted that it has come We return you our heartfelt thanks for your welcome Dr H H Cary moved that a short recess be taken for the pur pose of enrolling new members Pres Berckmans before putting the motion stated that he sincerely hoped the roster of the society would embrace the name of every member of the University Faculty before the session was closed The motion was then passed and on order being again called President Berckmans delivered his annual address PRESIDENT BERCKMANS ADDRESS Ladies and Gentlemen and Members of the Georgia State Horticultural Society The first systematic effort towards organizing a Pomological Society in Geor gia had its inception in this classic city As the center from which our highest education emanated for past generations it was eminently proper that such an effort should have been inaugurated in this community such an or ganization being then recognized as a powerful factor in its advancement In 1857 a few public spirited citizens of this city had a social meeting at which it was decided to call a formal reunion of the fruit growers of the State in order to perfect a plan of work which would promote our horticultural in terests Annual meetings were held during three years the last taking place on July 31st I860 when three hundred and eleven lots of fruit consisting of two hundred distinct varieties were exhibited This was a memorable event considering the available pomological products of that day and compared lavorably with any fruit exhibitions which were then held in the Middle and iNorthern States To bring togethertwo hundred distinct varieties of fruits at a period of the season when the earlier and later ripening varieties were un available showed that fruit growing had made most noted progress in tins section of Georgia It was my privilege to be in attendance during that session and to become acquainted with many of your distinguished citizens who although having gone to that undiscovered country from whose bourne nojtraveller returns fi have left the imperishable record of their good deeds To Wm White Ur Ward Chancellor Lumpkin Jarvis Van Buren and Dr Jus Camak alf honor s due for their efforts in thus inaugurating what has today proven one otthe most important sources of our States products acceptingthe graceful invitation of the Ladies Garden Club the Geor gia Nate Horticultural Society comes to the birthplace of the original Tomo ogical Society organized in Georgia and in behalf of my colleagues I cordially thank the fair women ot this city for the honor conferred upon us as well as ihe pleasure of this reunion of kindred spirits where individual interests are Ignored and th material benefits of all are recognized as the ethics of thisGEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY 201 organization It is needless to review the past history of this Association the beneficial results of the collective work of its members are seen in the enor mous proportions which fruit growing has reached in several sections of the State A few years ago when the cultivation of fruits was scarcely thought of as a money crop the lands in what are now the fruit producing sections of Georgia were held at a nominal value of from five to ten dollars per acre Compare the present value of land near Fort Valley Griffin Barnesville Moreland and other favorable localities with that of a decade ago and the result would demonstrate that no other class of products could have given such a marvelous increase But there are other benefits besides an increase in land values which are justly due to your past work Regular and usually remunerative money returns from the North and West when the finances of our agriculturists are in need of help an addition to our rural population of men of activity energy and intelligence from less favored Northern climes are most to be considered A better system of agriculture visible in these fruit producing sections is the natural sequence of a better understanding of agri cultural economy and a higher education While pomology has done so much for the financial progress of our people floriculture is the factor which is the most refining in its influence To many of us who live in the country and have to deal with the natural processes which produce material comforts our avocation would become irksome were it not that we should consider our surroundings as a great school which has within its curriculum many courses that afford the means for a broad educa tion The cultivation of flowers and trees which add to the charm of our country homes is a sure indication that we are receiving more pleasure and satisfaction from our lives Nor is the pursuit of floriculture to be considered as a mere pastime and pleasure Some men may hold our pursuit as beneath their notice and left therefore as womens province because they see no fi nancial returns in sight but their willingness to enjoy the attractions of their homes made so by their wives and daughters is their selfcondemnation for not appreciating at their full value a pursuit that makes up a great share of their lifes enjoyment Ladies of the Athens Garden Club You who understanding the beneficial influences of a refined taste have in augurated your association as the best means to educate the coming generations by opening the door to natures heart and possibilities other lips than mine must more fittingly render homage to your interest in our peoples happiness but none appreciate your efforts in elevating mankind to a higher education and usefulness than those who today are your grateful guests and coworkers CAUSE OF DECLINE IX FRUIT CULTURE In many sections of Georgia are found the remains of what evidently once were thrifty orchards frequently we see very healthy pear apple and peach trees although left uncared for and uncultivated for years past These sur vivors demonstrate that the conditions of soil and climate are favorable but through mans neglect they have given unsatisfactory returns Many orchards after being planted and properly cultivated for a few years may not yield a crop of fruit as speedily as was anticipated this from either unfavorable local or climatic causes which often are but temporary in their influence but occur ring during one or two succeeding years have brought discouraging results in their train As is often to be expected trees receive less attention pruning fertilizing and cultivating are gradually neglected or entirely abandond in a few years the orchard is gone and further attempts at planting are seldom resorted to Usually the causes of failure are attributed to the climate or soil becoming unsuited to fruit culture This opinion soon becomes the prevailing one in a wide territory and that section is henceforth deprived of one of its sources of revenue As said previously the old fruit trees occasionally found even in 2h202 GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY the midst of a young forest growth show that it is neither the soil nor climate which has so often caused failures in fruit growing but the carelessness or ignorance of the man who planted the tree The remedies are available if one is willing to intelligently investigate the causes of failure therefore one should first of all select such classes and varieties of fruits as are known to be adapted to his section For eighteen years past one of the main objects of this Society has been to perfect its catalogue of Iruits which are successful in the various regions of Georgia hence there is no excuse if these fruit lists are ignored Next exam ine the condition of the soil select for each class of soil such varieties of fruits as require special elements again do not fail to keep posted with such remedial agents as will prevent insect depredation or the appearance of fungous dis eases All these subjects have been practically discussed during the past sessions of the society and you have therefore a most reliable and explicit guide to aid you in your operations If the suggestions and advice which have emanated from this Association are followed there will be little or no cause for the decline in the fruit products which is becoming so painfully evident of late in some sections of Georgia and in wondenul contrast with others where horticulture is properly understood and practiced HONORING HORTICULTURISTS In this age of positivism when science is generalized often aiming at creating a new faith based upon the philosophy of sciences which also seem to fre quently ignore individual benefits or personal interests it is pleasing to record instances where true scientific attainments united to a broad philanthropic mind are appreciated at their full value Mr Thos Meehan of Germantown Philadelphia whose name we feel honored in having appear upon our list of distinguished honorary members was lately the recipient of a handsome testi monial from his fellow citizens of their appreciation for his persevering efforts for the establishment of small parks in the several sections of the city of Phila delphia For eleven years past Mr Meehan has served as a member of the common council of that city To this office he is reelected unanimously all parties uniting in placing him in nomination as they recognize in himthe zealous champion of the cause of public hygiene and comfirt Through his efforts many breathing places where the working man can seek health and relaxation have been added to the city and in Vernon Park a beautiful spot which after a severe struggle he succeeded in having established his friends and grateful fellow citizens appropriately presented him with a masterpiece of the silversmiths art A most fitting quotation from Wm Penns letter to his commissioners dated September 30th 1661 is inscribed That it may be a green country town and always wholesome We have undoubtedly progressed in the arts and their application to human comfort but have we not in the above quotation a moral lesson which it would be well for our modern city administrations to remember Wm Penns idea of a perfect city was first of all that it be a healthy one Oglethorpe when laying out the city of Savannah looked first to the comfort and health of its inhabitants in providing numerous and everywhere accessible small parks as breathing places for the people Penn and Oglethorpe thus afforded means for the comfort of unborn genera tions and the seed which they planted was to flower forever and to day are benedictions to mankind The establishing of public parks is becoming daily more and more necessary in all cities Men who are in authority should pos sess sagacity and practical foresight in making the cities over which thev pre side orderly clean healthy and attractive bv following the footsteps oftheir illustrious predecessors Not only is it the aim of the Society to foster the landscape art for the pub lic s benefit but our individual efforts should tend towards establishing attrac tive parks in our city or village abodes In recognizing the scientific attain ments of Mr Meehan by men who are the recognized representatives of PhilaI 0E0RG1A STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY 203 delphias intelligent citizens horticulture has been honored as an art whose usefulness to all is beyond question and that iis followers from the time of Pliny and Columelle have been held as the most progressive and intelligent among men HORTICULTURAL CLUBS Wherever such organizations are established and sustained a most refined and intelligent community will be found It is unfortunate that in many towns of Georgia such clubs have been allowed to become extinct after a short existence It is needless to again impress upon our members the great value of keeping alive any association whose object is educational to the highest degree The ladies of Athens understand the goodresults which have arisen and will arise from their efforts and for their solicitude in aiding in the good cause I am profoundly grateful I trust that their example will be followed and when this Society again convenes I hope to see from the reports of our VicePresi dents that many similar clubs have been organized and above all sustained One of the most desirable features connected with local horticultural societies is to offer one or more premiums for the best kept and most tastefully arranged flower gardens an 1 also for the most productive and best cultivated kitchen vegetable garden The details governing the awards can be arranged by the club officers this I am satisfied is the best plan to improve cultural methods and opens the field for a most delightful occupation and friendly competition FORESTRY At former sessions I have brought to your notice the lamentable and rapid destruction of our forest trees and urged you to consider the question of arrest ing the waste now everywhere seen as well as to devise means to replenish by judicious planting what is today becoming a more and more scarce commodity The day is not far distant when our timber supply will have to come from other States and as there also the same disregard for the preservation of our forests is carried on we are appalled at the fact that this scarcity of material must ere long have a depressing influence upon the common welfare Efforts have been repeatedly made through the work of the Forestry Congress to arrive at some practical method for a better understanding of this vital ques tion butour people seem to think such work needless and that there is sufficient timber supply in Georgia for all time to come Let me warn you that this is dangerous ground to stand upon and men whose predictions of disaster are today held as birds of ill omen will a generation hence be considered in their true light as sagacious and farseeing citizens Let me therefore impress upon every member of this Society to work earnestly to prevent the rapid destruc tion of our forests and for the inauguration of a judicious system of forest tree planting The Western States such as Kansas Nebraska and others have for many years past given their earnest care to this subject Arbor Day in these States has become a mosf noted public feature and one most beneficial in its results to their material wealth Our present efficient Secretary of Agriculture the Hon J Sterling Morton was the first to inaugurate this scheme to make his State eventuahy selfsustaining as to timber supply This effort has been justly recognized by President Cleveland and we are to be congratulated as an agricultural people that so efficient an official has been placed at the head of a department from which we feel that our agricultural interests can be benefited OUR SOCIETY has nowreached that place in our political fabric where it is recognized as one of the most potent agents for creating wealth comfort and promoting a higher education among our rural population We had entertained the hope that our work would have been sufficiently appreciated by those who have reaped untold benefits from our labors to be sustained in a substantial manner I204 GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY regret to say that the various railroads of Georgia who of late years have received such vast increase in carrying material from the fruit growers of Georgia and at a time of the year when their revenue was usually very limited have failed to recognize our efforts and ignored us completely On the other hand the Southern Express has stood loyally by our Society and has enabled us to bring our fruits and flowers for an exhibition which is the best object lesson we can offer to prospective fruit growers and teach our young men that our pursuit is not only pleasant healthful and elevating but withal worthy of their attention as a profitable financial occupation To the officers of that corporation and to the members of the press of Georgia who have aided us in publishing notices of our sessions we feel most grateful Our finances while in a healthy condition must be husbanded with the strictest economy Fortunate are you in having a Secretary and Treasurer who have most willingly served your interests without other compensation than your commendation To the honorable Commissioner of Agriculture of Georgiawe also are in debted for financial aid in defraying a part of the expenses of printing your proceedings of 1891 and 1892 Our friend and coworker Gustave Spethhas been called to his eternal rest We miss him in our efforts to elevate our educational standard but still miss his presence more in the warm friendship he so cordially extended to us We had learned to appreciate his devotion to human progress and loved him for his fidelity to his friends He was singularly gifted with keen powers of ob servation and his thorough scientific training was happily recognized by those who enjoyed his friendship Peace to his ashes his good work will forever be remembered by his colleagues of this Society who appreciated the true honesty and worth of this good man and citizen And now my friends pardon me for having occupied so much of your time but I have referred only to a few subjects which will open the door to a wider programme for your discussions On concluding his address President Bebckmans called the at tention of the assembly to the fact that a t the meetings of the So ciety it had always been the custom to put in the hands of the Sec retary a Question Box available to all into which any person wishing information on any question relating to horticulture was privileged to drop his question The box would be opened from time to time the question read and answer given Many hesitated to propound oral questions even when of great importance on ac count of excessive diffidence The Question Box overcame this difficulty and he trusted many would avail themselves of it The Secretary requested all members of the Ladies Garden Club and Clarke County Agricultural Society to wear the convention badges provided for the occasion The President stated that he would announce the various com mittees at as early an hour as possible during the afternoon session stating that the reports of these committees were of the utmost importance since they are indicative of the true value of the ex hibits and hence their selection should be carefully and deliber ately made On motion of Dr Cary the meeting adjourned to 4 p mGEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY 205 AFTERNOON SESSION The Society reconvened at 4 p m Dr E D Newton of Athens was introduced who spoke as follows ISOTHERMAL LINES Their Relation to Arboriculture Horticulture and Agriculture Mr President and Members of the State Horticultural Society Ladies and Gentlemen I accepted the presidency of the Farmers Club of Clarke county on one conditionautocratic power pure and simple Exercising this power I expect to compel you one and all to take with me a trip round the world figuratively not literallyto girdle the earthnot in forty minutes for I dont think you could stand so long a tripbut in much less time The line I intend you to take in our journey shall be that of our own home Athensnot a geographical parallel but an isothermal or line of equal tem perature through all its bendings and circumflexions dips twists rises falls and general erraticism I intend to start from this point and proceed isother mically around the world analyzing and dissecting the vegetable productions in the three great divisions of arboriculture horticulture and agriculture adapted to and flourishing on our isotherm through every country and di vision of the earths surface westward to our starting point hoping and be lieving that a thorough knowledge of isothermic plant life will result in giv ing to us many new and valuable specimens which we can successfully culti vate as well as new and important lessons in the treatment in the different countries we may pass through of those plants we are now familiar with Of course on this our first trip I can only outline our course taking you through by lightning express The detailed information which 1 expect in course of time to be able to lay before you must of necessity be compiled by a laborious system of collaboration from general or rather technical litera ture on this subject from divers statistical sources including the reports of meteorological bureaus and scientific stations and where direct information is unobtainable from correspondence with the various United States consulates on our line of march and where these are wanting from the consulates of Great Britain which penetrate every regionof the globe worth visiting I am aware of the vastness of the undertaking but I am willing to devote myself to it heart and soul convinced that valuable results will inevitably follow though the complete fruition of my system may be a matter of years If I had sufficient funds available for the purpose I would establish in Athens a botanical garden which like that of our friend Berckmans near Augusta would be a grand object lesson to the public and in it I would estab lish cultivate and propagate every plant or tree growing on the same isotherm around the world in both the Northern and Southern Hemispheres Every plant grass tree or shrub would I grow trusting that thereby the intelli gent farmer would be enabled to select for himself those likely to prove of practical benefit in addition to what he is already familiar with That I have selected the isotherm of Athens need not be matter of surprise We will all readily admit that the grandest hemisphere on ibe globe is the Westernthe grandest country in the Western Hemisphere the United States the grandest State in the Union our own old State of Georgia and I claim here the privilege of asserting that the grandest county in the Statealways excepting Richmond in honor of your Presidentis our own county of Clarke Therefore it is I make no further apology for selecting the isotherm of Athens but proceed206 GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY This map to which I call your attention kindly furnished me by my dis tinguished friend of the Normal School Prof Ashmore has streaked across it a red mark representing the 60 degree line or the isotherm delineating the mean temperature of 60 degrees It dont look much like a parallel of latitude I admit but its wobbly conformation seems rather to suggest a prolonged jag based on a foundation of New Jersey apple jack It extends east through South and North Carolina and so into the Atlantic Westward itrunsthrough Alabama turning north then west again through Mississippi and Arkansas thence southwest into lower Texas following the Rio Grande northwest again thence into New Mexico and Arizona running northwesterly awhile then dipping south and again northwesterly through California into the Pacific This is the great line of mean temperature prevailing here in Athens and along the course of which it is presumable that many local plants confined at present to limited areas because unknown and unpropagated would reasona bly flourish if introduced and properly cared for The other line which you see on the map following approximately the same course is the zero line or line of prohibitory temperature limiting the suc cessful cultivation of many varieties of plant life indigenous to our isotherm or line of 60 degrees This line runs eastward from Athens through South Carolina thence northeasterly through North Carolina into the Atlantic ocean near Norfolk Ya Westward it extends through Alabama climbing north through West Tennessee near Memphis thence west through Arkansas and Indian Territory into Oklahoma and the Pan Handle of Texas curving sharply southward into New Mexico thence into Arizona making a second southerly dip and thence sharply northwest through California up to the limits of Oregon where it passes into the Pacific ocean Now as to the course of these lines respectively through the Pacific west ward to the shores of Japan and China and on through the vast continent of Asia and Southern Europe over the Atlantic and home again I have not time to speak in detial Much less have I time to follow the corresponding lines in the Southern Hemisphere through their various ramifications My object here today has been to call your attention to the importance of such an investigation in detail and to enlist your interest and sympathies in the work which I intend to undertake and the fruits of which I trust at some future time to lay before you in a reasonably satisfactory shape Nevertheless it is a trip as I have previously stated on which I would de light to take you and if I was the proud possessor of some sort of a flying ma chine after the order of some of Jules Vernes famous aerial cloudscrapers we should start at once and never stop until we had circumnavigated the globe along my isotherm and returning be prepared to add the most valuable paper of recent years to horticultural and agricultural science I assure you the trip would be well worth taking if we used my machine for no other purpose than to split the zero line wide open and make a straight shoot for Chicago and the Columbian Exposition Pres Berckmans Dr Newton lias suggested an interesting topic for consideration and other members are privileged to pre sent their views which I trust they will not hesitate to do Dr Newton I would like to have President Berckmans give the Society his views on the effect of the Gulf Stream on the South Atlantic coast and of the Pacific and Japan currents on the Califor nia coast in relation to vegetation and horticulture From his extensive experience in this and other countries and his capacity for close investigation and research his views on the subject must necessarily prove instructive Pres Berckmans Dr Newton seeks to have me appear a thorough globetrotter I can lay no claim to such distinction GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY 207 I am not familiar with the Pacific ocean and can only state what I know of the effect of the Gulf Stream on the American and Euro pean coasts You all know of course how the Gulf Stream ap proaches the Carolina coast veers off around Hatteras passes the Banks of Newfoundland and carries its warmth and moisture to render habitable and temperate the greater portion of theBritish Isles Those portions of these islands most exposed to the warm temperate breezes and humidity of the Gulf Stream notably Ire land Cornwall and Devon the Isle of Wight and the channel islands show a very much higher mean annual temperature than the rest The climate is very noticeably affected by the Gulf Stream so much so that in the Isle of Wight for instance certain plants are cultivated successfully that are not hardy at points on the coast of France from one hundred to two hundred miles further south This also holds good on the American coast Take Norfolk Vir ginia for instance We know its reputation as the center of a great trucking region competing successfully with inland points much further south I have known of fig trees fruiting at Hampton Roads for thirtyfive years standing too an occasional tempera ture of 22 degrees below zero unscorched while here a cold of only 8 degrees above zero will seriously injure them This is due en tirely to the influence of the Gulf Stream which is in certain places very marked on the Atlantic coast so much so that certain plants can be cultivated on the coast from 400 to 600 miles further north than they can be in the interior The scuppernong or musca dine on the Virginia seashore below Hampton Roads will not get killed oftener than in our mountain regions The winds from the Gulf Stream owe their marvelous power to the precipitation of moisture which they effect On the Isle of Wight coast I have seen geraniums climb to the second story of the houses They cant do that in Augusta Now as for isothermal lines what our friend Dr Newton has said regnrding the relationship or uniformity of plant life along their mapped course is true as far as it goes That is it is true theoretically In fact an isothermic line is itself a theory It ex ists only on paper and while its general course is most readily established its actual course is not by any means continuous in the conception of a belt or narrow zone along every mile of its mapped route It is broken into and disrupted and modified by so many local influences and causes that we cannot consider it as an actuality in the shape of a continuous narrow zone Eleva tions depressions water courses bodies of water treeless regions forest areas air currents etc all conspire to change sometimes phenomenally the average temperature of localities but a fevy miles apart which theoretically would be shown on the map as on precisely the same isotherm In the same way places perhaps sep arated by several degrees of latitude are so affected by local condi tions as to possess the same mean temperature and sustain practi cally the same plant life208 GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY The various natural modifications that locally control and equal ize moisture and temperature are the arbiters of uniformity in plant life not the line drawn on paper through a list of meteoro logical stations happening for a series of years to report the same mean annual temperature without reference to the conditions locally affecting the intervening country between these stations which in order to join them together the line is forced to bisect Now I am daily in receipt of questions stating the writers loca tion and character of soil and inquiring if it is suitable for fruit growing I cannot give a satisfactory reply based on such partial information I generally have furnished and so to avoid mislead ing I usually tell them that the local conditions to which they are subject must be known to pronounce intelligently on the mat ter and advise them to try at first on a small scale until they can determine for themselves In plant life families are not confined to continuous zones or isothermal lines They sometimes skip over vast stretches of ter ritory disappearing in one place and cropping out in another many hundreds or even thousands of miles off and are even sep arated occasionally by several degrees of latitude despite the differ ences of recorded temperature Prof Asa Gray once said that his interest in the Japan flora was heightened because of his discovery that certain species of plants ended abruptly in California and cropped out again in Japan The heath family is an example It occupies a narrow belt across the continent of America and disappearing crops out across the Pacific in Japan It is the same way in Europe Heather is very common in Ireland and Scotland being largely distributed over the latter country appearing also in parts of England It is not universally prevalent however but disappears in one locality to crop out in another more or less distant Eastward across the continent we find it cropping out in Holland Belgium Russia Poland on the steppes and finally in China connected by no con tinuous zone or isotherm Possibly Dr Newton intended his proposition to more particu larly cover fruit growing along his isotherm than any other branch of horticulture or agriculture If so the problem is scarcely sim plified It would be difficult to select a certain class of fruit uni versally successful along this zone and it would be an error to in fer that a variety successful in one place along its course would be adapted to another simpty because it fell in the same general isothermic line Take our own State of Georgia In classifying the fruits successfully grown within its limits in our catalogue we found it necessary on account of its peculiar topography to divide Jit for anything like accuracy into three zones at first and were subsequently compelled to add another making four in all Geor gia not only extends over several degrees of latitude from south to north but its elevation from the sea line to the monntains cor responds with the latitude accentuating its climatological effect and rendering its area as adapted to various forms of plant life aGEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY 209 singularly comprehensive one with an enormous range We hence established for our catalogue of fruits a Mountain Region classifying for that region with its peculiar climate those fruits best adapted to it and so on for the Middle Region Southern Region and Coast Region all with greatly differing features and climates Many of our catalogued fruits are suitable only for the specific region for which they are recorded and recommended Many others do well in two or more of the regions and some in all Yet here is a territory stretching over five actual degrees of lati tude the topography of which easily exaggerates these five into ten It will not do to conclude that all plants cultivated in any coun try along the isotherm of 00 degrees would flourish in Athens Many might do so many more would not I would suggest as a practical basis of operation along the line referred to First Discover and list all desirable species along your zone Second Find out by experimentation in specific localities throughout the State which of them would flourish and prove acquisitions Trial and experiment only will settle the matter As a distinct object lesson in this connection take the Niagara grape It does well in Richmond county in Griffin Rome and Clarkesville It is successfully cultivated in the northern part of New York and Ontario and is extremely successful in South Flor ida There is a range for you If examined closely it is possible the different local influences of all these places might be detected in color flavor size etc This but shows over what a wide area yeu can distribute a given variety In concluding I can but say that I am sorry Dr Newton put me on the stand The question is bigger than I can manage Dr Cary Can you give me the temperature of the Gulf Stream Pres Berckmans You are a scientist and of course know that it differs at different points naturally losing temperature as it pro ceeds northward Perhaps Dr Mclnnes can enlighten us Dr McInnes I regret that I cannot help you Dr Gary Well I thought it might be interesting to you to know the temperature at the only point I have observed itoff the South Florida coast There it is 79 degrees and so warm that bath ing in midwinter in it is practicable Pres Berckmans Yet many persons have crossed on the ice at Hampton Roads Dr Newton I think I can rank myself a great architect I have built a portico and my friends have erected for me a noble edifice I would ask if it would do for the State Agricultural Col lege to ask the assistance of the various stations in establishing the isotherms of Rome Athens Augusta Griffin Americus and Thom asville both north and south of the equator Pres Berckmans I thought I was here among my friends but I find I shall have to devise some means to escape if I am forced to monopolize your time in this way I would ask Dr Newton if he210 GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY has examined the plan of our catalogue I touched on its features in a general way a few minutes since There we are practically working for the resources of our own State and the benefit of its citizens The division of the State into isothermal belts we found impracticable and had to abandon it The general divisions now established are as stated the Mountain Region embracing that portion of the State included between the 34th and 35th degrees of north latitude The Middle Region lies between the 32d and 34th degrees The Southern Region includes all of the State south of the Middle Region except the countiesof Chatham Bryan Liberty Mclntosh Glynnand Camden which form the Coast Region So you see we have not followed absolutely either parallels of latitude or isothermal lines grouping instead in our general divisions those counties most nearly approximating each other in climate this being determined more by their local conditions than their geographical position Your idea Dr Newton is a good one but different local influences have more effect on plant life than thermal lines Dr Newton What has our Secretary to say on this subject Sec Miller Nothing in addition to what the President stated iso has THE TRANSPORTATION OF FRUITS AND VEGETABLES By Major W L Glessner Ajiericus Ga Mr President and Ladies and Gentlemen of the Horticultural Society I have no intention of inflicting upon you a set speech hut will merely give you the benefit of some thoughts which have occurred to me since visiting Cincinnati last week trusting they may prove of some practical value While we are preeminently successful in raising fruit in Georgia and while thatfruit is fine and of first quality the problem we have ever had to face is to get it into market in such shape and manner as to realize the greatest profit or even any profit at all The problem of transportation presents many points for examination and consideration Picking selection and packing This I regard aslof primary importance No matter how well the transportation lines may subsequently handle the fiuit the result is invariably disastrous if it has not been carefully gathered well selected and properly crated and handled by the shipper We are new in the business comparatively speaking and have vet much to learn I am often asked why California fruit always arrives at its destination in much better condition than Southern fruit although it has to be transported several times the distance Merchants universally admit this The answer is simple Notice the difference in the packing This accounts for it I need not amplify nor go into detail for you are all more or less familiar with the appearance of California packages Peaches for example in packages of three pecks six gallon baskets each peach carefully selected and wrapped two layers in package Cherries are treated in same way except not wrapped all neat and uniform and both safe and tasty Now Georgia fruits get into market in ail sorts of ways packages not uniform in size or appearance some full and evenly selected others with small and large fruit mixed pitiably and general carelessness everywhere visible in the handling neglect and ignorance evidently prevailing Of course some shipGEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY 211 pers older and more experienced send their goods in better shape but as a rule want of uniformity and neglect prevail to a fearful extent Now the shipper has aiso to contend with irresponsible commission mer chants Even if he has exercised due care in picking selecting and packing his fruit it may have been unfortunately consigned The commission mer chant is a buyer in most cases on his own account and if your consignment competes with the purchases he happens to have on hand he of course puts your fruit off until he has disposed of his own An easy way to avoid the loss entailed by this is to sell your frnit packed and delivered on the track or in the orchard There is always a good profit in this A fruit grower that I know of refused this season 250 per crate for his peaches on the track He wasnt content with a moderate profltbut wanted all there was in it Consequently he made his shipment without due thought or consideration found that his car had to be reiced in Chattanooga and as a re sult made nothing at all I have found this season many large Western and Northern fruit handlers who have come down to buy in the orchard picking packing and shipping themselves and the money they pay the grower is hence all net profit This practice invariably proves satisfactory to all parties As an illustration I knew of one firm paying for peaches 100 to 150 per crate on the tree a good profit to the grower They knew their business however and handled the fruit properly realizing from 250 to 300 in the New York and Boston markets only a fair and reasonable profit also As a result both parties are anxious to renew their arrangement another season The best way to get rid of the commission merchant is by selling on the tree I cannot emphasize it too strongly This should be the case with all products Grain raisers and cotton raisers sell at home and let those whose training education and equip ment specially fit them to ship successfully undertake that part of the busi ness and of course realize their just share of the profits thus avoiding frequent loss and disaster This rule should hold good for fruit growers Sometimes however a man is compelled to do his own shipping from force of circumstances where he is comparatively isolated and has but a small ship ment to makeless than a car load In this case if he will use due care and precaution selecting only the best of his fruit throwing away literally all that is not firstclass and shipping his choice fruit in neat uniform packages he will generally come out on the right side of the account despite the commis sion merchant The question arises as to whether or not refrigerator cars are satisfactory As a rule they give good results but sometimes they prove unsatisfactory I had recently my attention called to a car load of grapes shipped to Cincinnati in a refrigerator car which was reiced in Chattanooga When the car reached Cincinnati there were two inches of water on the floor and the shipment barely paid expenses I saw the condition of this car myself Half the grapes were green and half had dropped from the stem The mismanagement in reicing may have been responsible for half the loss but the shipper was clearly to blame for the other half The commission merchant this time was not in fault He does badly enough heaven knows but he should not be charged with the few sins he does not commit There is at present some complaint of the difficulty of getting a sufficiency of cars but I think thia will regulate itself before long and in a few years the shipper will get all the cars he wants Meanwhile it is practicable to make small shipments by express though often times unsatisfactory Employes are careless you cant handle crated peaches like pigironand the result is the packages sometimes arrive in bad shape after their rapid transit In shipping by refrigerator cars this year end icing has generally been employed Center box icing has not given general satisfaction in Middle Georgia Peaches however were abnormally wormy and rotten and afford no true index to the comparative merits of the two systems In concluding I should suggest an observation of the following rules as the the keynote of successful transportation 212 GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY 1 Fruit must be picked and packed in such manner as to bear transporta tion with the least damage possible 2 Poor fruit like stains in cotton regulate the price of the entirea package it should be carefully culled and selectedeven to the extent of some times throwing away half the picking It will pay 3 Selling at home should be encouraged The grower should not want all the profits Prices on the tree will gradually crawl up as the system is intro duced and perfected If these simple rules are observed we will hear less complaint of unsatisfac tory results Pres Berckmans You have been presented by Maj Glessner with a most interesting and instructive address He is a practical man with extensive experience and it will be greatly to your interest to heed his advice and encourage as far as possible selling at home Sec Miller I have here a letter handed me by President Berckmans which I wish to read It is as follows Newark N J July 29 1893 Ky Dear Berckmans I notice in looking over your programme for your eighteenth annual session to be held in Athens next week numerous practical questions down for discussion all of them intended to enlighten those who cultivate the soil for pleasure or profit There is one subject a very important one which should not be overlooked for it bears directly on the net profits of the fruit growers of the South Practical experience soon teaches the proper conditions which will produce a maximum crop of fruit but how to realize the highest market value is the next important thing to learn and that is to learn how to select and properly pack fruit for Northern markets From experience I am warranted in saying that wilh oranges pears grapes and peaches fully onethird of their real value is lost to the grower by careless sorting poor packing and using packages not popular in the markets where the fruit is consigned When low prices are returned for fruit arriving in damaged condition the hlame is placed on the shoulders of the commission merchant when the fault lies elsewhere I can assure you if fruit growers would exercise the same care and use the same judgment in sorting and packing fruit for market that they exercise in raising their crop it certainly would pay them handsomely Assure my fellow members in Georgia that I am with them in spirit and wishing vou everv success I am Truly yours P T Quinn Sec Miller This is a fair sample of the letters received from commission men Their estimate of onethird loss is too low Last week there came under my observation a fine crop of peaches fifty crates of which were consigned to Cincinnati The baskets unevenly filled and in bad shape were hauled twelve miles to the railroad in a springless vehicle The consignment brought only 225 per crate but afterward the next consignment more care fully assorted and hauled on springs sold for 300 and the ship per was wired for more If the shipper could occasionally see his fruit on its arrival at its destination he would be ashamed of himself The express lines as a rule are accommodating will attend to the proper handling of fruit consigned to their care and treat all shippers handsomely The fault generally lies with the shippers themselves They will realize more profit by sorting down even to a sacrifice of onehalf their fruit Men who do this reap their reward Pres Berckmans In this connection I will state that I noticed in the last number of the Florists Exchange an article showing the work of association Near Marshallville and Fort Valley are some orchards containing as many as 100000 peach trees At an average yield of four or five crates to the tree their product may be estiGEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY 213 mated at from 200000 to 300000 cratesothers 10000 30000 40000 etc In an area of about fifteen square miles there are massed about 1500000 trees The transportation of the crop from such a number of trees is a very serious question It must be done by express trains Single cars wont suffice to handle such an enormous output The fruit crop brings comparatively an enor mous amount of money for the acreage involved The statement has been made that it requires about three acres on the average to produce a bale of cotton in this State A carload of twentysix bales will therefore represent the output from seventyeight acres In fruit an acre will yield from one carload to several carloads It takes about an acre of melons for a carload does it not Maj Glessner Maj Glessner About two acres on an average Pres Berckmans The railroads ought considering the amount of freight we put into their hands to be more interested in our efforts recognize us more liberally and be willing to give our shippers adequate accommodations when requested Beginning with the melon crop of Southern Georgia they handle in turn the enormous peach crop of the Marshallville region the peach and grape crop of Middle Georgia and afterward the varied product of the higher and later regions of the State including the very moun tains themselves where flourishes the apple Col DeWolf How many acres are required to make a carload of peaches Maj Glessner With trees fifteen feet apart 193 trees will cover an acre A tree the fourth year will yield from two to three crates say three A carload is 600 crates or about one acre to a carload Over seventy acres of cotton are required to make a carload Col DeWolf Which is preferable the four quart package or the flatter form Maj Glessner It depends on the market Eastern and West ern markets differ in their preference In the Eastern markets the package should be smallerfour quarts or less There is more money in the East and the people are willing to pay higher prices for early fruit consequently it is better to ship early fruit East but in small packages for ready divisibility One carload of early fruit gluts Cincinnati and from Chicago as late as the first of June advices were not to send more than one carload so early in the season The Westerner must have prices low before he will take hold Mr B W Stone Great stress has been laid on selling in the orchard This is all well enough but if the buyer is not forth coming what then The fruit grower is necessarily compelled to ship There was no need to ship pears last year in Southern Georgia but this year there were no buyers on the ground In such a case what is the best way to select reliable commission men Maj Glessner I meant to have touched on this point I214 GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY would suggest that a committee in each fruit growing neighbor hood be selected to look into the matter beforehand and designate reliable houses selecting only old firms known to be established and responsible It would be better still for a community to send a man occasionally to the big markets to look into facilities and shape the course of shipments If shipping west a man stationed at Cincinnati could from there radiate to other points as occasion required If a change took place suddenly in the complexion of any market he being on the ground would be immediately advised of it and could instantly divert shipments to other points or change the destination of fruit already in transit It would pay any fruit shipping company well to keep a man at such a point during the season Besides the duties already detailed he could keep an open eye on the commission man and lend him active assistance as well Prof Hunnicutt I think it would be a wise step for fruit grow ers to establish fruit canneries in certain localities to consume their surplus A little effort might establish even on a very small scale at first pioneer industries of this kind that would expand into most valuable adjuncts in a very short time I think it is worth con side ation Mr E K Lumpkin I would like to ask Major Glessner what he has found to be the best grape for shipping purposes Maj Glessner Most of the grapes shipped under myobserva tion have been Ives Concord Delaivare Niagara and some Brightons Delaware will bring the highest price if properly put up They should be in small packages to cost less per package while more per pound Tenpound baskets for Concord and Niagara and five pound for Delaware would be proper Quality does not go for much Appearance is the main thing to consider with all fruits The commission merchant does not sell to the consumer direct but to the small fruit dealersgenerally Italians Now the Elberta is a fine peach yet I have noticed that when a Dago goes to a com mission bouse he will not buy all Elbertas but will take half his purchase in some inferior white peach at the same price He buys by color for the variety and contrast necessary on his table to catch the eye of the consumer It is the same way with grapes The Dago will want one basket of black one of red and one of white to make a pretty display irrespective of the quality of either of the varieties He buys by looks and hence the importance in neat and pretty packing to render a basket salable Not one in one hundred knows the name of a variety he may purchase he goes entirely by appearance The President here announced committee appointments as fol lows ANNOUNCEMENT OF COMMITTEES On Fruits on ExhibitionJ B Hunnicutt B W Stone W W Kollock On Flowers and VegetablesNeil Mclnnes R C Berckinans W D BeatieGEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY 215 Mr E K Lumpkin announced that the Ladies Garden Club had provided vehicles to take the members of the Horticultural Society and their friends on a drive through the streets and suburbs of Athens at 6 p m at which hour it was requested the convention would adjourn At 8 30 a reception would be extended the con vention in the hall of the Y M C A to which all visitors were cor dially invited Pres Berckmans in fitting terms accepted the courtesy and re turned the thanks of the Society after which he announced that Professor J B Hunnicutt would fill the time intervening before adjournment by a few remarks on the subject of Forestry PROFESSOR HTJNNICUTTS SPEECH Ladies and Gentlemen of the Society Accustomed as I am to fill when called on at odd moments all sorts of cracksbeing in fact a genuine crackerI had no intention of dignifying my few random remarks this afternoon by the imposing title of Forestry which your President has so kindly selected for me Moreover I much dislike to abandon the luscious subject of fruits for the hard dry and woody one of forestry If it must be however I will in briefly discussing the subject with reference to its past history and present obligations divide it into three heads FIRST THE ERA OF DESTRUCTIVENESS During this period which extended from the first settlement of the country up to a comparatively recent date our forefathers appear to have abandoned themselves to their mission with zeal fervor and devotion vim energy and startling success Ruthlessly and unchecked they swept everything before them and he who committed the most ferocious havoc who inflicted on the forest of his day the wildest devastation and the direst destruction seemed to congratulate himself on the fact that he was a step in advance of his neighbors SECOND THE ERA OF CONTEMPLATION Wherein the devastator resting from his toil reviews his past achieve ments He basks in the sunlight of his own approbation The forest his enemyis subjugated and he revels in delightful anticipation of further glories in the future But across the spirit of his blissful dreams comes a doubt that perhaps all is not so well He begins to realize that since the destruction of his enemy the forest things have begun to change somewhat Nature does not appear to turn the same face to him now as formerly The thermome ter becomes fitful the barometer uneasy Drouths that he once knew not begin to put in an appearance burning up his crops Freshets unheard of in the old daysthe days of the forestsbeset him and drown out his plantations The cyclone once a stranger is now a regular visitor relent lessly sweeping before it the fruits of his handiwork Nature seems turned entirely wrongsideout and he begins to reflect Somehow the convic tion gradually forces itself upon him that he and he alone is to blame and consciencestricken he is at last prepared to confess himself not only a murderer but a fool This is the era in which we are today livingfortu nately with our eyes open to the blunders of the past But after confession comes reparation Being in a contemplative mood I trust the transition will be gradual and easy into216 GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY THIRD THE ERA OF RESTITUTION In this period it shall become our study how best to restore what we have so recklessly and blindly destroyed This opens to us indeed a wide field It may be outlined under the fol lowing heads 1st The preservation of what is lefthow to keep what we now have 2d The restoration of what is already destroyed Under the first head it seems to me that a little method and system could be made to produce a very great change in a short while If instead of making a clean sweep of a piece of wood for timber and domestic pur poses as we have been accustomed to do in the past we exercise some lit tle care and judgment taking out from time to time only such trees as are necessary or suitable for our wants and purposes and leaving the thinned out remainder to grow up year by year into better material re placing vacancies with proper substitutes a marvelous change would be wrought in a few decades Not only would our forest areaalready small enoughbe maintained at its present standpoint but that area be vastly improved in the character and utility of its growth This point glides insensibly into the secondHow to restore Indeed I have partially touched upon it already in my suggestion to substitute val uable for worthless trees Many of these infest our woods to the detriment of better sorts Unfit for use or beauty ugly dwarfed and diseased they merely occupy the room of better trees and serve to spread contagion among their superiors These as suggested should give place little by lit tle to serviceable ones and by their substitution enhance the value if not the area of the forest If I had the time I could enter largely into the esthetics of the subject Beauty as well as utility might be considered advantageously Most men trim a grove with reference to the trees as they stand there at the time mere saplingsignoring the fact of their future growth and hence they shoot up into tall slender worthless and unsightly sticks offensive to the eye and valueless for service This should be avoided for obvious reasons In its application to the home and orchard this instance could be widely extended Thousands of misshapen and ugly trees are allowed to drag on their pitiable existence when a little time and trouble and labor would replace them with good strong healthy productive trees pleasing to look upon and remunerative to their owner It is the fault of our educators from the highest to the lowest that this neglect is so apparent and goes on unchecked and unrebuked from year to year Man is naturally selfish and hesitates to labor when he knows he will never enjoy its fruits He has not sufficient regard for the rights of posterity He should be educated up to it With a little wholesome tech nical instruction when he once possesses the will he will soon find the way to not only zealously preserve that which he now has left of his for mer princely inheritance of forest area but he will quickly learn how to cover his galled and scarred old hillsides red with the washings of fifty seasons with the most suitable varieties of trees for profit and for beauty Nor will it stop there He will soon acquire the taste requisite to beau tify our towns and villages by avenues of grateful shade enhancing alike the comfort and value of urban homes And whether treeplanting is done in country or in city we should recollect that the two elements of utility and beauty can always be made to go hand in hand I have often thought that it would be a great thing if the State would adopt as the Georgia Statetree the Pecan It is tough it is hardy it stands the weather and the winds It is graceful and pleasing to the eye and remuner ative to the owner If every village street and highway was lined with this tree what combined usefulness and beauty might accrue If not directly beneficial to our pockets at least our little children would reap the benefit and it is no small thing to bring happiness even to a little child GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY 217 At present more interest appears to be taken in this subject of Forestry in the arid West than here but it will not be long before we will have it brought home to us emphatically Even in Southern Georgia their so called inexhaustible supply will not long last Turpentine wont run for ever The first few years after their trees are boxed they live oft the sap The next few years they live off the lumber That gone they will have to go to scraping in the ground for a living like the rest of us In this section the native growth is scarce A few old monarch still survive to remind us by their melancholy presence of the former glories of a departed forest but for the most part only a second growth is visible a mere travesty of former grandeur I repeat again our work and study must include and cover 1 Preservation 2 Substitution 3 Recreation Each of these divisions is of vital importance to posterity and should be to us as well Interference with natural conditions must sooner or later bring retribution and if we would avoid daily increasing calamity from the heavy vengeance of outraged nature we must at once and in earnest begin the work of propitiation And now thanking you for your patient hearing I am done Dr Cary I would like Prof Hunnicutt to explain why it is that when a piece of pine woods is cut down cultivated and turned out the resulting growth is invariably oak and hickory and when oak and hickorv land is turned out it comes up pine Prof Hunnicutt Simply natures lesson to man of rotaton Dr Gary I understand you But where do the seed of the oak and hickorv and inversely the pine masts come from Prof Hunnicutt It is much too wide a subject to discuss here The winds and elements birds beasts etc transport the seed From higher ground to lower the rains wash them From lower to higher the winds are factors in the distribution of the lighter seeds and the heavier are necessarily dropped by various living agencies There are alwavs plenty of seed present for a resulting growth of any kind If the soil was sifted you would find them Nature however regulates and dictates the rotation Pres Berckmans You modestly returned thanks to us we certainly should do the same to you for your able instructive and practical address I trust the day is not far distant when the chair of Forestry will be brought into the State curriculum beginning here in Athens Adjourned to Thursday August 3d 9 a m Sh218 GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY SECOND DAY Athens Ga Thursday August 31893 The convention was called to order by the President at 930 a m Dr Cary I regret to announce the death since our last meet ing of one of our most prominent members Mr Gustave Speth Horticulturist of the State Experiment Station I feel that his demise demands more than passing notice Having been unable however to obtain sufficiently minute details of his life and history toplace in our obituary column I must ask the Society for further time in order to prepare a suitable tribute to be spread on our minutes and published in our proceedings I therefore move that the matter take this course Seconded and adoptedn lcmovtam GUSTAVE SPETH Born in Wurtemberg Germany June nth 1839 Died at the Georgia Experiment Station April 2d 1893220 GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY IN MEMORIAM Since the last convention of the Georgia State Horticultural Society at Rome Ga in 1892 an honored and efficient member of this Society ha gone to his reward Mr Gustave Speth the subject of this memorial note was born in Wurtemberg Germany June 11th 1839 and died at the Georgia Experiment Station Experiment Ga April 2d 1893 His father was a physician of eminence and the son very naturally elected to follow the same profession and was accordingly educated at the University of Tubingen Germany whence he received his degree of M D and imme diately engaged in practice with his father Very soon the young phvsician was induced to serve as surgeon on an Atlantic steamer and after several trips across the ocean and short visits ashore on this side he fell in love with tins country About the same time he was strongly attracted towards and in 1861 he gave up his profession as a physician surrendering at the same time his title of doctor and engaged in an extensive mercantile business in the city of New York assuming the duties of American citizen ship as soon as possible However failing health induced him to go South and he settled with his family in Augusta Ga in March 1879 For a time he devoted himself to the drug business and became an active member of the State Pharmaceutical Convention While in Augusta his natural fondness for fruits and flowers and his love of the truth purity and sincerity of nature at last asserted their control over him and he purchased a snug farm in the vicinity of the citv and devoted himself to what was to become his life workthe culture of fruits flowers and vegetables While engaged in this line his natural tastes and aptitudes aided and directed by the liberal culture and training which he had received at Tubingen and supplemented by his wonderful activity and energy secured to him such a reputation that he was called devote a large share of his time and energies to experimental work and it must be said to his credit be it spoken that he cared so little for money for its own sake and was so wrapped up in his love of the scientific and esthetic that he found little Huhfor making money The Georgia Station where he began the work assigned him a little over three years before his death was then m the midst of an old worn cornfield yielding but scantv returns in corn and cotton to the unscientific and oldtime methods of culture The soil was to be ditched and terraced renovated and invig orated Trees and vines were to be planted Vegetables were to be encouraged to grow on land that had never yielded twenty bushels of corn or a half bale of cotton to the acre Under the skilful hand of Mr Speth the bare fields of three years ago have been covered with fruit trees and vines of all varieties known to the soil and climate of Georgia and are now yielding largely in luscious fruits and ripening experience The fruition was just beginning when the hand that planted and trained and pruned lay quiet in the last slumber F Mr Speths published works with the exception of occasional news paper articles are confined to the papers prepared by him for the Bulletins of the Georgia Station These papers are not many nor voluminous but they give evidence of genuine merit they evince the honesty and sincerity of an intelligent and indefatigable worker Mr Speth was one of the most active and industrious of men He hesitated at no amount of detail in methods to secure accuracy in results GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY 221 donrAbovn1 hfanVerfTDd a timew there was nothing to be aone Above all his honesty as an investigator and experimenter CEturir a finished work to the approbation of toSXc mSrf HhSSS rkerS th country and especially the Georgia Experi S hf7 sustained a very serious loss in the death of Mr Speth mlmlr ard mSt unasSUminS manners will be missed bv mauj members of the Association of American Agricultural Colleges and Expenmental Stations who had learned to respect and esteemffiMto crnlrorourUSogcTetyneWrthand b mled in the iUr comliee respectfully suggest that a blank page of our minutes withPK n t 8hali be Ascribed the nameToFGustave with the date of his birth and death Respectfully submitted H H GARY Chairman222 GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY QUESTION BOX Q No 1 Oak trees dying Red and post oak No apparent cause Am told it is caused by worms but cannot find than They are shade tree in my yard and I notice man others indifferent parts oj the city What is probable cause and what is the remedy f Sec Miller It is hard to answer with certainty without hav ing seen the trees Pres Bebckmans The probable cause is either fungus or in sects Either may be a factor In the absence of a specimen of the affected part it will be impossible to pronounce with certainty it a limb was produced we could easily decide if it was an insect and could probably name the species So also m case ot a tungus 11 the questioner prefers he can if he thinks it a fungus send a speci men to Prof T B Galloway Division of Vegetable Pathology De partment of Agriculture Washington D O and this is the course I would suggest If an insect is suspected send to Prof L V Kiley Division of Entomology Washington I noticed yesterday oak trees dying the whole way from Union Point to Athens but not being able of course to inspect closely could not locate the cause It must however be either insects or a fungus Mr E K Lumpkin Can it be caused by a borer I have had preventive remedies suggested for this cause among them Bordeaux Mixture and Kerosene Emulsion Would they be likely to prove effective c Pres Berckmans It is more likely that the disease arises from a fungus than from the attack of an insect in which case the reme dies suggested would not prove efficacious If the tree was bored full of holes and each filled with chemical ingredients it is doubt ful if the tree would absorb them A tree can only absorb liquid food through its roots while a fungus is absorbed externally 1 lie fungi producing blights are bacteria cryptograms or microbes in finitesimal or microscopic in size but they can scarcely be absorbed through the roots Some fungi possess great vitality and cannot be killed except by strongly corrosive substances or great heat Dr Cary Fungus is a vegetable growth and ot many kinds with various distinctive features There is an apple fungus that sometimes is quite prevalent and does much damage the bnocU ley now appears to be quite generally attacked by it In certain sections it appears covered with the fungus What the remedy is I do not know Mrs R C Orr Does not this fungus attack principally the lower limbs of the apple trees leaving the upper portion ot the tree comparatively exempt Pres Berckmans I cannot say unless I saw the trees and could locate the cause e Mrs Orr I thought perhaps it was due to neglect ot the or chard and that failure to properly clear up under the trees caused it UoestelmGEOlKilA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY 223 Pres Berckmans P ungi are of many kinds some attacking the under side of the leaf only others the upper side giving it a bumpy appearance Others still attack it all over I cannot ad vance an opinion as to this species without examination Dr Hunnicutt of Louisiana Death now seems to be playing special havoc with the chestnut trees of this section What causes it Is there nothing we can doto discover the reason of the wide spread destruction so universally apparent with this valuable tree1 Years ago chestnuts were abundant and thrifty Today they are being rapidly swept out of existence Why isit Pres Berckmans The Agricultural Department at Washington says it is due to the inroads of an insect Every insect has a pecu liar fancy tor some particular tree so with the chestnut parasite As its favorite food disappears the insect will go too Then will follow an era of recuperation for the tree Take evergreens here in Athens 1 have seen the euonymus in good condition nowhere else throughout the State as far as Florida A special insect the coccos eunonymn affects this plant living on the sap of the leaves I he only remedy is the destruction of the plant Dr Gary Here are some potatoes that have been handed me affected with some species of tuberculosis which I do not recognize What is it b Pres Berckmans Dr Thomas Taylor Division of Microscopy is the man to enlighten you The Horticultural Society cannot pretend on casual examination to decide matters of this sort Q No 2 Pecan trees having a long tap root does it injure their bear ing qualities to remove them while young or is it better to plant the nut where the lee lx to stand and thus not have to transplant Pres Berckmans Here in Athens 1 noticed some fine healthy specimens of pecans but 1 could not ascertain if they were trans planted or not Perhaps some one present may know Mr Ltjmpkin I know the trees you refer to They bear but I clo not know whether or not they were transplanted Years ago there used to be some old trees in the vicinity and possibly these are seedlings from the old trees Mrs Orb I have had under observation two voung trees the one transplanted the other a seedling Of the two the seedling was the larger P Beckmans No two individuals are identically the same in either the vegetable or animal kingdom This accounts for the accidental inequality you notice It proves nothing Mr Lumpkin I have made inquiry and discovered that the pecans President Berckmans has noticed and which are in full bearing were transplanted fifteen or eighteen years since Pres Berckmans This appears to settle the matter very expe ilitiously and without unnecessary discussion and I am glad indeed that it has taken this turn I have noticed a recent article224 GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY by Mr Herbert Post asserting that pecans if transplanted while producing possibly fine shade trees would not fruit 1 his is not only contrary to scientific principles but to all evidence and expe rience The primary function of a taproot is to hold the tree erect in position It does its feeding mainly through its laterals and the severing of the taproot in early life could have no possible effect in preventing the laterals in after life from developing and taking up and disseminating the plant food necessary for the pro duction of fruit In Augusta we have the same experience with transplanted pecans that you have here They bear well So with the Louis iana pecan growers they all transplant Mr Posts statement is absolutely untenable Q No 3 Is there any special manure or cultivation for young pecan trees f Pres Berckmans The same conditions under which the hickory thrives apply to the pecan and it requires the same plant food The natural habitat of both is rich alluvial soil The Louisiana pecan growers observe this in establishing their groves Abund ance of plant food existing in its natural state in the soil is requi site for thorough success with the pecan though I have seen them do measurably well on red and sandy soil As for special manure you will find any form of complete fertilizer successful 1 he best form would probably be stable manure Q No 4 How should ferns be cultivated Should they hare much potroom Should they he often repotted Should they be fertilized and with what Pres Berckmans That is a question which it would take a week to answer Is there not a practical florist here who will undertake to reply If not I can only say in brief that different ferns require different treatment and cultivation All however require a light soil with preponderance of leaf mold little charcoal Some ferns are to maidenhair soil used should consist of leaf mold or peat and and moss and shallow pots should be employed climbers and do well in baskets Mr Lumpkin The question refers especially ferns Pres Berckmans My general statement applies to maidenhair ferns as well as others All require moisture and shade and the more fully you comply with these requirements the more pro nounced will be your success I cannot go through the list of va rieties giving special treatment for each It would take too long In general observe these essentials for successful cultivation Leat mold moisture shallow pots shade Q No 5 By Dr Newton peach and apple for thin vicinity What are the best varieties of rapeGEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY 225 Pres Berckmans Our catalogue is your answer W e have been eighteen years compiling it and you will find it practically correct It recommends with one and two stars as the case may be those varieties adapted to the different sections of the State and a glance will suffice to give the information you seek Dr Newton The recommendations of the catalogue are only general for the sections covered and cannot of course take into con sideration individual localities We are abnormally situated here in Athens We have a comparatively low latitude and an elevation of only TOO feet We are hence classified in Middle Georgia Yet forty miles north of us there is an elevation of 1 200 feet and im mediately beyond the mountains the cold north wind sweeping down from them in winter and materially affecting our local con ditions It was on account of this abnormal situation that the ouestion was asked The catalogue lists the varieties that ought to S well hit out our climate dont fit One of our former citizens Mr Bancroft was some years ago a successful and extensive fruit grower but finding the conditions so uncertain he drifted into cotton and we have no large fruit growers in 9 four the benefit of their experience How then shall we protect our selves from the vicissitudes of temperature to which we are sub jected in winter from the cold mountain breezes Should we expose north or south and plant on hillsides or in protected situations Col DeWoi f Providence has given you an answer by creating Morgan countyto which I direct your attention The mountains aSong way off there and her doors are open to you Come down and settle among us Sec Miller Dr Hunnicutt will soon be able on his experi mentfarm at the Agricultural College to give you the specific in formation you seek Q No 6 By Mr Lumpkin How and when should celery be sown for fall or winter use and how managed Pres Berckmans I had hoped Maj Ryals would be here at this session Last year he gave us in Rome a very practical talk on vegetable growing and in his absence perhaps the best answer to vour question will be found in the report of his speech published in the Societys transactions for 1892 Mr Lumpkin It wont do it is good but too general Pres Berckmans Nevertheless I think a sufficient detail will be found on page 29 of the report of the proceedings at Rome and by a man too who has made a practical success of the subject Q No How should grapes be trained or pruned f Pres Berckmans I refer you to the paper of Mr S D Riegel in our last annual report He has made the subject a careful study and gave us a very interesting paper226 GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY Q No 8 By Mr W W Kollnrl sv Plant have mUedlnd diedI IJtiutarZT SSL 71T and remedy wnat s the cause Sec Miller How are your vines trained Mr Kollock Tied to stakes and cultivated regularly fertilized with acid phosphate and kainit applied broadcast itv too local that was your nettd hoSVer tttrdSay whaf cause o sa3 what was the variaMymallITlidtliketkn7 if voluer tomatoes are in toSlerlur reCCCt eV havi8 Sld good unteers invariably produce small fruit Agentleman here that one vine with him produced large fruit StateS iJiS32fJScomeupvoW oabXmholdf Xt is with experiments and report at our next mSting P dehmte lmeot ttireSingtohiP Penition of on the Jamesrher n il lian chd f WXX Bartlett pears twelve years The Department w If Productive for examiniitandmundSeKSf Washington sent specially to and outside i TT for consideration whether orcharEmM hi i j s a cluestl0 or in alternate row on ucco nnt nfti f planted ln solid blocks tion The same is true o7nCs 15 T r0m Pct polleniza 1 would like information fiSet PGaches Georgla toSvo I is the man in cuously PP ta He Pants boti blocks and promis buf mfeSenrlS Vk way they fruit alike other fruitsTn as hrglZ scale P8 deS DOt extend Miller I have in the past attributed the failure to fructifyGEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY 227 in a certain apple orchard to the cold rains washing the pollen out of the bloom but now think it may perhaps he due to imperfect pollenization Pres Berckmans I can recall two alleged instances of persistently imperfect pollenization First The Wild Goose plum This is said to self fertilize imperfectly I have not lound it so Second Duchesae pear The apparent failure to selflertihze however is probably due to the necessity for a rest in alternate years as with apples The blossoms are perfect Sec Miller Isnt it tfue that the Brighton grape does not suf ficiently selfpollenize Pres Berckmans It is due to a different cause with the Brighton Too many male flowers DISTRICT REPORTS FIRST CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT Savannah Ga July 30 1893 To the Georgia State Horticultural Society After making diligent inquiries I have failed to receive reliable statistics concerning the average of commercial orchards the yield per acre returns and costs for freight j Almost every house built in the country has a garden pLanted aiound it and fruit trees form an important part of the garden The varieties of fruits which are most profitable for home consumption and home market are the fig the plum the pear grape scupperncng some of the early peaches pomegranate Japan plum pecan nuts walnuts and strawberries FigsBlack Ischia Blue Genoa Brown Turkey Green Ischia PlumsRed and Yellow Chicasaw Wild Goose PearsBartlett Duchesse Seckle Keifler LeConte QuinceChinese tt GBAPESIsabella Delaware Catawba Hartford Ismgara Concoid PEACHESAlexander Louise Rivers St John Early Beauty Chinese Clino General Lee Stonewall Jackson Elberta Picquets Late StrawberriesHoffman Sharpless Wilsons Albany Respectfully submitted J C LeHardy Chairman SECOND CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT No report THIRD CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT Marshallvieee Ga August 2 1893 To the Georgia State Horticultural Society Your committee beg leave to submit the following report The acreage of commercial orchards in this district has been greatly in creased since our last report We think that not less than one million peach trees have been planted within the two past years And the mcliea228 GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY fe aTy SyjKSi WBubtefrre treS plafted tbi winter than ever and they hav Ceen used maMy fo7b AWt h6 bT planted also have been planted in anitJ iiSf g tbePeach orchards Plums adapted to thePpeach The Bota and nh168 ia Rations not well greatly in favor 11 be planted largely thiaU 80n Whlh are SIOwi tbTtEnizpztibe ver t and of the curculio and droppedfromtZiZ I Ithem proved to De stung by orchards the greater pmTfthoWn befre mature In some ofthe inclined to rot and th netreturns ftmPthg ntrS8 Were WOrmy and disappointment to the grower while ofhS ntT08 as a rule were feet fruit and sold at verv H0fY orchards produced njore per forty carfoal ofpetchefhavb1flhfc Ut ne hundred hundred and twentywo cases eaT andW Cate the CarS hold flve shipments have nettedTbout Sinn tn i o 8 far as we can ascertain the ear load Of cour etherehis oeena SSV S5000 to mi Pr owing to the quality of fruit shippedand manner in 3Wn ia prices re I0eCoenCtOnditfoa In wWenTwreoeTedfn martf 2 Oliver before in this Respectfully submitted gP Ce8 r Samuel H Humph VicePresdeit Third Congressional District this season ask ou nave sprayed Mr RtiMPH No benei thillk PJg would have proved Mr Rumph Undoubtedly productive than those on S own roots mre Mr Rumph Thats right will not hold We should iJS V cuttlnSs ls delusive and force of buroioMaS T yUr 8tstomlt anfl ive Jt the be when the SeoTTs review eroneou impressions should Pediorre FOURTH CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT To ae Geor9a State McuWwral August 1893 ThepStt ICaVe t0 8Ubmit the foing report ingMtB11CTnttonyeto forlnauy of the fruits in the fruits and a deficiencyinorherf t8 been a otal failure of mny of poor many orchards proXdmnof J PeaclJ crP bw been particularly a fair crop seemed to luiuGEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY 229 the crop badly and finally the balance rotted on the trees before maturing in many places The same was true of the peach crop Later frosts thinned out the long stemmed fruits badly Apples were also poor the rotting process and dropping not quite so bad as with the last named fruits but crop very poor The plum crop also poor Blackberries and strawberries were fairly good Pear blight has done considerable injury this year As heretofore stated in these reports it is a subject of congratulationthat fruit culture is on the increase in this district Amateur culture is seen everywhere largely as a result of the beneficial work of this grand society Very few homes can be found without fruit trees As mentioned in the last report from this district there is one large shipping point a locality with over 1200 acres in fruits and the area year by year increasing from which many car loads are shipped and with handsome profits to the proprietors and our Society may feel a just pride in claiming a paternity in this grand work We have a fine membership of earnest prosperous workers in this favorable locality There are indica tions of similar enterprise in other localities And finally your committee is greatly pleased at seeing the results of the good work of this Society in so many places in this district Respectfully submitted TT x H H CARY VicePresideut Fourth Congressional District FIFTH CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT No report SIXTH CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT Yatesville Ga August 1 1893 To the Georgia State Horticultural Society In this report we have to say that strawberries were a fine crop this year and in some localities the bearing season was protracted to a later date tha n usual Blackberries are receiving more attention and have done well Kaspbemes are of no importance being almost worthless Apples generally considered are rather below the average in yield and quality We would call attention to Terrys Winter as promising tS eeAr Rowing alongside of Shockley and Yates this season in k L lu waymans orchard at Pomona it seems to be superior to both these old standards in vigor and earliness in bearing and as its keeping and eating qualities are represented to be good I would like to see it catalogued with one star for the middle region and promising The cold weather in spring destroyed the bulk of the peach crop and fruit set was in abnormal or diseased condition from the beginning Worms and rot prevailed and when the opportunity afforded these ness for propagation is considered it is but little less than a misfortune that we had any crop at all Plums were also thinned down to a short crop by frost but as to quality good The recent introduction of quite a number of to us new varieties some of which are so promising has created quite a disposition to increase the acreage for commercial purposes Grapes are almost always an abundant crop and scarcely affected bv causes other thanseasons Notwithstanding we have had rains in abun dance generally there is not much complaint of rot and crop is in prime Immediately upon the reception of our Presidents letter requesting quite an elaborate report on matters of interest to fruit growers inquiries were sent out to individuals in the several counties comprising this congres sional district but up to a late hour for making this report nothing has230 GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY been received upon which statistical figures could be based Our soil climate and shipping facilities are the most favorable for profitable fruit growing and our people are beginning to appreciate it Hundreds of acres in some of our counties are already in fruit for commercial purposes and results are such as will cause a large increase of acreage the coming season Quite a number of landowners are furnishing lands and northern or resi dent capitalists furnish the money in copartnership in fruit growing There are instances of this plan adopted several years ago that have resulted profitably to both parties Respectfully submitted A J Williams VicePresident Sixth Congressional District SEVENTH CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT No report EIGHTH CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT No report NINTH CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT No report TENTH CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT Augusta Ga August 1 1893 To the Georgia State Horticultural Society Your committee reports as follows ApplesHalf a crop The following varieties are shipped north and west Astrachan Red Early Red Margaret Family Red June and for home use Horse and Yellow Transparent The autumn varieties for ship ping are Buncombe Carolina Greening Equinetelee and Fall Pippin and for home use Carters Blue and Taunton The winter varieties are chiefly used at home viz Black Warrior Ben Davis Chattahoochee Hileys Eureka Red Limbertwig Romanile Shockley Stevensons Wine Sap and Yates PearsA large yield Our shipping varieties for summer are Bartlett Seckle and 8 Michael Archangel Our autumn and winter varieties are Duchesse dAugouleme Lawrence Onondaga Garber and LeConte The Keiffer is used for home consumption PeachesThe peach crop throughout the district was a failure it was less than a quarter of an average The Alexander that has been so de cried was especially good this season Our shipping varieties of freestones are Alexander Hale Tillotson Fleitas St John Early Beauty Mountain Rose Crawfords Early and Late Oldmixon Free Susquehanna Thurber Elberta Stump the World and Globe The late varieties are Columbia Picquets Cora Baldwins Late and Wonderful The Cling varieties are Tuskena General Taylor General Lee Stonewall Jackson Oldmixon Crofts Golden Pine Apple Indian Blood White Heath Eatons Golden Finleys Darby PlumsPlums as a rule were a failure in some places the Wild Goose did well We plant the following kinds and in their season they yield abundantly Botan both white and yellow fleshed Burbank Chabot Ogon or White Plum Red Nagate Satsuma or Blood Plum GrapesA large yield The rot was more prevalent than usual this year and the beneficial effects of spraying were especially visible Our shipping varieties are Delaware Ives Moores Diamond Niagara and for home use Brighton Catawba Concord Diana Martha Moores Early and of the Muscadine type Flowers Scuppernong and ThomasGEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY 231 StrawberriesWe had a short crop of strawberries owing to the drought in April which also cut off the Raspberry and Blackberry crops The prices of small fruits were remarkably high this year We find the best leading market varieties are Bubach Hoffman Haverland and Wilsons Albany WatermelonsThe crop is about threefourths of an average Canta loupes about half an average Prices were low We note with pleasure the increase in floriculture in our midst There are four establishments in the city of Augusta and they cannot supplv the lemand for cut flowers Respectfully submitted N McInnes VicePresident ELEVENTH CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT Quitman Ga August 1 1893 To the Georgia State Horticultural Society It gives me pleasure to report an increased interest in Horticulture in this the Eleventh Congressional District The LeConte and Keiffer pears are the leaders as a market crop with most people but early peaches and Japan plums have been more profitable to some growers The Japan persimmon is reported also as being very profitable The experiments made in grapegrowing have been so success ful that many vineyards will be set next fall While the Concord Ives Delaware and some others do well here this section seems to be especially adapted to the Niagara and these will be set principally The LeConte pear has blighted badly in a few of our counties but the blight has not reached most of the eastern counties of this district Where there is no blight the yield is about two hundred 200 bushels to the acre where there is blight about 50 bushels depending of course upon the extent of the blight The blight has made its appearance for the first time this year upon the Keiffer It has never failed to bear a good crop Grapes are above an average The peach crop which promised to be fine and abundant was cut short by a large percentage rotting on the trees In some sections Japan plums were similarly affected Apples below an average A wind storm in June did great injury to fruits Strawberries are not grown for market but do well here Returns from consignments have been generally unsatisfactory and in many cases barely enough has been realized to pav freight and handling Some pears have been sold to buyers from SI to 175 per barrel on the tree but the great solution of the fruit industry of this section is the marketing The demand is on the increase but steps must be taken to bring buyers here The fig crop is exceptionally good Considerable attention is being given to pecan culture These trees are verv vigorous and are rapid growers only a few trees have come into bearing These are full and hold their fruit Number of acres of commercial orchards planted in this district esti mated 3500 Pears 75 per cent peaches 15 per cent apples and plums 10 per cent Acreage in watermelons about the same as last year melons better prices lower Permit me in conclusion to say that no more inviting field is offered to fruitgrowers than is offered in the Eleventh Congressional district Very respectfully John Tillman VicePresident Eleventh Congressional District 232 GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY REPORT OF HORTICULTURIST STATE EXPERIMENT STATION Experiment Ga August 2 1893 To the Georgia State Horticultural Society As the condition of the fruit crop of Spalding county and adjacent sec tion has been included in the report of the VicePresident of the Sixth Congressional District I have construed the request of President Berck mans for a report from the Experiment Station to mean simply a report covering the condition of fruits on the station grounds without reference to the large area in fruit immediately surrounding SMALL FRUITS StrawberriesThis crop was marketed before I took charge and I saw only the last of it No tabulated results were kept owing to Mr Speths death but lam informed that the season was a fair one though the crop suffered severely from the heavy April gales Of the standard varieties Michel Wilson and Hoffman appear to be losing ground Sharpies holding its own also Gandy Kentucky Haverland and Triumph I would call special attention however to Parker Earle It deserves notice from its great productiveness and strong and vigorous rooting No runners Rusts in midsummer but recovers beautifully A most promising berry and if only a little larger and less acid would be a grand one Would like it catalogued as promising with one star for middle region RaspberriesTheir record is simply one of disaster and a story of the survival of the fittest The section has died out literally root and branch and of some sixteen varieties planted two years ago only Hera tine Gregg and a few Cuthberts are left It is but fair to say however that the plat was but poorly adapted to their culture being close and gravelly and rather poor Under more favorable conditions perhaps a better report can be made BlackberriesThese have done measurably well rusting only mod erately through quite a severe season They sold readily the entire season through at live cents when wild berries were bringing only half that amount Snyder easily leads in productiveness Early Harvest for easi ness followed closely by Wilsons Early and Wilson Jr The two latter lead in quality The handsomest berry in general appearance is Early Cluster all fruit turning red at once and making a pretty show It is also early and productive Did not do well this year Much less than a normal crop appeared to have set and of this about ten per cent was lost by rot in the early part of the season Continuous use of Bordeaux mixture however seems to have put an end to it and I cannot too strongly emphasize the importance of early spraying By beginning soon enough next year I trust to reduce loss from rot to less than five per cent A thorough test has been made of Munsous hybrids Of them the most promising appear to be in their order Brilliant Carman Bell Rommell Lyon Campbell and Early Market Unpromising Judge Miller Jaeger Hilgard Bagan VanDeman Brunk Gov Boss Meissner Letorey Sweety Dr Kemp Worthless Ruby Beagle Bed Eagle Texas Onderdonk Millardet Prof Gully Nimalba Of the standard grapes the following have proved excellent this season Prentiss Niagara Delaware Mary Brighton The following should be classed fair to good Eaton CorUand Triumph Green Mountain Welcome Linn Queen Faith Catawba Telegraph BesGEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY 233 Moores Early Cynthiana Oreins JVo 7 Mo Reisling Agawam Salem Barry Herbert Ooefhe Wilder Massassoit Aminia Berckmans Empire State Mills White N Muscadine The following as poor Etta Jessica Long Maxatawney Pizarro Emily Allens Hybrid Othello Rulander Humboldt Isabella Nortons Virginia Louisiana Amber Transparent Bacchus Elvira Clinton Pearl Alvcy Black Eagle Canada Buckets Diana The following as worthless Moycr Downing Conqueror Sultan Elsinburgh I have classified at some length because I am frequently asked for a list of grapes best adopted to this section Of course this classification is sub ject to modification from season to season and only holds good absolutely for the immediate locality of the station OTHER FRUITS PeachesNo fruit was ripened at all this year The orchard young vigorous and thrifty gave promise early in the season of an abundant crop but with the exception of E Rivers and Louise no fruit was picked Most of the fruit dropped while small and all rotted savagely on maturing or previously Pears and applesNot a tree has fruited except one dwarf Onondaga and a Tinaluskee apple though the trees are vigorous and thrifty three years old Only two trees lost by blight one Bartlctt and one Marguerite both thrifty Plums and cherriesNative plums rotted badly European bore no fruit Japanese all varieties died like sheep with the murrain Direct cause Rosette indirect presumably an old peach orchard on site of which the trees were unfortunately planted FigsBadly winter killed but growing well again and bearing nicely Best varieties seem to be Black and White Ischia Brown Turkey and Celestial Black Havana and Blue Genoa are worthless also White Four Seasons QuincesNo fruit except one Angers but thrifty and looking well Respectfully submitted Hugh N Starnes Horticulturist State Experiment Station REPORTS OF SPECIAL COMMITTEES REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON TREASURERS BOOKS To the Georgia StaU Horticultural Society We the committee having examined the Treasurers books and the vouchers shown do find that there is on hand a balance of one hundred and twentysix and thirtyfive onehundredths 12635 dollars and find the vouchers and all accounts correct H H Cary N McInnbs August 3 1893 ih234 GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON VEGETABLE AND FLORAL DISPLAY To the Georgia State Horticultural Society Your committee beg leave to report on the beautiful display of flowers and vegetables melons etc as follows Ladies Garden Club A beautiful centerpiece very artistically arranged consisting of begonias oleanders ferns geraniums and lilies with several waiters of cut flowers also tomatoes one plate each Ponderosa Ignotum Peach Buck Trophy Acme and one plate each carrots sweet potatoes kale kohlrabi Salsify seven plates Irish potatoes three plates okra three plates egg plants four plates beets four plates squash four plates onions one plate pepper cabbage and cauliflower also collection of cornsome very fine Mbs Bettie Myers Three varieties ferns one pot Araucaria Excelsa one pot begonia one waiter cut flowers Mrs John Gerdine One waiter cut roses oleanders and dwarf sunflowers Mrs Stephen Gould One waiter cut roses phlox geraniums and nasturtiums Mrs R C Hamilton One waiter assorted cut flowers one tray cabbage kale beans okra corn onions tomatoes and egg plants Mrs R K Reaves One waiter cut roses and sunflowers Mrs Asbury Hodgson One waiter geraniums and pancratiums one waiter tomatoes and Irish potatoes Mrs H A Lowrance One waiter cut roses one tub of ferns Mrs E K Lumpkin Fifteen varieties begonias thirtyone pots ferns one pot asparagus tennissimus one cantaloupe and two plates asparagus Palmetto and Colossal very fine for August Mrs Ross Crank One plate potatoes J B Hunnicutt One stalk corn sixteen feet tall Mrs Nichols One cantaloupe two watermelonsGEORGIA STATE HOKTICUETURAE SOCIETY 235 Mrs H H Carlton Three cantaloupes one watermelon Mrs Charles Bolton Chandler One tray corn beets beans salsify tomatoes okra onions potatoes and pepper We desire to compliment the ladies of the Garden Club on the beauty and size of their exhibit and especially to note the health and vigor of the pot plants which show the careful and painstaking culture which has been bestowed upon them also the beautiful display of cut flowers which com pares favorably with former exhibits G W Miller Son Rome Ga Evergreens as follows Picea Pungens Cedrus Atlantica Cedrus Libani Pyramidalis Cedrus Deodora Cedrus Silver Cryptomeria Japonica Ju niperus Hibernica Cephalotaxus Drupacia Taxus Baccata Fastigiata Thuya Peabody Erica Vulgaris Stricta Retinospora Plumosa Aurea Pinus Excelsa Pinus Ponderosa Picea Pectinata Pendula Picea Pectinata Picea Gordoniana Picea Concolor Picea Normandiana Abies Allcockiana Abies Orientalis Abies Excelsa Retinospora Pisifera Retinospora Obtusa Retinospora Plumosa Retinospora Pisifera Lutescens Retinospora Filifera Biota Orientalis Pyramidalis Biota Compacta Pyramidalis Biota Orien talis Aurea Biota Japonica Filiformis Thuya Siberica Thuya Queen Victoria Thuya Occidentalis Thuya Hoveyi Thuya Globosa Thuya Occi dentalis Pyramidalis Cupressus Sempervirens Cupressus Lawsoniana Stricta Viridis Cupressus Lawsoniana Cupressus Aurea Cupressus Law soniana Pyramidalis Alba Cupressus Lawsoniana Alba Spica Cupressus Filiformis Elegans Chamsecyparis Spheroidea Aurea Chamsecyparis Atro virens Abies Polita Abies Douglassii Abies Excelsa Aurea Abies Canaden sis Abies Excelsa Pyramidalis Abies Alba Abies Excelsa Pygmcea Abies Nigra Pumila Above fiftyfive varieties by G H Miller Son Rome Ga form a very unusual and interesting exhibit as well as a valuable object lesson It affords us great pleasure to make special mention of the displays of pot plants and ferns by Mrs E K Lumpkin and Mrs Bettie Myers We desire in closing to tender our hearty thanks to the ladies of Athens for the interest they have taken in our meetings and their hearty cooperation in making our exhibibition rooms so attractive Respectfully submitted N McTnnnes R C Berckmans W D Beattie Committee Pres Berckmans I hope I may be pardoned for testifying my own appreciation of and adding my personal thanks for the re markable skill and artistic taste prevailing in the decorations referred to in this report especially in the begonias and ferns But for our sessions being graced by the charming presence and refining influence of you ladies half their interest would be lost We can not overestimate the obligation we are under to such cultivated and progressive bodies as the Ladies Garden Club of Athens and our special report does you no more than justice and I am glad that our published proceedings will pay fitting tribute to your efforts236 GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON FRUIT DISPLAY Your committee beg to report as follows PEACHES S H HlMPH Marshallville Three plates of Emma a new seedling peach deserves trial one plate Jones Cling new and promising one plate Plants Cling new and prom ising W W Kollock Clarkesville Ga One plate Bustians October one plate Lord Palmerston G H Miller Son Rome Ga One plate Crawfords late Mrs H H Carlton Athens Ga Two plates freestone peaches no label one plate Indian peach Miss Julia Carlton Athens Ga Two plates peaches no name GRAPES The Georgia Experiment Station H N Starnes Horticulturist exhibits a very handsome display of grapes consisting of seventynine plates as follows One plate Catawba one plate White Northern Muscadine one plate Wel come one plate Amber one plate Canada one plate Pearl one plate Her bert one plate Mo Riesling one plate Berckmans one plate Diana one plate Massassoit one plate Long one plate Empire State one plate Jessica one plate Mills one plate Moores Early one plate Ives one plate Muscat Primavis one plate Transparent one plate Linn Queen one plate Herbe mont two plates Delaware one plate Isabella one plate Duchess one plate Greins Xo 7 two plates Niagara two plates Brighton one plate Mary very good showy large and promising one plate Prentiss one plate Barry one plate Elvira one plate Black Eagle one plate Emily one plate Piz zarro one plate Nortons Va one plate Keuka one plate Humboldt one plate Elsinburgh one plate Salem one plate Wilder one plate Eaton one plate Courtland one plate Etta one plate Bacchus one plate Rulander one plate Goethe one plate Cynthiana one plate Louisiana one plate Alvey one plate Conqueror one plate Othello one plate Telegraph one plate Sultan one plate Clinton twenty plates of Munsons Hybrids aS follows one plate Beagle one plate Meissner one plate Van Deman one plate Carman flavor very good bunch attractive compact one plate Earlv Market one plate Rommel one plate Onderdonk one plate Bell one plate Judge Miller one plate Gov Ross one plate Campbell one plate Brilliant very promising quality best deserving trial berries large and willdry on bunch like raisins does not ferment one plate Prof Gully 7ery poor straggling bunch one plate Hilgard one plate Lyon bunch compact quality very good early and desirable for commercial use one plate Texas very small irregular in ripening one plate Jaeger one plate Letorey one plate Brunk A P Rice Griswoldville Ga One plate Superb fine appearanceGEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY 237 Ladies Gabden Club Athens Ga Exhibits one plate Hcrbemont one plate Delaware one plate Brighton one plate Concord one plate Prentiss one plate Perkins one plate Niagara P J Bebckmans Augusta Ga A very handsome display consisting of twentyseven varieties One plate Black Hamburg one plate Isabella irregular in ripening one plate Concord one plate Fanny one plate Gaertner one plate Agawam one plate Lindley straggling berry large uniform one plate Rulander compact very attractive one plate Delaware one plate Berckmaus one plate Catawba one plate Mo Riesling one plate Elvira one plate Pearl one plate Moores Diamond one plate Greins No 7 two plates Niagara one plate Welcome one plate Rockwood one plate Mrs McLure one plate Amber one plate Maxatawney one plate Labrusca No 9 one plate Prentiss one plate Noah one plate Lady Washington one plate Humboldt Mks H H Caklton Athens Ga Exhibits one plate Wilder one plate Lenoir one plate Delaware one plate Concord one plate Ives one plate Herbemont one plate Unknown L Clabence Levy Jr Columbus Ga Exhibits one plate Empire State one plate Duchess one plate Herbe mont very fine one plate Niagara R P Johnson Exhibits one plate Diana W W Kollock Clabkesville Ga Twentyone varieties of grapes one plate Eaton one plate Hartford Prolific irregular in ripening one plate Martha one plate Susan one plate Goethe one plate Vergennes one plate Maxatawney one plate MSF lrfg nPener oue Pate Niagara one plate Lindley one plate Moores Early rather small bunches very fine one plate Nortons llgli t Plate Catawba Plate Wyoming Red extra specimens one plate Delaware one plate Salem one plate Concord one plate Pock lmgton one plate Elvira one plate Ives one plate Perkins excellent speci G H Milleb Son Rome Ga wExJbU varTieties of grapes viz Ives Concord Wyoming Worden Brighton Niagara Elvira Perkins Duchess Wyoming Ihe committee And different exhibits of Niagara from different localities tae State to be specially of interest This grape shows itself to be IiftaP qf euaTJoe rRng riPening very regularly according to ocahty Those furthest South first and those of the Mountain Refion Ripe Herbemonts were exhibited from Columbus and comparatively equally good specimens from Athens but vet green Nortons Virginia exhibited from Griffin fine compact bunches fully cXr rt0n S VlrSlma from Clarkesville Ga not yet beginning to PEARS P J Bebckmans Augusta Ga Exhibits twentyfive varieties One plate Beurre Superfin one plate Minister Bara one plate Sandwich Island one plate Madame Von Siebold very attractive and good cooking one plate Kieffer one plate Dr Koch 238 GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY one plate Onondaga one plate Montcharlet one plate Hebe one plate St Vincent de Paul one plate Smiths two plates Duchesse two plates LeConte one plate Bartlett one plate Daimio one plate Lawrence one plate Marguerite Marillat new very showy good for cooking one plate Seckel two plates Van Mons one plate Dr Jules Guyot resembles Bart lett but earlier one plate Beurre Clairgeau one plate St Michael Mrs H H Carlton Athens Ga Exhibits one plate LeConte one plate Bartlett one plate Seckel one plate Duchesse Miss Julia Carlton Athens Ga Exhibits two plates LeConte John Nichols Athens Ga Exhibits one plate LeConte W B Pittman Thomasville Ga Exhibits one plate LeConte one plate Kieffer B W Stone Thomasville Ga Exhibits one plate LeConte very large Ladies Garden Club Athens Ga Exhibits one plate Duchesse G H Miller Son Rome Ga Exhibit one plate Smiths one plate LeConte one plate Kieffer W W Kollock Clarkesville Ga Exhibits one plate Bartlett one plate Gray Doyenne The committee calls attention to the fact that pears on exhibition are especially smooth APPLES G H Miller Son Rome Ga Exhibit one plate Ben Davis one plate Howe one plate Romanite one plate Willow one plate Kinnards Mrs H H Carlton Athens Ga Exhibits five plates not named W W Kollock Clarkesville Ga Exhibits one plate Jarrard one plate Horse one plate Royal Limbertwig one plate Franklin five plates no name PLUMS W W Kollock Clarkesville Ga Exhibits one plate Damson plums Miss Julia Carlton Athens Ga Exhibits one plate Reid plums B VV Stone Thomasville Ga Exhibited in alcohol one jar Hattankio very early one jar Ogon very large one jar Burbank fine specimenGEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY 239 P J Berckmans Augusta Ga Exhibits one plate Japan Blood No 3 FIGS Ladies Garden Club Athens Ga Exhibits two plates White Adriatic two plates Celestial Mrs R C Hamilton Athens Ga One waiter of fruits consisting of Celestial figs and two varieties of grapes Mrs E K Lumpkin Athens Ga Exhibits one plate White Adriatic figs one plate Brown Turkey one plate Seedling Quinces one plate Seek lepears one plate Concord grapes Mrs C B Chandler Athens Ga Exhibits one waiter pears apples peaches grapes and pecans P J Berckmans Augusta Ga Early Bearing walnuts Thin Shell walnut Juglans Seiboldii Japan Walnut We call attention to the prospective profits that might be derived from more extended culture of walnuts and nuts of all kinds Respectfully submitted J B Hunnicutt B W Stone W W Kollock Committee REPORT OF STANDING COMMITTEE ON NEW FRUITS Your committee beg to report upon the following exhibited by the Georgia Experiment Station GRAPES BeagleBunch small black berry small quality medium Letorey Bunch small shouldered black quality poor late MommelBunch above medium shouldered berry large amber qual ity good Campbell Bunch above medium berry medium amber quality good Dr KempBunch medium shouldered berry medium black quality fair MaryBunch medium berry large red skin thick quality good A promising new variety APPLES FranklinFrom J W R Franklin large oblate orange ground over spread with crimson calyx open stalk half inch long flesh white sugary brittle quality good SeedlingFrom W W Kollock small yellow ground nearly covered with crimson white dots basin closed short stock flesh white juicy sub acid quality good May prove valuable for its earliness Matures in Habersham county 1st of June240 GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY PEACHES EmmaFrom 8 H Rumph very large yellow with light crimson cheek flesh yellow fine grain very juicy quality best freestone in maturity follows Elberta Plant ClingDeep yellow striped and splashed dark crimson flesh juicy rich red at stone quality best WALNUT Juglans SeiboldiiJapan WalnutFrom P J Berekmans nut small hard nuts in clusters early and prolific bearer not sufficiently tested PEARS Marguerite MarillotFrom P J Berekmans Large yellow light red cheek pyriform short stem quality good earlyand prolific bearer Matures middle of July A promising new variety L A Berckmans Chairman G H Miller H H Sanford A J Williams Rudolph L Oettkr Committee REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON ORNAMENTAL AND USEFUL TREES To the Georgia State Tlorticultinal Society Your committee beg leave to submit the following report Among or namental trees not new but good we delight to report favorably of the ever popular Cedrus Deodora one of the most beautiful of trees It is like a foun tain of green with its open pyramidal form of silver tipped feathery foliage ever pleasing but especially grateful to the eye when it puts forth anew in the spring with its fresher and brighter green typical of the resurrection from the dark sleep of winter In rather sharp contrast we have a shrub of recent introductionthe Prunus Pissardii a highly ornamental tree re quiring a wet soil with clay subsoil It makes a fine show from the open ing wood buds in the early spring succeeded by the masses of dainty violetcentered white flowers its tender sprigs of crimson leaves and on until the purple fruit is set and ripened and eaten late in the fall It is a source of successive surprises and delights For oddity and variety we note the Smoke treetwo species with its curious cloudofstnokelike apparition and its winged leaves Among shade trees Weirs Cutleaved Silver Maple rarely met with but deserving of more general encouragement and cultivation Picea Pun gens a native of the Rocky Mountains where it flourishes at an altitude of 8000 to 10000 feet above the sea level It varies somewhat in color when seed grown the most desirable varieties being of rich blue color The needles are short sharp and pungent hence its specific name Suc ceeds well near Rome and would probably succeed in Middle and South Georgia better than the Norway Spruce Picea Concolor is another beautiful species from the same rocky realm As indicated by its specific name it carries the same colors the year round a beautiful blending of ermine and emerald It does not bear trans planting so well as Picea Pungent unless the plants enployed be very small and well rootedGEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY 241 Picea Englemann resembles Picea PungeDS having a milder shade but greater uniformity of color It promises well in North Georgia Pinus Ponderosa appears somewhat like Austrian pine but is more compact However its success in North Georgia is problematical Silver Cedar a species of the great Red Cedar genus distinguished by its rich silvery and extremely fine foliage It succeeds wherever the red cedar flourishes For a quick shade Pawlonia Imperialis Teas Japan Hybrid or Koemp feri Catalpa or the Umbrella China are recommended The latter how ever is not reliably hardy north of latitude 32 being subject to be killed by very cold weather It is remarkable however for its quick and per sistent assumption of its characteristic form even without the aid of the pruning knife For a tall growing tree take the White Ash either American or European or the stately old standby the Elm Ulmus Americana The mistake is often made of plantingindiscriminately the Ulmus Americana and Ulmus Racemosa especially when the trees are reclaimed from the swamps by the ignorant wild African nurseryman The latter hardly rises to the dignity of a tree although remarkable for its light and graceful foliage If the quick attention of the far away passerby is desired plant the Mimosa or the Lagerstroemia if you can manage to keep the former in decent shape The Norway maple and the Silver maple are well known and approved ornamental shade trees We might extend this report indefinitely since the scope of our duties is by no means confined to what is new There is a wide wide field for improvement around the door yards the socalled lawns and the roadsides of our rural sections But we fear to transgress the unwritten law of this Societythat brevity is the soul of witthat papers should be short and to the point We therefore bring this report to a full stop R J Redding Chairman Charles Deckner Geo H Miller Li Clarence Levy Jr R P Johnson Committee ELECTION OF OFFICERS VicePres Cary presiding on motion Mr P J Berckmans was unamiously reelected President of the Society a committee consisting of Mr Miller and Dr McInnes conducting him to the chair Pres Berckmans Such a unanimous manifestation of your con tinued regard touches me deeply and it is impossible for me to refuse it It is needless to say that what little I have done and can still do to aid you is at your service Yet I would suggest that some of the VicePresidents share the work with me It would be greatly appreciated Nevertheless in whatever capacity I can serve you you have only to command me Dr Cary It is necessary that a good horticulturist fill the the position of Secretary for which nominations are now in order Mr G H Miller is not only a good horticulturist but he has made an excellent Secretary and I now renominate him for the place242 GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY Mr Miller was unanimously elected On motion of Dr Cary Mr Louis A Berckmans was unani mously reelected Treasurer the speaker complimenting him highly on his administration of the Societys funds VicePresidents were then elected as follows Second Congressional District B W Stone of Tbomasville vice H H Sandford resigned Third Congressional District Saml H Rumph of Marshallville reelected Fifth Congressional District Dr Samuel Hape of Atlanta reelected Seventh Congressional District Col Geo H Waring Cement reelected Eighth Congressional District Mr E K Lumpkin of Athens filling vacancy Ninth Congressional District Mr John G Justice of Marcus reelected Eleventh Congressional District Mr John Tillman of Quit man reelected Following the election came an interesting essay by Mr Miller as follows THE FUTURE OF HORTICULTURE IN GEORGIA AS RESULTING FROM THE PRESENT BY Q H MILLER ROME GA Whittier has some beautiful thoughts in verse warning us against the belief that all that is good and grand has gone before That all of good the past hath had Remains to make our own time glad As Georgia horticulturists we have reason to be proud of the rich herit age of knowledge and experience which is ours to appropriate to use as stepping stones in our further advances into the domain of Pomona We would not abate one iota of the honor due to those who have labored up to this date to develop the horticultural resources of our State The horticulturists in our State have done a grand work in investigating in developing and in making known our resources We in common with most of the Southern States have been twitted in regard to losing a golden opportunity to advertise ourselves to the world through a display at the Columbian Exposition While ve believe the display our State could have made from the open ing day of her strawberries plums peaches grapes vegetables and many other horticultural products would have given her a grand advertisement and while we deplore the fact that it will require years of effort to over come the erroneous impressions caused by our failure to make an exhibit yet this failure must not be laid to this Society nor to the horticulturists of our State They could not do the work unaided They would gladly have contributed of their time their money and their products but un aided by the State they could not make a creditable display and hence the first object lesson in the line of new fruits placed before the student of our resources in the White City was strawberries and cherries from southern Illinois about the 10th of June Let us hope that in the futureGEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY 24f horticulture in our State will be encouraged by liberal appropriations as she is now in many of our sister States Let us remember that the prog ress of a State does not hang upon the multitude of her resources but upon her methods of development If the horticulturists of our State would march in the van of the great army of competitors for the prize they must base their practical operations upon scientific research There is a broad and ever widening field before us for our intelligent study and experimentation Some of the questions that must engage the attention of the future horticulturist are the improve ment of varieties of fruits by cross fertilization and hybridizationthe adaptations of our various classes of fruits to the diversified soils elevations aspects and other local influences of our respective orchard and vineyard situations the antidotes to our multitudes of insect enemies and fungoid diseast s the modes of cultivation and the manurial aids best suited to the full development of the various fruits under our culture in size and form and excellence of quality the pollination or more properly the cross fertilizing of plants as affecting their productiveness in short all matters affecting the results of horticultural labors are now being so closely and intelligently studied that those who fail to keep step to the spirit of the age by persistent observation of all the elements of success or failure must necessarily fall behind the ranks of the successful horticulturists of the age If the horticulturist of the future would bring to a practical solution the troublesome problems of his profession he must base his operations upon close observation and profound study of the phenomena of nature Pardon me for suggesting to the younger members of this Society the importance of regularly journalizing all the daily observations and inter esting features of your work Note when and how you have attended to the planting and after cultivation of each species and variety of the fruits under your care note the time of blooming the condition of the weather and all the stages of growth and development Note the staminate plants with which your pistillates are fertilized and closely scrutinize the varying results if any as affecting quantity and quality of fruit produced Then at the close of the season your journal should be thoroughly reviewed and its lessons formulated as systematically as you make up your profit and loss account from your ledger As a method of selfeducation we can sug gest no better The success of the horticulturist of the future will be to a great degree measured by the extent to which the methods of science are applied to his work If he is not a proficient scientist himself he must at least keep himself informed upon all the new discoveries in science that will in any way apply to his profession and be ready to appropriate them to his own advantage My observation teaches me that the most successful practical men are those who are continually searching for principles that underlie methods of practice The workman who has a knowledge of the composi tion and nature of the material he handles will labor more intelligently and with greater prospect of being successful than he whose work is merely blind venture As an illustration allow me to refer to the art of pruningt We assert that this cannot be reduced to a line and rule system The study of specific rules is not enough but everyone who would prune intel ligently must study the structure and the uses of the different organs of every tree and plant upon which he would use the knife And aside from the real necessity of such investigation we commend this wide field to every student of nature as one of absorbing interest and beauty If our State would attain to the eminence in horticulture to which a proper development of her resources would entitle her the future votary at her shrine must use well his brains realizing that he is brought in com petition with scientific energetic painstaking growers from various sections of our common country that have natural advantages as good as our own He must also realize that the highest success will require not only the 244 GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY general knowlege we have referred to but also a special study of the peculiarities of our State or of the different sections that compose it mark ing well the difference in climate and soil and learning to select the varie ties that are adapted to his particular section The future horticulturist must also give his attention to the production and dissemination of new and improved varieties and allow us to predict that as the years roll on the quality of fruit will become a more important factor in determining value than it is at present As the tastes of consum ers become better educated to the appreciation of quality such varieties as the Champion grape and the Shockly apple will drop out of the lists As expressing my own views of the possibilities that await the scientific experi menter in this direction allow me to quote the words of a distinguished biologist We are now standing just at the gateway of scientific horticulture only having taken a few steps in the measureless fields which will stretch out as we advance into the golden sunshine of a more complete knowledge of the forces which are to unfold all the graceful forms of garden beauty and wealth of fruit and flowers for the comfort and happiness of earths teem ing millions Through the agency of horticultural progress in the future may we not confidently hope that the love of nature will be more generally developed in the hearts of the children and as a means to this desirable end shail we not have the elements of horticulture taught in all our schools and as a result of this training shall not our homes become more and more beauti ful as clustered around them we shall find fruits and flowers all cared for by appreciative hands In that bright future of horticulture which is in store for us not only will commercial orcharding receive that attention which will bring success but the hills and valleys of our State will be dotted over with fruit gardens and orchards and the homes of our people surrounded with shade trees shrubbery and flowers Through the benign influence of horticulture in the time to come the homes of our State shall become homes indeed bright oases on the pathway of life Then instead of being as now so often eager to leave home the children will Quit the dear old place With slow and lingering tread As when we kiss a claycold face And leave it with the dead I am not becoming sentimental for I know of no question of greater moment or more intensely practical than how to build up homes such as I have just referred to And we must certainly give to horticulture of which this Society is the principal exponent in this State the honor of being one of the leading factors that shall produce this desirable result In the future horticulture is destined to feel the refiningthe conserv ing and stimulating influence of woman In this city of culture you already have a Ladies Garden Club the members of which are laboring to bring about that time when all that is useful and beautiful about our homes shall be set to music in full accord with the designs of the bountiful Creator When such organiza tions as your Garden Club shall exist in every town and when our local horticultural societies shall have the active cooperation of the ladies then indeed will the commonwealth of Georgia take her proper and legiti mate rank as a State and as a producer of fair beautiful and luscious fruits abundant not only for the use of the producer and the inhabitants of her own cities but also for export to the markets of the north and west and we believe ere long to those of Europe also I would not weary you by expanding this subject further As horticulturists of today we have a mission in shaping the future of horticulture in our State Let us build upon a solid foundation basing our practice upon science and intelligent observation As our ship of horGEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY 245 ticulture sails into the future may progress be inscribed upon the banner that floats from her mast may she be piloted by truth may her cargo be the products of skilled horticulture for all the world May our home legacy be Eden homes fit monuments to keep in remembrance our efforts to take care of nurture and beautify the great vineyard Col DeWolf The admirable paper we have just heard has sug gested some points I should like to interject just hero First in the matter of the markets Recently on a visit to Chi cago I was forcibly impressed with the enterprise and cheek of the California fruit growers They know how to market and use their knowledge to advantage pushing their wares to the front with an energy and judgment that commands success Their ex hibit there is remarkable but Georgia has the ability to have beaten it hands down I am sorry we are not officially represented there Yet adverse legislation has not entirely prevented us from being represented Major Glessners energy and forethought have secured a partial exhibit of Georgia fruitsmainly peachesin the Ohio section They have been seen and have attracted consider able attention Georgia can produce the best fruit of any section in the United States It is not only good to look at but of the finest quality California fruit is well enough for show but when it comes to consumption the public wants Georgia fruit They have learned to discriminate already Have you no Georgia peaches I want Georgia not California fruit is a common expression heard any day in front of the Chi cago fruit stands The people will have them if they can get them It is the same with apricots California apricots are poor and tasteless yet they are shoved into the market and sell If we can only proceed in a systematic way to place our actual resources prop erly before the world and to induce the intelligence of the North and West to purchase and develop our landsand settle our wastes it will be a great step in the direction of progress and a movement which it will pay well to encourage We have capable men to take the matter in hand and they should turn their attention to it The trouble is the great mass of the people are indifferent General and universal education is a prominent factor in enlightening us in pro gressive methods and should be so recognized Until this is done real progress will be slow and painful Our common school cur riculum is at fault If horticulture and agriculture could be taught in our public schools even in a crude and elementary way it would materially help There are several unnecessary studies or branches for which they could be appropriately substituted The schools are the places for primary work on this line and institutes could be af terward grafted in with the aid of the horticultural societies Put a little of nature and Gods world into the dry curriculum of the schools But even if this is at present not practicable or feasible let the work of educating the whole people go on with increased facilities and the result will be as stated the eventual broadening of246 GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY our mental horizon and the acquirement of wider and more pro gressive views which must eventually have their legitimate effect in stimulating us to successful effort I HASTENED ENERGYA NEW THEORY BY DR J H W ATKINS PALMETTO GA Mr President and Gentlemen of the Georgia State Horticultural Society The following notes appeared in the Southern Farm under date of August 1889 But if you will allow me I will announce to the horticultural world the discovery of one of natures hitherto hidden laws which when perfectly understood will greatly increase the number of fine fruits and besides by reproduction give us our finest midsummer fruits to ripen among the earliest Natures diversely resultant operations have a rational cause Thus I reasoned in 1876 and set in operation a series of experiments based as I thought upon rational premises to determine the cause of the earlier nd later ripening of fruits These experiments have culminated and it is gratifying to state that success has crowned my efforts I once felt that the late Mr Rivers the great nurseryman of Sawbridge worth Eng was in possession of the secret because he produced a suc cession of fine peaches through the whole season almost entirely from the same parent but as he made no announcement of the fact during his life and as nothing of the kind has been brought to light upon the subject since his death so far as known to me I conclude I wrongly conjectured The notes that follow however incomplete and imperfect I hope will set in motion a spirit of investigation which will ultimately re sult in confirming somewhere within the bounds outlined the truth as foreshadowed May 17 1872This day I borrowed Downing on Fruits and Fruit Trees of America and read Van Mons and Knights theories and pro cesses of ameliorating fruits I had never before read anything upon the subject though since 1870 I have been giving some thought to the subject In some respects I have closely followed Van Mons without knowing it The desire to effect changes in flavor and refinement in texture of fruits was what moved me in this matter I thought that qualities might be im parted by manipulating the seedthat in addition to certain desirable qualitiescertain specific favors might be imparted I abandoned this latter idea after absorbing their views May 10 2977I believe that the seed of faulty and premature fruits may induce earlier ripening of fruits in seedlings and the present year 1875 I plant a number of faulty seed to test the matter I will say here in parenthesis that from a lot of premature and faulty seed of Tillotson one pit germinated which is now the Buena Louise named for a dear deceased daughter and bore its first crop in 1882 and is the earliest peach known to me From a very large Tillotson which was a very perfect specimen and was delayed in ripening by the few specimens left on the tree which was vigorous and healthy 1875 I have a large and fine fruit bear ing its first crop also in 1882 and ripening July 15th after George IV I will further say here that the only peach left to ripen from the severe hail storm of May 1874 on a vigorous young Hale tree ripened into a very large and perfect specimen July 7th seed planted July 28th germinated in the spring of 1875 and bore its crop in 1877 ripening with its parent but not so good I also think that an early ripening fruit or any other as to that by having its time of blooming delayed and then placed underGEOEGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY 247 circumstances to rapidly ripen its fruit may thereby impart an accelerated impetus in the ripening of its seedlings Trees kept back in cellar to April 5th 1876 and transplanted carefully bloomed late and bore sound and perfect fruit Alexander ripening July 4th those in orchard ripen ing June 19th but being an early sort seed never germinated This prin ciple I still think could be verified Let us move forward now on a different road to catch the effect of haste in the development of the germ for the future life April 191882Today I took off all but a half dozen specimens of a well laden young and vigorous tree of Thurber which must gradually die from demolition of bark around collar The ripening will be hasty and prema ture if the tree can live to effect it and the object is to plant the seed for something earlier This tree never lived to mature its fruit but I planted the six peaches in the flesh the skin of which was green and shriveled to the pit One of these germinated and bore its first fruit in 1889 It is a beautiful large highly colored cling or seiniciing on a vigorous tree and ripens with and after Rivers A tree by it same age from a prema ture specimen of Thurber from a healthy tree ripens its fruit a day or so later sometimes as much earlier and both are gone before Thurber their parent standing in ten feet of them commences to swell So much for the impetus and haste if any imparted to the coming life in the germ From my notes and memory many other affirmative instances could be added The most decidedly premature specimen I ever planted was from Flewellen but to my regret it succumbed to a cold snap when full of blooms and sap But perhaps we have enough on this line We may need something more to convince us that in the dying act there is a hasty energizing and an ameliorating influence a softening impetus that is transmitted through the germ to posterity in the vegetable kingdom and to eternity shall I say in the animal kingdom I will give you however one more proof of the effect of hastened en ergy in the struggle for life in the vegetable kingdom I might say some thing more here of the probable ripening impress of the dying act both in the animal and vegetable kingdoms but the mind staggers over the field Before alluding to the additional proof spoken of however I will try to illustrate my meaning more fully by analogy as thereby I may throw more light on one line of my thoughts Many ideas that we conceive the mind conceiving can grasp but cannot clearly elucidate There is reason for all natural processes Whether in disease or health all processes are natural and however changed and variegated they are still natural be cause they are presided over controlled or modified by those laws they are never in full abeyance The why and how we cannot always know Some simple things we feel that we know We know for instance that the puncture of our flesh by a spicula of wood steel or other foreign body is followed by pain a commotion in the system The energies of the system are at once aroused to remove the intruder that there is a rush of blood or sap if you please to the seat of danger a congestion inflammation and a ripening or dying of the tissues locally in order that the cause may be removed This is natures method Hence the need of a surgeon to prevent local death or perchance general death Something analogous takes place in the vegetable economy Fruits are punctured by insects and after a period of incubation an irritating worm is prowling through its flesh The whole effort of the tree is to expel the offender even at the expense of the life of its progenythe germ A congestion takes place inflammation death The ripening of fruits is only the prelude to the death of the flesh But in the case cited it is mor bid hastened and the whole effort of the tree is concentrated for the re moval of the member or members hurtful to the economy and at the same time a most powerful and hasty effort is made because in my view it is a248 GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY law of nature for the development of the germ There is a hastened im pulse transmitted to the embryonic life and upon the death by ripening of the flesh the germ lies dormant until the sun and showers of spring awaken it to motion when it germinates and resumes in my opinion the movement acquired from its parent and carries it through its life In this way I think its ripening is made to anticipate its parent by a longer or shorter period proportionate to the greater or less activity of the capillary movement in the ripening of the flesh and the development to viability of the germ If the theory be true it opens up a wide field in horticulture and agri culture It can be utilized and applied in many ways other than I have mentioned I will now go back and give you the proof of the effect of hastened en ergy in disease I could give instances corroborating in agriculture but I will give this alone because it seems to me important in fruit culture In looking over my notes I find allusion to it twice in 1889 These I condense as follows Eleven specimens from a Madover peach limb ripening its fruits ten to fifteen days before the balance of the tree or trees of that variety were taken oftloth of June and the balance ten taken off 22d of June two days before the last Alexanders were shipped soft 18th to 30th and kept well one week and more These were all large fine and perfect specimens Worked stocks from this limb to transmit the impulse Seed were planted but never germinated June 25 1892In 1889 a limb upona Madover or Keepwell peach tree was noticed to ripen its fruit in advance of the Rivers The main crop of this variety follows Rivers nicely Thinking this freak or sport might be cut loose and transmitted I worked some trees from it Although one of these young trees bloomed this year cold snaps prevented any fruit The same freaky limb however bore and the first perfect peach was soft on 14th of June and kept without a sign of decay to the 23d The first Louise and Rivers not soft were shipped on the 16th of June so that should this freak be fixed it will be thrown a full ripening before itself and supersede Louise and Rivers because it will not only cover their en tire ground and precede Louise a few days but is superior in size color flavor and keeping June 10 189SA small but vigorous young tree raised by budding from a premature Madover limb in 1889 has just ripened its last fruit the pickings having been on the first third and tenth instant I shipped the first Buenas on the 30th of May and last Buenas and Alexanders on the 8th of June the day of the first shipment of Louise and Rivers To show with what I had to compare the premature Madover I append the following list of extra early peaches which I have tested from twelve to seventeen years Alexander Amsden Arkansas Traveller late Alpha Ashby Early Buena Louise Bakers May keeps well Burns Briggss May Bowers Early Browns Early one of the best and nearly as early as Buena Cumberland Early Charlie King Early Canada Climax Callie Scaff very good and has small specimens to liager Downing rots Ex celsior large one of the very best but later than Alexander Gov Gar land Hapes Early Hyness Nectar sound everywhere Honeywell rots everywhere Kelleys Early Musser large Saunders Williams Early Sharps 1 2 3 1 with Alexander 2 and 3 with Hales and 2 a fine fruit Vandemans 1 2 3 4 5 3 is with Louise 5 early but rots 2 later 4 with or nearly with Buena Buena distinctly earliest in test from 1882 to 1892 and more distinctly in 1893 Now must we conclude from this instance that we may not only by re production but in a shorter way have our finest midsummer fruits to ripen among the earliest The road seems open and yet another road may be opened and our further experiments will soon confirm or reject what now appears almost a reality Many detached notes I have butGEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY 249 have not time to throw them together If premature Madover should be fixed it will supersede all extra early peaches since while nearly as early it is very much superior in size and quality I regret to say however that in its new position it showed disposition to rot from which it is more free in its natural place than any variety be fore or after it with me When I first noticed this premature limb in 1889 I suspected disease and with a sharp knife slit the upright shoot to relieve probable engorgement and save its life although at that time there was no evidence of disease either in foilage or fruit Its precocity aroused suspicion In 1890 circulation in the limb was feeble and some of its laterals fif teen to twenty inches in length have since died It is still struggling on but has a perished appearance compared with the balance of the tree and did not set fruit this year though other portions of the tree bore freely I have again depleted it pruned other parts of the tree and mulched against the strain of dry weather in order that it might have a full chance to re cuperate Should it recover and return to its proper state I will note it The immunities of some portions of the laterals from the premature im press is suggestive and interesting and though I have a drawing with figures explanatory it will make this article too long to give it I am conducting experiments from which I firmly believe I will get more refined and earlier and later fruits than the parents although I am using the trees and fruits of standard varieties I cannot now go into details Again as to premature limbs and trees We isolate the impulse forward and propagate it and though they may get later each year alter it is only what happens to all fruits thrown from the natural time of the va riety I think and though the effort may be forever towards that time they never quite reach it Nevertheless this forcing forward may be kept up indefinitely from diseased trees or dying trees rather for such as I use are really not diseased but are simply cut off from the source of lifeperished into death and are only seemingly diseased Vail Mons was unquestionably correct in my opinion in his theory that the gathering of fruit before ripe and allowing it to ripeu and mellow be fore planting the seed had a refining and ameliorating effect upon the progeny He however snapped the thread of life at once and perhaps the influence was not so potent as in my method Death takes place slowly in my method because the tree and fruit is not totally cut off from the source of sustenance and while dying there is a desperate natural effort to mature the fruit and perfect the germ This effort is not the same in every case In one it is hurried in another it is tardy In either case it is refin ing In one case it causes the progeny to anticipate the parent in ripening In another it is perhaps retarding From what has been said if the premises be correct it can be seen how fruits may be caused to vary vary in time of ripening vary in quality Other modifying causes there be but these are the most potent Every variation from nature has an actual cause Let us search for that cause Man is the great evolutionist He is Gods chosen instrument to evolu tionize as well as to revolutionize the world Through him if ever it will be restored to its pristine happiness purity and beauty Variations result from the intermeddling of man Superadded to the effect of soil climate and seasons are changed habits changed circumstances forced surround ings Therefore much which we accept as accident or chance is varia tion for which man the evolutionist is responsible for without cultivation it would not be possible In conclusion Mr President and gentlemen of the Society let me say that I am glad to have had the opportunity at least to meet with you I was one of the charter members of this body seventeen years agone If I delay so long I will never meet with you again I feeblyaided this Society on foot you have placed it on horseback But I have an interest in your labors the State has an interest yea the world You are engaged in a grand work Your field is unsurpassed250 GEOEGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY Isolate Georgia today from the balance of the world and in every de partment of labor and knowledge she would march proudly on She would need no outside aid save the continued blessings of heaven She is an empire of varied soil climate productions mines illimitable re sources In population she is an empire of energy economy industry selfreliance and original mentality and inventiveness Let us not speak of our Godgiven opportunities boastingly but invoke the continued direc tion of that Almighty finger in evolutionary as well as material devel opment NEXT PLAGE OF MEETING Sec Miller I have here a telegraphic communication which I wish to read OUTHBERT GA August 1 1893 P J Berokmans President Georgia State Horticultural Society Randolph County Fruit Growers Association send greetings Our dele gates will not arrive disappointed in dates We cordially invite you to meet next year at Cuthbert Our homes will be open for your enter tainment J M Rawls President Upon motion of Secretary Miller seconded by Dr Gary Cuth bert was unanimously selected as the place for the next annual meeting of the Society DISPOSITION OF FRUIT SUPPLY On motion it was decided that the fruit display should be placed at the disposal of the Ladies Garden Club of Athens RATES The President reported the signal failure of all efforts to obtain either free transportation or reduced rates for members of the con vention The utmost that could be obtained after every argument was exhausted and after a lengthy correspondence by mail and wire was a concession by the Passenger Association through Commissioner Slaughter of a rate of four cents a mile for the round trip This concession however depended upon an attend ance of one hundred and the Association refused to waive the clause requiring this attendance for the reduced rate to take effect It was finally agreed however that each visitor by rail attending the session whether a regular member of the Society or not could be counted as such but when this was done the number still fell short of one hundred Mr Slaughter was advised by wire of this but declined to make any further concessions and so the matter stood If said the President the members had come one hundred strong we could have obtained the reduced rate offered as it is we shall have to pay full fare both ways No arguments seem to prevail with the railroads Notwithstanding the immense value of our sessions to the transportation lines in stimulating and encouraging fruit growing throughout this section and the necessarily important influence they exert in increasing the business of the roads we are strangely ignoredeven though the roads stand in their own lightGEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY 251 in doing so I trust next year things will be working more regu larly and we can obtain what we wish If not the only thing todo will be to go in such force to Cuthbert as to be able to take advan tage of the regular rules governing reduced rates CATALOGUE The President announced that as so few members were present it had been decided that the usual changes in the catalogue should be effected by circular letters sent out to each member by the Execu tive Committee and the desired changes incorporated in the pub lished report MISCELLANEOUS Dr Newton lam requested by Miss Frierson the librarian of the University to extend an invitation to all of the visitors to in spect the University Library Pres Berckmans I trust all of the members will avail themselves of this kind invitation They will find the library interesting Dr Newton I would like to state that the FarmersClub of Clarke county are endeavoring to effect the selection of a man in each county of the State to act as a sort of county commissioner of agriculture who will keep posted on agricultural and horticultural statistics in his county and make regular reports to both societies Much good can be effected in this way and we are endeavoring to induce the State to pay the ordinary of each county 5000 per an num to act in this capacity We would like the cooperation of the Horticultural Society Mr B W Stone Coming from the center of pear culture in this State I have been asked for a preventive against pear blight 1 know of none other than careful preparation and thorough culti vation Chancellor Boggs I have been struck with the beauty of the pear exhibit here and would like to see not only a partial display but a typical pear exhibit embracing the entire list of varieties successfully cultivated in this section Dr H H Cary offered the following resolutions Be it resolved That the thanks of the Georgia State Horticultural So ciety are hereby tendered to the Clarke County Agricultural Society and to the mayor and city council and the citizens of Athens for the very ele gant hospitalities extended to us during our stay in their beautiful culti vated and classic city and that such spontaneous and liberal courtesies will be long remembered Besolved further That our thanks are tendered to the Southern Express Company for its continued liberality in giving us free transportation for our exhibits a courtesy which we fully appreciate Aesolucd finally That our special thanks are tendered the Ladies Garden Club of the city of Athens for their thoughtfulness and consideration in making such complete arrangements for our accommodation and conve nience as well as for the additional charm which their attendance has lent our session Unanimously passed by a rising vote252 GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY After a brief but graceful valedictory by Pres Berckmans in which he expressed the hope that he would meet not only those present but all of the old members and many new ones next year in Cuthbert the Eighteenth Annual Session of the Society was pronounced closed P J BERCKMANS 1 President G H Miller SecretaryCATALOGUE OF FRUITS PLAN OF CATALOGUE To enable the Society to publish a full and reliable catalogue of fruits which are successfully cultivated in Georgia and in view of the vast differ ences which the climatic influence of the several sections of our State has upon the same fruit cultivated upon the mountains or near the seacoast it has been deemed advisable to divide the State into four distinct sections 1 The Upper or Mountain Region embracing that section of Georgia between the 34th and 35th degrees of latitude N 2 The Middle Region between 32d and 34th degrees including the southwestern portion of the 32d degree except the counties named for Southern Region 3 The Southern Region comprising the counties of Baker Berrien Brooks Charlton Clinch Colquitt Early Echols Lowndes Miller Mitchell Pierce Thomas and Ware 4 The Lower or Coast Region comprising the counties of Chatham Bryan Liberty Mclntosh Glynn and Camden The explanations of the columns will be found under each class of fruits The varieties named in the several lists are of recognized good quality inferior or rejected varieties being omitted Synonyms are given in a few instances only where it was deemed neces sary these are placed under the adopted name in italics One indicates that the varieties succeed well in the region named at the head of the column Two indicate the varieties most highly recommended No indicates no report or that the variety is not suf ficiently tested A dash indicates that the variety is unsuited APPLES Explanation of Columns Column 1Name of varieties Column 2Season of maturity Column 3The particular use for which it is best adapted Columns 4 5 G and 7The regions for which the varieties are recom mended Column 8Remarks Explanation of Abbreviations Column 2SeasonsS summer A autumn W winter E early L late E S early summer L W late winter etc Column 3UseK designates varieties recommended only for the kitchen or cooking purposes D for drying C for those specially intended for cider M those most valued for market Varieties not marked may be considered as table or dessert sorts254 GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY APPLES NAME B r 1 B 0 bn a X 3 cd 0 1 o REMARKS Astrachan bied Ben Davis syn New York Pippin Buncombe syns Meigs Red Winter Pearmain Red Fall Pippin Black Warrior Carters Blue syn Lady Fitz patrick Carolina Greening syns Green Crank Southern Greening Green Cheese Cannon Pear main Carolina Watson ullasaga Chattahooehee Disharojn Early Harvest Elgin Pippin Equinetelee syne Bachelor Buckingham etc Etowah syn Coopers Red Fall Pippin Family Farrars Summer syn Robin sons Superb Ferdinand Grimes Golden Pippin Gravenstein Homony suns Summer neat of Kentucky Sops of Wine Hileys Eureka Horse Hocketts Sweet Horn Julian Jewetts Best Kansas Queen Kittageskee Kentucky Red Streak syn Bradfords Best Kinnard Lanier May Pippin Mamma Mangum Mavericks Sweet Mitchells Cider Moultries syn Indian Winter Mrs Bryan Neverfails sun RawVs Janet Nickajack syns Summcrour Berry Wonderetc ES LW W LW S EW W A ES A A W A Yellow June Nantahalee syn Oconee Greening Palmer or Pear Apple Romanite Red June syn Carolina Red June A EW ES S LW S LW LW S S s LA A W A ES A W W s LW A A W s A E LW ES k m Profitable early market very prolific Second quality excellent keeper bloom buds Excellent In some soils liable to blight of Excellent fine keeper prolific Large sugary very fine splendid grower Excellent Second quality fine keeper Very large prolific profitable market Requires strong clay soil Excellent and fine keeper iood quality fine grower Universal favorite Large and very good to borer soil subject prolific Very good needs strong Very good fine keeper Large and very good Excellent and profitable summer apple Very good lasts from July to October Large good quality Very good in Mountain Region Good in Middle and Vesiern portion of State Excellent prolific Late keeper lasts two months Superior for cooking and drying prolific Prolific and good keeper Good keeper open grower I fruit Productive excellent for cider showy Very large very good stout grower Very showy Very prolific small very good Fine grower Excellent for mountains Showy fajl apple good quality region Very early reliable in Middle or western Very good fine tree Excellent prolific subject to moth Very good good keeper unreliable Promising well late summer Good and late keeper Showy and excellent Excellent in some sections of Middle Re gion unreliable apt to drop before attaining full size soils Very good apt to rot at core in some Excellent Medium very good prolific gion Good quality excellent in Mountain Re j Early prolific very good bears very t young profitable for marketGEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY APPLESContinued 255 NAME gig REMARKS Rhodes Orange Simmons Red Shock ley Santa Summer cheese Summer Queen Stevensons Winter Striped June syn Early Red Margaret of the South Sweet Bough eyn Sweet Har vest Terry Hargrove Tine Stumps Taunton Webbs Winter Whites Wmter Pearmain Wallace Howard Wme Sap Yates Yellow Transparent Yopps Favorite York Imperial ES S LW LW s S LW ES A LW A A W w w A LW LW E S w M Excellent summer fruit Matures fruit from June to October Keliable in every section profitable Very good late keeper even on coast Large prolific excellent for cooking and Giod market apple drying Unsurpassed in quality bearing and keep ing Excellent fine grower and prolific Very good early sweet Red An excellent keeper resembles Pry ors A showy and excellent new apple Promising for Piedmont region Large showy good quailty fine for mar Good iket open grower Good Very showy and excellent Quality very good Very good young desirable variety Small very good prolific and bears LEADING VARIETIES OF APPLES FOR MARKET ORCHARDS SummerAstrachan Red June Early Harvest Family Striped June Horse Julian Horaony Autumn Buncombe Carters Blue Equinetelee Taunton WinterBen Davis Chattahoochee Greeniner Etowab Hocketts Sweet Mangum Nickajack Komanite Shockley Stevensons Winter Yates Santa Black Warrior256 GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY PEACHES Explanation of Columns1st name of variety 2d classfreestone or clingstone 3d color of flesh 4th season 5th use Remaining col umns denote the region etc AbbreviationsClassF freestone C clingstone NeshW white Y yellow R red SeasonE early V E very early M medium L late V L very late Very early ripens from end of May to June 20th early from June 20th to July 5th medium from July 5th to August 10th late from August 10th to October 1st very late from October 1st to No vember 10th UseF for family use only M the most valuable for market D the most desirable for drying Varieties not marked may be considered good for home use NAME A O u o o o O 0 r c Q X f H pj3 c r r 0 4 x 3 T3 t 3 a Q X o O REMARKS Alexander syn Aras den Amelia syn Stroman Carolina Ausiin Beatrice Berenice Bustians October Baldwins Late tChinese Cling K E Lee Church Columbia syns In rlian Pace etc Crawfords Early Crawfords Late Darby Deuiminns September Duff Yellow Early Tillotsou Eatons Golden Elberta Family Favorite syn Robinson Fruitland Flewellen Fleitas St John syn May Beauty Fords Foster Globe Grosse Mignonne GreatEastern Goodes October General Taylor Hales Honey syn Chinese Honey Heath White eyn White English Indian Blood Cling Josephine LaGrange Lady Ingold Late Admirable Lemon Cling syn Pineapple VE E VL VE L V L VL E E L M E M VL L I VE I M M L E VE VE VE L M M VL VE VE E L 11 L L E M M F m MF M U M M MD M m m M D M M M FM Si F Quality very good bright color very profitable Very large very good Excellent October cling Excellent below medium size fine color requires rich soil and thinning An excellent very late cling Good late freestone Excellent and large subject to rot Earlier than its parent Chinese Cling Very good September freestone Excellent for all purprses Very good and standard market variety Variable rots in some seasons An excellent October cling Similar to Lemon cling ripens one month Very large early second quality later Very desirable Superior cling for preserving Very large and handsome Good market variety Good for its season Good early cling of Indian type variety Very good early excellent market vari Large very e irly promising ety Earlier than Early Crawford Very large Follows Elberta Good but too tender for market Very large variable in quality Very good late Indian cling Very good early cling Variable apt to rot in some localities for Florida Very sweet blooms very early suitable Excellent for preserving and market Xevy juicy and good Very large and good follows Globe Large pure white good Excellent earlier than Early Crawford Very good too tender for market Superior clingGEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY PEACHES Continued 257 NAME CD HH REMAKES Louise Rivers Mountain Rose Muscogee Mystery Newington Cling Osceola Oldmixon Freestone Oldmixon Clingstone Feento Picquets Late IRivers Stump the World Susquehanna Sqow Scotts October Thurber TinsIeysOct Cling Tuskena F W W W 11 V F Y K W n w C w F Y F w F w F Y F w C Y F W 1 w C Y VE M M M M L M M VE L VE M M M VL M VL VE M M MD F M M F F ivi Very good ripens 1 week afcer Beatrice Superior to Early York Whitefleshed Columbia Good Excellent quality Follows Crawford Good freestone of Indian type Excellent market variety Excellent market variety Adapted to Florida only Best freestone of its season Of best quality large size too tender for market Superior market variety Very large superior to Late Crawford Pure white good for preserving Good late cling Very large best quality Good late cling Lemon cling June t Several improved seedlings of Chinese Cling have been introduced less liable to decay than the original iTlie following new varieties originated by Mr Rivers of England are all inferior in quality to the Mountain Rose which ripens at the same season viz Early Alfred Early Albert Early Silver Magdala Dr Hogg Prince of Wales LEADING MARKET VARIETIES IN ORDER OF MATURITY Alexander Beatrice Louise Hales Early Tillotson Pleitas St John Tuskena General Taylor Mountain Rose Foster Early Crawford Gen Lee Chinese Cling Oldmixon Free Susquehanna Elberta Stump the World Columbia Lemon Cling Muscogee Indian Blood Cling Picquets Church White Heath Cling Eatons Golden Baldwins Austin Darby Bustians LEADING VARIETIES FOR SHIPPING TO NORTHERN AND WESTERN MARKETS Alexander Fleitas St John Tillotson Crawfords Early Crawfords Late Elberta Stump the World Susquehanna FOR FAMILY USE Add to aboveEarly Rivers Hales Yellow St John Amelia Moun tain Rose General Taylor Cling Duff Cling General Lee Stonewall Jack son Chinese Cling Thurber Lemon Cling Columbia Oldmixon Cling Picquets Osceola Baldwins Late Heath White Demmings September Cling Eatons Golden Bustians October Austins Late Tinsleys Oc tober258 GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY NECTARINES Explanations amd abbreviations same as Teaches NAME jy 3 J3 8 E o O o s o CO 03 0 X ai A s o tc 0 tf 5 a o G O Si A 0 a i 3 To G t U jg j 3 O 3 g o To a HI cti o O REMARKS F F C F F F C P F c c F Y K K K K E Y K K W R YK W M M E E E M M M M K M M M Reports from every section state this fruit to be unreliable owing to attacks of the eurculio Sianwick APRICOTS Explanations and abbreviations same as Peaches Breda Early Golden Hemskirke Large Early Large Red Moorpark Orange Peach Kaisha St Ambrose Royal Turkey F Y V Y V K V It V K V Y V Y V Y F Y V YH F YK V Y Trees are liable to be killed by spring frost Only desirablefor city gardens or where protected by surrounding buildings POMEGRANATES NAME G si o X 3 q 3 0 d c a oj X m z a G a S QJ X a u 1 0 A 5 3 REMARKS The climate of Mountain Region is too cold to grow this plant Suitable for pot culture GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY 259 NUTS WALNUTS English JuglaDS RegiaThe most suitable soils are calcareous sandy sandy loam gravelly or stony naturally well drained stiff clays retentive of humidity are unsuited CommonThis is the typical variety from which are derived the follow ing forms or subvarieties ChaberteNut oval medium full kernel rich in oil blooms late and therefore suited to localities liable to late spring frosts Early Bearing ProeparturiensisNuts medium nearly round good quality The tree is remarkably prolific and begins to yield fruit at from four to five years from seed Half hard shell FranquetteLarge oblong pointed full kernel half hard shell MayctteNuts produced in Paris half hard shell full kernel excellent quality ParisienneLarge oblong half hard and rough shell kernel scarcely filling the shell Very prolific and of good quality St JohnNut medium hard shell good quality Blooms latest of all and valuable where late springs prevail Thin ShelledNuts large oblong very thin shell of excellent quality and the standard dessert variety Keeps sweet a long time Its shell is liable to be crushed when roughly handled EarhereNut very long half hard shell full kernel Ailantm LeavedFruit produced in pendulous clusters wholly of orna mental value Cut LeavedLeaves deeply lancinated Nut medium of good quality Lonji leakedFruit with a long beak Of no special commercial value Walnut JapanJuglans SeiboldiiNuts produced in clysters of six to twelve of medium size pointed shell very bard kernel very sweet prolific and bears fruit when trees are four to six years old Walnut American BlackJuglans NigraFruit large very hard shell kernel sweet Doubtless susceptible of producing improved varieties by judicious selection Timber valuable for cabinet work Walnut Ashy Grey or Butter Nut Juglans CinereaMountain districts not large hard shell May be improved under cultivation The timber is valuable for cabinet work PECANS Carya OlivasforminSucceed in almost any soil but best in rich allu vial or river bottoms Hardy from Texas to Nebraska Nuts vary in size and shape from the very hard shelled inch nuts to the very thinned paper shell which sometimes attain two and a half inches in length Forms reproduce themselves from seed with some variation the average of selfreproduction being about fifty per cent Louisiana and Texas Paper Shell command the highest market prices In shape they vary from twoandahalf incheslongby three quarterstoone inch in diameter to other shapes approaching to the more globular but the distinctive characteristics are the more or less thin shell which is well filled by a sweet and well flavored kernel Some forms of the paper shell class are known under local names such as Turkey Kgg Mexican Stuart Colorado Pride of the Coast etc Hard SheU Pecans vary in size and shape of nut the larger forms being two inches by three quarters and many are of excellent quality but as a commercial commodity do not command the high prices of the former CHESTNUTS American Castanea Americana of I DonNuts of medium size usually three in a burr the middle one flattened and sometimes imperfect thei60 GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY outer one planoconvex flavor sweet succeeds in almost any soil not too moist but thrives best in rich clayey or rocky soils in the upland districts Several forms have been produced by careful selection of the largest nuts The most conspicuous being Paragon and Numbo both producing nuts of very large size and excellent flavor Chincapin Castanea PumilaNuts small solitary in burr flavor sweet A small tree or large shrub succeeding in much lower sections of the State than the chestnut No improved forms are recorded European Castanea VescaIn each country of Europe are found forms which seem specially adapted thereto and known mainly under local names The following may be classed as principal varieties and known as commercial sorts OrdinaryNut medium very productive usually propagated from seed and the variety known as European or Spanish ExaladcNut large and considered of the best quality tree rather dwarf and productive PourtalonneNut very large Green of LimousinLarge and keeps sweet a long time CombaleNut very large and tree very productive NouzillardeVery large and requires a warm soil and section Lyons Lite Lusignan d Agen etc are names given to the large nuts usually found in commerce Identical reproduction by seed is unreliable fifty per cent may be taken as a fair average The best varieties are increased by grafting JapanThis is a distinct type resembling the European more closely than the American and contains many forms Nuts grown upon seedling trees vary remarkably in size and quality some being scarcely as large as the American sweet chestnut whereas others are larger than any of the European sorts Hence the best forms can only be reliably propagated by grafting The word Mammoth cannot always be appliedto seedlings be cause of the great variation in size The true Mammoth as produced upon grafted trees is of very large size sometimes attaining one and three quarters by one and onehalf inches Flavor sweet and superior to the European sorts Burrs often producing four to five nuts and occasionally as many as seven Tree of very dwarf growth and begins to bear fruit at two years from graft ALMONDS As a rule unsuited to the State of Georgia owing to blooms of fruit being injured by spring frosts Occasionally successful in the Coast and Southern Regions Hard ShellThis section comprises several varieties with sweet and bitter kernels The latter resist spring frost better than the sweet varieties and often yield good crops of nuts which are however of little value for culinary purposes Where successful the following subvarieties produce sweet nuts Ordinary Large Green Half Hard Shell all sweet nuts Matherone Molicre Pistache Soft or Paper Shell Princesse Sultane HetcrophylleThis is the most esteemed for using in a fresh state Peach Almond a variety with occa sionally a fleshy hull in this resembling a peach Of little value as a fruit FILBERTS Corylus Avellana These are divided into two classes 1 Filberts or with long husks 2 Hazelnuts or with short husks These plants thrive best in light but rich soilsnand not too dry Plants must be trained to single stems and very low heads all suckers carefully removed The best varieties are Cosford Kent ish Cob Lambert Purple filbert White filbertGEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY 261 PEAKS Explanation of Columns1st name of variety 2d season 3d use 4th stock upon which the variety succeeds best remainder the region in which the varieties are recommended AbbreviationsSeason and Vse same as those for Apples Stock Q quince S pear stock Where not marked the varieties thrive equally upon quince or pear NAME a o V a v m CJ I D o 0 73 d 0 j X a 3 0 p 0 0 be O ID p 6 Z To M c 5 o p c f m 0 1 REMARKS S A A S w E S A S S s A E S S s s s K A s s s s A s E S S VE s s s s s w M M SI si ia M S1 si SI M SI M si si S s S s u s s s Q s s s s s s s s s Q s s tC fit CO Good everywhere but subject to blight Apt to lose its foliage Very good Good A late keeper Very early poor grower Very fine in Mountain region Excellent but rots at the core standard only Very good fine color matures rapidly Daimio Doyenne dEte Good very early but small Duchesse dAngouleme Most profitable of all on quince Oriental type good Very good Productive and valuable as a late pear Howell KietFer Variable as to quality ard Valuable in South Georgia very good for Good for canning table and market LeConte syn Chinese Pear Mikado Mrae Von Sieoold Vigorous grower good quality Ott Small but excellent and productive Seedling of Doyenne dEle and better Excellent quality reliable bearer St Michael Archangel Slow bearer fruit best quality Promising well Oriental type Best keeper BEST VARIETIES FOB MARKET IN ORDER OF MATURITY On QuinceBuerre Giffard St Michael Archangel Buerre Superfine Howell Duchesse dAngouleme Seckel Buerre dAnjou On StandardDoyenne dEte Clapps Favorite Bartlett Belle Lucra tive LeConte Flemish Beauty Buerre Clairgeau Lawrence Kieffer Buerre Easter and Winter Nelfis Oriental TypeDaimio Mikado Garber Mme Von Siebold Very productive and valuable for canning and evaporating262 iEORfHA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY PLUMS Explanation ok Columns1st name of variety 2d color id class whether free or clingstone 4th season remainder region in which the varieties are recommended Abbreviations ColorR red Y yellow B blue G green P pur ple SeasonAs for peaches ClassC clingstone K freestone 8 REMARKS Type Americana or Peach Leaved Harpers Kanawha Miner Type Ghickasaw Cumberland Hughes Missouri Xewmans Pottawottamie Robinson Wild Goose Supposed Cross Detaradeuc Type OrientalSec 1 Japan ese Botan yeliow fleshed syn Abundance Botan white fleshed Botankio Burbank Ohabot Hattankio Kelsey Masu Ogon or ShiroSmomo KaLsuma or Blood Ura Beni Sec 2Chinese Simoni Sec 3Persian Pissardii or Persian Purple Plum Type European Rradshaw Coes Golden Drop Columbia Damson syn Black Damson Duanes Purple Green Gage Imperial Gage Lombard Mogul syii Morocco Monroe Moores Arctic Orleans Smiths Red Gage Shippers Pride Washington Yellow Gage R R R Y R R R R R R YR R R VR YR V R Y Q I R Y K R R tree Very late prolific must ripen upon the Promising well Prolific and of good quality ood quality prolific buarer Grows in clusters Follows Wild Goose Excellent quality showy and prolific Sweet early and pr lific Sugary very good Resembles Yellow Fleshed Botan but later A showy and good fruit middle of July Early good quality long Very large best quality prolific Very showy but of second quality Latge yellow earliest of all good quality Large deep purple flesh blood red very Red long early good Excellent flavor but shy bearer Very early second quality a good cooking fruit foliage bright purple The curculio prevents this class of plums from being raised to any extent Where special care is taken to destroy the in sects the varieties marked are recom mended Good quality in mountains Promising profuse bearerGEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY 263 NATIVE GRAPES Explanation of Columns1st name 2d variety id season 4th use remaining columns for regions etc Abbreviations ColorW white B blue or black E red PB pale blue SeasonE early maturing from beginning to end of July M me dium maturing from end of July to August 15th L late maturing after middle of August VL very late maturing after middle of September UserM market T table W wine NAME o o O a o w V 6 a be a W S a B o a o 0 o 5 a d c u o V V B 0 M O St o O REMARKS Type Labruscp or Fox Grape R B R B PR PR W B B B W W R B B B PB B PB B W w w B w B PB E E M M E 31 T T W MW TW TM Ver3r good quality good bearer Good lable grape Less liable to rot than formeily regain ing its old standard Among our best varieties Best table variety reliable slow grower Good quality good bearer and shipper Hartford B M E VE M E M M M M L L M M M M VL L L E M WM M TM M M M TW W W W W W W TW W W W WTl TW Good early variety for market Prolific and no rot An early shipper Very early Profitable as a white market grape Good bearer no rot second qualitv Type Estivalis Summer Grape Black July syn Deve Larger than Concord Excellent shv bearer while young1 Long sn Cngham Warren syn Herbe Rots in middle region excellent for wine Good but not productive Best for red wine Apt to rot excellent quality Type Cordifolia Frost Grape Good for red wine Type Riparia Riverside Grape Type Rot undifolia Muscadine R liable in the upper middle region Good for white wine For white wine The latest of the type Most certain bearer good wine grape Pulps dissolving An excellent early variety 264 GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY GRAPES Continued NAME C o o o c o OD cd o CO 6 a 0 Tc a a 0 d 0 M o c Tr o g a Q 0 Tc c X GO 3 3 REMARKS Hybrid Varieties R W GW W R B R W B W w w M E L M M M M M M M M M T T T T T T M T T T T T 1 Vigorous better grower than Delaware First quality but liable to rot requires Goethe syn Rogers NoA Lady Washington Lindley syn Rogers No 9 sacking Good late requires sacking Moderate grower Good Merrimack syn Rog Suitable for amateur culture Good White showy v Wilder syn Rogers Good Very showy Best quality Excellent quality LEADING VARIETIES FOR SHIPPING IN ORDER OF MATURITY Moores Diamond Moores Brighton Ives Delaware Niagara Concord Perkins Diana BEST VARIETIES FOR WINE RedNortons Virginia Lenoir Clinton Concord Ives Thomas White Missouri Riesling Catawba Delaware Elvira Warren Noah ScuppernongGEORGIA STATE IIOKI KCIrURAE SOCIETY 265 STRAWBERRIES Explanation of Columns1st name 2d sex 3d origin 4th use 5th season AbbreviationsSexP pistillate all others are hermaphrodite Ori ginF foreign A American UseF family M market SeasonE early YE very early L late NAME 0 So qj M a o 5b it d a u u Z o 9 u 03 Ji 0 s 0 II A A M lJ H A M E P A M E II A A 51 II TH II A 51 VE 11 A M VE 11 A A M M 11 L II A M EL H A 1 M H A F M II A F 51 REMARKS Belmont Bubach Charles Downing Crescent Galceron Hoffman Michel Nunans Prince of Berries Sharpless Wilsons Albany Eureka Haverland Gandv Large suitable for rich soils Excellent Good variable as to soils Pistillate must be cultivated in alternate rows with other varieties Large second quality Best early shipper Very early and good quality Worthless for Middle Kegion valuable for im mediate coast Excellent for amateur cultivation Size large and quality good Best every report favorable i romising well Productive and large RASPBERRIES NAME d 0 ij i 0 3 B o C be i a O ho M a h j X 0 ic aA 05 rt c J REMARKS Clnss I Cap Varieties w Bet of the black caps Schaffers Late productive good shipper Class ILAmerican Red Varieties Cuthbert or Queen of Good A promising red variety Good yellow productive Class IIIHybrid of Foreign and American Red Promising wtll 266 GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY BLACKBERRIES Valuable as a very eirly berry MULBERRIES Hicks Inferior fruit very prolific recommended for poultry and Large very good immensely productive hogs FIGS Explanation of Columns1st name 2d size 3d color 4th season remaining columns for regions etc AbbreviationsSizeS small L large M medium ColorW white or yellow G green B brown or reddish P purple or blue V violet Season E early M middle season E and L early and late 0 p C it P C X tr O o a 3 r 0 33 1 o o O CO a c w E f K S I m 4 4 p M 0 fr p M 3 V E S r B H 4 L 4 W B M 5 G ML zr V M W M w L W M REMARKS Angelique synt Early Lemon Bcunswick syns Ma donna Con1 Black Genoa Black Ischia Celestial rfJBrown Turkey Brown Smyrna Green Ischia siftg White Ischia Qreen Italian Lemon Violet Round Nerii Marseilles M M S u M M M M Small good early Very lare and desirable rood Small prolific and desirable Best of all for middle region Very good and prolific Very good Good Good Rather dry but prolificGEORGIA STATE HOKTK UlTTRAE SOCIETY 261 CHERRIES Explanations and abbreviations same as figs except color R red A amber DR dark red or nearly black Y yellow YR yellow red CHERRIES Belle de Ccioisy Belle et Magnifique Black Heart Werders Black Tartarian Black agle Carnation Coes Transparent Earlya Richmond May Duke English Morello Napoleon Kockport Heine Hortense Governor Wood Baurnans May Yellow Spanish Wragg DR K DR DR DK R AY R R R R AR R R R R P p r p r fi G M 1 qj 1 0 X n o j REMARKS Very early Cherries are uncertain in middle region except in a few localities where good crops are sometimes produced the Mo rello class being most desirable Trees should all be giown on Mahaleb stock QUINCES XAME p 0 u 1 a o p c u c t p o fcc P 5 O O REMARKS Fine quality Succeeds best in Soulhwestern Georgia good for preserving Large and good Quinces need strong clay soil They are unproductive in gray land JAPAN PERSIMMONS Diospyros Kaht It is almost impossible to give an accurate nomenclature owing to the confusion which exists in the collections imported from Japan These col lections seldom contain more than twelve varieties yet when the trees bear fruit the same name is often found to apply to several distinct va rieties or one variety has several names The best and most distinct varie ties have been included in this list and with such synonyms added thereto as have been ascertained after several years trial and while no claim is laid to strict accuracy the aim has been to reach this as nearly as possible268 GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY All the varieties are hardy in the Middle and Coast Regions and occa sionally in the Mountain Region The fruit is usually of a bright orange red or vermilion the color being more or less intense according to variety and begins to color when half grown but should be allowed to hang upon the tree until just before frost is expected or with the early ripening varieties until fully soft If gath ered before a frost there is a slight astringency next to the skin but this disappears after being kept in the house for a few days or weeks If allowed to be slightly touched by frost the flavor is much improved but it will then not keep many days It is therefore desirable to gather the fruit before frost if intended for keeping and then some varieties will keep until January or February The flesh is soft rich and sweet and with a slight apricot flavor The fruit should be eaten with a spoon Some varieties are apt to overbear and should have the fruit thinned so soon as set in April Trees are propagated mainly by grafting upon the collar of the roots and upon the native species Seedlings vary in size shape and quality but as the largest proportion are male plants and those which are fruitful are apt to produce small and worthless fruit very little reliability can therefore be placed upon seedlings so far as yielding edible fruit Among or Yenion name of a Japanese ornamentRound flattened deeply ribbed dark orange red and sometimes yellowish red two and a half to three inches in diameter average weight six ounces and occa sionally a specimen weighing sixteen ounces is produced Very sweet flesh red and is edible while still solid but quality improves as it becomes soft Maturity September to end of November Tree of moderate height HachiyaBeehive in JapaneseSynonyms Costata Imperial Yomato etc Oblong with a blunt apex slightly ribbed two and a half by three inches average weight five ounces Flesh deep orange red astringent while solid but sweet and very good when soft Should be house ripened and can be kept until March Tree of vigorous and tall growth Hlyakume weighsone hundred me a unit of Japanese weightThis is perhaps the most desirable of all the round red fleshed varieties and as the fruit affects various shapes it is known under many names such as Pound Ihnenashi or Seedless etc The Agricultural Bureau of Tokio gives the latter name to a variety with black mottled apex but we find both round and elongated forms upon the same tree as also uniformly orange and orange yellow colored specimens while many are heavily tipped with black This variation of forms and colors has doubtless led to its array of synonyms Fruit large average three inches in diameter and five ounces in weight usually flattened but elongated forms are quite common upon the same branch Flesh bright orange red Keeps very late Must be soft before being edible Tree of moderate height apt to be of dwarf growth Toyama Oaki Name of localityMedium to large round but some what narrower at the apex yellowish orange with dark black pencillings at apex Flesh dark brown or greyish brown very sweet Can be eaten when solid four to six ounces hurokiime this may possibly be Qashiyohira or Palace Persimmon Very large round somewhat flattened three to three and a half inches in diameter average weight ten ounces and sometimes yields specimens of sixteen ounces in weight keeps late Flesh red Tree erect grower MiyotanSynonym Mazelli Round or slightly oblong two and a half inches in diameter average weight five and a half ounces slightly ribbed Skin deep orange red Flesh usually deep brown red but bright red or half red and half brown fleshed specimens are often produced upon the same tree the results of crossfertilization by other varieties Tree of medium or dwarf growth exceedingly prolific Fruit keeps very late The brown fleshed specimens are edible while solid and as early as October 1GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY 269 Okame Stout young girl in JapaneseSynonyms Oblong Hyakurne Mikado etc medium to large two and a half by three and a half inches oblong deep red nearly always seedless keeps late Txurunoko Stork EggSynonym Minokaki Persimmon from Mino a locality Large oblong pointed two and a half by three and a half inches weight four to five ounces sometimes ten ounces Skin bright red some specimens covered with black at apex Flesh red very good Keeps late edible only when soft Foliage long and shiny tree compact and vigorous grower This variety varies very much as to size at different seasons YedoJchi No 1 or best in Yedo latter being the old name of TokioSynonym MaruGata round shape Medium round some specimens slightly oblong flattened at base and narrowing at apex skin dark red often with black mottlings near apex flesh mahogany brown with darker spots brittle and is edible while solid as early as October 1 Very prolific and bears fruit in large clusters Tree an upright grower Zenji or Zingi name of Japanese villageSmall one and threefourth by two inches weight three to four ounces Flesh dark brown with darker spots very sweet Edible as early as middle of September while still solid and lasts throughout October Bulletin No 26 Third Series SEASON 489293 Commercial Fertilizers CHEMICALS Inspected Analyzed and Admitted for Sale in the State of Georgia up to Jun 30 1893 UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF Hon K T NESBITT Commissioner or Agriculture of the State of Geobgia Dr GEORGE F PAYNE State Chemist ATLANTA GA GEO W HARRISON State Painter Franklin Printing and Publishing House 1893VALUATIONS For Available Phosphoric Acid Ammonia and Potash for season of 189293 Available phosphoric acid 4 cents a pound Ammonia or its equivalent in nitrogen 13 cents a pound Potash 4 cents a pound Tf calculated by units Available phosphoric acid 80 cents per unit Ammonia or its equivalent in nitrogen 2 60 cents per unit Potash 80 cents per unit The relative commercial value which is given each fertilizer is calculated from the above figures with an addition to each of 260 per ton to cover in spection sacks mixing and handling To calculate the commercial value of a ton of a given fertilizer bear in mind that a ton weighs 2000 pounds and one per cent of this is twenty pounds If a goods contain one per cent of available phosphoric acid this will be twenty pounds of available phosphoric acid in a ton Twenty pounds of available phosphoric acid at four cents a pound will be eighty cents for each per cent contained in a ton or eight cents per unit as it is generally designated Am monia being thirteen cents a pound each one per cent or twenty pounds in a ton will be worth 260 As potash is the same value as available phosphoric acid each per cent in a ton will be worth eighty cents To illustrate this take a sample containing Available phosphoric acid1010 multiply by 0808 08 Ammonia 260 multiply by 260 6 76 Potash 110 multiply by 80 88 Inspection sacks mixing and handling 2 60 Ttelative commercial value18 32 These valuations were obtained by the most careful investigation and fairly represented the wholesale cash value on the first of January 1893 of fertilizers in Georgia in those cities where the goods enter the State or where they are manufactured A great majority of the number of manufacturers whose prices were used as a basis for these valuations offered their goods at Savannah for cash at figures which correspond with these values Any one buying at a dis tance from Savannah should add the freight to that point to obtain its local wholesale cash value This subtracted from the price charged for the goods will give one a fair idea Of what is charged as profit Goods are sold very close for cash but when sold on time dealers are compelled to charge full price to cover interest cost of collection and bad debts It is impossible to fix exact values for an entire season upon mercantile goods subject to the fluctuations of the market hence these values while con sidered fairly approximate are to be regarded rather as comparative and not absolute 4 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA Georgia is the largest consumer of commercial fertilizers of any State in the Union Thanks to our well devised fertilizer laws she also secures them at lower prices than any other State Goods of identical composition and made in one instance of which we are aware in the same factory are sold in the New England States for 3000 per ton in Tennessee for 26 per ton and in Georgia for S2200 per ton P S Since the above values were fixed ammoniates advanced rapidly in price until about the middle or latter portion of March when they reached their highest point The best quality of blood selling at 340 per unit which is equivalent to 2 7 cents a pound for ammonia Cotton seed meal reached 25 per ton Blood is now selling in Chicago in large lots at from 200 to 225 per unit and in this State cotton seed meal can now be bought at 21 per ton From the analysis of any of the brands one can readily figure out its commer cial value at any particular quotation of ammoniates by following directions as given above PAINES NONACID PHOSPHATE Of late many circulars advertising Paines NonAcid Soft Phosphate have been sent out over the State and dealers have been urged to uss it in the place of acid phosphate in preparing fertilizers A large number of letters having come to the Commissioner asking about this nonacid phosphate the State chemist was requested to make an analysis and report on the same Atlanta Ga December 2 1892 Hon JR T Nesbitl Commissioner of Agriculture Dear SirIn response to your request for my opinion upon Paines Non Acid Phosphate I have made a careful analysis of the same and find it to contain nearly two per cent of available phosphoric acid and a little over twentyfive per cent of insoluble phosphoric acid The total phosphoric acid amounts to about twentyseven per cent which is equivalent to fiftynine per cent bone phosphate The exact figures are as follows Moisture 116 per cent Insoluble phosphoric acid2528 per cent Reverted phosphoric acid 181 per cent whtch is available phosphoric acid L81 per cent Total phosphoric acid 2709 per cent The NonAcid Phosphate is ground very fine over ninetyseven per cent of it will go throvgh a sixtymesh sieve and about fiftyfive per cent of it will pass through a fine bolting cloth The common commercial name for finely ground phosphate rock untracted with acid is Floats Unground phosphate rock furnishes but little food to plants but when ground to a very fine powder its surface is enormously increased and the action of the atmosphere and acids of the soil the effects of heat and cold sunshine and rain are much accelerated Floats have been fully demonstrated to be of some value as a fertilizer but in no way to approach the effects of acid phos phates Paines NonAcid Phosphate contains a small percentage of available phosphoric acid and on this account will be superior to ordinary flpajts ANALYSES OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS1892 Average acid phosphates contain about thirteen per cent of available phos phoric acid and from one to four per cent of insoluble phosphoric acid The NonAcid Soft Phosphate does not contain quite two per cent of available phosphoric acid and over twentyfive per cent of insoluble phosphoric acid The Department of Agriculture recognizes available phosphoric acid as worth four cents a pound and insoluble phosphoric acid as of no immediate value The NonAcid Soft Phosphate could not be sold as an acid phosphate under the laws of Georgia as ten percent of available phosphoric acid is required in acid phosphates nor could fertilizer manufacturers use it to advantage in making up goods in place of an acid phosphate as the valuations upon phos phoric acid in amixed fertilizer are based upon the available phosphoric acid In regard to the circular submitted some of the statements are misleading to our farmers For instance the following Give the crop the first season as much available phosphoric acid as the South Carolina acid phosphate and without the injurious effects of the sulphuric acid According to the methods adopted by the Association of Official Agricultural Chemists of the United States which are acknowledged to be the very best in the country the average South Carolina acid phosphate contains more than six times as much available phosphoric acid and the injurious sulphuric acid referred to is changed into sulphate of lime when phosphate rock which is phosphate of lime comes in contact with the sulphuric acid It is not harmful in such combinations sul phate of lime being frequently and advantageously used alone in the form of gypsum or land plaster The acidity of acid phosphate is due to phosphoric acid and the name acid phosphate is an abbreviation of the words acid phos phate of lime When sulphuric acid is added to phosphate of lime the lime is taken up by the sulphuric acid which it neutralizes forming sulphate of lime and the phosphoric acid being freed from part of the lime gives its acid oliiracter to the compound Many acid phosphates contain no free sulphuric acid it having beeu fully neutralized by the lime A few do contain a small quantity of free sulphuric acid wThich when present is usually decomposed by the carbonates in the soil The circular also states that the NonAcid Soft Phosphate contains from 2 to 5 per cent of soluble phosphoric acid I found no soluble phosphoric acid Soluble phosphoric acid is that phosphoric acid which can be dissolved out of a fertilizer with water The statement that over 20 per cent of the phosphoric acid in this phos phate has been shown to become soluble in citrate of ammonia is misleading as only not quite two per cent of it was found upon analysis to be soluble in the solution of citrate of ammonia prescribed by the Association of Official Agricultural Chemists to be used in determining reverted phosphoric acid This NonAcid Soft Phosphate should prove more quickly available than ordinary powdered phosphate as about onehalf per cent of it is in such a fine powder that it will wash through the finest filtering paper and nearly two per cent of it is in an available form It is not to be classed with acid phosphate as it is distinctly a nonacid phosphate and contains no soluble phosphoric acid which is the chief valuable feature of an acid phosphate It also contains only about the usual amount of reverted phosphoric acid found in acid phos phates Respectfully George F Payne State ChemistDEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA INFERIOR KEROSENE OILS OPINION AND ANALYSES OF THE STATE CHEMIST Atlanta Ga March 31 1893 Hon R T Nesbitt Commissioner of Agriculture of the State of Georgia Dear SirOn account of the general complaint throughout the State of the poor illuminating qualities of much of the kerosene oil now sold I have at your request made analyses and other investigations of samples of oil submitted by you For comparison I lay before you the analyses of two different samples one a much complained of kerosene from Monticello the other an excellent sam ple of white kerosene bought in Atlanta These figures bring out clearly the differences between a poor oil and a good one The results were as follows Analysis No 3378 Analysis No 330 Monticello Atlanta Sample Sample 1 Color of oil 2 Specific gravity 3 Flash TestFirst flash with burning string held 4 inch above oil with open tester 4 Flash TestFullflash with burning string flitted inch above oil with open tester 5 Fire TestOil takes fire with open tester 6 Percentage of normal oil distilling between 347 and 527 7 Percentage of oil distilling above 527 F 8 Color of 1st 40 distilling over 9 Color of 2d 40 distilling over 10 Color of last 20t left in still Yellow 795 106 F 118 F 122 F 540 f 460 i White Yellow Very dark brow White 785 127 F 129 F 135 F 944 56 White White Light brown Flash Test c Gr Flash SP Gr Tept Sp Gr 11 Gravity and flash test of 1st 20j distilling over 12 Gravity and flash test of 2d 20 distilling over 78 F 118 F 188 F 257 F 302 F 750 775 805 822 835 105 F 119 F 136 F 165 F 230 F 767 13 Gravity and flash test of 3d 20 distilling over 14 Gravity and flash test of 4th 20S distilling over 780 15 Gravity and flash test of residue not distilled over Not tested The samples were also tested for alkalies and acids as well as sulphur com pounds these were not present to any noticeable extent The Monticello oil was burned in a lamp several days side by side with the Atlanta sample The light given by the Monticello oil gradually became more and more smoky and less brilliant The Atlanta oil maintained the high character of its light throughout the experiment Petroleum although apparently quite a simple body is yet a very complex compound It is composed of a number of different substances with differ ent gravities and boiling points The best kerosene oils for general illuminating purposes are those which distill from petroleum between the temperatures of 347 F and 527 F OilsANALYSES OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS18923 distilling below 347 F are dangerous to use although they give a good light Those distilling above 527 F are too heavy to burn well and partake of the nature of lubricating oils The sample of oil from Monticello is not a homogeneous oil while the gravity is high indicating a heavy oil its flash test is low indicating a light oil This sample is composed of a large quantity of heavy gravity oil light ened up with a little very light gravity oil This is shown in the specific gravities of the different distillates The indications of the flash test also show the presence of this light gravity oil slight flashes showing at 108 F The Atlanta oil shows its even character by every test while the Monticello oil though of heavier gravity is of much lower flash test when the higher gravity would ordinarily indicate the reverse Fractional distillation and careful testing of the distillates reveal the true character of such oils Very heavy oils require much heat to burn them consequently very high gravity oils while safest to use do not give in the ordinary lamp as brilliant a light as those of lighter gravity but the lighter the gravity of an oil the more easily it forms an explosive gas hence the adoption of the present Georgia law requiring an oil to stand a test of 120 F One would not expect lard oil nor cotton seed oil to give a good light in an ordinary kerosene lamp This is on account of their high gravity The oils like the samples from Monticello contain too much high gravity oil to give a good light While there is little difference in the apparent gravity of the Monticello and Atlanta samples the former being 795 and the latter 785 yet there is a marked difference when the oils are separated by distillation The Monticello oil is heaviest to start with yet the first 20 per cent is lighter than the first 20 per cent of the Atlanta oil In the last 60 per cent the very high gravity of the Monticello oil is most marked having been at first masked by the 20 per cent of very light oil The specific gravity of a kerosene would be a valuable test if it were not for the ease with which the gravity can be diminished with the lighter petroleum products Under the present laws I see no way in which you can prohibit the sale of kerosene oils of poor illuminating powers if their fire test meets the require ments of the code Aware of your earnest desire to detect and drive from Georgia such miser able goods I would suggest that at the next meeting of the legislature you request that a law be enacted permitting you to forbid the sale of any kero sene illuminating oils as of standard character which do not contain the proper amount of oil distilling between 347 F and 527 F A good lamp oil thould contain 85 per cent or over of such a distillate The Monticello sample only contains 54 per cent while the Atlanta sample contains nearly 95 per cent I have devised a handy piece of apparatus which can be used by the inspectors for such testing as that suggested I have written several of the oil companies for prices of the oils distilling at different temperatures to learn if possible the probable effect upon the prices of kerosene oils in this State if the sale of such goods as these com plained of were prohibited I did not succeed in getting the figures desired Butlearned from some of the agents that they had a great deal less trouble in those States that had no laws at all on the subject than they did in Georgia Which no one doubts Very respectfully GEORGE F PAYNE State Chemist8 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA P SThe sample sent you by the oil company as the same goods as those shipped to Monticello was not the same as the sample secured by your in spector at that point The companys sample being an excellent white oil of 785 gravity Said sample was probably a second shipment to Monticello sent to mix with and improve the quality of the inferior oil G F P Another sample of Kerosene claimed to be of inferior quality received for Analy sis since the above report teas made Kerosene OilFrom Madison Ga Kerosene OilFrom Monticello Ga Kerosene OilFrom Atlanta Ga o S3 o o 347 3380 3378 White Yellow White 3 d i o to Gp So oj t m l o u a 3 CM 3 Q 03 S 3b C3 Cb M 1 5 WS 090 310 540 460 944 56 u a 785 795 785 The two last samples are placed for comparison The last one being a most excellent oil containing 944 per cent normal oil as shown above The other two are much inferior to it containing only 69 and 54 per cent re spectivelyANALYSES OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS1892 FREE SULPHURIC ACID IN ACID PHOSPHATES IS USUALLY SMALL IN AMOUNT Nine samples were selected at random from a number of the arid phos phates sold in the State This does not include the sulphates but only the free sulphuric acid The free acid usually found in fertilizers is phosphoric acid the sulphuric acid being taken up by the lime of the phosphate rock and the phosphoric acid liberated from its insoluble condition Sample Number Percentage of Free Sulphuric Acid Present 3165 3106 19 j09 IW 5one i None None None None None None 3168 3169 3170 3171 S172 317310 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA REPORT OF THE CHEMIST Laboratory ok the State Chemist State Capitol Atlanta Ga July 6 1893 Son It T Nisbitt Commissioner of Agricutire of the State of Georgia Dear SirSince the passage of the new fertilizer law not pennittino the sampling of fertilizers in bulk samples ave been slow in coming in at the earlier portion of the season While the law is a splendid protection to the larmer inspectors taking samples of the many brands upon the marker after they have left the manufacturers hands thus obviating some possible oppor tunities of deception yet the slowness with which samples come in at first lenders the duties of the State Chemist especially arduous for while the sam ples are constantly coming in at the earlier portion of the season keeping him busy they come in such a way as not to enable him to utilize his time to the best advantage When the samples do start to pour in it requires the most energetic work possible to get through in what would seem a reasonable length ot time During the season I have encountered several samples of manufactured goods which contained considerable amounts of calcium carbonate As sul phuric acid would decompose such calcium carbonate when the former is used in the manufacture of acid phosphate it is evident that calcium carbonate is added as a dryer or possibly as a filler I have been informed that an article consisting largely of calcium carbonate with some calcium phosphate has been recently shipped from Europe into this State as Belgium Floats This article is sold sacked at the remarkably low price of 400 per ton While low in phosphoric acid it is rich in lime and whilst seeming cheap at the above price it would appear from the analyses of these carbonated goods that its use can not be very profitable to the manufacturers All the goods observed run verv high in insoluble and in reverted phosphoricacid the soluble phosphoric acid running low The analyses of the goods show their exact composition and tells the farmer just how they stand Of course the farmer does not object to getting from four to six per cent of insoluble phosphoric acid for nothing as he does in such goods when they are sold on analysis It is a subject for congratulation that the fertilizers sold throughout the State during this season have been of such excellent character in spite of the exceedingly high prices of ammoniates which have prevailed during a portion of the year In the State of Connecticut whose bulletin for 1892 has been recently received onefourth of the nitrogenous fertilizers analyzed this season failed to reach their guarantees in one or two ingredients The laws of Geor gia are too severe to tempt manufacturers to risk selling goods below their guarantees in this State There seems to be an honest effort made by all to reach their guarantees as it is a very unprofitable thing for them to do other wise Besides the analyses of the official samples of fertilizers taken by the in spectors a number of acid phosphates taken at random have been examined for free sulphuric acid Only two out of the lot contained any free sulphuric acid at all and those in very small quantity This was done to set at rest the statement so often made that the sulphuric acid of commercial fertilizers finally ruined the landANALYSES OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS18923 11 Four kerosene oils were analyzed during the year to determine the cause of their bad illuminating qualities A report upon them occurs in another por tion of the bulletin An apparatus has been devised to enable inspectors to detect thes oils in case the next legislature desires to enact any legislation upon the subject A good sample of phosphate rock has been received from Randolph county and several excellent ones from Decatur county The number of analyses made during the season were as follows Acid phosphates 107 Acid phosphates with ammonia 15 Acid phosphates with potash 67 Acid phosphates with ammonia and potash complete fertilizers G25 Potash salts 22 Cot ton seed meals 72 Chemicds not otherwise enumerated 42 Fertilizers under the Ellington bill 4 Minerals 278 Waters 11 Marls 15 Native phosphates 47 Kerosene Oils 4 1300 Very respectfully GEORGE F PAYNE State Chemist12 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA ELLINGTON BILL No 168 An act to regulate the sale of fertilizers in the State to fix a method for determining the value of the same and for other purposes Section I Be it enacted by the General Assembly of Georgia and it is hereby enacted by authority of the same That from and after the passage of this act it shall be lawful for any purchaser of fertilizer from any owner thereof or agent of such owner to require of the person selling and at the time of sale or delivery to take from each lot of each brand sold a sample of its contents Sec II Be it further enacted That said sample so taken shall be mixed together and placed in a bottle jar or such other receptacle as the pur chaser may present It shall then be the duty of such purchaser and seller to deliver said package to the Ordinary of the county who shall label same with the names of the parties and of the fertilizer Sec III Be it further enacted That said Ordinary shall safely keep said package allowing neither party access to the same save as hereinafter pro vided The Ordinary shall receive a fee of ten 10 cents from the party depositing such sample for each sample so deposited Sec IV Be it further enacted That should said purchaser after having used such fertilizer upon his crops have reason to believe from the yields thereof that said fertilizer was totally or partially worthless he shall no tify the seller and apply to the Ordinary to forward the said sample depos ited with him or a sufficiency thereof to insure a fair analysis to the State Chemist without stating the names of the parties the name of the fertili zer or giving its guaranteed analysis the cost of sending being prepaid by the purchaser Sec V Be it further enacted That it shall be the duty of the State Chemist to analyze and send a copy of the result to said Ordinary Sec VI Be it further enacted That should said analysis show that said fertilizer comes up to the guaranteed analysis upon which it is sold then the statement so sent to the State Chemist shall be conclusive evidence against a plea of partial or total failure of consideration But should said analysis show that such fertilizer does not come up to the guaranteed analy sis then the sale shall be illegal null and void and when suit is brought upon any evidence of indebtedness given for such fertilizer the statement of such Chemist so transmitted to the Ordinary shall be conclusive evi dence of the facts whether such evidence of indebtedness is held by an nnocent third party or not Sec VII Beit further enacted That in lieu of the State Chemist should the parties to the contract agree upon some other chemist to make said analysis all the provisions of this act shall apply to his analysis and re port to the Ordinary Sec VIII Be it further enacted That should the seller refuse to take said sample when so required by the purchaser then upon proof of this fact the purchaser shall be entitled to his plea of failure of consideration and to support the same by proof of the want of effect and benefit of saidANALYSES OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS18923 13 fertilizer upon his crop which proof shall be sufficient to authorize the jury to sustain defendants plea within whole or in part whether said suit is brought by an innocent holder or not Sec IX Be it further enacted That all laws and parts of laws in conflict with this act be and the same are hereby repealed Approved December 27 1890 Special attention is called to Sec 1Requhng seller to take the sample Sec IIRequiring purchaser ani seller to deliver package to Ordinary Sec IIIRequiriog Ordinary to keep package allowing neither party access to the same Sec IVRequiting the forwarding of samples ajler seeing the yield of crop Sec IVRequiring cost of sending being prepaid by purchaser REMARKS ON THE ELLINGTON BILL Unless the law is complied with and samples are taken in the presence of purchaser and seller and kept in charge of the Ordinary the State Chem ist will not make the analyses If the sample is not taken in the presence of the seller and kept in charge by the Ordinary until sent to the Chem ist a dishonest purchaser by taking his own sample during the absence of the seller and mixing it with dirt could cause the ruin of an honest man and vice versa a rascally dealer by adding rich ingredients or substituting another sample could swindle an honest farmer It is impossible under the law for the Chemist to have any knowledge whatever of the names of the parties or of the names of the fertilizers or of their guarantees This is eminently proper as it is equally so that neither purchaser nor seller should have private access to the sample The farmers desire protection against lowgrade goods and dishonest dealers proper care and attention to this law will certainly secure it The State Chemist earnestly requests the sealing with wax of all sam ples in the presence of buyer and seller Although the law does not re quire it it is advisable that it should be done A record should be kept by the Ordinary of the names of the two parties the names of the brand and the guarantee and the samples should be numbered as taken and a cor responding number should be put upon the bottles When the sample is sent to the Chemist everything should be scraped off the bottle but the number or the sample should be placed in another bottle and numbered to correspond with his record book to prevent samples getting mixed The Ordinary should write the name of the county on the package when shipping that the Chemist may know to what county the package be longs It is impossible sometimes to identify samples which are sent to this office by the sender failing to write on the package where it is from14 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA COTTON SEED MEAL IT MUST BE INSPECTED UNDER THE CALVIN RILL The Calvin Bill relating to the inspection and analyses of cotton seed meal does not seem to be thoroughly understood by manufacturers and dealers in that article Under the bill all cotton seed meal must be inspected and analyzed be fore it can without violating the law be sold or offered for sale to be used as a fertilizer or for any other purpose Rules and regulations governing these inspections have been prescribed by the Commissioner and will be printed but in order that through mis apprehension no sales in violation of the act may be made the CommU sioner issues the following CALVIN BILL A bill to be entitled an act to require all cotton seed meal to be subjected to analysis and inspection as a condition precedent to being offered for sale and to forbid the sale in this State of such cotton seed meal if it be shown by the official analysis that the same contains less than 7i per centum of ammonia to prescribe a penalty for the violation of the pro visions of this act and for other purposes Section I Be it enacted by the General Assembly of Georgia and it is hereby enacted by the authority of the same That from and after the passage of this act it shall not be lawful for any person or persons to offer for sale in this State any cotton seed meal until the same shall have been duly analyzed by the State Chemist and inspected as now required by law in the matter of all fertilizers and chemicals for manufacturing or com posting purposes nor shall it be lawful to offer such cotton seed meal for sale in this State if it be shown by the official analysis that the same con tains less than 7i per centum of ammonia provided that the provisions of this act as to the per centum mentioned in this section shall not apply to meal manufactured from sea island cotton seed but the Commissioner of Agriculture shall upon the passage of this act fix and make public a minimum per centum which shall control as to the cotton seed meal referred to in this proviso provided further that if any cotton seed meal shall not analyze up to the required per centum of ammonia the same may be offered for sale as secondclass meal provided the analysis be made known to the purchaser and stamped on the sack Sec II Be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid That there shall be branded upon or attachedto each sack barrel or package of cotton seed meal offered for sale in this State the true analysis as determined by the State Chemist and the number of pounds net in such sack barrel or package Sec III Be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid That it shall be the duty of the Commissioner of Agriculture to take all steps necessary to make effective the provisions of sections 1 and 2 of this actANALYSES OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS18923 15 Section IV of the act makes the person orpersons violating the pro visions of the act guilty of a misdemeanor and on conviction punished as prescribed in section 4310 of the Code Section V repeals conflicting laws I desire to call the attention of all manufacturers of and dealers in cotton seed meal to the above law which requires the inspection tagging and analysis of all cotton seed meal whether sold for cattle food fertilizer pur poses or other uses This law will be enforced and T most earnestly re quest all manufacturers to promptly comply with its requirements And in case of doubt as to the method to apply to the Department of Agricul ture for the rules and regulations governing such inspections R T NESBITT Commissioner of Agriculture16 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA NEW LAW GOVERNING THE INSPECTION OF FERTILIZERS AND FERTILIZER MATERIAL On the 19th of October 1891 an act the full text of which is here given was approved by the Governor In many respects it changes the method of inspecting fertilizers and fertilizer materials and in these changes the Commissioner trusts that all manufacturers and dealers or their agents will willingly acquiesce as the department will require and will see that the law and the regulations established by the Commissioner are carried out The assent and cooperation of manufacturers and dealers or their agents will obviously render their dealings with the department more pleasant and at the same time will better enable the Commissioner to give an efficient service and will aid him more readily to detect any spurious article that is sought to be imposed upon the people of the State and in protecting the farmers at the same time to protect the honest manufacturer and dealer AN ACT To amend and consolidate the laws governing the inspection analysis and sale of commercial fertilizers chemicals and cotton seed meai in the State of Georgia and to repeal all other laws and parts of laws in con flict therewith and for other purposes Section I Be it enacted by the General Assembly of the State of Geor gia That all manufacturers of or dealers in commercial fertilizers or chemicals or cotton seed meal to be used in manufacturing the same who may desire to sell or offer for sale in the State of Georgia such fertilizers chemicals or cotton seed meal shall first file with the Commissioner of Agriculture of the State of Georgia the name of each brand of fertilizers or chemicals which he or they may desire to sell in said State either by themselves or their agents together with the name of the manufacturer the place where manufactured and also the guaranteed analysis thereof and if the same fertilizer is sold under different names said fact shall be so stated and the different brands that are identical shall be named Sec II Be it further enacted That all fertilizers or chemicals for man ufacturing the same and all cotton seed meal offered for sale or distribu tion in this State shall have branded upon or attached to each bag barrel or package the guaranteed analysis thereof showing the percentage of valuable elements or ingredients such fertilizers or chemicals contain em bracing the following determinations Moisture at 212 deg Fahper Ceut Insoluble phosphoric acid per Cent Available phosphoric acidper cent Ammonia actual and potentialper cent Potash K20percent The analysis so placed upon or attached to said fertilizer or chemical shall be a guarantee by the munufacturer agent or person offering the same for sale that it contains substantially the ingredients indicated thereby in the percentages named therein and said guarantee shall beANALYSES OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS18923 17 binding on said manufacturer agent or dealer and may be pleaded in any action or suit at law to show total or partial failure of consideration in the contract for the sale of said fertilizer chemical or cotton seed meal Sec III Be it further enacted That it shall be the duty of the Com misioner of Agriculture to forbid the sale of either of the following Any acid phosphate which contains less than ten per centum of available phos phoric acid any acid phosphate with potash which contains a sum total of less than tenpercentum of available phosphoric acid and potash when the per cents of the two are added together any acid phosphate with ammonia which contains a sum total of less than ten per centum of available phos phoric acid and ammonia when the per cents of the two are added to gether any acid phosphate with ammonia and potash which contains a sum total of less than ten per centum of available phosphoric acid ammo nia and potash when the per cents of the three are added together that no brands shall be sold as ammoniated superphosphates unless said brands contain 2 per cent or more of ammonia And also to forbid the sale of all cotton seed meal which is shown by official analysis to contain less than 7 J per cent of ammonia Nothing in this act shall be construed to nullify any of the requirements of an act entitled an act to require the inspec tion and analysis of cotton seed meal Sec IV Be it further enacted That all persons or firms who may de sire or intend to sell fertilizers chemicals or cotton seed meal in this State shall forward to the Commissioner of Agriculture a printed or plainly written request for tags therefor stating the name of the brand the name of the manufacturer the place where manufactured the number of tons of each brand and the number of tags required and the person or persons to whom the same is consigned the guaranteed analysis also the the num ber of pounds contained in each bag barrel or package in which said fer tilizer chemical or cotton seed meal is putup and shall at the time of said request for tags forward directly to the Commissioner of Agriculture the sum of ten cents per ton as an inspection fee whereupon it shall be the duty of the Commissioner of Agriculture to issue tags to parties so ap plying who shall attach a tag to each bag barrel or package thereof which when so attached to said bag barrel or package shall be prima facie evidence that the seller has complied with the requirements of this act Any tags left in possession of the manufacturer or dealer at the end of the season shall not be used for another season nor shall they be redeemable by the Department of Agriculture Sec V Be it further enacted That it shall not be lawful for any per son firm or corporation either by themselves or their agents to sell or offer forsale in this State any fertilizer chemicals or cotton seed meal without first registering the same with the Commissioner of Agriculture as re quired by this act and the fact that the purchaser waives the inspection and analysis thereof shall be no protection to said party so selling or offer ing the same for sale Sec VI Be it further enacted That the Commissioner of Agriculture shall appoint twelve inspectors of fertilizers or so many inspectors as in said Commissioners judgment may be necessary who shall hold their of fices for such terms as said Commissioner of Agriculture shall in his judg ment think best for carrying out the provisions of this act The greatest compensation that any one inspector of fertilizers shall receive shall be at 218 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA the rate of one hundred dollars per month and his actual expenses while in the discharge of his duty as such inspector It shall be their duty to inspect all fertilizers chemicals or cotton seed meal that may be found at any point within the limits of this State and go to any point when so di rected by the Commissioner of Agriculture and shall see that all fertiliz ers chemicals or cotton seed meal are properly tagged Sec VII Be it further enacted That each inspector of fertilizers shall be provided with bottles in which to place samples of fertilizers chemicals or cotton seed meal drawn by him and shall also be provided with leaden tags numbered in duplicate from one upward and it shall be the duty of each inspector of fertilizers to draw a sample of all fertilizers chemicals and cotton seed meal that he may be requested to inspect or that he may find uninspected and he shall fill two sample bottles with each brand and place one leaden tag of same number in each sample bottle and shall plainly write on a label on said bottles the number corresponding to the number on said leaden tags in said bottles and shall also write on the la bel on one of said bottles the name of the fertilizer chemical or cotton seed meal inspected the name of the manufacturer the place where man factured the place where inspected the date of inspection and the name of the inspector and shall send or cause to be sent to the Commissioner of Agriculture the samples so drawn by him annexed to a full report of said inspection written on the form prescribed by said Commissioner of Agriculture which report must be numbered to correspond with the number on said sample bottles and number on the leaden tags placed therein and it shall also be the duty of said inspectors of fertilizers to keep a complete record of all inspections made by them on forms pre scribed by said Commissioner of Agriculture Before entering upon the discharge of their duties they shall take and subscribe before some officer authorized to administer the game an oath faithfully to discharge all the duties which may be required of them in pursuance of this act Sec VIII Be it further enacted that the Commissioner of Agricul ture shall have the authority to establish such rules and regulations in re gard to the inspection analysis and sale of fertilizers chemicals and cotton seed meal not inconsistent with the provisions of this act as in his judg ment will best carry out the requirements thereof Sec IX Be it further enacted That it shall be the duty of the Com missioner of Agriculture to keep a correct account of all money received from the inspection of fertilizers and to pay the same into the treasury after paying out the said sum of expenses and salaries of inspectors and for the tags and bottles used in making sucli inspections Sec X Be it further enacted That all contracts for the sale of fer tilizers or chemicals in the State of Georgia made in any other manner than as required by this act shall be absolutely void provided that noth ing in this act shall be construed to restrict or avoid sales of acid phos phate kainit or other fertilizer material in bulk to each other by importers manufacturers or manipulators who mix fertilizer material for sale or as preventing the free and unrestricted shipment of these articles in bulk to manufacturers or manipulators who mix fertilizer material for sale Sec XI Be it further enacted That any person selling or offering for sale any fertilizers or chemicals without having first complied with theANALYSES OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS1892 19 provisions of this act shall be guilty of a misdemeanor and on conviction thereof shall be punished as prescribed in section 4310 of the Code of Georgia Sec XIII Be it further enacted That all laws and parts of laws in conflict with this act be and the same are hereby repealed 1 With the provisions of the above law the Commissioner requests that all manufacturers and dealers in commercial fertilizers chemicals and other fertilizer material immediately comply While the law itself is sufficiently explicit to be thoroughly understood to facilitate its operations the following form is prescribed REQUEST FOR REGISTRATION To E T Nesbitt Commissioner of Agriculture Atlanta Oa You are hereby requested to register for sale and distribution in the State of Georgiamanufactured by at THE FOLLOWING IS THE GUARANTEED ANALYSIS OF THE BRAND Moisture at 212 Fahper cent Insoluble phosphoric acidper cent Available phosphoric acidper cent Ammonia actual and potentialper cent Potash Kj Oper cent The ammonia is in the form of Theis put up inof lbs each It is identical with In consideration of being allowed to sell and distribute the above brand before the official analysis thereof is made agree and bind to cancel all sales thereof and forfeit all claims for purchase money therefor if after the official analysis is made the Commissioner of Agriculture shall prohibit its sale in accordance with law 2 Under section 4 relating to requests for tags in order that no delay may occur in shipments the manufacturer or dealer need not notify the Department at the time of the request for tags of the name of the pur chaser or consignee but must notify the Commissioner in writing of every sale or consignment on the day in which the same is made This notice must distinctly state the brand of the fertilizer or the name of the chemical or fertilizer material and the number of tons together with the name of the purchaser or consignee and their place of residence It must request inspection and contain an agreement to cancel all sales thereof in the event the Commissioner shall prohibit its sale in accordance with law The following form may be used substantial compliance with the above rule being regarded as sufficient20 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA NOTICE OF SALES AND CONSIGNMENTS AND REQUEST FOB INSPECTION 189 To JR 1 Nesbitt Commissioner of Agriculture Atlanta Qa You are hereby notified thathave this day made the fol lowing sales and consignments and request that the same be inspected 13 a a S D o pq S QP o H o3 P ao a O S D a a a 3 o O g In consideration of being allowed to sell and distribute the above before the official analysis thereof is madeagree and bind to cancel all sales thereof and forfeit all claims for purchase money therefor if after the official analysis is made the Commis sioner of Agriculture shall prohibit its sale in accordance with law Manufacturers and dealers by this rule are not required to delay ship ment in order that the inspection may be made but are required to see that their goods are properly tagged the inspection being made while the fertilizer or fertilizer material is in the hands of the purchaser or consignee 3 All orders for tags must be sent direct to this Department and the re quest must be accompanied with the fees for inspection at the rate of ten cents per ton for the fertilizer or fertilizer material on which they are to be used Manufacturers and dealers or their agents may request tags in such quantities as they see fit but each request must state distinctly the brand or brands on which they are to be used with the number of tons of the brand or of each of said brands It is not necessary that the fertilizer or fertilizer material be actually on hand at the time the request is made but manufacturers or dealers can order such a number of tags as they may need during the season bearing in mind that no tags carried over will be redeemed by the Department In the event that more tags are ordered for any brand thau it is ascer tained can be used on the sales and consigument of that brand by proper notice with the consent of the Commissioner the tags can be used on an other brand put up in packages or sacks of the same weight and sold or consigned the same season 4 If a fertilizer be offered for registration inspection or sale branded as either of the following Ammoniated Superphosphate Ammoniated Dissolved Bone 1 Ammoniated G uano Guano FertilizerANALYSES OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS18923 21 or other words implying that the same is an ammoniated superphosphate the guaranteed analysis must claim that it contains not less than two per cent of ammonia actual or potential 5 That part of section 3 excepting from the operations of the act an act to require the inspection and analysis of cotton seed meal leaves the inspection of that article under the Calvin bill which requires that all cotten seed meal for whatsoever purpose to be used be inspected It is therefore necessary and is required that a request for inspection be sent to the Commissioner and that the inspection be made in the hands of the manufacturer dealer or their agent or if shipped in the State at some convenient point before the meal is sold or distributed In all cases fees will be sent direct to the Commissioner who will immediately order the nearest inspector to make the inspectionTABLE No 1 Ammoniated Guano Containing Two per Cent and Upwards of Ammonia NAME OF BRAND Ashley Soluble Guano Atlantic Soluble Guano Atlantic Fertilizer A G Cos Formala for Cotton and Corn Alliance Aind Dissd Bone Ammoniated Bone Cerealizer Alliance Standard Guano Alliance High Grade Guano Anti Trust Guano Ammoniated Dissd Bone Acid Meal Ammoniated Dissd Bono Ammoniated Dissd Bout Ammoniated Dissd Bone Ammoniated Dissd Bone Acme Guano H 3 l a H 49 F 121 N 21 M 19 E 101 E 103 D 187 F 135 F 136 A 10 I 71 D 4 11 171 B 138 a 3633 3602 3525 3010 3500 3506 3663 3661 3555 349 8519 3107 3636 3222 362o 3373 a 1313 027 1202 1128 1111 10 2 1221 1129 040 886 1046 1859 6 1315 1146 1130 Phosphoric Acid 6 3 q 171 385 183 003 142 801 83 7 IS 97 730 201 975 127 7S7 155 178 170 100 280 1 28 184 152 713 0 7 597 731 844 701 729 077 730 I 174 191 169 loo 110 170 209 296 315 259 116 i 183 226 108 821 1077 1058 8H7 S2S II 957 922 968 912 998 000 10311 H12 903 240 220 264 220 290 200 220 25 250 282 1 18 240 57 235 201 2 S3 104 155 137 218 124 156 155 2S2 116 338 is M 159 163 157 224 3 12 10 SO 18 17 19 02 17 16 18 5 IS 01 17 21 18 96 17 76 19 03 17 51 17 71 18 87 17 26 111 84 10 28 Guaranteed Analysis r o Sl l 3 3 SO 00 J3 V o o BY WHOM AND WHERE MANU FACTURED Ashley Phosphate Co Charleston S C Atlantic Phosphate Co Charleston S C Atlantic Phosphate Co Charleston S C Augusta Guano Co Augusta Ga I Comer Hull Co Savannah Ga 4 Comer Hull Co Rome Ga I Co wet a Fertilizer Co Newman Ga lVCoweta Fertilizer Co Newnan Ga Cordele Guano Co Cordele Ga The Ga Farmers Oil Fert Co Madison Ga The Ga Fanners Oil Fert Co Madison l la li K Legg Bro Maiietta Ga M Mallette lakson a Patapsco Guano Co Baltimore Md 1 Richland Guano Co Rlchland Ga 1 Southern Phosphate Works Maw la b W w H K H O W o a H a w I W o wA P Brantleys Reliable Guano Alliauce Standard Ashepoo Fertilizer Ashley Cotton and Corn Compound Ashley Complete Fertilizer Ashley Ammoniated Difsd Bone Ashley Soluble Fish Guano Ashley Small Grain Specific Augusta High Grade Guano Alliance High Grade Guano Atlanta Ammd Superphosphate Atlanta Ammoniated Superphosphate Adairs Ammd Dissd Bone Ammoniated Dissolved Bone Aurora Ammoniated Phospho Ammoniated Alkaline Phosphate Ammoniated Dissolved Bone Ammd Dissolved Bone Phosphate Ammoniated Dissd Bone Ammoniated Dissd Bone Alliance Complete Guano Ammoniated Dissd Bone Arlines Ammoniated Bone Alliance High Grade Guano Americus GuanoD P 55 3501 1113 296 573 328 901 210 11316 41 1 i 8 H 135 3676 721 183 632 257 889 213 180 16 69 1 8 E 31 3314 1183 247 768 57 825 260 162 17 21 3 8 J 3 3300 1256 420 546 316 862 200 123 15 68 2 8 D 11 3306 1190 471 342 460 802 213 122 15 53 7 8 H 19 3438 888 394 438 456 898 200 202 16 10 2 8 J 5 3302 1021 438 223 507 730 305 101 17 17 2 8 D 16 3366 1190 471 342 400 802 213 122 15 68 2 8 F 55 3374 950 372 675 231 906 252 164 17 71 9 L 1 3386 1050 130 695 281 979 235 242 18 47 t 8 I 23 3386 1050 130 695 281 7l 235 242 18 17 2 8 D 22 3385 887 241 731 48 982 222 27S 18 45 2 8 D 22 3385 887 241 731 2 IS 982 222 278 is 45 2 8 C 96 3417 1050 343 739 271 11 10 256 151 is 56 2 8 1 24 31S7 1521 115 688 326 10 14 226 232 is 41 2 9 E 20 3363 1021 2 15 762 123 885 230 247 17 63 1 s 3443 335 930 1050 155 187 841 817 226 221 1067 1068 201 200 102 106 17 25 17 19 1 1 8 C 82 8 E 20 3410 1073 212 031 269 893 265 192 18 17 1 8 H 12 3407 1358 251 698 306 1004 242 227 18 74 2 8 C 122 3362 1293 252 733 183 916 262 207 18 38 2 8 P 93 3144 119 03 745 127 87 242 147 17 04 2 8 IJ 23 3386 1050 13C 695 284 9 if 233 242 IS 47 o S C 128 312f 1533 11 72C 211 92t 22 14 is 9 1 9 F 57 329 1721 24 93 7 100 22C 15 17 6 S 1 Wilcox Gibbs Guano CoSavaiiuahGa 1 Durham Fertilizer Co Durham N C 1 Ashepoo Phos Co Charleston S C 1 Ashley Phosphate Co Charleston S C 1 Ashley Phosphate Co Charleston S C 1 Ashley Phosphate Co Charleston S C 1 Ashley Phosphate Co Charleston S C 1 Ashley Phosphate Co Charleston S C y2 Augusta Guano Co Augusta Ga 1 Atlanta Guauo Co Atlanta Ga 1 Atlanta Guano Co Atlanta Ga 1 Americus Guano Co Americus Ga 1 Americus Guano to Americus Ga 1 A I Adair McCarty Bros Atlanta Ga 2 Baldwin Fertilizer Co Savannah Ga iy2 Cowrta Fertilizer Co Newaan Ga 1 Chesapeake Guano Co Baltimore Md 1 Chesapeake Guano Co Baltimore Md 1 Listers Ag Chem Works NewarkNJ 1 Stubbs Tison Savannah Ga 1 Stubbs Tison Savannah Ga 1 Southern Phosphate Wcrks Macon Ga 1 Atlanta Guano Co Atlanta Ga 14 Savannah Guano Co Savannah Ga 1 Marietta Guano Co Atlanta Ga O O w o W Ed So l wTABLE No 1Continued NAME OF BRAND Alliance Standard Americus Amrad Bone Superphosphate Bradleys Ammoniated Dissolved Bone Buffalo Bone Guano Buffalo Bone Fertilizer Burke County Fertilizer Blood and Bone Guano Bowkers Nassau Guano Bowkers Cotton Fertilizer Bowkers Crown Guano Bradleys Patent Superphosphate Blood and Bone Guano Boss Guano Boss Guano Bei keley Soluble Guano Berkeley Ammoniated Fertilizer Bone lompotmd C c c f F II I 32 C 24 C 26 0 n E 31 I t F 1 65 L 100 C 255 F 17 321 3203 3201 3188 3188 3263 3436 3305 3306 3305 3411 3136 3288 3444 3lls 361 327H Phosphoric Acid 1352 1421 11 Ill S73 873 IS 14 51S 1242 1318 1242 1422 1177 ill73 1195 1298 1070 III10 91 116 116 279 279 109 344 179 164 179 209 145 220 03 442 134 75 878 710 705 853 853 707 803 636 741 036 707 724 802 745 645 604 922 to 3 V 179 374 390 126 120 219 354 263 210 203 316 2 87 182 127 286 301 250 1057 261 1084 222 1095 225 979 253 979 253 926 285 1157 279 899 214 951 203 899 214 1023 250 1011 226 984 243 872 242 931 218 905 210 1172 211 229 131 148 159 159 131 165 173 154 173 130 100 143 147 180 172 3 S3 61 19 67 18 09 18 39 15 28 is 28 is 41 20 43 16 68 li 16 68 18 32 17 41 17 93 17 04 17 13 16 67 17 10 Guaranteed Analysis SI a 2 35 ft BY WHOM AND WHERE MANUFACTURED Savannah Guano Co Savannah Ga Williams Clark Fert Co New York VV J Pollard Agt Augusta Ua Bradley Fert Co Boston Mass W J Pollard Agt Augusta Ga Furman Farm Imp Co Atlanta Ga Furman Farm Imp Co Atlanta Ga Waynesboro Oil Fert Co Waynesboro Ga Albany Fert Farm Imp CoAlbanyGa Bowker Fertilizer Co Savannah Ga Bowker Fertilizer Co Savannah Ga Bowker Fertilizer Co Savannah Ga Bradley Fertilizer Co Boston Mass David Brown Albany Ga Imperial Guano Co Charleston S C Southern Phosphate Works Macon Ga Berkeley Phosphate Co ChailestonS C Berkeley Phosphate Co CharlestonS Baldwin Fertilizer Co Savannah Ga H W i H O o w M a a f H n w H I Q M O HiBowkers Vegetable Grower0 321 B D Sea Fowl GuanoF 124 Boyds Animal Bone Guano Brannaus Choice Animal Bone Guano E 121 Brannans Select Cotton Seed Meal Guano E 126 Butts County GuanoL u Brighams Ammoniated Dissolved Bone II 21 Blankinships Ammoniated Dissolved Bone Blood and Bone Fertilize Blood Bone and Fish Guano Beef Blood and Eone Fertilizer Blood and Bone Guano Crescent Bone Fertilizer Cherokee Ammoniated Bcne Climax Guano Covveta High Grade Guano Cotton Maker Cumberland Fertilizer Cranstons Ammd Dissd Bone Coweta Animal Bone Fertilizer B 21 D 188 F l22 N 93 C 87 D 12 p 73 E 21 C 82 C 44 H 4 E 91 Cherokee Soluble GuanoE Cotton FertilizerjJ i Cairo Guano Carolina Fertilizer Cumberland Bone Superphosphate I 99 C 3682 1270 2 16 8 SI 20 1088 360 170 i23 02 3515 1276 152 702 418 1120 295 134 20 34 3370 1011 168 788 191 982 207 300 1969 3666 973 19 780 222 1011 220 217 18 47 3687 887 150 828 218 10 10 225 27 19 01 3685 946 91 734 288 1022 263 191 18 33 3490 1129 101 800 147 1013 204 180 19 00 3672 1081 349 072 288 900 240 1 15 17 68 3433 1600 114 652 218 871 2 10 150 17 03 fMl 1552 111 548 207 815 202 117 1 30 3511 979 85 073 210 881 237 131 16 87 3094 1410 225 472 332 814 2 12 214 10 25 3310 1308 193 719 157 870 228 263 17 04 3312 1391 156 733 150 833 225 211 17 20 3312 1391 156 733 150 883 225 211 17 20 3370 1011 168 788 194 982 267 300 19 79 335 1050 187 847 221 1068 200 106 17 19 3324 1303 187 750 207 963 201 153 16 72 3339 1193 435 675 167 842 256 170 1735 3370 1011 168 788 194 982 267 300 19 79 3454 958 35j 55 288 847 207 147 1595 3301 1251 207 681 34J 102 215 211 1813 3391 1221 29J 72S 20 921 2 BE 201 1824 341 1425 20 70 3K 1023 25 130 1832 320 138 13 69 37 106 218 136 17 84 Bowker Fertilizer Co Savannah Ga Bradley Fertilizer Co Boston Mass Coweta Fertilizer Co Newnan Ga Coweta Fertilizer Co Newnan Ga Coweta Fertilizer Co Newnan Ga J R Carmichial Jackson Ga Georgia Chemical Works Augusta Ga W G Bankinship Atlanta Ga Head Fertilizer Co New York Read Fertilizer Co New York S W Travers Co Richmond Va Dalton Guano and Mfg Co Dalton Ga Comer Hull Co Savannah Ga Commercial Guano Co Savannah Ga Commercial Guano Co Savannah Ga Coweta Fertilizer Co Newnan Ga Chesapeake Guano Co Baltimore Md Charles Ellis Savannah Ga Edisto Phosphate Co Charleston S C Coweta Fertilizer Co Newnan Ga Greenville Fertilizer Co Greenville S C Nevassa Guano Co Wilmington N C Rasin Fertilizer Co Baltimore Md if X El X O O Si w Q K w CO 1 Bradley Fertilizer Co Boston Mass 1 Cumberland BonePhos Co PortlandMe VV J Pollard Agt Augusta GaTABLE No 1Continued NAME 01 BRAND Cotton Seed Meal Mixture Comer Hull Cos Pure Animal Bone Vegeta ble Fertilizer Carolina Fertilizer Coneys Home Made Manure Chatham Guano Crockers Southern Amd Bone Superphophat Chicora Soluble Guano Chicora High Grade Fertiizer Chicora Ammoniated Dissolved Bone Chesapeake Guano Charlotte Ammoniated Fertilizer Cranstons Compound for Cotton and Corn Cotton Plant Guano Chattahoochee Guano Cooper Johnsons Amd Diss Bone Clarks Soluble Guano Complete Fertilizer H 102 38 F Lit B 221 C 91 J 122 C 206 1 101 C 206 J 26 H 180 II 1 L 114 E 88 F 126 F 127 N 58 3646 3683 3515 S552 3360 mio 3617 3652 361 8443 3656 3641 3655 3496 3517 3631 958 It 7 1276 1071 1364 1446 1286 10 1236 980 1112 1320 013 lilO 1363 1527 1143 Pfwsplioric Acid 253 11 152 141 90 137 224 255 224 158 07 2S5 Ml 112 118 181 577 484 702 737 826 024 833 824 S33 841 7S2 487 839 8 SO 43 784 8 on M I 81 Si 229 806 243 582 418 31 133 273 190 153 190 220 259 368 261 121 1 76 321 207 1001 1120 1054 959 897 1023 07 1023 1007 1141 855 1100 1001 9 1 1005 1070 010 295 251 205 200 200 254 206 204 209 216 221 205 267 206 200 176 479 139 160 147 206 152 174 152 102 191 125 221 1 55 184 154 217 31 00 20 34 18 81 10 77 16 62 17 35 18 41 17 35 17 25 19 45 10 05 18 90 17 17 17 96 17 22 18 30 Qtiaranteed Analysis BY WHOM AND WHERE MANU FACTURED I Georgia Chemical Works Augusta la 5 Comer Hull Co Savannah Ga 1 Bradley Fertilizer Co Boston Mass 1 S W Coney Coney Ga 1 Commercial Guano Co Savannah la I Crocker Fert Chem Co Buffalo N Y 1 Chicora Fertilizer Co Charleston S C 1 Chicora Fertilizer Co Charleston S C Chicora Fertilizer Co Charleston S C 1 Chesa peake Guano o Baltimore Md li Charlotte Oil Fert Co Charlotte N C 1 Edisto Phosphate Co Charleston S 2 Houston Guano Works Fort Valley Ga 1 laGrn11se Mi 1 Is 1 aGiange Ga 1 Royal Fertilizer Co Charleston S 1 Southern Phosphate Co Atlanta Ga I1 Schloze Bros Chattanooga Tcnn X 2 w c cl H cj W K I C to 7Capitol Cotton Fertilizer Crown Guano Cigar Leaf Tobacco No 1 Cigar Leaf Tobacco No 2 Cotton Seed Compound Dabneys Choice Guano Dissolved Bone Ammonia and Potash Durham Bull Ammoniated Dabneys Choice Guano Dalton Ammoniated Dissolved Bone Dissolved Bone Ammonia and Potash D R Creechs C jmplete Fertilizer Davy Crockett Guano Diamond Cotton Food Doubly Anchor Soluble Guano Dixie Guano Double Ammoniated Truck Farmers Special Eagle Ammoniated Diss Bone Edisto Soluble Guano Etiwan Ammd Superphosphate Etiwan Guano Edistfl Ammd Dissd Bone EllisHigh Grade Ammd Dtssd Bone Elberta Fertilizer Excellent Georgia Standard Guano H 30 C 277 C 321 C 322 F 33 3637 3620 3680 3681 3258 3612 F 160 V 114 N 23 SI 61 I 61 F 148 C ID C 71 F IS C 113 H 122 C 57 E 53 E I 57 B 20 r P 55 3606 3189 368 3491 3641 3604 3242 3385 3891 34 is 3653 3232 3440 32 ill 3282 3840 3598 3504 1250 925 1052 950 476 930 817 993 804 1130 1008 14 SI 1198 135 1060 1221 127 1120 151s 635 815 15 IS 1001 1400 1113 77 650 293 842 640 622 239 824 138 301 267 660 611 549 573 231 222 277 52 36 303 266 292 251 87 1119 69 658 1127 926 903 800 5771 807 251 244 425 383 238 261 213 201 226 173 1103 919 151 168 128 260 18 10 19 27 28 01 25 19 19 01 17 61 16 3 16 30 67 207 78 125 91 241 293 17 105 206 101 453 206 264 113 2111 1026 601 650 688 878 794 722 739 775 109 129 112 609 640 723 573 177 300 260 253 179 210 202 11 116 257 671 ll 257 350 61 220 1501 15 97 1203 901 910 941 1057 1004 921 SSI1 971 866 800 S30 866 990 784 91 I 220 216 200 200 261 226 255 793 227 200 200 251 20 331 300 161 165 136 113 229 146 201 I U 118 132 103 130 133 240 634 19 25 16 74 16 16 16 23 19 67 1 n 17 67 15 24 33 85 17 11 16 11 15 02 17 04 It n 15 44 21 18 16 II 9 VA 9 S 8 8 9 s 8 8 8 s 8 S 1 5 4 2 iy2 2 2 IK 2 2 IS W Travers Co Richmond Va IVj W E Treadwell Co Atlanta Ga in 8 I 1 1 VA l VA i i l l i 1 4 1 1 Wilcox GibbsGuno Co SavannahGa Wilcox GibbsGuno Co SavannahGa Elbert County Fert Co Elberton Ga Atlanta Miano Co Atlanta Ga A P Branlley Co Blackshear Ga Durham Fertilizer Co Durham N C J H Dabney Atlanta Ga Dalton Guano Mfg Co Dalton Ga T J Lowe Mableton Ga Savannah Guano Co Savannah Ga Jas M Smith Smithonia Ga Savannah Guano Co Savannah Ga Imperial Fertilizer Co Charleston S C Kasin Fertilizer Co Baltimore Md Wilcox Gibbs Guano Co Savannah Ga V Canwile Augusta Ga Edisto Phosphate Co Charleston S 0 Etiwan Phosphate Co Charleston S C Etiwan Phosphate Co Charleston S C Edisto Phosphate Co Charleston SC Grovania Oil and Fert Co Grovania Ga Southern Phosphate Works MaconGa Wilcox Gibba Guano CoSavannahGa 5c O O g 2 w S3 Q h1 f1 w H M Sd x ITABLE No I Continued NAME OF BRAND Eagle Ammd Dissd Bonec 7 Eutaw Fertilizer D i Eddystone Soluble Guano F 17 Eddystone Soluble Guano J n FlephautGuano I 28 Eagle Ammoniated Bone SuperphosphateH 7 Edisto Ammoniated FertilizerF 11 Ells Production Bone SuperphosphateC 119 Ellis Soluble Pacific GuanoC 51 Excelsior Guano F 4j Empire Guanoij S5 Eddystone Soluble GuanoH 33 Excelsior High Grade Fertilizer D 43 ExcelsiorQ j Furman High Grade Guano Furman High Grade Fertilizer F 18 F 16 Farmer Favorite0 132 3282 3365 3386 3225 3S88 3432 3389 3111 3329 s9o 3391 3187 3314 3242 3189 8189 3432 S 1518 1178 1050 1276 1016 1419 1193 1268 1415 1216 1221 1182 1183 1352 827 827 1419 Phosphoric Acid a Guaranteed Analysis 206 228 130 178 255 92 135 230 160 114 293 202 247 91 310 3 10 92 609 7 SO 695 7 823 748 675 523 795 771 722 858 7 878 797 797 718 257 219 284 286 291 3 1 364 2 12 238 202 162 57 179 125 125 36 866 919 979 918 1114 1113 842 887 977 1009 924 1020 825 1057 972 972 11 IS 200 252 235 227 251 254 256 230 201 226 255 231 260 261 275 275 251 I 131 SIC 11 164 17 97 2421 18 4 131 17 53 103 18 83 174 170 153 139 204 201 163 162 229 175 175 174 19 49 17 35 16 eo 16 73 19 18 18 24 IS 17 17 21 19 67 18 72 18 72 19 III a 2 2 r o BY WHOM AND WHERE MANU FACTURED m i Edisto Phosphate Co Charleston S C Ashepoo Phosphate Jo Charleston S C Atlanta Guano Co Atlanta Ga mericus Guano Co Americus Ga Albany Fert Farm Imp Co AlbanyGa Bradley Fertilizer Co Boston Mass Edisto Phosphate Wks Charleston S C Charles Ellis Savannah Ga Charles Ellis Savannah Ga Excelsior Mfg Co Washington Ga Rasin Fertilizer Co Baltimore Md Walton Guano Co Social Circle Ga Ashepoo Phosphate Co Charleston S C Savannah Guano Co Savannah Ga Furman Farm Imp Co Atlanta Ga Furman Farm Imp Co Atlanta Ga Bradley Fertilizer Co Boston Mass W W 13 g W S3 H O o w II a d H W M I Q W O w oForest City Ammoniated Dissolved Bone Farmers Standard Guano F W Wagner Cos Excelsior Truck Fertz Farmers Friend Fertilizer FarmersAmmd Dissd Bone Farmers Pride Guano Farmers Alliance Guano Garrett Zellars Ammoniated Diss Bone Gossypium Phospho Georgia State Standard Ammd Superphophate Georgia Fertilizer GemGuano Gouldings Bone Compound Georgia Formula Giant Guano GouldiDgsSt Gearge Gilead Phosphate Gem Fertilizer Gem of Athens Fertilizer Georgia State Grange Fertilizer Georgia Major Georgia Formula Geo C Selmans Guano Gem Ammd Dissd Bone for Warren Axon High Grade Ammd Superphosphate r e A C N E F E F C P E D J H D F 47 3311 1353 206 8 431 898 220 25017 50 8 57 3442 550 40 791 28l 1072 257 205 19 39 2 8 11 3686 850 73 913 128J 1041 627 572 31 80 8 79 3358 1396 151 682 185 867 250 131 17 00 2 8 21 3500 1414 97 738 190 928 290 121 18 55 1 8 97 365 1127 467 528 283 811 208 138 15 59 1 8 73 3564 1131 151 755 233 988 220 204 17 83 2 S 58 3446 84S 404 838 149 9S7 251 107 17 87 1 9 13 3392 1215 139 921 1 Oil 1030 320 157 20 41 1 8 8S 3311 13 2OS 855 43 898 220 250 17 50 1 8 69 3277 1295 243 748 89 837 214 251 16 86 1 8 91 3443 930 155 841 2ill 1067 204 102 17 25 3 8 18 3368 1331 77 6S2 218 900 261 130 17 62 1 9 37 3145 1095 137 841 136 977 247 162 18 13 1 8 Ha 3391 1221 293 722 202 924 255 201 18 24 2 9 18 3368 1331 77 682 218 900 261 130 17 62 1 9 3152 1093 238 298 752 1050 344 208 21 60 2 9 111 351S 1124 311 614 201 815 200 227 16 13 2 8 125 3511 1007 116 817 284 1101 25 100 18 7C 4 8 37 3387 1521 145 08 32i 1014 226 2 33 18 44 2 9 13 336f 904 148 585 302 88 284 157 18 3f 1 8 1 350 1241 2K 77 20 971 215 181 17 3 1 8 13 352 1301 1 Ii 6 If 43 105 205 127 17 2 1 8 30 362 113 18 82 19 ior 22f 10 17 3 2 5 l 348 93 131 I7 26 9 39 2 6 18 18 40 2 9 3 Comer Hull i Co Savannah Ga Middle Georgia Oil and Fertilizer Co Hogansville Ga F W Wjgner Co Charleston S C Read Fertilizer Co New York Comer Hull Co Savannah Ga Edisto Phosphate Co Charleston S Southern Phosphate Co Atlanta Ga Geo W Scott Mfg Co Atlanta Ga Geo W Scott Mfg Co Atlanta Ga Comer Hull Co Savannah ia Comer Hull fc Co Savannah Ga Chesapeake Guano Co Baltimore Md Goulding Fertilizer Co Pensacola Fla Georgia Chemical Works Augusta Ga Rasin Fertilizer Co Baltimore Md Goulding Pertilizer Co Dublin Ireland and Pensacola Fla Cincinnati Desiccating Co Cincinnati O Acme Mfg Co Wilmington N C Athens Oil and Fert Co Athens Ga Baldwin Fert Co Savannah Ga Co operative Mfg Co Forsyth Ga Georgia Chemical Works Augusta Ga Monroe Guano Co Monroe Ga Chesapeake Guano Co Baltimore MI Carter V Woofolk Albany Ga on H GO O a o s Q TJ W ts K W GOTABLE No 1 Continued NAME OF BRAND m Hogansville Guano Home Compound Humbers Compound Home Compound Hunter Pearce Battys Amu Dissd Bone Hunts Favorite Homo Mixture Houstons High tirade Melon Grower Houstons Pride Henry County Ammd Fertilizer Harwells State Standard High Grade Ammd Guano Humbers Compound Hardees Cotton Boll High Grade Formula Harvest Queen Imperial Ammd Fertilizer E 5 C 181 U I D 68 C 159 L 70 D 106 7 217 a L 41 F 56 I 44 B 17 C 41 F 80 E 20 C 207 a Phosphoric Acid u E73 O w M Guaranteed Analysis 82 3 2 3 b la s1 5 BY WHOM AND WHERE MANU FACTURED 112 3850 3434 3836 3614 3632 3617 3871 3546 8628 3290 3313 3134 3323 3151 3110 3818 550 817 581 1625 1705 1108 II 652 llli 1250 1038 0113 681 1470 992 1073 1321 Hi 301 75 10 8 156 9 93 162 178 393 217 75 189 87 701 li II 5 12 654 706 711 661 9 13 803 737 843 050 542 766 696 242 031 17ll 745 281 202 12 2 21 207 171 189 2 15 119 211 166 210 812 141 247 262 266 1072 2 908 213 854 866 sTs 220 912 201 017 222 850 216 1158 285 952 206 948 IIIIlll 860 851 000 042 893 1011 24 285 220 2 10 366 208 270 266 205 128 184 281 131 202 236 332 180 215 122 204 184 263 2HI 192 123 819 39 16 38 20 12 17 59 10 OS IS III 10 90 20 63 17 0 19 51 17 36 17 1 211 42 17 42 18 76 18 17 Is 111 IX 2 11 IX 1 2 1 2 1 2 i4 IX 1 2 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 I 2 I Middle Georgia Oil and Fert Co Hogansville Ga TheA 1 Brantley Co Blackshear Ga Blanehard Humber Co Columbus Ga Cairo Fertilizer Co Cairo la Comer Hull Co Rome Ga Ooweta Fert Co Newnan Ga Columbus Fert Co Girard Ala Houstons Guano Works Fort Valley Ga Houstons Guano Works Fort Valley Ga A T Henderson Hampton Ga Qeo W Scott Mfg Co Atlanta Ga David Brown Albany Ga BlanehardHumber Co Columbus Ga Comer Hull Co Savannah Ga Gairdner Arnold Co Elberton Ga Listers Agricultural and Chemical Wks Newark N J Imperial Fertilizer Co Charleston S C ft ft i ft H ft 2 H O ft o w II o ft ft ft w ft I c ft o wtrwins Compound Imperial Guano Imperial Guano Imperial Soluble Guano Imperial Guano John Lanes Kolb Gem Guano John M Greens Formula J H Jones Cos Standard John M Greens Formula Jumbo Guano John M Greens Formula Jonahs Gourd Guano Jewells High Grade Guano Jackson High Grade Guano J A Garrisons Ammd Dissd Bone J P Williams Cos Stand Bone Superphos J J Sparks Bone Soil Food J S Wood Bros Amd Dissd Bone J C Quillian Bros Cotton Guano Kennesaw High Grade Koton GuanoM 1 Kramers Ammd Dissd BoneB 108 Kennesaw High Grade GuanoM 49 KiugGuanop 2S L 123 F 145 D 21 11 17 J 17 C 39 D 7 F 81 4 D 127 H 31 C 29 H 19 L 30 O 35 C 3 H 149 C 81 F 103 F 39 s 3386 3334 3317 3383 3277 3225 3309 3386 3315 3187 3247 343a 3493 3603 3310 3678 3407 3510 3273 3491 3665 3405 3391 S3I 1050 733 1092 919 1295 1276 1101 1050 1042 1182 1045 888 1056 1394 1368 1132 1358 1110 1320 6 on 1058 1402 1221 184 161 130 695 343 214 206 835 248 724 243 748 178 762 67 130 223 202 239 394 209 224 193 107 251 110 2 226 130 462 29 773 695 787 858 931 4a 741 707 719 828 6 7 608 545 876 638 722 710 284 708 170 2 16 89 236 160 284 196 162 175 456 264 200 15 138 306 211 342 323 337 301 202 871 979 922 1005 970 837 998 933 979 983 1020 1106 898 1005 907 876 9116 1004 979 950 868 1213 942 924 307 235 215 2 222 214 227 231 235 260 231 220 200 245 211 228 202 252 20 260 6 242 119 119 188 251 131 221 242 428 163 217 202 187 219 263 315 207 245 180 18 M 18 47 ik 17 61 16 86 17 53 17 81 18 47 IS 21 18 07 3571 182 218 265 255 190 168 201 1890 16 40 18 50 17 08 17 64 18 00 18 64 47 48 18 40 21 28 19 49 Is 32 18 24 2 I C Irwin Concord Ga Atlanta Guano Co Atlanta Ga Americus Guano Co Americus Ga Imperial Fertilizer Co Charleston S C Walton Guano Co Social Circle Ga Comer Hull Co Savannah Ga Americus Guano Co Americus Ga J H Jones Co Elberton Ga Atlanta Guano Co Atlanta Ga Albany Fertilizer and F Imp Co Albany Ga Walton Guano Co Social Circle Ga Mitchell County Fert Co Camilla Ga Ashley Phosphate Co Charleston S C Almand Moon Jackson Ga 2 Baldwin Fertilizer Co Savannah Ga 2 Comer Hull Co Savannah Ga 2 G Ober Sons Co Baltimore Md 1 Rasin Fertilizer Co Baltimore Md 2 Jas G Tindey Co Richmond Va 1 Kennesaw Guano Co Atlanta Ga 1 Georgia Cotton Oil Co Rome Ga 1 Coweta Fertilizer Co Newnan Ga 1 Kennesaw Guano Co Atlanta Ga Rasin Fertilizer Oo Baltimore Md i so H CO O Q O K g to Q EO H N M W GOTABLE No 1Continued NAME OF BRAND Phosphoric Acid X a o tf 05 Guaranteed Analysis BY WHOM AND WHERE MANU FACTURED L Dissd Bone Ammonia and Potash L C Dissd Bone Ammonia and Potash L W I X L Ammd Bone Superphosphate Legg Bro s Cotton Grower Lockwood Cotton Grower Lee Brand Guano Lorentz Rittler Ammd Guano Listers Success Listers Vegetable Compound Lanes Our Own Latirners Cotton Fertiliser Latimers Cotton Fertilizer Mastodon Ammd Soluble Phosphate Middle Georgia High Grade Guano Mann ings High Grade Guano Matchless Cotton Grower Monarch Soluble Guano 10 F 75 F 93 A 14 E 103 C lie L 138 T 148 3 K 114 0 46 H 30 E 77 M I B 24 M IT 3129 3449 3464 3808 3261 3510 3528 3662 3599 8310 3512 3674 3629 3616 3509 3433 3496 1140 1102 1190 1078 1128 1140 1012 1070 1013 1363 930 7 11 12 950 1200 1500 1363 329 266 270 233 249 110 106 118 74 193 151 11 2 II 78 136 114 113 734 722 711 879 834 768 120 861 562 711 5n 500 755 849 733 CS2 7 13 22 2 hi 202 217 125 211 212 111 161 157 822 352 211 123 211 218 176 95 012 07 I12H 950 070 s 32 0 72 721 876 825 siil 966 072 982 874 010 2ri 2 2 220 217 205 200 200 844 22s 256 250 280 355 272 240 217 15S 15 181 118 112 2 I 261 194 427 213 20S 216 165 179 208 1 TO I 1 818 1 2 9 18 15 2 8 Is SI 2 8 IS 17 1 0 16 71 Mi 8 17 48 2 8 Hi 71 2 8 17 12 2 9 33 12 2 7 17 01 2 8 17 51 2 s 17 23 2 8 18 92 1 s 21 OS 2 8 10 10 2 8 17 03 2 8 17 9fi IX 8 23 i 1 LeibigMfg Co or Langsum Wood son Atlanta ia 1 Langston Woodson Atlanta Ga 1 Langston A Woodson Atlanta Ga 1 Geo W Scott Mfg Co Atlanta Ga 1 Clarence Angier Atlanta Ga 2 Jas G Tinsley Co Richmond Va 1 Lorentz Rittler Baltimore Md V2 Listers Agricultural Chemical Works Newark N J 7 Listers Agricultural Chemical Works Newark N J 2 Comer Hull V Co Savannah la 2 Acme Mfg Co Wilmington N C 2 Acme Mfg Co Wilmington N C Georgia Chemical Works Augusta Ga Middle Georgia nil and Fertilizer Co Hogansville Ga V 1 Manning Powder Springs Ga Read Uertilizer Co New York N Y Royal Fertilizer Co Charleston S C W d w H W X H O w Q e F H n w E I C W Magnolia Fertilizer Marietta High Grade Guano Monroe Guano Hells Cotton Grower Manatee Guano Monarch Guano Mastodon Amind Sjlublc Phosphate McWhorters High Grade Guano Newnan High Grade Guano Newton County High Grade Ocmulgee Guano Obers Sol Ammd Superphosphate of Lime Owl Brand Guano Old Reliable Oglethorpe Ammd Dissd Bone Orient Complete Manure Our Own Ohio Valley Phosphate Orange Growers Own Guano Old Dominion Guano Our Special Obers Special Ammoniated Dissolved Bone Obers A A Special Preparation Obers Farmers Standard Ammd Superphos Obers Ammd Dissolved Bone Fhosphate 78 3601 1370 152 736 89 825 246 57 3291 1720 242 930 79 1009 220 20 3204 1124 104 848 167 1015 236 17 3383 919 248 724 246 970 222 62 3444 1195 03 745 127 872 242 22 3373 1139 237 739 108 847 283 3437 10 12 120 872 185 1057 240 158 3605 1439 116 179 239 918 200 7i 3638 913 105 920 114 1034 221 94 3455 958 127 788 265 1053 264 in 3444 1195 03 745 127 872 242 99 3428 1197 111 862 155 1017 249 74 3448 1370 202 714 221 935 233 14 3364 1100 183 794 123 917 200 17 3311 1353 206 853 13 898 220 83 3452 839 151 825 305 1130 200 16 3235 1518 93 874 183 1051 273 1 3153 738 451 237 605 842 271 257 3597 1165 05 875 to 915 363 73 3561 1434 151 755 233 9S8 220 in 3513 972 230 448 216 661 486 12 3493 1270 150 834 106 940 223 99 3428 1197 111 862 155 1017 249 26 3507 1228 99 654 171 825 220 12 3493 1270 150 834 106 940 223 iiii J20 75 8 2K 10 159 17 66 2 8 2 1 175 18 25 1 8 2 1 188 17 61 1 8 2 1 147 17 04 2 8 1 312 19 28 2 8 2 1 161 18 58 1 8 2 1 104 16 00 2 8 2 1 109 1748 2 8 2 1 179 19 32 1 8 2 1 147 17 04 2 8 2 1 142 18 38 2 8 2 1 133 17 20 2 8X 2 IX 68 15 68 o 8 2 110 250 17 50 2 8 2 2 125 17 84 2 8 2 1 236 20 04 1 8 2 1 239 18 48 2 8 2 2 1001 27 36 1 8 4 10 201 17 85 2 8 2 2 1022 28 72 1 7 4 5 180 17 35 1 s 2 IX 143 18 38 2y2 8 2 l4 158 16 18 Wz 8 2 IX 181 17 35 m 8 2 IX Walker Stratman Co Tittsburg la Marietta Guano Co Atlanta Ga Monroe Guano Co Monroe Ga Walton Guano Co Social Circle Ga Southern Phosphate Works Macon Ga Southern Phosphate Works Macon Ga Georgia Chemical Works Augusta Ga W P McWhorter Smithonia Ga Robt McBride Newnan Ga A N Hays Covington Ga Southern Phosphate Works Macon Ga G Ober Sons Co Baltimore Md Davie Whittle Petersburg Va Comer Hull Co Savannah Ga Comer Hull A Co Savannah Ga Atlantic and Virginia Fertilizer Co Richmond Va Savannah Guano Co Savannah Ga Cincinnati Desiccating Co Cincinnati O Wilcox GibbsGuno Co Savannah Ga Southern Phosphate Co Atlanta Ga Houston Guano Works Fort Valley Ga G Ober Sons Co BaltimoreMd G Ober Sons Co Baltimore Md Q Ober Sons Co BaltimoreMd G Ober Sons Co BaltimoreMd a t r1 f w w o a o W a r1 j ts w iJ onTABLE No 1CorUvnuad NAME OF BRAND to Orr Hunters Matchless Blood and Bone Olympic Guano Obers Special Dissolved Bone Pope Fleming Ammd Fertilizer Planters Soluble Guano Planters Soluble Fertilizer Port Royal Cotton Fertilizer Patapsco Ammoniated Soluble Phosphate Potomac Guano Penguin Guano Plowman Guano Pollards Pacific Guano Powhatan Raw Bone Superphosphate Phoenix Guano Plow Brand Plowman Guano potent Pacific Guano C 11 L 10 J 179 H 9 C 98 M 41 C 54 C 42 P 26 J J C C 116 b lie C 75 J 58 F 90 S 3407 3444 3011 3361 3417 3417 3311 3375 33U 3373 3458 3161 3528 3624 3663 3373 3453 1358 1195 1048 1048 1050 1050 1353 1338 1221 113 116S 1561 1012 765 787 1139 1488 Phosphoric Acid OB I Guaranteed Analysis ii v 3 o 2E 8 a 2 a 3 o 3 5 251 03 376 175 343 343 206 120 293 237 182 97 406 100 573 237 1101 698 745 725 783 739 739 855 856 722 739 688 697 620 677 154 739 841 306 127 174 118 271 271 43 117 202 108 161 362 2 12 129 647 108 134 1004 872 899 901 1010 1010 898 973 924 847 849 1059 S32 806 801 847 975 252 242 207 23S 256 256 220 250 255 283 254 246 200 200 264 283 204 207 118 61 2 117 17 01 2 171 16 44 2 174 17 38 2 154 18 50 2 154 18 50 2 250 17 50 1 196 18 44 1 201 18 24 2 312 19 28 2 188 17 50 2 135 19 51 2 261 16 71 2 106 15 69 1 159 16 14 1 312 19 28 2 151 16 90 2 2 2 2 2 2X 2 2 210 2 BY WHOM AND WHERE MAN UFACTURED Rasin Fertilizer Co Atlanta Ga Southern Phosphate Co Macon Ga G Ober A Sons Co Baltimore Md Augusta Guano Co Augusta Ga A D Adair McCarty Bros Atlanta Ga A D Adair McCarty Bros AtlantaGa Comer Hull CoSivannah Ga Patapsco Guano Co Baltimore Md Rasin Fertilizer Co Baltimore Md Southern Phosphate Works Macon Ga Southern Phosphate Works Macon Ga Pacilic Guano Co Bciston Mass W J Pollard Agt Augusta Ga Lorentz Rittler Baltimore Md Walton Whatin Co Charleston S C Walton Whann Co Charleston S C Southern Phospha e Works Macon Ga Southern Phosphate Co Atlanta Qa a H O o 93 i Q d H a w i c M O wPlanters Pride Guano Planters Soluble Guano Plowboy Brand Guano Pride of Dooly Guano Pomona Guano Perfection Guano Quick John Fish Guano Rome Cotton and Corn Guano Rabbit Foot Guano Ruths Good Luck Guano Royal Soluble Guano Reeses Pacific Guano Reeses Exeellenza Guano Richland High Grade Guano Rockdale Standard Ramspeck Bone Phosphate Richmond Brand Guano Reliance Ammoniated Superphosphate Royal Superphosphate Rescue Guano Standard Guano Samson Ammd Guano S uth Carolina Ammd Dissd Bone Stonewall Guano Sea Gull E 85 H 102 P 27 U 186 C 91 D 116 D il M 19 B C F 126 C 101 P 50 D 46 F 134 F 142 F 110 B 116 E 33 J 56 D D 38 C 14 H 39 F 97 3672 3645 3501 3555 3360 3439 3631 3806 3546 3357 3496 3527 3548 3193 3518 3521 3511 3624 34U 3157 3315 3139 3364 3359 3375 1081 958 1100 949 1361 930 1481 1042 1119 1108 1361 1013 1241 1177 1084 961 1100 765 1422 1059 1042 930 1100 1050 1338 349 253 109 178 90 157 78 201 162 308 113 95 72 193 166 95 67 400 209 297 223 157 183 187 120 672 577 778 672 826 711 650 975 803 679 743 2 152 788 839 783 697 129 707 627 787 711 794 847 856 288 229 157 296 13 285 260 146 149 195 176 926 1022 154 1 424 229 677 316 175 196 285 123 221 117 960 806 935 9 959 996 910 1121 979 874 919 1142 1174 942 978 1207 9 26 806 1023 802 983 996 91 1068 973 240 243 349 250 205 210 200 200 200 200 267 249 247 256 26 207 22 200 250 280 260 210 200 200 250 145 176 189 115 117 174 136 150 180 261 134 121 132 196 161 121 106 130 175 128 174 68 106 19 17 68 16 7 20 66 17 76 16 77 17 42 16 16 18 01 17 07 16 88 17 96 19 17 19 47 18 18 65 17 63 16 82 15 29 18 32 17 63 18 24 17 42 15 68 17 19 18 44 1 Marietta Guano Co Atlanta Ga 1 Georgia Chemical Works Augusta Ga 1 Farmers Supply Co Macon Ga 1 Cordele Guano Co Cordele Ga 1 Cjmmercial Guano Co Savannah Ga 1 David Brown Albany Ga 1 Savannah Guano Co Savannah Ga 1 Comer Hull Co Rome Ga IK Houston Guano Works Fort Valley Ga 1 Lorentz Rittler Baltimore Md 1 Royal Fertilizer Co Charleston S C 1J Jno S Reese Co Baltimore Md 1J Jno S Reese Co Baltimore Md 1 Riohland Guano Co Richland Ga 1 Rockdale Oil Fertilizer Co Cjnyersa G A Ramspeck Decatur Ga 1 James G Tinsley Co Richmond Va 1 Walton Whann C Charleston S C 1 Bradley Fetilizer Co Boston Mass 1 SDuthern Phosphate Works Macon Ga 1 Albany Fert Farmlmp CoAlbanyGa 1 David Brown Albany Ga 110 Comer Hull Co Savannah Ga 1 Chesapeake Guano Co Baltimore Md 1 Patapseo Guano Co Baltimore Md t1 go M GO O i Q O W Q W w N K SO GOTABLE No 1Continued KAME OF BRAND 1 u s 1 s 3 3 fc R a i t3 O w jj Soluble Sea Island Guano SlinglufTs Diss Bone for Homo Fert Chemicals Sterling Guano Southern States Standard Solid South Guano Stonewall Guano South American Guano South Georgia Bone Superphosphate Sul Treasury Guano Sims High Grade Guano S a Bird High Grade Guano Standard Cotton Seed Meal Guano Seals Ammoniated Stubbs Tison Ammoniated Dissolved Bone Sunny South Bone Phosphate Stono Soluble Guano Stono Complete Fertilizer Samana Guano Southern Ammoniated Dissolved Bone Guano Stonewall Tobacco Fertilizer P 9 3391 A 8 3218 F 52 3288 C 21 3239 F 57 3291 F 103 3510 F 48 3407 D J70 3553 C 80 3433 E 74 3612 0 61 3122 P 28 3501 E 9t 31121 F 48 3407 F 141 3521 J 71 3607 L 143 3664 F 89 3561 B 127 3524 E 130 3510 1221 735 1073 1523 1720 1140 135S 1288 1500 930 770 1110 1131 1358 964 1237 941 1131 1488 1140 Phosphoric Acid n Guaranteed Analysis h PT5 3 o 3S 2 3 3 o BY WHOM AND WHERE MAN UFACTURED 293 461 220 88 242 110 251 127 114 133 302 109 183 251 361 440 151 110 110 792 852 80 881 930 768 6 S72 652 G60 702 778 820 098 7 S3 707 771 755 841 202 186 182 148 79 211 3011 1 12 IS 266 348 157 197 306 124 Ifin 1911 233 131 7US 211 924 1055 984 1028 1009 971 1004 1011 870 926 950 935 1017 1004 1207 897 961 988 975 979 255 273 2 13 324 220 205 252 211 2 HI 261 260 349 220 252 207 234 227 220 201 205 201 143 239 159 245 207 131 150 168 155 189 109 20 113 124 201 151 245 18 24 18 13 17 93 21 16 17 66 17 48 IS 61 17 24 17 03 18 11 15 21 20 66 17 32 18 64 17 63 16 76 17 18 17 85 16 90 17 48 H i Rasin Fertilizer Co Baltimore Md Boykin Carmer Co Baltimore Md I Clarence Angier Atlanta Ga 1 C L Montague Co Savannah Ga 1 Marietta Guano Co Atlanta Ga 2 James G Tinsley Co Richmond Va 1 Basin Fertilizer Co Baltimore Shi 1 Read Fertilizer Co New York 1 Read Fertilizer Co New York Vi Atlanta Guano Co Atlanta Ga V2 Atlanta Guano Co Atlanta Ga 1 FarmersSupply Co Macon Ga 1 Chesapeake Guano Co Baltimore Md 1 Rasin Fertilizer Co Baltimore Md G A Ramspeck Decatur Ga 1 Stono Phosphate Works Charleston S C 1 Stono Phosphate Works Charleston S C 2 Southern Phosphate Co Atlanta Ga 1 Southern Phosphate Co Atlanta Ga 2 James i Tinsley Co Richmond Va w I O cj H w S I Q W O w oSouth Gecrgia Bone Superphosphate Scotts Animal Ammoniated Guano Sternes Ammoniated Raw Bone Superphos Truck Farmers Special Guano The Complete Cotton Fertilizer Tussehaw Guano Talley Bagwells Ammoniated Dissd Bone Talley Bagwells Blood and Bone Guano Tussehaw Guano Treadwell Abbott Cos Ammd Dissd Bone Truck Farmers Friend The Farmers Favorite Ammd Phosphate Victor Guano Wy mis Monarch Guauo Walton Guano Wilcox Gibbs Co Manipulated Guano Wando Soluble Guano V G Blankenshlp Ammd Dissd Bone W O C a pure Blcod Guano Westons Ammd Dissd Bone WT Lane Bros Ammd Dissd Bone Wilsons A Guano Wilsons B Guano Williams Formula W G Blankinships Ammd Dissolved Bone XX Standard Zells Ammd Bone Superphosphate Zells Economizer d m F 50 E 3 C 12 C 91 L 150 E 137 E 138 M 46 C 11 N 45 J 7 C 58 C 58 F 15 0 23 C 00 E 85 E 23 J 44 C L 91 L 92 J 248 E 85 C 47 E 36 B 3639 3290 3257 3231 3800 3684 3073 3291 3496 3407 3690 3609 3283 3283 3187 3210 3413 3291 3371 3323 3311 3640 3644 3545 3072 3395 3412 3412 1610 1038 1055 1533 1304 800 1081 1720 1303 1353 1235 1348 1454 1453 1188 1306 920 1720 1054 1470 1353 900 1070 994 1081 1097 123 1232 91 393 81 42 90 147 349 242 113 251 92 84 257 257 202 148 330 242 191 189 206 132 110 100 348 49 296 2 665 843 965 1012 820 681 672 930 743 098 785 816 574 574 858 633 7mi 930 830 705 855 752 783 855 672 647 714 7 It 221 166 108 87 133 231 288 79 176 306 181 262 276 270 165 294 265 79 216 141 43 255 198 169 288 330 278 278 886 1009 1133 1099 959 912 960 1009 919 1004 966 1078 850 850 1020 927 1045 1009 1046 906 898 1007 981 1014 960 211 220 300 400 205 304 210 220 207 252 200 230 249 249 231 203 240 220 280 208 220 277 238 242 240 77 225 992 992 227 227 122 122 150 408 147 168 145 159 134 207 331 148 130 130 163 228 151 159 301 263 250 73 311 437 145 111 124 124 10 15 17 30 23 66 25 05 16 77 19 09 17 08 17 66 17 86 18 64 1856 18 48 16 96 16 96 18 07 17 11 18 40 17 66 20 68 17 42 17 50 18 44 19 12 21 50 1 17 08 2 17 00 1 17 4S 1 17431 1 M A Davis Cairo Ga Geo W Scott Mfg Co Atlanta Ga 2 Standard Guano Chemical Mfg Co New Orleans la 4 j Wilcox Gibbs Guano Co SavannahGa Commercial Guano Co Savannah Ga Jackson Oil Mill Jackson Ga Talley Bagwell Atlanta Ga Talley Bagwell Atlanta Ga Royal Fertilizer Co Charleston S C Rasin Fertilizer Co Baltimore Md Schloze Bros Chattanooga Tenn Savannah Guano Co Savannah Ga Edisto Phos Co tor J H Wynn Atlanta Ga Edisto Phosphate Co for J H Wynn Atlanta Ga Walton Guano Co Social Circle Ga Wilcox Gibbs Guano CoSavannahGa Wando Phosphate Co Charleston S C Marietta Guano Co Atlanta Ga Coweta Fertilizer Co Newnan Ga Comer Hull Co Savannah Ga Comer Hull Co Savannah Ga W P Wilson Hampton Ga W P Wilson Hampton Ga Houston Guano Works Fort Valley Ga W G Blankinship Atlanta Ga m GO O o z g g tn po Q tr1 mi M pa H n pa GO V Savannah Guano Co Savannah Ga I 1 Zell Guano Co Baltimore Md 1 Zell Guano Co Baltimore MdTABLE No 2 Cotton Seed Mails Analyzed Under Provisions of Calvin Bill Approved July 22 1891 NAME OF BRAND u V s 3 a S e CO u o o S 3 U 3 C8 O 2 J 2 a o S 1 O M o C4 0 3 EC S3 5 1 w 03 h 2 o ox 11 uarc Anal A CO pc 3 O a o s s 3 i 3 3 O BY WHOM AND WHEKE MANUFACTURED F 51 F 17 F 42 F 7 F 8 D 8 32S7 3192 3275 3101 3303 3183 3183 3170 3177 3186 3174 3272 3270 908 891 898 896 836 903 860 882 S07 856 874 900 888 856 851 880 23 00 23 16 23 i 23 29 21 73 23 47 22 60 22 83 21 08 22 2 22 72 23 75 23 08 22 25 22 12 22 88 7 7 TA y2 7 7 7K TA TA TA TA ooperative Manufacturing Co Forsyth Ga Excelsior Manufac uring Co Washington Ga Farmers Cotton Oil Manufacturing Co LccustGrove Ga Georgia Cotton Oil Co Albany Ga Georgia Cotton Oil Co Albany Ga Georgia Cotton Oil Co Rome Ga Georgia Cotton Oil Co Atlanta Ga Georgia Cotton Oil Co Atlanta Ga Georgia Cotton Oil Co Augusta Ga Georgia Farmers Oil and Fertilizer Co Madison Ga M 15 F 9 F 10 H 1 F 11 F 31 IS 5 1 Cotton Seed Meal LaGrange Mills LaGrange Ga Merchants and Farmers Oil and Guano Co Fort Gaines Ga Monroe Guano Co Monroe Ga F lii 8109 w w H S H C o w o d rj to I O w c w OCotton Seed Meal Cotton Seed Meal Cotton Seed Meal Cotton Seed Meal Cotton Seed Meal Cotton Seed Meal Cotton Seed Meal Cotton Seed Meal Cotton Seed Meal Cotton Seed Meal Cotton Seed Meal Cotton Seed Meal Cotton Seed Meal Cotton Seed Meal Cotton Seed Meal Cotton Seed Meal Black Cotton Seed Meal Dark Cotton Seed Meal Cotton Seed Meal 9 38171830 3207 3208 3191 3209 3162 3269 3271 3219 3330 3332 3331 3340 3539 3212 3538 3541 3570 3069 845 879 845 854 38 830 830 8 882 886 910 906 878 838 838 634 663 880 21 58 21 97 22 85 21 97 22 21 a 84 21 58 2158 21 84 22 93 23 03 23 66 23 55 22 82 21 85 21 84 16 48 17 23 22 88 1A VA VA VA VA va va VA va va va va VA VA VA VA 5 5 VA Macon Oil Ice Co Macon Ga Macon Oil Ice Co Macon Ga Milledgeville Oil Fertilizer Co Milledgeville Cia Rout McBrideNevnan Ga RockdaleOil Fertilizer Co Conycrs Ga Southern Cotton Oil Co Atlanta Ga Waynesboro Oil Mill Fertilizer Co Waynesboro Ga West Point Oil Mill West Point Ga Twiggs Oil Fertilizer Co Jeffersonville Ga Americus Guano Co Americus Ga Georgia Cotton Oil Co Macon Ga Georgia Cotton Oil Co Columbus Ga Southern Cotton Oil Co Savannah Ga J M Smith Smithonia Ga Twiggs O and F Co Jeffersonville Ga Walton Guano Co Social Circle Ga A P Brantley Co Blackshear Ga Florida Manufacturing Company Madison Fla Dawson Oil Co Dawson Ga GO go o o g W w o w jo w GOTABLE No 3 Superphosphates with Ammonia and Potash NAME OF BKAND Asbepoo Dissd Bono Am and Potash A A P High Grade Acid Phos A rcadia Diss Bone Blood and Bone Compound Beef Blood and Bone Compound Baltimore Soluble Bone Central City Dissd Bone Dissd Bone Ammoniated Potash Double Anchor Dissd Bone Am and Potash Dissolved Bone Ammonia and Potash Eclipse Cotton Food Edisto Dissd Bone Am and Potash Etiwan Dissd Bone Am and Potash Etowah Superphosphate I inMiali Soluble Bone Ammonia and Potash Home Bros Cotton Growers Dissd Bone r F 87 E SO P S M 84 L 35 89 P 54 D 139 I 88 318 D 151 C 171 M 2 E is P 39 ce 8321 8650 8502 3181 3508 8458 3502 3503 3280 3622 3651 3615 3195 8393 3502 s Phosphoric Acid x 1201 950 1560 1351 1850 1035 1560 1070 1235 1035 1212 1111 870 1333 1073 15110 201 196 08 301 24 210 08 198 2 13 2 16 210 351 110 184 07 68 7 si 850 077 075 884 770 077 s 16 S03 770 624 755 530 S IS 910 677 890 426 231 371 13 2 231 278 70 233 221 253 200 343 168 3I ll7i 1282 908 1040 1017 1012 908 1094 879 10 12 845 1008 835 1195 1084 008 133 120 117 131 105 150 11 155 174 150 122 100 175 130 1511 117 Qxtaranteed Analysis 170 159 174 102 152 17S 174 114 211 178 168 146 125 105 168 174 S10 01 17 24 14 29 15 25 111 21 10 02 11 20 10 20 15 SI 10 02 13 87 10 21 14 83 16 38 16 07 11 20 He 0 o IY WHOM AND WHERE MANU FACTORED Athepoo Phosphate Co CharlestonS C Coweta Fartilizer Co Newnan ia Southern Phi sphate Work Macon Ga Kennesaw Guano Co Atlanta Ga Marietta Guano Co Atlanta Ga Patapsco Guano Co Baltimore Md Southern Phosphate Works Macon Ga Albany FertFarm ImpCoAlbanyla Imperial Fert Co Charleston S C Georgia Chemical Works Augusta Ha Commercial Guano Co Savannah la Edisto Phosphate Co Charleston ia Etiwan Phosphate Co Charleston S C Southern Phosphate Co Atlanta Ga Furman Farm Imp Co Atlanla Ga Southern Phosphate Works Macon la o w H S H O a d f H O M O WImperial Diss Bone Ammonia and PutashC 51 J J Taylors Dissd Bone Am and PotashC 17 L M Peacocks Blood and Bone Compound Manatee Dissd Bone McCartys Soluble Bone Ammonia and Potash Marietta Guano Cos Dissolved Bone Monogram Cotton Special Rainbow Soluble Phosphate Rainbow Soluble Phosphate Rome Dissd Bone Am and Potash Roddenburgs Special Cotton Fruiter Rainbow Soluble Phosphate Sparks Dissd Raw Bone with Alkaline Salts Suwannee Dissd Bone Am and Potash Sea Bird Ammd Superphosphate State Alliance Favorite Standard Bore Guano Ammonia and Potash Teiry Lunsford Gos Dissd Bone Thompsons High Grade Superphosphate Wando Diss Bone Ammonia and Potash Wynns Dissd Bone Am and Potash CO 39 il 5 C 115 E 62 L 78 E 96 D 72 B 63 J 281 B 300 B 199 J 60 C 17 M 34 B 199 C 15 D 154 3280 3236 3459 350 3995 3182 3430 3127 3621 3657 3644 3623 3612 3828 3627 3459 3236 3508 3627 3234 3651 1235 1333 1379 1501 995 1383 1088 1120 1144 1140 ir20 1241 958 920 1001 1379 1333 1350 1069 1145 1154 11 106 182 08 409 410 87 145 142 202 35 803 1046 464 077 778 800 777 83 oso 970 880 1361 784 100 587 200 145 18 106 24 145 448 351 700 639 5 1046 884 639 801 755 76 157 589 31 237 131 154 266 400 26 377 294 411 301 342 464 157 133 342 270 253 879 1203 1053 908 101 1021 931 1098 1080 1232 1257 1078 9 1007 981 1053 12 1017 981 1077 1008 1741 211 186 156 146 117 184 115 lSS 140 150 152 110 140 175 150 173 146 186 165 173 128 169 11 174 158 109 176 177 170 128 100 178 473 190 143 117 250 152 143 137 146 15 81 17 33 i 1129 10 76 14 63 14 88 16 44 10 31 17 43 10 31 16 28 18 91 10 0 16 08 15 75 15 10 16 24 16 08 15 64 10 21 10 10 li 8 10 8 8 10 10 10 10 10 6 9 9 Id 10 8 9 10 8 I1 1 Imperial Fertilizer Co Charleston S C 1 Savannah Guano Co Savannah Ga 1 C L Montague Co Savannah Ga 1 Southern Phosphate Works Ma con Ga 1 A D Adair McCarty BrosAtlantaGa 1 Marietta Guano Co Atlanta Ga 1 Lorentz Rittler Baltimore Md 1 Atlanta Guano Co Atlanta Ga 1 Walton Guano Co Social Circle Ga 1 Comer Hull Co Rome Ga 1 Cairo Fertilizer Co Cairo Ga 1 Americus Guano Co Americus Ga 4 G Ober Sons Co BaltimoreMd 1 Grovania Oil and Fert Co Grovania Ga 1 Atlanta Guano Co Atlanta Ga 1 C L Montague Co Savannah Ga 1 Savannah Guano Co Savannah Ga 1 Terry Lunsford Co Atlanta Ga 1 Atlanta Guano Co Atlanta Ga 1 Wando Phosphate Co Charleston S C 1 Edisto Phos for T H Wynn Atlanta Ga GO M te O j C o H W a P i M H W GOTABLE No 4 Acid Phosphates dud Superphosphates with Potash NAME OF BRAND Acid Phosphate and Potash Acid Phosphate and Potash Ashepoo Bone Ash Atlanta Soluble Bone and Potash Adairs Formula Ashepoo Acid Phosphate and Potash Acid Phosphate and Potash Acid Phosphate and Potash Ashley Acid Phosphate and Potash Acid Meal Acid Phosphate and Potash Acid Phosphate and Potash Bowkers Diss Bone Phosphate and Potash Brannans llissd Bone and Potash Bowkers Diss Bone Phosphate and Potash Berkeley Acid Phosphate V 109 E 4i F ss E 41 I lr7 Phosphoric Acid to M 23 S484 3394 3462 3B89 3591 3462 3465 3463 3258 3254 3252 3225 3279 5441 3414 i7i 1200 1268 809 1090 lili 809 10112 1195 1468 1471 1250 1174 1597 1423 1558 129 21 Hi 288 270 20 288 9 129 177 35 201 106 80 132 981 801 871 893 SO 871 I Ill 99S 842 106 825 936 838 935 S 71 200 0711 300 512 3 llll 335 259 399 353 363 251 154 2 Hi 10 323 258 457 102 1281 1313 1270 1228 1064 1270 1272 1361 101 1221 1035 1246 1161 1188 1332 1081 110 100 147 118 200 147 1 15 177 111 238 229 121 126 163 101 120 S at X 813 72 13 IK 13 93 13 36 12 74 13 91 13 I 14 90 12 21 14 28 12 71 13 53 12 81 13 40 14 06 12 21 Guaranteed Analysis c c 3 2 Sri i ST 2 c fix J3 J3 a S d a B i pM 4 10 1 1 11 1 1 10 1 1 10 1 1 10 2 4 10 1 1 10 1 1 10 1 t 10 1 2 10 1 1 12 1 2 11 li 1 10 2 2 11 IK 1 10 l BY WHOM AND WHERE MANU FACTURED Kavassa Guano Co Wilmington N C Savannah Guano Co Savannah Ga Ashepoo Phosphate Co Charleston S C Atlanta Guano Co Atlanta Qa A I Adair Mccarty BrosAtlantaGa Ashepoo Phosphate Co Charleston S I Georgia Chemical Work Augusta Ga A N Hays Covington Ga Ashley Phosphate Co Charleston S C Chicora Fertilizer Co Charleston 6 C Gairdner Arnold Co Elb rton Ga Patapsco Guano Co Baltimore Md BowkerFertilizer Co Savannah Ga Chesapeake Guano Co Baltimore Md Bowker Fertilizer Co Savannah Ga iBcrkeley Phosphate Co Charleston S C hfl W H H W O IT1 H I a o toBaldwin Fertilizer Gos Bone Potash oweta Dissolved Bone and Potash Cranstons High Grade Acid Phosphate Charleston Dissolved Bone and Potash harleston Acid Phosphate Cotton Plant Bone No 1 otton Plant Bone No 2 Chicora Acid Phosphate and Potash Cherokee Acid Phosphate and Potash Dissolved Bone and Potash Double Anchor Acid Phosphate Dissolved Bone and Potash Dissolved Bone and Potash Dissolved Bone an d Potash Eutaw Acid Phosphate Etiwan Acid Phosphate Farish Furman Formula FarmersPride Aeid Phosphate Georgia Bone Compound High Grade Black Rock Diss Bone Imperial High Grade Bone Ash Jewells High Grade Acid Phos Lockwood Acid Phosphate Monarch Acid Phosphate and Potash Magnolia Acid Phosphate H 27 E 55 H 50 96 1 J 245 B 202 C F 77 B 64 E 50 M 65 D 33 D 163 F F I N H 50 J 25 E 6 E 71 O 52 C 32 6 E F 50 3470 3694 3260 3209 354S 3590 3321 3461 3369 3416 3483 3589 3593 3462 3268 3474 3594 3464 3259 3634 3592 3250 3259 3286 1331 1423 1620 1353 1230 261 132 116 255 31 1212 93 13061 97 1481 1 1150 1319 1192 1252 1090 1157 809 66S 1236 1620 1233 1400 1494 1161 1353 1400 1107 246 147 174 1 207 363 288 162 96 116 73 207 230 138 255 207 132 870 935 1025 921 940 1078 907 1085 898 759 929 861 893 654 871 960 814 1025 261 2 270 2 3 339 255 340 872 870 904 921 872 889 2 364 3 287 335 442 399 344 257 270 271 257 197 338 231 257 301 1121 1188 1295 1152 1279 1333 1247 1178 1186 1123 1237 1148 1228 1096 1270 1304 1071 1295 10 1129 10 C7 1242 1152 1129 1190 368IJ11 61 163 115 i04 155 204 121 109 139 115 100 229 118 120 147 106 220 115 221 105 107 100 104 105 113 13 III 13 88 12 64 14 07 15 01 13 51 12 89 14 20 12 40 13 29 13 61 13 56 12 32 13 93 13 88 12 92 13 88 12 16 12 47 11 99 13 30 12 64 12 47 13 02 111 111 10 In 10 10 10 HI 10 Id 10 9 Hi 10 10 11 10 10 10 10 Hi HI 10 10 III Baldwin Fertilizer Co Savannah Ga Coweta Fertilizer Co Newnan Ga Edisto Phosphate Co Charleston S C Imperial Fertilizer Co Charleston S C Stono Phosphite Works harleston S C Houston Guano Works Fort Valley Ga Houston Guano Works Fort Valley Ga Chicora Fertilizer Co Charleston S C Greenville Fertilizer Co Greenville S C Americus Guano Co AmericusGa Imperial Fertilizer Co Charleston SC T J Lowe Mableton Ga Americus Guano Co Americus Ga Albany F and F Imp Co Albany Ga Ashepoo Phosphate Co Charleston S C Etiwan Phosphate Co harleston S C Furman Farm Imp Co Atlanta Ga Edisto Phosphate Co Charleston S C Commercial Guano Co Savannah Ga Royal Fertiliser Co Charleston S C Imperial Fertilizer Co Charleston S C Ashley Phosphate Co Charleston SC Clarence Angier Atlanta Ga Royal Fertilizer Co Charleston S C Orr Hunter Athens Ga i GO Pi O o o w W W i3 N M W l0 toTABLE No 4 Continued NAME OF BRAND Olivers Potash Compound Potash Acid Phosphate Potash Acid Phosphate Potash Acid Phosphate Potasso Phospho Royal Acid Phosphate and Potash Richland Bone Phosphate and Potash Sterling Acid Phosphate Stono Acid Phosphate and Potash Sharps High Grade Acid and Potash Tinaleys Bone and Potasli Mixture Wilcox Gibbs Cos Superphosphate Wando Acid Phosphate and Potash Wynns Monarch Acid Phosphate Phosphoric Acid a 3462 37C4 3596 3608 3294 8259 3471 32S1 3299 3441 34SB 3816 3210 3994 809 874 1213 1005 1204 1400 1307 1264 1230 1423 1107 1039 1115 1620 2 535 283 29 118 207 146 225 41 132 71 96 02 116 871 663 622 770 1228 872 869 801 940 93c 53 768 900 1021 399 181 273 277 213 257 304 347 339 253 480 322 361 2711 1270 844 895 1047 1411 1129 1173 11 is 1279 118 16 16 1666 1266 1295 o Oo Guaranteed Analysis BY WHOM AND WHERE MANU FACTURED 11 2 IS 161 179 216 105 192 117 155 163 266 21 107 118 13 93 11 33 11 04 12 16 15 81 12 47 1351 12 72 11 16 13 46 12 88 13 28 13 05 13 8s I Ashepoo Phosphate Co Charleston S C Cordele Guano Co Cordele Ga Lorentz Rittler Baltimore Md Southern Phosphate Works MaconGa Geo W Scott Mfg Co Atlanta Ga Royal Fertilizer Co Charleston S C Richland Guano Co Richland Ga Clarence Angler Atlanta Ga Stono Phosphate Co Charleston S c Coweta Fertilizer Co Nownau Ga las G Tinsley Co Richmond Va Wilcox GibbsGuano Co Savannahsa Wando Phosphate Co Charleston S Edlsto Phosphate Co Charleston S C is o w o 3 a w M I Q W o w oTABLE No 5 Plain Acid Phosphates and Superphosphates NAME OF BRAND Ashepoo Dissd Bone Ashley Dissd Bone Acme Acid Phosphate Augusta Acid Phosphate Atlanta Soluble Bone Americus Dissd Bone Adairs High Grade Dissd Bone Acid Phosphate Acid Phosphate Acid Phosphate Atlanta Soluble Bone Atlantic Acid Phosphate Atlanta Soluble Bone Acid Phosphate Adairs Acid Phosphate Acid Phosphate 6 a XI S 3 a S 9 S 3 b O u A 03 h 3 a u 3 W O g Phosphoric Acid i c 0 s s 0 w A m 0 1 3 a co S Bit Guaranteed Analyse 6 3 3 O a 6 1 0 6 0 3 d 3 32 Ho oja ft J OTZ si It s 0 c 0 a s a c3 O J li 3314 1104 270 989 326 1315 813 12 4 10 F 149 3582 1465 151 956 330 1292 12 93 2 12 F 115 3486 1359 160 997 280 li83 12 80 2 12 H 87 3685 1740 128 1183 215 1398 13 78 2 13 B 31 3329 1220 75 967 328 1295 12 90 1 10 D 19 3369 1319 147 959 276 1238 12 65 1 10 M 43 8342 1268 115 1081 184 1265 12 72 1 12 D 138 3577 1405 290 908 240 1148 11 78 1 10 J 57 3348 1340 132 975 316 1291 12 92 1 10 N 41 3691 1183 99 1268 299 1567 15 13 1 13 F 153 3583 036 284 B58 345 1301 13 00 1 10 E 40 3338 696 116 805 307 1232 12 45 2 10 E 4 3339 1220 75 967 328 1295 12 90 2 10 D 3 3398 1470 261 1026 313 1339 13 31 1 12 F 54 3342 1213 115 1081 184 1205 12 72 2 12 L 2 33531 9 00 33 1236 221 1457 14 25 7 12 BY WHOM AND VVHEKE MANU FACTURED Ashepoo Phos hate Co Charleston S C Ashley Phosphate Co Charleston S C Acme Mfg Co Wilmington N C Augusta Quano Co Augusta Ga Americus Guano Co Americus Ga Americus Guano Co Americus Ga A D Adair McCarty Bros AtlantaGa Carter ct Woolfolk Albany Ga Southern Phosphate Works Macon Ga Schloze Bros Chattanooga Tenn Walton Guano Co Social Circle Ga Atlantic Phosphate Co Charleston S C Atlanta Guano Co Atlanta Ga Albany Fert4 Farm Imp Co AlbanyGa A D Adair McCarty Bros Atlanta Ga Georgia Chemical Works Augusta Ga w g H o c w II o d f H d w H I o w o w Acid Phosphate Acid Phosphate Ashepoo Acid Phosphate Atlantic Dissolved Bone Acid Phosphate Black Rock Dissd Bone Bowkers itassan Dissolved Bone Phosphate Baldwin Fertilizer Cos High Grade Acid Phos Brannas High Grade Acid Phosphate Chatham Acid Phosphate Cotton Boll Acid Phosphate Coweta High Grade Acid Phosphate Capitol Dissd So Carolina Bone Cordele Dissd Bone Chicora Dissolved Bone Central City Acid Phosphate Chicora Acid Phosphate Dissolved Bone Acid Phosphate Durham Bull Acid Phosphate Diamond Soluble Hone Dissd Bone Acid Phosphate Dabneys High Grade Acid Phosphate Dalton High Grade Acid Phosphate Double Anchor Dissd Bone Ezells Dissolved Bone 9 19 9 8 71 17 2M 155 1 2S 11 3360 1500 102 1126 270 3406 1220 133 1122 258 3251 1178 383 1122 246 32ei li45 211 1145 97 3211 605 224 938 534 3670 1160 65 1281 240 3245 1426 72 1231 153 8101 1362 169 994 419 3349 1200 101 1167 219 3335 1450 88 1021 310 3179 1654 63 1086 249 3193 654 174 1192 250 3581 880 65 848 416 3488 924 230 342 844 3252 1283 99 1227 143 3567 1687 40 1130 281 3262 1283 9 1227 134 3311 1191 113 983 393 3351 1527 1 1211 231 3477 1202 96 1132 248 3574 1223 128 1333 224 3584 1210 341 956 255 3473 1315 74 1307 236 35SS 1095 3OS 953 332 3344 1104 27C 98S 326 1396 13 80 1252 1472 1384 1413 1386 1335 1442 1361 1411 1376 1380 12 85 1315 13 76 2 13 64 4 13 55 4 12 53 2 14 37 2 14 76 2 13 87 2 1390 2 13 63 1 13 28 2 13 28 2 14 13 2 12 51 2 12 08 2 13 48 2 13 89 2 13 48 2 13 60 2 14 13 13 61 1 15 or 1 12 28 1 14 90 1 12 85 2 13 12 2 A N Hays Covington Ga Navassa Guano Co Wilmington N C Ashepoo Phosphate Co Charleston S C Atlantic Phosphate Co Charleston S C Georgia Farmers Oil Fertilizer Co Madison Ga Farmers Supply Co Macon Ga Bowker Fertilizer Co Savannah Ga Baldwin Fertilizer Co Savannnh Ga Coweta Fertilizer Co Newnan Ga Commercial Guano Co Savannah Ga Comer Hull Co Savannah Ga Coweta Fertilizer Co Newnan Ga S W Travers Co Richmond Va Cordele Guano Co Cordele Ga Chicora Fertilizer Co Charleston S C Southern Phosphate Works Macon Ga Chicora Fertilizer Co Charleston S C Savannah Guano Co Savannah Ga Durham Fertilizer Co Durham N C Walton Whann Co Charleston SC C I Montague Co Savannah Ga J H Dibney Co Atlanta Ga Dalton Mfg Co Dalton Ga Imperial Fertilizer Co Charleston S C Ashepoo Phosphate Co Charleston S C w H O Q O M Ed Q f Sd H WTABLE No 5Continued NAME OF BRAND Phosphoric Acid X Eureka Acid Phosphate Edisto Dissolved Bone ICtivvan Dissolved Bone Excelsior Acid Phosphate Eutaw Acid Phosphate English Dissd Bone Acid Phosphate Eagle Acid Phosphate Edisto Acid Phosphate Enoree Acid Phosphate Forest City Acid Phosphate Florida High Grade Phosphate Furman Acid Phosphate Garrett ellers High Grade Acid Phosphate Georgia Acid Phosphate I leorgia State Standard Acid Phosphate Georgia State Grange Acid Phosphate Georgia State Standard Diss Bono Phosphate F 84 H 11 F 31 F 44 F 26 D 53 H 11 V 26 C 212 D 81 E 87 E 72 C I C D II 103 3347 3346 3400 3341 3213 3472 3594 3346 3213 317 3571 3654 3578 3170 3170 333 3382 1014 1110 1474 15 1354 1030 1220 1110 1351 lir I 1330 1317 121s 165 1654 1177 1152 211 202 70 I 233 79 116 20 233 63 55 139 179 63 63 2 11 916 S00 12SI 060 10 15 033 1028 806 1045 108 1205 029 1162 10so 10SI 1030 390 107 193 374 270 492 270 407 270 249 46 346 102 2 10 2 10 220 295 139f 1273 14 74 1340 1324 II 2 1295 1273 1321 1335 lo 0s 1275 13 i 1335 13 1256 1314 Guaranteed Analysis 39 3 o EY WHOM AND WHERE MANU FACTURED 13 04 12 7S 14 39 13 3 13 10 14 00 12 12 78 13 10 13 28 15 94 12 so 13 13 13 28 10 2s 12 00 13 21 Atlantic Va Fert Co Richmond Va Edisto Phosphate Co Charleston S C Etiwan Phosphate Co Charleston S C Excelsior Mf g Co Washington la Ashepoo Phosphate Co CharlestonS C Savannah Guano Co Savannah la Edisto Phosphate Co Charleston S C Edisto Phosphate Co Charleston S C Ashepoo Phosphate Co Charleston S Comer Hull Co Savannah Ga Commercial Guano Co Savannah la Furman Farm Imp Co Atlanta Ga Coweta Fertilizer Co Newnan Ga Comer Hull V Co Savannah Ga Comer Hull Co Savannah Ga Baldwin Fertilizer Co Savannah a Coiner Hull Co Savannah Ga 3 W H 2 w zi H O 1 hrj I o w o w oHigh Grade Acid Phosphate Hunter Pearce Battys Acid Phosphate High Grade Acid Phosphate High Grade Acid Phosphate Imperial Dissd Bone Imperial Dissolved Bone Kennesaw Acid Phosphate Kramers Dissolved Bone L and W High Grade Acid Phosphate Leggs High Grade Acid Phosphate Leggs High Grade Acid Phosphate Leader Acid Phosphate Listers Dissd Bone Marietta Hish Grade Acid Phosphate Monarch Dissolved Bone Oglethorpe Dissolved Bone Piiosphate Oglethcrpe Acid Phosphate Our Dissolved Bone Phosphate Obers Dissolved Bone Phosphate Port Royal Acid Pomona Acid Phosphate Port Royal Dissolved Bone Phosphate Palmetto Acid Phosphate Piedmont Acid Phosphate Rome Acid Phosphate C 7 C 160 E 113 C 141 L 41 F 35 E 43 E 35 C 103 F 28 N 11 M 28 D 83 F 53 M 46 J 12 H 16 C 89 a 10 c I H 100 J 12 N 18 F 53 M 18 3355 3873 3580 3572 a588 3266 3310 3337 3352 3292 3343 3180 3576 3476 3481 3332 3179 3335 3333 3179 3335 3382 3475 3476 347 1482 1594 1100 2003 1097 1264 1220 1105 1323 1350 1259 839 736 1250 1226 1152 1654 1450 1188 1054 1450 1152 1105 1250 1242 118 110 61 308 264 2S7 155 383 147 67 159 41 2 12 202 1228 991 1218 1284 953 97 889 1122 1021 1277 1354 578 1191 953 9C4 1367 1272 1151 1593 12 S5 1271 1330 1408 1201 202 1479 261 1615 139 271 233 309 332 291 441 286 180 510 220 351 392 82 333 212 41 1029 295 1086 249 1025 952 1086 1025 1029 829 953 1169 310 378 249 310 295 428 351 325 1088 1411 1304 1296 1324 1335 1335 1330 1335 1335 1324 1257 1304 1491 SI 53 12 76 14 20 15 34 12 88 12 76 13 21 3 86 12 20 II 13 IS 52 11 24 13 88 13 03 12 96I 2 13 21 13 28 13 28 13 24 13 28 13 28 13 21 12 60 13 03 10 12 14 13 12 12 12 10 10 13 13 10 13 111 12 12 12 13 12 12 12 12 12 10 12 Read Fertilizer Co New York N Y Comer Hull Co Rome Ga National Acid Co New Orleans La Wilcox it Gibbs Guano Co SavannahGa Imperial Fertilizer Co Charleston S C Imperial Fertllieer Co Charleston S C Kennesaw Guano C Atlanta Ga Cweta Fertilizer Co Newnan Ga Langston Woodson Atlanta Ga Geo W Scott Mfg Co Atlanta Ga Geo W Scott Mfg Co Atlanta Ga Read Fertilizer Co New York N Y Listers Agl Chem WorksNewarkNJ Marietta Guano Co Atlanta Ga Royal Fertilizer Co Charleston S C Comer Hull Co Savannah Ga Comer Hull Co Savannah Ga Commercial Guano Co Savannah Ga G Ober Sons Co Baltimore Md Comer Hull Co Savannah Ga Commercial Guano Co Savannah Ga Comer Hull Co Savannah Ga Bradley Fertilizer Co Boston Mass Marietta Guano Co Atlanta Ga Comer Hull Co Rome Ga GO M O a M CO O IT1 H H IS w w ITABLE No 5Continued NAME OF BRAND Royal Dissolved Bone Scotts High Grade Acid Phosphate Scotts High Grade Aeid Phosphate Southern Acid Phosphate Soluble Bone Sunny South Acid Phosphate Sunny South Acid Phosphate Sims Higli Grade Acid Phosphate Sunny South Aeid Phosphate Tinsleys Stonewall Acid Phospbaie Wynns Monarch Dissolve I Hone Walton Acid Phos hale Wando Acid Phosphate Wando Dssolved Bone XXXX Dissolved Bone Acid Phosphate XX Dissolved Bone Acid Ph sphate Phosphoric Acid 3181 3292 3343 359 3571 3339 3369 3579 3487 3282 3586 3583 r7 3396 3296 3237 1228 1350 1259 1303 1231 1220 1319 1262 1197 1012 892 636 1048 1208 1073 1463 202 1 47 67 100 191 73 117 1 15 109 9 154 284 313 27 58 I 904 1277 1361 1069 974 967 959 883 12 o 519 1232 956 1106 924 1501 1305 392 202 251 388 351 328 279 132 203 339 291 34 217 101 357 272 1296 1479 1615 1457 13 1295 1238 1315 1468 1130 1526 1501 1324 1328 1858 1577 0 u BJ Guaranteed Analysis to a BY WHOM AND WHKRE MANU FACTURED J12 96 14 43 15 52 14 25 13 20 12 90 12 65 13 12 II 35 11 111 14 89 13 00 13 17 13 22 17 17 15 21 Royal Fertilizer Co Charleston S C Geo W Seott Mfg Co Atlanta Ga Geo W Scott Mfg Co Atlanta Ga Southern Phosphate Co Atlanta Ga Columbus Fertilizer Co Columbus Ga Atlanta Guano Co Atlanta Ga Amerieus Guano Co Americus Ga Atlanta Guano Co Atlanta Ga G A Ramspeek Deeatur Ga James G Tinsley Richmond Va Edisto Phosphate Co Charleston S C Walton Guano Co Social circle Ga Wando Phosphate Co Charleston S C Wando Phosphate Co C arleston S C Savannah Guano Co Savannah Ga Savannah Guano Co Savannah I b H W H J W A H O o w G d 10 trj I C ft o oNAME OF BRASD oo Kainit Kainit Kainit Kainit Kainit Kainit Kainit Kainit K unit Kainit Kennesaw Ground Bone Pure Raw Ground Bone Fine Ground Bone Pure Animal Bone Meal Pure Animal Bone Meal and Potash Muriateof Potash Sulphate of Potash Sulphate of Ammonia J 1 C 25 C 31 H 59 F 147 P 3 H 47 0 84 P C 30 C 142 C 83 C 301 C 224 C 223 3298 3320 3249 3531 3531 3123 3530 3334 3535 3580 372 3158 3151 3613 3319 3532 3533 3537 TABLE No 6 Potash Salts and Miscellaneous Brands Phosphoric Acid 2341 22 20 2227 1353 3 Guaranteed Anaysis i si 12 1248 1243 1162 1296 1303 1200 216 1200 12 46 12 74 12 58 12 56 11 89 12 80 13 04 12 23 12 32 12 20 12 50 475 429 360 46i 2 si 1168 5358 2590 45 40 23 32 74 81 22 1 is 2000 2000 2000 BY WHOM AND WHERE MANU FACTURED 4000 4000 4000 Ashley Phosphate Co Charleston S C Bowker Fertilizer Co Savannah Ga Imperial Fertilizer Co CharlestonS C Wilcox Gibbs Guano Co Savannah Ga James M Smith Smithonia Ga Savannah Guano Co Savannah Ga Head Fertilizer Co New York N Y Comer Hull Co Savannah Ga Joseph Mabbett Bro Quitman Ga Royal Fertilizer Co Charleston S C Kennesaw Guano Co Atlanta Ga Standard Guano Chemical Mfg Co New Orleans La Cincinnati Desiccating CoCincinnatiO Wilcox Gibbs Guano Co Savannnh Ga Wilcox Gibbs Guano Co Savannah Ga Wilcox Gibbs Guano Co Savannah Ga Wilcox Gibbs Guano Co Savannah Ga Wilcox Gibbs Guano Co Savannah Ga 2 V Q O TABLE No 6Continued NAME OF BRAND fi fcl 3 z s g 03 o d 5 O J3 w d co ij a Phosphoric Acid Home Fertilizer Chemicals Cerealits Bone Phosphate Paines NonAcid Soft Phosphate Plaster ennimans Patent Composter A A 12 D J73 F 13 2Si J 120 17 3687 3555 8153 3536 3596J 420 408 116 1722 252s CD 0 Guaranteed An P Si s 265 181 265 181 1087 270 32 lo 3687 702 912 803 27ft 827 is BY WHOM AND WHERE MAN UFACTURED 1751 Boykin Caroler Co Baltimore Md Boykin Carmer Co Baltimore Md Dollar Bros Co Hague Fla 55 i Paine Fertilizer Co Jacksonville Fla Boykin Carmer Co Baltimore Md Stubbs Tison Savannah Ga o H W H H H O J o w a t1 H H I O W o S3 aAnalyses made under the Provisions of the WingUm BUI Approved Deeemher 27th 1890 NAME OF COUNTY NAME OF ORDINARY Dooly Warren Campbell Meriwether ADDRESS OF ORDINARY Hon JD Hargrove Hon R W Hubert Hon R C Beavers Hon A J Hinton Vienna Ga Warrenton Ga Fairburn Ga Greenville Ga 3 1 a 3155 3151 3156 3701 1229 630 836 1545 Phosphoric Acid en 74 810 426 154 545 51 778 791 p3 229 646 377 140 774 697 1155 931 174 742 194 238 366 20 180 223 REMARKS GO ft go O ft a o B ft a ft ft 3 IS ft w CO54 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICUIrjRi GIXKJGIA PHOSPHATES Ami Minerals Sent as Supposed Phosphatet NAME OF COUNTY NAME OF SENDER S 3 Name of Substance 32 u o H o O O Ph 3 a o K Q P4 Percentage of Phosphoric Acid Expressed as Bone Phosphate Baldwin D W Brown 720 Calcium phosphate calcium carbonate and clay 2009 4387 M C Kollock M C Kollock 629 12 Buhrstone Trace Buhrstone Chatham M C Kollock G26Buhrstone Colquitt D H Gay 721 Shale Decatur R A Connell1 461 Phosphate rock 3144 304 68 68 Decatur W R Mims 507 694 695 696 697 698 699 700 701 Calcium carbonate 665 Decatur R A Connell R A Connell R A Connell R A Connell Decatur Phosphate rock 3183 Trace 69 51 Decatur Flint only Decatur Uncrystallized s i 1 ic a s with crystalline silica on outside Decatur R A Connell R A Connell R A Connell R A Connell Phosphate rock 3121 3269 Trace 3149 68 15 Decatur Phosphate rock 71 39 Decatur Chalcedony only 6876 Decatur Phosphate rock FultonI V Sage 458 Soft calcium carbonate Trace only Houston Joseph Palmer 460 Fossiliferous limestone soft 42 92 Joseph Palmer 462 Fossiliferous limestone Mr Douglas 687 Silica Lowndes Lowndes G R McRee G R McRee 631 645 Buhrstone Buhrstone 12 75 25 165 Mclntosh Mclntosh Hilton Dodge Lumber Col 547 Hilton Dodge Lumber Co 548 Calcium carbonate Calcium carbonate Trace Trace Mitchell C H Parham 457 Calcium carbonate soft frace only ANALYSES OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS1892 PHOSPHATES And Minerals Sent as Supposed Phosphates NAME OF COUNTY NAME OF SENDER Montgomery Montgomery Montgomery Montgomery Montgomery Montgomery Randolph Randolph Randolph Randolph Randolph Randolph Randolph Randolph Randolph Randolph Randolph C VV YVickstroun C AY Wickstroun Y Wickstroun C AV Wickstroun C AVAYickstroun C AAr Wickstroun Name of Substance Richmond Richmond Schley Yilcox AA7ilcox Wilcox AVilcox AVilcox AAilcox 44 Clay 450 Clay 451 Clay 452 Clay 4531 Sand stone 454lSandstone RF ivey I Ar Duke I V Duke I V Duke I V Duke I A Duke I V Duke I V Duke I VDuke I V Duke a Hood 4461 Buhrstone 659J Buhrstone 660 Buhrstone 661 662 663 664 665 660 667 459 o nA o GO a o 0J Is Am m m o ro D i cs W UA n 25 5 Buhrstone Buhrstone Buhrstone Buhrstone Buhrstone Buhrstone Phosphate rock Fossiliferous limestone 2053 Trace 4484 Branchs Son Co 630 Branchs Son Co 681 C L Peacock 502 Silicified shells Chalcedony Trace Shell limestone 468Fossiliferous Buhrstone 469 Fossiliferous Buhrstone 470 Fossiliferous Buhrstone 471 Fossiliferous Buhrstone 472 Fossiliferous Buhrstone J E Bowen J E Bowen J E Bowen J E Bowen J E Bowen J E BowenI 473jFossihferous Buhrstone 06 Trace Trace Trace Trace Trace Trace56 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA MINERALS ANALYZED Name of County Sent From Baldwin Bar tow Bartow Bullocb Name of Mineral Name of County Senti From Name of Mineral Calcium phosphate with limestone and clay 720 White clay 1 55X Fire clay1 552 White clay 444 ButtsIron pyrites ButtsIlron pyrites 520 553 Campbell Quartz crystal cos Carroll Crystal quartz n Catoosashale Emanuel Enianuel Emanuel Emanuel Emanuel Emanuel Emanuel Emanuel Emanuel Emanuel Emanuel Emanuel Emanuel ChathamBuhrstone Chatham Buhrstone Chatham Buhrstone CherokeeBrown hematite CherokeeBrown hematite Cherokee Brown hematite Cherokee Cherokee Cherokee Cherokee Cherokee Cherokee Cherokee Cobb Cobb siliceous iron ore tiO riliceous iron ore 64 Siliceous ion ore 642 Siliceous iron ore 643 Siliceous iron ore 66i Siliceous iron ore 670 Siliceous iron ore 671 Siliceous iron ore 672 Siliceous iron ore 673 Siliceous iron ore 674 Rock crystal ggg Rock crystal 691 Mica j92 EmanueliMica m small particles 1 Fannln Galena 688 FloydGreisen Iron Cobb Cobb Cobb Cobb Cobb Cobb Cobb Cobb Cobb Cobb Fayalite Micaceous schist Micaceous schist 67 Micaceous schist 677 Yellow ochre 678 Yellow ochre 679 Yellow ochre 680 Micaceous schist t is Micaceous clay with silicate Tourmaline rock Feldspar Quartz crystals Granular quartz Granular quartz Granular quartz Granular quartz Quartz Quartz Iron pyrites CobtIlrqnpyrites trace of copper 531 Colquitt jShale 720 DawsonChalcedony Decatur Decatur Decatur Decatur Decatur Decatur Decatur Decatur Decatur Phosphate rock with rall cium carbonate 461 Limestone 544 Chalcedony with Drusy quartz Chalcedony with prusy quartz Buhrstone Phosphate rock Flint Chalcedony with Drusv quartz Phosphate rock Decatur Phosphate rock DecaturChalcedony DecaturICalcium phosphate tonIron pyrites 543 futon Impure State 655 lultonGranite FultonKeldspa Fulton Fu ton Fulton Fulton Fulton Fulton Mica schist Shale Limestone soft Quartz gold bearing Iron pyrites 556 557 558 559 458 465 543 tj iio Iron pyrites 644 Gilmer Micaceous schist Kilmer Iron ore Gilmer Metallic Copper merAlloy of copper lead 4 silver GilmerQuartz BurnerQuartz GilmerI Manganese ore GilmerMagnetite Gilmer Almandite 533 534 535 536 587 5s 539 541 51L Glynn Mica sand golden colored 456 Gwinnett Tourmaline rock GwinnettCorundum Gwinnett Galena GwinnettMetallic iron 640 64 694 695 696 DoolyPure white tand 549 Habersham Habersham Habersham Habersham Habersham Habersham Habersham Habersham Habersham Habersham Hall Hall Hall Hall Hall Hall Hall Hall Hali Hall Hall bellow ochre light color Yellow ochrA light color Yellow ochre medium Yellow ochre pinkish Yellow ochre medium Yellow ochrewhitish yellow Crystal quartz dark Crystal quartz clear Kyanite Kyauite 492 49 560 562 514 515 516 517 518 519 614 615 616 617 Specularite Micaceous schist Mica schist Semi opal Chalcedony Chalcedony Chalcedony Chalcedony Chalcedony Chalcedony Chalcedony 455 572 582 683 581 585 586 587 588 589 590ANALYSES OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS18923 MINERALS ANALYZEDContinued 57 Name of County Sent From Name of Mineral A Name of County Sent From Name of Mineral HallIChalcedony 591 tman Hall Banded jasper 592 Quitman Hall Banded jasper 593 Q man Hall Mica schist 8p rna Hall Iron p rites i I o man Hall Impure Kaolin 19 Quitman IfcAuartz 47teS HeardIron pyrites 443j Quitman HoustonLimestone Houston Kossiliferous limestone1 462 Laurens Buhrstone v LincolnIron pyrites gold bearing LincolnGalena LincolnSerpentine Lincoln Iron pyrites Lowndes Buhrstone LowndesBuhrstone MadisonIFeldspar MadisonFeldspar MarionQuartz sand Alariou Yellow ochre Marion Red hematite MarionFerruginous gravel MclntoshCalcium carbonate Mclntosh Shell limestone Meriwether Meriwether aleriwether Meriwetner Meriwether Meriwether Meriwether Meriwether Mm Ir 498 499 631 til ICili 467 684 685 as Manganese ore Manganese ore Manganese ore Manganese ore Manganiferous iron ore Manganiferous iron ore Red hematite Manganiferous iron ore Manganiferous iron ore Quitman Manganiferous iron ore Quitman Manganiferous iron ore QuitmanManganiferous iron ore Quitman Manganiferous iron ore Quitman jlron ore Rabun Rabun Rabun Rabun Rabun Rabun Rabun Rabun Rabun Quartz crystals Tourmaline Garnets Steatite Soapstone Tourmaline Tabular quartz Quartz crystals Mitchell Soft calcium carbonate 547 548 565 566 56 56S 569 570 563 564 Micaceous hematite Tourmaline rock Chalcedony Genthite Corundum sand Agalmatolite Flesh colored clay Micaceous hematite Hornblende 467 Montgomery Clay Montgomery Clay Montgomery iClay Montgomery Clay Montgomery Sandstone Montgomery Sandtone I iJ NewtonIMica in large sheetsI 55 Newton Mica schist W NewtonDioriteji PolkYellow ochre Polk Tolk Polk Polk Polk Polk Polk Polk Polk Dolomite Red ochre Bauxite Bauxite Fire clay Fire clay Semiopal Yellow ochre Brown clay Randolph Randolph Randolph Randolph Randolph Randolph Randolph Randolph Randolph Randolph Randolph Randolph Randolph Randolph Randolph Randolph Randolph Randolph Randolph Richmond Richmond Galena Buhrstone Buhrstone Buhrstone Buhrstone Buhrstone Buhrstone Buhrstone Buhrstone Buhrstone Phosphate rock Fossiliferous limestone Burhstone Shale Buhrstone Sbae iBuhrstone Buhrstone Ferruginonsclay v 619 620 621 622 649 650 651 652 653 654 655 656 657 658 476 177 478 480 481 489 484 415 446 659 660 661 662 663 664 665 666 667 459 703 704 705 706 707 708 717 574 575 576 612 613 PulaskiI Marl clay PulaskiSilicifled shell PulaskiI Marly clay Quitman Quitman Quitman Quitman Quitman Quitman Manganese ore with iron Manganese ore with iron Manganese ore with iron Manganese ore with iron Manganese ore with iron Manganese ore 635 636 637 638 639 618 Rockdalei Feldspar RockdaleFeldspar RockdaleFeldspar RockdaleMica Rockdale Rockdale Rockdale Rockdale Rockdale Rockdale Rockdale Rockdale Rockdale Rockdale Rockdale Rockdale Kockdale Rockdale Rockdale Silicifled shells 630 Chalcedony1 bbl 599 600 601 602 603 604 605 606 607 608 609 610 611 686 594 595 596 597 Mica Mica Mica scbist Mica schist Mica schist Mica schist Mica schist Mica schist Milky Quartz Quartz rounded Milky quartz Milky quartz Milky quartz Amethystine quartz Feldspar Schley Shell limestone 562 ScrevenSandstone ScrevenSandstone 463 53258 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA MINERALS ANALYZEDContinued Name of County Sent From Taylor Name oi Mineral White clay TownsMicaceous hematite TownsTourmaline TownsChalcedony Towns Biotite TownsGeuthite TownsCorundum sand TcwnslAgalmatoiite Towns Pink clav Towus Hornblende TownsIlron pyrites TownsClay Towns Garnet Towns Iron pj rites TownsMicaceous hematite TownsActinolite TownsArseno pyrites Towns Garnets in hornblende rownsSpecular iron ore TownsGalena TownsSerpentine Towns Iron pyrites TownsIron pyrites gold bearing a I fl 477J 4784 479 isn LSI l 482 isi 484 485 in 1ST 488 489 490 491 49 496 497 498 199 500 Name of County Sent From Name of Mineral Union Union Union Union Union Union Union Union Union Union Union Union Union Union Union Union White White Wilcox Wilcox Wilcox Wilcox Wilcox Wilcox Wilcox Micaceous hematite4761 Tourmaline rock 477J Chalcedony 7nj Genthite 48OJ Corundum sand 1x11 Pink clay 83i Hornblende 8J Garnet 187 Iron pyrites 188 Micaceous hematite 891 Actinolite490 Mispickel mi Iron pyrites 494 Garnets in hornblende Specular iron ore 496 Iron pyrites gold bearing501 itlnk fi 1833 Hornblende s a Buhrstone ns Buhrstone 4jg Silicified limestone 170 Buhrstone 171 Buhrstone 472 Buhrstone 47 Red oxide iron 513ANALYSES OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS18923 59 for the past fourteen seasons will be found inter The following averages 1 esting General Average of all Fertilizers For the season of 18745 For the season of 18750 For the season of 18767 For the season of 18778 Available Phosphoric Ammonia Acid 923 1094 1087 1143 For the season of 1878 9j I195 For the season of 187980 For the season of 18801 For the season of 18812 For the season of 18823 1024 1096 1088 1103 For the season of 18834 1082 For the season of 18845 For the season of 1S856 For the season of 1S867 For the season of 18878 1113 1101 1139 1166 For the season of 18889 H48 For the season of 188990 For the season of 18901 For the season of 18912 For the season of 18923 1146 1130 1090 10 81 255 253 252 279 270 258 253 248 253 247 224 243 245 246 280 275 254 240 232 Potash 517 249 275 223 166 133 141 147 150 155 144 165 194 212 194 197 189 170 185 Thw arp the general averages of all fertilizers mciuuiug general averages of all fertilizers including Acid Phos le No II for the season named J SbS ff of Soda Kainit Muriate of Potash and Sul phate of Potash are not included in this list60 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA Averages of Ammoniated Fertilizers Available Phosphoric Ammonia Acid For the season of 18745 For the season of 18756 For the season of 18767 For the season of 18778 For the season of 18789 For the season of 187980 For the season of 18801 For the season of 18812 For the season of 18823 For the season of 18834 For the season of 18845 For the season of 18856 For the season of 18867 For the season of 18878 For the season of 18889 For the season of 188990 For the season of 18901 For the season of 18912 For the season of 18923 873 1036 1051 1083 1152 953 1030 1020 1022 978 1035 1015 1030 1047 1030 1037 1010 996 966 284 298 273 2 79 270 259 253 248 253 247 229 243 245 246 280 275 256 234 232 Potash 531 279 243 225 164 135 145 258 148 157 151 164 196 214 190 195 185 181 189ANALYSES OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS18923 61 Average of Konammoniated Fertilizers For the season of 18745 For the season of 18756 For the season of 18767 For the season of 18778 For the season of 18789 For the season of 187980 For the season of 18801 For the season of 18812 For the season of 18823 For the season of 18834 For the season of 18845 For the season of 18856 For the season of 18867 For the season of 18878 For the season of 18889 For the season of 188990 For the season of 18901 For the season of 18912 For the season of 18923 Available Phosphoric Acid Potash 1105 385 1199 464 1168 454 1310 216 1320 163 1244 128 1260 130 1248 105 1255 156 1259 148 1287 140 1262 168 1345 185 1381 207 1396 181 1383 188 1376 209 1274 169 1363 152 62 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA The number of brands inspected analyzed and placed upon the market for each season since the organization of the Department is as follows For the season of 18745110 brands For the season of 18756 101 brands For the season of 18707 25 brand For the season of 18778127 brandg For the season of 18789102 brands For the season of 187980182 brands For the season of 18801226 brands For the season of 18812 270 brands For the season of 18823354 brand For the season of 18834336 brands For the season of 188453J9 hrn For the season of 18856345 brands For the season of 18S07322 brands For the season of 18878 OQ t S31 brands For the season of 18889355 brands For the season of 188990440 brands For the season of 18901492 brands For the season of 18912 ano 60S brands For the season of 18923 no o98 brandsANALYSES OF COMMEKCIAL FERTILIZEKS18923 63 The number of brands of ammoniated and nonammoniated fertilizer for each season is as follows For the season of 18745 For the season of 18750 For the season of 18767 For the season of 18778 For the season of 18789 For the season of 187980 For the season of 18801 For the season of 18812 For the season of 18823 For the season of 18834 For the season of 18845 For the season of 18856 For the season of 18867 For the season of 18878 For the season of 1S889 For the season of 188990 For the season of 18900 For the season of 18912 For the season of 18923 Ammo niated Nonammo niated 86 24 68 33 85 40 90 37 119 43 135 47 163 66 187 83 239 115 210 126 229 140 215 130 200 116 242 135 254 101 300 140 343 149 364 209 400 192 ffe vtiUNIVERSITY OF GEORGIA LIBRARIE 3 ElDfl D3TTb mcm