Publications of the Georgia State Department of Agriculture for the year 1889 [vol. 15 (1889)]

PUBLICATIONS
GEORGIA STATE
FOR THE YEAR 1889
VOLUME XV
T T HENDERSON Commissioner
ATLANTA GEORGIA
CONSTITUTION BOOK AND JOB PRINT
1889SINTRODUCTION
VOLUME XV
The current volume as with the fourteen preceding as the title imports
embraces all of the publications of the Department of Agriculture of every
character issued during the year
This volume was not printed in its entirety at the end of the year but
in accordance with the system adopted at the inauguration of the Depart
ment a specified number of each publication including questions sent to
correspondents the replies to which constitute the basis of the crop reports
are filed in the office for binding at the end of the year
The method thus adopted explains any apparent want of uniformity in
the style and mechanical execution and in the quality of the paper
CONTENTS OF VOL XV
Circular No 114Analysis and Commercial Values of Commercial Fer
tilizers and Chemicals admitted to sale to January
4th 1889 1
115Analysis and Commercial Values of Commercial Fer
tilizers and Chemicals admitted to sale to Febru
ary 7th 1889 9
116Crop Report for the Month of May 188923
H7Crop Report for the Month of June 188947
118Crop Report for the Month of July 188971
119Analyses and Commercial Values of Commercial Fer
tilizers and Chemicals admitted to sale 188889 87
119Crop Report for the Month of August 1889 HI
120Crop Report for the Month of September 1889 133
121Crop Report for the Month of October 1889141
122Proceedings of Ga State Horticultural Society 89 161
123Rules and Regulations for the Inspection of Fertili
zers 309
124Supplemental Report for 1889328
SPECIAL CIRCULARS
Circular No 77Blanks for Crop Report returnable June 1 1889 43
79Blanks for Crop Report returnable August 1 1889 108
80Blanks for Crop Report returnable Sept 1 1889 132
81Blanks for Crop Report returnable Oct 1 1889
82Requiring Inspection of Chemicals etc140J
83Requiring Inspection of Supplemental Chemicals
etc December 5 1889171
83Rescinding Special Circular No 82175
84Requiring Inspection of Cotton Seed Meal176
GENERAL INDEX
Analyses Commercial Fertilizer 1
Analyses Commercial Fertilizer 9
Analyses Commercial Fertilizer 87
Acreage and condition of crops May 1st 17
A Word to Farmers 325
An Open Letter
326
C
2
23
28
47
71
133
141
Composts and Homemade Fertilizers
Crop Report for May 1889
Correspondents Notes from
Crop Report for June 1889
Crop Report for July 1889
Chemical FertilizersProf Ville 81
Crop Reporter August 1889
Crop Report for September 1889
Crop Report for October 1889
E
Experiment FieldsProf Ville 62
F
Fertilizer Report 1
Fertilizer Report 87
FertilizersComparative Trade in 102
FertilizersAmmoniated NonAmmoniated102
FertilizersReceipts and Expenditures107
Fruit Growing322
G
Glanders 136
Georgia Experiment Station 154
Grass Culture33i
H
History of Georgia Experiment Station154
I
Inquiries and Answers 31
Inspection of Fertilizers309
O
Oats 65
Oat Grass 65
P
Pear Blight 66
Proceedings 14th Annual Meeting Georgia State Horticultural Society 161GENERAL INDEX
R
Rules and RegulationsInspection of Fertilizers 309
S
Statement of Fertilizer Inspectors 101
School of Chemical Fertilizers 126
School of Chemical Fertilizers 187
Sugar Cane 149
School of Chemical Fertilizers 150
Supplemental Report 1889 316
School of Chemical Fertilizers 328Circular No 114
New Series
FERTILIZER REPORT
ANALYSES AND COMMERCIAL VALUES OE COM
MERCIAL FERTILIZERS AND CHEMICALS
Inspected Analyzed and Admitted to Sale in Georgia During
the Season of 188889 to Jan 4 1889
Department of Agriculture
Atlanta Ga January 15 1889
RELATIVE COMMERCIAL VALUES
Extract from Circular No 103
The estimation of Relative Commercial Values of fertilizers has
been the uniform practice of the Department since the first fertilizer
bulletin was published in June 1875 Circular No 12 Old Series It
was not the intention of the Commissioner to indicate by the publica
tion of these values the absolute prices at which fertilizers should be
sold to the farmer but simply to enable the famer to compare the com
mercial quality and probable agricultural value of the different brands
with each other The idea was well expressed in the following extract
from Circular No 9 New Series issued July 24 1880
If each fertilizer contained but one valuable ingredient the percent
ages of that ingredient would correctly indicate the comparative value
of the fertilizers But as the large majority of the brands contain two
or more ingredients differing widely in agricultural and commercial
value and in the percentages in which they enter into the composition
it is found very convenient to add together the calculated commercial
value in dollars and cents of each ingredient as a basis of comparison
and a guide to the purchaser
By the usual correspondence and otherwise the Commissioner has
ascertained that there has been a material advance in the cost of mate
rials of which commercial fertilizers are manufactured due probably
to the unusually large consumption of fertilizers the past year This
advance makes it proper to raise the valuations on which are the basis
of the calculations of Relative Commercial Values in the following
tables For the season of 188788 the following were the valuations of
elements
Available Phosphoric Acid6 cents per pound
Ammonia14 cents per pound
Potash K2 O5 cents per pound
12 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
For the present season the following has been fixed by the Commis
sioner as the valuations
Available Phosphoric Acid 7 cents per pound
Ammonia15 cents per pound
Potash K2 5 cents per pound
This is an increase of one cent per pound in the valuation each of
available phosphoric acid and ammonia as compared with last season
potash remaining the same and will account for the higher relative
commercial values of brands of fertilizers which show no higher analysis
than they did last season The effect on relative values of this change
in the valuations of elements is thus illustrated A fertilizer containing
ten per cent of available phosphoric acid and three per cent of ammo
nia would have been rated last season at 82040 per ton while the same
fertilizer having precisely the same analysis will be rated at 2300 j er
ton the present season
COMPOSTS AND HOMEMADE FERTILIZERS
The following from Circular 102 January 24 1888 is republished
for the benefit of farmers who desire to utilize all their home manurial
materials to the best advantage in connection with purchased commer
cial fertilizers and chemicals
FORMULA FOR COMPOSTS
If the stable manure and cotton seed have been protected from waste
by exposure to rain and sun the following formula is recommended
FORMULA NO 1
Stable Manure650 pounds
Green Cotton Seed650 pounds
Superphosphate700 pounds
Making a ton oi2000 pounds
If the compost is intended for use on soils particularly deficient in
potash the proportion of cotton seed and stable manure may be reduced
50 pounds each and 100 pounds of Kainit used instead The formula
would then be
FORMtLA no 2
Stable Manure600 pounds
Cotton Seed green601 pounds
Superphosphate700 pounds
Kainit100 pounds
Making a ton of2000 pounds
These ingredients may be varied in proportions to adapt the resulting
composts to different soils or crops but either of the above will be found
to give satisfactory results in every class of soils and on all of our cul
tivated crops
To the aboveit may be added that if the quantity of stable manure
available for composting is either relatively greater or less than the pro
portions indicated in the above formula the proportions may be disre
garded without detriment to the value of the practical results
2ANALYSES OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS188889
The point to be kept in view is to preserve approximately the relative
proportions of the three elements ammonia phosphoric acid and
potash This may be substantially accomplished by preserving the
relative quantities of cotton seed acid phosphate and kainit as given
in the second formula This would give about one per cent of ammonia
and threefourths of one per cent of potash for every five per cent of
phosphoric acid The addition of stable or lot manure in whatever
quantities would not materially alter these relative percentages but
would simply reduce each in about the same ratio and to the extent of
such addition
If decorticaledcotton seed thekernels of the seed be used instead of
the whole seed use half the quantity
If the meal be used reduce the quantity to onethird of the weight of
cotton seed in the formula given These substitutions in the quantities
suggested will not materially alter the relative proportions of the three
elements hut will make a more concentrated fertilizer
If the proportion of stable manure be greater or less than stated in
the formula increase or diminish the quantity applied per acre ac
cordingly
Farmers can save much of the immediate profits on sales of fertilizers
if they will club together and buy from first hands in twentyton lots
and upwards the ingredients required towit acid phosphate cotton
seed meal and potash salts If purchased in bulk that is unsacked
the saving will be one dollar per ton on account of sacks There is no
mystery whatever in mixing or manipulating fertilizers A farmer can
mix the ingredients substantially as well as the manufacturer
A single ton of acid phosphate 14 per cent available can probably
be delivered at any railroad depot in Georgia at 17 per ton cash and
freight from Charleston or Savannah In larger lots the price would be
proportionately less A single ton of cotton seed meal would probably
cost 24 at the mill and a single ton of kainit 15 at the ports Now
suppose the following mixture
FORMULA no 3
1400 pounds acid phosphate at ports10 50
450 pounds cotton seed meal at mill6 00
150 pounds kainit at ports 1 10
2000 pounds or one ton1 60
Now add average freight from Savannah and the cost will be in the
neighborhood of 21 per ton Such a mixture would analyze about
Available phosphoric acid900 per cent
Ammonia180 per cent
PotashLOO per centTABLES of Analyses and Relative Commercial Values of Commercial Fertilizers Chemicals Etc Inspected Analyzed
and Admitted to Sale in Georgia During the Season of 188889 to January 5 1889
TABLE IAmmoniated Superphosphate of Lime
NAME OF BRAND
Ammoniated Dissolved Bone
i Adairs Ammoniated Dissolved Bone
Ashepoo Fertilizer
Ammoniated Dissolved Bone
Ammoniated Dissolved Bone
Americus Guano
Atlanta Ammoniated Superphosphate
Ammoniated Dissolved Bone
Ammoniated Dissolved Bone
Buffalo Bone Guano
Bates Georgia Standard High tirade
Bowkerx tottort Fertilizer
Bradleys Patent Guano
Bone milpound
Cherokee Ammoniated Hone
aCairo Guano
Crown Guano
Cotton Seed Meal Mixture
Alarks Soluble Guano
oDixie Guano
aEmpire Guano
Eddystone Soluble Guano
E Prank Coes Ammoniated Bone Sup Phos
Eddystone Guano
Farmers Favorite
Gossypium Phospho
112c
1000
HI01
ill
000
1050
1600
000
1Hi
910
1400
950
720
1110
1585
970
101
1175
1525
1525
1060
950
875
1350
1250
Phosphoric Acid
185
140
315
105
215
240
205
220
210
130
190
225
175
190
230
13
275
125
100
135
130
180
2
2
230
210
CO
950
815
71
820
8 in
6
890
815
845
810
8 in
745
850

685
711
6 M
810
760
710
705
820
755
1 55
910
675
130
200
305
315
280
r
175
2lid
160
205
2111
205
315
140
365 1050
321
160
205
2211
320
330
250
520
230
330
1080
1015
1020
1135
1120
1010
101
U7
1005
1015
1040
111111
1165
in
s
275
2 11
271
2Ml
illlli
22H
230
250
27H
285
21 ill
2 15
2711
2 II
1030 271
106C 55
1015 221
980
1030 270
10 2 5
1070 2211
1080 305
17 271
11111 250
1003 305
22
o
2562
2156
21
2639
5 93
201
222H
2505
2117
2591
2386
2i21
2d 21
2 i
2415
2472
2474
22 SI
215
2111
12
130
110
250
200
315
150
I7
180
120
2
2211
22i
200
280
210 2484
FOR WHOM INSPECTED
101
18
211
258
2612
22S5
I 85 2531
200 2522
Baldwin Fertilizer Co Savannab
Adair Bros Co Atlanta Ga
Ashepoo Phosphate Co Charlestoi
1 no Merryman Co Baitimore
B R LeggBro Marietta Ga
Americus Guano Co Americus
Atlanta Guano Co Atlanta Ga
Savannah Guano Co Savannah
Listers Agl Chem Wks Ball
Adair Bros Co Atlanta Ga
V A Bates See Griffin Ga
Jno D Weld Savannah Ga
Bradley Fertilizer Co Boston
Baldwin Fertilizer Co Savannah
Hartshorne Huger Savannah
Raisin Fertilizer Co Baltimore
Trendwell Abbot A Co Atlanta
Georgia Chemical Wks Augusta
Madciox RuckcrCo Atlanta
Kaiu Fertilizer Co Baltimore
Raisin Fertilizer Co Baltimore
Atlanta Guano Co Atlanta Ga
Jno Merryman A Co Baltimore
John M Green A llanta
V Pollard Augusta
Gco W Scott Mfg Co Atlanta
BY WHOM AND WHERE MANU
FACTURED
Baldwin Fertilizer Co Port Royal
Adair Bros Co Atlanta Ga
Ashepoo Phos Co Charleston S C
Jno Merryman a Co Barren I N Y
B R LeggiS Bio Marietta Ga
Americus Guano Co Americus Ga
Atlanta Guano Co Atlanta a
Savannah Guano Co Savannah Ga
Listers Agl chem Wks Baltimore
Furman Farm IuipCo EastPaintGa
Griffin Fertilizer Co Griffin Ga
Bowker Fertilizer Co Klizahethport
Bradley Fertilizer Co Boston Mass
Baldwin Ferl Co Ioit Royal S C
Commercial Guano Co Savannah Ga
Raisin Fertilizer Co Baltimore Md
For Treadwell Abbott A Co Atlanta
Georgia Chemical Works AugustaGa
Southern PhospateCo Atlanta Ga
Raisin Fertilizer Co Baltimore Md
BaiSln I 1 Illiz 1 Pal tillilv Md
Atlanta Guano Co Atlanta Ga
E Frank Coe Barren Island X Y
Clarks Cove Guano Co New Bedford
hradlty limlizer Co New Bedford
Geo w seoti Mfg Co Atlanta Ga
EC
H
tg
O

a
tGa State Standard Ammoniated Super Phos
Georgia State Grange Fertilizer
aGiant Guano
Homestead Guano
Home Com pi Hind
Hardees Cotton Boll Am Super Phos
Hopes Ammoniated Guano
II S MillurCoB Standard Phos
H S Miller Gos Harvest Queen
II II Cos Pure Animal Bone Veg Fert
Harvest Queen
Home Mixture Guano
aKing Guano
aLion Guano
Lowes Georgia Formula
Mastoden Ammoniated Soluble Phos
Nassau Guano
Oglethorpe Ammoniated Dissolved Bone
Old Dominion Guano
Olympic Guano
oPotent Pacific Guano
Port Royal Cotton Fertilizer
Pomona Guano
Phertiston Guano
Standard Super Phosphate
Southern Ammoniated Dissolved Bone
Sternes Ammoniated Raw Bone Sup Phos
Samana Guano
Soluble Pacific Guano
Sea Fowl Guano
aSouth American Guano
aSoluble Sea Island Guano
The Complete Cotton Fertilizer
Tennessee Super Phos
Vegetable Fertilizer
Walton Guano
951 110 815
1350 240 860
1525 130 705
135 820
1215 110 715
1375 220 840
800 185 885
15 110 8 85
910 115 8S0
1021 155 755
11111 250 750
950 1 870
1525 1 31 705
1525 1 35 710
11111 215 650
1060 250 810
1250 225 550
1110 141 915
1150 0911 820
1020 185 835
1175 100 700
1011 100 815
1050 320 880
R50 115 640
1411 275 750
1251 105 751
1110 135 815
1220 100 780
I7 251 615
1125 1 25 1000
1420 101 710
1421 160 710
981 251 700
li 81 220 850
13201 085 950
920 200 615
205
160
331
2c0
270
270
200
390
385
1
390
195
330
3JO
355
230
495
1 95
200
305
220
2 95
235
250
310
195
231
410
225
420
420
360
290
230
410
1020 285
0 20 245
1135 275
020 240
985 240
1110 250
145 210
7li 305
1215 245
910 7111
1140 245
1063 290
1035 275
1030 370
1005 210
11Ill 280
1045 260
11Ill 260
1020 335
1140 250
980 280
1110 240
111 2311
l 75 245
looo 325
1061 275
1010 2 60
1010 330
1025 285
1225 275
1130 25D
1131 250
1121 2 in
1140 200
1181 355
1025 200
275 3558
230
2181
2118
2339
2551
3353
3013
2781
4014
2510
2636
2484
2172
2212
2500
3HI
210
2AQ
251
120
320
275
610
175
275
210
220
1
210
155 2398
250 2584
28
150
28H
250
311
5111
150
200
220
280
100
200
210
210
225
lHo
275
100
is
90
2492
24
2401
2610
2525
350 I
2414
2081
2450
2740
25 12
2512
2513
2340
29
2313
Hammond Hull it Co Savanah
Baldwin Fertilizer Co Savannah
Raisin Fertilizer Co Baltimore
Adah Bros v Co Atlanta
Thomasville Guo Co Thomasvle
Hammond Hull Co Savannah
R V Bowen Haw kinsville Ga
Jewell Smith Gainesville
Jewell Smith Gainesville
Hammond Hull Co Savannah
Lister s Agl Chem Wks Baltimre
Columbus Fert Co ColumbusGa
Raisin Fertilizer Co Baltimore
Raisin Fertilizer Co Baltimore
Georgia chemical Wks Augusta
Georgia Chemical Wks Augusta
John D Weld Savannah Ga
Hammond Hull fc Co Savannah
Maddux Rucker cfc Co Atlanta
1 O Jelks Oo llawkinsvilleGa
Maddox Rueker Co Atlanta
Hammond Hull 0Jo Savannah
Commercial Guano CoSavannah
Christian v Taliaferro Atlanta
Listers Agl chem Wks Baltimre
Maddox Rucker Co Atlanta
tandard Guano Chemical Mfg
Co New Orleans
Maddox Rueker Co Atlanta
J O Mathewson Co Augusta
Bradley Fertilizer Co BostonMass
RaisinFertilizer Co Baltimore
Raisin Fertilizer Co Baltimore
Commercial Guano Co Savannah
National Fertilizer Oo Nashville
Baldwin Fertilizer Co Savannah
Walton Guano Co Social Circle
Hammond HulKv Oo Pt Royal S C
Baldwin Fertilizer Co Savannah Ga
Raisin Fertilizer Co Baltimore Md
Michigan Carbon Wks Detroit Mich
Thomasville Guano C Thomasville
Hammond Hull Co Pt Royal S C
R V Bowen Haw kinsville Ga
H S Miller A Co Newark N 1
11 s Miller Co Newark N 1
Hammond Hull cv Co Pt Royal SC
Listers Agl Chem Wks Baltimore
Columbus Fert Oo Columbus Ga
Raisin Fertilizer Co Baltimore Md
Raisin Fertilizer Co Baltimore Md
Georgia Chem Works Augusta Ga
Georgia Chem Works Augusta Ga
Bowker Fer Co Elizabeth port N J
Hammond Hull t Co Pt Royal S01
Southern Phosphate Co Atlanta Ga
J O Jelks Co Ilawkinsvillc Ga
Southern Phosphate Co Atlanta a
Hammond Hull Co Pt Royal SC
Commercial Guano Co Savannah Ga
Wright Craighill Lynchburg Va
Listers Agl Chem Wks Baltimore
Southern Phosphate Co Atlanta Ga
Standard Guano A chemical MfgCo
New Orleans
Southern Phosphate Co Atlanta Ga
1 Matthewson A Co Augusta Ga
Bradley Fertilizer Jo Boston Mass
Raisin Fertilizer Co Baltimore Md
Raisin Fertilizer Co Baltimore Md
Commercial Guano Co Savannah Ga
National Fer Co Nashville Tenn
Baldwin Ferlizer Co Port RoyalS C
Walton Guano Co Social Circle Ga

r
Kj
CG
Kl
J
c
o

r
N
CO
ITABLE II
Acid Phosphate Dissolved Bones Natural Guanos Chemicals Etc
NAME OF BRAND
Phosphoric Acid
CO

FOR WHOM INSPECTED
BY WHOM AND WHERE MANU
FACTURED
o

O
2
o
i3
d
I
O
0
Atlantic Dissolved Hone Phos
Atlanta Soluble Bone
aCbatham
Bales Acid Phosphate
Bates Aeiil Phosphate
Dissolved Bone Phosphate of Lime
o Etiwan Dissolved Bone
Edisto Acid Phosphate
Ezells Dissolved Bone
Fnrmans Sol Bone with Am and Potash
Funnans Aeid Phosphate
Farish Fnrmans Formula
Georgia State standard Acid Phosphate
Ground Bone
Georgia state Grange Aeid Phosphate
High Grade Aeid Phosphate
Home Fertilizer Chemicals
Kainit
Kainit
Kainit
Kainit
Kainit
Kainit
Our Dissolved Bone Phosphate
Oglethorpe Aeid Phosphate
Pure Acid Phosphate
Pomona Acid Phosphate
Port Royal Dissolved Bone Phosphate
Pure Ground Bone
Southern Acid Phosphate
Scotts High Grade Acid Phosphate
075 1010
085 1220
315 1120
150 865
135 1210
315 710
130 950
130 1010
410 1120
250 821
175 1151
140 8 40
IIKI 1110
1530
500 1510
330 1550
390 1510
340 1205
395 1605
1385
475
305
390
290
315
1 I 25
1315
1510
Ulli
I II
345 1181
370 1510
135
315
315
235
125
310
105
1910
100
1115
109
112
3 2ii
355
1120
1000
1120
1125
1205
1120
1060
390
IHi
1415
1480
15 10
1410
380 1500
1515
3 45 1550
50 uiVo
500 1560
2 75
2114
2170
2114
1807
2247
1939
1995
209
2111
22 79
21151
1919
211 I
11110
12S5
1175
1205
12 511
1210
1260
1981
2072
3230
1285
1175
1265
1251
1210
1260
2114
1974
2100
2121
2170
2058
2184
Atlantic Phos Co Charleston s
Atlanta Guano Co Atlanta Ga
Ilartshorne tv Huger Savannah
J A Bale Rome Ga
W A Bates Sec Griffin Ga
Pacific Guano Co Charleston
Etiwan Phosphate Co Charleston
Edisto Phos Co Charleston S C
Ashepoo Phos Co Charleston
Adair Bros k Co Atlanta la
Adair Bros Co Atlanta Ga
Adair Bros Co Atlanta Ga
Hammond Hull Co Savannah
Listers Agl hem Wks Bait
Baldwin Fertilizer Co Savannah
Jno Merryman tv Co Baltimore
Boykin Cariner Co Baltimore
Edisto Phos Co Chareston s C
Commercial Guano Co Savannah
Savannah Guano Co Savannah
Hammond Hull Co Savannah
Baldwin Per Co Savannah
Loiter Stephens Savannah
Ilartshorne t Huger Savannah
Hammond Hull Co Savannah
Wilcox tfcGibbs Guano Co Savh
Ilartshorne Ac linger Savannah
Hammond Hull t Co Savannah
11 R Legg Bro Marietta Ga
Maddox Ruekcr A Co Atlanta
Geo W Seiit Mfg Co Atlanta
Atlantic Phos Co Charleston S C
Atlanta Guano Co Atlanta Ga
Commercial Guano Co Savannah Ga
1 A Bale Rome Ga
Griffin Fertilizer Co Griffin Ga
Pacific Guano Co Charleston S C
Etiwan Phosphate Co Charleston
EdiStO Phosphate Co Charleston
Ashepoo Phos Co Charleston S C
Furman Farm linpt Co East PL Ga
Funnau Farm linpt Co East PL Ga
Furman Farm linpt o East PL Ga
Hammond Hull Co Pt RoyalSC
Listers Agl Chem Wks Baltimore
Lahlw in Fertilizer Co PL Royal S C
Jno Merryman Co Baltimore
Boykin Carmer At Co Baltimore Md
Imp Edisto Phos Co Charleston SC
Impd Commercial Guano Co Savh
Impd Savannah Guano Co Savanah
Impd Hammond Hull A Co Savah
Impd by Baldwin Fertilizer Co
linpt Mabbett A Williams Savannah
Commercial Guano Co Savannah Ga
Hammond Hull Co PL Royal
Wilcox A Gibhs Guano Co Savannah
Commercial Guano Co Savannah
Hammond Hull ctCo Pt Royal
Stand Guano A Chem MfgCo X 0
Southern Phos Co Chailestou S C
Geo W Scott Mlg Co Atlanta GaSoluble Bone 1120
Wando Acid Phosphate j 810
Walton Aeid Phosphate 1050
XX Acid Phosphate 1115
140 1065 360 1425 lflOS
HftO 1150 75 1525 21 M5
005 1160 420 1580 W 1
181 1050 405 1455 2037
Columbus Fertilizer Co Columbus Columbus Fertilizer Co ColumbusGa
Wando Phos Co Charleston Wando Phos Co Charleston S C
Walton Guano Co Social Circle Walton Guano Co Social circle Oa
Walton Whann Co Charleston Walton Whann A Co fbarleatonSt
t Bawboue or bone meal contains no reverted acid proper as it has not been acidulated The whole of the phosphoric aeid is therefore reported as Insolu
ble though practically it Is much more available as plant food than phosphoric acid from other sources A good finch ground bone meal is worth about 40
Duplicate BrandsIn some instances fertilizers manufactured by the same formula and actually sacked from the same bulkbeing in everv respeel identi
calare sold under different names Such brands are indicated in the foregoing tables bv letters a 6 c etc prefixed to the same those having the same letter
m the same table being identical are sacked and shipped from the same bulk

K
a

ICircular No 115
New Series

Analyses and Commercial Values of Commercial Fertilizers and Chemicals
Inspected Analyzed and Admitted to Sale in Georgia
During the Season of 188889 to February 7 1889
Department of Agriculture
Atlanta Ga February 15 1889
RELATIVE COMMERCIAL VALUES
Extract from Circular No 103
The estimation of Relative Commercial Values of fertilizers has
been the uniform practice of the Department since the first fertilizer
bulletin was published in June 1875 Circular No 12 Old Series It
was not the intention of the Commissioner to indicate by the publica
tion of these values the absolute prices at which fertilizers should be
sold to the farmer but simply to enable the farmer to compare the com
mercial quality and probable agricultural value of the different brands
with each other The idea was well expressed in the following extract
from Circular No 9 New Series issued July 24 1880
II each fertilizer contained but one valuable ingredient the per
centages of that ingredient would correctly indicate the comparative
value of the fertilizers But as the large majority of the brands contain
two or more ingredients differing widely in agricultural and commer
cial value and in the percentages in which they enter into the compo
sition it is found very convenient to add together the calculated com
mercial value in dollars and cents of each ingredient as a basis of
comparison and a guide to the purchaser
Bv the usual correspondence and otherwise the Commissioner has
ascertained that there has been a material advance in the cost of mate
rials of which commercial fertilizers are manufactured due probably
to the unusually large consumption of fertilizers the past year
This
lowing
valuations of elements
Available Phosphoric Acid 6 cents per pound
Ammonia 14 cents per pound
pSK2 O 5 cents per pound
For the present season the following has been fixed by the Commis
sioner as the valuations
ivmaontphosphorioAcid iSESSgJSES
PoTaTK O cents per pound
This is an increase of one cent per pound in the valuation each of
available phosphoric acid and ammonia as compared with last season
potash remaining the same and will account for the higher relative
commercial values of brands of fertilizers which show no higheranalysis
than thev did last season The effect on relative values ot this change
in the valuations of elements is thus illustrated1 A fertilizercontaining
10 per cent of available phosphoric acid and 3 per cent of ammonia
would have been rated last season at 20 40 per ton while the same
fertilizer having precisely the same analysis will be rated at 2300
per ton the present season
9TABLES of Analyses and Relative Commercial Values of Commercial Fertilizers Chemicals Etc Inspected Analyzed
and Admitted to Sale in Georgia During the Season of 188889 to February 7 1889
TABLE IAmmoniatkd Superphosphates of Lime
NAME OF BRAND
Ammoniated Dissolved Bone
C Adairs Ammoniated Dissolved Bone
Ashepoo Fertilizer
Ammoniated Dissolved Bone
Ammoniated Dissolved Bone
Americus Guano
Atlanta Ammoniated Superphosphate
Ammoniated Dissolved Bone
Ammoniated Dissolved Bone
Ammoniated Dissolved Bone
Aurora Ammoniated Phospho
Ammoniated Dissolved Bone
Ammoniated Sol Patapsco Guano
Ammoniated Alkaline Phosphate
Buffalo Bone Guano
Bates Georgia Standard High Grade
Bowkers Cotton Fertilizer
Brad leys Patent Guano
Bone Compound
Bakers Standard Guano
Bone Com pound
Colgate Manure
Cherokee Ammoniated Bone
cCairo Guano
Crown Guano
Phosphoric Acid 3
d
3 d C
3 o 3 3 1 a 2 a CO T3 e 9 M 0 H S O a a I 2 a 1
112ft 185 951 130 1080 275 225 2562
1001 140 815 200 1015 245 2156
100C 315 7i 305 1020 270 215 2453
125C 105 X2 315 1135 S180 210 2689
850 215 84 280 1120 300 125 25 93
1001 240 675 335 1010 220 130 2201
10M1 205 89 175 1065 230 110 2291
1600 220 815 200 1075 250 250 2505
1000 211 845 160 1005 270 200 2117
1350 225 80C 175 1035 285 200 2354
87Ii 035 71C 350 1070 210 220 2348
1400 135 885 180 1005 210 150 2271
i4ai 140 H1C 210 1020 240 160 2308
1200 200 0IX 44 1045 220 180 2303
1010 180 810 205 1015 285 315 2591
910 190 840 200 1040 260 150 2386
1400 225 745 265 1010 245 175 2324
950 175 850 315 1105 270 180 2621
720 190 985 140 1075 240 120 2345
1250 210 710 800 1010 215 210 2269
12 50 085 800 240 1040 220 115 2231
1250 210 ti85 325 1010 210 220 2264
1110 230 685 365 1050 220 285 2415
1585 135 710 320 1030 270 220 2472
970 2751 0 00 460 1060 255 225 2474
FOR WHOM INSPECTKD
Baldwin Fertilizer Co Savannah
Adair Bros Co Atlanta Ga
Ashepoo Phosphate Co Charleston
Jno Merrvman Co Baltimore
B R Legg Bro Marietta Ga
Americus Guano Co Americus
Atlanta Guano Co Atlanta Ga
Savannah Guano Co Savannah
Listers Agl Chem Wks Bait
Baldwin Fertilizer Co Savannah
H C Fisher Gen Man Newnan
Patapsco Guano Co Baltimore
Iatapsco Guano Co Baltimore
Chesapeake Guano Co Baltimore
Adair Bros Co Atlanta Ga
W A Bates Sec Griffin Ga
Jno D Weld Savannah Ga
Bradley Fertilizer Co Boston
Baldwin Fertilizer Co Savannah
Chem Co of Canton Baltimore
W II M Goulding Baltimore
Chem Co of Canton Baltimore
Hartshorne linger Savannah
Raisin FertilizerCo Baltimore
Treadwell Abbott Co Atlanta
BY WHOM AND WHERE MANU
FACTURED
Baldwin Fertilizer Co Port Royal
Adair Bros Co Atlanta Ga
Ashepoo Phos Co Charleston S C
Jno Merryman Co Barren I N Y
B R Legg Bro Marietta Ga
Americus Guano Co Americus Ga
Atlanta Guano Co Atlanta Ga
Savannah Guano Co Savannah Ga
Listers Agl Chem Wks Baltimore
Baldwin Fertilizer Co Pt Royal S C
Coweta Fertilizer Co Newnan Ga
Patapsco Guano Co Baltimore Md
Patapsco Guano Co Baltimore Md
Chesapeake Guano Co Baltimore
Furmau Farm Imp Co KastPaintGa
Griffin Fertilizer Co Griffin Ga
Bowker FertilizerCo Elizabethport
Bradlev Fertilizer Co Boston Mass
Baldwin Fert Co Port Royal S C
Chem Co of Canton Baltimore Md
W H M Goulding Baltimore Md
Chem Co of Canton Baltimore Md
Commercial Guano Co Savannah Ga
Raisin Fertilizer Co Baltimore Md
For Treadwell Abbott Co Atlanta
ht

K
s
3
O
f
O
w
lH
a
a
I
H
a
w
Is
I
Q
O
oCotton Seed Meal Mixture
ftClarks Soluble Guano
Cotton Fertilizer Ammoniated
Cumberland Bone Super Phos of Lime
Cumberland Bone Super Phos of Lime
Chattahooehee Guano
cCotton Food
aDixie Guano
aEmiire Guano
Eddvstone Soluble Guano
E Frank Coes Ammoniated Bone Sup Phos
Eddystone Guano
Edisto Ammoniated Fertilizer
Excellent Georgia Standard Guano
Excelsior Guano
fF F Browns Ammoniated Dissolved Bone
Farmers Ammoniated Dissolved Bone
Forest City Ammoniated Dissolved Bone
Furmans High Grade Guano
Farmers Standard Phosphate
Farmers Favorite
Oossvpium Phospno
Ga State Standard Ammoniated Super Phos
4 Georgia State Grange Fertilizer
aGiant Guano
Georgia Test Guano
Georgia Pacific Guano
Homestead Guano
Home Com pound
Hardees Cotton Boll Am Super Phos
Hopes Ammoniated Guauo
H S Miller Cos Standard Phos
H S Miller Cos Harvest Queen
H H Cos Pure Animal Bone Veg Fert
Harvest Queen
Home Mixture Guano
High Grade Guano
Jacksons High Grade Guano
Jonahs Gourd Guano
J E Jackson Sons Amoniated Dis Bone
aKing Guano
aLion Guano
Lowes Georgia Formula
L C Dissolved Bone with Am and Potash
L R Ammoniated Guano
L W IXL Ammoniated Super Phosphate
Mastodon Ammoniated Soluble Phos
Nassau Guano
1015 125 810 205 1015
1175 100 700 220 980
1800 200 030 400 1030
1200 205 880 130 1010
1380 225 740 270 1010
8 SO 100 050 200 910
1000 185 785 22 1010
1525 135 710 320 1030
is 130 705 331 1035
1000 180 820 250 1070
950 230 755 325 1080
875 255 455 520 975
1450 190 900 120 1020
1010 215 350 025 975
1000 185 785 225 1010
10 50 230 720 290 1010
1450 230 810 205 1015
14 25 220 810 210 1020
1100 140 800 240 1040
1100 150 710 345 1055
1350 230 910 230 1140
1250 210 075 330 1005
950 110 815 205 1020
1350 240 860 100 10 20
1525 130 705 330 1035
1050 240 7 45 295 1040
1110 220 350 730 1080
050 135 820 20 1020
1215 110 715 270 985
13 75 220 840 270 1110
800 185 885 260 1145
915 110 8 85 390 1275
910 115 880 385 1205
1020 155 755 155 910
1100 250 750 390 1140
050 135 870 195 1005
825 080 070 245 915
975 111 710 295 1005
810 0 85 641 340 980
1050 2 31 721 290 1010
1525 1 30 705 331 ioa5
1525 1 35 710 320 1030
11 fit 215 65C 355 1005
10 75 2K 70C 88C 10 80
13 51 215 90 llt 1010
145f 26 7K 331 1040
1061 ISA 811 231 1040
1250 225 550 495 104O
220 200
280 280
230 165
235 150
240 155
2 50 200
215 150
270 220
375 210
220 100
305 185
270 210
300 150
210 130
215 151
220 160
215 120
245 265
265 270
240 235
250 1 85
805 200
285 275
245 200
275 210
220 180
245 150
240
241 240
250 250
210 120
305 320
245 275
710 610
245 175
290 275
275 220
250 200
250 255
221 160
275 210
271 220
211 175
235 125
225 175
245 145
28 211
200 155
2281
2492
2297
2269
2289
2224
2209
2472
2484
2258
2012
2285
2478
2125
2209
2234
2180
2428
2521
2432
2531
2522
1558
2363
2481
2290
2397
2148
2339
2554
2353
3020
2781
4014
2506
2036
2326
2357
2377
22 31
2484
2472
2212
2342
2264
2336
2506
2398
Georgia Chemical Wks Augusta
Maddox Eucker Co Atlanta
Navassa Guano Co Wilmington
has Ellis Savannah
Chas Ellis Savannah
LaGrange Mills LaGrange Ga
Savannah Guano Co Savannah
Raisin Fertilizer Co Baltimore
Raisin Fertilizer Co Baltimore
Atlanta Guano Co Atlanta Ga
Jno Merryman Co Baltimore
John M Green Atlanta
Edisto Phosphate Co Charleston
Wilcox Gibbs Guano Co Savh
Savannah Guauo Co Savannah
Savannah Guano Co Savannah
Hammond Hull Co Savannah
Hammond Hull Co Savannah
Adair Bros Co Atlanta Ga
G Ober Sons Co Baltimore
W J Pollard Augusta
Geo W Scott Mfg Co Atlanta
Hammond Hull Co Savanah
Baldwin Fertilizer Co Savannah
Raisin Fertilizer Co Baltimore
John Merryman Co Baltimore
John M Green Atlanta Ga
Adair Bros Co Atlanta
Thomasville Guo Co Thomasvle
Hammond Hull Co Savannah
R V Bowen Hawkinsville Ga
Jewell Smith Gainesville
Jewell Smith Gainesville
Hammond Hull Co Savannah
Listers Agl Chem Wks Baltimre
Columbus Fert Co ColumbusGa
Muse Brown Albany Ga
Almond Co Jackson Ga
Butler Turner Camilla Ga
Savannah Guano Co Savannah
Raisin Fertilizer Co Baltimore
Raisin Fertilizer Co Baltimore
Georgia Chemical Wks Augusta
Langston Woodson Atlanta
Lorentz Rittler Baltimore
Langston Woodson Atlanta
Georgia Chemical Wks Augusta
John D Weld Savannah Ga
Georgia Chemical Works AugustaGa
Southern Phosphate CoAtfantaGa
Navassa Guano Co Wilmington NC
For has Ellis Savannah Ga
For Chas Ellis New York
LaGrange Mills LaGrange Ga
Savannah Guano Co Savannah Ga
Raisin Fertilizer Co Baltimore Md
Raisin Fertilizer Co Baltimore Md
Atlanta Guano Co Atlanta Ga
E Frank Coe Barreu Island N Y
Clarks Cove Guano Co New Bedford
Edisto Phosphate Co Charleston SC
Wilcox Gibbs Guano Co Savh Ga
Savannah Guano Co Savannah Ga
Savannah Guano Co Savannah Ga
Port Royal Fert Co Port Koyal S C
Hammond Hull Co Pt Royal SC
Furman Frm Impt Co East Pt Ga
G Ober Sons Co Baltimore Md
Bradley Fertilizer Co New Bedford
Geo W Scott Mfg Co Atlanta Ga
Hammond Hull Co Pt Royal S C
Baldwin Fertilizer Co Savannah Ga
Raisin Fertilizer Co Baltimore Md
John Merrvman Co Barren Island
Clarks Cove Guano NewBedfdMass
Michigan Carbon Wks Detroit Mich
Thomasville Guano Co Thomasville
Hammond Hull Co Pt Royal S C
R V Bowen Hawkinsville Ga
H S Miller Co Newark N J
H S Miller Co Newark N J
Hammond Hull Co Pt Royal SC
Listers Agl Chem Wks Baltimore
Columbus Fert Co Columbus Ga
Muse Brown Albany Ga
Almond Co Jackson Ga
Butler Turner Camilla Ga
Savannah Guano Co Savannah Ga
Raisin Fertilizer Co Baltimore Md
Raisin Fertilizer Co Baltimore Md
Georgia Chem Works Augusta Ga
Langston Woodson Cleveland O
Lorentz Kittler Baltimore Md
Bowker Fertilizer Co Boston Mass
Georgia Chem Works Augusta Ga
Bowker Fer Co Elizabethport N J

H
on
m
O
d
o
W
a
M
f
w
02
I
T
lMHHMttAITABLE IContinued
SAME OF BRAND
Phosphoric Acid 5

V
A S3

u 3 oj QJ 3 a o a o a c
K u g ci
o D h 1
s 2 02 M H OS
Oglethorpe Ammoniated Dissolved Bone
Old Dominion Gnano
Olympic Guano
cOnrOwn Guano
ftPotent Pacific Guano
Port Royal Cotton Fertilizer
Pomona Gnano
Phertiston Gnano
Peruvian Ammoniated Dissolved Bone
Plow Brand Haw Hone Super Phosphate
Planters Soluble Guano
Powhatton Haw Bone Amd Super Pbos
dR D Creechs Complete Fertilizer
Standard Super Phosphate
Southern Ammoniated Dissolved Bone
Sternes Ammoniated Raw Bone Sup Phos
Samana Guano
Soluble Pacific Guano
Sea Fowl Guano
aSouth American Guano
aSoluble Sea Island Guano
Standard Guano
Star Brand Guano
Southern Slate Standard
Soluble Ammoniated Super Phos of Lime
Samson Guano
Scotts Animal Ammoniated Guano
Truck Farmers Special
Tift Gos High Grade Amd Super Phos
The Complete Cotton Fertilizer
Tennessee Super Phos
Vegetable Fertilizer
Varnadoes Dissolved Ammoniated Bone
1110
1150
1020
1000
1175
1010
1050
050
1050
875
1010
1350
1650
1410
1250
1110
1220
975
llio
1420
1420
1000
1000
1500
1000
875
1050
1225
S50
980
020
1320
1125
140
OflO
185
185
100
160
320
115
1
240
200
205
230
275
105
135
100
250
125
160
t60
185
150
200
201
08i
190
0S5
100
250
220
085
150
915
820
835
78c
700
815
880
040
890
500
7211
7CO
720
751
750
815
780
615
1000
710
710
785
650
775
000
0 50
715
6 15
075
700
S50
950
410
1 9b 1110 200
200 1020 335
305 1140 250
225 1010 215
220 080 280
205 1110 240
235 1115 230
335 975 245
120 1010 225
570 1070 252
K80 10 50 22
330 1090 235
290 1011 220
250 1000 325
310 11100 275
195 1010 2 00
230 1011 330
410 1025 286
1225 27
420 1130 250
1 20 itau 250
225 1010 215
1015 215
2 35 loio 210
4 00 1000 200
255 905 275
330 1045 22ii
425 1070 120
230 0115 205
361 1120 2 10
290 1140 200
230 1180 355
590 1000 230
250
285
150
150
280
2584
27 IS
2490
2209
2102
250 2524
2102461
5102010
135 2224
250 2504
125 2270
150 238
160 2234
150 2525
200 2510
220 2414
280 2684
160 2450
200 2740
210 254
210 254
150 2200
115 2181
13512170
210 2474
225 23 1
130 2253
365 3123
215 2277
225 2513
150 2846
2751299
1502211
Hammond Hull Co Savannah
Maddox Rucker Co Atlanta
J O lelks Co HawkinsvilleGa
Savannah Guano Co Savannah
Maddox Pucker Co Atlanta
Hammond Hull Co Savannah
Commercial Guano Co Savannah
Christian Taliafervo Atlanta
11 T Taylor Hawkinsville Ga
Walton Whann Co Charleston
Adair Bros Co Atlanta Ga
LorentZ Riltlcr Baltimore
Savannah Guano Co Savannah
Listers Agl Chem Wks Baltimre
Maddox Rucker Co Atlanta
standard Guano Chemical Mfg
Co Now Orleans
Maddox Rucker Co Atlanta
1 O Mathewson Co Augusta
Bradley Fertilizer Co BostonMass
RaisinFertilizer Co Baltimore
Raisin Fertilizer Co Baltimore
Savannah Guano Co Savannah
Allison A Addison Richmd Va
Savannah Guano Co Savannah
G Ober it Sons Co Baltimore
Wight A Weslosky Albany a
Geo WScott MfgCo AtlantaGa
VVilcox A Gibbs Guano Co Savh
X A F Tilt Co Albany Ga
Commercial Gnano Co Savannah
National fertilizer Co Nashville
Baldwin Fertilizer Co Savannah
Client Co of Canton Baltimore
Hammond Hull fe Co Pt Royal SC
Southern Phosphate Co Atlanta Ga
J O Jelks Co Hawkinsville Ga
Savannah Guano Co Savannah Ga
Southern Phosphate Co Atlanta Ga
Hammond Hull Co Ft Royal SC
Commercial Guano Co Savannah Ga
Wright Craighill Lvnchburg Va
1 W Polhill Hawkinsville Ga
Walton Whann Co Wmgton Del
Adair Bros Co Atlanta Ga
Iorentz Rittler Baltimore Md
Savannah Guano Co Savannah Ga
Listers Agl Chem Wks Baltimore
Southern Phosphate Co Atlanta Ga
Standard Guano Chemical Mfg Co
New Orleans
Southern Phosphate Co Atlanta Ga
J 0 Matthewson A Co Augusta Ga
Bradley Fertilizer Co Boston Mass
Raisin Fertilizer Co Baltimore Md
Raisin Fertilizer Co Baltimore Md
Savannah Guano Co Savannah Ga
Allison t Addison Richmond Va
Savannah Guano Co Savannah Ga
G Ober Sons Co Baltimore Md
Wight Weslosky Albany Ga
Ceo V Scott Mfg Co Atlanta Ga
Wilcox Gibbs Guano Co Savh Ga
N A F Tift A Co Albany Ga
Commercial Guano Co Savannah Ga
National Fit Co Nashville Tenn
Baldwin Fcrlizer Co Port RoyalS C
Chem Co of Canton Baltimore Md

O
o
o
t1
cl
I
0
O
Walton Guano
Wileox Gibbs Co Manipulated Guano
W T lane Bro Amd Dissolved Bone
Zells Ammouiated Bone Super Phos
920 9 00 fi 1ft 410 1025 260 100 2315
1300 1 3ft 4 51 605 1055 280 225 2542
1500 M 7 00 310 1010 235 250 2309
1300 250 605 395 1010 250 150 2300
TABLE II
Acid Phosphate Dissolved Bones Natural Guanos Chemicals Etc
NAME OF BRAND
Atlantic Dissolved Bone Phos
Atlanta Soluble Bone
Ashepoo Acid Phosphate
Acid Phosphate
Atlantic Acid Phosphate
Acid Phosphate
Acid Phosphate
Atlantic Acid Phosphate for wheat
Bradleys Palmetto Acid Phosphate
Bowkers Dissolved Bone Phosphate
Bales Acid Phosphate
Bates Acid Phosphate
aChathara Acid Phosphate
Clifton Acid Phosphate
Dissolved Bone Phosphate So Ca
Dissolved Bone
Dissolved So Ca Bone
Dissolved Bone Phosphate of Lime
Etiwan Dissolved Bone
Edisto Acid Phosphate
Ezells Dissolved Bone
Etiwan Acid Phosphate
Eutau Acid Phosphate
Furmans Sol Bone with Am and Potash
Furmans Acid Phosphate
Farish Furmans Formula
Gays Bone Phosphate
Georgia State Standard Acid Phosphate
fGround Bone
Georgia State Grange Acid Phosphate
High Grade Acid Phosphate
Phosphoric Acid
1120
1125
1250
1320
1050
1350
1450
1650
1000
1200
1050
1150
1150
9
1350
1610
1450
785
1075
1350
875
1060
1245
1015
1310
1300
137a
800
1210
S60l
0
085
175
145
135
210
110
055
175
220
150
135
315
2 10
230
120
200
315
130
130
410
275
165
250
175
1 HI
088
090
1530
135
1010
1220
975
960
875
800
1115
775
1220
560
866
1210
1120
1215
945
875
9111
711
950
1010
1120
950
1250
120
1150
40
11 10
1140
500
330
385
475
380
310
3 00
435
290
600
340
395
390
195
430
505
515
675
475
305
390
400
170
290
315
345
3 21
370
1510
1550
1360
1425
1255
1110
1415
1210
1510
1160
1205
1605
1510
1410
1375
1380
1415
1385
1425
1315
1510
13 50
1420
1110
1465
1185
1430
1510
1095
L5ll25
3201415
35511480
S
B
O
FOR WHOM INSPECTED
151
150
050
225
220
iofi
151
121
125
151
2 75
420
260
2114 Atlantic Phos Co Charleston S C
2170 Atlanta Guano Co Atlanta Ga
2054 Ashepoo Phos Co Chartou S C
2045 Navassa Guano CoWilmtonNC
1982 Atlantic Phos Co Charton S C
1774 Ashley Phos Co Charleston S C
1981 Wando Phos Co Charleston S C
1849 Atlantic Phos Co Charton S C
2114 Bradley Fer Co Boston Mass
1774 Jno D Weld Savannah Ga
1807 J A Bale Rome Ga
2247 W A Bates Sec Griffin Ga
2114 Hartshorn AHuger Savannah Ga
1974 Clifton Chem PhosCo Atlanta
1925 GOberSons CoBaltimoreMd
1933 Ashley Phos Co Charleston
1981 Chemical Co of Canton Balto
1939 Pacitic Guano Co Charleston
1995 Etiwan Phosphate Co Charleston
2091 Edisto Phos Co Charleston S C
2114 Ashepoo Phos Co Charleston
2015 Etiwan Phos Co Charleston SC
2138 Ashepoo Phos CoCharIestonSC
2279 Adair Bros Co Atlanta Ga
2051 Adair Bros Co Atlanta Ga
1919 Adair Bros Co Atlanta Ga
2002 Baldwin Fer Co Savannah Ga
2114 Hammond Hull Co Savannah
Listers Agl Chem Wks Bait
Baldwin Fertilizer Co Savannah
Jno Merryman at Co Baltimore
BY WHOM AND WHERE MANU
FACTURED
1981 i
2072
Atlantic Phos Co Charleston S C
Atlanta Guano Co Atlanta Ga
Ashepoo Phos Co Charleston S C
Navassa Guano CoWilmingtonN C
Atlantic Phos Co Charleston S C
Ashley Phosphate Co CharlestonSC
Wando Phosphate Co CharlestonSC
Atlantic Phos Co Charleston S V
Bradley Fertilizer Co Boston Mass
Bowker Fertilizer Co CharlestonSC
J A Bale Rome Gft
Griffin Fertilizer Co Griffin Ga
Commercial GuanoCo Savannah Ga
Clifton Chem Phos Co Atlanta
G Oner Sons Co Baltimore Md
Ashley Phosphate Co CharlestonSC
Chemical Co of Canton Baltimore
Pacific Guano Co Charleston S C
Etiwan Phosphate Co Charleston
Edisto Phosphate Co Charleston
Ashepoo Phos Co Charleston S C
Etiwan Phosphate Co Charleston
Ashepoo Phosphate Co Charleston
Furman Farm Impt Co East Pt Ga
Furman Farm Impt Co East Pt Ga
Furman Farm Impt Co East Pt Ga
Baldwin Fertilizer Co Port RoyalSC
Hammond Hull Co Pt Royal S C
Listers Agl Chem Wks Baltimore
Baldwin Fertilizer Co Pt Royal S C
Jno Merryman Co Baltimore

W
H

i
O

w
ht
o
H
W
w
I
0
o
w
oHome Fertilizer Chemicals
Kainit
Kairjit
Kainit
Kainit
Kainit
Kainit
Kainit
Kainit
Kramers Dissolved Bone
L W Acid Phosphate
Nassau Dissolved Bone with Potash
Oglethorpe Dissolved Bone Phosphate
auur Dissolved Bone Phosphate
Oglethorpe Acid Phosphate
Pure Acid Phosphate
Pomona Acid Phosphate
Port Royal Dissolved Bone Phosphate
fPure Ground Bone
Port Royal Acid Phosphate
Plain Dissolved Bone
Potash Acid Phosphate
Rainbow Soluble Phosphate
SlinglufFs Dissolved Bone
m SlinglufTs Dissolved Bone
Sunny South Acid Phosphate
Standard Acid Phosphate
Southern Acid Phosphate
8cotts High Grade Acid Phosphate
Soluble Bone
Wando Acid Phosphate
Walton Acid Phosphate
XX Acid Phosphate
750
200
190
225
250
315
235
125
310
105
1910
280
0 20
185
1X0
105
215
100
210
100
105
140
250
065
180
1210
9 90
1100
975
1120
1000
1120
1125
1205
1010
1225
780
900
1186
1210
1115
945
1120
1060
1065
1150
1160
1050
lo
33
310
475
390
410
3
390
3 45
345
860
5
165
235
200
395
490
350
500
360
375
420
405
1405
1320
1410
1450
15 10
1410
1500
1515
1550
1355
1585
1320
1065
1415
1410
1510
1431
1470
1560
1425
1525
1580
1455
740
1010
1285
1175
1265
12 50
1210
1260
1320
1300
165
120
115
160
125
3230
1285
1175
1265
1250
1210
1260
1320
1360
1967
2008
2099
205
2114
1974
2100
2121
2170
150
240
1897
2219
19
2226
2341
2319
2114
2009
2058
2184
19 93
2135
2212
2037
Boykin Carmer Co Baltimore
Edisto Phos Co Charleston S C
Commercial Guano Co Savannah
Savannah Guano Co Savannah
Hammond Hull Co Savannah
Baldwin Fer Co Savannah
Bulter Stephens Savannah
Ashley Phos Co Charleston S C
Pacific Guano Co CharlestonSC
Clifton Chem Phos Co Atlanta
Ashepoo Phos Co CharlestonSC
Jno D Weld Savannah Ga
Hammond Hull Co Savannah
Hartshorne Huger Savannah
Hammond Hull Co Savannah
Wilcox Gibbs Guano Co Savh
Hartshorne Huger Savannah
Hammond Hull Co Savannah
B R Legg Bro Marietta Ga
Hammond Hull Co Savannah
Listers Agl Chem Wks Balto
Lorentz Rittler Baltimore Md
Atlanta Guano Co Atlanta Ga
Boykin Carmer Co Baltimore
Bovkin Carmer Co Baltimore
Atlanta Guano Co Atlanta Ga
Walton Whann Co Charleston
Maddox Rucker Co Atlanta
Geo W Scott Mfg Co Atlanta
Columbus Fertilizer Co Columbus
Wando Phos Co Charleston
Walton Guano Co Social Circle
Walton Whann Co Charleston
Boykin Carmer Co Baltimore Md
Imp Edisto Phos Co Charleston SC
Impd Commercial Guano Co Savh
Impd Savannah Guano Co Savanah
Impd Hammond Hull Co Savah
Impd by Baldwin Fertilizer Co
Impt Mabbett Williams Savannah
Impd by Ashlev Phos Co Charlton
Impd by Pacific Guano CoCharlton
Clifton Chem it Phos Co Atlanta
Ashepoo Phosphate Co Charleston
Bowker Fertilizer Co CharlestonSC
Hammond Hull Co Pt RoyalSC
Commercial Guano Co Savanuah Ga
Hammond Hull Co Pt Royal
Wilcox Gibbs Guano Co Savannah
Commercial Guano Co Savannah
Hammond Hull Co Pt Royal
Stand Guano Chem Mfg Co N O
Hammond Hull Co Pt Royal SC
Listers Agl Chem Works Balto
Lorentz Rittier Baltimore Md
Atlanta Guano Co East Point Ga
Boykin Carmer Co Baltimore
Boykin Carmer Co Baltimore
Atlanta Guano Co East Point
Walton Whann Co Charleston C
Southern Phos Co Atlanta Ga
Geo W Scott Mfg Co Atlanta Ga
Columbus Fertilizer Co ColumbusGa
Wando Phos Co Charleston S C
Walton Guano Co Social Circle Ga
Walton fc Whann Co Charleston SC
t Rawboue or bone meal contains no reverted acid proper as it has not been acidulated The whole of the phosphoric acid is therefore re portedas Insolu
ble though practically it is much more available as plant food than phosphoric acid from other sources A good finely ground bone meal fJJi
Duplicate BKANDSIn some instances fertilizers manufactured by the same formula and actually sacked from the same bulkbeing in every respect identi
calarc sold under different names Such brands are indicated in the foregoing tables by letters o b c etc prefixed to the same those having the same letter
In the same table being identical are sacked and shipped from the same bulk

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oemmamCIRCULAR No 116
New Series
CROP REPORT
FOR THE MONTH OF MAY 1889
SHOWING
THE ACREAGE AND CONDITION OF GROWING CROPS
THE FIRST OF MAY AND OTHER MATTERS
RELATING TO AGRICULTURE IN GEORGIA
J 1 HE1TDERSON
ATLANTA GEORGIA
Constitution Job Office
1889Circular No 116 1
New Series J
CROP REPORT
FOR THE MONTH OF MAY 1889
Returned to the Department op Agriculture May 1 1889
State of Georgia Department of Agriculture
Atlanta Ga May 10 1889
GENERAL REMARKS
The reports from the correspondents of the Department have been
unusually full in number and satisfactory in character giving a very
comprehensive view of the general condition of farmers and the crop
prospects for the current year
It will be encouraging to note in these opening remarks that there
is a manifest improvement in the general condition of farming interests
This improved condition however reiers rather to the developments
of the immediate future than to any very decided achievements There
is a spirit of independence aroused a revival of hope in the future and
a determined and cooperative purpose among farmers that is evcry
wiiere observable In the absence of any very decidedly favorable
conditions of seasons and weather such as usually inspire hope and
enthusiasm and whoso absence produces despondency and gloom
there is a spirit of cheerfulness and activity and hopefulness that is
very encouraging and significant
WEATHER CONDITIONS
The weather during the month of March was variable there being
heavy and continuous rains in the Southern half of the State while
23i DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
the conditions were much hotter in the remaining half This was
followed by dry weather during the latter half of April and in many
counties the ground was too dry to germinate the seeds of cotton so
as to give prompt and perfect stands While the temperature was
low during April no destructive frosts have occurred On the whole
the weather conditions have been fully up to our average as com
pared with previous springs
CORN
The general condition of the crop is good though bad stands are
reported in some sections There is a more decided tendency to an
increased area than has been observed for several years every sec
tion excepting Southeast Georgia reporting an increase as compared
with last year irrespective of the enlargement due to natural increase
of population This movement is largest in Middle Georgia amount
ing to 8 per cent more than the area of last year In the State at
large the addition to the area is 3 per cent The plant is generally
in fair condition as to vigor and cultivation
OATS
There are evidences of a slight revival of interest and confidence
in this crop but the increase in area was but 1 per cent compared
with that of the preceding crop The condition and prospect is gene
rally good and in some counties better than for several years There
is a slight increase in the proportion of the crop that was sown in the
fall and the comparative results of spring and fall sown at harvest
will probably add largely to this proportion next season Some of
the most intelligent and successful farmers insist that a successful
fall crop one year in three will justify sowing in the fall in preference
to spring
WHEAT
The prospect at this time is reported at 99 as compared with an
average and the condition is favorable The area is 3 per cent less
than that of previous year indicating a continued decline of interest
and confidence in this crop This is by no means a discouraging
sign since it is not of vital importance that our farmers should per
sist in growing a crop in direct competition with the immense wheat
fields of the Northwest
24MAY CROP REPORT1889 5
The desired degree of diversification of crops may be attained with
out including wheat and some other crops which although largely
consumed at our tables are not so vital to our agricultural indepen
dence as corn peas potatoes hay hog crops etc There are many
farms however in Georgia which afford suitable soils and loca
tions for the profitable growing of wheat for home consumption and
even for market In all such localities and sections wheat should
continue to be an important crop
COTTON
It is gratifying to note a decrease of 3 percent in the area devoted
to cotton as compared with the crop area of last year exactly corres
ponding to the increase in corn area The weather conditions while
not decidedly bad have not been favorable to securing good stands
and to the healthfulness of the young plants
Fiftynine per cent of the crop is reported as up May 1 against
only 50 per cent at the same date last year and the stand is bet
ter or the portion that is up than it was last year The complaint
of bad seed due to gathering and housing the cotton while wet
last fall is very common This is rather inexcusable It amounts
to an admission of carelessness in a very important detail of cotton
planting
GRASS CULTURE
A still larger increase of area sown to clover and grass is observed
than was reported last year the increase being much greater rela
tively in Middle Georgia I consider this tendency to grass culture
as one of most hopeful signs of the times Grass culture means more
and better live stock more bacon and lard butter and milk more
manure and soil improvement If it does not prove the basis of suc
cessful agriculture in the South grass culture will certainly be a very
important auxiliary
FRUIT
The most universally gratifying feature of the present seasons
conditions is the flattering prospect of the fruit crop Reports of
injuries by frosts are few and far between The orchards are loaded
with young fruit of every kind and the vineyards give promise of
their usual bounteous yield The peach crop the most uncertain
regarding frost and the grape crop the most reliable under all
256 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
conditions are the most promising The probability is that the
largest fruit crop will be harvested ever known in the history of the
State
STOCK SUPPLIES ETC
Live stock including work animals are reported in fair condition
but little below that of last year The supply of corn and forage on
hand is somewhat less than last year but market prices are consider
ably lower
26MAY CHOP REPORT1889
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27DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
NOTES FROM CORRESPONDENTS
NORTH GEORGIA
Oatoosa Outlook more favorable than at this time last year Money
is scarce hut with a few good milch cows and fifty laying liens a farmer
does not need muchJ B H Chattooga General condition of farmers
good and improving Less credit less debtD W Everything looks
fine and farmers in good conditionW F T Cherokee Farmers in
much better condition than for some timeJ J A S Very favorable
springM S P Dade Spring opened early Farmers cheerful and
well up Mrs J W B More hog cholera than usual Dogs killing great
numbers of sheepG A R f Daioson Seasons above average Farm
era well up with their work Floyd Clover and grasses very exten
sively sown this spring one firm in this county having sold over 100 bush
els of clover and 300 bushels of grass seed Grapes and peaches all that
could be asked forF C Foreyth More energy and closer economy
among fanners than I ever saw Franklin Farming on a boom
Planting more corn raising more stock and using less guano More
industry and economy practiced than I ever saw beforeJ B D McW
Gordon Farmers hopeful prospects reasonablv encouragingA F H
Qwinnett Prospects decidedly encouraging Abundant fruit crop pros
pectR D W Habersham Finest fruit prospect I ever sawA H
heat very fine but rye not goodJ T P Harason As a rule farm
ers in a better condition than they have been since 1872 More provision
on hand than for several years Nearly every farmer is sowing grass
clover etcJ W B Jackson The present outlook is more favorable
than for years The Alliance has taught the people that they should work
more and buy lessT S J Madison Farmers making the greatest
efforts to secure good crops I ever sawJ F P Pickens Everybody
seems to be on a boomE K A Very little attention to grass culture
An increased amount of fertilizers usedB F R Polk This county
has improved its stock of all kinds wonderfully in the past year and a
greater area by 15 per cent put in grass and clover than any year since
the county was formed Farmers are in better condition than I have ever
known themCorrespondent Habun Spring very forward and
farmers fully upF A B Walker Crop conditions and prospects are
nattering Farmers well upJ T W While Farmers short on pro
visions Many will have to haul their bread from the railroad 1 see
nothing at present but close times F L D Whitfield Too dry for
meadows and cottonW C R
MIDDLE GEORGIA
nrBdmin farmers in better spirits than I have seen them for years
Well up with their workhave planted more corn chufas and Spanish
peanuts than ever before The Alliance has resolved to expel members
who do not make every effort to raise farm suppliesR L W Bibb
Prospects very encouraging W D H tiutta Corn better than for
years Cotton stand injured by cold and windsH C T Campbell
Weather favorable farmers up wheat and oats very promisingF W S
Farmers seem to have taken a new start and have determined to make
farming pay The Farmers Alliance has inspired them withnew cour
age H JS C Fruit crop prospect has rarely been equalledJ I B
Carroll Spring very favorable and farmers 8 to 10 days ahead of an aver
ageM R R The Condition of farmers far better than for ten yearsMAY CROP REPORT1889
J N R Clayton Farm work well advanced Excellent stands of corn
and cottonA P A Farmers In good spirits and making unusual eflorts
to become selfsustainingW P J Columbia Stands of cotton worse
than I have ever known seed defectiveM I B DeKalb Farmers are
buying less on credit making more compost and using more stable manure
and less guano The Alliance has started a grand march of improvement
W H C Coweta Farmers well up cold winds causing cotton to die
needing rainT B P Douglas Enormous crop of peaches in prospect
More grass and millet sown than ever known in this countyB H P
Elbvrl Lands well prepared and planted and labor better than ever
before Fruit prospect good God save the Alliance of our country
B H H Fayette Cool dry weather injuring cotton and oats fruit pros
pects fineQ C G Greene Cotton planted before the 15th has not
come up well Weather now unfavorableC M S Farmers well up
with their work and buying less guano They are in earnest in trying to
improve their landsJ M G Merchants are selling provisions on time
at cash prices with 8 per cent added This indicates prosperity in the
futureA N A Hancock Hail storm has injured the stands of cotton
J T Heard Have never seen such a crop of peaches beforeJ B W
Henry This is my thirtythird year planting cotton seed deep running
single stocks three inch scooters piling on all the dirt 1 can and knocking
oft I keep plenty of teams and drive with a rush getting a perfect stand
this year as usual in eight or ten days the seed being in moist soil all the
time I have never failed on a single acre in thirtythree years I have
my first sack ot corn to haul from a railroad depothave corn to sell every
yearT H S Jones Land and work in better condition than last
year R T R Lincoln Farmers more economical than I ever knew
them owing to the influence of the Alliance and last years bad crops
They have bought fullv 50 per cent less fertilizers than last year Pros
pects altogether are cheerfulN A C Notwithstanding the disasters
of last year farmers are working with a will to retrieve their losses More
attention is given to food crops stock and manureJ M D McDuffie
The Spanish peanut is being largely planted and is becoming more and
more popularH McC Meriwethcr The few that sowed oats in the fall
now have very fine crops All that were sown stood the winterB S C
Monroe Cotton being the only ready cash product of the farm let the
farmers then abandon jute bagging wrap his cotton in cotton bagging
and buy only guano that is sacked in cotton sacksK C T Aewton
Best prospect for making our own supplies in twenty years Farmers
are determined for once to raise corn wheat oats and other nec
essariesf or the farm Every thing seems bright and cheerful and if
we but get the early and latter rain we will store away enough for
man and beast and next fall be able to pay 75 per cent of the debts
that have been lapping overL F L Ocmiee Farmers have no cause
for complaint in the matter of season Wheat oats rye and barley
are fineJ C W Oglethorpe March and April weather most extraor
dinary Rains gentle moderate and quite enough Farms in splendid
condition Outlook hopefulC A S Too much cotton and too little
corn again No prosperity for the Southern farmer until he learns to raise
his supplies at home Pike Everything considerd the prospects are bet
ter than they have been for years Fruit looks well corn the best ever
seen good stands of cottonJ A W Putnam Weather has been all
that could be desired since March 1 The cold winds the last of April
injured cotton stands Farmers universally hopefulJ T D Pockdae
But little clover and grasses or sugar cane being raised no sheep more
attention is given to hogsJ F R Farmers are buying less guano and
supplies than last year The Alliance has done that much goodJ S A
2910
DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
Farmers full of energy and hope Economy and fair dealing is the watch
word and the determination to get out of debt is a leading topicW L P
Taiaferro Seasons unusually favorable for col ton planting and it is
coming up wellL L V Talbot Farmers are hopeful and are pushing
their work from the word go 8 A F The farming interest rather
gloomy Very poor stands of cotton Crops two weeks behind last yeiir
Fruit prospect good L 15 M C Troup Extremely dry stands of cot
ton not good Jas P Warren Farmers well pleased with the prospect
and hopeful of etting out of debt this CallJ A S WiTke Alli
ance is doing good by restraining credit and advocating and influencing
economyJ T W
SOUTHWEST GEORGIA
linker Defective cotton seed and cool dry weather is causing imperfect
standsR J Oats will be cut short by drouthW L C Berrien
Young corn is as fine to age as I ever saw Bad seed lias necessitated plow
ing up a good deal of cottonJ J P Peach cropfinest prospect in
years also grapes pears and scuppernongsH T P tirookx Farmers
well up Home complaint of bad stands of cotton Much early planted
failed to come up well More hog cholera than last yearT Wj Cal
houn Dry weather prevented good stands of cotton Fruit prospects flat
tering F P G Clay The prospect for fruit was never betterT E S
Oolquilt Outlook good laborers working betterF J W Crawford
First planting of cotton very poor stand Seed are in great demand
Conditions at this time very unfavorable for this cropJ W B Dooty
Some complaint of poor stands from defective seeds More corn for sale
than for yearsS W C Dougherty Fall oats promise well but spring
oats poor A good deal of complaint of bad stands of cotton owing to
damaged seedA W 0 Early Economizing more than usual the re
sult of Alliarce workR II L Hounton Decided tendency to run self
sustaining farmsW J A Irwin Complaints of poor stands of corn
very little cotton up yet Crops looking well considering the lateness of
the seasonJ P Marion Farmers in better condition than or a decade
M T E Fall oats better than 1 ever saw beforeG W C M M illrr
Prospects for all crops goodJ S C Mitchell Farmers started ten days
late but the plow has been pushed and work is now well upJ B T
Randolph Stands of cotton fine corn looking well with perfect stands
Which is the better plan to start Bermuda on bind by seeding or planting
the roots Planting the roots is cheaper and more reliableCOMMIS
SIONER Si irarl General complaint of poor stands of cottonJ G P
Sumpter All crop prospects are an average except cotton the very bad
stands making it very unpromising Taylor Farmers in better con
dition Merchants complain that they are not selling muchfor cash or
credit which is a good signJ T A Terrell Stands of cotton very
poordefective seedH CH Tinmay Crops in good condition The
quantities of corn brought here from the West is a disgrace to the county
If the Alliance would turn their attention to raising more than their own
forage anil provisions economize show clear receipts at the end of the
year there would be no use for Exchanges The only remedy is in the
plow elbow grease and economyH Webster Farmers a little further
advanced with their work than usual Com is looking well cotton the
reverseR A B Worth Fruil very promisingG B VV Bad stands
Of cotton caused by bud seedV V P
Bullock Cotton
stands 1 A M
EAST GEORGIA
being plowed up in many places on account of bad
llurkc Crops growing favorably fruit prospect of
80MAY CROP REPORT1889
11
every kind unusually promisingJ B J Emanuel Material change for
the better in the matter of producing supplies at homeE W L Jeffer
son lorn well advanced and in tine condition Peach crop the most
abundant I ever sawH L B Never saw cotton prospect more unprom
ising at this date Stands universally poor defective seed the causeT H
Lavrens The prospect for fruit unprecedented Very poor stands of eot
trfn also of corn bud worms doing great damageT J B Montgomery
Fruit promising beyond my recollectionJ 0 0 lulaski Great demand
for planting seed cotton oil account of having to plant overM A S
Richmond Farmers are at work in earnest and the utmost economy is
practiced With favorable seasons we will be relieved from the entangle
ments of the past disastrous yearA E C Screven Good seasons and
crops look well Farmers have not used half the usual quantity of guano
but more home made manuresthe effect of Alliance resolutionsE B
G T elf air Farmers seem to take the wrong direction as usual planting
too much cotton and too little of provision cropsW F W Twiggs
Great complaint of poor stands of cottondetective seed Peas are receiv
ing much attention also stock raisingnotablyhorsesF D W Wash
ington Corn generally fair cotton very poor standsJ C H Wilkin
son Corn is good and in good conditions cotton the poorest stand 1 have
seen for years The teachings of the Farmers Alliance are having a good
etlect Best peach prospect for several yearsJ A M
SOUTHEAST GEORGIA
Camden Bud and cut worms have greatly retarded stands of cornJ
K Clinch The wet winter and early spring greatly retarded plowing
and planting is twenty days late Drill worm very bad on late cornL C
M Coffee Farmers well up Hogs nearly all died with choleraJ B
Olynn Fruit very promising Truck farming this spring very successful
JR D Liberty The season unusually late Land too wet o plow until
late then cold and seeds germinate slowlyJ A M K Fruit prospect
very line Farmers are hopeful stands goodJ O I Jr Ware We
raise no hay but corn enough for farm use but the turpentine and saw
mill men have to depend on Western markets Eleven saw mills and fif
teen turpentine stills in our county averaging twenty mules and fifty men
each makes a good home marketJ M S
NoteWant of space forbids the publication of correspondents notes
in full and some were omitted entirely where there were several from a
county of the same tenorCommissioner
INQUIRIES AND ANSWERS
REMEDY FOR CHICKEN CHOLERA
I want to give you a remedy for chicken cholera Boil corn in good
wood ashes or strong lye until the husk can be rubbed off and then feed
to the chickens If they are not able to eat open their mouths and force a
few mains down Con line the chickens and let them have no water 1
have cured some fowls that were not able to hold up their heads It will
cure nineteen out of twenty J R Sbwell
Erastus Ga
3112
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
VARIETY OF CORN FOB FORAGE
Is there a variety of corn better adapted to sowing In the drill for the
purpose of raising corn forage than the common Held varieties
Gwinnett Co j jyj p007j
Answer The Brazillian Flour Corn and the tall growing varieties of
pop corn are strongly recommended by some farmers as admirably adapted
for forage and ensilage purposes
TIME TO SOW CLOVER AND PLANT BERMUDA AND OTHER GRASSES
What time of the year should Bermuda seed be sown or the roots be
planted When is the best time to sow clover and other grass seeds
Ans September and October are the best months in which to sow clover
seed and nearly if notall of the grasses The next best time is February and
March Bermuda seed has not been sown in this country long enough to
determine the best time but we think March and April sowings would
give best results The Bermuda roots may be set at any time after frost
is over in the spring until June or even later if the seasons prove good
March is the favored time or just as the roots are starting a new growth
It is useless to sow the cultivated grasses on poor land
THE GRANGE AND FARMERS ALLIANCE VS THE BAGGING TRUST
Can the Department of Agriculture aid in any way the Grange and
Farmers Alliance in their efforts to forestall the jute bagging trust
Ans The Department is doing and will continue to do what it may in
the matter by furnishing and disseminating information
DISEASED COL
I have a three year old colt with some disease The symptoms are diffi
culty in breathing tucking up in flank and when forced to move it
stretches head and neck to its fullest extent It eats heartily but con
tinues to decline daily Been effected for six months Information and
and treatment wanted j y Nunnally
Monroe Ga
Ans We are not able to say what the disease may be from the symp
toms given Perhaps some of our readers can give light
IMPROVED COWS WANTED
I would like to know where I can get four or five good milk cows of
improved breed jj p Tj Clifton
Rocky Ford Ga
Ans Our correspondent does not say what breed he desires but we pre
sume he wants Jerseys or Holsteins which are the best for milk and butter
Any farmer who can supply what is wanted should write to Mr Clifton
GRASSES IN EASTERN GEORGIA
Please write your opinion in regard to raising the different kinds of grasses
in Eastern Georgia V J Murrox
Richmond Co
Ans Red clover though not a grass botanically speaking is generally so
considered in common parlance will not probably succeed in any part of
32MAY CROP REPORT1889
13
Eastern Georgia south of Columbia county except under the most favor
able circumstances as clayey creek and river dry bottom lands
Orchard grass Tall Oat grass Rescue grass Herds grass and some other
varieties would be most likely to give satisfaction among those varieties
that have heretofore been usually kept for sale The Bermuda grass how
ever is the grass for a summer pasture or for a meadow hay if set on
rich land See article elsewhere on sowing Bermuda grass and Texas Blue
grass together It is possible if not probable that some native Southern
or other tropical variety of grass will be found that will be to Georgia and
other Southern States what the Kentucky Blue grass is to Kentucky and
other States The Bermuda leaves little to be desired as a summer grow
ing grass the Texas Bluegrass gives promise of tilling the gap as a winter
grass It is useless to expect any profitable or satisfactory results from
grass seeds sown on ordinary or poor land Even Bermuda yields but
scant pasturage on soils not worthy of cultivation and it responds as grate
fully as any plant to fertilizers Among the artificial grasses lucerne holds
a high rank as a forage plant on rich land There is much yet to be learned
and authoritatively settled in regard to grass culture in the several sections
of the State and experiments in this line will doubtless constitute an
important feature of the work of the Agricultural Experiment Station
Can some reporter tell us how to rid our farms of moles
Rippton Ga Jno Hugiiey
Ans Scientific men are generally agreed that the common ground mole
is not destructive to plants or seeds that it feeds exclusively on animal
foodinsects worms etc We have doubts of the correctness of this opin
ion and it is a very general belief among farmers that moles will eat seed
corn We know of no method of wholesale destruction and publish the
inquiry to get the views and experience of other farmers
HOG CHOLEKA
This disease has swept away nearly all the hogs in some sections of this
county Can you give a remedy G W Stewart
Dade County
Ans We refer you to the June Crop Report of the Department 1888
for an article on this subject and quote the following prescription has
been used with supposed success
2 lbs flowers of sulphur
2 lbs sulphate of iron copperas
2 lbs madder
lb black antimony
lb nitrate of potassa salt peter
2 ozs arsenic
Mix the above in 12 gallons of gruel for 100 hogs or give one pint doses
to each daily Give to both sick and well where the latter have been
exposed to the disease Not only should the sick be separated from the
well animals but each class should be moved to new and clean quarters
pastures Burn up the old beds sprinkle floors of sheds or styes with a
solution of one pint of pure carbolic acid to ten gallons of soft water All
discharges should be deeply buried or treated with a solution of one ounce
of chloride of zinc to two gallons of water The person who attends to the
sick should not have anything to do with the well hogs All food and
water should be clean and pure If these directions are faithfully followed
the disease may be stayed in its progress and stamped out Every farmer
3314
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
should see and inspect his hogs as well as all other animals every day
and act promptly on the very first appearance of disease
Can you give us a remedy or preventive lor the following disease which
has been affecting Shockleys Wine Saps Junes and pears for the last
three or four years The bark leaves the tree near the ground and drops
off up to the limbs in one or two years the tree is dead I thought it
might be caused by worms and r dug away the dirt from around the trees
down to the roots and put about a gallon of ashes to the tree but I can see
no effect either as a preventive or cure T 11
Gwinnett
Ans An experienced fruitgrower and nurseryman says remove all
the rough loose bark Split the bark the whole length of the stem of the
tree through to the wood Iaint the exposed surface with boiled linseed
oil
PEICKLY COMFBEY
Can Prickly Comfrey be grown here and where can we get seeds Would
it be a profitable crop to grow for scock How is it planted and cultivated
Putnam County O W Reed
Axs Prickly Comfrey will grow anywhere in the South It is not
propagated from seed but from sets planted in a manner similar to the
method of planting sets of horseradish and cultivated like cotton Stock
sometimes have to be educated to eat it It is immensely productive and
T think deserving of cultivation Dont know who has plants
EXPERIMENT FIELDS
Lecture Delivered by Prof George Ville by Invitation
from the Royal Agricultural Society at Brussels
In my preceding lecture I told you what I must repeat again that the
substance of vegetation is composed of fourteen different elements three
of which carbon hydrogen and oxygen represent in themselves 95 parts
of 100
I added that the carbon originated from the carbonic acid of the atmos
pherehydrogen and oxygen from rainwater
From this comes the practical conclusion that 95 parts of the 100 parts of
vegetal substance is derived from sources entire strangers to the soil I
xuiuiiv unesu luur suosiances n closing Uie list ut tnos
vegetation nitrogen phosphoric acid potash and lime wh
contains in but very limited quantities and which wemustgh
soil if we wish to maintain its productiveness But these foi
originate from the soil and there is no fear of their exhaustion for the
poorest soils are superabundantly provided with them
Finally these four substances in closing the list of those composing
which the soil
jive back to the
productiveness But these four substances
represent hardly one hundredth of the weight of vegetal matter You see
how singularly incorrect was the belief that to keep up the fertility of the
soil you must return to it weight for weight what the crops drew from it
while really all that is needed is to restore the Quantity of phosphoric
acid nitrogen potash and lime the whole weight of thesebeing not more
than three or four per cent of vegetation
34MAY CROP REPOkT1889
15
There is a distinction to be made between these four terms which when
united I have named Complete Fertilizer Phosphoric acid potash
and lime should be returned in full quantity out nitrogen should be
reduced to 50 per cent of the crop as the atmosphere furnishes the rest
How different these ideas from those which led to the necessity of using
manure alone as a fertilizer But this is not all the use of the complete
chemical fertilizer composed of nitrogen phosphate potash and lime
gives regal command over vegetation the most remarkable part being
that the efficacy of the mixture depends upon the union of the four terms
at the same time If you try the experiment of suppressing one of them
the other three are at once struck by a partial inertia The presence of the
four is necessary to gaining the desired effect
If this fact is certain which is placed beyond discussion by the testimony
of millions of proofs do you not at once perceive the advantage to be gained
by analyzing the soil not in the absolute sense of this word but from a
view to the real needs of a plant What does a crop require That the
soil shall contain nitrogen phosphate potash and lime in such form as
the plants can themselves make use of them There is nothing simpler
or easier than to learn this The method is essentially practical and acces
sible to all the teacher is he plant itself
Suppose you make two parallel experimentsone with complete fertili
zer and the other without the help of any fertilizer The first yields a
good crop and the second a miserable crop The conclusion is forced
The soil is wanting in the four terms of the complete fertilizer Is it lack
ing them all in the same degree To answer this make four experiments
inaddition to the first two by use of four fertilizers in whose composition
you have taken care to suppress by turn each one of the four terms that
you know so well You then have the following series for culture
Complete Fertilizer
Complete without Nitrogen
Complete without Phosphate
Complete without Potash
Complete without Lime
Soil without any fertilizer
And according as the crop grown with the incomplete fertilizer ap
proaches to or recedes from that grown by the complete fertilizer you are
certain that the soil contains or is lacking in the term excluded from the
composition of the fertilizer
Look at the wheat grown at Vincennes with the complete fertilizer The
yield per acre was fiftyone bushels Deprived of nitrogen the yield went
down to seventeen bushelsproof that the soil was wanting in nitrogen
Apply the same reasoning to the three other terms of the fertilizer phos
phate potash and lime and you have the following answer
Per acre
Complete fertilizer51 bushels
Complete without Lime 48 bushels
Complete without Potash 36 bushels
Complete without Phosphate31 bushels
Complete without Nitrogen17 bushels
Soil without any fertilizer10 bushels
Conclusion The soil was particularly lacking in nitrogen
But this is not all There are two parts to be distinguished from each
other in every soilthe surface soil and the subsoil the superficial layer
and the deeper strata Do these two strata possess the same degree of fer
tility This is a very essential questiqn to be answered How is the an
swer to be gotten Very easily Substitute for wheat a deep rooted plant
3516
DEPARTMENT OK AGRICULTUREGEOKGIA
like the beet which penetrates into the subsoil Submit it to the same
system of experimenting and you will have as exact indications as from
wheat but they will show the nature of the subsoil instead of the surface
soil
What have you learned
Per acre
Complete Fertilizer48000 pounds
Complete without Lime44560 pounds
Complete without Potash36900 pounds
Complete without Phosphate 32560 pounds
Complete without Nitrogen 31480 pounds
Without any fertilizer30240 pounds
The same conclusion as from wheat The soil is provided with potash
and lime and particularly lacking in phosphate and nitrogen
Here we have a perfectly certain method of investigation whose indica
tions are practical facts of immediate application What other method
can furnish such exact and practical teachings Acknowledge then that
with an experimental field you can always find the nature of the elements
necessary to the life of the plant which the soil grows and those of which
it is deprived and learn from these facts positive indications as to the
nature of the fertilizers most suited to the plant
But that is not all Once accustomed to this method of investigation all
crops grown become a source of information concerning the nature of the
soil the changes from one crop to another as to fertility or exhaustion
Among the ideas presented to you in the preceding lecture the most prom
inent place must be given to the ideas relative to the dominants of plants
If you experiment on the same soil with a series of complete fertilizers
in which by turn the amount of each of the four terms is cnanged the
three others remaining constant you will notice that according to the
nature of plants grown there is one term of the fertilizer which has more
effect on the yield than the three others
Nitrogenous matter lias the strongest effect on wheat and beets potash
for the Irish potato and the vine and in contrast with wheat legumes are
not affected by the suppression of nitrogenous matter We must insist
upon this last point Nitrogenous matter is essential to wheatwithout
action on the legumes Do you not see what advantage is to he gained by
this contrast in an agricultural analysis of the soil
Sow wheat and peas on two plats near eacli other using no fertilizer
whatever the vegetation on each square is equally thrifty The conclu
sion is forced that is to say the soil is provided with both nitrogenous
matter and minerals But if the wheat be poor and yellow while the peas
continue to grow thriftily then the soil is lacking in nitrogenous matter
the dominant of wheat but contains minerals and particularly potash
which I repeat is the dominant of peas
Let us extend the field of observation Lucerne has roots penetrating to
a great depth ami draws the minerals it needs in large quantities from the
subsoil Now when lucerne thrives peas are only moderate What does
that show That the upper layers of the soil are wanting in potash and
phosphate while the lower layers are well provided witli them If the two
plants succeed equally well soil and subsoil are both provided with min
erals
You see gentlemen by instituting methodical experiments of culture
one may thanks to the exactness of the principles I have had the honor
of showing you acquire positive ideas essentially practical upon the condi
tion of a soil and learn from them the best agents to be used for certain
cropsMAY CROP REPORT1889
17
Just here there is an objection to which we must reply They say
Nothing is so variable as the soil There is no farm of any extent that
does not show several varieties of soil But how does this objection touhc
the question The help of several small trial plats gives a just understand
ing of the average of the whole farm by which you can establish a perfect
experimental field where everything affecting the different crops can be
put to a severe test
If gentlemen you doubt the reliableness of this method and you refuse
to believe that by its help you can follow and measure the gradation more
or less of the four substances you know and to which we must in the end
return A practical example will serve to show you its value The quan
tity of soil spread over an acre averages 3500000 pounds Well with 176
pounds of sulphate of ammonia containing 35 pounds of nitrogenthat is
to say one 100000ths of the whole weight of the soilyou can increase
the crop of wheat from thirteen to nineteen bushels Now what analysis
from a laboratory can give you such results
The effects from phosphate and potash are quite as decisive With 70
pounds of nitrate of potashrepresenting two 100000ths of the
weight of soilyou can raise a crop of Irish potatoes to more than 13200
pounds per acre The effect of phosphate of lime is equally as apparent in
the culture of turnips corn or sugar cane The use of 176 pounds of acid
phosphate of lime containing 26 pounds of phosphoric acid raised a crop
of sugar cane to 35000 pounds per acre I repeat what methods of abstract
science could show a parallel to this either in sensibility of methods or in
utility of practice
In 1868 I chanced to meet Prof Gail the great machinest of France
Prof Cail told me of the central mills he had located in the colonies where
the sugar industry had grown to a power until then unknown He related
among other remarkable industries created by the sugar industry that he
had been obliged to make use of a large steam fleet to go among the islands
in search of sugar cane He added that the neighboring fields were not
able to supply cane to such colossal mills One of them used 4000000
pounds of canes every year
I asked Prof Cail What do your neighboring fields grow in cane per
acre 26400 pounds said he which are worth 15000
I replied You say to feed your machines you must use a railroad
and a fleet of steamers Let me make an experiment I will manage to
bring the sugar cane to your gates and you will not seek for them at a dis
tance Instead of 26400 pounds of cane your neighbors will in favorable
seasons raise 70000 pounds per acre You will increase their revenue to
27000 What is needed to do that Thirtyfive dollars worth of fertil
izer per acre The planters will increase their gains and your profits will
be greater for if by this increase of cane crop you lengthen the working
ing season by a month more the general expenses will be the same and
your profits will increase to unexpected proportions Like all practical
men who know what it costs to make money Prof Cail replied You
are laughing at me but I will try you Send me 2000 worth of your fer
tilizer although I consider it a 2000 thrown away Two thousand dol
lars worth of fertilizer was used at Gaudeloupe The following year the
demand was for 20000 the third for 60000 the fourth year for 240000
and now fertilizer works at Arboussier on Gaudaloupe sell 400000 worth
of fertilizer This increase was accomplished in six years it began in
doubt and now the mills at Arboussier which ground forty million pounds
of cane has doubled its plant and works up 100000000 pounds This mill
had but one tall stack and now has twoone for making fertilizers and
the other for sugar making
What fertilizer was used there Chemical fertilizers exclusively How
3718
DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
long will that last I do not know The experiments were begun at
Vincennes forty years ago and at Gaudaloupe have continued six years
To be continued
CUT WORMS IN CABBAGE AND COTTON
Is there any known remedy for cut worms They are literally ruining
all the gardens in and near Knoxville I have caught as many as half gal
lon in one morning The like has never been known to me before Cab
bages ruined and they are also cutting down the cotton plants
J W Stroud
Knoxville Oa
The above inquiry was submitted to Dr L B Clifton Entomologist of
this department and the following is his reply
Hon J T Henderson Commissioner of Agriculture
Dear SirAs no specimens were sent it will be impossible for me to
say to what species the cut worms complained of belong
The cool nights we have had for the last ten days have been very favor
able for the ravages of cut worms Hot sultry weather seems to check
their increase or at least to prevent their depredations
Your correspondent says They are literally ruining all the gardens in
and around Knoxville Have caught as many as a half a gallon in one
morning Cabbages ruined and other plants being destroyed the like has
never been known to me before They are also cutting down the cotton
plants
This description rude and unsatisfactory as it is leads me to believe that
the cut worm referred to belongs to the Genus Agrotis but as I have in my
cabinet above thirty species of the Genus Agrotis it is possible only in the
absence of specimens to conjecture what particular species is doing the
damage
All that I can do is to give a somewhat general description of cut worms
and suggest such remedies as experience has proved to be best
Cut worms are caterpillars of moths belonging to the family Noctuidre
which embraces a majority of nightflying Lepidoptera There are many
hundreds of species of these moths
The true cut worm may be easily recognized from the following descrip
tion They measure when fully grown from one and a quarter to two
inches in length They have sixteen legs six true legs and ten prolegs or
proplegs They are thick in the centre gradually tapering to each end
are greasy looking and either a dingy brown greenish or gray color They
have a horny plate or collar somewhat like the corslet of a flea on the top
of the first segment and another smaller one on the last segment of the
body The head is large shiny and generally of a reddish brown color
On each of the segments are six or eight humps each having a short hair
When the caterpillar is disturbed or taken up it curls itself into a ring
Not long since I had a specimen sent me of what my correspondent
called The most savage and destructive cut worm I ever saw Now the
specimen sent was the larva of the Harpalus calignosus one of the carniv
erous beetles whose food is cut worms This larva was the friend of the
farmer was standing guard over the crop while the farmer was sleeping
and no doubt destroyed hundreds of the cut worms But as the cut worms
fed at night retreating to their holes at daylight they were notdiscovered
by the farmer while the friendly Harpalus being on the surface of the
ground as it passed from one hole to another where it killed the cut worms
38MAY CROP REPORT1889
and sucked their juices for food was discovered accused of the crime which
it was attempting to prevent and sent as a sample of a most destructive
I have also had sent me a number of specimens of the larva of the
Melanothus communis or wire worm that feeds entirely on grass and is
at least to that extent a friend of the farmer The presence of the wire
worm near where the cabbages were destroyed at night by the cut worms
caused the farmer to mistake it for the enemy that did the damage Such
mistakes are inexcusable A farmer would not allow a hand to chop out
bis cotton who did not know enough to distinguish between the cotton
weed and the grass growing near it Nor should a farmer undertake the
destruction of insects until he can distinguish his friends from his enemies
I hove even received specimens of the thousandlegged worm Julius mul
tistratus with the statement from the tanner that the enclosed cut worm
is playing havoc with my young cabbage plants
The cut worms feed only at night retreating to their boles in the ground
at the approach of daylight Their dens are generally in the immediate
vicinity of the roots of the plant or under shelter of stones laying near
Some species never come to the surface of the ground at all doing the dam
age only to that part of the plant below the surface Most of them how
ever come out of their dens at night and some of them on very cloudy
dark days and attack the young annual plants of the field or garden
destroying ten times as much as they eat If the farmer or gardener will
go into the field or garden at night and examine the plants by the light of
a lantern he will probably see hundreds of the cut worms teedmg on his
corn cotton or young cabbage plants
If the ground were plowed during the winter most ot the cut worms
would by being turned out of their warm beds below the frost line and
exposed to the cold of the surface be killed They live during winter in a
little cell in this climate about six inches below the surface where they
sleep in safety during the cold days and nights of winter When the frost
leaves the ground they ascend to near the surface and commence feeding
on the early vegetation When they obtain their full growth they again
descend into the ground where they change first into a pupa and finally
into a perfect moth There is as a general thing only one brood of cut
worms during a year and later vegetation is not attacked by them
The corn cut worm Agrotis clandestina has from time immemorial
created havoc in the corn fields during the cool nights of early spring One
of my earliest lessons on the plantation when a boy was given me by an
old darkey who was my instructor in the art of dropping corn His direc
tions were to always drop seven grains in a hill and he put it in the
shape of a lesson in rhyme
One tor the black bird and one for the crow
Two for the cut worm and three for to grow
The robin is one of the greatest cut worm destroyers among birds I
have seen the robin alight at the root of a cabbage plant or stalk of corn
and pull the cut worm out of its den The cat bird is also very fond of cut
worms Chickens uncover and eat large numbers of them Among insects
all of the Carabida family of beetles destroy them The carniverous insect
known as the Spined soldier bug hunts the young cut worms and feeds
on their juices Several species of spiders also prey upon them The most
valuable ally of the gardener is the toad The toad hunts for them at night
and its capacity to eat is astonishing Besides catching the worms at
night the toad will scratch them up out of their dens during the day time
A dozen toads in an ordinary cabbage patch would make short work of all
the cut worms
The books are full of remedies for cut worms but about the only one ot
3920
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
these from which I have seen any considerable benefit was one recom
mended by Prof Riley This is to pull a quantity of clover roll it into
balls as large as your hand sprinkle over these balls a solution of Paris
Green or London Purple and place them among the cabbage plants The
cut worms will take refuge under the balls of clover will perhaps feed on
the leaves and they will be found dead in the morning provided they eat
enough of the poison
There are two preventives either one of which will protect the com
from injury by cut worms It is too late to use these preventives during
the present year but if remembered and used next year there will be little
complaint of the corn being ruined
The first preventive is to sprinkle over each hill of corn as soon as plant
ed and covered a handful of salt On a piece of ground so badly infested
with these pests that no corn could be raised as an early crop an old cattle
pen this preventive was tried and not a single blade of corn was touched
by a cut worm while just outside of where the salt was not applied more
than twothirds of the corn was cut down
The second and cheapest preventive is to soak the seed corn in a solu
tion of sulphate of iron copperas Mix one pound of copperas with as
much water as will cover a peck of corn and allow the corn to remain in
this solution twelve hours
Last year an experiment was made on two acres of corn Onethird of
the field was planted in the usual manner the second third was treated
with the handful of salt on top the hill the remaining third was planted
with corn soaked in the copperas On the first third of the two acres great
damage was done by the worms as many as twelve cutworms having been
lound in one hill In the remaining twothirds one on which the salt was
used and the other planted with the soaked corn not a single blade was
touched by the cut worms and the corn that was soaked came up regular
and vigorous L B Clifton
KEEPING SWEET POTATOES
The following letter from Mr Peter Dalton of Woodville Ga will be
read with interest
I see in your crop report Number 113 an inquiry about keeping sweet
potatoes I do not claim that my plan will hold good under all circum
stances but I will say it has never failed with me I have a house to hill
my potatoes in I fix a foundation for a hill just as if I were going to put
them out of doors First make a bed of dry sand on which the potatoes
should be poured to the amount of thirty or forty bushels Then pour on
the potatoes dry sand until all the crevices between the potatoes are filled
up Next set dry corn stalks all around the hill then dry pine straw
then dirt enough to protect the potatoes from freezing leavingan airhole
at the top of the hill I have tried the plan for many years and never
failed to keep potatoes sound
The salient features of Mr Daltons plan are substantially included in
nearly if not all the methods of storing sweet potatoes that have been pub
lished from time to time viz Keeping the tubers dry of even tempera
ture and maintaining ventilation Filling the interstices between the
tubers with dry sand is comparatively novel as applied to the ordinary
potato hill but it may be that it is the essential feature of Mr Daltons
plan that assures success inasmuch as the dry sand or dust would act
as an absorbent of moisture that might be exhaled from the potatoes
40MAY CROP REPORT1889
21
What we want is the cheapest and most effective method of securing these
points applicable to a large crop It will be observed that our correspond
ent says nothing of the time of digging which is generally thought to be a
matter of importance
Here is another letter on the same subject from Mr James F Creel of
Bluffton Ga
You say that the problem how to keep potatoes with prac
tically uniform certainty has not yet been solved notwithstanding the
occasional publication of a plan that never fails I claim that I have
solved the problemsolved it years ago and have not lost a potato from
rot since unless it was one that was already diseased when housed The
popular idea that potatoes must be ripe when dug is fallacious and has
caused more potatoes to rot than any other one thing As you say ripe
ness is nothing more than a dormant condition as to growth caused by
drynessof the soil In a growing condition the potato can resist the attacks
of the poisonous gasses of the rich earth but when ripe or dead it im
bibes them becomes poisoned and decay sets in If potatoes could be dug
and housed as soon as mature there would be nothing wrong in the ripe
idea but it is often wet or something intervenes that causes them to lie
in the ground too long and then there is apt to be a good deal in it T
never wait for frost but dig when the potatoes are in a growing condition
or as soon as grown as shown by the failing of the vines and house imme
diately Having dug at the right time I have but two things to guard
against heat and cold I have my potato house built above ground on a
spot sufficiently raised to drain off all surface water the walls double and
space between filled in with dry grass covered with plank and floored with
planks with very open joints or latticed the floor being five or six inches
above the ground so as to permit free circulation of air The door is about
2 by 2i feet and the same from the ground and should stand open except
in severe weather There should be two or three airholes about 3x3
inches at the rear end of the house at the base which should remain open
except in the severest weather The floor is covered with a light coat of
pine straw the potatoes are put in and covered over the top with a light
coat of pine straw to prevent excessive evaporation Potatoes will not be
hurt by cold unless they freeze I would not recommend a house larger
than eight feet wide ten feet long and six feet high the potatoes to be piled
not more than five feet in height
The theory that the growing potato is proof against poisonous gases of
the rich soil while the ripe or dead potato is not so exempt is novel
to say the least He is feeling out for the true idea of the fungus which is
the attendant if not the cause of the rotting of the sweet potato as it is
believed to be in all cases of decay and decomposition of organic matter
After digging the potatoes Mr Creels plan is substantially similar in prin
ciple to that of Mr Daltons but differing widely in details and better
adapted to the saving of large crops of potatoes
TEXAS BLUEGRASS AND BERMUDA GRASS
COMBINED IN ONE PASTURE
The following letter received in reply to an inquiry addressed to Mr
Jones is exceedingly interesting
Dear Sir Yours of the 27th inst requesting some account of my trial
of Texas Blue Grass and Bermuda Grass in combination is duly received
4122
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
and in reply I ain pleased to say that the results have heen eminently
satisfactory
When I first obtained the Texas Blue I had a plot of ground infested
with Bermuda and nut grass that was but little available for anything else
so in this plot I set the blue grass roots in Marchquite late to plant the
latter It took hold however and the next spring I found the Texas
strongly contesting with the Bermuda and nut grass By the second season
the Bermuda and Texas seemed to hold about equal ground with scarcely
any nut grass to be seen Since then if not entirely extirpated the nut
grass does not show its head From this plot I dug much Texas for ship
ment and found the nuts of coco few and far between I can confidently
say therefore that the Texas Blue proves such a conquerer of nut grass
that the valuable lands now abandoned to this pestiferous plant may be
restored by the Texas to more than original value in converting them to
the richest winter and summer pastures Nothing makes denser sod than
Texas blue and starting or renewing its growth as it does in the early fall
growing through the winter and spring into early summer then covering
the entire dormant period of coco with its own season of growth so shades
and crowds it as to weaken and destroy it
Indeed we have a great acquisition in Texas blue grasscombined with
Bermuda or in separate plats alternating as they do in their main seasons
of growth they certainly furnish most excellent cheap and perpetual
pastures Its growing season is from September until May and June
remaining green during summer It is drouth and ice proof The fertile
region of Kentucky in all the beauty and splendor of her native blue grass
show no finer pastures than Texas blue gives us upon the average good lands
of Georgia and no plant has been given the Southern or cotton States that
promises them more good H P Jones
Herndon Oa April 19 1889
42Special ircular No jy
New Series f
QUESTIONS FOR JUNE CROP REPORT L889
RETURNABLE JUNE 1st 1889
Department of Agriculture
Atlanta Ga May 15 1889
Deah SirPlease answer the following questions and mail promptly
office by liwfirst da f June
ay Id reach thia
AN AVERAGE CROP or AVERAGE CONDITION or anything
with which comparison is made is always taken as 100 Thus if the
corn crop at any time is 10 per cent better than last year or 10 per cent
better than an average it should be reported as 110 in each case and if
10 per cent below these standards it should be 90 Never reporWlO
per cent better or 10 per cent worse but 110 or 90 as the case
may be Avoid vague comparisons such as as some better hardly so
good above an average etc
In making up your answers let them apply to the whole county in which you reside as
far in every direction as your knowledge may extend not simply toyour oum farm
If a crop about which questions are asked is not grown in your county use the character X
If you have not sufficient data to make an approximate estimate leave the space blank
Very respectfully
J T HENDERSON
Commissionr of Agriculture
I Fur what county do yon report County
II Your name
III Your postnice1
432 DEPARTMENT OK AGRICULTURE GEORGIA
1 CORNCondition Compared with an average percenl
J OATSYield ior prospective yield If not harvested compared with an averageper cenl
3 To what extent injured by rust percenl
4 WHEATYield or prospective yield compared with an average per cenl
5 To what extent injured by rust per Cent
6 COTTONStand June 1 compared with a perfect standper cent
7 i condition compared with an average percenl
8 SUGAR CANEStand compared with a perfect stand per cent
9 Condition compared with an average percent
10 POTATOES IrishYield or prospective yield compared with an average per cent
11 POTATOES SweetAcreage compared with an average per cent
12 RICECondition compared with an averagi percent
13 PEANUTSAcreage compared with an average percent
ll MM ONS Acreage compared with last year p i m
15 Condition compared with an average parent
li PI V BPSPercentage cl a mil crop I nl
17 APPLESPercentage of a full crop percent
is PEARSPercentage of a full crop prl t
19 GRAPES Percentage of a full crop percent
14QUESTIONS FOR JUNE CROP REPORT
Please write very plainly and in very few words See the style in which
these were printed i May Crop Report
REMARKS OR PRACTICAL INQUIRIES
Sign name hereCIRCULAR No 117 I
New Series
CROP REPORT
FOR THE MONTH OF JUNE
SHOWING
THE ACREAGE AND CONDITION OF GROWING CROPS
THE FIRST OF JUNE AND OTHER MATTERS
RELATING TO AGRICULTURE IN GEORGIA
ComnaissioKier
ATLANTA GEORGIA
Constitution Job Office
1889Circular No 117
New Series

CROP REPORT
FOR THE MONTH OF JUNE U
Returned to the Department of Agriculture June 1 1889
State of Georgia Department of Agriculture
Atlanta Ga June 8 1889
GENERAL REMARKS
A careful reading of the Notes from Corresponmdents will give
a more satisfactory idea of the general condition of the crop on the
first of June than any general summary of a few words only It is
found impracticable to print in full all that may be written by each
correspondent therefore only running extracts are given which
cover all the features of the condition thus avoiding much needless
repetition
THE WEATHER CONDITIONS
The first day of May found the farms just commencing to suffer
from dry weather A large part of the cotton crop had been planted
about 87 per cent of the whole contemplated areawhile less than
60 per cent was up leaving 40 per cent of the whole area of the
iropincluding 13 per cent not then plantedwithout any plants
up The commencement of the drought varied in different sections
from April 1 to April 23 and in some cases even earlier the average
being about the middle of April causing the latter half of April the
time during which the bulk of the crop is usually planted to be too dry
to germinate the seeds This drought continued interrupted by a few
light showers in some sections until May 27 28 29 30 when pretty
heavy general rains occurred All over North Middle and South
west Georgia the rains were abundant during these four days but
up to June 1 many counties in East and Southeast Georgia were
still needing rain the showers having been very light
49DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
COEN
The condition of this crop has fallen from 99 on May 1 to 90
owing to continued unfavorable weather particularly the want of
rain Insects particularly the bud worm have been unusually de
structive to stands in bottom lands The fields however are in good
condition as to culture and the plant is generally represented as
having a health color though small
OATS
The prospect has steadily and rapidly declined since last report
the present showing a reduction to 69 as compared with an average
condition against 98 one month ago At the latter time the crop was
at its crisis and the weather since has been almost continuously dry
The small area that was sown in the fall has contributed materially
to prevent an almost total failure of the crop It is unquestionably
the true policy for farmers to sow a considerable area in the fall
not winter reserving plenty of seed to resow if need be in Feb
ruary It seems that the fall crop is destroyed by winter freezing
no oftener than the spring crop by drouth while a successful fall
crop will as a rule greatly exceed if it does not double the yield of
a springsown crop Many who clim to have sown in the fall in
fact sowed as late as November and December In this connection
attention is directed to the remarkable results secured by Mr James
Battle as reported by Mr James A Shivers elsewhere in this bulle
tin under the head Who can beat it It may be remarked that
such a crop cannot truly be called a volunteer crop as that
term is properly applied only to a crop of grain which springs from
selfsown seed without any plowing or other preparation of the
ground There are exceedingly fine specimens of oats now in the
Department Hall the seed of whieh were sown last August in
DeKalb county To be reasonably secure against serious injury from
winter freezes oats should be sown early enough in the fall to enable
the plants to become strong and to develop a vigorous root system
WHEAT
The wheat crop is unusually good being 93 compared with an
average and these figures are probably below the real facts
COTTON
The condition of the cotton crop was critical though not alarming
oven on the first of May as has been intimated Since that date the
50JUNE CHOP RKPORT1889 5
only redeeming circumstances have been the absence of any sudden
and overpowering disaster such as flood or frost and the opportu
nity afforded farmers to get entirely clear of grass where it was pos
sible to plow The dry weather cold winds and low temperature gen
erally have retarded germination and growth and encouraged insect
depredations It is not too much to say that the cotton prospect on
June 1 was lower than it has been on the same date within at least
ten years AH of North Georgia and particularly in Middle Geor
gia there is universal complaint of poor stands and a lousy and un
thrifty condition of the plants In extreme Southwest Georgia the
crop is much better than elsewhere The fact that the crops are
clean and the soil generally in mellow condition together with the
recent rains that have fallen over the greater part of the State en
courage the hope that even yet the belated crops will spring forward
and yield abundant harvests
FEUIT
An unprecedented yield of fruit is well nigh assured as no hereto
fore known disaster can occur to destroy the crop excepting possibly
continued and excessive rains throughout the period of ripening We
have already the first fruits of the coming abundance
51DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA

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52JUNE CROP REPORT1889
NOTES FROM CORRESPONDENTS
NORTH GEORGIA
Banks May extremely dry cool and windy Light frost on 23rd
Bad stands Good season today 30 Oat crop very shortW M A
Chattooga Cotton looking well Oats damaged by drouth but a good
rain would bring them out yet Wheat goodD W R Nice rain 26th
inst No rust on stalk of wheat and filling wellW F T Cherokee
All sorts of weather in May pretty heavy frost hail 21st Good season
on 30th Rust on leaf of wheatJ J A S Gobb Oats injured by
drouth wheat by rustJ Y A Dade Oats far below averagetoo dry
but rain in a few days would probably raise them to an average Corn
looks well though smallG A R B Cabbages money crop fineMrs
J W B Peach crop best for yearsW S F Dawson Cool and dry
four weeks Honey crop best for two yearsJ C S Extremely dry
Good prospect of rain at this writingA J L Corn is small and stands
below average Cotton very poor stand Wheat low and heads short
P J C Fannin Farmers well up with the times Most of them are
alliance men and are making more and spending less Hurrah farmers
will gain the day by and byS H J All crops in fine conditionW
J W Iloyd Spring oats cut off by drought Wheat heads short and af
fected by rust Cotton seed failed to germinate well especially on clay soils
Peaches and grapes never better Applesand pears failed tosetmuch fruit
FC Forsyth Rust hasnot struckoatsasyetbutonaccountof dry weather
many will never be harvested Wheat not injured Cotton poor stand
especially on red landT L S Franklin Good rains on 29th and 30th
Bud worms killing all the young corn on bottoms1 R S Stands of
cotton very imperfect Fine rains on 29th Oats will be nearly a failure
A W Crops generally well worked and with a good rain we will beall
rightJ B McW Oilrner Best wheat and rye for years Too dry for
oats and grasses A good rain this 80thN L O Gordon Good season
on 30th June 1st slight frost but no damage Wheat good Bad stands
of cottonO H D Very dry The great need of this county is more
grass and pasturageA F H Wheat has rust on blade but for this
would be 50 per cent better than for last few yearsJ G B Owinnett
Inperfect stands of cotton The last day the date of this report bades a
slight frost tonightR D W Oats heading too low If yestersdays
rain makes them high enough the yield will probably be 100T R Ow
ing to dry cool weather a very bad stand of cotton Will some one explain
why this bug is worse on cotton in stubble land than in any otherM P
K No bug enclosed Comk Habersham Weather cold and
windy Frost this a m June 1stS J B Good rain on 29th Outlook
for oats and wheat very promisingH IT Hall The pea crop an
important one in this section will be 100 per cent What would you do
for apple trees when the leaves are turning yellow and dropping off
Answer Better cultivation and fertilization with ashes and lime
538 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
Comr Poorest stand of cotton I ever saw but farmers are pushing then
work The Alliance is doing much goodW F W Ilaralson Rain
last night and is raining now 30thH T R Hart Abundant rains
on 29th and 30th Jackson Exceedingly dry up to 20th Good
rains 29th and 30thT S J Lumpkin Very dry and cool Upland
corn good worms bad on bottoms Full fruit cropF V M Madison
Farmers very gloomy Bad stands of cotton Wheat injured and oats
nearly ruined by droughtJ T P Murray Thoroughly good seasons
on 29th and 30th H H Pickens All of last night 29th and this
morning a pouring rain has washed the land doing much good as well as
some damage Prospect encouragingB T R Polk A month of dry
weather has ruined the oat crop and the young clover and the stand of
cotton is poorCorrespondent Rabun Oat crop not forward enough
to give a prospective yield On the 4th and 23rd we had killing frosts
F A B Towns Wheat has a full stand though low and heads short
Two dry for oatsW R McC Walker Cotton stands inferior Oats
almost gone but the flue rains today 29th will help them Too dry to
plant sweet potatoesA I L White Frost on 2nd of May The least
rain and the most wind I ever sawJ B W More corn planted than
usual This county is looking upF L D Whitfleld Dry cold
weather damaged cotton Good rain May 30th Light frost this morning
No reliable laborW C R Fruit crop perfect oats a little short corn
and cotton fineP H Oats heading very low but the good rains of the
29th and 30th will improve them very much Clover and grass almost a
failure Peaches good apples light cropJ F G
MIDDLE CiEOROTA
Baldwin Stands of cotton no better now than on 1st of May Cut
worms very destructive to cotton and gardens through May Fall oats
very good spring oats very poor Corn is looking wellII L W Bibb
Condition of all crops low for want of rain Have just had fine seasons
Fall and January oats are good and largely increased acreage Landlords
sow in the fall tenants in the spring Results the first make good crops
the last failW D H J Butts Poor stands of cotton great deal planted
over and not up yet Corn looks well considering the long drouth oats a
failure Good rains yesterday 30 Wheat isgoodHC T Campbell A
light season of rain yesterday 30 but cold enough to day to sit by fire
Wheat is good oats ruined no grassJ S D Cotton and corn look well
considering the dry weatherR E W Wheat better than in four or five
years Generally the poorest stands of cotton I ever saw Apple trees
dying with blight on the fruit limbs Will the Agricultural Department
move to GriffinH N C Ans No the Agricultural Experiment Station
only has been located at Griffin of whose Board of Directors the Commis
sioner of Agriculture is exofficio PresidentComr Carroll Farms well
advancedeight or ten days ahead Cotton has died from cold winds
Oats very lowT N R Clarke Terracing is the rule on nearly every farm
54JUNE CROP REPORT1889
9
in this section Drouth broken May 20R T P Clayton We are hav
ing fine rains the first to wet the ground thoroughly for more than two
months Very sorry stands of cotton Fruit crop the best for years
A P A Columbia Stands of cotton very imperfect No rain in five
weeksJ Q S Coivcta Weather dry cold mornings no prospect of rain
Crops well worked Corn small good color Fall sown oats good Tell
farmers to plant largely of amber cane to feed to hogs horses and cows
M T S No rains of consequence hot days and cool nights Crops suf
fering though in good conditionT B P DeKalb The dry May cut
short oats and Irish potatoes and caused many to plant cotton over the
second time W H C Douglas Our county was visited by a fine rain
on the 29th and 80th Oats injured badlyJ G M A long drouth now
ended by fine rains Farmers well up For cholera in hogs boil Jerusa
lem oak and give the tea to them More mules and horses died in this
section this spring than ever before known Disease before unknown
much like colic but of longer durationB 8 S P filbert Spring oats
nearly an entire failure Cotton is eight or ten days late This morning
June 1 the thermometor is down to 44 and some frost was seen yester
day Cotton prospect quite gloomyJno D B filbert Very dry until
29th and 30th when we had good rainsD M C Oats nearly a failure
Crops well worked Good seasons now and if we can get stands of cotton
the outlook is favorableI D G Cold May has retarded the growth of
all crops Late planted cotton not yet upJ L T layette Oat crop
materially injured also wheat to some extent Corn and cotton doing well
Fine rain in last day or two A greatdeal of bottom land in this country
is turned out for want of sufficient drainage Would it not be a good idea
to urge the owners of such lands to set them in Bermuda grassQ C G
YesBermuda grass for summer and burr clover for winter would give an
all the year round pasture or productive meadow as may be desired
Comb Never heard so much complaint of bud worm Do you know of
any remedy J G P Ans Do not plant the land in corn more than
two years in succession Burn all stalks and weeds as soon as dry enough
in early winter As soon as the corn comes up in spring scrape away the
soil from each plant A very practical farmer uses ordinary steeltoothed
garden rakes for this purpose Corn planted on corn or weed land is
always most troubled by bud or wire worms Burning the corn stalks and
weeds destroys the insect before it completes its transportation into an egg
laying mothComk Green Crops unusually clean Weather very
cold to day C M S Hancock The outlook is anything but encourag
ingJ T Few potato slips put out Cotton about half a stand upH
L M Heard Good rains May 30th Very cool this morningJ B W
Henry General rains have fallen Corn small but healthy Cotton small
and keeps coming up A great many hired hands have quit and gone to
work by the dayJ M McD Cotton planted shallow and on high beds
is not doing well Many places not half a stand upF H S Jones
Dry weather alone has injured crops Crops small but clean Corn looks10
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
well but cotton sickly About onefourth the cotton is yet to conic up
li T R Just had a good season the first in six weeksJ W B Lin
coln Frost on 21st inst Xo fanner has a good stand of cotton and the
plant is smaller than ever known at this date ant some correspondent
furnish a remedy for bud wormfJ M P See answer to J G P Fay
ette CoComb McDuffie Xo rain since April 15th until the 26th of
May and that only onefourth of an inch Cut worms and bad seed re
quired first planting to be planted over and not over onefourth of the
crop up As a whole the crop is the poorest for ten years Spring oats a
complete failure Farmers are gloomy NTo cotton seed in the country to
replantA E 8 Meriwelher May 29th a line rainy day General
prospect good for all crops except oatsB S C Fall oats are fineP
M McC Monroe Corn irregular but good color Replanted cotton not
up Had frost May 3 4 and 5 Where partial showers have fallen crops
growing finelyK C T Morgan Cotton very uneven some places
looking well while others not up Crop remarkably clean to date Let
the farmeis turn over the best of their stubble lands and harrow smooth for
a crop of crab grass I have done so for several years and find that my hay
crop generally pays me better than the grainJ T X Later plantings
of cotton not yet up Worms bad on bottom landJ H G Newton
Frost on 23d gave all vegetation a sickly appearance A fine season last
night Corn and field peas good color and good stands T A W Cot
ton is not at all up yet and is much affected by drougth and cold Oats
damaged by drougth Corn is doing well Crops all clean L F L
Oglethorpe Good rains 29th and 30th High winds and coldJ T H
Since making my report we have had a frost June 1 the latest ever known
here It nipped cotton more or less in every field In low places the
stand is destroyed and some are planting over today The damage to cot
ton is estimated at ten per centR T P Crops generally clean Splendid
rain May 20thJ J G Pike Good deal of cotton not up The fine
rains of the last few days will bring it up The Alliance all over the coun
try purpose to boycott jute baggingE W 11 Stands of cotton are poor
Corn is looking finely Spanish peanuts doing well and more planted than
ever beforeJ W McC Putnam We have just had fine rains and hope
to have tine stands in a few daysO W It Rockdale Wheat is better
than for years Oats are shortW L P Frost on morning of 23d Oats
badly damaged Wheat pretty fair crop Fine rainsJ S A A great
many acres of spring oats will not get high enough to cut Wheat injured
some by rustP H W Spalding Kail outs good but not as fine as they
would have been with more rainS F G Taliaferro Stands of cotton
poorer and plant smaller than I have ever seen at thisdate Great demand
for seed Corn small but clean A moderate rain fell on 29th and 30th of
MayI X S May has been the most unfavorable known for years
Too cool and dry Xever knew the farming prospect so discouraging at
this seasonL L V Fall oats good spring oats a failureS J F lal
bot Much cotton not up Corn is well worked and has not lost anything
56JUNE CROP REPORT1889
11
Fall oats good spring a failure Fine rainsS A F Bud worms very
destructive pasturage dried up farmers gloomyD T O Troup Ex
cessive drought terminated in a good rain on 28th of May Nearly two
inches in less than twentyfour hours Spring oats are almost a failure
H H Upson Very dry for five weeks Good rains on 30th of May
T J M Walton Dry weather has given no clean crops Good rains
29th and 30thJ E N Warren No rain in May until yesterday One
third of cotton not up The prospect for a cotton crop very dimD W
R Good rain on 29th after six weeks drought Good deal of cotton not
yet upT L M Rain general in county yesterday Cotton and corn
poor things look brighter this morningJ A S Wilkes An excessive
number of windy days Probably never was a pooorer stand of cotton
Rain hardly in time to save spring oatsJ T V
SOUTHWEST GEORGIA
Baker Cotton and corn are small owing to continued dry weather
and ten days late Crops in very fine condition as to cultureR J Fall
oats pretty good winter and spring a failure Corn and cotton are small
all they need is rain No prospect of rain at this writing May 27thW
L C Berrien A four weeks drought just ended by a copious shower
Cotton bad stand but in fine condition and looking wellJ J P Late
oats a failure corn two weeks late forward cotton fine Rain today
E C P Finest peach crop ever known apples full crop pears below a
full crop We are in a destructive droughtH T P Brooks Good
rains after a seven weeks drought R I D Calhoun Corn small but
looks well cotton is in better condition than usual Farmers well up
labor plentifulF P G C hattahoochee Good rain yesterday May
30thW P F Crops of all kinds in good condition Rain badly needed
large per cent of cotton not up Outlook rather gloomyW A W
Clay Cotton and corn both small Fall oats good spring oats badly
injuredT E S All crops need rain had none since MayW T C
Colquitt Seven weeks drought broken by a fine season on 30thF J W
Crawford Good rain May30th Corn small oats half crop wheat
rusted cotton little and louzyJ W D Peach crop will be full but the
fruit small on account of overfullness and dry weather Honey crop very
fineJ W 8 Decatur Fine rains May 30th and all crops are in a
growing conditionC L P Booty Cotton bad stand and louzyS
P O Dougherty Oat crop everywhere ruined and corn has suffered
fearfully from want of rain It will require good seasons from now on to
secure anything like a full crop of cotton Nice rain on May 29th but
need moreJ S D Early No rain form the flrsttill 29th of May Good
rains since Crops are clean and ground in good condition but everything
smallD M W Houston A drought of one month ended May 29th
From onethird to onehalf thecotton seed have not come upW J A Irwin
A six weeks drought on us Corn is far behind same date last year Cotton
badly behind a great deal not planted yetbad stands when planted
5712
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
J P Bee No rain from April 24th to May 19th and none since Melons
three to lour weeks lateR P J Lowndes Six weeks without a drop
of rain Corn small but looks well Crops clean Farmers trading but
littleJ R T Macon Fine seasons since 29th ult Nights too cool
Farmers well up We all should plant our stubble lands in peas and sow
the same in wheat and oats in the fallJ B M Marion Dry cold
weather has ruined spring oats and prevented cotton from coming up and
that that came up is more unthrifty than I ever saw cotton Abundant
rains recentlyG W C M Mitchell Nothing comparatively has been
done in setting out potato slips Melon area 5 or 20 per cent larger but
the yield will be less per acre A most gracious rain last night and this
morningJ B T Muscogee Just had a shower of rain the first in 45
days Corn small cotton that is up and has been worked is doing well
C O In a radius of r0 miles there is much cotton not up and that which
is up is very small Corn also is very small But we had good rains yes
terday and crops will soon catch upL F H Randolph Cotton not
a good stand and corn somewhat injured Rains are good at this wrltting
R T C A several weeks drought has injured all crops more or less
except fruitH W K Stewart Stands of cotton better than was
reported for May but still very bad in some sections Corn small but
holding up very well in colorG W H Terrell Cotton stands bad
Fine rains on 29th and 30th Thermometer this morning 42 degrees Cotton
louzyJ T A All fall oats are line but spring are poor We have poor
stands of cottonH C H Ihomas Just had a good rain the first in
1 weeksE L N Webster No rain since the first of May till night of
28th Crops well worked and free from grass Corn small but healthy
and growing Wheat good fall oats fair yield spring oats a failure
J P W Wilcox Some have not been able to get a stand of cotton
Never saw better fruit prospects D P McC Worth Six weeks without
rain Oats cut short corn very small and cotton louzy and poor stand
Crops well cultivatedW A II Everything suffering for rain none
since 1st of May Not more than 75 per cent of a stand of cotton Fruit
generally falling off Parched corn cures all sorts of hog cholera for me
every timeW W P
BAST GEORGIA
Bullock Many acres of cotton still in the ground I have been told by
a genlteman cl seventy years that common gourd seed placed in a mole
run will kill them or cause them to leave the fieldJ A M Bud worms
very bad on corn poor stands of cotton all crops small Very dry
C A S Burke On account of the existing drouth potatoes can hardly be
reckoned as part of the growing crop at this dateJ B J Dodge Cotton
not doing well Fine rain on the 30th and everything revived Crops
clean and very promisingD W B Emanuel All crops unusually clear
of grass About ten per cent of cotton not yet planted Peaches the finest
crop for years Apples almost a failure caused by blight or insect in
58JUNE CHOP REPORT1889
13
budW R K Very dry and farmers are cleaning their crops nicely
E W L Olascock Six weeks drouth Poor stands of cotton and good
portion not plantedS K Jefferson Poorest stands of cotton in years
Corn small for the season but stands good Fruit crop excellentS M C
Twentyfive per cent of cotton not up and will not come up until it rains
Rains this week very partialH L B In my last report May I said
the cotton crop was the poorest I ever saw it has not improved to this
time Not a potato slip set out yetThos H Not a season of rain since
April 14th About half stand of cotton Almost no field peas planted
Prospects quite gloomyA E T Laurens May 81 A few showers this
week the first general rain since April 15 Now so cold it is doubtful if
cotton comes up before it is again too dry Corn good stand small but
healthyJ T C Montgomery Corn very small No rain in portions of
the county for six weeks Onehalf the cotton is not yet upG M T McL
Cotton doing badly owing to drought Corn is suffering greatly Gardens
burned upT F W Pulaski No rain for five weeks Now moderate
seasons but cold enough today for fire Fall oats a fair crop spring oats
poor as they are nine times out of tenS W B Richmond No rain
from April 25th to May 27th when we had 075 inches hail and rain
Prospects good for rain Frequent showersA W R Framers up with
work and wishing for rain Day hands have been put to it to get work
Cotton very backward corn very promisingJ M Mc N Screven In
the midst of a disastrous drought of seven weeks Cotton not more than
half up and dying Corn very bad stand on account of bud worms and
rather late to replant Gardens literally dried up and Irish potatoes a total
failure Spring oats almost total failureE B G Tatnall Drought of
forty daysJ S L Tefair No rain since May 1st Light shower on
29th and another today 30 Very poor stands of cotton Corn very small
and turning yellow Fruit is shriveling and falling Prospects very
gloomy W F W Twiggs Six weeks drought Some cotton yet to
paint and much not yet germinatedF D W Washington Very dry
but crops clean and in good conditionJ C H Wilkinson No general
rain since April 28th until May 29th hence poor stands of cotton Corn
small but in good condition and fine stands Pears injured by blight
Jas A M
SOUTHEAST GEORGIA
Bryan The severest drougth I ever saw in the spring Prospects for
all crops is discouragingP W W Camden All crops Will suffer from
drougth if we dont get rain soonJ K Charlton All crops two weeks
late caused by six weeks droughtA D Clinch The cold winds cold
nights and drought has injured all crops except cane The drought helped
melonsL C M No rain since April 15th except very light showers
Cotton twenty days late Some complaint of grasshoppers in cornM T
Coffee June 1 The drought through April and May injured oats twen
tyfive per cent Corn in good condition Crops all late but look well
5914
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
Farmers should plant chufas and peanuts as soon as oats are harvested
Plant on dark nights for a good yieldJ B P To day May 30 is the
first rain since April 14 Crops clean growth somewhat retardedJ B
Eehoh Grasshoppers have appeared in great numbers and are eating the
corn and cottonJ T JSffingham May 30 Very dry since May 1st
until yesterday when light rains fellA F R Worms have been more
destructive this season than I have ever known destroying stands of all
plants All crops backward and suffering for rainC A J 8 No rain
since 8th of April and all crops are sufferingO E S Olynn Going on
seven weeks drought which has cut off all crops Home high and sandy
lands are a total failureJ K F Liberty Very little rain since March
Crops that are up and have been well cultivated are growing finely A
great deal of seed still in the ground Your crop report for May is full of
instructive matterJ A M K Farmers much discouraged on account
of failure to get stands of cotton J D Pierce Crop stands poor on
account of dry weather Bain much needed J H G Ware Very dry
now and for a long time1 M 8 Wayne Crops are all at least thii to
days late on account of cold and excessively dry weatherW H 1
A FEW INQUIRIES
Is there any remedy for lice on cotton if so what is it
i W D Webster county
Answer There is no remedy that can be applied by the farmer that
would not cost more than the probable value of the damages inflicted by
lice Preventive measures are 1 Not planting too early on land subject
to lice 2 Liberal fertilizing part in drill with seed and good culture
The hot sun generally comes to our relief before the cotton is permanently
injured
GRUB WORMS
What will prevent grub worms from destroying young plants B F C
Bandolph Co
Ans No preventive has been discovered so far as known The protec
tion and encouragement of insectiverous birds most of the songsters as
the natural enemies of nearly all insects is the only remedy The grubs
make beetles after living in the earth four or five years For every beetle
destroyed you prevent not less than one hundred grubs A young jay bird
it is said will consume twenty average sized grubs every day to say noth
ing of those consumed by the parents Save the birds and the birds will
save your gardens fields and orchards
FERTILIZER FOR COTTON PINE STRAW AND CANE BAGASSE
1 What is the best fertilizer for cotton
2 Is there any substitute for carbon hydrogen and oxygen that we can
raise on a farm
GOJULY CROP REPORT1889
15
The amount of crop so grown compared with that grown with the com
plete fertilizer gives an exact measure of the fertility of the soil Such
analyses of soil by plants are absolutely true and are to be relied upon
Do you wish an example of this I will borrow one from the experi
ment field of Vincennes Compare and reflect upon these five proofs
Crops grown per Bushels per
acre in 1864 acre
Complete fertilizer50
Complete fertilizer without lime48
Complete fertilizer without potash36
Complete fertilizer without phosphate31
Complete fertilizer without nitrogenous matter17
Soil without fertilizer14
This experiment is now 1887 continued without change since it was
first begun in 1864 and still shows the same marked contrasts
Q I acknowledge that your method is ingenious and practical but it
seems to me very slow and very complicated I doubt farmers ever being
willing to devote time to such experiments which to be of practical use
must be done in a series of six or seven at the same time and receive no
benefit from them for at least five or six months and even a year for some
A A moments reflection will give you a more just appreciation of the
method What objection can you raise against a method of investigation
based on experiments in growing crops Its slowness But do you not
see that thanks to the ideas I open to you every thing around you helps
you to foresee what the result will be If lucerne succeeds on one part of
your soil and grows badly or not at all on another part this proves after
what I have told you about the superior function of potash for lucerne
that the subsoil of one part of your land contains the potash that is lacking
on the other spot where lucerne failed
On another spot where peas and beans flourish lucerne partly fails This
contrast shows that the upper soil which the roots of peas and beans do
not pass through is provided with potash and the subsoil where lucerne
roots grow best is lacking in potash
On the fourth square where wheat is sown with but little fertilizer and
lodging is quick there is certain proof the soil contains nitrogenous matter
These first experiments greatly simplify experimental cultures or give the
opportunity to suppress two or three terms of the fertilizer
But in spite of their usefulness they are not sufficiently exact to serve as
a practical guide Small experimental plots must be kept continually and
systematically How can three or four little squares of two or three yards
each interfere with the cultivation of the regular crop
Agriculture like a battle requires decision judgment and unfiagging
attention to the minutest details What would you think of a mariner
who did not daily observe the variations of the barometer the deviations
of the compass and who would neglect to change the position of the ves
sel by observation of the stars You would think him a very poor sea
8516
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
let no other animals run on it in summer If intended for hay of course
no stock will be allowed to run on it after harvesting the oats The first
year one or two light crops will be available the chief returns will occur
in the second year when two crops may be cut for hay one in May and
one in July according to seasons and then the clover must be permitted
to make a crop of seed It is said that in the South after one full crop of
seed has been permitted to mature and fall to the ground the land will not
require reseeding afterwards For hay clover should not be cut while wet
with dew or rain Cut for an hour or two in the morning after 9 oclock
spreading as thinly as may be in two or three hours turn over the clover
lightly with forks or a tedder Before dew falls in the afternoon let it be
hauled to the barn or if not sufficiently cured put in small cocks four feet
high to remain until next afternoon then open and haul to the barn Do
not try to handle cured clover hay while dry It is best not to let it cure
so dry at one exposure to the sun that the leaves will fall off It is said
that clover hay is sufficiently cured when the fleshy stems will not exude
moisture when twisted between the finger and thumb I do not advise
that a crop of clover be either turned under or permitted to decay on the
soil for the purpose of enriching the land if the farmer can possibly utilize it
for stock food It does not pay to manure land with such valuable stock
food Feed the clover to stock and apply the manure to the land
EXPERIMENT FIELDS
Lecture Delivered by Prof George Ville by Invitation
from the Royal Agricultural Society at Brussels
Continued from May Crop Report
The more extended my studies and as my relations with the agricultural
world increase the more convinced I am that it is due to the use of Exper
iment Fields if the ideas with which we are now occupied have become
simple and so evidently practical that all the agricultural world can receive
the benefits of science They never lead those who study them into error
and their proofs are so plain that they always end in triumphing over the
most systematic opposition from those who doubt their usefulness
If gentlemen you find I have become in a measure an authority on
these subjects believe me and multiply experiment fields which the Ital
ians rightly call proof fields give every primary school one of its own
and have all model farms and experiment stations well suppled with them
A few rods of soil are sufficient for primary schools For this purpose I
particularly advise parallel cultures of wheat and Irish potatoes The fields
of a station should respond to higher claims and act as instructors to a
large scope of country
Four parallel cultures of wheat beets Irish potatoes and peas show in a
striking manner the absolute necessity of varying the composition of the
62JUNE CROP RKPORT18811
17
fertilizer for each one of these crops not only as to the number of sub
stances used but the relative proportions of each one This throws into
bold relief the fruitful yet ill understood idea even among scientific men
of the dominantsthe necessity of varying the composition of the fertilizer
according to the nature of the plant These plants give practical proofs of
this necessity and not only this but they also give valuabe indications of
the resources of the soil in relation to character of fertilizer employed for
the principle cultures of the country An experiment field of this impor
tance not only awakes the curiosity of the people and provokes discussion
but induces them to make experiments of their own which are continually
in comparison with those of the station There is nothing to be feared
from discussion or comparison of experiments Is not life an endless dis
cussiona strife without ceasing When a discussion is about the facts of
an experiment they are constantly produced as witnesses inducing a con
tinuation of experiment and gradually bringing about the desirable union
of science and practi e And all this is the fruitful results of experiment
fields
Have you made every effort in your power for the benefit of your agri
cultural interest I would have you realize the grand truth that agricul
tural interests are superior to industrial interests and never forget that
they are the foundation of all other industries
I regret not having with me the statistics I hoped to bring to show you
how true is the popular belief that agriculture is the life o the people In
inviting you gentlemen to study for yourselves new truths of the science
of today I call on science to aid me and by use of one of its most recent
conquests one apparently without any relation to the soil I hope to dem
onstrate clearly to you the predominance of agricultural over industrial
interests For many years it has been the general belief that as natural
phenomena affect our different senses in different ways they must arise
from seperate and independent causes But a more attentive analysis has
ended by showing that under this apparent diversity there are in reality
but two terms as the true source of all these phonomenamatter and
movement which are never lost yet always changing Now it is by help
of this abstract idea that I will establish the preeminance of agricultural
interests over industrial interests Here are my proofs
When two bodies combine there is always production of heat More
than this the quantity of heat disengaged is constant and invariable in
relation to the weight of the bodies put in motion If you try to undo the
combination and bring the elements back again to their original form you
must restore to them the exact quantity of heat they threw off On the
other side heat having power to produce movement and the movement
power in its turn to change itself into mechanial effort the result is that
a knowledge of the quantity of heat emitted or absorbed serves as an exact
measure of the amount of effort the work of combination or of decomposi
tion produced I burn this blade of wheat There is an emission of heat
Why Because the wheat had absorbed and rendered latent in its substance
6318 DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTUREGEORGIA

the heat and light of the sun without which absorption it would have
been powerless to reduce the carbonic acid of the air and appropriate its
carbon Vegetation is in fact the chosen instrument for the absorption and
storing up of the light and heat of the sun
This first point admitted what mechanical effort does nature put forth
in annually utilizing an acre of soil The equivalent of 15 days steam
power But how much latent power estimated in steam power does the
crop grown on an acre contain of which the sun had paid all the costs
The equivalent of a 3000 steam power What becomes of the 3000 steam
power It passes into a state of heat and movement and under this new
form serves to nourish our organs so that we may have the use of our
functions and exercise our faculties Another part serves for the production
of animal food for animals could not live without the heat they receive
from their food Even the decay of vegetable matter assists in the har
monious exchange established between our planet anil the rest of the
universe by throwing off in decomposition heat which modifies the losses
the earth sustains in this respect
Now if a capital invested in a 3000 steam power is sufficient to utilize an
acre of soil tell me what industry with such a small capital can give such
results This result cannot be denied The conclusion is forced No
other interest can compare with agricultural interest
Mankind has in the past commanded dead forces We are now learning
to command life by better regulating and governing the influences which
affect the conditions of individuals and even of nations So soon as it is
demonstrated that you can regulate at will the fertility of the soil and the
products springing from it the marketable amount of food product will be
increased to unexpected quantities If you double the harvests of a coun
try what a change comes to the life of its people They live better public
faith is good and the moral standard is raised Agriculture then regains her
supremacy
The greatest service man can render his fellow beings is to contribute
to the general progress Agriculture affects all our interests and is in its
turn affected by the political conditions of a country Economic legisla
tion taxes duties costs and facilities of transportation etc are all condi
tions influencing agriculture for good or for evil But above all these con
ditions is one taking the lead of all others and that is the act of creation
involved in the growth of a plant What is to be gained by facility of
transportation if you are ignorant of the conditions assuring abundance of
harvest and cheapness of production
There are no two methocs of accomplishing this there is but one And
that is to spread broadcast through the country practical and correct ideas
upon the nature of the agents which vegetation sets at work and cause the
people to clearly understand the truth so poorly understood that it takes
good fertilizers to make profitable crops Nothing can rival Experiment
Fields in accomplishing this object An Experiment Field is the most
eloquent of professorswithout passion or prejudice It is the disin
04JUNE CROP RfiPORT4889 19
terested organ of nature in its fullest activityteaching practical rules for
regulating the nature and amount of harvest
In urging you to multiply these modest creations I call upon you to
consult them whether on a large or small scale make them a guide to the
people I believe I thus place at your service the most fruitful idea science
has conceived for forty years and thus continue in this way the main
object of my life
WHO CAN BEAT IT
On the 22nd of May Mr James Battle had a tine field of oats harvested
the best I have seen the heds being long and well filled The field on
which the crop was grown was seeded to oats five years ago After cutting
the oats each year he planted it in peas and gives them two plowings
After the peas are gathered he turns his stock on the field until January or
February The volunteer oats have made good crops four successive years
without sowing a seed He lives only a mile from me and I have seen the
field in all its stages He says he will make twenty to twentyfive bushels
per acre James A Shivers
Warrenton Ga
TALL OAT GRASS
The following letter and the reply of the Commissioner is interesting as
illustrating how the merits of a plant may force themselves on the observa
tion of farmers
Hon J 1 Henderson
I enclose a head of grass which I would be pleased to learn if it is known
to the Department of Agriculture as it astonishes all who see it This
grass was brought to this country in about the year 1850 by a tourist who
found it growing wild on an island in the Pacific Ocean It is perennial
and evergreen can be grazed the year round forms a strong turf the
roots run down to a depth of two feet it resists the severest droughts and
remains green during the coldest weather the stems grow to the height
of five feet in moderate upland soils when the seed are plowed under as
wheat and oats a crop of seed will be produced the following year it has
heavy foliage and is much relished by stock etc
If desired I will send a bunch for examination and will gladly answer
all inquiries I D Hudgins
Sugar Hill Hall Co Ga
Answer The grass is what is commonly known as tall oat grass the
botanical name of it being Arrhenatherum avenaceum It is widely distri
buted over the world having been cultivated for centuries in Europe and
was brought to this country in New England about one hundred years
ago The history you give of that described by you is doubtless correct
but its first introduction into this country and even into the South dates
far back of 1850 It is one of our best perennial grasses Your description
of its habits etc is very accurate agreeing with that in the books as well
6520
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
as with my own observation You can buy the seed of any of our secdmen
at about 22o per bushel of eleven pounds It is sometimes called ever
green grass because it continues green even after the seeds have ripened
and fallen out Seed may be sown in March or April and the grass mown
the same season It is a valuable grass and I am glad you have discovered
its value without knowing what it is You and your neighbors need not
hesitate to cultivate the tall oat grass
PEAR BLIGHT
BY JOHN P CAMPBELL Ill D PROFESSOR OK BIOLOGY IN THE
UNIVERSITY OF GEORGIA
If it is possible to draw any general conclusions from the statements of a
small number of prominent fruit growers it may be said that up to the
present time at least pear blight has not been so prevalent and the losses
due to it not so great as in former seasons
Mr J D Husted Vineyard Ga writes I have about 400 trees in an
orchard three to five years old with no appearance of the disease as yet
Mr W WThompson Smithville Ga writes I have some four or
rive thousand of the Le Conte and Keifler pear tree and about two thous
and in bearing this seasoil up to this time no blight on any of them
Mr T E Blackshear Thomasville Ga writes This spring the trees
were three weeks late in bearing but they put out the largest bloom ever
known and seemed perfectly healthy until the fruit set when the spurs
having the fruit began to turn black and die It began in my orchard on
one tree and spread all over that tree and then all over the orchard and it
is still spreading but not so fast as it was two or three weeks ago If this
goes no farther and I am inclined to believe the worst is over I shall have
a pretty fair crop of fruit
Mr G H Miller Rome Ga writes We have had no blight on our
place since we came to Rome
Hon Felix Corput Cave Spring Ga writes Every Bartlett tree on
my place has been more or less affected Have lost about two out of five
The Duchess Winter Nelis Lawrence and Flemish Beauty right along
side of them have shown no sign of blight Of the Le Contes have had
blight on three out of twentyfive trees none of them has died
Mr L L Varnedoe Thomasville Ga writes The loss is considerable
in some orchards It commences here and there and progresses more or
less over the orchard on bearing trees It is a hundred times worse on the
Bartlett and Howell and similar pears than it is on the Le Conte and Keif
fer I am not discouraged in pear growing however
From the foregoing and other communications of a similar nature it
seems evident that the loss for the present year is not very extensive
although percentages cannot well be given It can be very positively stated
however that the almost absolute certainty of its appearance even though
6611NE CROP REPORT1889
21
in a mild form has made pear culture much less general than otherwise it
would lie
The phenomena of pear blight are only too familiar to fruit growers
Isolated leaves may turn black while the branch remains healthy but
more commonly the leaves near the tip of the branch blight first and then
it runs down toward the main trunk the leaves turning black and the bark
shrivelling A thick fluid exudes from the parts affected If not checked
this may extend over the whole tree the usual result being death
The two questions of absorbing interest to fruitgrowers are 1st What
is the cause of the disease 2d How can it be cured
A survey of the literature shows that various theories have been and are
still held as to the cause of pear blight It began to attract attention dur
ing the last century and much has since been written about it Its earliest
appearance so far as known to me was in New York State in 1794 It was
then described as the work of an insect borer It 1843 it was stated that it
is due to an insect but also to the overpowering rays of the sun and to
surfeit due to over manuring or too much pruning Many still believe
these to be causes of the disease while others regard themonly as favor
ing conditions Blight is specially apt to develop when an early spring is
followed by a sudden cold and this fact has led many to believe that the
real cause is the freezing or stagnation of sap This is the view most com
monly held by Georgia fruit growers and it seems to be supported by
many facts
While many of the popular theories contain valuable truths it cannot be
said that any one of them is in any sense an explanation of the rationale
of the disease The insect theory is not supported by the facts The idea
that sap is frozen cannot be sustained because pear trees blight wftere there
is no frost In fact the view that any direct chemical changes in sap cause
the disease must be given up because it furnishes no explanation of the
fact that it begins at the tips of the young branches and progresses so slowly
toward the main trunk
It was not until July 1880 that the solution of the problem was under
taken with modern methods and appliances and in accordance with mod
ern scientific ideas At this time Prof T J Burrill of Ubana 111 began a
careful study inoculating the bark of healthy trees with pieces of diseased
bark In this way he succeeded in producing the disease in a large num
ber of healthy trees
Making a microscopic examination of the diseased portions of the tree
and the gummy exudation he found constantly present large numbers of
minute organisms which he regarded as the cause of the disease These
belong to the class of Bacteria and resemble in many respects the germs
which cause various diseases of animals
Prof Burrills work was not very convincing Many points were left
open and many objections were not answered He did not gain many
converts and his work was not generally accepted but to him must be
given the credit for having taken the first steps leading to the true solution
of the problem
Prof J C Arthur in the reports of the New York Experiment Station
has published several articles which confirm the views of Prof Burrill
His work was done with great caiv and accuracy and carries conviction
with it The full details of his work cannot be given in the space which
this article must occupy but the points which he established are briefly
as follows
6722
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
1st He filtered the exudation through a tine filter and then could not
produce blight by inoculating healthy trees The unfiltered exudation
always produced it The only thing which could have been kept back by
the filter is the germs and this gives almost positive proof that the dis
ease is not due to a soluble poison but to a germ To be still more certain
he cultivated the germs in various culture media and found that the sixth
culture would produce the disease
2d This germ somewhat resembles the ordinary Bacterium lermo but
the two are not identical for Bacterium Termo injected into the trees pro
duces no blight There is then a specific germ to which blight is due
3d Prof Burrill did not show how the bacteria entered the tree but
Prof Arthur succeeded in showing that it was at the tips of the young
branches on the delicate surface tissues of expanding buds After entering
the tree there is a latent period of about month before the disease becomes
conspicuous
Prof Arthurs work is generally accepted by scientific men It is thor
oughly reasonable and inaccord with what we know of the action of germs
in producing disease so that the problem must be regarded as practically
solved
As to remedies it must be admitted that but little can be said Certain
conditions should be observed Especially should the trees not be forced
by high cultivation Many remedies have been tried Sulphur lime car
bolic acid and other things have been recommended but they are of no
value because they cannot reach the seat of the trouble What the future
may show as to the possibility of preventive inoculation it is impossible to
say So far as I know this has not yet been attempted Our present
knowledge justifies but one method of treatmentthe prompt removal of
every blighted limb a considerable distance below the diseased point Split
ting the bark some distance farther is also recommended The removed
part should be carefully burned since experiments show that the germs
may remain alive a long time and thus cause the disease in a following
season
Athens Ga May 31 1889
68CIRCULAR No 118 I
New Series
CROP REPORT
FOR THE MONTH OF JULY 1889
SHOWING
THE ACREAGE AND CONDITION OF GROWING CROPS
THE FIRST OF JULY AND OTHER MATTERS
RELATING TO AGRICULTURE IN GEORGIA
AND FINAL REPORT OF
INSPECTIONS ANALYSES AND STATISTICS OF
COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS
FOR THE SEASON OF 188889
Commissioiiei
ATLANTA GEORGIA
Constitution Job Office
1889
Circular No 118
New Series
CROP REPORT
FOR THE MONTH OF JULY 1889
Returned to the Department of Agriculture July 1 1889
State of Georgia Department op Agriculture
Atlanta Ga July 8 1889 j
THE WEATHER
No general seasons covering simultaneously the entire State had
occurred at date July 1 although heavy and frequent rains had
fallen in most of the counties during the last week or ten days of
June and in some sections the seasons have been continuously good
since the spring drouth was broken about the last of May The
rainfall throughout the month was abundant but not equally dis
tributed In some counties in East and Southeast Georgia the crops
were still suffering on account of dry and cool weather
CORN
The general condition of the corn crop has improved two points
since June 1 rising from 90 to 92 the condition being lowest in East
Georgia
In some counties correspondents report the crop as unusually fine
while in othersnotably in Baker countythe crop is reported as
injured very seriously by drouth The crop on the whole is in good
condition having been well cultivated and the seasons were good
The low figures refer rather to lateness of the crop than to any im
paired vigor or other irremedial defect
COTTON
The word spotted expresses most graphically the condition of
the cotton crop throughout the State The range between the ex
73DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
tremes of size of the plants is even greater than it was a month ago
The weather has been fairly favorable to the healthy growth and
development of the plants that were up and growing on the first day
of June But a very considerable part of the seed sown were still
in the ground at the latter date and some farmers were not through
chopping out the late cotton on the first of Juy In some coun
ties the condition of the crop is entirely satisfactory some corres
pondents being enthusiastic in their reports while others say that
a full yield is impossible even with perfect conditions in the future
It is difficult to indicate in figures the exact condition of the crop
or even an approximation to it The best that can be done is to
give the average of several hundred reports ranging all the way
from 60 in Monroe and Screven 62 in Brooks 65 in Baldwin
Dawson Screven etc to 90 in Banks Pickens and Clay 100 in
Forsyth Dooly Lowndes Muscogee and Worth and 110 in Terrell
The low condition refers first to defective stands and next to small
size A very defective stand after June 1 is practically without
remedy small size of plants or backwardness of growth can only
be overcome by continuously good conditions of seasons including a
late fall
Compared with the crop of 1888 the condition and prospect of the
present crop is five points lower at this date The table shows at a
glance the comparative condition of the leading crops compared with
that of June 1 1889 and July 1 1888CONSOLIDATED CROP REPORT FOR JULY 1889By Sections
Wheat Oats Clover and Grass Compared with an average pronpect 0 condition and
5 3 u B o3 a 5 u 5
SECTIONS a A 1 a o3 t B 3 1 a g S3 a CO
OS ft a o s ft 3 S a aj t S3 P O o 2 t en 22 p g o o 2 6 0 0 0 a 0 0 0 u 0 CO J O O cs 0 Ph 0 t CO 90 87 a 53 0 03 il3 82 90 3 0 S 89 89 f 0 A 0 03 Ph 103 109 ra OJ ft 81 74 OJ ft C3 5
91 88 8 8 8 73 15 10 83 86 79 80 96 98 79 88 85 97
100
89 7 66 10 75 89 93 88 77 77 92 85 113 100 103
85 7 74 11 85 79 85 81 73 66 82 86 116 73 91
81 9 87 88 91 77 86 78 105 79 93
Average for the State July 1 Average for the State July 1 Average for the State June 1 89 8 7f 11f 83 83 92 90 81 79 87 85 110 81 97
fi 4 fl 8f isr 94 88 91 92 91 95 98 88 33 62 92
94 91 89 90 78 1 90 89 100 79 97
d
t1
o
Si
C
o
wDEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
NOTES FROM CORRESPONDENTS
NORTH GEOBGIA
Banks Fine rains crops well worked and the outlook is promising in
every respectW J B Chattooga Heavy rains oats ripe but not cut
W F T Cherokee Drouth in April and May plenty of rain in June
but it has been too cool especially of nights for cottonM S P Cobb
Cold spring caused bad stands of cotton Oats injured by drouthJ Y A
Dade No wheat threshed yet but it will average about ten bushels per
acre Wet weather has rotted early peachesG A R B Dawson
Something like black rust on cotton is doing much damage Plenty of rain
and corn looks wellJ C S Wheat injured by rust corn small but
looks well Cotton bad stand and smallP J C Fannin Fine sea
sons thus far and crops are looking wellS H Jr Floyd Ground wet
and crops growing fastN C L Owing to the dry spring the low bot
toms have all been planted in corn causing an unusually large areaJ P
McC Abundant rains and all crops are growing rapidlyJ L J For
syth Very few oats harvested and none threshed The average yield
per acre will be about sixteen bushelsT L S Franklin Been dry but
a good rain on the 28th and crops are now looking wellJ B D McW
Gilmer Corn is very small for the seasonL T Gordon Neither wheat
nor oats have yet been threshed therefore can only estimate the yieldJ
G B E Crops have materially improved during the month Heavy
rains and overflowsO H D Gwinnett Too much rain now for crops
to do well Grass is abundant all over the fieldsM P K Drouth lice
and cold have injured cotton badly and it will require good seasons and a
late fall to make an average cropT R Habersham Plenty of rain
since May 29th Cotton poor stand on account of drouth Coin fifteen
days late but has good color The best fruit crop ever knownA H
Haralson Heavy recent rains have injured bottom land crops Oats
fine cotton beginning to improve upland corn goodJ W B Farm
ers somewhat behind with their work on account of too much rain during
the last weekH T R Hart Crops in good condition and a good sea
son on the 28thB B P Jackson Good rains on 27th and 28thJ J
Madison Corn prospect is the best for several yearsJ F P Murray
The June rains have greatly improved the crops of corn oats and cotton
on uplandH H Paulding Wheat damaged by rust Not a good
stand for cotton and it is damaged by lice Heavy rain this morningP
P MeB Pickens Abundance of rain Wheat and oats injured ten per
cent by rust Cotton is two weeks late but the stands are good and the
crop is pulling to the frontB T R Polk Rains almost continuous for
a week retarding work in the cotton and injuring oats Corn never looked
betterJ O W The cold nights and dry weather then heavy rains all
together make the crops unpromising Cotton is small and sorryS M
76JULY CROP REPORTIf
H B Rabun Grapes killed by frost and melons late Clover and grass
parched Too dryE S Towns Needing rain very cool morn
ings 24th and 25th Corn is small but well workedJ N G Wheat
short stalked and short heads but well filled Oats pretty goodM J B
Union Corn looks very bad owing to cold spring and bud worms All
other crops are goodE F P White The prospect was never better for
a good corn cropF L D A good season last night and today J B W
WhUfteld Drought has cut off hay oats etc Scuppernong grapes sound
other kinds have rottedW C R
MIDDLE GEORGIA
Baldivin A part of the county has not had a good rain since the first of
April Stand of cotton very badH C V Good rains in places have
improved cropsZ S B Bibb Weather is now favorable for all crops
B T R Crops free of weeds and grass but need rainW IX H J No
complaint as to corn and very little as to cotton and both crops are very
clean The peach apple melon and grape crops are the best for yearsB
L J Butts Corn is good and early cotton where it has been worked is
also goodT G P Campbell Cotton has blight again somewhat ear
lier than last year Some call it rust it should be analyzedJ J B Cot
ton injured by rain The plant is small and looks unhealthyH N C
Grass grass grass If the rains continue much longer cotton is gone
Oats nearly ruined by wet weatherJ J S Seasons good through June
and farmers hopefulJ S D Toomuch rain Cotton stands poor plants
small and fields grassy Corn looks wellF H S Clayton Corn pros
pect is very flattering Cotton is not so goodW P J Fine rains and
corn growing rapidlyA P A Columbia Cotton is four weeks late
S C L Late rains have caused a marked improvement in all crops and
they are generally clean and growing rapidlyJ Q S Coiueta It is
raining now July 1 and has been too wet to plow for many days The
grass is spreading itself Crops growing fastW A S Excessive rains
have fallen during the month of JuneW F S Corn is fine cotton
smallF A P DeKalb In consequence of very wet June the skill of
our farmers is seriously taxed to keep their crops moderately free from
grass The corn crop where kept clean is as promising as I have seen in
many years Wheat and oat crops good Cotton small and backward
except that planted in March and early in AprilP L H Douglas
Good seasons to date and crops well workedW H N Elbert Sea
sons goodJ D G Fayette The prospect for corn and cotton is good
and farmers are well up with workT D H Plenty of grass from late
rains but the outlook for corn and cotton is favorableI G W Fulton
Good seasons so far and the prospects are good for large crops More
grass sown than usualG M F Greene A splendid rain fell yesterday
Crops in fine condition and promising wellJ M G Seasons favorable
Cotton three weeks late Corn fineA N A Too much rain Cotton
grassy M 8 Hancock Rains have been partial Some localities8
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
without rain until yesterday since AprilH N M Good rains yester
day and everything is now getting on wellJ W C Heard Crops
have become grassy quicker than I ever saw them Poor stands of cotton
Farmers are arranging to make hay of all grass that comesJ B W
Henry Seasons are good Cotton a little late First blooms on the 20th
J A C W Lincoln We have had fine rains and all crops are flourish
ing although there are some complaints of grassJ M D McDuffie
Cotton and corn are two weeks behind last year with inferior stands of
cotton No chance for a full csop of cottonA E S Meriwether Oats
ruined by drouth Cotton is in good condition but the stand is defective
J W Monroe Frost on the last of May and first of June Rains very
partialK C T Morgan The cool spring has caused the cotton to be
three weeks late The rains have been fine lately Grass plenty and if
rains continue cotton will be still laterG D P Cotton small and clean
about three weeks late Some places very poor standsG S H Newton
Prospect good for full crops of corn peas and sweet potatoes Cotton small
but is now growing finely and we are having good rainsT H W Cot
ton has not recovered from the effects of the cold unfavorable springthe
poorest prospect for yearsL F L Oglethorpe Rainy weather and
plenty of grassJ T H Plenty of rain Weather favorable Some
crops grassyC A S Pike Crop prospects never better Everything
including fruit is goodJ A W M The heavy rains for the last ten
days are putting farmers behind Corn is fineE W R Putnam
Weather fine and grass enough to keep all labor busyJ T D Rock
dale Seasons are good Corn is fine Cotton small but healthy and
growingJ S A Crops generally well worked andlooking well although
smallP H W Spalding The poor stand of cotton is the great draw
backS F G Talbot Good rains and crops are greatly improved
Farmers are cheerfulW H E Taliaferro Fine growing seasons
Cotton stands still poorL L V Splendid seasons and crops in good
condition Cotton is irregular but promising Never saw better crops of
cornS J F Troup Cotton very spottedH H C Walton Fine
seasons and all crops doing well Cotton is smaller than usual and the
stand is not goodJ M G Warren Condition of crops good Cotton
twenty days late Corn is goodJ A S Cotton small and stand bad
Big rain yesterdayD W R Wilkes Working will be much later this
year on account of backwardness of cottonJ T W
SOUTHWEST GEORGIA
Baker Good rains since 21st Cotton is late but doing well Corn cut
oft by drouthR J Berrien Frequent showers in past few days orn
and cotton growing nicely Melon crop short but prices better than last
yearJ E W Com and cotton doing wellE C P Copious rains
make the prospect very fair Crops are cleanJ R F Fine rains since
the last of May and crops are crawling up towards an average and I hope
aboveJ J P Brooks Rains are now general Corn looking well
78JULY CROP REPORT1889
9
Good stands of cotton Fall oats the bestJ W H Clay Too early to
make an accurate estimate of sweet potatoes and caneT M K Colquitt
Crops in good condition Rains plentifulG C L Decatur Since the
late rains crops of all kinds have greatly improved The prospect is not
badC I M Early The indications are that we will have catterpillars
D M W Lee Splendid rain yesterday which was greatly needed
R P J Lowndes Never had a more promising crop Corn cotton
sugar cane and sweet potatoes very fineJ A D Marion Seasons in
June were very favorable to crops Corn prospect fine early cotton flour
ishing late cotton poor prospectG W C M There is no reason why
we may not have a full crop with favorable seasons henceforwardM T
E Miller General rains have greatly revived all cropsJ S C Mitch
ell Spring oats almost a failure The spring has been so dry that but a
small area has yet been planted in sweet potatoesJ B T Muscogee
The crops are doing finely now plenty of rain in most places L F H
Schley Splendid rains throughout the county June 27thD W R
Stewart All crops are a little late but the plants are healthyG W A
Thomas Too much rain for last ten days Crop prospects are good but
later than an averageD H H Rain almost every dayE L N
Worth Seasons are good and all crops are growing finely W W P
EAST GEORGIA
Bullock Crops much improved in some sections In the northern part
of county there was not enough rain to bring up cotton in time to mature
C A S Heavy and general rains 27thJ A M Burke All crops
are improving rapidly since the rains set inJ B J Dodge Prospects
for a full crop were never betterE W L Emanuel Rains have been
partial some places very dry Crops unusually cleanW R K Jeffer
son Fine rains in the last several days the first in about ten weeksH
L B The long drought has almost ruined corn Not a good season since
April 15A E T Laurens Crops of all kinds greatly improved Gen
eral rains Good prospect for a full average by August 1stT J B Pu
laski Cotton is small but in fine condition and good seasons may make
the prospect goodJ P B Corn small but looks well Cotton bad but
with good seasons an average crop will be madeM A S Richmond
Farmers have their crops well worked and they would grow nicely if we
could get showers of rainM McN Tatnall While the rains have not
been general the greater part of the county has had good seasons Crops
improvingJ S L Telfair Good rains in most places Very dry in
portions of the countyW F W Twiggs Recent rains greatly im
proved cropsH S W The seasons in June have been propitious and
all crops have greatly improvedF D W Washington Crops clean
and in good condition Recent rains have helped wonderfullyH N H
Wilkinson Good seasons since the 22d of June Crops in good condition
but smallJ A M
7910
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
SOUTHEAST GEORGIA
Charlton Corn cotton cane and potatoes improving and if not too
much rain expect average yieldsA G G Fine rains for the last two
weeks Crops much improvedA B Coffee Corn and cotton crops
are clean and are looking fine Plenty of rain since June 15thJ B P
Eehols We are now having good rains and crops improvingG W P
Effingham Weather remarkably cool and dry up to June 20thF R T
Glynn Fine showers the last week in June helping crops wonderfully
J R D Liberty An abundance of rain in last ten days and corn has
improved Cotton will never catch up as most of it is just coming upJ
O D Ware It was dry a long time but the late rains seem to make up
for it Everything looks as well as we could askJ M 8 Wayne It is
surprising to see the improvement in all crops since the rains commenced
which was on June 1stW H R
REMEDY FOR HOG AND CHICKEN CHOLERA
I observe that many are wanting a remedy for hog and chicken cholera
or hog cholera boil garlic and mix meal and some salt into a slop and
give to all the hogs every two weeks and you will have no cholera
For chicken cholera use an iron trough and keep some rusty irons in it
and you will have no chicken cholera Do not use a wooden trough
Fair Play Ga JWStakk
TALL OAT GRASS
I see in the Report for June a letter about the Tall Oat Grass How will
it do for pasture Will it have to be seeded every year and will it spread
all over a mans farm Which will be the better Bermuda or Tall Oat
Grass When is the time to sow and how much seed per acre and how
should land be prepared I want to put in 25 or 30 acres of grass
Gatesville Ga C J McDonald
Answer The Tall Oat Grass is one of the best grasses we
have either for pasturing or hayespecially on light or gravelly soil It
is perennialthat is to say it comes every year from the same old roots
It is an excellent winter pasture grass and may be cut and fed green during
the summer or converted into hay affording two or three cuttings It
should be cut the instant it comes info bloom It is not liable to spread
and give trouble but is not so good asummerpasturegrassas Bermuda Itis
however better for hay and for green soiling as it grows very tall aa its
name implies Sow two bushels of seed per acre in September or Octo
ber and it will be ready for hay next summer The land should be well
plowed and harrowed smooth and the seed evenly distributed on the
freshly harrowed surface No covering is necessary If the land is not
pretty good apply about 150 to 200 pounds of ammoniated guano with the
seed It is very convenient to sow all grass seeds by wetting them and
then stir in the quantity of guano desired It is very well to mix Orchard
Grass seed with the Tall Oat say one bushel of each per acre if for pasture
alone but if for hay sow the Tall Oat by itself
80JULY CROP REPORT1889
11
SCHOOL OF CHEMICAL FERTILIZERS
BY PROF GEORE VILLE
To more forcibly impress upon the practical farmer the necessity of com
bining a fertilizerto suit the needs both of the plant grown and nature of
the soil in which the plant grows Prof Ville has issued a series of ques
tions and answers bearing directly on the subject The value of lime in
an assimilable form to all crops is a point insisted upon it being generally
taken for granted that field crops either do not require lime or find it for
themselves in some way
Question Have each one of the four terms of the complete chemical
fertilizer an equal value to all plants
Answer Yery far from that each term is superior to the three other
terms for certain plants and becomes the regulator of the amount of crop
grown
Q Does this superior and regulating function show itself in the absence
of the other terms of the fertilizer
A Yes and no Yes if the soil is naturally provided with the elements
in which the fertilizer is lacking no if the soil itself is lacking these ele
ments
Q That is to say that the superior function ceases in the absence of the
other terms of the fertilizer
A Exactly so
Q The degree of value and importance of each term of the complete
chemical fertilizer is subordinate to the nature of the plants to which it is
applied
A Yes and to express this remarkable effect I have called and we will
continue to call dominant that one of the four substances whose function
is superior to the three other terms in relation to the plant grown
Q For what plants does nitrogenous matter act as dominant
A For wheat and all cereals generally consequently for barley oats
and rye and rape beets hemp etc
Q What plants does potash in its term influence chiefly
A Peas beans clover santoin vetches lucerne flax Irish potatoes etc
Q On what plants does phosphate of lime act by preference
A Corn artichokes turnips sugar cane
Q And lime
A It does not seem to exercise a markedly effect upon any plant but is
a necessity to ait plants
Q What conclusions do you draw from these indications
A That we must practically reduce as much as possible the amount of
the subordinate elements and on the contrary force the amount of the
elements acting with a superior function
8112
DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
Q Can you prove these indications by an example which practical agri
culture has proved true
A Nothing is easier Practical experience has taught us that by use of
the following fertilizer
COMPLETE FERTILIZER NO 2
Per Acre
Superphosphate of Lime 352 pounds
Chloride of Potassium 80 176 pounds
Sulphate of Ammonia 83 pounds
Nitrate of Soda 264 pounds
Sulphate of Lime 140 pounds
1056 pounds
in which the amount of nitrogen represented by Sulphate of Ammonia
and Nitrate of Soda is 64 pounds we make 41804 pounds of beets per acre
Increase the amount of phosphate of lime potash and sulphate of lime
and the crop does not change But on the contrary increase the amount
of nitrogen from 64 pounds to 88 pounds and the crop changes from 41804
pounds to 45280 pounds
Increase the amount of nitrogen to 114 pounds all the other terms of
the fertilizer remaining the same and the crop goes to 52500 lbs of roots
Q But all expenses calculated is there a profit in increasing the amount
of nitrogen
A A considerable profit
Q Can you give further proof of the same character
A With fertilizer containing 64 pounds of nitrogen we grow as I said
41804 pounds of beets and 52500 pounds when the nitrogen is increased to
114 pounds so with an increase of 50 pounds of nitrogen worth 930 we
grow 10794 pounds more of beets worth 1988
Q Is what you say of beets equally true of all other plants
A Perfectly true Here is another proof of it with the following fer
tilizer
Per Acre
Superphosphate352 pounds
Nitrate of Potash176 pounds Nitrogen 24 lbs
Sulphate of Lime352 pounds
in which the nitrogen is 24 pounds were grown at Gaudeloupe 35200 pounds
of striped sugar cane By increasing the amount of superphosphate from
352 pounds to 528 pounds the crop was raised to 74608 pounds instead of
35200 pounds Now the 176 pounds of superphosphate which produced
this excess of crop was worth 256 while the excess represented at least
6400 worth of cane
Q Nitrogenous matter being the preponderant element for cereals
would there be a gain in using it in large quantities
82JULY CROP REPORT1889 13
A A very evident advantage provided a certain limit is not passed for
it would then become very injurious
Q How could it become injurious
A By causing such exuberant growth that in a rainy season would
make the grain lodge producing a great increase of straw and but little
grain
Q After what you have said it is very important to know the proper
quantity of chemical fertilizer to be used What fertilizer must be used
for wheat
A Complete Fertilizer No 1
Per Acre
Superphosphate of Lime 352 pounds
Chloride of Potassium 80 176 pounds
Sulphate of Ammonia 342 pounds
Sulphate of Lime 192 pounds
Q Is this fertilizer suited to beets
A You will be certain to have a good crop from it but it would be bet
ter to use Complete Fertilizer No 2 especially adapted to beet culture
Q And for Irish potatoes
A LTse Complete Fertilizer No 3
Per Acre
Superphosphate of Lime352 pounds
Nitrate of Potash 264 pounds
Sulphate of Lime264 pounds
Q And for corn the staple crop of the South
A Corn requires an increase of phosphate Use Complete Fertilizer No 5
Per Acre
Superphosphate of Lime528 pounds
Nitrate of Potash176 pounds
Sulphate of Lime352 pounds
As it is difficult to keep a series of tables in the mind during conversa
tion I have collected all the formula which thirty years of practical expe
rience have proved most valuable in one chapter for your convenience
and to show their use either for isolated culture for a rotation of crops or
for association with barnyard manure
Q Thanks still please answer one or two questions How much does the
use of chemical fertilizers increase costs and what profit is gained by them
A Taking the average of a culture for four years including the follow
ing crops
1st year Irish potatoes 2d year wheat 3d year clover 4th year
wheat The annual cost is 1440 to 1600 per acre and the profit from
1600 to 2400 per acre
Q Are these formuhe applicable to all soils
A Generally yes To beginners in the use of these formula I would
8314
DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
advise the use of them as they are But later when familiar with the laws
regulating the growth of plants it is better to take in consideration the na
ture of the soil whether supplied with phosphate of lime potash lime and
nitrogenous matters for if the soil is well provided with any one of these
substances you can without inconvenience reduce the amount of fertil
izer per acre or suppress entirely one or more of the terms of the fertilizer
Q How can you know what the soil contains or in what it is lacking
A Nothing is easier Chemical analysis of the soil we recognize as use
less to the farmer The four substances which determine the degree of
fertility of the soil are found to be in different conditions if soluble they
are active insoluble they are inactive Chemistry having failed to make
these distinctions it furnishes no guide to the practical farmer I do not
advise the use of chemistry but the use of little experiment plats a method
open to all who till the soil
If the question is whether the soil is provided with nitrogenous matter
sow a handful of wheat on a small square where you have already spread
mineral fertilizer Mineral fertilizer has no action on wheat without the
help of nitrogen If then the wheat on this little square is successful it is
a proof the soil is sufficiently provided with nitrogenous matter This
must be a true and well proven fact since there was no nitrogen in the
fertilizer
If on the contrary you wish to know whether the three elements of the
mineral fertilizer phosphate of lime potash and lime are in a soluble
form sow peas or beans without using any fertilizer and your question is
answered If the peas flourish you know the soil contains the necessary
minerals
These two little experiments are sufficient soil analysis to act as guide to
a practical worker
Q What you have just said gives proofs of the presence or absence in
the soil of all the minerals together but there are cases where the soil may
be well provided with phosphate of lime and lacking in assimilable potash
How are you to find this
A This can easily be found by use of experiments analogous to the pre
ceding ones and equally simple
Make five little separate cultures in wheat
The first with the complete fertilizer
The second with a fertilizer without nitrogen
The third with a fertilizer without phosphate of lime
The fourth with a fertilizer without potash
The fifth with a fertilizer without sulphate of lime
The comparison of these five will at once show in what the soil is lack
gASSunafyUSeetheCOmpletefertilJzer realizes all the conditions
the life of the plant requires you know that the fertilizer containing but a
part of the substances of which the complete fertilizer is composed cannot
equal it in effect except the soil supplies the term left out of the fertilizer
84JULY CROP REPORT1889
15
The amount of crop so grown compared with that grown with the com
plete fertilizer gives an exact measure of the fertility of the soil Such
analyses of soil by plants are absolutely true and are to be relied upon
Do you wish an example of this I will borrow one from the experi
ment field of Vincennes Compare and reflect upon these five proofs
Crops grown per Bushels per
acre in 1854 acre
Complete fertilizer50
Complete fertilizer without lime48
Complete fertilizer without potash36
Complete fertilizer without phosphate31
Complete fertilizer without nitrogenous matter17
Soil without fertilizer14
This experiment is now 1887 continued without change since it was
first begun in 1864 and still shows the same marked contrasts
Q I acknowledge that your method is ingenious and practical but it
seems to me very slow and very complicated I doubt farmers ever being
willing to devote time to such experiments which to be of practical use
must be done in a series of six or seven at the same time and receive no
benefit from them for at least five or six months and even a year for some
A A moments reflection will give you a more just appreciation of the
method What objection can you raise against a method of investigation
based on experiments in growing crops Its slowness But do you not
see that thanks to the ideas I open to you every thing around you helps
you to foresee what the result will be If lucerne succeeds on one part of
your soil and grows badly or not at all on another part this proves after
what I have told you about the superior function of potash for lucerne
that the subsoil of one part of your land contains the potash that is lacking
on the other spot where lucerne failed
On another spot where peas and beans nourish lucerne partly fails This
contrast shows that the upper soil which the roots of peas and beans do
not pass through is provided with potash and the subsoil where lucerne
roots grow best is lacking in potash
On the fourth square where wheat is sown with but little fertilizer and
lodging is quick there is certain proof the soil contains nitrogenous matter
These first experiments greatly simplify experimental cultures or give the
opportunity to suppress two or three terms of the fertilizer
But in spite of their usefulness they are not sufficiently exact to serve as
a practical guide Small experimental plots must be kept continually and
systematically How can three or four little squares of two or three yards
each interfere with the cultivation of the regular crop
Agriculture like a battle requires decision judgment and unflagging
attention to the minutest details What would you think of a mariner
who did not daily observe the variations of the barometer the deviations
of the compass and who would neglect to change the position of the ves
sel by observation of the stars You would think him a very poor sea
8516
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
man and you would be right The more I try to disentangle the various
interests connected with agriculture the more convinced I am that experi
mental fields will revolutionize the agriculture of the present day and to
our profit
The effect of an experiment field is irresistiblein face of the contrasts
which it presents practical men instinctively feel they see a power work
ing formerly illunderstood or misapplied They understand that instead
of cumbersome barnyard manure there is a great advantage gained in the
use of a few simple substances of a constant nature which they can regu
late in both quantity and character according to the nature of their soil
and can also increase the value of barnyard manure by associating these
wellknown substances with its bulk
If you are afraid of a little trouble dont think of being a farmer Agri
culture is not called one of the fine arts because it is in perpetual combat
Good judgment is a first requisite in agriculture and good judgment
tells you that to grow full crops with economy you must first know the
natural fertility of your soil No efforts should be spared in gaining this
knowledge which is the base on which to work chance work ends in fail
ure You are fortunate when a dearly bought experience gives you the
means of repairing the evil
As a last argument study the table of experiments I have shown you
and tell me if nature has ever spoken more clearly and forcibly to men
devoted to practical agriculture
86FERTILIZER REPORT
ANALYSES COMMERCIAL VALUES AND STATISTICS OF
COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS AND CHEMICALS
Inspected Analyzed and Admitted to Sale in Georgia Baring the
Season of 188889
Department of Agriculture
Atlanta Ga July 10 1889
EXPLANATION OF THE TABLES OF ANALYSES
The tables commencing on a succeeding page give the analyses and the
calculated Relative Commercial Values of all fertilizers and chemicals
inspected analyzed and admitted to sale in this State during the season
of 188889
RELATIVE COMMERCIAL VALUES
Extract from Circular No 115
The estimation of Relative Commercial Values of fertilizers has been
the uniform practice of the Department since the first fertilizer bulletin
was published in June 1885 Circular No 12 Old Series It was not
the intention of the Commissioner to indicate by the publication of these
values the absolute prices at which fertilizers should be sold to the farmer
but simply to enable the farmer to compare the commercial quality and
probable agricultural value of the different brands with each other The
idea was well expressed in the following extract from Circular No 9 New
Series issued July 24th 1880
If each fertilizer contained but one valuable ingredient the percentages
of that ingredient would correctly indicate the comparative value of the
8718 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
fertilizers But as the large majority of the brands contain two or more
ingredients differing widely in agricultural and commercial value and in
the percentages in which they enter into the composition it is found very
convenient to add together the calculated commercial value in dollars and
cents of each ingredient as a basis of comparison and a guide to the pur
chaser
By the usual correspondence and otherwise the Commissioner has
ascertained that there has been a material advance in the cost of materials
of which commercial fertilizers are manufactured due probably to the
unusually large consumption of fertilizers the past year This advance
makes it proper to raise the valuations on which are the basis of the calcu
lations of Relative Commercial Values in the following tables For the
season of 18878S the following were the valuations of elements
Available Phosphoric Acid 6 cents per pound
Ammonia14 cents per pound
Potash K2 O5 cents per pound
For the present season the following has been fixed by the Commissioner
as the valuations
Available Phosphoric Acid 7 cents per pound
Ammonia15 cents per pound
Potash K2 O 5 cents per pound
This is an increase of one cent per pound in the valuation each of availa
ble phosphoric acid and ammonia as compared with last season potash
remaining the same and will account for the higher relative commercial
values of brands of fertilizers which show no higher analysis than they did
last season The effect on relative values of this change in the valuations
of elements is thus illustrated A fertilizer containing 10 per cent of
available phosphoric acid and 3 per cent of ammonia would have been
rated last season at 2040 per ton while the same fertilizer having pre
cisely the same analysis will be rated at 2300 per ton the present season
FINAL REPORT OF THE CHEMIST
Athens Ga June 29 1889
Hon J T Henderson Commissioner of Agriculture
Dear SirI have the honor to submit the following report of the work
of the laboratory in connection with the analyses of Commercial Fertilizers
for the year ending July 1st 1889 There have been analysed in all448S
samples of which 420 were regular samples from the Inspectors and 66 were
special for farmers and others
The samples were classified as follows
Acid Phosphates 73
Acid Phosphates with Ammonia 7
Acid Phosphates with Potash50
Acid Phosphates with Ammonia and Potash330
Chemicals26
Total 486
I am glad to be able to testify to the general good character of the goods
examined and to Jcommend the skill and faithfulness with which the
Inspectors generally have apparently performed their duties It also givesANALYSES OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS188889
19
me peculiar pleasure to bear witness to the courtesy and great assistance
which you personally and the gentlemen of your office have shown and
given me in my efforts to briug the results of the analyses promptly to the
attention of the public
In addition to the fertilizers examined I have also analysed 12 samples
of mineral waters 3 samples of muck and 8 samples of minerals and ores
I have the honor to be
Very Respectfully
H C White State Chemist
89TABLES of Analyses and Relative Commercial Values of Commercial Fertilizers Chemicals Etc Inspected Analyzed
and Admitted to Sale in Georgia During the Season of 188889
TABLE IAmmoniated Superphosphates of Lime
Phosphoric Acid
NAME OF BRAND
Ammoniated Dissolved Bone
Adairs Ammouiated Dissolved Bone
Ashepoo Fertilizer
Ammouiated Dissolved Bone
Ammoniated Dissolved Bone
Americus Guano
o Atlanta Ammouiated Superphosphate
Ammoniated Dissolved Bone
Ammoniated Dissolved Bone
Ammoniated Dissolved Bone
Aurora Ammoniated Phospho
Ammoniated Dissolved Bone
Ammoniated Sol Patapseo Guano
Ammoniated Alkaline Phosphate
fAmericus Guano
Albany Fer Co Stand Ammoniated Guano
Atlantic Soluble Guano
Alliance Ammoniated Dissolved Bone
Ashley Soluble Guano
Augusta High Grade Guano
Ammoniated Soluble Speeial Phosphate
Ashley Soluble Guano
Amerieus Brand
Albany Guano
Atlanta Ammoniated Superphosphate
Ammoniated Dissolved Bone B B B
Ammoniated Dissolved Bone
Ammoniated Dissd Bone Horse Shoe Brand
Alkaline Guano
iAurora Ammoniated Phospho
1125
1000
looo
1250
850
1000
1050
1000
1000
1350
875
1400
1485
1200
1 175
1075
1010
1 125
1050
725
1020
185
140
315
105
215
240
205
220
240
225
0 25
1
140
200
250
125
125
250
275
15U
2 ill
1125 215
1560 210
0 20
1050
1015
1250
1310
1000
1100
220
250
125
050
5 40
210
175
Ml
815
715
820
s in
075
890
815
845
860
710
885
810
600
850
685
710
2211
715
I 15
660
751
830
5 25
7111
600
1000
11110
671
130
200
2 115
215
2N0
225
1
200
llill
175
250
180
210
115
100
300
330
120
250
175
275
1080
1015
1020
113
1120
1010
1065
1075
1005
1025
1170
1005
1020
101
1010
0S5
10 40
1050
yc5
1220
25
215 IOC
1S5 10 15
2211 115
215 111
380 2mi
115 II 15
225 07
120 1020
340 1010
275
215
270
280
300
220
230
250
270
23E
210
210
210
220
270
270
200
220
200
255
501
200
240
240
210
215
200
2KO
2 01
280
2
o g
225
iii
210
125
130
110
2 50
200
200
220
150
100
180
125
185
221
121
150
225
ti 75
2502
2156
2152
25212
2201
2291
2505
2417
2251
2271
220S
22 02
23 19
1271
2286
22on
2401
3650
KOK WHOM INSPECTED
125 2300
140 2281
225 2221
110 2151
211 2317
2S5 21 Id
120 2085
100 2142
2152119
Baldwin Fertilizer Co Savannah
Adair liros Co Atlanta Ga
Ashepoo Phsphate Co Charleston
Jno Merryman Co Baltimore
B II Legg Bro Marietta Ga
Americus Guano Co Americus
Atlanta Guano Co Atlanta Ga
Savannah Guano Co Savannah
Listers Agl Chem Wks Bait
Baldwin Fertilizer Co Savannah
H C Fisher Gen Man Newnan
Iatapsco Guano Co Baltimore
Patapseo Guano Co Baltimore
Chesapeake Guano Co Baltimore
Bradley Fertilizer Co Boston
Albany Fertilizer Co Albany
Atlantic Phos Co Charleston S C
Hammond Hull Co Savannah
Ashley Phosphate Co Charleston
Augusta Guano Co Augusta
The Crocker Fer hem Co
Buffalo N Y
Ashley Phos Co Charleston S C
Bradley Fertilizer Co Boston
Muse it Brown Albany Ga
The Atlanta Guano Co Atlanta
Mallett tt Nutt Jackson Ga
II S Miller A Co Baltimore
Rounsaville Bro Rome Ga
kc Guano Co Baltimore
II Fisher GenI Mgr Newnan
BY WHOM AND WHERE MANU
FACTURED
Baldwin Fertilizer Co Port Royal
Adair Bros h Co Atlanta Ga
Ashepoo Phos Co Charleston S C
Jno Merryman v Co Barren I X Y
B R Lei Bro Marietta Ga
Americus Guano Co Amerieus Ga
Atlanta Guano Co Atlanta Ga
Savannah Guano Co Savannah Ga
Listers Agl Chem Wks Baltimore
Baldwin Fertilizer Co It RoyalS 0
Coweta Fertilizer Co Newnan Ga
Patapseo Guano Co Baltimore Md
Patapseo Guano Co Baltimore Md
Chesapeake Guano Co Baltimore Md
Bradley Fertilizer Co Boston Mass
Albany Fertilizer Co Albany Ga
Atlantic Phos Co Charleston s c
Hammond Hull t Co Savannah Ga
Ashley Phos Co Charleston8 C
Augusta Guano Co Augusta Ga
The Crocker Fer A Chem Co Buff
alo X Y
Ashley Phos Co Charleston S C
Bradley Fertilizer Co Boston Mass
Muse A Brown Albany Oi
Atlanta Guano Co Atlanta Ga
Mallett Nutt Jackson Ga
II s Miller Co Baltimore Md
Northwestn fertilizer Co Chicago
Chesapeake Guano Co Baltimore
Coweta Fertilizer Co Newnan Ga
O
K

5
a
H
o

a
d
H
a

I
c
H
Z

cAmmoniated Dissolved Bone
Buffalo Bone Gnano
Bates Georgia Standard High Grade
Bowkers Cotton Fertilizer
Bradleys Patent Guano
Bone Compound
Bakers Standard Guano
Bone Compound
Beef Blood and Bone Fertilizer
Bakers Cotton Grower
Bone Fertilizer
Barrys Granger
Barrys Chemicals
Bales Guano
Bradleys Ammoniated Dissolved Bone
Burke Co Fertilizer
Bone Compound
Colgate Manure
Cherokee Ammoniated Bone
a airo Guano
Crown Guano
Cottonseed Meal Mixture
bClarks Soluble Guano
Cotton Fertilizer Ammoniated
to Cumberland Bone Super Bhos of Lime
11 Cumberland Bone Super Phos of Lime
hattahoochee Guano
Cotton Food
Clarks Ammoniated
Caswells Eagle
Caswells Eagle
Carolina Fertilizer
Cotton and Corn Compound
Crescent Bone Fertilizer
Complete Fertilizer
Cotton Maker
Chesapeake A D Bone
Complete Cotton Fertilizer
Crown Guano
Claytons Standard Fertilizer
Capitol Cotton Fertilizer
Chatham Guano
Coweta High Grade Guano
Chesapeake Guano
Chesapeake Guano
Champion Farmers Amoniated Choice
Cotton Seed Compound
Dobbs Ammoniated Cotton Fertilizer
Davy Crockett Guano
Durham Ammoniated Fertilizer
1010 230 P50
10 10 130 810
910 190 840
1400 225 715
960 17 850
720 190 935
1250 210 710
1250 085 800
650 225 11511
150H 211 780
350 180 77
845 52 720
850 170 950
1200 110 751
1250 27ft 800
82U 101 810
1250 125 785
1250 210 685
1110 2 31 685
1525 135 710
070 275 600
1015 125 810
1175 10U 760
13 00 2 in 630
1200 205 880
13 80 2 25 740
850 11X1 650
1600 185 785
750 28C 9 50
875 265 1010
1151 2111 S05
1440 2il 855
1180 175 700
1150 275 820
750 375 935
1000 211 600
1000 211 600
1275 301 775
975 211 750
1160 221 610
ion 185 800
1150 375 690
1075 171 950
1350 295 500
1175 2 71 675
875 lftl 615
900 20 675
1350 15 745
1010 22 710
1000 120 585
0 85 1035
205 1015
2011 1040
265 1010
315 1165
140 1075
300 1010
2 Hi 1040
4 75 1125
250 1030
195 970
330 1050
175 1125
3 1085
210 1010
220 1030
2 55 1040
325 1010
3 65 1050
3 21 1030
460 11 OH
205 1015
2 20 980
400 1030
131 1010
276 1010
260 910
225 1010
171 1120
235 1245
2 05 1010
195 1050
310 1010
1 81 loou
175 1110
43C 1030
431 1030
235 1010
26ft 10 15
501 1110
21ft 1015
29ft 085
165 1115
ft 2ft 10 25
361 1035
26 875
33ft 1010
36 1105
321 10311
420 1005
2 3ft 250 2404
2 85 315 2891
260 lftl 2380
245 17 2321
2 70 181 26 21
240 120 2345
215 210 2269
220 11 ft 2231
220 2 50 2485
220 7 10 2812
221 200 2218
310 150 2250
2 10 110 2355
50 075 2344
250 190 2351
III 175 2379
225 110 2241
210 220 2261
220 285 24 15
270 220 2172
255 225 2474
220 2 HI 2281
280 2 80 2492
230 105 2297
23ft liftd 2269
2111 lfifi 2289
2 51 2 01 2224
215 150 2200
All 131 2328
35 25C 2608
225 22C 2300
240 125 23 15
225 160 2249
215 201 2245
2k 17ft 2329
01 10 2142
20C 101 2142
23 251 2351
295 2 7 2576
221 175 238
250 301 2171
25ft 20C 2344
21 2K 2401
255 lM 2360
24ft 17 2354
2K 19 2045
301 2IH 2514
235 lM 2412
25 225 2417
235 210 2322
Jno Merryman Co Baltimore
Adnir Bros Co Atlanta Ga
W II Bates Sec Griffin Ga
Jno D Weld Savannah Ga
Bradley Fertilizer Co Boston
Baldwin Fertilizer Co Savannah
Chem Co of Canton Baltimore
W H M Gouldlng Baltimore
S W Travers Co Richmond
D A Baker RoystonGa
Bono Fertilizer Co Baltimore
Georgia Chem Works Augusta
Georgia Chem Works Augusta
J A Bale Rome Ga
Bradley Fertilizer Co Boston
Wilkins Neelv Jones Waynbro
W H M Gbulding Baltimore
Chem Co of Canton Baltimore
Hartshorne Huger Savannah
Raisin Fertilizer Co Baltimore
Treadwell Abbott Co Atlanta
Georgia Chem Works Augusta
Maddox Rucker Co Atlanta
Navassa Guano Co Wilmington
Chas Ellis Savannah
Chas Ellis Savannah
LaGrange Mills LaGrange Ga
Savannah Guano Co Savannah
Baldwin Fertilizer Co Savannah
Baldwin Fertilizer Co Savannah
Baldwin Fertilizer Co Savannah
Bradley Fertilizer Co Boston
Ashley Phosphate Co Charleston
Hammond Hull Co Savannah
Sholtze Bros Chattanooga Tenn
Chesapeake Guano Co Baltimore
Chesapeake Guano Co Baltimore
Commercial Guano Co Savannah
Treadwell Abbott Co Atlanta
Middle Ga Fer Co Lovejoy Ga
S W Travers Co Richmond Va
Commercial Guano Co Savannah
H C Fisher Genl Mgr Newnan
Chesapeake Guano Co Baltimore
Chesapeake Guano Co Baltimore
B R Legg Co Marietta Ga
Filbert County Fer Co Elberton
The Raisin Fer Co Baltimore
las M Smith Smithsonia
I Durham Fer Co Durham N C
1 mi Merryman Co Barren 1 N Y
Furmn Farm Imp Co East Point Ga
Griffin Fertilizer Co Griffin Ga
Bowker FertzerCoFlizabethportNJ
Bradley Fertilizer Co Bnst n Mass
Baldwin Fer Co Port Royal S C
Chem Co of Canton Baltimon Md
W II M Goulding Baltimore Md
S W Travers Co Richmond Va
1 A Baker Royston Ga
Bono Fertilizer Co Baltimore Md
ForJS Berry Augusta Ga
For E Berry Augusta Ga
J A Bale Rome Ga
Bradley Fertilizer Co Boston Mass
WnsbroOilMillsFer Co Waynsb
W H M Goulding Baltimore
Chem Co of Canton Baltimore Md
Commercial Guano Co Savantah Ga
Raisin Fertilizer Co Baltimore Md
For Treadwell Abbott Co Atlauta
Georgia Chem Works Augusta Ga
Southern Phosphate Co Atlanta Ga
Navassa Guano Co Wilmington N C
For Chas Kllis Savannah Ga
For Chas Ellis New York
LaGrange Mills LaGrange Ga
Savannah Guano Co Savannah Ga
Baldwin Fertilizer Co Pt Royal S C
Baldwin Fertilizer Co Pt Royal S C
Baldwin Fertilizer Co Pt Royal S C
Bradley Fertilizer Co Boston Mass
A sh lev Phosphate Co Charleston S C
Hammond Hull Co Pt Royal S C
Sholtze Bros Chattanooga Tenn
Chesapeake Guano Co Baltimore
Chesapeake Guano Co Baltimore
Commercial Guano Co Savannah
Mfd lorTreadwl AbottCo Ctrtn
Middle Ga Fertilizer Co Lovejoy Ga
S W Travers Co Richmond Va
Commercial Guano Co Savannah
Coweta Fertilizer Co Newnan Ga
Chesapeake Guano Co Baltimore
Chesapeake Guano Co Baltimore
Standd Guano Chem Mfg CoN O
Elbert eo Fertilizer Co Elberton
The Raisin Fertilizer lo Baltimore
James M Smith Smithsonia
Durham Fertilizer Co Durham N CTABLE I Continued
NAME OF BRAND
Durham Bull Ammonuted Fertilizer
a Dixie Guano
aEmpire Guano
Eddystone Soluble Guano
E Frank Joes Ammoniated Bone Hup Pho
Eddystone Guano
Edisto Ammoniated Fertilizer
Excellent Georgia Standard Guano
cExcelsior Guano
Eagle Ammoniated Bone Super Phosphate
Eagle Ammoniated Super Phosphate
Exeellenza Soluble Phosphate
Etiwan Guano
Etiwan Ammoniated Super Phosphate
Eutau Fertilizer
Eagle Guano
jE Frank Coes Amind Dissolved Bone
iF F Browns Ammd Dissolved Bone
Farmers Ammoniated Dissolved Bone
Forest City Ammoniated Dissolved Bone
Furmaufl High Grade Guano
Farmers Standard Phosphate
Farmers Favorite
Farmers Friend
Farmers Best
Farmers Alliance
Farmers Alliance Standard
Farmers Alliance Guano
Farmers Friend Fertilizer
Farmers Ammoniated Dissolved Bone
Gossypium Phospho
Ga State Standard Ammoniated Super Phos
Georgia Stale Grange Fertilizer
aGiant Guano
yeorgia Test Guano
1000
1528
1525
1060
950
875
1450
1010
1600
1020
1070
1325
1000
07
1125
147
1010
IfII
1450
1425
1100
lioo
13 in
1100
780
1050
1050
107
1200
1425
1250
950
1350
1525
1050
Phosphoric Acid
150
135
1
1
230
255
190
215
185
180
O8
111
325
190
400
250
280
230
231
220
111
150
230
225
350
300

250
150
2 50
211
110
240
130
240
015
710
71
820
75
455
900
350
785
711
1000
000
610
650
700
850
0 50
720
810
810
800
710
910
800
895
820
010
550
000
920
075
815
800
705
745
8
405
320
330
250
325
520
120
62E
225
325
230
420
400
425
380
160
085
1020
1030
1035
1070
1080
975
1020
975
1010
1035
1230
1120
1010
1075
1080
1010
1035
2901010
2051015
210 1020
2
a
FOR WHOM INSPECTED
210
345
2311
2 Id
1040
10
1140
1010
200 10
355 11
100
475
125
130
3
205
160
33010
295 10
225
270
2
220
305
270
300
210
215
200
2Hi
210
220
2 ill
260
271
235
2211
215
245
265
240
250
210
210
200
240
210
245
220
305
285
245
275
220
175 2278
220
210
100
185
210
150
180
100
220
1 on
185
200
1 50
1511
125
250
160
120
265
270
235
185
160
165
150
185
080
120
130
200
275
200
2472
2485
2258
2112
2285
2478
2125
22011
2201
24 82
2243
2271
22S5
2 I2
2340
2404
2231
2186
2428
2521
2432
2551
2201
232S
2315
2319
2145
221111
221ill
25 22
257N
2303
2111 2484
1802296
Durham Fer Co Durham N C
Raisin Fertilizer Co Baltimore
Raisin Fertilizer Co Baltimore
Atlanta Guano Co Atlanta Ga
Jno Merryman Co Baltimore
John M Green Atlanta
Edisto Phosphate Co Charleston
Wileox Gibbs Guano Co Savh
Savannah Guano Co Savannah
T D Caswell Augusta Ga
Bradley Fer Co Boston Mass
Jno E Long Co Baltimore
Etiwan Phosphate Co Charleston
Eliwan Phosphate Co Charleston
Ashepoo Phsphate Co Charleston
Bradley Fer Co Boston Mass
Jno Merryman Co Bltimr Md
Savannah Guano Co Savannah
Hammond Hull Co Savannah
Hammond Hull Co Savannah
Adair Bros Co Atlanta Ga
G Ober Sons Co Baltimore
W J Pollard Augusta
Bryson Merritt Fillingum Si
loam Ga
Middle Ga Oil Fer Co Lovejoy
H 8 Miller Co Baltimore Md
Durham Fer Co Durham N C
Chesapeake Guano Co Baltimore
Read Fertilizer Co New York
Hammond Hull Co Savannah
Geo W Seott Mig Co Atlanta
Hammond Hull Co Savannah
Baldwin Fertilizer Co Savannah
Raisin Fertilizer Co Baltimore
John Merryman Co Baltimore
BY WHOM AND WHERE MANU
FACTURED
Durham Fertilizer Co Durham N C
Raisin FertilizerCo Baltimore Md
Raisin Fertilizer Co Baltimore Md
Atlanta Guano Co Atlanta Ga
E Frank Coe Barren Island N Y
Clarks Cove Guano Co New Bedford
Edisto Phosphate Co Charleston S C
Wileox Gibbs Guano Co Savh Ga
Savannah Guano Co Savannah
T D Caswell Augusta Ga
Bradley Fertilizer Co Boston Mass
Jno II Long Co Baltimore Md
Etiwan Phosphate Co Charleston
Etiwan Phosphate Co Charleston
Ashepoo Phosphate Co Charleston
Bradley Fertilizer Co Boston Mass
John Merryman Co Barren Island
Savannah Guano Co Savannah Ga
Port Roval Fert Co Port Royal S C
Hammond Hull Co Pt RovalS C
Furman Farm Impt Co EastPt Ga
G Ober Sons Co Baltimore Md
Bradley Fertilizer Co New Bedford
Bryson Merritt Fillingum Siloam
Ga
Middle Ga Fertilizer Co Lovejoy Ga
II S Miller Co Baltimore Md
Durham Fertilizer Co Durham N C
Chesapeake Guano Co Baltimore
Read Fertilizer Co New York
Hammond Hull Co Savannah Ga
George W Scott Mfg Co Atlanta Ga
Hammond Hull Co Pt Royal S C
Baldwin Fertilizer Co Savannah Ga
Raisin Fertilizer Co Baltimore Md
John Merryman Co Barren Island

so
H
s2
H
C

w
o
f
fd
IS
I

IS
o
pd
Georgia Pacific Guano
Gem of Athens
Good Luck Guano
Gem Guano
Game Guano
Good Luck Guano
Gilt Edge Guano
Gairdner Arnolds High Grade Formula
Gouldings Bone Compound
Garret fc Zellars Ammd Dissolved Bone
Hometend Guano
Home Compound
Hardees Cotton Boll Ammd Super Phos
Hopes Ammoniated Guano
II S Miller Gos Standard Phos
II s Miller Gos Harvest Queen
H II Cos Pure Animal Bone Veg Fert
Harvest Queen
Home Mixture Guano
High Grade Guano
Hart Countv Fertilizer
Harle Cos Raw Bone Super Phosphate
Hightower Cos Damascus Amd Dis Bone
Harmony Phosphate
co Hammock Cotton Grower
c H S Miller Cos Amd Bone Super Phos
Hunts Favorite Guano
Harle Cos Raw Bone Super Phos
Hansel 18 Georgia State Standard Guano
Imperial Guano
I X L Guano
Jacksons High Giade Guano
Jonahs Gourd Guano
1 E Jackson Sons Ammd Dis Bone
Jarrel HaireCos Fertilizers
J J Sparks Bone Soil Food
Jack Thompson Ammoniated Diss Bone
Jacksons High Grade
J S Wood Bro Ammoniated Diss Bone
J H Jones Sons Standard
Kramers Patent
Kramers Ammoniated Dissolved Bong
King Cotton Guano
Koton Guano
ttKing Guano
oLion Guano
Lowes Georgia Formula
L C Dissolved Bone with Am and Potash
L R Ammoniated Guano
L W IXL Ammoniated Super Phosphate
1111 220 350 730 1080 245 150 2397
950 200 510 075 1185 220 225 2544
1210 1 zo 800 S5 1085 210 105 2254
10 50 250 050 400 1050 280 075 223
1150 250 550 330 880 210 173 2037
1110 215 800 180 1040 220 125 2241
1175 125 075 310 1015 250 150 2321
1101 100 800 275 1075 250 17n 2430
830 110 780 300 1080 255 140 2417
050 2 75 850 31V 1210 2 IP 130 2483
9 50 135 820 200 1020 240 2148
12 15 110 715 270 985 210 240 2339
1375 220 840 270 1110 250 250 2554
800 185 885 200 1145 210 120 2353
915 110 885 390 1275 305 320 3020
910 115 8si 3S5 1205 245 275 2781
1020 155 755 155 910 710 0 10 4014
11 00 250 750 390 1140 245 175 2300
950 135 870 195 1005 290 275 20 30
8 25 oso 070 245 915 275 220 2320
850 1 25 575 390 905 210 100 2141
11 20 125 700 320 1020 250 215 23 98
11 00 2 0 775 250 1025 2 10 320 233
1350 080 1035 085 1120 210 200 23 AS
1050 150 725 275 1000 275 180 2105
13 110 1000 045 1105 220 350 2557
1100 175 070 340 1011 280 215 2109
9 50 275 850 300 1210 215 130 2483
980 275 850 300 1210 215 130 2483
1010 185 010 390 1001 220 100 2220
1550 210 700 310 10 11 205 155 2304
975 110 710 295 1005 250 200 2357
810 085 040 340 S8I1 251 255 2377
1050 2 30 720 290 1011 2211 101 2234
850 105 810 290 1101 241 101 2420
1055 130 700 120 891 211 290 2100
1350 200 800 210 10lt 223 31C 2399
1195 150 735 3111 1045 275 28C 2308
1025 140 050 390 104C 230 185 2331
107 121 8011 205 1005 213 201 2330
1390 201 1005 105 1111 305 130 2599
101C 230 951 085 1035 235 250 2404
101C 125 570 345 915 a 35 215 2201
1101 221 950 130 108I 20 151 2202
1525 130 705 331 l o 275 211 2181
1525 135 710 S20 1031 271 22 2172
llfil 215 650 355 1005 21C 17 2212
1075 211 70 38C 1081 233 12 2512
135C 215 901 11C 1011 225 175 2204
1450 200 710 330 1040 245 145 2330
John M Green Atlanta Ga
McGinty Hunnicutt Athens Ga
Thomas D C Ruth Baltimore
Chesapeake Guano Co Haltimore
Baltimore Guano Co Baltimore
Thos D C Ruth Baltimore
G A T R Ramspeck Dcatr Ga
Gairdner Arnold Klberton Ga
W H M Gaulding Baltimore
G W Seott Mfg Co Atlanta Ga
Adair Bros Co Atlanta
Thomasville Guo Co Thomasvle
Hammord Hull Co Savannah
R V Bmven Hawkinsville Ga
Jewell Smith Gainesville
Jewell Smith GaiLesville
Hammond Hull Co Savannah
Listers Agl Chem Wks Bltimre
Columbus Fer Co Columbus Ga
Muse Brown Albany Ga
P S McMullen Hartwell Ga
Austin Roylston Atlanta Ga
Hammond Hull cfc Co Savannah
II S Miller Co Baltimore Mil
N H Holmes Montgomery Ala
H S Miller Co Baltimore
H C Fisher Gen Mgr Newnan
G W Scott Mfg Co Atlanta Ga
G W Scott Mfg Co Atlanta Ga
Waltn County Guo Co Sol Circle
J S Wood Bro Savannah Ga
Almond Co Jackson Ga
Butler Turner Camilla Ga
savannah Guano Co Savannah
S H Stokely Co Crawford Ga
G Ober Soi s Co Baltimore
Hammond Hull Co Savannah
H P Almond Monticello Ga
J S Wood Bro Savannah
J H Jones Son Elberton Ga
Bradley Fertilizer Co Boston
Jno Merryman Co Baltimore
Rawls Perry Cuthbert Ga
Rome Oil Mills Fer Co Rome
Raisin Fertilizer Co Baltimore
Raisin Fertilizer Co Baltimore
Georgia Chem Works Augusta
Langston Woodson Atlanta
Lorentz Rittler Baltimore
Langston Woodson Atlanta
Clarks Cove Guano New Bedfd Mass
McGinty Hunnicutt Athens Ga
Thomas 1 C Ruth Baltimore Md
Chesapeake Guano Co Baltimore
Baltimore Guano Co Baltimore Md
Thomas D C Ruth Baltimore Md
G A T R Ramspeck Dccatur Ga
Gairdner Arnold Elberton Ga
WA II M Gaulding Baltimore
G W Scott Mfg Co Atlanta Ga
Michigan Carbon Wks Detroit Mich
Tbomasville Guano Co Thomasville
Hammond Hull A Co Pt Royal S C
R V Boweu Hawkinsville Ga
H S Miller Co Newark N J
II S Miller Co Newark N J
Hammond Hull Co Pt Royal S C
Listers Agl Chem Wks Baltimore
Columbus Fert Co Columbus Ga
Muse fc Brown Albanv Ga
P S McMullen Hartwell Ga
stand OnA Chem Mfg CoNO
Hammond Hull 3 Co It Royal s C
H S Miller Co Baltimore Md
N H Holmes Montgomery Ala
II S Miller Co Baltimore Md
Coweta Fertilizer Co Newnan Ga
George W Scott Mfg Co Atlanta Ga
George W Scott Mfg Co Atlanta Ga
Walton County Guano Co Sol Circle
The Raisin Fer Co Baltimore Md
Almond Co Jackson Ga
Butler Turner Camilla Ga
Savannah Guano Co Savannah Ga
S H Stokely Co Crawford
G Ober Sons Co Baltimore Md
Port Royal Fer Co Port Royal S C
H P Almond Monticello Ga
Raisin Fertilizer Co Baltimore Md
Gairlner Arnold Klberton Ga
Bradley Fertilizer Co Boston Mass
Jno Merrvman Co Baltimore
Rawls Perry Cuthbert Ga
Rome Oil Mills Fer Co Rome Ga
Raisin Fertilizer Co Baltimore Md
Raisin Fertilizer Co Baltimore Md
Georgia Chem Works Augusta Ga
Langston Woodson Cleveland O
Lorentz Rittler Baltimore Md
Bowker Fertilizer Co Boston Mass

Kj
CO
M
w
c
i
a
c
w

w
H
M
K
J
mHmwnBHBMflTABLE rContinued
NAME OF BKAND
Lanes Our own
LookwoodsCotton Grower
Littles Ammoniated Dissolved Bone
Middle Georgia High Grade Ammoniated
Miles I X I Animd Bone Super Phos
Montgomerys Raw Bone Super Phosphate
Matchless it ton Grower
Matchless Cotton Grower
Marietta High Grade Guano
Mandevtlle Ammoniated Dissolved Bone
Mannings High Grade Guano
Melon Kaiser
Mastodon Ammoiiiated Soluble Phos
Nassau Guano
Oglethorpe Ammoniaterl Dissolved Bout
Old Dominion Guano
Olympic Guano
Our Own Guano
Old Reliable
Our Ammoniated Dissolved Bone
oliers A ASpecial Preparation
oriole Fertilizer
Ocmulgee Guano
Owl Brand Guano
hPotent Pacific Guano
Port Royal Cotton Fertilizer
Pomona Guano
Phertiston Guano
Peruvian Ammoniated Dissolved Bone
Plow Brand Kaw Bone Super Phosphate
Planters Soluble Guano
Powhatton Kaw Bone Ammd Super Phos
APure Gold Guano
P D Fertilizer
Potato Special
f F Ammoniated Fertiliser
118
1200
960
1150
140
1100
1150
1050
925
1400
915
1000
1060
1250
1110
1150
1020
1600
650
950
1150
1020
1160
1525
11
100
1050
650
1050
875
1010
1850
915
1020
1030
810
Phosphoric Acid
7
850
1000
850
850
810
621
77
875
ii
300
2
275
105
51
200
200
275 610
280
251
085
250
225
140
090
185
185
250
1
225
250
175
210
100
160
320
115
1
2 in
200
205
25ii
100
125
225
751
715
800
s10
550
015
8211
835
785
850
810
75 i
11
805
085
700
815
880
640
890
500
720
700
715
650
865
Nll
190 lOln
160 1160
360 1210
360 1210
2so 1090
290 915
280 1055
160 1035
505 1115
255 1005
430 1115
180
230
195
980
1040
1015
195 1121
800 1020
305 llio
225 1010
315 1165
III 10111
300
360
195
Ion
220
295
235
335
120
570
330
330
480
325
135
1050
960
1000
1085
980
1110
1115
075
10101
1070
1050
100U
1145
975
1000
1110
235
2
215
215
210
210
21H
211
215
240
23
410
280
860
260
335
2511
215
240
220
200
260
200
240
280
240
230
245
225
252
225
235
235
245
475
200
FOR WHOM INSPKCTFD
BY WHOM AND WHERE MANU
FACTURED
010 2171
2551
2483
2483
2256
2011
2347
2279
2396
2237
215s
2752
2506
2398
2581
27 is
21 no
220l
2150
2259
2255
2864
2170
23 19
192
2521
2461
2610
2221
2501
2270
2881
2458
2550
3325
2404
225
180
130
100
100
150
2no
100
110
1511
150
210
155
250
285
15
150
100
185
185
2 in
170
110
280
250
210
510
135
250
125
150
150
150
510
210
Hammond Hull Co Savannah
Clarence Angler Atlanta Ga
G W Scott Mfg Co Atlanta
ieo W Scott Mfg Co Atlanta
Geo W Miles Mllford Conn
Montgomery A Co Rome Ga
Read Co New York
Or tfc Hunter Athens Ga
Marietta Guano Co Marietta Ga
Langston v Woodson Atlanti
V J Maiming Powder Springs
B lriwiti Fertilizer Co Savanna
GeorgiaChem Works Augusta
John I Weld SavannahGa
Hammond Hull Co Savannah
Madlox Rocker fc Co Atlanta
1 o Jelks Co Hawkinsville Ga
Savannah Guano Co Savannah
Hammond Hull Co Savannah
II C Fisher Gen Mgr Newnan
GOber Sons Co Baltimore
Chesapeake Guano Co Baltimore
K J Myior Hawkinsville Ga
Davie v Whittle Petersburg Ya
MaiMox Ranker it Co Atlanta
Hammond Hull Co Savannah
Commercial Guano Co Savannah
Christian Talliaferro Atlanta
K J Taylor Hawkinsville Ga
Walton v Whann Co Charleston
Adair Bros Co Atlanta Ga
Lorentz Kitter Baltimore
W 1 Manning Powdr Springs Ga
Ashepoo Phos Co Charleston S C
Baldwin Fertilizer Co Savannah
Augusta Guano Co Augusta Ga
Port Royal Eer Co Port Royal S C
MId for Clarence Angler Agusta Ga
Geo WScott Mfg Co Atlanta Ga
Geo W Scott MFg Co Atlanta Ga
Geo W Miles Miltord Conn
Northwestern Eer Co Chicago III
Read A Co New York
MId forOrr A Hunter Athens Ga
Marietta Guano Co Marietta Ga
Iiowker Fer Co Elizabethport X I
w J Manning Powder Springs Ga
Baldwin Fer Co Port Royal S C
Georgia chem Works Augusta Ga
Bowker Fer Co Elizabethport N 1
Hammond Hull Co Pt Royal8 C
Southern Phosphate Co Atlanta Ga
J O Jelks A Co Hawkinsville Ga
Savannah Guano Co Savannah Ga
1orl Royal Fer Co Port Royal S C
Ttoweta Fer Co Newnan Ga
G OberSl Sous Co Baltimore Md
Chesapeake Guano Co Baltimore Mil
J W lolhill Hawkinsville Ga
Davie Whittle Petersburg Ya
Southern Phosphate Co Atlanta Ga
Hammond Hull Co Pt Royal S C
Commercial Guano Co Savannah Ga
Wright Craighill Lvnchburg Va
1 W lolhill Hawkinsville Ga
Walton Whann Co Wllmgton Del
Adair Bros it Co Atlanta Ga
Lorentz Rittler Baltimore Mil
W J Manning Powder Springs Ga
Ashepoo Phos Co Charleston s c
Baldwin Eer Co Port Royal S C
Augusta Guano Co Augusta Ga
V

H
H

a
ir

a
W
I
cPlow Brand Raw Bone Super Phosphate
Pure Dissolved Bone
Peidmont Guano
Planters Pride Guano
Plow Boys Brand
Plow Boys Brand
Plow Brand Raw Hone Super Phos
Patapseo Ammoniated Dissolved Bone
Patapsco Ammoniated Sol Phosphate
Royal Ammoniated Boue Super Phos
Rabbit Foot Guano
Roughtons Pet Guano
Reliance Ammoniated Bone Super Phos
Roekdale Standard Guano
Raw Dissolved Bone
rfR D Creechs Complete Fertilizer
Standard Superphosphate
Southern Ammoniated Dissolved Bone
Sternes Ammoniated Raw Bone Super Phos
Samana Guano
Soluble Pacific Guano
Sea Fowl Guano
nSouth American Guano
aSoluble Sea Island Guano
0 Standard Guano
01 Star Brand Guano
Southern State Standard
Soluble Ammoniated Super Phos of Lime
Samson Guano
Scotts Animal Ammoniated Guano
standard Ammoniated Soluble Guano
Soluble Navassa Guano
So Ca Ammoniated Dissolved Bone
Sea Gull Guano
S G S Ammoniated Dissolved Bone
Special Compound for Tobacco
Stonewall Brand
Solid South Guano
Standard Ammoniated Guano
Sunny South Guano
Stonewall Brand
Sterling Guano
Soluble Guano
Stonewall Guano
Treadwell Abbott Co A D Bone
Tift Cos Ammoniated Phosphate
The Boss Guano
Truck Farmers Special
Tift Cos High Grade Amd Super Phos
1000
910
850
875
1020
1210
950
1150
1200
1270
1240
1245
980
850
850
1050
1410
1250
11HI
1220
07
1125
1420
1 12H
1600
1000
1500
1000
8
1050
10 10
675
600
S5II
1310
1400
830
850
1010
121
12 25
1210
1175
1150
1200
1100
980
1225
850
3S5
810
210
220
185
150
420
180
275
210
2
225
2 Ill
210
500
230
2
105
135
100
250
125
160
1611
185
150
200
200
085
190
201
300
300
2 10
610
310
6110
720
710
780
485
775
010
830
1000
1000
700
715
600
720
750
750
815
780
615
1000
710
710
785
650
755
660
650
715
800
710
840
S 10
410
770
425
330
240
310
505
225
150
230
110
105
350
370
620
290
250
310
195
230
410
225
420
420
090 1000
225
185
2 35
160
1
225
285
175
275
180
125
125
0S5
100
S00
700
5S
715
680
685
1010
700
690
765
650
565
645
675
1020
10S0
1025
1050
950
1040
1070
1000
1060
1060
1110
1105
1050
10 85
1220
1010
1000
1000
1010
1010
1025
1225
1130
11
225 1010
3651015
235 10111
400
255
530
320
310
520
525
2 20
1060
905
1045
1120
1020
1160
1135
1220
2111 1010
320
415
215
330
325
165
380
385
290
325
345
425
230
1020
075
0110
1010
10 10
1165
1080
1075
1115
075
910
1070
905
255
380
225
200
250
280
255
220
255
260
210
210
210
230
220
220
325
275
200
330
2S5
2
250
250
215
215
210
260
275
220
2 45
250
2 15
280
220
250
240
215
40
240
250
235
230
200
2 50
250
235
420
265
210
175
110
325
2 75
175
150
160
120
150
160
200
230
10O
150
260
220
2 Ml
160
200
210
210
150
115
135
210
225
130
210
220
100
200
150
Walton Whann Co Charleston
Baugh Sons Baltimore Md
Marietta Guano Co Marietta Ga
Marietta Guano Co Marietta Ga
Rodgers Worsham Co Macon
Rodgers Worsham Co Macon
Walton Whann Co Charleston
Patapsco Guano Co Baltimore
Patapsco Guano Co Baltimore
Bradley Fertilizer Co Boston
Gray Bros Augusta Ga
R E Roughton Augusta Ga
Walton Whann Co Charleston
Conyers Oil Fer Co Couyers
H S Miller Co Baltimor Md
Savannah Guano Co Savannah
Listrs Agl Chem Wks Bltimrc
Maddox Ruckcr Co Atlaata
St nd Guo Chem Mfg Co N O
Maddox Kucker Co Atlanta
J O Matthewson Co Augusta
Bradley Fer Co Boston Mass
Raisin Fertilizer Co Baltimore
Raisin Fertilizer Co Baltimore
Savannah Guano Co Savannah
Allison Addison Richmond Va
Savannah Guano Co Savannah
G Obcr Sons Co Baltimore
Wight Wesloskey Albany Ga
Ceo W Seott Mfg Co Atlanta
C M Soria Prest New Orleans
Navassa Guano Co Wilmington
Hammond Hull Co Savannah
Georgia Chem Works Augusta
Hammond Hull Co Savannah
250 2450 G Ober Sons Co Baltimore
270 2418 Jas G Tinsley Co Richmd Va
100 2170 Marietta Guano Co Atlanta
250 25il Albanv Fertilizer Co Albany Ga
110 2271 G A T R Ramspeck Decatur
305 2469 las G Tinsley Co Richmd Va
230 2566 Clarence Angier Atlanta Ga
160 2362 Wando Phosphate Co Charleston
10 2215 Chesapeake Guano Co Baltimore
210 2457 Treadwell Abbott fc Co Atlanta
220 2335 N A Tift Co Albany Ga
225 2204 Macon Oil Fer Co Macon Ga
365 3123 Wilcox Gibbs Guano Co Savh
215 2277 N A F Tift Co Albany Ga
2403
2652
2285
2210
2105
2571
2438
2210
2409
2384
2334
2337
2300
2439
25
2251
2525
2560
2114
2684
2150
2740
2512
2542
2209
21SI
21
2171
231
2253
251
2338
24 58
2630
2518
Walton Whann Co Wilmgton Del
Baugh Sons Co Baltimore Md
Marietta Guano Co Atlanta Ga
Marietta Guano Co Atlanta la
Rodgers Worsham Co Macon Ga
Rodgers Worsham Co Macon Ga
Walton Whann Co Wilmingtn Del
Potapco Guano Co Baltimore Md
Potapsco Guano Co Baltimore Md
Bradley Fertilizer Co Boston Mass
Mfd for Gray Bros Augusta Ga
Mfd for R K Roughton AugustaGa
Walton Whann Co Wilmigtn Del
Conyers Oil and Fert Co Conyers Ga
H S Miller Co Baltimore Md
Savannah Guano Co Savannah Ga
Listers Agl Chem Wks Baltimore
Southern Phosphate Co Atlanta Ga
Stand Guano Chem Mfg Co N O
Southern Phosphate Co Atlanta Ga
1 O Matthewson Co Augusta Ga
Bradiev Fertilizer Co Boston Moss
Raisin Fertilizer Co Baltimore Md
Raisin Fertilizer Co Baltimore Md
Savannah Guano Co Savannah Ga
Allison Addison Richmond Va
Savannah Guano Co Savannah Ga
G Ober Sons Co Baltimore Md
Wight Wesloskv Albany Ga
George W Scott Mfg Co Atlanta Ga
Stand Guano Chem Mfg Co N O
Navassa Guano Co Wilmington N C
Pt Roval FerrzCo Port Royal S C
Patapsco Guano Co Baltimore Md
Mfd for Smith Gallaher Smith Sa
vannah Ga
G Ober Sons Co Baltimore Md
James G TinsleyCo Richmond Va
Marietta Guano Co Atlanta
Albany Fertilizer Co Albany Ga
G A iT K Ramspeck Decatur Ga
Jas G Tinsley A Co Richmond Va
Mfg for Clarence Angier Augnsta
Wando Phosphate Co Charlestn S C
Chesapeake Guano Co Baltimore
Mfd for Treadwell Abbott CoBalte
N A F Tift Co Albany Ga
Macon Oil and Fert Co Macon Ga
Wilcox Gibbs Guano Co Savh Ga
N A F Tift Co Albany Ga

H
co
W
co
C
n
c
o
N
BMHHBHniTABLE IContinued
NAME OF BRAND
The Complete Cotton Fertilizei
Tennessee Super Phos
Vegetable Fertilizer
Vamadoes Dissolved Ammouiated Bone
Vegetable Bone Super Phos
Walton Whann Dis Bone with AmnPot
Walton Guano
Wilcox Gibbs Co Manipulated Guano
W T Lane Bro Amd Dissolved Bone
co Yows Ammoniated Dissolved Bone
OS Zells Economizer
Zells Economizer
Zells Electric Guano
Zells Ammouiated Super Phosphate
9
920
1320
L125
1000
9 Ill
920
13 no
1500
1020
1155
1175
1450
1300
Phosphoric Acid
250
220
085
150
290
250
200
135
2
1211
325
275
300
251
7
701
850
9511
410
055
700
615
4511
700
850
750
711
680
605
300
290
230
590
320
360
410
005
310
230
200
315
ii
395
1120
1140
I INO
looo
1000
1025
1055
1010
10
1010
1015
Kllll
1000
B

FOR WHOM INSPECTED
240
200
355
2 30
112
200
260
280
285
215
220
280
211
250
225
150
275
150
550
1
100
225
250
175
150
165
150
150
S
2513
23 10
2992
2210
3121
2201
2315
2542
2109
23 32
2224
22711
2101
2300
Commercial Guano Co Savannah
National Fertilizer Co Nashville
Baldwin Fertilizer Co Savannah
Chem Co of Canton Baltimore
The Cracker Fer Chem Co
Buffalo N Y
Walton k Whann Co Charleston
Walton Guano Co Social Circle
Wilcox Gibbs Guano Co Savn
Hammond Hull k Co Savannah
Edisto Phosphate Co Charleston
The Zell Guano Co Baltimore
The Zell Guano Co Baltimore
The Zell Guano Co Baltimore
The Zell Guano Co Baltimore
BY WHOM AND WHERE MANU
FACTURED
Commercial Guano Co Savannah Ga
National Fer Co Nashville Tenn
Baldwin Fer Co Port Royal S C
Chem Co of Canton Baltimore Md
The Cracker Fer and Chem CoBuffalo
Walton Whann Co Wilmingtn Del
Walton Guano Co Social Circle Ga
Willeox Gibbs Guano Co Savh Ga
Hammond Hall Co Pt Royal S C
Mid for K D Tow Co Avalon
The Zell Guano Co Baltimore
The Zell Guano Co Baltimore
The Zell Guano Co Baltimore
Tin Zell Guano Co Baltimore

W
zl
13
O

Q
a
f
a
to

C
w
oTABLE II
Acid Phosphate Dissolved Bones Natural Guanos Chemicals Etc
NAME OK BKANH
Phosphoric Acid 0




SS


o
c G 3 o x
1 o 3 o fl 3
n
O tt F CL u
Acid Phosphate
Acid Phosphate
Ashepoo Bone Ash
Acid Phosphate
Alkaline Phosphate
Acid Phosphate
Acid Phosphate
Avalon Acid Phosphate
Americus Dissolved Bone
Adairs Acid Phosphate
Ashepoo Bone Ash
Acid Phosphate Plain
Ashepoo Dissolved Bone
Acid Phosphate
Atlantic Dissolved Bone Phos
Atlanta Soluble Bone
Ashepoo Acid Phosphate
Acid Phosphate
Atlantic Acid Phosphate
Acid Phosphate
Acid Phosphate
Atlantic Acid Phosphate for wheat
aB R Lcggs High tirade Acid Phos
Barrys Acid Phosphate
Barrys Bi Phosphate
Baltimore Dissolved Bone
Bone t Potash
Boyds Standard Acid Phos
Bradleys Palmetto Acid Phosphate
Bradlevs Palmetto Acid Phoshpate
Bowkers Dissolved Bone Phosphate
735
1375
1310
1375
1485
50
1390
1111
1330
1000
1410
1600
1000
1350
1120
1125
1230
1320
1050
1350
1450
1650
1015
1010
1010
1155
1350
1000
1050
1000
1200
175
210
175
065
065
175
085
240
295
220
300
135
230
120
075
085
1
145
135
210
110
055
210
165
100
275
240
275
125
175
220
1210
1050
930
1310
950
1060
1150
875
1010
1350
900
860
1100
1310
1010
1220
975
950
8
800
1115
755
1110
1195
1150
9
750
8
1200
1220
560
300
420
325
305
3511
2 60
465
435
39H
190
275
550
320
310
500
330
385
4
3
310
300
135
350
220
270
130
4
470
310
290
1510
1470
1255
1615
1300
1320
1615
L310
1400
1540
11
1410
1420
1620
1510
1550
1360
1425
1255
1110
1415
1210
1460
1415
1420
1110
1225
1350
1510
1510
600 1160
0S5
125
160
2114
2183
1917
2261
2045
2103
200
185
150
050
225
220
L55
1
255
2
420
100
FOR WHOM INSPECTED
BY WHOM AND WHERE MANU
FACTURED
2260
2034
1960
2156
1830
1974
1988
2268
2114
2171
2054
2045
1982
1774
1981
1849
2044
2161
2213
2174
2135
1990
2114
2114
150J1774
Berkcly Phos Co Charleston S C
Georgia Chem Works Augusta
Ashepoo Phos Co Charleston
Georgia Chem Works Augusta
Slingluff t Co Baltimore Md
C M Soria Prest New Orleans
Slingluff Co Baltimore
R D Yovv Avalon Ga
Americus Guano Co Americus
Adair Bros 1 Co Atlanta Ga
Ashepoo Phos Co Charleston
Navassa Guo Co Wilmgton N C
Ashepoo Phos Co Charleston
National Per Co Nashville Ienu
Atlantic Phos Co Charleston S C
Atlanta Guano Co Atlanta Ga
Ashepoo Phos Co Oharton S C
Navassa Guo Co Wilmton N C
Atlantic Phos Co Chrlestn S C
Ashley Phos Co Charleston S C
Wando Phos Co Charleston S C
Atlantic Phos Co Chrlestn S C
Geo W Scott Mfg Co Atlanta
E Barry Augusta Ga
E Barrv Augusta Ga
Slinglufl Co Baltimore
Baldwin Fer Co Savannah
G Ober Sons Co Baltimore
Bradley Fer Co Boston Mass
Bradley Fer Co Boston Mass
Jno D Weld Savannah Ga
Berkcly Phosphate CoCharlestonSC
Georgia Chem Works Augusta Ga
Ashepoo Phosphate Co Charleston
Georgia Chem Works Augusta Ga
Slingluff Co Baltimore Md
Standard Guano Chem Mfg Co
New Orleans La
Slingluff Co Baltimore Md
Mid for R D Yow Co Avalon Ga
Americus Guano Co Americus Ga
Mfd for Adair Bros a o harleston
Ashepoo Phosphate Co Charleston
Navassa Guano Co Wilmington N C
Ashepoo Phosphate Co Charleston
Natinal Fertilizer Co NashvilleTenn
Atlantic Phos Co Charleston S C
Atlanta Guano Co Atlanta Ga
Aslicpoo PhosCo Charleston S C
Navassa Guano CoWilmington N C
Atlantic Phos Co Charleston S C
Ashley Phosphate Co Charleston SC
Wando Phosphate Co CharlestonSC
Atlantic Phos Co Charleston S C
George WScott Mfg Co AtlantaGa
Mfd for E Barry Augusta Ga
Mfd for E Barrv Augusta Ga
Slingluff Co Baltimore Md
Baldwin Fertilizer Co Pt Royal S C
G Ober Sons Co Baltimore Md
Bradley Fertilizer Co Boston Mass
Bradley Fertilizer Co Boston Mass
Howker Fertilizer Co Charlestons

F
W
c
a
c
w
a

F
3
IS
73
H
ts
wTABLE No 11Continued
NAME OF BRAND
Phosphoric Acid
Bales Acid Phosphate
Bates Acid Phosphate
Colquitt Ga Standard Guano
Crown Acid Phosphate
Cerealite Top Dressing
Chemicals
Carib Guano
iCottou Boll Acid Phosphate
Chatham Acid Phosphate
oc Clifton Acid Phosphate
Dissolved Bone with Ammon m a Iotasb
Dissolved Bone with Ammonia Potash
Delcons Dissolved Bone Phosphate
Dobbs Chemicals
Diamond Soluble Hone
Dissolved Hone Phosphate A Potash
Dissolved Hone Phosphate So Ca
I tissolved Bone
Dissolved So Ca Hone
Dissolved Bone Phosphate of Lime
Eagle Acid Phosphate
Eutau Acid Phosphate
Eagle Acid Phosphate
English Dissolved Hone
English Acid Phosphate
Edisto Dissolved Bone
Etiwan Dissolved Bone
Edisto Acid Phosphate
Ezells Dissolved Bone
Etiwan Acid Phosphate
Eutau Acid Phosphate
FurmansSol Bone with Am and Potash
Furmans Acid Phosphate
1050
1150
1050
50
1700
1150
I He
1100
1020
1220
1211
1150
1221
13511
10 HI
1 150
785
1010
1200
1050
1100
112
1075
1350
875
1000
12 45
1015
1310
150
135
250
i820
050
3 IE
2 10
215
300
310
215
225
265
2 31
1 20
200
315
180
210
225
100
095
240
130
130
410
2
105
251
805
1210
810
1150
13 45
1120
1215
1010
1000
1125
910
1011
850
0 45
875
900
711
775
330
1001
1125
1150
1225
950
1010
1120
050
12 50
820
175 1150
Hi
395
250
27
390
195
2 10
215
38
32
110
2
430
505
51
07
685
300
300
230
210
200
475
3 05
3 90
400
170
200
315

o
H
1205
1005
1000
152
10 20
1510
1410
1210
1215
1410
1235
1410
1135
13
1380
141
1385
1310
1320
1301
1355
1301
1425
1425
13 15
1510
1350
1420
1111
I465
0 51
740
150
130
130
iio
FOR WHOM INSPECTED
BY WHOM AND WHERE BAKU
FACTORED
12018 07
2217
210
00
237
2551
125
150
125 2645
22 ON
2114
1974
2200
2211
1074
22 01
1071
2044
1925
1932
1081
1939
2000
1073
1005
189
1904
1995
1005
250 2001
2111
125 2015
150 2188
275 2270
12051
1 A Hale Rome Ga
W A Dates 8ec Griffin Ga
T J Lowe Mapleton la
Walton i Whann Co Charleston
Boy kin Ca mier Co Baltimore
Baugh a Sons Baltimore Md
las GTinsleyiCo Riehmd Va
Hammond Hull Co Savannah
Hartshorn i Huger Savannah
Clifton Cliem Phos Co Atlanta
Wando Phosphate Co Charleston
Wando Phosphate Co Charleston
Commercial Guano Co Savanal
Iltisin Fertilizer t o Baltimore
Walton A Whann Co Charleston
Ca Chemical Works AugustaGa
G Ober t Sons Co Baltimore Md
As li poo Phos Co Chariest on S C
Chemical Co of Canton Halo
Pacific Guano harloston
Ashley Phosphate Co Charleston
Ashley Phosphate Co Charleston
T I Caswell Augusta Ca
Savannah Guano Co Savannah
M G t 1 I Mclntyre Savannah
Edisto Phosphate Co Charleston
Etiwan Phosphate Co Charleston
Edisto Phos Co Charleston S C
Ashepoo Phos CO Charleston
Etiwan Phos Co Charleston S C
Ashepoo Phos CoCharestouSC
Adair Bros 1 Co Atlanta Ga
Adair Bros Co Atlanta Ga
i A Bale Home Ga
Griffin Fertilizer Co GlifflnGa
T 1 Lowe Mapleton Ca
Mfd for Treadwell Abbott Co At
lanta
Boykin armor a Co Baltimore Md
Baugh a Sons Baltimore Md
impd by lames G Tinslcv a Co
Richmond Va
Hammond Hull A Co Savannah Ca
Commercial Guano Co SavannahGa
Clifton ciicni a Phos Co Atlanta
Wando Phosphate Co Charleston
Wando Phosphate Co Charleston
Commercial Guano Co SavannahGa
Raisin Fertilizer Co Baltimore Md
altoo a Whann Co Wilmington Del
Georgia Chemical Works Augusta
G Ober A Sons Co Baltimore Md
Ashley Phosphate Co Charleston Se
Chemical Co of Canton Baltimore
Pacific Guano Co Charleston S c
Ashley Phosphate Co Charleston SC
Ashepoo Phos Co Charleston S C
T 1 Caswell Augusta Ca
Impd bySavh Guano Co Savannah
Impd by M G a D I Mclntyre Sa
vannah Ca
Edisto Phosphate Co Charleston S C
Etiwan Phosphate Co Charleston
Edisto Phosphate Co Charleston
Ashepoo Phos Co Charleston s c
Etiwan Phosphate Co Charleston
Ashepoo Phosphate Co Charleston
Fnrnian Farm Impt Co East PL Ca
Furman Farm Impt Co East Pi Ca

W
H
ft
c
F
H
e
ft
I
en
ft
cFarish Furman Formula
cGeorgia State Standard Acid Phosphate
fiGeorgia State Standard Acid Phosphate
Ground Bone
Georgia State Grange Bone Phosphate
Ground Bone
Gays Bone Phosphate
Georgia State Standard Acid Phosphate
tG round Bone
Georgia State Grange Acid Phosphate
Home Fertilizer Chemicals
High Grade Acid Phosphate
H C H Cotton Plant Bone
Heaths Soluble Bone
Kainit
Kainit
Kainit
Kainit
Kainit
Kainit
Kainit
Kainit
Kramers Dissolved Bone
Kainit
cD Kainit
50 Kainit
Kainit
Kainit
Kainit
L W Acid Phosphate
Langston Woodons Acid Phosphate
Lesters Plain Dissolved Bone
L AC Fertilizer
Lockwoods Acid Phosphate
L W Acid Phosphate
Muriate
Magnolia Acid Phosphate
Marietta High Grade Acid Phosphate
Nassau Dissolved Bone Phosphate
Nassau Dissolved Bone with Potash
Oglethorpe Dissolved Bone Phosphate
aOur Dissolved Bone Phosphate
Oglethorpe Acid Phosphate
Oriole Dissolved Bone
O K Dissolved Bone a Potash
Oglethorpe Acid Phosphate
Oglethorpe Dissolved Bone Phosphate
cOglethorpe Aeid Phosphate
cOglethorpe Dissolved Bone Phosphate
1300
15C0
1700
1375
803
1Z10
sJio
1510
1200
Vuii
520
450
930
750
140
070
050
2655
000
2615
085
090
15
135
siJ5
Li00
150
1250
815
1000
950
1500
1300
1155
1200
1300
1200
1050
1150
1375
1200
1270
17 0
1700
1500
1500
200
190
150
080
310
130
310
135
415
210
223
250
315
235
150
250
050
050
070
070
40
1250
1345
1150
1110
1110
1125
1120
850
990
1150
1160
1000
1220
850
815
260
275
1185
1510
1020
320
370
3
i55
20
360
1610
uiiio
1510
lilfj
I48j
1410
1210
195
980
1075
1110
1100
075
1120
1000
720
950
1345
1345
1250
1250
330
320
350
210
205
360
505
350
400
310
475
390
410
690
205
275
2 75
260
200
1405
1320
1470
1510
1210
1515
1210
1485
1425
1510
1410
1450
1510
1410
1410
11 55
1020
1620
1510
1510
1 15
L50
420
T4S
1919
2114
2208
1010
L50
200
128
1175
1265
1250
1210
1200
1320
1300
1220
1150
1075
1280
1320
1375
1320
160
1
010
175
5210
020
110
175
2002
2114
loisi
3230
2072
2124
1894
1285
1175
1265
1250
1210
1260
1320
1360
1007
1220
1150
1075
1280
1320
1375
1320
2008
2058
2114
2339
2124
1809
5210
2099
1995
2114
2099
2030
2114
1974
21 04
225
220S
2208
2114
2114
Adair Bros A Co Atlanta Ga
Hammond Hull A Co Savannah
Hammond Hull A Co Savannah
H S Miller Co Baltimore Md
Baldwin Fertilizer Co Savannah
H S Miller A Co Baltimore
Baldwin Fer Co Savannah Ga
Hammond Hull A Co Savannah
Listers Agl Client Wks Bait
Baldwin Fer Co Savannah
Boykin Carmer A Co Balimore
Jno Merryman A Co Baltimore
Grav Bros Angustn Ga
Adair Bros A Co Atlanta Ga
Edisto Phos Co Charleston S C
Commercial Guano Co Savannah
Savannah Guano Co Savannah
Hammond Hull a Co Savannah
Baldwin Fertilizer Co Savannah
Bntler Stephens Savannah
Ashley Phos Co Charleston S C
Pacific Guano Co Charleston S C
Clifton Chem A Phos Co Atlanta
Jno D Weld Savannah Ga
Wilcox A Gibbs Guano Co Savh
Slingluff 4 Co Baltimore
Gaructt Stubbs A Co Savannah
Elbert County Fer Co Klberton
X a A V Tift A Co Albany Ga
Pacific Guano Co Chariest n S C
AshepooPhos Co Chrlestn S C
Berkely Phos Co Charleston
Listers Agl A Chem Wks Nwrk
Langston A YVoodson Atlanta Ga
Clarence Angier Atlanta Ga
Ashepoo Phos Co Charleston
Savannah Guano Co Savannah
Orr A Hunter Athens Ga
Marietta Guano Co Marietta Ga
Jno D Weld Savannah Ga
Jno D Weld Savannah Ga
Hammond Hull a Co Savannah
Hartshorne A Huger Savannah
Hammond Hull A Co Savannah
Chesapeake Guano Co Baltimore
Orr A Hunter Athens Ga
HammondHull a Co Savannah
Hammond Hull A Co Savannah
Hammond Hull a Co Savannah
Hammond Hull A Co Savannah
Furman Farm Impt Co East Pt Ga
Hammond Hull A Co Savannah Ga
Hammond Hull Co Savannah
H S Miller A Co Baltimore Md
Baldwin Fer Co Port Royal S C
II S Miller A Co Baltimore
Baldwin Fer Co Port Royal S C
Hammond Hull A Co Pt Royal S C
Listers Agl A Chem Wks Baltimore
Baldwin Fer Co Port Royal S C
Bovkin Carmer A Co Baltimore M1
Jno Merryman A Co Baltimore
Mfd for Gray Bros Augusta Ga
Furman Farm Impt Co East Pt Ga
Impd Edisto Phos Co Chrlestn S C
Impd Commercial Guano Co Savh
Impd Savannah Guano Co Savanah
Impd Hammond Hull Co Savah
Impd by Baldwin Fertilizer Co
Impd Mabbett A Williams Savannah
Impd by Ashley Phos CoCharlton
Impd by Pacific Guano Co Churlton
Clifton Chem A Phos Co Atlanta
Impd bv Jno D Weld Savannah
Impd by Wilcx A Gibs Guo Co Svh
Impd by Slingluff a Co Baltimore
Impd bv Garnett Stubbs a CoSavh
Impd bv Elbert Fer Co Elberton Ga
Impd bv X A A F Tift a Co Albany
Impd bv Pacific Guo Co Charleston
Ashepoo Phosphate Co Charleston
Berkely Phos Co Charleston S O
Listers Agl A Chem Wks Newk N 1
Cleveland Dryer Co Cleveland O
Mfd for Clarence Angier Augusta
Ashepoo Phos Co Charleston S C
Impd by Savannah Guano Co Savh
Mfd for Orr A Hunter Athens Ga
Marietta Guano Co Marietta Ga
Bowker Fer Co Charleston S C
Bovvker Fer Co Charleston S C
Hammond Hull A Co Pt Royal S C
Commercial Guano Co Savannah Ga
Hammond Hull A Co Pt Royal s I
Chesapeake Guano Co Baltimore
Mfd for Orr a Hunter Athens la
Hammond Hull A Co Savannah
Hammond Hull A Co Savannah
Hammond Hull A Co Savannah
Hammond Hull A Co Savannah

M
l
CO
W
CO
C
J
O
W

IS
TABLE IL Continued
NAME OF BRAND
Pure Acid Phosphate
Pomona Acid Phosphate
Port Royal Dissolved Bone Phosphate
tPure Ground Bone
Port Royal Acid Phosphate
Plain Dissolved Bone
Potash Acid Phosphate
P D Acid Phosphate
Pioneer Acid Phosphate
Penamans Patent Formula
Piedmont Acid Phosphate
Port Royal Dissolved Bone
cPort Royal Acid Phosphate
iPortBoyal Dissolved Bone
3 fcPort Royal Acid Phosphate
Rainbow Phosphate
Raisins Acid Phosphate
Rainbow Soluble Bone
slingluffs Dissolved Bone
Slingluffs Dissolved Bone
Sunny South Acid Phots
Standard Acid Phosphate
Southern Acid Phosphate
Scotts High Grade Acid Phosphate
Soluble Borje
dSt Julian Ravenels High Grade Acid Phos
Stono Acid Phosphate
Stono Acid Phosphate
Sterling Acid Phosphate
SunnySouth Acid Phosphate
Standard Acid Phosphate
Stono Dissolved Bone
Truckers Choice
rfVanDyke A Henleys Staud High Grade Acid
Phosphate
Wando Acid Phosphate
Walton Acid Phosphate
XX Acid Phosphate
Plwsphoric Acid
1475
1110
850
1300
1000
11Oo
1110
1180
350
1115
1560
1560
1700
1700
1125
1020
1125
875
1220
1500
1055
1460
1020
1120
1015
750
925
1340
1300
1000
1250
825
1015
10
1050
1115
125
310
105
1910
280
020
185
095
185
050
350
070
070
050
050
450
280
180
105
215
100
210
100
105
110
210
310
285
105
300
2
215
250
210
250
065

1120
112
1205
1010
122
780
950
1075
000
820
1250
1250
1345
1345
625
1050
900
1180
1210
1115
945
1120
1000
1005
1110
500
250
1210
1010
1125
1215
100
1110
1150
1100
1050
380
390
345
345
360
540
370
235
000
505
200
260
275
275
305
4
156
236
200
395
490
350
500
360
350
640
1005
300
400
305
400
410
350
375
420
405
1500
1515
1550
13S
1585
1320
1320
1310
000
1325
1510
1510
1620
1620
1020
1475
1065
1415
1410
1510
1435
1470
1560
142
1460
1140
1255
1510
1410
1430
1615
510
1460
1526
1580
1455
130
lies
120
115
150
160
160
220
200
S5
3
FOR WHOM INSPECTED
BY WHOM AND WHERE MANU
FACTTJBED
2100
2121
2170
125
2tn
130
175
150
015
200
1897
2219
1998
2008
1994
220
2055
2114
2114
226s
22CS
1043
2065
2226
2341
2319
2114
2009
2058
2184
1993
2044
1771
1907
2129
1974
2002
2261
1304
2044
2135
2212
2037
vvncox Gibbs Guano Co Savhj Wileox t Gibus Guano Co Savannah
Hartshorne A Huger Savannah Commercial Guano Co Savannah
Hammond Hull A Co Savannah Hammond Hull A Co Port Royal
B R Legg a Bro Marietta Ga Stand Guano A Chem Mf g Co N O
Hammond Hull t Co Savannahl Hammond Hull a Co Pt Roval S
Listers Agl Chem Wks Bait Listers AgL t Chem Wks Baltimore
Lorentz Rittler Baltimore Md Lorentz Rittler Baltimore Md
Ashepoo Phos Co Charleston Ashepoo Phos Co Charleston S C
Ashepoo Phos Co Charlestonj Ashepoo Phos Co Charleston S C
Baltimore Pulverizing Co Bait Baltimore Pulverizing Co Baltimore
Marietta Guano Co Marietta Ga Marietta Guano Co Marietta Ga
Hammond Hull t Co Savannah Hammond Hull Co Savannah
Hammond Hull Co Savannah Hammond Hull A Co Savannah
Hammond Hull A Co Savannah Hammond Hull A Co Savannah
Hammond Hull Co Savannah Hammond Hull S Co Savannah
Aincricus Guo Co Amerieus Ga Amerlcus Guano Co Americus Ga
Raisin Fertilizer Co Baltimore Raisin Fertilizer Co Baltimore Md
Atlanta fluano Co Atlanta Ga Atlanta Guano Co East Point Ga
Boykin Carmer 4 Co Baltimore
Boykin farmer A Co Baltimore
Atlanta Guano Co East Point Ga
Walton a Whann Co Charlestons
Southern Phos Co Atlanta Ga
George V Scott MfgCo Atlanta Ga
Columbus Fertilizer CoColumbusGa
George W Scott MfgCo AtlantaGa
Stono Phosphate Co Jharleston S C
stono Phosphate Co Charleston S C
Mfd for clarence Anier AugustaGa
OAaTK Ramspeck Decatur Ga
Wando Phosphate CoCharlestonSC
Stono Phosphate Co Charleston S C
Baltimore Pulverizing Co Baltimore
Boykin Carmer A Co Baltimore
Boykin Carmer Co Baltimore
Atlanta Guano Co Atlanta Ga
Walton a Whann Co Charleston
Maddox Rueker a Co Atlanta
Geo W Scott MfgCo Atlanta
Calumbua Fer Co Columbus
Geo W Scott Mfg Co Atlanta
E H Frost Co Charleston S c
E H Frost A Co Charleston S C
Clarence Angler Atlanta Ga
G A A T R Ramspeck Dcatr Ga
Wando Phosphate Co Charleston
Stono PhosphateCo Charleston
Baltimore Pulverizing Co Bait
Geo W Scott Mfg Co Atlanta
Wando Phos Co Charleston
Walton Guano Co Social Circle
Walton A Whann Co Charleston
George W Scott MfgCo Atlanta Ga
Wando Phos Co Charleston 8 C
Walton Guano Co Social Circle Ga
Walton A Whann Co Charleston S c
ble Thoutrh nrSfcSfv it iS k P er atS UJ notbee acidulated The whole of the phosphoric acid is therefore reported as Insolu
DuplicaIf BrSus fn mmin2 arYa1ble as Jod jhan phosphoric acid from other sources A good finely ground bone meal is worth about J40
ealflresoM f rfiL istances fertilizers manufactured by the same formala and actually sacked from the sam5 bulkbeing in every respect identi
fnroelnSSIre IZItZlt tH tebleS by leerS ete PreflXed to the the having the Lme letter

SB
13
SS
H
C

o
SB
o
IT
d
SB
SI
I
c
SBANALYSES OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERSIE
31
STATISTICS OF INSPECTION
During the season of 188889 commencing October 1 1888 and ending
September 30 1889 there have been inspected analyzed and admitted to
sale in Georgia to date of this report 20286936 tons of commercial fer
tilizers and chemicals The seas n practically closed about the first of
May only one or two inspections of small amounts occurring after that
date The inspectors at Savannah Augusta and Toccoa may be called
Station Inspectors their work being confined almost exclusively to the
points at which they are stationed The remaining three inspectors may
be called Traveling Inspectors since they are assigned to the duty of
inspecting the products of the interior factories of the State and those
shipments that enter the State at points at which no inspectors are sta
tioned
The following table exhibits the number of tons inspected by each inspec
tor
A F Woolley Inspector at Savannah6365839 tons
R Ridgely Inspector at Augusta5434950 tons
M D Irwin Inspector at Toccoa1230776 tons
J L Anderson Inspector at Hawkinsville1956550 tons
S R Murphey Inspector at Hamilton3256633 tons
W B Jones Inspector at LaGrange2042188 tons
T0tal20286936 tons
The number of distinct inspections made by each inspector and the aver
age amount of each inspection are as follows
A F Woolley
R Ridgely
M D Irwin
J L Anderson
S R Murphey
W B Jones
Total and general average32
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
COMPARATIVE TRADE IN FERTILIZERS
The following table shows the number of tons inspected for each of the
last fourteen seasons
There were inspected during the season of 18756 5531600 tons
There were inspected during the season of 18767 7582400 tons
There were inspected during the season of 187789317800 tons
There were inspected during the season of 187898504900 tons
There were inspected during the season of 18798011958300 tons
There were inspected during the season of 1880115240400 tons
There were inspected during the season of 1881212542700 tons
There were inspected during the season of 1882312537700 tons
There were inspected during the season of 1883415184Q00 tons
There were inspected during the season of 18845 17015300 tons
There were inspected during the season of 1885616070500 tons
There were inspected during the season of 1886716607808 tons
There were inspected during the season of 1887820800739 tons
There were inspected during the season of 1888920286936 tons
AMMONIATED AND NONAMMONIATED FERTILIZERS OR
ACID PHOSPHATES
Of the whole amount of fertilizers placed upon the market during the
past season 15456268 tons were Ammoniated Superphosphates and 4215168
tons were Acid Phosphates or Dissolved Bones It is well to remark that
those brands which contain not less than eight per cent of available phos
phoric acid and two per cent of ammonia are classed as Ammoniated
Superphosphates and those containing less than two per cent of ammonia
and not less than ten per cent of available phosphoric acid are classsed as
Acid Phosphates or Dissolved Bones This classification is made without
regard to the name of the brand as will be seen by reference to the tables
The fertilizing materials which do not belong to either of the foregoing
are classed as Chemicals and Compounds other than Ammoniated Super
phosphates and Dissolved Bones Of this class there were 615550 tons
inspected and analyzed and are included in table No II
The number of tons of Acid Phosphates or Dissolved Bones inspected in
Georgia during the past fourteen seasons is as follows
For the season of 187566 499 tons
For the season of 18767jo 842 tons
For the season of 1877815332 tons
For the season of 18789 10 91 tons
For the season of 187980 i8906 tons
For the season of 1880122 036 tons
For the season of 1881220602 tons
For the season of 1882331017 tons
For the season of 1883439154 tons
For the season of 1884535012 tons
For the season of 1885637451 tons
For the season of 1886740899 tons
For the season of 18878 67978 tons
For the season of 18889 42051 tons
102ANALYSES OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS188889

Of the whole quantity inspected the percentage of Acid Phosphate for
each season is as follows
For 18756n16 Per cent
For 187671282 per cent
For 18778 1962 Per cent
For 187891222 Per cent
For 187980n63 Per cent
For 1880115n Per ceut
For 188121642 Per cent
For 18823 2473 Per cent
For 188342578 Per cent
For 188452055 percent
For 18856 2334 Per eent
For 188672462 Per cent
For 188783074 per cent
For 188892070 Per cent
The following averages for the past fourteen seasons will be found inter
GStlll0
GENERAL AVERAGES OF ALL FERTILIZERS
For the season of 18745
For the season of 18756
For the season of 18767
For the season of 18778
For the season of 18789
For the season of 187980
For the season of 18801
For the season of 18812
For the season of 18823
For the season of 18834
For the season of 18845
For the season of 18856
For the season of 18867
For the season of 18878
For the season of 18889
Available
Phosphoric
Acid
923
1094
1087
1143
1195
1024
1096
1088
1103
1082
1113
1101
1139
1166
1148
Ammonia
255
253
252
279
270
258
253
248
253
247
224
243
245
246
280
Potash
517
249
275
223
166
133
141
147
150
155
144
165
194
212
194
These are the general averages of all fertilizers inc udmg Acid 1 hos
vhates for the seasons named It is proper to remark that the averages ol
Ammonia and Mash are of those brands only which are shown by analy
sis to contain these elements and not of the whole number of brands ana
lyzed
10334
DEPARTMENT OP AURICtXITtTRlGEoRGlA
AVERAGES OF AMMONIATED FEBTILIZEBS
For the season of 18745
For the season of 18756
For the season of 18767
For the season of 18778
For the season of 18789
For the season of 187980
For the season of 18801
For the season of 18812
For the season of 18823
For the season of 18834
For the season of 18845
For the season of 18856
For the season of 18867
For the season of 18878 i
Available
Phosphoric Ammonia
Acid
873
1036
1051
1083
1152
953
1030
1020
1022
978
1135
1015
1030
1047
For the season of 18889 jq 30
284
29S
273
279
270
259
253
24S
253
247
229
243
245
246
280
Potash
531
279
243
225
164
135
145
258
148
157
151
164
190
214
190
104ANALYSES OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS188889
AVERAGE OF NONAMMONIATKD FERTIUZKKS
35
For the season of 18745
For the season of 18756
For the season of 18767
For the season of 18778
For the season of 18789
For the season of 187980
For the season of 18801
For the season of 18812
For the season of 18823
For the season of 18834
For the season of 18845
For the season of 18856
For the season of 18867
For the season of 18878
For the season of 18889
Available
Phosphoric
Acid
1105
1199
1168
1310
1320
1244
1260
124S
1255
1259
1287
1262
1345
1381
1396
Potash
385
464
454
216
163
128
130
105
156
148
130
168
185
207
181
The number of brands inspected analyzed and placed upon the market
for each season since the organization of the Department is as follows
For the season of 187450 brands
For the season of 18756101 brand
For the season of 18767125 brands
For the season of 18778127 brands
For the season of 18789162 brands
For the season of 187980I82 brands
For the season of 18801226 brands
For the season of 18812270 brands
For the season of 18823354 bralld
For the season of 18834336 brands
For the season of 18845369 brans
For the season of 18856345 bnmd
For the season of 18867322 brands
For the season of 18878337 brands
For the season of 188893o5 brands
These are exclusive of chemicals and other preparations for making or
composting manures at homes
10536
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
The number of brands of ammoniated and nonammoniated fertilizers
for each season is as follows
For the season of 18745
For the season of 18756
For the season of 18767
For the season of 18778
For the season of 18789
For the season of 187980
For the season of 18801
For the season of 18812
For the season of 18823
For the season of 18834
For the season of 18845
For the season of 18856
For the season of 18867
For the season of 18878
For the season of 18889
Am oniated
Nonammo
niated
86 24
68 33
85 40
90 37
119 43
135 47
163 66
187 83
239 115
210 126
229 140
215 130
206 116
242 135
254 101
106ANALYSES OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS188889
37
RECEIPTS AND EXPENDITURES INCIDENT TO THE INSPEC
TION OF FERTILIZERSSEASON OF 188889
KECEIPTS
Fees on 20286936 tons at fifty cents per ton10143419
EXPENSES OF INSPECTION
2179200 Inspectors Tags at 2 per thousand 435840
Express charges on tags and samples drayage tele
grams postage stationery bottles wax etc 39651
Traveling expenses of Inspectors 132436
Net amount of fees actually paid into the Treasury 9535542
10143469 10143469
Total amount of fees actually paid into Treasury 9535542
Drawn from Treasury on account of salaries
Salaries of six Inspectors to Sept 30 1889 900000
Salary of Chemist to Sept 30 1889 300000
Total salaries1200000
Net balance in Treasury8335542
9535542 9535542
The net balance in the treasury for the season of
187778 was 3590577
For the season of 187879 3126767
For the season of 187980 4643847
For the season of 1880 81 6406028
For the season of 188182 5025132
For the season of 188283 5081090
For the season of 188384 6213392
For the season of 188485 7018375
For the season of 188586 6536137
For the season ol 188687 6810735
For the season of 188788 8527044
For the season of 188889 8335542
Decrease compared with 188788 191502
Total net results in twelve years71314666
107Special Circular No 79 l
New Series I
QUESTIONS FOR AUGUST CROP REPORT 1889
To be Returned to the Commissioner by August 1 1889
What is the condition and prospects of
1 Cotton compared with an average V
per cent
ncr cent
2 Corn compared with an averagev
percent
3 Rice compared with an average r
nor OCIlt
4 Sugarcane compared with an average
6 Sweet potatoes compared with an averagePer
R What are the profits of the melon crop compared with last yearpercent
7 Give date of first appearance of cotton caterpillars
9 Period of excessive wet weather
From July
10 Period of drouth
to July
From Julyto July
NAME
POSTOFFICE
COUNTY
Date of making this Report
SEE OVER
1082 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
Questions in regard to the results of the No Fence Law to be an
swered by correspondents in those counties or districts in which the law
is of force
What has been the effect of the operation of the No Fence Law 1 On the acreage in
farm crops 2 on the quality of live stock 3 on the quantity and quality of butter anil
milk produced 4 on the quantity and quality of beef and pork products 5 on the gen
eral prosperity of farmers tranquility of neighborhoods and docility of stock
County
NAME
POSTOFFICE
109CIRCULAR No 119 I
New Series i
CROP REPORT
FOR THE MONTH OF AUGUST 1889
SHOWING
The Acreage and Condition of Growing Crops the first of
August and Statistical and other Reports of the Results
of the Operation of the No Fence Law of 1872 in
those counties which have adopted the same
Corcnaissioiier
ATLANTA GEOEGIA
Constitution Job Office
1889Circular No 119
New Series
CROP REPORT
FOR THE MONTH OF AUGUST 1889
Returned to the Department of Agriculture August 1 1889
State op Georgia Department op Agriculture j
Atlanta Ga August 9 1889 j
THE WEATHER
The seasons since July 1 have been all that could be desired in
nearly every section of the State In some counties rains have been
excessive but only a few cases of actual injury to crops havefbeen
reported
COTTON
The condition of the cotton crop has steadily advanced since the
date of July 1 and has become more nearly uniform in the different
stctions of the State The condition in those counties in which it
was lowest a month ago has very greatly improved while in those
reporting very high condition then the reports are more sober and
the estimates somewhat lower It is generally true that both high
and low conditions are somewhat exaggerated by hopes on the one
hand and apprehensions on the other One month ago the general
average condition for the entire State was 83 the average now
August 1 is 907 points higher On August 11888 the condition
was 89one point lower
The improvement in the condition of the cotton crop is due of
course to the general prevalence of good seasonsplenty of rain and
sun heat with warm nights The rains are now excessive and it is
apprehended that a severe drouth will occur during August which
would prove very damaging owing to the succulent condition of the
plants
CORN AND OTHER CROPS
The corn crop promises the largest yield within ten years past The
drouths that occurred in April and May have been relieved by copious
1134 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
general rains in good time to enable the crop to recover Farmers
are enthusiastic over the bright promises of a rich harvest The
same remarks will apply with moreor less force to all the minor
crops cultivated A glance at the tabular report which follows will
show that every crop without exception has made a material advance
in condition Corn from 92 to 101 rice from 90 to 94 sugarcane
from 87 to 94 sweet potatoes from 79 to 92
Melons have not yielded as large profits as last year the reports
showing 91 as compared with those of the same date in 1888
PEACHES AND GEAPES
The promised yield of these two fruit crops of one and two months
ago has been even more than realized especially of peaches The
yield both in quantity and quality has probably never been equalled
in the history of the State and the profits have been exceedingly
satisfactory
Consolidated Crop Report for August 1889By Sections
Condition and pros
pect compared with SS
an average
d a
SUCTIONS o c g o o
c j


c
u u K E rs
11 liv 2
91 inr 95 95 92
91 inn inn it 86 111
89 98 i 93 ST s
88 99 101 91 II 95 il 98 IL

Average tor the State 90 91
July 11889 83 89 92 95 99 86 ST 99 79 95
Average for the State 81
114AUGUST CROP REPORT1889
THE RESULTS OF THE OPERATION OF THE NO
FENCE LAW OF 187280
The Act establishing the Department of Agriculture approved February
2811 The said Commissioner shall give attention to the subject of fencing
and shall report at such times as he may deem proper upon said subject as
efn pursuance of the above provision Hon Thomas P Jones first Com
missioner of Agriculture made an effort in September 1875 to ascertain
the annual cost of fencing crops and the annual cost of fencing stock
His report for that month Circular 18 Old Series says
The answers to the question what is the annual cost of fencing crops
in vour county are made on such varied bases that no definite results can
be derived from them The same is true of the answers to the question as
to the cost of fencing stock The conclusions drawn from a careful study
of all the answers are that such is the diversity of circumstances and in
terests in Georgia that a general law requiring either the fencing of
crops or stock is unwise In the mountain region of North and the wire
grass region of South Georgia fencing stock would be not only a hardship
but absolutely impracticable the cultivated area being very small compared
with the stock range and yet the nocks not sufficiently large to require the
constant care of herdsmen In the farming and planting regions ot orth
Middle and Southwest Georgia on the contrary the present law requiring
crops to be fenced is equally a hardship and with the present system ol
labor almost impracticable The relations of cultivated and pasture areas
in the latter sections are the reverse of those in the former and hence a
law applicable to one is inapplicable if not unjust to the other How then
is the question to be met Very plainly by leaving the question of fenc
ing crops or fencing stock to be determined by the freeholders of each
C The same question was discussed in the May Crop Report of 1870 In
the June Crop Report for 1882 I pursued the subject still further and
published the Fence Laws of force for the information of farmers t is
well known that many counties and parts of counties nave adopted the
provisions of the Act of 1872 and in this year of prosperity and plenty 1
have deemed it a fitting time to collate such statistics and tacts as wi 1
exhibit the results of the operation of the law and ascertain to what extent
thev have been satisfactory It is not my intention to give my own views
or any mere theories on the subject 11 is made under our wise legislation
the privilege of the citizens of each county to decide for themselves x he her
their condition and circumstances will justify the adoption of the law
The logic of facts is worth more than that of theories
It is a significant fact that almost without exception the no fence law
has given general satisfacl ion where it has been adopted
For the purpose of eliciting official information as to what counties have
adopted the law I first issued circulars asking the necessary questions to
the Ordinaries of the several counties Mostof these replied and Uieir answers
are incorporated with the notes on the subject from Crop Correspondents
To the usual questions to correspondents there were appended the
fWhat has been theeffect of the operation of the no fence law 1 On
the acreage ill farm crops 2 on the quality ot live stock rf on tne
SSSiSSftiSlrfEutteriiid milk produced 4 on the quantity and
115DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
quality of beef and pork products 5 on the general prosperity of farmers
tranquility of neighborhoods and docility of stock
It will be observed that in many instances the answers refer to the sev
eral divisions of the above question by the numerals prefixed
List of Counties which have adopted the No Fence Law or rejected the
same and of those in which no elections have been held with notes of
results
NORTH GEORGIA
Adopted by entire county Hart and Jackson
Adopted by certain districts Banks Bartow Cherokee Cobb Dawson
Floyd Forsyth Gwinnett Hall Madison Milton and PauldingTotal 12
Rejected by vote Haralson 813th district only MadisonTotal 2
No elections held Oatoosa Chattooga Dade Faunin Floyd Gilmer
Gordon Habersham Lumpkin Murray Pickens Polk Rabun Towns
Union Walker White and Whitfield Total 18
MIDDLE GEORGIA
Adopted by entire county Bibb Butts Campbell Clarke Clayton
Columbia Coweta Elbert Fayette Greene Hancock Henry Jasper
Jones Lincoln McDuffie Meriwetber Monroe Morgan Newton Oconee
Oglethorpe Pike Putnam Rockdale Bpalding Talbot Taliaferro Troup
Walton Warren and WilkesTotal 32
Adopted by certain districts Baldwin Carroll DeKalb Douglas Fulton
Harris Heard and UpsonTotal 8
Rejected by vote Taliaferro afterwards adopted by special legislative
enactment
No elections heldTotal 0
SOUTHWEST GEORGIA
Adopted by entire county Houston Lee and MuscogeeTotal 3
Adopted by certain districts Chattahoochee Crawford Dougherty
Macon Marion Quitman RandolphSchleyStewart Sumter and Taylor
JL O till j II
No elections held Baker Berrien Brooks Calhoun Clay Colquitt
Decatur Dooly Early Irwin Lowndes Miller Mitchell Terrell Thomas
Webster Wilcox andWorthTotal 18
EAST GEORGIA
Adopted by entire county RichmondTotal 1
Adopted by certain districts Burke Pulaski Screven Twiggs Wash
ington and WilkinsonTotal 6
Rejected by vote Four districts in Washington adopted by three
districts
No elections held Bulloch Dodge Emauuel Glascock Jefferson John
son Laurens Montgomery Tatnall and Tel fairTotal 10
SOUTHEAST GEORGIA
Adopted by entire county NoneTotal 0
Adopted by certain districts NoneTotal 0
Rejected by vote ChathamTotal 1
No elections held Appling Bryan Camden Charlton Clinch Coffee
Echols Eftingham Glynn Liberty Mclntosh Pierce Ware and Wayne
Total 14
116AUGUST CROP REPORT1889
RECAPITULATIONENTIRE STATE
Adopted by entire county in 37 Counties
Adopted by certain districts in 36
Rejected by vote 3
No elections held 61
Total 137
By Legislative Act
REPLIES TO QUESTIONS ADDRESSED TO ORDINARIES
AND CROP CORRESPONDENTS
NORTH GEORGIA
Banks No election Bartow One district adopted the no fence law
in 1888 and it gives general satisfactionOrdy Catoosa No election
Chattooga No election This is not a no fence law county I wish it
wasW F T Cherokee Three districts in 1887 SatisfactoryOrdy
Cobb Ten districts at various times Gives satisfactionOrdy Dade
No election Dawson District No 1016 in 1888 Satisfaction in that dis
trictOrdy Only went into effect last February Farmers generally
well pleased Stock in good condition Five per cent more land in culti
vation Prospects of farmers hopeful No trouble existsJ C S Fan
nin No election Floyd Only oneno fencedistrict in the county and
the law has just gone into operation P McC Forsyth Five districts
Gives general satisfactionOrdy 1 There has been an increase in acre
age in the no fence districts 2 A decided improvement 3 Increase in
quantity and of a great deal better quality 4 No falling off in quantity
and quality decidedly improved pork will likely fall off some though stock
hogs improved 5 Get along better without fences perfectly peacable in
neighborhoods In stock law districts stock very docileT S L Frank
lin Eight districts from 1887 to 1889 General satisfactionOrdy There
has been some increase in acreage Cows are 50 per cent better and more
of them Milk and butter good and in excess of demand No material
change in pork but the quantity and quality of beef has improved 50 per
cent Peace and quietude reigns and stock are all sleek and fatJ B D
McW A portion of the districts in this county have no fence Opera
tion of no fence law very good Acreage in farm crops very much improved
Quality of live stock as well as quality and quantiny of milk and butter
much improved Beef better Hogs not quite so numerons but better I
think the farmers are generally in better condition the tranquility of
neighborhoods better and the stock more easily managedA W Gilmer
No election Gordon I regret very much to be compelled to say that we
stick to fence and poor stockA R Gwinnett Seven districts 1884 to
1887 Does not give general satisfaction Those who voted for it would
not have it repealedOrdy More land in cultivation Live stock 50
1178 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
per cent better milk and butter 75 per cent better more and better
beefM P K Habersham No election The people are almost unani
mously opposed to tbe no fence lawOrdy Hall Four districts in
1884 to 1887 Entire satisfactionOrdy Not satisfactory to renters but
a saving to landlords Stock have improved both in numbers and condi
tionW F W A R 8 gives substantially the same statements as the
foregoing Haralson Election held in 813th district and defeated
Ordy Hart Entire county in 1884 Gives general satisfactionOrdy
There was some dissatisfaction at first but I think the people are now gen
erally content and there has been a great improvement in all respects
B B P Jackson Entire county General satisfactionOrdy I do
not see that the working of the no fence lawin this county has materially
reduced the average in farm crops On the whole I think the adoption of
the law has had a tendency to improve stock of all kinds Milk and but
ter increase in quantity and is far superior in quality The quality of beef
and pork is also superior but the quantity I believe is lessened A ma
jority of the farmers are prospering in a greater degree under this system
than before its adoption very little ill feeling has sprung from the opera
tions of this law roguish and unruly stock are quickly gotten rid ofG
M D M C B I and J J substantially agree and concur in above
statement Pumpkin No election Madison Election held in some
districts and the law defeatedOrdy Milton All except one district
General satisfactionOrdy The nofence law has worked a great
improvement One hundred per cent improvement in quantity and
quality of butter and milk and quality of live stock and the general
condition of farmers is fifty per cent better and the docility of stock one
hundred per cent better than under the old lawJ H S Murray No
election Paulding Five districts Partial satisfactionOrdy Itisgiving
general satisfaction There is less depredation and strife in the nofence
districts than there is in the fence districts Pewer hogs but as much
meat less cows but more milk with less trouble and expense than it
would be to keep good fences in the most of our county There are some
sections that it is possibly best as it isP P MoB Pickens No election
My age is seventy years and I hope to see such a law in force Next to a
dog law it is most important to farmers It costs more to build and keep
up a fence than it does to buy the farmB F P Polk No election
Pabun No election Towns No election Union No election
Walker No election White No election I think such a law is greatly
neededF R D Whitfield No election Alas Alas No stock
lawW C R
MIDDLE GEORGIA
Baldwin Two districts 188485 Gives satisfactionOrdy Every
body is pleased with it in the two districts that have adopted itH V
Bibb Adopted by Act of Legislature Gives satisfactionOrdy
The acreage in farm crops has increased the quantity as well as tbe qual
118AUGUST CHOP REPORT1889
ity of milk and butter has improved fifty per cent the quality of beef and
pork has increased one hundred per cent and the quantity has decreased
fifty per cent The general prosperity of farmers seems greater than for
many yearsB L J 1 Acreage increased S per cent 2 Much im
proved hut not as many neat cattle by onehalf 3 Less milk and but
ter of superior quality and largely increased per cow 4 No beeves
raised for market as much pork as formerly and better 5 Better con
dition more money and timber saved No trouble about impounding stock
If taken up they are sent home without cost to owner unless he
is obstreperous and contrary Slock all gentle Many cows broke
to the halter something never heard of beforeW D A J
Bulls Entire county in 1S82 Gives satisfaction No legislation since
the war pertaining to agriculture approaches it in valueOkdy It has
had good eflect Onetenth more land in cultivation 2 25 per cent better
3 50 per cent better and quality good deal better 4 More and better hogs
more and finer beet 5 Farmers are more prosperous and we have no dis
turbance about stock and the cow and hog are becoming as one family
and as great pets in many instances as the house cat and dogH C T
Campbell Entire county 1881 Gives satisfactionOrdy An increase
of ten per cent in area cultivated The quality of live stock is better the
quality of both butter and milk better but decrease in quantity Less
beef but of better quality Stock easily managed Everybody I think
satisfied and those who opposed the law are now in favor of itJ J S
It has added 25 per cent to the prosperity of farmers and greatly to the
tranquility of neighborhoods and to the docility of livestockR J T
Very little effect on the acreage in farm crops for while many spots hve
been cultivated that could not have been profitably fenced there has been
probably as large an area of farming lands devoted to pasturage Stock
generally of much better quality More milk and butter and of better
quality Better quality of beef though less in quantity and about same
as to pork No marked change in prosperity and tranquility of neighbors
A few cases of selfishness when by consent stock are allowed to run out
in winter Stock more docileJ J 15 Many valuable acres are now
cultivated that otherwise would not be if we were deprived of the no
fence law The improvement in livestock has been beyond the expecta
tion of nearly every body Butter and milk has been almost doubled and of
quite a superior quality Beef more plentiful and much cheaper The
interest in pork more closely looked after and the quantity and quality
increased It has been t he grandest law that was ever given the agricultural
worldF H S The report of J S D substantially agrees with the
above Carroll Ten districts in 188678 Generally pleasedOkdy
The effect of the no fence law is wonderfully good 1 On theacreagein
farm crops cannot be estimated 2 The quality of livestock slightly im
proved 3 On the quantity and quality of butter and milk produced 4
Beef and pork products 25 per cent better 5 The general prosperity of
farmers much better than for years Tranquility of neighborhoods better
11910
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEOKG1A
L X R The effect has been wonderful Everything more and better
It is the thing for farmers It works no hardship on any one 8 C C
The people generally well pleased Improvement of milk butter and
quality of cattle has been 25 per cent Dont think hogs have improved
In fact I think we have lost as much in hogs as we have gained in cattle
owing to want of pasturesM R R Clarke Entire county1883 Uni
versal satisfactionOedy Clayton Entire county188 Some little
dissatisfaction where landlords are too close with tenants in regard to
pasturesOrdy 1 It has had a good effect 2 Has been increased 3
Both have been increased 4 Think it better 5 While there are some
complaints though they are few and it may work a hardship to some yet
considering everything I think it tends to the general good of the farmer
Great improvement in stock butter milk etc We never had such
good beef and butter before nor were they ever so cheapW P J Co
lumbia Entire county1S8U A portion well satisfied Movement on
foot to repealOrdy 1 The acreage remains the same 2 An improve
ment in livestock 3 Quality of butter better but quantity about the
same 4 Quality better quantity less 5 I think upon the whole the
stock law is a benefit M I B Cowela Entire county1881 General
satisfactionOrdy The no fence law has been worth thousands of
dollars and has greatly improved the morals and neighborly feelings of the
entire countyW F 8 The above is substantially concurred in by W
A S DeKalb All but one district General satisfactionOrdy It
has reduced all stock and exterminated sheep No increase in acreage
Some improvement in the quantity and quality of milk and butter Some
improvement in pork but none in beef owing to want of pasture Gen
eral prosperity not so great as before the lawW H C Douglas Four
districts188889 Cant saynever repealedOrdy It has given satis
faction beyond all expectation Some strong fence men already say it
is the best law ever passed Some increase in acreage but not much
improvement in stock yet Have not had time No fence should have
commenced with emancipationW H N Elbert Entire county
1886 Gives satisfactionOrdy All your questions may be answered
favorably I can see a general improvement in the prosperity of the farm
ers Less repairing of old fences and more time to enriching and improving
the land Have heard of but little discord among neighbors Stock
generally of better grade and decidedly more docile and gentleJ I B
Fajjette Whole county1884 Does not give entire satisfactionOkdv
1 Acreage is slightly increased and farmers have selected the best
portions to cultivate 2 Stock better 3 Quality and quantity both
better 4 No increase in quantity quality better 5 The prosperity of
the farmer would be better if there were not so many trusts and middlemen
The tranquility of neighbors good No fuss about stock destroying crops
Stock more docile than formerly J G P cant saythat it has
increased the area in crops but there has been some improvement in quality
of stock especially in cows and hogs and in quantity and quality of milk
120AUGUST CHOP KEPORT1889
11
and butter and quality of beef Stock very docile and perfect harmony
between neighbors Fulton All but three districts in 1882 General
satisfactionOedy 1 Falling oft of ten per cent 2 Much better 3
Increase of fifteen per cent 4 Less quantity better quality 5 Home
dissatisfaction but all are in better circumstances than heretofore Stock
are better eared for and we are all happyG M F Greene Entire
county1883 So far as I know it gives satisfactionOrdy The people
are generally satisfied with the stock law but would choose to have their
farms fenced for their own use There is no increase in acreage of crops
from that cause that I know of Better livestock more milk and butter
but it would be strange if in this age of progress all these things should not
be better than only a few years agoJ W S It has been beneficial I
believe there are more fine stock more milk and butter as good beef and
as many hogs and much less trouble with stock than beforeA N A
Hancock Entire county1884 Has never been repealedObdy
Twentyfive per cent increase in acreage and in quality of livestock 50
per cent increase in quantity of butter and milk 10 per cent increase in
quantity and quality of beef and pork and 33 per cent increase in general
prosperity tranquility of neighborhoods and docility of stockJ W C
Harris All but one district Gives general satisfactionOrdy The
stock law has been in force in this district since January 1 1888 In this
immediate section about 25 per cent of the land is in cultivation the
balance mostly in original forest with abundant rail timber The result of
the no fence law is fewer stock and no perceptible improvement in the
quality rather the reverse if anything especially in the line of hogs No
perceptible improvement in the condition of farmers Stock generally
easily controlled and therefore but little disturbance from depredation of
stock Pasture fences all newJ B P Heard East side of the river
1883 district No 9391888 Very good satisfactionOrdy Henry Whole
county18823 Entire satisfactionOrdy The effect has been good 10
percent largerarea planted Quality of livestock 10 percent better Quan
tity and quality of milk and butter improved 20 percent The quantity and
quality of beef much improved Pork not so good Farmers prosperous Stock
easily controlledJ N C W Many farms have been greatly improved
by moving the old fences and planting crops in their stead We have
better stock both cows and hogs but not so many The milk cows have
better care and of course we have more and better butterJ R
C Jasper Entire county1883 Popular with land holdersOrdy
Jones Entire county1887 Does not give satisfaction Some stock
law men violate it by permitting their stock to graze on unimproved lands
rasulting in depredationsOrdy Cant perceive any difference in quan
tity or quality of butter and milk pork and beef Neighborhood and indi
vidual animosities arise over the same No effect on docility of stock so
far as we can seeR T R Lincoln Entire county1882 Gives pretty
general satisfaction Of course there are a few who always opposed it
Ordy I little difference in acreage in cultivation Fewer live stock and
12112
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
about the same in quality No difference in quantity and quality of but
ter and beef A falling off in pork The stock law has affected the pros
perity of farmers but little but the tranquility a great deal Formerly a
continuous row was going on in every neighborhood now comparatively
few There was much more stealing and killing of mischievous stock
under the old dispensation There is a great saving of labor now in fence
making giving more time to other farm improvements and making ma
nureA A C Lincoln I cant say that no fence law has had any
appreciable effect in either increasing or diminishing the acreage in culti
vation and while it has had a marked effect in the improvement of cattle
which are less in number yet better in quality and also a decided im
provement in milk and butter both quantity and quality Other stock
sheep and hogs have decreased in numbers and quality they being ani
mals which require more range It has not as yet added much to the
prosperity of the farmers nor to the promotion of tranquility in neighbor
hoods but in some neighborhoods has been promotive of strife and con
tention As the people become more accustomed to the change I believe
it will be altogether advantageous to the majority in every wayJ M D
AfcDuffle Entire county1885 With good many it gives satisfaction
very little said about itOrdv Some 20 per cent increase in acreage of
farm crops and about the same per cent in the quality of live stock
quality and quantity of butter much increased We have better beef and
as much of it as under the old plan But very little litigation about tres
pass of stock except by a few prejudiced parties against the law that let
their prejudices overrule their common senseA E S Meriwether
Entire county1881 Many people who opposed it are now its warmest
advocates We are now aunit for no fenceOrdy Increase in acreage
very considerable Live stock have greatly improved in quality We get
more and better butter better beef and I think more pork than before
the law Farmers still have troubles on account of stock We like the
lawR M McC There was perhaps an increase of 10 per cent in acre
age and but for the stock law at least 25 per cent of land now in cultiva
tion would have been abandoned Number of stock less but of superior
quality producing more and better butter I must say in all candor that
it is a grjeat source of bitterness between neighbors and engenders animosi
ties that time can never healJ LI W Monroe Entire county1876
Perfect satisfaction our people would not have it repealedOrdy Mor
jld n Whole county1882 Entire satisfactionOrdy Newton Whole
countyat different times General satisfactionOrdy I think from
observation an increase in acreage in this and the adjoining districts has
been from 5 to 7 per cent Decided improvement in quality of stock and
for my immediate neighborhood which you know is thickly settled a
friendly rivalry of who has the best milkers and can make the most but
ter per cow and raise the finest porkers at the least expense exists A
decided improvement and increase in our domestic supply of beet and
pork A general feeling full of hope that our crops will fill up the bill for
122AUGUST CROP REPORT1889
13
ourhomesupplies Peace and quiet reigns and our Alliance flourishing Very
little trouble now with unruly stockT A W Oconee I think that it has
been a benefit in all respects live stock have been improved the product
of milk and butter has been increased at least 25per cent In other respects
theeonditions are about the same as before the law went into effectR L D
Oglethorpe Entire county1S84 Pretty general satisfaction except in
sparsely settled parts ORDY 1 The acreage in farm crops increased
2 Quality decidedly improved S The quantity of butter and milk greatly
increased and the quality much improved 4 Amount of beef and pork
greater and of better quality 5 Nothing better calculated to promote
prosperity peace and tranquility in neighborhoods Stock under better
control The stock law will certainly be of lasting benefit to Oglethorpe
countyC A S Pike Entire county1882 Never hear any com
plaints All appear satisfied More milk and butter and better beef and
I think more and better porkOrdy Putnam Entire county1880
Great satisfactionOrdy Acreage about the same but better land is
planted Live stock in much better condition than under the old system
Milk and butter improved in quantity and quality Everything except
grain does better where farmers turn their stock out in winterO W B
Pooldale Entire county1882 Well pleased without auy exceptions
Ordy It has increased the acreage in farm crops increased the quality
of stock very much increased the quantity and improved the quality of
butter and milk in fact it has been a perfect Godsend to the farmers of
Rockdale P H W Spalding Entire county1882 Full satisfaction
Okdy laliaferro Whole county Voted down once by the people
then passed by the legislature in 1882 Does not give general satisfaction
and would probably be defeated again if voted on by the people Many
say the stock law has done more harm than freeing the negroesOrdy
Talbot Entire county1883 Hear of no dissatisfactionOrdy In
crease of 10 per cent in acreage in crops quality of stock 10 per cent bet
ter quantity of butter 20 per cent greater quantity of beef 10 per cent
greater Not a man would now vote to put the fences backW H E
Increased acreage 5 quality of live stock 50 better quantity and quality
of butter and milk 50 greater quantity and quality of beef and pork 25
increase It would be difficult to estimate the benefits We are at peace
and harmonygreatly attributable to absence of quarrels and dissensions
incident to stock running at largeD G O Troup Entire county
1881 With few exceptions people are satisfiedOrdy Upson In
part of four districts188687 Both whites and blacks well pleased
Ordy The no fence law has had no effect in any wayA J Y
Walton Entire county1886 I think it gives satisfactionOrdy
Warren Entire county General satisfaction where it is enforced Not
enforced in southern party of the countyOrdy Very little effect on
acreage in cultivation as yet Stock have improved also butter both in
quantity and quality and beef and pork in quality I hear of no trouble
Peace reigns wherever the law is in forceJ L M Nochange in acre
123
14
DEPAKTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
age in farm crops Has caused us to get better and improved stock
Have improved our butter and milk 30 per cent Have lessened our cattle
and increased our hogs both show great improvement and have some for
market all the year round We are more prosperous and satisfied with the
law Our stock is easy to control as they are handled more and very docile
About onehalf of our county is well timbered pine timber and that
portion keep up fences and stock run out the neighbors understanding
each other and all is quiet and harmonious1 A 8 WUkes Entire
county1883 Gives satisfactionOrdy
SOUTHWEST GEORGIA
Baker Noelection Berrien Noelection Brooks No electionOrdy
You wouldconfer a favor on nearly every intelligent farmer in this county
if you would agitate and advise the Legislature to pass some law by which
we could abolish fences The negro vote is solid in favor of fencesT W J
Calhoun No election Chattahoochee Two districts188687 Jives
satisfactionOrdy The planters are generally pleased though there is
some dissatisfaction Butter and milk are more abundant stock better
cared for There is quite as much if not more beef and pork raised and
it is of better qualityJ H W Clay No election Colquitt No
election Crawford Half the county1887 Not satisfactory to all
Quite a number who favored it are not pleased with its workingsOrdy
1 Increase in acreage of farm crops 2 Improvement in live stock 3
Both butter and milk improved in quantity and quality 4 Cholera and
cowboys 51 think a good return in allJ W S 1 Moving out old
fences and cultivating the hedge rows has added greatly to the yield and
beauty of the farm 2 Quality of live stock improving 3 Butter im
proving in quantity and quality 4 Beef and pork much better 5 Much
better than under the old system1 W D Decatur Noelection
Dooly No election Dougherty West of Flint River1886 About
equally divided as to satisfactinOrdy Early Noelection Hous
ton Entire county1883 It gives satisfactionOrdy The law has
worked well in all respects and farmers as a rule are well pleasedW O
A lrwin No election Lee Entire county18S7 Much opposition
at first among the poorer classes but not much nowOrdy Lowndes
No election Macon Five districts188888 General satisfaction
Some discussionOrdy We have seven districts in the county and
five have the stock law and their people are well pleased or at least a
majority of them are satisfied In these districts there is a marked im
provement in stock more and better butter more ana better beef more
and better hogsJ B M Marion Two districts188687 Univer
sal satisfaction in those districtsOrdy 1 Difference scarcely per
ceptible A little more corn and long forage crops 2 Stock havebetter
attention and quality is being improved 3 Fully as much butter and
milk from fewer cows on better pastures and better feed 4 Beef and
pork fully as plentiful and fattened better both cheap and abundant 5
124AUGUST CROP RElOKT1889
15
No disturbance between farmers who are holding their own and barely
making both ends meet Stock are more easily managed Breeds im
provedG W C M Miller No election Mitchell No election
Ordy Muscogee The no fence law works very well No movement
yet to improve stock though most of the scrub stock have been sold with
that view There is a spirit ot hog raising as it pays better to raise pork
than cattle and cheaper to raise mules than to buy It dont pay at
present prices of wool to raise sheep if they have to be penned in the
winterC O Quitman Two districts188788 Generally satisfied
Ordy Randolph Three districts188679 Generally satisfied
Ordy Sehley One district1887 Generally satisfiedOrdy
Stewart All except 747th district Gives perfect satisfactionOrdy
1 Some increase dont know the exact per centage 2 Stock improving
very rapidly by introduction of imported breeds 8 Improved very much
in proportion of milch cows the cows being much better attended
than formerly 4 Quality improved but not so much in quantity 5
Almost beyond description there being hardly ever any depredations by
stock therefore no cause for disturbances in the communitiesG vV A
Hurater The law has been adopted in the town districts only Some
favor some oppose In the whole county a majority are opposed to it
Ordy Taylor Three districts18878 General satisfactionOrdy
I see no radical change as yet the law having only recently gone into effect
Those districts that have the law seem well pleased with itJ T A
Terrell Never will be adopted in this countyOrdy Thomas Ut
terly impracticableOrdy We have not yet adopted it but some of the
people are advocating it The poor man is against it as it gives less stock
and it runs our native labor out of the countyP L C Webster No
election Wilcox No part and I hope it never will Only rich men
who are too closefisted to pay for rails and town dudes are in favor of no
fence Hard on poor farmers in the way of raising stockClerk Ordy
Worth No election
EAST GEORGIA
Bulloch No election Burke One district1888 Gives satisfaction
Ordy Bodge No election Emanuel No election Olaseock No
election Jefferson No election Johnson No election Laurens No
election Montgomery No election PUaski One district1885 Satis
factoryOrdy It is the most important and beneficial law ever
enacted by the Legislature in the interest of the farmersJ L A
Richmond Entire county1884 Satisfactory in some portions of the
countyOrdy 1 Acreage has been increased 2 Live stock has been
improved 3 The quantity has gradually increased and the quality stead
ily improved 5 The people are friendly and everything tranquil
There is no trouble with stock All kinds of stock docileJ W R
Screven In 37th 38th and 260th by Legislative Act1881 Does not
five general satisfaction but has caused considerable contentionOrdy
o far the law does not give general satisfaction It has not advanced the
interests of farmers nor improved the condition and it has been a great
hardship on the poor I hope the law will be repealedE B G Tatnall
125Kf
if
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
No election Telfair No election Tiviggs Five districts18878
Gives great satisfactionOkdy There has been a slight increase in
acreage of crops finer and better stock less butter and milk but better
less beef and more pork On the whole the law has increased the general
prosperity tranquility etcH S W No increase in acreage in farm
crops slight improvement in quality of live stock quantity of butter and
milk diminished but quality improved improvement in pork butdecrease
as to beef condition of farmers slightly improved neighborhood harmo
nious stock more docile because the mischievous have been sold or killed
Washington Adopted in three districts188586 and defeated in four
Gives general satisfaction in those districts which have adopted itOkdy
Wilkinson In 327th 352nd and 353rd188687 Generally satisfactory
to those who wanted it also to some who did not but very unsatisfactory
to someOkdy Three districts adopted the stock law and a great many
who voted for it are tired of it now Acreage in farm crops less than before
Less cattle and hogs and no improvement in stock generally No county
can raise pork and have a stock law Less butter and milk though some
have plenty and to spare Less beef and pork every year since the adoption
of the law Not so prosperous and more law suits and hard feelings
among neighbors than ever before But little stock to be docileJ A M
SOUTHEAST GEORGIA
No elections have been held in the following counties Appling Bryan
Camden Charlton Clinch Coffee Echols Efflngham Glynn Liberty
Mclntosh Pierce Ware and Wayne An election held in Chatham coun
ty in July 1889 resulted in a defeat of the law J O D of Liberty
county says We are cursed and ever expect to be with the burden of
fencing our crops against the depredations of cattle that are worth only
7 per head J R of Camden county says With the present lights
before us I think Camden would vote no fence now were the matter
submitted to ballot J B of Coffee county writes Thefence orno
fence question has not been agitated in this county Do not think the
no fence move will suit the people here A F B of Efflngham The
4no fence law has not been voted on here and a large majority of the
people are opposed to the law
SCHOOL OF CHEMICAL FERTILIZERS
Formation and Substance of PlantsFertility or Sterility of
SoilsBarnyard Manure and Chemical Fertilizers
Complete Chemical Fertilizer
i As the object of agriculture is to produce and multiply the most useful
plants and animals her position is of the highest order in the economy of
society for her duty is to supply all our wants to feed us to clothe us and
even to provide the animals we use in daily labor
We will now speak of the growth of plants manner of their formation
and the means of cultivating them profitably In the first phase of their
existence they find in the seed planted the substance necessary for their
growth later they draw it from other sources and it is from this point we
will follow them through their evolution
Question From whence come the substances that form plants
Answer We have already told you entirely from the seed during
126AUGUST CHOP REPORT1889
17
germination later from air water and soil Plants drawn from the air
through their leaves and from the soil through their roots
Q Can air satisfy all the needs for the formation of a plant
A No never it must have help from the elements which the soil con
tains and which the soil alone can give
Q Is the soil then always provided with substances which vegetation
must seek there
A On the contrary it is often wanting in them While the composi
tion of the air is always the same the soil varies continually changing its
properties and fertility
Q Can you grow tine crops from a soil which you only cultivate and
prepare mechanically according to the old method
A No in this way crops fall off very rapidly and the soil gradually
loses its fertility
Q Crops then exhaust the soil
A That is a fact demonstrated by universal experience
Q What difference is there between a soil naturally sterile and one ex
hausted by cultivation
A None both produce poor crops because both are deficient in the
substances without which plants cannot thrive naturally sterile soils
having never possessed them and exhausted soils having lost them by too
long continued cultivation
Q What must you do to retain the fertility of the soil
A Give back to it under certain forms the elements which the crops
have taken from it and without which I repeat there cannot be an en
during productivness
Q And what must be done to make a soil fertile which is not naturally
so
A Enrich it with the same substances which you give an exhausted
soil In other words you must manure the soil
Q How do you generally manure the soil
A By spreading animal litter and excrement otherwise called barnyard
manure
Q Why does barnyard manure act upon the soil
A Because it contains nitrogenous matter phosphate of lime potash
and lime which are the prime agents of fertility and the most important
part of all crops
Q Dues barnyard manure contain but these four substances
A It contains at Uast ten others which we need not speak about
because plants always find them in the air and in the soil
Q Then sterile soils are wanting in nitrogenous matter phosphate of
lime potash and lime
A Just SO
Q Then you can always make a fertile soil by use of these four sub
stances
A Yes you can always grow a good crop by use of them
Q Is it necessary that these four substances should be in the form of
barnyard manure to be efficacious
A It is not necessary Mixing them in the form of a chemical product
gives them tiie same properties Practically a chemical fertilizer is more
effective than barnyard manure and that is easy to understand In barn
yard manure the four fertilizing substances are mixed with different mat
ters which detract from its good etiects while the chemical fertilizer is
formed only of active parts which the plants absorb more rapidly and
more certainly so to remind you that its efficacy is always certain I give
you the name of complete Chemical Fertilizer The complete chemical
letlilizer formed extensively of chemical products is to barnyard manure
127l
18
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
what the metal is to the mineral what quinine is to the hark of the Cin
chona The mineral contains the metal mixed with earthy malters cin
chona contains quinine mixed with woody parts which are useless The
chemical fertilizer is barnyard manure deprived of all useless matter
Q Then to grow good crops it is absolutely necessary that the soil con
tains nitrogenous matter phosphate of lime potash and lime that is to
say the four substances of which the complete fertilizer is formed
A Emphatically yes
Q If the soil is wanting in one of these four substances what happens
A Iu spite of the presence of the three others vegetation lanquishes and
your crops are poor
Q How do you know it is caused by the absence of one of these four
substances
A Nothing is easier Choose a piece of poor soil like that used at the
Experiment Farm at Vincennes for example There the ground was cul
tivated for several years without barnyard manure until the crops went
down to almost nothing It was then laid off into seven plats of thirty
feet square each divided by a path three feet wide around each plat The
first plat received nothing the crop was almost nothing The second plat
received potash the crop not much better The third received phosphate
of lime crop not much better The same poverty from the fourth and
fifth which received only lime and nitrogenous matter separately The
sixth received a mixture of nitrogenous matter phosphate of lime potash
and lime that is to say complete fertilizer vegetation is splendid and
there is nothing to be desired as to abundance and quality of crop But
that is not all the seventh plat received a mixture of phosphate of lime
potash and lime that is to say complete fertilizer with exclusion of one of
the four terms nitrogenous matter The yield was as inferior as when the
different terms had been used alone
The preeminence of the complete fertilizer fully proves that its efiect is
essentially due to the collective action arising from the association of the
four substances composing it To make discussion easier I will call min
eral fertilizer the union of phosphate of lime potash and lime that is to
say the complete fertilizer minus nitrogenous matter
Q If it is true that the complete fertilizer is only efficacious because it
contains the four substances whose combination gives the conditions which
plant life imperiously demands then the mineral fertilizer lacking in
nitrogenous matter must beinftrior iu value
A Practically that is so for the majority of plants There are how
ever certain plants upon which the mineral fertilizer produces quite as
much effect as the complete fertilizer
Q What plants are these
A Peas beans clover lucerne sugarcane etc are among the most
prominent of these
Q These plants then contain no nitrogen
A On the contrary they contain a great deal of it A crop of lucerne
for example contains two or three times more than a crop of wheat
Q Where do these plants get this nitrogen
A From the air 85 per cent of which is nitrogen
Q Why put nitrogen in the fertilizer it air contains such large quanti
ties of it
A Because the greater number of plants have not the faculty of drawing
it from the air
From this point of view we can divide them into two groups The first
comprehending plants which draw their nitrogen from the air and the
second those which take it in preference from the soil The organization
of vegetation shows this fact which obliges us in practical agriculture to
128AUGUST CROP REPORT1889
19
distinguish the plants to which we must give complete fertilizer from
those to which mineral fertilizer is sufficient for attaining full development
Q Have the plants which require nitrogenous fertilizer the faculty of
also drawing nitrogen from the air
A Yes but in small quantities and on express condition that the soil is
provided with nitrogenous matter sufficient to insure their full develop
ment
Q Do we know what part the air and soil contribute in furnishing
nitrogen to our principal crops
A Here are the most reliable tables on this point
Nitrogen Drawn from Nitrogen Drawn from
the Air the Soil
Clover All None
Barley80 per cent 20 er cent
Rye 80 per cent 20 per cent
Wheat50 per cent 50 per cent
Beets60 per cent 40 per cent
Bape 70 per cent 30 per cent
Q How can you prove that this is so and that clover and peas for exam
ple take no nitrogen from the soil and draw it all from the air
A This can be proved in two different ways by experiment in the lab
oratory and by culture in open air We first speak of experiments in the
laboratory because everything there is clear and simple Earth burned in
a porcelain oven to destroy all the nitrogenous matter the earth contained
add to this soil phosphate of lime potash and lime and not a trace of
nitrogenous matter This earth was moistened with distilled water which
is perfectly pure and then clover sowed on it The success was perfect
and the crop analyzed contained much nitrogen which could come from
no source but the air since the soil contained none of it
Proofs drawn from practice are not less decisive When you cultivate
soil without manure the crops deteriorate rapidly If you cultivate wheat
every alternate year the crop is better Alternate wheat with beans
which contains a great deal of nitrogen and the crop of wheat does not
change Alternating with beans is almost as favorable as a fallow year
Why Because beans draw their nitrogen from the air while wheat takes
it from the soil
Fertilizers are said to be assimilable when plants can absorb them and
plants do not absorb them except the fertilizing substances are soluble For
this reason it is generally recognized that barnyard manure does not pro
duce its full effect except when there is sufficient moisture to cause its
decomposition in the soil
Q So it can happen then that substances containing nitrogen phos
phate of lime potash and lime can be without effect on vegetation
A I can demonstrate this to you by an example in regard to nitrogenous
matter For a long time horn parings and scraps of wool were used by
farmers but it is found that large scraps of horn parings are almost with
out effect because they are very difficult of decomposition and their nitro
gen does not take a soluble form so fine horn parings are used as they are
more easily decomposed Another striking example Leather which is
skin rendered insoluble and unalterable by tanning Nitrogen is assimila
ble in the skin and is not assimilable in leather The skin is a good fertil
izer and the leather is useless
Q Is it the same with phosphate of lime potash and lime as with
nitrogen
A The good effect of these three substances is entirely dependent upon
their solubility There are a large number of substances containing phos
129Klti
20
DEPARTMENT UF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
phate of lime potash and lime which cannot act as fertilizer because they
are not assimilable by plants For example There are large deposits of
phosphate of lime which cannot be used until alter they are treated with
sulphuric acid to make them assimilable The same fact in regard to
granites and porphyries forming chains of mountains and which cannot
be used as fertilizer although they contain much potash and lime because
these two substances are in an insoluble form and consequently without
action on plants
Q One can then find a soil rich in nitrogen phosphate of lime potasii
and lime and yet sterile
A That is readily found as a large part of natural soils contain these
elements in an insoluble form and have no more influence upon crops than
sand clay or gravel
Q If these elements of fertility are in the soil in a nonassimilable form
will they always be useless
A No for by the combined action of light heat air drought and frost
these elements undergo a slow decomposition passing into a semisoluble
state but not sufficiently so o produce good crops This explains the use
fulness of a fallow The elements of fertility become soluble during the
fallow year and are beneficial to the crops ol the following year
Q What are the commercial produces containing assimilable nitrogen
which agriculture can make use of
A Sulphate of airmonia nitrate of soda nit rate of potash and nitro
genous and animal matter such as night soil blood and dried flesh horns
hoofs scraps of wool etc
Q What is the per cent of nitrogen in the substances
A Sulphate of ammoniahas 20 per cent nitrate of soda lo per cent
nitrate of potash 14 percent I say nothing of animal matter because so
much fraud is used there is no fixing the value of these products
Q Can you use sulphate ol ammonia and nitrates inditlereutly as a
source of ammonia
A This is possible but experience advises reserving nitrates for beets
and Irish potatoes and sulphate of ammonia for rape and cereals
Q Can you use nitrate of soda and nitrate of potash indifferently
A No because soda has no action on vegetation whereas potash has
very great action Nitrate of soda is useful only through the nitrogen it
contains while nitrate of potash is uselul also through the potasii
Q If equally rich in nitrogen has animal matter the same value as sul
phate of ammonia and nitrate of soda
A No because during decomposition apart of their nitrogen goes off
into the air in the form of nitrogenous gas with which the atmosphere is
superabundantly provided
Q Under what form is the nitrogenous part of animal matter absorbed
by plants
A In the form of nitrate or of salts of ammonia
Q What proportion of nitrogen is lost during the decomposition of ani
mal matter
A Thirty per cent of the whole nitrogen
Q What commercial product contains phosphate of lime
A Ground bone refiners boneblack and superphosphate of lime or
acid phosphate
Q How much phosphate of lime does ground bone contain
A About 60 per cent
Q How much phosphate of lime does the boneblack from refineries
contain
A Its richness varies from 45 to 60 per cent
Q What is meant by phosphate of time
130AUGUST CHOP REPORT1889
21
arid which has the power of ren
A A phosphate treated by sulphuric
deQnflow much soluble phosphate in the commercial acid phosphate
t UrXr whPaetrformdoe8 phosphate of lime produce its tat effects
A That of acid phosphate generally called superphos 1 ate o lnm
Q What commercial product contains potash which can be used in trie
aSSSlSSSSrilt of nitre or simply nitre and cho
qu have you not put nitrate of potash among the most efficacious
Wet conUins both 14 per cent of nitrogen and 47 per cent of
potash and the union adds greatly to the effect of both
O Are there no other sources of potash than from nitre
A ThereTs potash froin decomposing chloride of potassium by nitrate ot
soda potash from ashes and from refineries of different origin
n What i the character of refined potash I
A n is white vy soluble in water attracting moisture from the air
which it absorbs in great quantities
Q What Is the richness of pure potash i
A It contains from 50 to 52 per cent of real potash
Q Which is better to use nitrate of potash or pure potash I
A Nitrate of potash and chloride ot potassium
Q Is the nitrogen of nitrate of potash ever injurious I
Q fouavTthere are plants upon which the mineral fertilizer is
ntftSKS all their nitrogen from the
alQ What matter contains lime in an assimilable form and can be used in
Ifiptrhnonrlf lime or in other word plaster and
chalk
Q To which do you give preference
A To plaster or sulphate ot lime
Q Why
A Because it is more soluble nfihatnf
Q Do commercial fertilizers owe their good effects to the four substances
which compose the complete fertilizer
Q What advantage is to be gained by using chemical fertilizer in prefer
eT I htewTouBeing entirely soluble they are surer and more
nromntiv ibBMbed by vegetation Their composition being of invariable
nX thef cino be adulterated without grave charges being incurred by
The rnanufact rer which is a protection to the farmer There is also
advanCfte be gained by associating chemicals with barnyard manure
accoS to the nature of the plant on which the manure is used
131Special Circudar No 80
New Series j
Questions for September Crop Report
fiTo be returned to the Office of the Depart
ment of Agriculture by Sept 1st 1889
What is the condition and prospect of
1 Cotton compared to an average
2 Corn compared to an average
i Rice compared to an average
4 Sugar Cane compared to an average
5 Sweet Potatoes comp to an average
6 Tobacco compared to an average
7 What casualties have affected the
cotton crop
8 Number of stock hogs compared to
last year
9 Condition of stock hogs compared
with an average
NoteIf you desire a reply to any practical
interest to farmers put your inquiry m as few w
sible in a separate envelope The inquiry and
be published if of sufficient general interest
per cent
per cent
per cent
per cent
per cent
per cent
per cent
per cent
question of
ords as pos
answer will
NAME
POST OFFICE
COUNTY
DATEmCircular No 120
New Series

CROP REPORT
FOR THE MONTH OF SEPTEMBER 1889
Returned to the Department op Agriculture September 11889
State op Georgia
Department op Agriculture
Atlanta Ga Sept 9 1889
THE WEATHER
Reports of excessive rains throughout August come from all sec
tions the disastrous results of which cannot be safely estimated at
this time This is especially true as regards cotton as the vigorous
growth of the weed is apt to be misleading
COTTON
The condition of the cotton crop is reported the same as August 1st
but in all sections too much rain resulting in rust is reported and
in many sections the caterpillar has made his appearance As com
pared with an average the condition is roported at 90 for the State
which is five points better than the same date last year The rapid
increase of the caterpillar and the unfavorable condition of the
weather favor the opinion that the next few weeks will make a change
necessary in the estimates hitherto made of the present crop
CORN AND OTHER CROPS
The reports of corn and other provision crops are very gratifying
The condition of the first named crop having been moved up another
point while other crops have held their own The average for the
State is Corn 102 rice 93 sugar cane 95 sweet potatoes 93
tobacco 95
STOCK HOGS
The number of stock hogs as compared with last year is reported
at 94 and their condition as compared with an average at 98 While
this shows a falling off of 2 points in numbers as compared with
reports at same date last year their condition is reported as 4 points
1332 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
better and with larger amount of feed stuffs produced it is hoped the
meat product will be largely increased and the farmers of the State
will pitch the next crop with full cribs and well stocked smoke houses
Consolidated Crop Keport for September 1889By Sections
Condition and prospect compared with an uverage Stock Hogs
i3 3 c a
SECTIONS a o o o 99 a u 0 10 2 a 0 z 98 r c 0 Oh 911 c 5 0 0 97 c X 91 s 0 C
192
93 llrl 111 ill 1 99 10
SS 111 92 11 11 Nil 98 9
88 ili 94 95 Ml 94 X7 95
88 97 94 92 94 100 88 97

91 in 11 95 9 95 94 98
111 94 94 9
sr 86 17 92 93 9i 94
REMARKS OF CORRESPONDENTS
RockdaleIt is generally conceded that the prospect for both corn and
cotton has been very flattering But fears are now entertained and are
freely expressed by the farmers that the present excessive wet weather
will be very disastrous to both corn and cotton as it is rotting in the field
to some extent The caterpillar has also made its appearance in this local
ity three weeks earlier than I have ever known it If they attack the
crop generally as is the case sometimes the disaster cannot be computed
J B lv
GreeneI have been giving some attention to the cotton crop 1 have
noticed reports from exchanges and from the farmers and must say the
farmers are the most hopeful people I ever saw even when adversity is
laughing in their face The farmers do not desire to do wrong but there
is weakness and a charity and a pride which often makes them commit
134SEPTEMBER CHOP REPORT1889
a great folly when reporting the status of crops Hence there is a great
diversity of opinion differing in statements and in estimates of crops
Ihey do not estimate the effects of seasons and the time it takes to mature
a crop and the quantity of fruit If it is full of forms and a few bolls they
think it is all right I have been in a few counties and there is generally
a fine weed with but little fruit Late cotton will be minus instead of plus
Admitting that we will have a late fall mark my prediction the crop wili
scarcely exceed the last if it is as good The papers must disabuse the
public mind or there will be a great sacrifice of the crop R J D
WaltonCaterpillars made their appearance in our county the 20th of
August in many placesscattered from one extreme of the eounty to the
other The prospects are if the season for their spread continues the crop
will be cut off onethird as most of the crop here is very late J B N
PierceWill you kindly answer the following question What com
mercial ingredients mixed together will make the best fertilizer for
the following crops on light sandy soil clay 18 to 24 inches under
the surface Southeast Georgia Wiregrass land Cotton corn sweet pota
toes Irish potatoes sugarcane Grasses Crab Crowfoot Hungarian
Johnson orchard oats oat grass crimson clover The farmers can manu
facture a better fertilizer at home for less money if they could only find
out what to put together to give the best results We need a higher grade
of fertilizer at about the same price we pay now for an inferior grade We
need here an abundance of potash but seldom ever get more than two per
cent If you will kindly give me the information desired you will confer a
great favor J M S
I have before suggested the following formula as adapted to the needs
of cotton 1250 pounds acid phosphate 500 pounds cotton seed meal
and 2o0 pounds kainit As you suggest that your lands are deficient
in potash I would suggest the following changes 1100 pounds acid phos
phate 500 pounds cotton seed meal 800 pounds kainit and 100 pounds
muriate of potash Apply from 800 to 500 pounds per acre This formula
would cost about 20 per ton for ingredients and would analyze about 8 per
cent available phosphoric acid 2 per cent of ammonia and 45 per cent of
potash
For corn and sugarcane I would suggest the following 1000 pounds
acid phosphate 700 pounds cotton seed meal and 300 pounds of muriate of
potash which would analyze about 75 per cent of available phosphoric
acid 28 of ammonia and 75 of potash costing about 24 per ton for ingre
dients s
For potatoes both Irish and sweet the following formula is suggested
800 pounds acid phosphate 700 pounds cotton seed meal and 500 pounds
muriate of potash which would analyze about 6 per cent available phos
phoric acid 28 per cent ammonia and 18 per cent of potash costing about
2670 per ton
For grasses or meadow I would suggest the formula recommended by
M Ville the eminent French agricultural scientist Acid phosphate 176
pounds muriate of potash 88 pounds sulphate of ammonia 171 pounds
sulphate of lime or plaster 92 pounds making in all 527 pounds all of
which he suggests be applied to one acre
I have calculated the cost of these formula at about what a farmer near
Atlanta would have to pay buying in comparatively small quantities Of
course location near to or remote from the markets in which they are sold
and the quantities in which material is bought would affect the cost
No arbitrary formula can be given for any particular plant or soil and
the quantities of the different elements should be increased or modified as
the practical observations of the farmer in the study of his soils suggest
1354 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
ChattahoocheeWhat is a good average yield of grapes to the vine
in this State What do you think of 300 pounds to the vine which when
sold brought fifteen 1500 dollars W h C
There is no data from which to obtain the average yield of grapes per
vine in this State The crop gathered by W F C is remarkable and illus
trates the adaptability of Georgias soil and climate to the cultivation ot
that luscious fruit
NO GLANDERS IN GREENE COUNTY
Atlanta Ga Aug 81st 1889
Hon J T Henderson Commissioner Agriculture
SibObedient to your instructions I proceeded to Greensboro Ga on
the 29th to investigate reports of a contagious disease among the horses
and mules of Greene county On the morning of the 30th I met most of
the prominent men of Greensboro and soon learned that there was great
excitement about the stock Farmers were afraid to bring their stock into
the town and either left them at home or tied them in the woods near by
and walked into town Farmers were afraid of each others stock and in
many ways there were tokens of grfcat alarm 1 proceeded at once to in
vestigate first such cases as were pronounced glanders I examined a
oood many in the town and a number outside but failed to find one case
of glanders A great deal of i he stock showed a mild form of influenza
which I consider due to their exposure to so much rain and neglect in
caring for them at such time This is a disease that readily yields to treat
ment The characteristic symptoms of this disease is light fever cough
and discharge from the nose with swelling of the submaxillary glands
As above stated I proceeded to the ones that were considered the worst
failing to find anything of a serious nature there I unhesitatingly say
there is no cause whatever for the alarm and excitement
Your obedient servant
J N Cook V S
SOMETHING ABOUT GLANDERS
BY DE J N COOK V S
Hon J T Henderson Commissioner Agriculture
Dear SibIn view of the widespread interest and excitement caused
from the knowledge that Glanders and Farcey had been found in some
parts of the State it may not be out of place to give a few thoughts and
suggestions that may be of some use to the citizens generally of he Stale
Equine Glanders and Farcey are probably the most widely diffused of
all the plagues that affect our domesticated animals It can be found m
every State in the Union It is not a disease omnion to a warm climate
It is unknown in India and was unknown in Mexico until it was intro
duced there by the horses of the United States Army in L847 Great
Britain and Europe suffer great loss from its ravages
Glanders and Farcey though a malignant and fatal disease need not
cause either excitement or alarm if the owners of livestock will use a
little precaution and common sense Horses and mules are subject to
136SEPTEMBER CROP REPORT1889 5
many diseases that are accompanied with a discharge from the nostrils such
as catarrh nasal gleet influenza strangles or any affection of the nasal
sinuses and glan lers In all of these there is a discharge from one or both
nostrils and a swelling of the glands under the lower jaw Submaxillary
To the ordinary observer the symptoms in all will present about the same
appearance Most of these diseases are contagious or infectious but very
harmless if properly cared for Prevention is better than cure When an
animal shows the first symptoms of a discharge from the nose he should
be kept separate from all others and well cared for With ordinary care
catarrh influenza and strangles will run their course in from one to three
weeks Nasal gleet is very rarely met with If affected with glanders the
discharge will continue If proper attention is paid to the ventilation drainage
and general cleanliness of the stable Glanders and Farcey would be un
known in this climate unless brought by contagion The recentcases that
have been found in the State evidently have been brought about by con
tagion But in the counties of Southwestern Georgia the disease may be
effectually stamped out by the destruction of the few that are affected and
the burning and disinfecting of the premises In Pike county there is
nothing to be feared the disease has evidently run out and by thorough
disinfecting will not again appear The recent scare in Greenesboro was
wholly groundless There may have been at some time some of the dis
ease there or in the surrounding country but it has wholly disappeared
and as far as the writer has seen there is not a healthier lot of horses and
mules in the State of Georgia than are found in Greene county so far as
glanders are concerned
In conclusion when your horse or mule is taken sick just treat him like
one of the family and wait patiently a few days for developments If in
a few days the symptoms should be suspicious just wait a few days longer
and you will probably find your fears are groundless If not examine
him carefully and be fully assured of the fact that it is glanders and then
have him quietly destroyed
J N Cook V S
SCHOOL OF CHEMICAL FERTILIZERS
BY PROF GEORGES VIJEE
QuestionFrom what source is the profit in agriculture derived
AnswerFrom abundant fertilizing
Q Why
A Because the fertilizer is the foundation of the cropno fertilizer no
cropscant fertilizer scant crop
Q I can understand that the fertilizer influences the crop but I do not
see that the fertilizer can be the source of profit for if it increases the
amount of crop it also increases the cost
A To make this point clear to you we will calculate the cost of a crop
of wheat of 18 bushels per acre the average wheat production in France
The cost of cultivation is divided into two categories fixed costs and
variable costs
Fixd costs comprehend rent of land cultivation feed etc general
expenses and seed
Whether the harvest is much or little it ought always to cover these
costs It should always pay rent taxes cultivation and cost of seed
137DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
Now these costs being always invariable the larger the number of
bushels grown per acre the less the cost of production per bushel
Q I begin to understand but before going further tell me what are
called general expenses
A These are cost of overseeing interest on capital invested in building
and machinery and on money advanced for cultivation taxes and all
expenses not already enumerated such as threshing feed etc
Q I understand You say the larger the number of bushels grown per
acre the less the cost of growth per bushel Will you put down the figures
of costs you have mentioned
A Certainly Expenses per acre
Rent 3 75
General costs 4 Oil
Labor and plowing 3 50
Seed 3 71
Total14 95
Q 1495to produce how much
A Eighteen bushels of grain and 1760 pounds of straw per acre
Q What is the cost of producing a bushel
A Eightyone cents per bushel if there were no other costs but there
are others
Q What are they
A The cost of fertilizing and of harvesting which we call variable ex
penses because each one must fertilize as he best can Threshing the
grain and freighting for market are less in proportion for a large crop than
for a small one
Q I understand but continue the account
A To the 1495 for fixed costs we must add
Fertilizer 0 00
Harvesting and threshing 2 72
Total8 72
which makes
Fixed costs14 95
Variable costs 8 72
23 67
2367 instead of 1495 But 4 representing the value of the straw must
be deducted bringing the total to 1967 and the cost per bushel to 108
Q I understand but it yet seems to me curious that by paying more
for fertilizers the cost of production per bushel is less
A That is easy to explain if you understand us clearly We have said
that the fertilizer makes the crop is not that true And a field on which
you spread twenty wagon loads of manure produces more than the
field you give ten wagon loads of manure Now let us calculate With
s worth of manure you grow eighteen bushels of wheat per acrewith 9
worth of fertilizer added to fixed cost you have thirtysix bushels instead
of eighteen bushels You did not pay any more tax in producing thirty
six bushels plow more or increase fixed expenses in any way In other
wordsincrease of crop eighteen bushels increased cost of fertilizer 9
this brings the cost of production per bushel from 108 to 96 cents
Q You have not given additional cost of harvesting and threshing with
increase of crop
A Because the increase of straw covers this and adds to the profit as
you will see by comparing the two accounts
138SEPTEMBER CROP REPORT1889
If you spend 6 in fertilizing per acre you have for fixed costs
Rent
3 75
General costs 4 00
Work of cultivation 3 50
Seed g 72
Fertilizer 6 00
Harvesting and threshing 2 72
Total23 67
Less straw 4 00
19 67
to produce eighteen bushels making the cost per bushel 108 But spend
1580 per acre in fertilizing and the cost of production is
Fixed costs 14 95
Variable costsmanure15 80
Harvesting 4 8020 60
35 55
Deduct value of straw 7 60
Total27 95
nuSJng thlrtysix bushels per acre brings the price of production from
108 to 96 cents
Q Is this the only way of making agriculture profitable
A There is no other way than manuring according to quality 01 land
and character of crop grown on it
Q But suppose one has no manure
A Then use chemical fertilizers either alone or associated with barn
yard manure
Q What is the profit in using chemical fertilizers alone or associated
with barn yard manure
A From 16 to 24 per acre
Q What do you consider the best method of preparing the soil before
fertilizing
A It is everywhere recognized that deep plowing is one of the essential
conditions of success in agriculture and that too shallow plowing brings the
gravest trouble
We cannot do better than by publishing the excellent remarks by Prof
Schattenman upon this subject
The plowing in the Lower Rhine and almost all the provinces is gen
erally only two to three inches deep The plow ought to go at least 6 to 8
inches deep to give plants a loose bed of soil Mineral substances are
found to be in the soil in proportion to the depth of soil worked conse
quently their quantity will be doubled by deeper plowing and rotation of
crops more profitable Most advocates of shallow plowing are afraid of
bringing sterile soil to the surface That is an error for the use of a sub
soil plow stirs the subsoil without bringing it to the surface but allows
ready passage of roots through the surface soil Experience has proved
that deep plowing is exempt from the drawbacks shallow cultivation is
subject to
A loose arable soil of only two or three inches is not sufficient for the
development of the roots of a plant or for protection against excess of
moisture or drouth
The natural tendency of plant growth is to equal development in the soil
as above the surface such equal development is not possible where the soil
1398 DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
is broken only two or three inches deep Tobacco rape beans lucerne
beets carrots cotton and all other tap rooted plants require a deep soil as
well as the cereals which are generally supposed to grow near the surface
whereas the roots grow equally deep in the soil if they find rich loose earth
Plants growing after shallow plowing cannot reach a natural development
and suffer cruelly from the sudden changes of the season If rains are
excessive the plants are drowned and the water running over the surface
of the fields carries soluble fertilizing matter with it When good weather
follows the soil saturated with water becomes compact as it dries confin
ing the roots and in that way stopping their growth If drouth is severe
plants in a shallow soil are suffering from want of moisture and remain
stunted or die v
Plants grown on a soil plowed six or eight inches deep and followed by
a subsoil plow push their roots deep into the ground attain full growth
and are protected from excessive drouth Loose soil to this depth easily
absorbs water during continued rains and filters it through the earth like
drainage carrying neither soil nor fertilizer with it When the rams cease
the surface dries without making a compact soil and the moisture rises to
the surface at each stirring of the soil During long continued drouth the
roots which have gone deep into the ground find sufficient moisture there
for continued growth
Q After plowing the soil to required depth what is the best way of
using chemical fertilizers
A Harrow until a smooth surface is made spread the fertilizer broad
cast and harrow until well mixed with the loose soil One of the peculiar
advantages the chemical fertilizer has over the barnyard manure is the
use of it broadcast in eary spring over cereals that have gone through a
hard winter Eightyeight to 176 pounds of sulphate of ammonia or ld2
to 176 pounds of nitrate of soda mixed with 220 pounds of plaster spread
broadcast in March will show a great change in wheat in two or three
daysused in this way chemical fertilizers act like magic
But some precautions must be observed Later than the middle of
March might be dangerous Used in April or May makes extraordinary
orowth of straw but the grain is malformed and inferior in quality
When the fall is wet and grain is sowed late from want of time fertil
izer can be used broadcast after all the grain is well up
Barnyard manure can not be used in this way I prefer the use ot 16
pounds of acid phosphate mixed with 176 pounds of plaster for broadcast
ing when the grain is up late in the fall to the use of sulphate of ammonia
and plaster
140Special Circitlah No 81
New Series j
Questions for Crop Report October 1889
To Be Returned to the Department by the First Day of October
Prom present indications what will be the total yield in your County com
pared with an average total yield of the following crops
1 Cotton per cent
2 Damage by Caterpillar per cent
3 Corn per cent
4 Sugar Cane per cent
5 Rice per cent
6 Sweet Potatoes per cent
7 Tobacco per cent
8 Prospect for Pork compared with last year per cent
If any effort has been made to poison or otherwise destroy the Caterpillar
in your county give account in general remarks of methods adopted and
state which gave most satisfactory results
Your Name
P O
County
OverGeneral Remarks
Under this head correspondents may submit such inquiries as are of a prac
tical nature n regard to agriculture etc If of sufficient general interest both
inquiry and answer will appear in the next Crop Report also any suggestions
they think calculated to benefit the agricultural interests

wvO
Special Circular No 82
State of Georgia
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
Atlanta Ga Nov 20 1889
Tti Manufacturers and Dealers in Guanos Chemicals for Fertilizers Etc
The Commissioner of Agriculture is constrained by reason of inquiries made
as to his construction of Section 1653 a of the Code of Georgia to issue this circular
to all interested
Whatever construction may bave been placed on See 1553 a of the Code the
Commissioner holds that the requirement all fertilizers or chemicals for manufac
turing or composting the same must be literally construed
The foot note on pane 331 of the Code announces as the opinion of the three
eminent compilers that The law on this subject may be somewhat confused but
as the compilers have no authority to change or construe law they can only give
the Acts as they are leaving their construction with questions of repeal in doubtful
cases to be decided by the Courts
With the Section of the Code and foot note before us 1 decide that all fer
tilizers or chemicals tor manufacturing or composting the same offered for sale or
distribution in this State must be inspected as required by the law
1NO T HENDERSON
CommissionerCircular No 121
New Series
CROP REPORT
FOR THE MONTH OF OCTOBER 1889
Returned to the Department of Agriculture October 1 1889
State of Georgia Department op Agriculture
Atlanta Ga Oct 8 1889
THE WEATHER
Our reports from correspondents show excessive rains about the
23d of September doing much damage to the crops of cotton and
corn on lowlands Since that time the weather has been pro
pitious for gathering crops From many counties come the report
that labor is scarce and cotton remains in the field unpicked caus
ing injury to the staple A reference to our consolidated report will
give the condition of the various crops now on 1st Sept 1889 and
on 1st Oct 1888
COTTON
For this crop the general average for North Georgia 90 Middle
Georgia 90 Southeast Georgia 84 East Georgia 86 and Southwest
Georgia 85 Average for the State October 1 188987 September
1 188990 October 1 1888 75
The loss of three points from 1st September to the 1st of October
is due to caterpillars in some sections to heavy rains and rust in
others The damage by caterpillars was heavy in those sections
where they appeared the latter part of August This Department
issued to the press of the State an effective way for destroying these
pests and where it was adopted the loss was slight
CORN
From all sections the reports for this crop are most encouraging
and there will be no lack of seed for the sower or bread for the eater
A comparative statement for this crop shows North Georgia 101
Middle Georgia 108 Southwest Georgia 102 East Georgia 102
Southeast Georgia 96 Total for the State October 1 1889 102
September 1 1889 102 October 1 1888 88
It will be observed that the average for the State is 14 points
higher than on October 1 1888
1412 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
SUGAR DANE
Id North Georgia the general average is 99 middle Georgia 100
Southwest Georgia 89 Bast Georgia 98 Southwest Georgia 92
For State October 1 1889 95 October I 1888 98
RICE
Southwest Georgia 90 East Georgia 94 Southeast Georgia 94
For the StateOctober 1 1889 93 October 1 1888 82
SWEET POTATOES
This crop shows a fulling off of 5 per cent as compared with
October 1 1888 due to unpropitious seasons
TOBACCO
The cultivation of this crop is being steadily increased with gen
erally satisfactory results
We report for North Georgia 94 Middle Georgia 99 Southwest
Georgia 102 and for the State 97
PROSPECT FOR PORK
The answers to our inquiries on this important subject reveals a
gratifying increase in interest with a larger supply by 7 per cent
than at the corresponding period of 1888
One drawback is the report of the prevalence of cholera in some
sections
For answer to the inquiry as to the treatment of the disease we
respectfully refer to our answer to W A G Bartowwhich accom
panies this report
On the subject of bagging in answer to correspondents the Com
missioner begs to state that the recent unfriendly action taken by
the Liverpool Cotton Exchange and the consequent failure of our
home exchanges to endorse the recent agreement of the New Orleans
Cotton Exchange Convention with the Commissioners of Agricul
ture and the Presidents of the various Alliances of the Southern
States leaves the matter just as it was before that conference
Every effort is being made to adjust this vexed question in a satis
factory manner to all parties at interest
142OCTOBER CROP REPORT188l
Consolidated Crop Report for Cctober 1889By Sections
Condition and prospect
compared tc an average
3 1 1
S a
SECTIONS U P o o Q ui T OJ o a 2 P a O
d 0 be a a j c 3 ai o p o o E 5 CO
c O 90 Q 11 o W 101 p 99 3 61 94 Ph
95
90 7 108 100 94 99 98
85 s 10 89 90 85 93 96
8fi X 111 98 94 89 102 94
M S7 8 9 in 92 95 94 93 88 90 97 100

97
PI in 9f 9i 93 9f
Average for State October l Isnn i 8f 98 82 95 90
NOTES FKOM CORRESPONDENTS
NORTH GEORGIA
Banka Summer and fall too wet for cotton and corn on bottom lands
An early frost would be disastrousW M A Excessive rains caused
heavy growth in weed Rust on cotton in low landW J B Dade
Crops generally good None below an average Hogs in good condition
J B S Cotton better than usual Corn very fine The number
of hogs very large but cholera has appeared in some sections
Better methods are being adopted More attention to stock
raising G A R B Dawson Cotton is so latewe cannot give
a reasonable estimate of the yieldJ C S With a favor
able fall we will gather a good crop of cotton Corn will fall short of our
former estimate but will be above an averageP J C Forsyth Though
late the prospect for a good cotton crop is encouraging Corn is as good
as the land can produce Some cholera among hogsT L S Gordon
Rust in cotton Many stalks stripped of leaves and opening prematurely
Cotton lateO H D Owinnett Last year I put up some of my Irish
potatoes with my sweet potatoes Found them this spring all right
Planted from them and had earlier larger and nicer potatoes than any of
my neighbors who used Northern seed Brother Alliancemen take the
hintT R Thegreat freshet Monday Sep 23 did great damage to corn
and cotton on low lands especially to corn too soon to estimate amount
143DEPARTMENT OF AGKlCULTU RKGEORGI A
of damageT M P Haralaon Heavy and continued rains with rust
and worms have greatly damaged the cotton crop Corn good except in
overflowed bottoms Hogs in good condition and almost a full supply
1 W B Milton We have the caterpillar but do not think they have
materially injured the cottonJ H S Union The wet weather has
damaged corn on bottom lands On other lands the crop is above an aver
ageH L C Walker Cotton too late to make a full crop No cater
pillarsF M Y Whitfield No damages from caterpillars in cotton but
rust has in some sections injured the cotton to some extent Cotton is late
openingP H Have heard of no caterpillars Excessive rains have
damaged corn and cotton
MIDDLE GEORGIA
Baldwin If farmers will take a sweep or cultivator and plant their oats
in cotton the first of October by picking the cotton over ahead of the plows
they will find it will beat late planting with deep breaking 1 have tried
it and have always been successfulH C V Advise everybody to plant
chufas They are the best food crop for hogs ever planted Iknow whereof
I speak and farmers who want to plant them can get the information of
meR F W Bibb The damage in this section by caterpillar has been
very small I have heard some say that they were benefited by them as
they ate the leaves off in cotton that would not otherwise have opened
B G J Jackson The boll worm has done considerable damage to cotton
in our county as well as the caterpillar also too much rain in August
H C F Campbell There has been no material damage by caterpillars
as only a small section of the county has been infected with them No
effort was made to destroy themJ J S There is a great amount of
rotten com If my own crop is a fair sample I am in the bounds of reason
in saying that fully J is rottenR J T The excessive rains which com
menced the 20th of June and continued through September having caused
rust and the shedding of the entire August crop which was the heaviest
ever known in this section leaving only the July crop If we can have a
few weeks of fair weather the crop will be gathered and perhaps marketed
sooner than ever known Corn good with excellent quality The late
freshet in the Chattahoochee has knocked down the yield a few points
The fact that the farmers have bought much less on credit this year than
formerly will place them in better condition notwithstanding the crop of
cotton is short provided they procure a good price which seems favorable
at present I I B Coweta Dry and cool weather until 23rd then a
good rain which was needed to enable rye barley and oat sowing About
onethird of cotton crop late but well fruited but may be too late to make
lull crop Farmers as a general rule are marketing their cotton as Cast as
picked are using both cotton and jute baggingperhaps four to one in
favor ot jute Large quantities of native grass hay has been saved no
better hay on earth and farmers are learning the value of native urass for
hay The farmers are settling their debts with their first cotton and will
make some clear money from this crop but alas there stands old debts
with mouths open to swallow all the farmer has and demands new prom
ises for the next cropT B P Douglas The recent rains have damaged
cotton to some extent also low land corn Better prospect for pork this
season than for yearsB H P Elbert The cotton crop i at least 15
days later in opening than last year If an early frost should come the
crop would be cut short of the present report owing to so many miniatured
bolls on the stalk The corn and pea crop was never better where they
have not been overflowed and have been well workedJ 1 B Fayetle
The caterpillar has ate the leaves from cotton on a great many farms Late
cotton is injured but cant say to what extent There has been no attempt
144OCTOBER CROP REPORT1889
at poisoning in this county so far as I know The crop is two to three
weeks late injured some by rust yet will be an average oneJ G P
Greene The cotton crop looks very promising but it takes three and
onefifth pounds of the average seed cotton to yield one of lint Alliance
men are standing square by cotton bagging The crop is being rapidly
marketed Weather fineC M S Jones From additional observation
am more strongly convinced that if cotton was given more distance in
the drill the yield would be greater and lint heavier on same lands and that
early planting always is the surest crop The whole harvest outlook
today is good in old JonesR T R Lincoln The drought of Sep
tember has caused the young cotton to blight badly which will reduce
my estimate for September 1st ten points and unless frost is delayed until
November 1st the young cotton will not make half a cropJ M D
McDuffie Reform needed The want of intelligent direction seems now
to be the greatest drawback to our section on the farm The old forty acres
to the mule still the rule and four or five acres to the bale We can never
prosper on that line Suggestion leave oft the poorest halt of the forty to
rest and recuperate put the better half in good condition Concentrate
Manure liberally Cultivate by continual light stirring of the soil One
trial will convince you unless you are joined to your idol H McC Mon
roe Much rain has made big cotton stalks but leaves and stalk is not lint
and thereby I fear some are over estimating the cotton crop Dry weather
in the spring caused the seed to rot in the ground and a good deal had to
be planted over and the worms are injuring that materially Some fields
are now leaflessK C T Madison The harm of caterpillars has been
more than balanced by the good in eating off the leaves of rank cotton
thereby facilitating opening H G Oglethorpe The late planted and
and replanted will not make over fifty per cent and this constitutes about
onehalt of the cotton crop The early planted on account of bad stands
and an excess of rain during August and September will scarcely reach an
average A full crop of cotton has never been known to be made when
there was an excess of rain duriugJAugust and SeptemberJ T H De
Kalb The Alliance has downed jute and the gins that use jute there is
one man in the county who bought jute bagging and he wont get twenty
bags to gin though he commonly gins 200 You see the farmers mean
what they say W H C Rockdale One or two farmers used Pans
green on their cotton for caterpillars with success I think the unknown
pea is the same that we had here before the war and was then known as
cow pea It is a good bearer and a rapid grower will be good tor forage
or to improve the soil P H W Talbot Caterpillars made their appear
ance about 20th of August on my farm in considerable numbers Webbing
up soon afterwards Commenced to hatch out the 10th September lhe
11th I commenced to destroy them with Paris green using the powder 1
first tried to poison two rows at a time riding between the rows with a
pole across the mule with oblong sacks at each end I found that it was
unsafe the powder would necessarily be inhaled I then lengthened the
pole so as to reach across two rows poisoning the second row from me
and only one at a time and found it quite safe 1 used about two pounds
of the powder to the acre as the cotton was large Three days after the
worms were all dead and up to date have not returned The cotton adja
cent not poisoned is entirely stripped Cost about seventyfive cents per
acre Used whilst dew was on and late in eveningD G O Newton
I have not seen a better crop of corn in this county in thirtyfive years
according to number of acres in cultivation The prospect now is very
little will be purchased by farmers another year The prospect for a pea
rop corn field is fine The Spanish peanuts is fine also The potato
rop promises a fine yield as the digging for present table use shows
145UKPAKTMENT OF AGRICULTU RKGEORG 1 A
some line specimens Cotton is opening very rapidly and should it con
tinue fair weather will be very nearly allgathered by 1st to 10th of
November Oat stubble turned and harrowed last of August and Septem
ber has fine stands and look well More has been done on this line than
usual More hay tins season than usually saved No fence law is improving
the stock Fewer in number and better care the result and now the gen
eral ruleT A W Warren I find the English sparrow not a pest In
the spring and summer they took possession of my garden All worms
that came on my cabbage and collards were taken off by them They went
to work early in the morning taking row by row destroying all worms
Have now disappeared and have not seen one for thirty nays Hope they
will come to see me again next spring A 8 Wilkes No caterpillars
to hurt and hence no remedy applied and would have been none had
they been in force Never having suffered not prepared to apply remedy
Think in moderation would have rather helped this year to get rid of
dense foliage and thus let in the tine sun we have hadto prevail for first
time since June Have no reason to change views expressed month ago
on excessive growth in the late cotton Now generally conceded that
hopes based on that part ot the crop will fall far short Much of the month
was very fine weather few storms A few cloudy days at different times
One day and into night a steady but general rainMonday and no wind to
hurt I had a few American imperial oats U 8 Dpt and a rust proof
claimed black oats Ground plowed and peas put in third furrow after
the oats Some oats came up after plowing ami are now ripe Never tried
such a thing before First sown March 8th and cut July Pith Oround
broken last July and second crop now ripeJ T W
SOUTHWEST GEORGIA
Dooley Cotton injured 15 per cent by rust and drought Sweet pota
toes damaged by dry fall Corn goodAs P O Dougherty No effort
made to destroy caterpillars Injured crop badly Heavy rains Septem
ber 23 damaged the staple Labor unreliable and flocking to towns saw
mills turpentine farms and other public works Difficult to get hands to
gather cotton Price from 50c to 75c per hundred for picking Heavy
rains and want of labor together causes loss of pea crop J L O Early
Caterpillars appeared late Confined to isolated sections Try dry lime
sprinkled lightly through the pile of unshucked corn to cheek weavils
RHL Houston Nogcneraleffortmadetodestroy caterpillar W J A
Macon Cotton remains in field cannot get hands to pick We must
adopt the intensive system I make two bales to the acre Two vears
ago I made only half bale to the acre Plant less manure better Now
is the time to sow oats and ryeJ B M Marion Seveneighths of cotton
open twothirds is picked Cholera among hogs G W C M Mitchell
Farmers well up with gathering cotton Grade unusually good Prices
good Farmers generally in fine spirits nearer out of debt than for vears
past stock in good conditionJ B T
SOUTHEAST GEORGIA
Effingham Plant more food crops and less cotton join the Alliance
fight monopolies and when you put your surplus on the market price it
and hold until you get your priceF R T Liberty Farmers in this sec
tion have pretty generally harvested the corn crop which was housed in
good condition Plenty of it has been made for home consumption and
some to spare They are now devoting their attention to sowing oats
Col Reddings ideas of oat sowing which were published not long since
meets with the hearty approval of the farmers here Thanks Colonel we
are always glad to hear from youJ O D Jr From the wild goose corn
two packages seed we get 257 large earsbut with us not desirable grain
146OCTOBER CROP REPORT1881
Though large and deep grain it is light and husky large soft cob Our
own corn planted by my grandfather and selected every year is the best
and most solid grain of any and all kinds tested in fifteen yearsand equally
productive except some of the smaller kinds Blunds prolific Brazilian
flower corn c The cotton seed I gave to a young and enthusiastic farm
er he reports great success I will obtain a full report from him and send
later Garden seeds some did remarkably well some fairly and others not
so well on account of dry and then wet seasons Upon the whole the
seeds were an improvement and stimulated better efforts for home comfort
and success Work boots or shoes dressed frequently with India rubber
melted and strained one part to four parts of Neats foot oil and a little
tallow added will become waterproof keep black and soft and last twice
or three times as longwith this dressing two pair boots last me over two
yearswet with dew every morning and on my feet from early dawn
till after dark J A M Ware We do not raise tobacco as a crop but
I have raised as good as the best in any State and we should raise it as a
money crop We should also add flax buckwheat and ryeall do well
I have raised all of them and as tine as 1 did in New Jersey The Span
ish peanut obtained through your Department did wonders the largest
yield of almost anything I every saw Theyare the thing for us J M 8
INQUIRIES AND ANSWERS
DadeGive best method of keeping Irish potatoes through the winter
G W S
AnaIn gathering do not expose the potato to the sun Dry in the
shade House in a dry place protected from cold See note from
Gwinnett T Ramsden
BabtowGive best period for sowing orchard grass red top and tim
othy and best remedy for hog cholera and treatment W A C
AnsOpinions are various We would advise fall sowing early enough
to get the grass well set before freezing weather Hog cholera hog fever
stye fever is the result of a neglect says Dr Stetson of sanitary laws
massing large numbers want of good pure water and good ventilation
The treatment recommended by the American Farmer Use carbolic acid
as a disinfectant give 2 oz castor oil after it has operated give two or
three times a day 20 grains nitrate soda 18 grains nitrate potash mix in a
little milk or gruel give powdered charcoal in the water the hog drinks
Common soda one tablespoonful to the hog mixed with bran mash given
three times a day has been found an excellent remedy
DebGive best and cheapest plan to inclose pasture lands in stock law
counties
AnsThe low price of barbed wire makes it the least expensive fence
we know of though it is not so secure for keeping hogs as many of the
patent picket fences
TaylobShould not the tare be taken off of cotton when first sold
We answer this fully in a paper which will accompany this report
COLQUITT How can lands be best improved or kept well supplied with
vegetable matter Would it be best to turn under grass and weeds on lands
on which wheat and oats have been sown now or next winter F J W
Ans Unquestionably grass and clover is the best and cheapest way The
latest scientific experiments declare in favor of winter or spring turning
The writer favors early fall plowing
T 1478 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
HancockOught not all farmers to be Allianeemeu I think so
J T
AnaYes
HarrisWould like to have the opinion of some one who has tried the
unknown pea I planted some in June between hills of corn on old
land They had but one plowing and yet it was the finest crop T ever saw
work and land considered J B P
Morgan Can no remedy be found for boll worm J F N
AnsWe know of no remedy Can any of our correspondents offer
oneCommissioner
NewtonThe cotton crop is later than usual and consequently the
ravages by worms have been very disastrous We have but little top
crop I hope you will join me in insisting that farmers sell no cotton after
October 1st without the due allowance specified at New Orleans to cover
the question of actual tare L F L
Campbell Give best commercial fertilizer for wheat on pine woods
land
AnsThe formula of the best authority in the world M Ville for
wheat is Acid phosphate 666 lbs nitrate of potash 333 lbs sulphate of
ammonia 416 lbs sulphate of lime 585 lbs2000 lbs These materials
however will be difficult and costly for the average farmer to procure
The same valuable elements however in the same proportion will be
found in the following formula more accessible to Georgia farmers
Acid phosphate 066 lbs cotton seed meal 500 lbs sulphate of ammonia
534 lbs nitrate of potash 300 lbs These materials may be obtained from
large dealers in fertilizing materials at any of the commericial centers and
would cost about 4000 a ton to make the above fertilizer If the farmer
prefers to use the wellknown materials kainit acid phosphate and cotton
seed meal the following formula may be substituted Cotton seed meal
1000 lbs acid phosphate 500 lbs kainit 500 It would however be
necessary to use a double ration of this formula to get the same amounts
of valuable elements as given in the two formulas above Ville directs the
application of 1000 lbs to the acre of formula No 1 the same amount of
No 2 should be used and double the quantity or 2000 lbs to the acre of
No 3 It should of course be remembered that where such heavy
manuring is done the acreage should be reduced in proportion farmers
will find it pays in the reduced cost of cultivation and the increased yield
Of course you may apply in such quantities as may seem best to meet the
demands of your soil
What kind of rough feed can a farmer raise the most of per acre regard
less of quality and what is the cheapest rough feed all things considered
F H S
AnsJohnson grass is said to yield the heaviest crops of hay per acre of
any of the grasses We refer you to an address made by Maj W H Warren
of Augusta at the recent Agricultural Convention at Cedartown on this
subject which will be both profitable and instructive
Will it pay the farmers to sell cotton seed at twentysix cents per bushel
or keep them for composting J j S
AnsWe hesitate to advise the sale of cotton seed If they coutd
be exchanged for cotton seed meal at the rate of 1000 lbs of meal for 2000
lbs of seed or sold at the price you indicate and the money obtained used
in the purchase of the meal it might do But as a general proposition
we would advise against the sale of cotton seed
148OOTOBKR CROP REPORT1889
ABOUT SUGAR CANE
An Open Letter to the Sugar Cane Growers of Georgia
General Phil Cook of Lee county having made inquiry of this depart
ment as to the best method of sugar making suitable on small farms and
with inexpensive apparatus or such as is in common use I have collated
the following points which will serve as a reply to him and perhaps be
of service to otuers interested in the subject
I shall say nothing about the cutting of the cane other than to remark
that the cane should be cut as closely to the ground as possible and that
the cane should be worked up as soon as possible at least within twenty
four hours after cutting Neither shall I say anything about the mills for
grinding the pans and kettles for evaporating etc as it is supposed that
each farmer who has cane to work up has already his own special outfit
Where it is desired to make sugar from the juice rather than syrup it is of
great importance to clarify or desecate the juice In order to accomplish
this object the following is the best method of procedure The juice as it
flows from the mill should be passed at once through wire gauze or coarse
cloth to separate pieces of cane and other mechanical impurities and
allowed to run either into a large tank capable of holding the whole of the
juice or into kettles The juice should not remain exposed to the air for
more than twenty or thirty minutes after being pressed as fermentation
will be sure to set in and reduce the yield of sugar The clarification of the
juice could be best effected by those who have some means of heating the
juice in a large tank by means of a steam coil and steam as the heat then
could be easily regulated But for those not having these appliances large
kettles could be made to answer the purpose The juice having been run
into the vessel of whatever nature heat is at once applied and the tem
perature raised till the liquid is as hot as the hand will bear when a solu
tion of milk of lime is poured in and thoroughly incorporated with the
juice The heat should now be raised almost to the boiling point but not
allowed to come to a boil The htat ought now to be shut off and the thick
scum which has risen to the top should be skimmed oft the juice ought
then to be drawn off into the evaporating pans The solution of lime should
have been previously prepared and is made as follows From one to foui
pounds of lime for every 500 gallons of juice to be treated is slaked with hot
water stirred allowed to stand a few minutes poured off through a cloth
a quantity of boiling water is again poured on allowed to stand and poured
oft Water of ordinary temperature is now added and stirred up If the
correct proportions of lime and water have been used the mixture will be
of the consistency of a thin cream and may be set aside for use It is proper
for me to remark here however that this solution of lime should not be
used by one who has had no experience with it or who does not know how
to tell when enough has been added For if an excess be used the user
will be worse off than if he had used none To those interested who can
visit this department the chemist will take pleasure in showing a method
by which the amount of lime to be added may be regulated at will
After the juice has been clarified the next point is the concentration or
evaporation of the juice This should be proceeded with in the same man
ner as for making syrup the only difference being that when it is desired
to make sugar it is a rather nice point to settle just when to stop the boiling
and draw oft the syrup The best test however is that when the liquid
has reached that degree of concentration that a drop of it placed between
the thumb and forefinger and pressed may be drawn into a thread which
has a granular appearance it is an indication that the evaporation is com
plete and the syrup ready to be transferred to the cooler The coolers
14910
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
should be large shallow vessels as the sugar begins to erystalize out the
liquid ought to be stirred to make the granulation uniform
A valuable hint is to add a small quantity of granulated sugar to the
syrup as it cools which will hasten the process of erystalization so that by
putting a little sugar to the first syrup run into the cooler and allowing
some sugar to adhere to the bottom and sides of the cooler when it is
emptied in order to be refilled will very much aid in the process
The next step is to separate the sugar from the molasses This may be
done by allowing it to drain in any convenient vessel as a barrel or hogs
head perforated at the bottom and provided with movable plugs or with
false bottoms made of slats covered with coarse sacking for straining off
the molasses
In conclusion I would draw the attention of sugar growers to the dif
fusion process of making sugar an innovation which is bound to revolu
tionize the old methods of making sugar inasmuch as it obtains nearly
double the weight of sugar from the same weight of cane that the old
process does Farmers would do well to investigate this new process and
clubs of them who intend io increase their sugar acreage ought combine
together and put up a plant the machinery for which is expensive and
quite beyond the reach of individuals or they might assure capitalists of a
sufficient crop of cane in the neighborhood to induce them to erect aplant
J T Henderson
Commissioner of Agriculture
SCHOOL OF CHEMICAL FERTILIZERS
Prof George Vilie
QuestionYou have said the source of profit in agriculture is derived
from abundant fertilizing Will you now say what are the causes of loss
and failure in farming either on a large or small scale
Answer There are four principal causes of loss which arc not dependent
upon the market
QWhat are they
AFirst Insufficiency of manure 2 Faulty cultivation of the soil
3 The exclusive use of manure produced on the farm 4 Bad management
of forces To these four causes must be added a fifth viz The determina
tion of the period when the capital invested must be freed again
QWith which crops can the investment be quickest freed
AWhen cultivated crops are grown the capital must be rapidly freed
but when invested in live stock time must be given for increase of stock
which gains every day and requires longer engagement of capital
QSince you have shown the cause of failures will you point out the
methods of avoiding them beginning with the most economical methods
of sufficient manuring
A One of the most economical and profitable methods of manuring is
by the use of clover and chemical fertilizers combined
QHow do you make a combination of clover and chemical fertilizer
profitable
ABefore answering this question I must explain to you that the point
I start from in farming is the fact that the sun radiates in the course of a
year an average per acre of the equivalent of a 2000000 horse power
Now the surface utilizes but 3200 I have sought to make use of a part of
this excessive power to reduce the cost of cultivation to cheapen fertiliza
tion and to raise the product of the crop
QHow can you do this
150OCTOBEE CKol REPOET1889
11
AI call sideration the process by which we gain these three ends either
separately or all together
QHow does sideration reduce the cost of production cheapen fertiliza
tion and raise the product of the crop
A1st By the growth with the cereals of another plain which smothers
weeds and reduces the cost of hand labor This is sideration by crowding
out The first effect of clover sown in a cereal is to smother weeds
QThen you do not think it profitable to keep the old method of sum
merfallow followed by cereals in fall
AA method whichgivesyou an acre of weeds or uncultivated growths
cannot be profitable when by no extra labor the same acre would be cov
ered with a heavy growth of clover for either hay or pasture at your will
QWill you continue the explanation of what you have called sidera
tion
A2nd By growing clover instead of dead fallow manured with In
complete Fertilizer No 5 composed of
Per Acre
Superphosphate of limei2 lbs 375
Chloride of potassium 17 lbs 288
Sulphate of lime352 lbs 64
880 lbs 727
and turned under results in transforming Incomplete Fertilizer No 6 into
Complete Fertilizer No 1 which is the fertilizer par excellence for
cereals
This is sideration by fertilization or in other words by changing the
fallow into a manure pit
QHow much nitrogen does clover thus fertilized supply to cereals per
acre
AFrom 220 to 230 lbs per acre
QI understand nitrogen is expensive and mineral fertilizers much
cheaper Do you use chemical fertilizers on meadows whether kept for
hay or for pasture
ACertainly Meadows sutler as much from insufficiency of manure
as do the cereals
QDo you think meadows pay for money spent in fertilizers
AA careful study of the parallel I draw between the old method of
fallow and what I call sideral fallow will it appears to me give you a clear
and concise answer to your question
Question
Triennial Fallow
Dead Fallow Meadow
Wheat 3320 pounds
Oats or Spring Wheat Hay per Acre
1 In the triennial fallow the mea
dow and stock are impediments
imposed on the culture to supply
manure Meadow and stock make
nothing
Sidereal Fallow
Clover Manured Chemically Pasture Chemically Manured
Wheat Oats or Spring Wheat Crop 528 pounds Wheat per Acre
1 In the sidereal fallow the mea
dow changed to pasture and ma
nured with chemical fertilizer
becomes a fall culture which gives
at least 24 to 32 per acre
15112
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
2 In the triennial fallow the hay
and aftermath must be harvested
the hay must be dried and carried to
the farm representing at least 8 per
acre
3 In the triennial fallow if hay is
sold it must be hauled to the rail
road Hauling 3326 pounds of hay
five miles distance costs at least 240
per acre
4 In the triennial fallow the crop
to be carried to the railroad is 3321
pounds per acre
5 In the triennial fallow the
ground requires three plowings and
many harrowings
6 In the triennial fallow the dead
fallow produces nothing
7 In the triennial fallow it costs
forty cents a ton to spread the ma
nure
8 In the triennial system the fal
low is an impediment and produces
nothing
9 I n the triennial fallow the ma
nure originating from the soil keeps
it from exhausting but does not en
rich it
10 Barnyard manure is not as
rich in sidereal manure in regard to
nitrogen
BARNYARD MANURE
Nitrogen 416 percent 100
IJh Or170
K O500
2 0 1000
11 In the triennial fallow only
17600 lbs can be produced per acre
for three years use equal to 5886
lbs per acre per annum represented
Pounds
Nitrogen72
Ph O 30
K 088
Oa O176
12 The barnyard manure spread
on the soil costs 300 to 375 per
ton
2 In the sidereal fallow there is
no harvesting and the meadow pays
more than the cultivated fields
3 In the sidereal fallow the ani
mals walk themselves to the rail
road
4 In the sidereal fallow7 the crop
to be carried by railroads is 1056
pounds because the weight is 528
pounds per head of two fat cattle
5 In the sidereal fallow the ground
needs but one plowing a saving of
at least 480 per acre
i In the sidereal fallow the ground
brings 35200 pounds of clover con
taining 220 pounds of nitrogen
worth from 2400 to 3200 per acre
7 In the sidereal fallow there is
no cost in hauling and spreading
fertilizer
8 In the sidereal system the fal
low is a source of manure equiva
lent in mass to 35200 pounds of ani
mal manure
9 In the sidereal fallow the min
erals of the fertilizer being imported
in the form of chemical fertilizer
and the nitrogen coming from the
air the soil is enriched every year
in Sidereal manure is richer in
nitrogen than barnyard manure and
equally so in regard to minerals
SIDEREAL MANURE
Clover grown with Chem Fertilizr
Nitrogen546 per cent 100
Ph Or130
K 0500
CaO960
11 In the sidereal fallow 35200
lbs to 44000 lbs for three years or in
round numbers 14666 lbs per acre
per annum
Pounds
Nitrogen 224
Ph Oa53
K 0198
Ca 0440
12 The sidereal fallow costs hardly
100 to 150 per ton spread on the
soil not to include the excess of
limegiven the soil besides the quan
tity absorbed by the clover
162OCTOBER CROP REPORT188
18
13 In the triennial fallow only 18
to 19 bushels of wheat per acre is
produced
14 In the triennial fallow after
two crops of wheat the land has not
gained either in nitrogen or phos
phate it has gained a little in potash
and lime
15 In the triennial fallow dry sea
sons are real calamities stock feed
is short and the preparation of the
dead fallow is expensive
13 In the sidereal fallow 48 to 52
bushels of wheat is grown per acre
14 In the sidereal fallow after two
crops of wheat the soil is enriched
in nitrogen potash phosphate and
lime
15 In the sidereal fallow during
dry seasons the clover furnishes
abundant resources for stock feed
and taking off the second crop of
clover with judgment replaces the
loss of first crop
QYou have given formula of fertilizer for clover to be turned for wheat
growing Do you use the same for meadows kept in grass for pasture
ANo For pasture of meadow use
HOMOGENOUS FEBTILIZEB NUMBER ONK
Per Acre
Superphosphate of lime170 lbs
Chloride of potassium 88 lbs
Sulphate of Ammonia171 lbs
Sulphate of lime92 lbs
527 lbs
QIs this amount of fertilizer to be given yearly
AYes This is but a moderate amount of fertilizer yearlyto make
1056 pounds live weight per acre With rich pasture the cost of
cultivation is reduced to almost nothing the animals make the crop they
help somewhat to fertilize the ground again but still to maintain full pas
ture you must repair the losses of the ground in the sale of cattle
QYou wish to separate the meadow from the cultivated fields
AYes Let us break up the traditions of the past by beginning to
divide the meadow from the cultivated fields Make each one indepen
dent of the other
QAre not the cattle pastured on the meadow to furnish means for the
cultivated fields
AThe meadow is not to be kept for the production of manure In
stead of making it a source of fertilizer fertilize it heavily but instead of
using it for hay give it up as pasture for cattle make a fall culture for the
purpose of producing meat with little trouble and almost no manual labor
at a profit of from 2400 to 3200 per acre
QDoes sidereal fallow add to the fertility of the soil
AThe lime contained in the clover crop as an excess of lime remains
in the soil one crop of wheat does not take all the minerals of the chemi
cal fertilizer they increase the original fertility of the soil
Conclusion Progressive fertility a certain profit a small amount of
manual labor simplification of work this is the object and result It is
the men who work the meadow it is the animal or either the sun that
works the pasture Grass is in fact for the animal what fuel is to the
locomotivethe soursce of its activity and of its functions
CONTINUED
16814
DEPARTMENT OF AGRIOU 1TUREGEORGIA
GEORGIA EXPERIMENT STATION
HISTORY
Bulletin No October 1889
Bulletin No 1 issued froui the office of Dr W L Jones Director at
Athens Ga in October 1888 gave a short history of the establishment of
the Georgia Agricultural Experiment Station under the Act of
Congress approved March 2 1887 and known as the Hatch Act On the
29th of December 1888 the Governor of Georgia approved an Act of the
General Assembly thereof providing for the appointment of a Board of Di
rectors and the permanent location and organization of the Georgia Ex
periment Station
In pursuance of the foregoing law the Governor appointed the following
excepting the two first named who are exofficio members
BOARD OP DIRECTORS
Hon 1 T Henderson Commissioner of Agriculture exofficio President
Atlanta Ga
W E Boggs I D Chancellor University of Georgia exofficio Athens
Georgia
H C White Ph D Professor of Chemistry Agricultural and Mechani
cal College Athens Ga
PRACTICAL karmeks
First District G M Ryals Savannah
Second District J M Rushin Boston
Third District Wright Brady Americus
Fourth District J H Mobley Hamilton
Fifth District W L Peek Conyers
Sixth District Eden Taylor Forsyth
Seventh District Felix Corput Cave Springs
Eighth District J B Park Jr Greensboro
Ninth District J N Twitty Jefferson
Tenth District P J Berckmans Augusta
FIRST QUARTERLY MEETING BOARD OF DIRECTORS
On the 4th day of February 1889 the Board met in pursuance of the
call of the Governor at the Capitol in Atlanta President Henderson in
the chair elected James B Park Jr Secretary and adopted rules and
regulations for their own government Provision was made for advertising
for bids for the location of the Experiment Station and Farm in pursuance
of the law After attending to minor matters the Board adjourned to
April 9 Upon the reassembling of the Board on April 9th and 10th bids
from several competing committees in response to the advertisements for
proposals were opened and discussed The Board after hearing from the
friends and advocates of the several proposed locations finally determined
to visit and inspect each locality in a body These visits consumed the
time to and including April 13th when the Board met in Athens Ga
postponed all further action in the matter of location and adjourned to
meet in Atlanta May 7 1889
ADJOURNED MEETING BOARD OF DIRECTORS
On the 7th day of May the Board convened according to previous ad
journment of the First Quarterly meeting at the capitol in Atlanta for the
purpose of opening the bids and locating the Experiment Station and Ex
perimental Farm In accordance with a resolution passed by the Board at
154OCTOBER CROP REPORT1889
16
this session the proceedings of said quarterly meeting are set forth in
full substantially as follows
Atlanta Ga May 7 1889
The Board of Directors met according to adjournment The full Board
were present On motion of Mr Peek press reporters were excluded for
the present The report of Mr White chairman of committee on organi
zation was read and laid on the table A motion by Mr Corput that the
Board proceed to select a location for the Farm was adopted On motion
of Mr Corput the usual parliamentary rules were adopted the President
was permitted to record his vote on all questions and it was ordered that
on questions affecting the location of the Station or Farm or their separa
tion each member be required to announce his vote on the call of the roll
the same to be recorded on the minutes On further motion of Mr Corput
the Board resolved to disallow the call of the previous question Reso
lution by Mr Brady
Resolved That it is the sense of this Board of Directors of the Georgia
Experiment Station that the Station and Farm shall be located at one and
the same place Adopted by the following vote YeasRushin Brady
Mobley Taylor Corput Park and Twitty7 NaysBoggs White Ryals
Peek and Berckmans5
AFTEBNOON SESSION
The bids for the location of the Station and Barm were opened and read
including explanatory letters from R E Park and from citizens of Monroe
county and others On motion of Mr Park it was resolved that the
majority rule shall govern in the selection of the location of the Station
FIRST BALLOT
Hatton farm Bibb countyRuskin Corput 2
Fair Ground Bibb countyBrady1
Proctor farm Monroe countyTaylor1
Bates farm Spalding countyBoggs Peek and Twitty4
500 Acre farm Coweta countyMobley Henderson2
Penfield Greene countyPark1
Clarke countyBerckmans White2
SECOND BALLOT
Holton farmRuskin Corput2
PenfleldBrady Park2
500 Acre farmMobley Henderson2
Proctor farm Taylor1
Clarke countyBerckmans1
THIRD BALLOT
Bates farmBoggs White Ryals Peek and Twitty5
Holton farmRuskin Brady Taylor and Corput4
500 Acre farmMobley Henderson2
Clarke countyBerckmans Park2
FOURTH BALLOT
Bates farmBoggs White Ryals Mobley Peek Twitty Berckmans
and Henderson8
Holton farmRuskin Taylor Corput and Park4
Proctor farmBrady1
On motion of Mr Corput the selection of the Bates farm in Spalding
county was made unanimous
On motion of Mr Peek the Board then adjourned to convene imme
diately in regular Second Quarterly meeting
15516
DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
Atlanta Ga May 7 1889
Full Board present in regular Second Quarterly meeting On motion of
Mr Twitty a committee of three members was appointed to notify the
Governor that the Board had selected the Bates farm in Spalding county
as the location of the Station and Farm The Committee
consisted of Twitty Boggs and Ruskin On motion of Mr Ryals the
report of the Committee on Organization Mr White chairman was taken
from the table and read On motion of Mr Corput it was declared to be
inadvisable at the present meeting to elect a Superintendent and the
Committee on Organization were required to discharge the duties of
Superintendent until the further order of the Board
On motion of Mr Corput it was provided that the offices of Agricul
turists and Dairyman be consolidated and that the person elected to said
office be paid a salary of fifteen hundred dollars per annum and be required
to keep an account of his actions Recess until 8 p m
Kimball House 8 p m
Full Board present On motion of Mr Peek the action of the Board in
fixing the salary of the Agriculturist and Dairyman at fifteen hundred
dollars was reconsidered Mr Peek then moved to fix the salary at two
thousand dollars per annum Yeas and nays ordered Yeas Ryals Peek
and Berckrnans3 Nays Hoggs Rushin Brady Mobley Taylor Corput
Park Twitty and Henderson9 Mr White was excused from voting
On motion of Mr Corput it was resolved that in the absence of the proper
laboratory buildings at the place selected for the Station the Board accept
the offer of the Trustees of the University of Georgia to carry on the scien
tific experiments for the year commencing July 1 1889 for the sum of five
thousand five hundred dollars
The motion of Mr Taylor that the Board elect a Secretary lor the Station
and Farm at a salary of six hundred dollars per annum was adopted by
substitute offered by Mr Park that the office of Horticulturist and Secretary
of the Station and Farm be consolidated and that the salary be fixed at
fifteen hundred dollars per annum
On motion of Mr Corput the question of printing was referred to the
Committee on Organization to be reported on at the next regular meeting
and the said Committee be allowed traveling and necessary clerical
expenses
On motion of Mr Boggs the following appropriation of funds as reported
by the Committee on Organization were adopted
Repairs 751 00
Printing and Stationery 1000 00
Traveling Expenses 200 00
Secretary 200 00
Farm supplies and labor 2000 00
Chemical and other laboratory supplies 700 00
Scientific experiments 5500 00
Agriculturist and Dairyman salary 1500 00
Horticulturist and Secretary of the station and farm 1500 00
Traveling and clerical expenses 1000 00
14350 00
On motion of Mr Boggs the details of drawing moneys under the con
trol of this board were left to the committee on organization and the Gov
ernor was requested to pay over to the person named by said committee all
moneys received from the general government belonging to this board or
which may hereafter come into his hands
On further motion by the same the chairman of said committee was des
ignated as the proper officer to exercise for this board the franking privi
lege
166OCTOBER CROP REPORT1880
17
On motion of Mr White the Secretary was instructed to perfect all
arrangements for the execution of proper titles to the iarm
Recess until 9 p m Atlanta Ga May 8 9 a m
Full board present On motion of Mr Corput the Secretary toin
structed to request of the citizens of Spalding county to execute ttles to
the uronertv and turn over the same within the next thirty days
SS That the Secretary be instructed to transmit an exact copy of
theedings of this meeting to the Atlanta daily papers for publcaun
orovided thev accept it as an item of news and publish it without cost to
thhTboard and that all other papers desiring to do so be al owed to copy
thesame for publication and that the board have the same incorporated in
Us Quarterly Bulletin
The following resolution by Mr Ruskin was adoptedI
That His Excellency the Governor be requested to have the titles to the
propertydonated by the citizens of Spalding county examined and passed
motioTMpXhe Board resolved to proceed to ballot for an
Agriculturist and provided that his salary do commence when his servtoes
all be actually required Before ballotingon motion of Mr Corput t was
Lotoed That the present election of officers be for one year with the
understanding that should such officer prove unsuited or incompetent to
the performance of the duties assigned him he will be subject to removal
Dy aWrity vote of this Board on thirty days notice beinggiven of their
action in the premises The Board then proceeded to ballot and on the
X4rired to act as
accountant until the Horticulturist shall have been elected
oTno ion of Mr Ryals the Committee on Organization were requested
to make arrangenxentsto expend the balance of the money required to be
eXitlofoiToSuMt was resolved that the members of this Board
who are members of the General Assembly be requested to so amend the
Calvin A S to give more latitude in regard to the number of days the
Board may sit and also as to their necessary expenses
On motion of Mr Brady the Board adjourned to meet in Griffin Ga
on the first Tuesday in August at 10 oclock a m
THIRD QUABTERLY MEETING OF THE BOARD
At the third quarterly meeting held at the Station Griffin Ga August
2nd alter thefaction of sorSe necessary PZtion Mr
nroceeded to elect a Horticulturist and a Director of the btation Mr
Gustave Speth was elected Horticulturist and Mr R J Redding Director
After some further business the Board adjourned f
The fegoing history of the Acts of the Board of Directors is extracted
from thTrmnutes kept by the Secretary including a substantially complete
transcript of the proceedings of the meeting held May 7th and 8th in
accwdance wth thS order of the Board The action of the last meeting
culminated Trthe election of a Horticulturist and Director which com
gSSSSSZui reported at the Station for duty
September 1st The Director assumed the active discharge of his duties
leember 20th the Agriculturist Mr J M Kimbrough having been in
nosession and control of the Farm since July 1st
P The Station as at present organized is the successor to the Station as it
existed af Athens Ga and in accordance with the law of its creation is
15718
UKlAKTMJfiJST OF Ai KlOU L TU UKGEUKG IA
still connected with the State College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts
The Act of December 29 1888 placed the Station under the control of a
Board of Directors which resulted in a change of location from Athens to
Griffin and a partial reorganization of the Station Staff
So short a period has elapsed since the present location was selected and
the present Station organization was effected that no report of results can
be reasonably expected Under the direction of the board therefore this
Bulletin is confined mainly to a simple narrative of the events that have led
to the present status
It may be proper howeverto add a short description of the Station Farm
and an outline of future work The tract comprises 130 acres of gently
rolling red and gray soil the latter predominating underlaid by a strong
red clay It is a typical Middle Georgia farm rather below than above
the average of that section in fertility Of the sixty acres of cleared land
on the place about fifteen acres have been brought up to a considerable
degree of productiveness by the liberal use of ordinary commercial fertili
zers and the usual home manures while the remainder is what would be
called rather thin unproductive laud capable of producing about ten hush
els of corn or one fourth of a bale of cotton per acre without manure in
a good year Two bold springs are on the farm one of which affords an
ample supply of water for a roughly constructed fish pond while
the other has heretofore supplied the farm residence and barns
with plenty of water by meaus of a hydraulic ram The residence on the
farm is commodious and in good repair Besides these the improvements
on the farm amount to little or nothing the fences and outbuildings being
in a dilapidated condition and unsuited and totally inadequate for the pur
poses of an Experiment Station Two neat cottage residences one each
for the Agriculturist and Horticulturist are under contract and their
completion is expected by the middle of December The greater part of
the arable land being occupied by the now maturing crops of the late owner
the lateness of the season will prevent the inauguration of any expensive
series of fall experiments but a vigorous start will be made in the spring
The absence of suitable bams will also prevent any but the most crude
feeding experiments this season Experiments in horticulture will neces
sarily be limited at present to the preparation of soil and the propagating
and planting of trees vines etc for future operation and observations
It is the desire of the Station to combine the cordial relations which may
have already been established with the farmers of the State and their active
and hearty cooperation is invoked to the end that the work of developing
the true principles and economies of agriculture may be advanced as rapidly
as possible
The regular Bulletins of the Station which will be published quarterly
and occasionally oftener will be sent free to any applicant
It is proposed as soon as may be practicable to secure the services of
several of the most intelligent farmers in the different sections of the State
to duplicate field tests under the direction of the Station
It will be the aim of the Station to enter as promptly as possible on the
work of practical experimentation in the field orchard garden and dairy
and to conduct such investigations in the breeding and feeding of stock as
will aid the farmers of Georgia in their efforts to establish a more profitable
and prosperous system of farming
Those questions which seem to demand immediate attention will be
first considered the aim being to make the Station at once instructive and
profitable to the agriculture of the State The object will not be to make
money by the experiments that will be conducted on the Farm but to find
out the best way to do every kind of farm work the best methods of drain
ing plowing composting fertilizing feeding and dairying The Station
I SBOCTOBER CKOl KEfOKT1B89
19
officers do not profess to know everything but their aim will be to add to
knowledge already attained by instituting and conducting experiments
with such facilities and such precautions against error as will insure the
greatest accuracy and reliabilityin the shortest time These results and con
clusions will be published for the information and guidance of those who
are engaged in the business of farming for a livelihood
The farmers of Georgia are invited to communicate freely with the Sta
tion Suggestions of experiments to be conducted for the general good of
all are invited and will be gladly received and carefully considered
All specimens samples of grasses and plants and communications of an
official character should be addressed to R J Redding
Director Georgia Experiment Station
Griffin Ga
169XKW SIKIKS CIRCILAK No 128
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
Fourteenth Annual Meeting
OF THE
EORGIA MATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY
HELD IN THE
City of Griffin July 31st and August 1st 1889
CHARTERED Jul 14 1876 ORGANIZED August 16 1876
Reorganized Under New Charter Aug 1 1882
Published Jointly by the Society and the State
Department of Agriculture
ATLANTA GA
W 1 Campbell State Printer
Constitution Job Office
1888CONSTITUTION
Article 1 The name of this Association shall be the Georgia State
Horticultural Society
Article 2 Its object shall be the advancement of the sciences of Pomo
logy Floriculture Arboriculture and Kitchen Vegetable growing
Article 3 Its members shall consist of annual and honorary members
who shall be elected by ballot at the annual or semiannual session of the
Society The annual fee shall be 200
Article 4 The meetings shall be held at such times and places as may
be designated by the Society and special meetings may be convened at any
time on the call of the President
Article 5 Its officers shall consist of a President one VicePresident
from each Congressional District of the State a Secretary and a Treasurer
The President Secretary and Treasurer to be elected by ballot at the regu
lar annual meeting and to serve until their successors are elected and
inaugurated The VicePresidents all to be elected by ballot at this meet
ing those representing districts having odd numbers to serve one year
and those representing the districts having even numbers to serve two
yearsonehalf to be elected each year thereafter to serve two years
Article 6 This Constitution may be amended at any annual meeting
by a twothirds vote of the members present
163BYLAWS
1st The President shall preside at all meetings of the Society call meet
ings of the Executive Committee and under its direction have a general
superintendence of the affairs of the Society and direction of the expendi
tures of money He shall appoint all committees unless otherwise ordered
2nd In case of death or inability of the President his official duties shall
devolve upon such one of the VicePresidents as may be elected by ballot
3rd The VicePresidents shall by correspondence and personal inter
course with the fruit growers and horticulturists of the various counties of
their respective districts endeavor to organize local societies They shall
appoint four members of their Congressional District and with their aid
prepare and forward to the Secretary before or at every annual meeting of
the Society such reports as have immediate connection with the condition
of fruits progress in their culture new seedling fruits or any other topic
relating to horticultural progress in their respective districts These reports
to be condensed by the Secretary for publication
4th The Secretary shall attend to all the correspondence of the Society
and with the aid of a reporter keep a record of the transactions of the meet
ings and prepare these for publication subject to the approval of the Presi
dent He shall file and preserve all papers and books belonging to the
Society
5th The Treasurer shall receive and keep an accurate account of all
moneys belonging to the Society disburse the same on the written orders
of the President which he shall retain and file as vouchers He shall
make an annual report to the Society of the receipts and disbursements
which with the vouchers shall be referred to a special auditing committee
appointed at the annual meeting
Before entering upon his duties he shall give bond to the Society in the
sum of one thousand dollars for the faithful performance of his duties such
bond to be approved by the Executive Committee
6th The Executive Committee shall consist of the President VicePresi
dents Secretary and Treasurer They shall subject to the direction of
the Society manage all its affairs
7th The following Standing Committees shall be appointed by the Presi
dent immediately after his election or so soon thereafter as practicable
A Standing Fruit Committee consisting of five members It shall be
the duty of this committee to report annually on native and foreign fruits
to examine and before the close of the session report on all newseedling
164GEOEGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY 5
fruits that may be exhibited and to make an ad interim report on those
that were exhibited in an unripe condition at the meeting of the Society
but had subsequently attained a state of maturity and on such other seed
lings as may have been submitted to their inspection during the Societys
vacation
8th A Standing Committee on Synonyms consisting of live members
shall be appointed annually It shall be their duty to report annually to
the Society at its regular meeting
9th Standing Committees to consist of two or more members each shall
be appointed annually upon the following subjects viz
Meteorology inits relation to Horticulture
Entomology and Ornithology in their relations to Horticulture
Ornamental and Useful Trees and Plants
Ornamental Gardening
Kitchen Vegetables
Wine Making
Packing and Shipping Fruits and Vegetables
10th A Standing Committee on Transportation to consist of five mem
bers
11th Special Committees shall be appointed by the President immedi
ately after the organization of the annual meeting on Peaches on exhibi
tion during the session on Apples Pears and Miscellaneous Fruits on
Grapes and Wines on Vegetables It shall be the duty of these committees
to make a full and careful report upon each and every individual collection
on exhibition noting their condition and special merits if any also any
particular methods of cultivation by which improvements are made evi
dent
12th No medal diploma or money shall be awarded by this Society as a
testimonial of excellence for any fruit plant flower or vegetable offered
for exhibition The verdict of the Special Committee shall be the highest
commendation of the Society
13th Vacancies occurring in committees shall be filled by the chairman
of each and in case of his death or inability to serve his place shall be
supplied by the President of the Society
14th No person shall be a member or be allowed to participate in the
deliberations of the Society who shall not have paid his fee in full before or
at the beginning of the session of the Society
15th Honorary members shall consist of persons of distinguished merit
in horticulture or natural science and nonresidents of Georgia They shall
be entitled to all the privileges of the Society without the payment of
annual fees except on questions of finance
16th These ByLaws may be altered by a twothirds vote of the mem
bers present
165OFFICERS
President
P J BERCKMANS Augusta Ga
VicePresidents
1st Congressional DistrictD J 0 Le HARDYSavannah
2nd Congressional DistrictH H SANFORDThomasville
3rd Congressional DistrictS H RUMPHMarshallville
4th Congressional DistrictDr H H CARYLaGrange
5th Congressional DistrictDr SAMUEL HAPEHapeville
6th Congressional DistrictA J WILLIAMS Tobler
7th Congressional DistrictCol GEO H WARINGCement
8th Congressional DistrictDr W L JONESAthens
9th Congressional DistrictJNO G JUSTICEMarcus
10th Congressional DistrictDr J P H BROWNAugusta
Secretary and Treasurer
T L KINSEYSavannah
STANDING COMMITTEES
ON NEW FRUITS
L A BerckmansAugusta
H H Sanford Thomasville
A J WilliamsTobler
J D HustedPomona
B R AnthonyMacon
ON SYNONYMS
Dr Samuel HapeHapeville
David MilneMacon
G H MillerRome
W K NelsonAugusta
W W ThompsonSmithville
167DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
ON WINE
John KellerMarshallville
J C BucherAtlanta
Felix CorputCave Spring
Geo H WaringJ
Dr Neil MclnmsAugusta
OX ORNAMENTAL AND USEFUL TREES
f Jw6ddingGriffin
Mrs W E BrownFort Vallev
wTHMillerRome
W D Beatie
Chas Deckner
Atlanta
Atlanta
ON PACKING AND SHIPPING FRUIT
Samuel H RumphMarshallville
F EmeryAUanta
F E BlackshearThomasville
i t TerettFort Valley
S M WaymanPomona
ON METEOROLOGY
Prof J
i NewmanAuburn Ala
Prof W L JonesAlLeus
ON ENTOMOLOGY
Prof J E WillettMawm
Dr John P Campbell AUanta
ON VEGETABLES
Mrs J W BryanDillon
Augusta
John B JamesFort yn
w eClnerAtnta
W F QuartermanThomasville
ON TRANSPORTATION OF FRUITS AND VEGETABLES
Dr H H CaryLaGrange
H I eryAtlanfa
W E Brown
Geo Uhl
Fort Valley
Augusta
L L arnadoe Thomasville
168ROLL OF MEMBERS OF THE GEORGIA STATE
HORTICULTURAL SOCIEIY 1889
Allen N LPowersville
Adams J AReynold
Anthony E RvMacon
Berokmans P J Augusta
Berckmans L AAugusta
Berekmans P J A JrAugusta
Berckmans Robt CAugusta
Brown E EDalton
Barnes W H H Milledgeville
Barnes M AMilledgeville
Bochelle Dr L B Thomasville
Blackshear T EThomasville
Badger G MQuitman
Bunch G A M DClarks Hill
Berden T JPowersville
Beatie W DAtlanta
Burr S B Thomasville
Buclier J CAtlanta
Baldwin D F Marshallville
Bryan Mrs J W Dillon
Bryan Howard Dillon
Brown W E Fort Valley
Brown Mrs W EFort Valley
Bunch J W Augusta
Blair Z H Jacksonville Fla
Benedict Mrs MaryAtlanta
Brown Dr J P HAugusta
Carey Dr H H LaGrange
Corput FelixCave Spring
Conner W OCave Spring
Clyett J H M Powersville
Clyett O A Powersville
Chum W WPowersville
Clayton JasAuburn Ala
Cureton F SMoreland
Cureton JasMoreland
Camp E NMoreland
Camp G EMoreland
Campbell Jno PAthens
Carter Mrs L WMetcalf
Corbin Chas DGriffin
Denmark R JQuitman
Denmark EQuitman
Deckner Chas Atlanta
Douglass Thos LMarshallville
16910
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
Edwards J MMilledgeville
Emery H FAtlanta
Everett J AFort Valley
Everett Miss LilaFort Valley
Freeman E L CMilledgeville
Frederick E JReynolds
Frederick J VMarshallville
Frederick F JMarshallville
Frederick D BMarshallville
Jarrior J CMarshallville
Farrior Mrs J CMarshallville
Fleming J LAugusta
Fambrough J MBoston
Fitzgerald J R Illaha
Hape Dr SamuelHapeville
Hape Miss Belle RHapeville
Hopkins M HLouisville
Hunter ELouisville
Hamilton W BThomasville
Heath N R M Thomasville
Hall Jas LThomasville
Howell A B Chattanooga Tenn
Hansel W AAtlanta
Hays O Smithville
Hays Mrs OSmithville
Hays Miss Clara Smithville
Hansell A HThomasville
Hasselkus H W Griffin
Hunt Jno J Griffin
Holladay Miss Mary Griffin
Iverson R CSenoia
Justice Jno G Marcus
Johnson R P Smithville
Jenney R SThomasville
James Jno BFort Vallev
Jones G FFort Valley
Jones HFort Valley
Jones W CAugusta
Keller JnoMarshallville
Keller Mrs JnoMarshallville
Kinsey T LSavannah
Long HL Leesburg
LowMO McDonough
LeHardy Dr J C Savannah
Moody A QBoston
Myers E HMarietta
McKennon R WThomasville
McKennon R NThomasville
Miller G H Kome
Middleton W SClarks Hill S C
McComb M HMilledgeville
Moore B FMarshallville
Milne DavidMacoll
Mclnnes Dr NeilAugusta
McDonald R MSumter
INewman J SAuburn Ala
NellIe K LThomasville
170GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY
11
Nelson W R Aueufa
Niles CO Marshallville
Oetter Rudolph Vineyard
Parker E A Barnesville
Pitman WR Milledgeville
Patterson Jno 5ttlJ
Pye J CPleasant Hill
Phelps Rev LymanS5fof Klil
Parnell J HWest Point
Quarterman W FThomasville
Reives D WCave Spring
Reives F M Clarkson
Rieoel S DThomasville
Rike A D Thomasville
Ruffin G T Reynolds
Rooks O PSt Augustine 1 la
Rogers D LRmir
Redding R J rin
Redding Mrs R J Griffin
Rumph S HMarsha vi e
Rumph L AMarshal vi le
Rumph L A JrMarsha vie
Rumph E WMarshallville
Reese W M Thomasvi le
Stafford J ABarnesville
Sanford H HThomasville
Stone B W Thomasville
Scott Mrs W MAtlanta
Snow M FFort Valley
Starnes H NMarietta
Searcey W E HrIn
Stafford W CBarnesville
Spangler S RSunny Side
Smith S O kenia
Thompson W WSmithvi le
Thompson O L gmithvil e
Thompson Mrs O LSmithvil e
Taylor ESmithvi le
Thomas Jno G Milledgeville
Turk T M Milledgeville
Tison E HLakeland Ha
Uhl Geo WAugusta
Underwood A WAtlanta
Vann Chas RThomasville
Varnadoe L LThomasville
Varnadoe L A Thomasville
Varney F M Senoia
VanDyke A GSunny Side
VanDyke CMSunny Side
Wider B FAlbany
Waring Geo H Cement
Williams J CThomaston
Williams Miss MaggieThomaston
Williams Miss N LTobler
Williams W FWarm Springs
Williams W JGoggansville
Williams A JTobler
17112
DEPARTMENT OE AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
Willingham T HByron
Warren W EPowersville
Watkins J B Thomasville
WillettProf J E Mflrnn
Whidby W GAtlanta
Warren T DBvron
Warder W M Qg
Wayman S M Pomona
Waymau Mrs S M Pomona
Walker J WAugusta
Young I 8Moreland
HONORARY MEMBERS
Wilder Hon M PBoston Mass
Cray ton Hon B FAnderson S C
Furnass Hon R WBiwnville Neb
Gray Prof AsaCambridge Mass
Green Mrs C C Clayton Ala
Meehan ThomasPhiladelphia Pa
Quinn P TNewark N J
Sims Col R MCharleston S C
Thurber Prof George New York
Hexamer Dr F MNew York
Deceased
172PROCEEDINGS
Griffin Ga July 31 1889
The Fourteenth Annual Session of the Georgia Horticultural So
ciety was called to order by President Berckmans at 1115 a m in
the court house at Griffin
Prayer was offered by Eev Dr Bradley alter which Mayor J A
Stewart introduced Hon Frank Flynt who in behalf of the city
welcomed the convention in a neat and effective address suggest
ing with pardonable pride that while the city of Griffin was fully
sensible of the honor conferred by her selection as the present place
of meeting yet the choice was by no means inappropriate since in
this great centre of fruit growing and shipping much was to be
learned as well as taught here the infusion and dissemination of
horticultural knowledge must needs become an easy and a natural
process for the delicate blush on the cheek of the maiden peach and
the tender aroma of the juicy grape would lend especial inspiration
to the assemblys deliberations
Mr Flynt then introduced Col J J Hunt as spokesman for the
local Horticultural Society who again extended the freedom and
hospitalities of the city enlarging upon the importance of the work
of the society and its value as an educator and developer
Col B J Redding of Atlanta responded for the society in his
usual happy vein contrasting the condition of affairs horticulturally
at the time of his first visit to Griffin in 1802 with the present status
every hillside the county over embossed with orchard or vineyard
and kindly nature furnishing every element of soil climate and ele
vation requisite for a perfect fruit growing region
A recess of ten minutes was then ordered to perfect the roll
After roll call the regular order of business was suspended and
Dr H H Cary introduced the following resolutions
Resolved That the officers and members of the Spalding County Horticul
tural Society he invited to occupy seats on the floor of this convention during its
session
Resolved That the Mayor and City Council of the City of Griffin be invited
to seats on the floor of this Convention during its session
17314
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
Resolved That the officers and members of Spalding County Agricultural
Society be tendered seats in this Convention during its session
Resolved That all the members of Spalding County Fanners Alliance be in
vited to seats in this Convention
Resolved East but not least that the ladies of the city of Griffin and vicinity
be cordially and urgently invited to honor us by their presence during the ses
sions of this Convention
These resolutions were unanimously adopted
President Berckmans then delivered his annual address as follows
PRESIDENT BERCKMANS ADDRESS
Ladies and Gentlemen and
Members of the Georgia State Horticultural Society
When soliciting the aid of several of our leading members in the preparation
of papers to be presented at this session my request was in many instances met
with the reply that although desirous to contribute to the success of the Society
every hour at their command had to be devoted to preparing their fruit for mar
ket The wonderful yield with which our State has been blessed brought in its
train the all absorbing problem of its successful utilization and left no leisure for
the preparation of elaborate essays
A my friends pleas to be excused from their literary contributions are worthy
of consideration so must I beg your indulgence if I do not come prepared with an
elaborate address because of similar demands upon my time and labor connected
with the occupation of a fruit grower
In again being permitted to be associated with you in our endeavors to elevate
the pursuit which has brought untold benefits to our people it is a most pleasant
service to greet you and be assured from the magnitude and intelligence of this
audience that the great aims of our organization will receive that watchful care
which has become emblematical of your past work
A few topics which I desire at the start to present to you will doubtless receive
at your hands the thoughtful consideration due their importance
in the first place T would remindyou of the necessity for employing
IMPROVED METHODS OF HUSBANDRY
These must ever keep pace with the increase of population A few years since
the country surrounding and in the immediate neighborhood of the great cities of
the North and East was devoted to agriculture Staple commodities such as corn
wheat oats grasses etc were raised generally and diversified farming was meas
urably profitable As the country filled up and cities expanded the density of
population caused an appreciation in the value of farming lands and they became
too costly to yield a profitable return or adequate interest on their value cultivated
in heavy staple crops in the stereotyped slipshod manner of the past The agri
culturist was forced Westward to find cheaper lands and in this was successful
building up the great granary of the West while he that remained wrought out
his salvation by turning his attention to a pursuit susceptible of higher develop
ment and yielding a greater return per acre for skillful and intelligent manipula
tionHorticulture
In this way New Jersey was made the great kitchen garden of the continent and
its thrift and prosperity today stand as a monument to the results of improved
methods of husbandry Lands have there appreciated fifty per cent for purely
agricultural purposes which a short time since were considered agriculturally
worthless Fruit and especially that sheetanchor of the horticulturist the peach
has redeemed them and given them their present value and her prosperity to the
State
Here in our own midst I am proud to say that the city of Griffin furnishes a
notable corroborative example A few years ago in no wise differing from many
174
GEORGIA STATE HOKTICU LTTJBAL SOCIETY
15
other country towns in the great cotton belt of Georgia the change in adecadehae
been marvelous not only in the increase in the quantity of horticultural products
but in their quality and comparative value as well and your own well tilled pocket
books and lengthy bank accounts arc practical witnessses to the immeasurable
benefit of the changed order of things Changes in agricultural products become
compulsory when tbe cost of production is greater than in more favorably situated
sections and you at least gentlemen have no cause for regret that you abandoned
to Mississippi and Texas the cultivation of your share of cotton and substituted in
its stead the peach and the grape to which your climate and soil are so well
adapted
I would also call your attention to the importance of
PREVENTING UNDUE CONSUMPTION
of any single commodity of value Wo have a natural tendency to waste recklessly
that which we possess in abundance without thought or consideration of the future
or of posterity This profligacy we must learn to overcome and take heed for
the morrow As an example I noticed the following clipping from the New
York Sun a few days since
NO MORE TWNING IN SUSSEX COUNTY
Belvedere NJ July 11Alexander Hunt proprietorof the largest tannery at Swartswood
Sussex County lias failed and the sheriff will close out the business This puts an end to the
tanning business in Sussex County Forty years ago every township had its tannery and
some had several The scarcity of bark in the County is oneof the chief causes of the decline
of the industry
The lesson that this teaches is so plain that he who runs may read Small
industries are the lifeblood of any community and the greater their number and
diversity the greater the prosperity of the localities in which they are situated
This city and Marshallville as well are especially adapted to the introduction of
light industries run in connection with fruit growing and establishments for the
evaporation of fruit of all kinds canning factories manufactories of fruit crates
and baskets are samples of industries that could and should flourish in your midst
to the common advantage of all and with profit to yourselves You have here in
Griffin a crate factory atid it should be duplicated in every fruit center in the
State
But bear in mind that as surely as these enterprises and industries will rise and
flourish to a greater or less extent in every community just so surely will you run
short in course of time of the crude material necessary for their operation through
profligacy and waste unless forewarned you adopt a systematic plan for preserv
ing in sufficient quantities your natural products now being recklessly destroyed
on every farm Otherwise like the New Jersey tannery you will be forced be
fore you suspect it to suspend operations from scarcity of bark
TESTING NEW FRUITS
opens up a sphere of work of infinite value to the grower As a rule large fruit
growers experiment in this way to a greater or less extent but many of you have
neither the leisure means or opportunity to conduct a series of experiments and
tests successfully and to your aid in this branch of our calling come the Experi
mental Stations In Alabama Prof Newman is doing most valuable work not
only for his own State but for ours as well and for the countryT at large The
State of Georgia will soon have located here in your midst a station which I trust
for value will prove in course of time second to none in the land and that the
science of selection will soon be brought down to exactness and not remain an
empirical process as at present
CORRECT NOMENCLATURE
of fruits is of prime importance and should receive the strictest attention It is
absolutely necessary that fruit growers should know what variety they purchase
on making a selection A fruit should have only one name and that well known
so that the possibility of imposition and deception would be reduced and subsequent
17516
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
diBsappointment prevented I cannot dwell too strongly on this point You have
had a year to decide on the impolicy of shipping other than well known varieties
We should proceed very carefully in the matter of cataloguing new fruits and
allowing them to be incautiously introduced
PEACE YELLOWS
Of late years so much has been said about a fungoid growth alleged to exist
among the peach trees of this section that the matter reached the ear of the gov
ernment at Washington and a special agent was sent to investigate the rumor
and determine if the dreaded Yellows had in fact crossed Mason and Dixons
line and invaded the regions of the Sunny South A lengthy and elaborate report
in the form of a large volume followed his labors To many of his statements I
at the time excepted and differed with him in his conclusions Since its publica
tion discoveries have been made by one of your members that will effectually
disprove its existence or at least show that if it exists it is not the disease socalled
Yellows that has been investigated We may safely conclude that our conn try
is not cursed with genuine Yellowsa most inveterate and deadly pestwhich
has so far confined its operations with strict partiality to that portion of the
American continent north of the Ohio and Potomac rivers Should it be proved
however at any time that Yellows does exist among us immediate steps must be
taken to eradicate it or the results will he eminently disastrous
SHIPPING
Probably more important than producing is the art or method of successfully
shipping fruit Disasters attending a want of judgment in this particular are
many and fatal It is not enough to knowwhat to ship but when how and where
A glutted market forces the retention of truit possibly already overripe and de
cay and loss follow immediately Many of the losses and much of the damage
experienced by the shipper are charged to the commission merchant and he is
inevitably saddled with the blame and very frequently unjustly He cannot
always forestall a glut and he can never prevent injudicious packing and selection
of fruit And while a great point is gained by the selection of a trustworthy
broker a still more adequate measure of precaution is the avoidance of immature
shipments Green knotty indigestible bilious looking fruit is frequently seized
by the health officer and is as dangerous as if overripe ami certain loss follows
to the individual shipper as well as a general depreciation of the market for others
The bad influence of unripe inedible fruit upon the market cannot be overesti
mated and it should be scrupulously avoided
Another disadvantage experienced by the shipper is the irregularity in fruit
packages and the frequent arbitrary changes required by the commission mer
chants in make size and shape Years ago the Georgia standard onethird
bushel crate was adopted at the suggestion of northern commission merchants
it soon became the standard crate for all sections Afterwards it wa arbitrarily
pronounced undesirable and even worthless The cry ofburn them wont up
from all sides ami fruit growers stood amazed It was the same crate It trans
ported fruit just as successfully as it did the previous season and yet the order for
its abandonment and destruction went forth It was indeed inexplicable one of
the great mercantile phenomena that occasionally obtrude themselves So the
crate was changedand at immense lossand the Petersburg 24 quart crate was
adopted Even now there is no absolute uniformity and the question naturally
arises How long will we stick to what we have How long before some new
form will be adopted and how long will even the new form last This gentle
men is for you to decide Shall we always vacillate in this way or shall we
after mature deliberation decide upon the best most economic and convenient
form and stick to it You must settle the question for yourselves Another point
of supreme importance to the fruit grower is the protection of
176GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY 17
i JSECT TOROUS BIRDS
The increase in insects has of late years been remarkable This is not only true
apparently due to more particular and systematic entomological investigation but
actually by practical experience is proved to be the lamentable fact by reason of
the reckless cruel and impolitic extermination of many of our insectivorous birds
Prof J A Lintner N Y State Entomologist at the Boston meeting of the
American Pomological Society in September 1887 stated that it may be safely
com dialed that the number of fruit insects in the United States comprised at least
one thousand species and the total number of species regarded as injurious from
preying upon material serviceable to man as 15000 With such a state of affairs
however the fact confronts us that a constant and relentless warfare must be
waged with them or they will obtain the upper hand and absolutely overwhelm
us As an auxilary in such a campaign our best friend and most valuable ally is
the insectivorous bird How far he assists us and what countless myriads of
insects he annually destroys will perhaps never be generally appreciated
While many of our common and well known varieties are omnivorous and
occasionally attack and destroy fruit and grain all are largely insectivorous some
almost wholly so and consequently of more or less value to the husbandman
according to their respective habits It may add point to my remarks and possi
bly stagger your credulity when I assure you that ornithologists are greatly
divided as to whether even your presumed enemy of oldthe crowis really more
destructive than beneficial
With such an illustration the moral easily follows that every variety of insect
destroying bird should not only bo tolerated but fostered encouraged and cared
for and if occasionally the crimson cheek of a luscious berry sutlers the offender
has already well earned his reward by his labor and should be suffered to enjoy
his petty larceny undisturbed So important is this matter that it would be well
if our legislature was properly memorialized to take action to prevent the wanton
and reckless destruction of valuable insectivorous birds
IX CONCLUSION
it may not be amiss to refer to the beneficial results accruing to every community
from the pursuit of horticulture by its citizens Ignorance and stupidity can
make no headway in this most delicate branch of husbandry Keen perception
systematic methods and intelligence are absolutely necessary for success and to
these must be subjoined a certain amount of healthy moral stamina A wholly
bad or brutal man can never pursue this calling Its very nature is antipathetic
Hence it is that horticulture proves an important factor in attracting a class of
settlers of higher intelligence energy and character than are generally found in
any other rural occupation and that community most exclusively devoting itself
to this calling is found to advance more rapidly in everything tending to elevate
refine ennoble and enrich its citizens and render life enjoyable
It has been said that we live to be happy To be consistent in this we should
select the straight roads and such as we can follow with the greatest ease to lead
ii safely to the end My conviction is that the happiest man is he whose heart is
pure his mind cultivatedwhose head is strong and arms capable of earning a
living One may then be said to be independent while others depend in a man
ner upon him Such is the true horticulturist Fruits flowers and vegetables are
a necessity which increases daily and must be supplied or its dearth disturbs the
even tenor of the denizens of our cities As a useful and indispensible citizen
he cannot therefore be parted with as readily as could many others whose influ
ence upon the general welfare is questionable
I entertain the hope that the work of this society will so impress its value upon
capitalists as to induce them to invest their surplus means in agricultural enter
prises where advanced methods of cultivation can be pursued by men of intelli
gence educated in horticulture While such investments may not at the start
yield the financial returns resulting sometimes from stock speculations they wdll
17718
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
seldom fail to pay a fair interest on the amount invested while their chief value
will consist in awaking by their success the undeveloped resources which are so
abundant in this great State
To the public spirited citizen blessed with ample means no better opportunity
is offered to redeem our hard working producing class from the depressing effects
now operating against their avocation by bringing to its aid improved methods
of cultivation lessening the cost of production and increasing pecuniary returns
True science must if closely applied to our pursuit prove the union from which
our individual welfare as well as that of our State must spring
At the conclusion of the Presidents address Dr H H Cary moved
that the chair appoint a committre of five to whom the address be
referred for such action and recommendation as they may deem
necessary Carried Committee Dr H H Cary Dr J P IT
Brown Prof J S Newman Col R J Redding and Judge J J Hunt
The Committees on Exhibits were then announced as follows
COMMITTEES ON EXHIBITS
On PeachesDr H H Gary L L Varnadoe H F Emery Wm Warder J
G Justice
On Apples Pears and Miscellaneous FruitsG H Miller J C Bucher R J
Redding Dr Neil Mclnnis E A Parker
On GrapesDr J P H Brown Dr G A Bunch W A Hansel J D Boyd
John Keller
On WinesGeorge H Waring Dr Samuel Hape W E Brown Prof J S
Newman James L Fleming
On Plants and FlowersMrs A W Underwood Miss Belle R Hape Mrs S
M Wayman Miss L J Everette P J A Berckmans
On VegetablesW K Nelson L A Rumph W W Thompson Chas Deckner
H W Hasselkus
The President then stated that the different committees would be
expected to report at the morning session on Thursday and after
reading the order of exercises for the afternoon adjournment was
taken to 330 p m
AFTERNOON SESSION
Griffin Ga July 31 1889
The Convention reassembled at 345 p m after an enjoyable in
spection in a neighboring warehouse of the largest and finest display
of fruit ever before collected in one place in Georgia
An essay on Pear Blight by Prof John P Campbell of Athens
was read as follows
PEAR BLIGHT
It has been said time and again that science is only trained and organized com
monsense But it must be admitted that a perusal of many socalled scientific
178GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY
19
productions would lead one to think thai this is frequently forgotten and especially
is this true when the application of science to practical matters is considered The
final end and aim of science is to make man the master of his surroundings to
enable him not merely to adjust himself to existing conditions but also to control
those conditions and the more he can subdue the forces of nature and turn them
to his own advantage so much the more successful will he be The march of
science is then onward Her watchword is progress But she must be diligently
pursued and only yields her rewards to faithful study
In the nature ofithings the pursuit of science for its own sake cannot be in
dulged in by many The requisite patience perseverance carefulness courage
and honesty arc possessed by but few even where the inclination exists The
company ot active workers then must be small while those for whose benefit their
work is carrried on are almost without number The true policy of science is to
discover all that site can regardless of its practical value and then whenever the
opportunity presents itself to scatter broadcast the truths which she has discovered
and which may be of use to others
The disease Pear Blight is a matter to which the foregoing fully applies To
say anything of the importance of the subject would he wholly superfluous in my
present surroundings We have to do with a disease which annually causes great
loss which appears With almost unerring certainty and for which a remedy is
most earnestly desired It has been known for many years and yet only very
recently have we begun to get an idea what the real nature of the disease is Rem
edies have been sought for in vain Empiricism suggested many things and
while some appeared to have more or less value by far the greater number seemed
utterly worthless At last the question has been made the subject of purely scien
tilie study and we are now in a position to say at least that we know the cause
and the conditions that are especially favorable and we have also a good idea of
what is to be done in the way of applying remedies
In this paper I wish to consider as fully as I can in a brief time the question
of pear blight calling attention first to the phenomena of the disease itself and
then giving a brief historical resume of the theories which have been held as to
its nature I wish then to take up the later scientific work which has been done
upon the subject and show how clearly it supports the modern theory of the dis
ease The question of prevention and cure will lastly receive consideration
To this audience I need say but little concerning the phenomena of pear blight
Most of you I am certain have suffered by it and you are all probably acquainted
with even its minute details It has been known in this country for many years
and but little has been added to our knowledge so far as it could be observed with
the naked eye since it was first known
The blackened leaves are what usually first attract attention and these are
found generally in the young growth at the tips of young shoots Sometimes
blighted leaves are found on healthy branches but far more frequently the branch
is affected as well the bark becoming dark colored and shriveled A thick gummy
exudation is often found passing from the bark and this dries up on the bark or
leaves forming a glistening appearance like a varnish Usually the blight
begins at the tips of young branches and progresses towards the main trunk It
seems most apt to attack the branches bearing fruit for on the same tree those
shoots that bear only leaves may be perfectly healthy
The microscopic examination of blighted twigs shows that in the young shoots
at any rate the disease goes clear through and affects everything except the epi
dermis In the older limbs the chlorophyll containing parenchyma is the chief seat
of the disease The inner bark often is not affeetedbut it frequently happens that
the cambium is perfectly healthy when all outside of it is badly diseased Under
such conditions a new layer of bark may result and the tree may survive The
leaves completely degenerate and theymay be found frequently on healthy limbs
Examining carefully the cells of the diseased portions we find that starch has
entirely disappeared and that the cell contents are used up in forming the thick
17920
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
exudation Some process of fermentation is going on but at the present time
carbon dioxide is the only product that has been detected with certainty It has
been said that butyric acid is formed but careful tests fail to prove it The same
is true of alcohol which cannot be shown to be present except possibly in ex
tremely minute quantities So far as our present knowledge goes the process
seems to lie a viscous fermentation but this is a question in regard to which lttle
is known and which can only be studied with great difficulty
It would not be easy to And a better case than the present une to demonstrate
the great fondness of the human mind for speculation regardless of its value
There have been theories proposed without number and each in the judgment of
the author is abundantly sufficient to explain all phenomena Sonic ol these have
been of the vaguest character imaginable going little farther than the originator
others have been worked out with care have had at least a partial basis of fact
and have been sufficiently elaborate to attract some little attention Examination
of a large number of articles upon the subject shows that the disease was accounted
for in many ways differing in detail but mainly along two or three different lines
Even at the present day there is by no means a genera eonsension of opinion
among horticulturists but those win have made a scientific study of the disease
are thoroughly well agreed
i will indicate only a few of the more important theories and endeavor to show
why they are insufficient The earliest attempt t an explanation of which lam
aware was made by Coxe in 1817 He stated that the hot rays of the sun acted
through the moist atmosphere deranging the activities of tin tree Before this
view had time to be generally accepted or denied an insect was discovered which
diverted the minds of people generally away from the sunstroke theory A
small brown beetle was found penetrating branches and causing death beyond the
point of puncture The insect was supposed to emit a poison which passed up
and down the limb carrying death and destruction wherever it went To be sure
the insect was very rarely found but this was believed to be due to its great
timidity and its disposition to retreat to some hiding place on the firs appearance
of danger
The theory is still held by many that sap is frozen the idea being that in
autumn and winter the unripe wood is damaged by cold the sap being rendered
poisonous and in the following spring distributed over the tree
The idea that pear blight is due to a fungus was once very extensively held but
this was based upon observations so sadly erroneous that it need hardly be consid
ered Several observers notably Mr Hull of Illinois Dr Hunt of Philadelphia
and Mr Salisbury of Ohio have asserted that the disease is due to a fungus which
the latter has gone so far as to describe and name So many excellent observers
have tried to repeat these observations without success that we must regard them
as deserving of no confidence
It is true that a fungus is often found in connection with the disease but
it never appears until after the disease has made some headway and cannot be
in any way regarded as its cause
The three theories first mentioned have many adherents and were regarded
as explaining after a fashion all the phenomena of the disease It would have
been comparatively easy to show that none of them were sufficient for in the case
of the first and third at any rate it would have been possible to artificially pro
duce the conditions which were supposed to cause blight In the light of our pres
ent knowledge we are safe in saying that the experiments would have been unsuc
cessful The insect theory never had a sufficient foundation in fact to attract very
much attention and was only held because it was most in accord with the knowledge
of plant disease of that time that the disease should be caused by an insect To be
sure the pear blight beetle xyleborus pyri is often found on blighted limbs where
it deposits its eggs but scarcely any one now believes that this is in any way con
cerned in producing the disease The view that sap is frozen is hardly tenable
180GEORGIA STATE HORTICFLTURAL SOCIETY
21
either for the reason that blight may cause great loss in regions where there is
little or no frost
In many theories of the disease we find a disposition to regard favoring condi
tions as causes For example it has been stated that blight is especially bad dur
ing a season when thunder storms are abundant In consequence of this there are
those who will explain the whole thing away with the sweeping statement that
it is due to atmospheric electricity Similarly it is stated with much truth that
it is especially injurious in an orchard that is highly cultivated and there are
many who will say that high fertilization and cultivation cause the disease
It must be apparent how far these come from being a true explanation and how
unsatisfactory these vague speculations are to one accustomed to going to the
bottom of things The full value of a thorough explanation of the disease may
not have been apparent to the fruit grower but certain it is that no one of the
theories mentioned gives any idea of how to approach the disease how or when or
where to apply remedies or even whether any remedies are practicable In fact
the horticulturist was just as well off without them as with them Empiricism has
often furnished remedies which are valuable hut in the case with which we are
now dealing no remedy lias ever been discovered even by the merest accident
Up to the year 1880 all that was known of pear blight was the phenomena of
the disease and some of the attending conditions which especially favored it
During that year Prof Burrill of Illinois showed that a minute organism or germ
was constantly present in the diseased tissues of the tree and his endeavor was to
prove that this germ is the actual cause of the disease How thoroughly he did
this we will see later Certainly Prof Burrill was the first to discover the germ
and must receive credit for this But as in many other cases we will find that he
was clearly anticipated by many years in part at least if not in all So far back as
1845 a Mr Kagan in Indianasueoceded in producing blight in healthy trees which
were inoculated from diseased ones and a Mr Gookins in commenting upon this
gave an explanation which was as full as the state of knowledge at that time
would justify lie slated that he regarded pear blight as an epidemic and believed
that the atmosphere was the medium by which it was carried about What the
principle in the atmosphere was that produced the disease he did not know but
he was sure of its existence from its effect We must remember that at this time
the agency of germs in producing disease was a thing not dreamed of
Prof Burrill dearly showed that a bacterium is present He found it in the
tissues of the tree as well as in the sap and the exudation lie found it also in the
healthy part of the tree sometimes several feet in advance of the disease
This germ to which Prof Burrill gave the name Micrococeus Amylovorus is
one of the smallest of all known germs A magnifying power of two or three
hundred diameters is necessary to enable one to even see them while for accurate
study immersion lenses of the highest power are necessary It has been measured
but its size is so minute that figures convey but little idea It is oval in form
measuring 1 to I micro units in length and about half of that in breadth A
micro unit is 001 millimetres or 000039 inches It is colorless usually occurs
singly often in pairs rarely in groups of four but never in chains These may be
grown in artificial culture media and show certain peculiarities which enable
them to be recognized with certainty This point will have to be considered later
but it will suffice now to say that these bacteria growing in a fluid medium tend
to mass together forming little patches of scum on he surface These patches
have perfectly definite outlines and an uneven and wrinkled surface which is very
distinctive
It has been much debated whether the germs of many diseases really cause
these diseases or are simply attending circumstances For many cases the question
was very positively settled before the germ of plear bight was even discovered
The present state of our knowledge is euch that we can say that a disease is caused
by a germ 1st When we always find the germ present 2nd When the germ
inserted into a healthy animal or plant causes the identical disease For pear blight
18122
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
Prof Burrill has full established the first point since he has shown that wherever
the disease exists the germ is found both in the diseased tissues and in the exuda
tion The second lie has only settled in part and that not very conclusively He
cut pieces of diseased bark which he inserted under the bark of healthy trees as
in the process of budding He inoculated other trees by merely puncturing the
bark with a knife or even a needle which had been dipped in the exudation from
a diseased tree He experimented on a considerable number of trees and found that
63per centofthose inoculated took the disease and died Of the trees not inoculated
less than 2 per cent took the disease at all He tried applying the virus to leaves
on both the upper and under surfaces and he also applied the virus to the outside
of the bark but obtained no result of any value by this method Prof Burrill
then must be credited with having shown 1st That a germ is always present in pear
blight 2nd That in a great many cases blight will be produeedby inoculating a
healthy tree with a virus containing the germ together with other substances of
very doubtful nature 3rd This virus must in some way get inside of the tissues of
the tree The second is the weak point for there Prof Burrill has only made
a partial case He showed that the virus from a diseased tree will produce the
disease in a healthy one but he left it undecided as to what element of the virus
this is due To be sure with our present idea of germ diseases we would say
withoutmuch hesitation that the germ produced the disease but those that believe
that the sap is poisoned can find in the actual work of Prof Burrill just as strong
a confirmation of their views
This question was settled in 1885 when Prof Arthur of the New York Agricultu
ral Experimental Station applied himself to it He undertook first to decide what
element in the virus caused the disease and for this purpose he began by trying
the effect of filtering the virus through an excessively fine filter If the disease
is due to a soluble poison whatever its origin the fluid after filtering ought to he
able to produce the disease just as well as before But the experiment did not bear
this out Several trials were made the uniform result of which was that blight
was never produced by filtered virus whereas the same fluid unriltered produced
it quickly Blight then must be due to a solid substance contained in the virus
and this germ is the only thing that it can be
But to make this thoroughly convincing it is extremely desirable that the pure
germ freed from whatever other substance may be present in the virus be inserted
into the healthy tree Until this is done the proof is not likely to be entirely sat
isfactory to those strongly adhering to the view that the sap is poisoned This
point has been thoroughly appreciated by Prof Arthur and alter patient and
careful work it has been fully met It has been already stated that the pear
blight bacterium will grow in artificial culture media Prof Arthur found that
an infusion of cornmeal was the best medium and in this be made many culture
A large vessel of the cornmeal infusion was inoculated with but a drop of virus
and in a few days it was swarming witli the bacteria A drop of this was now
added to fresh fluid with the same result and this was repeated a number of
times the final result being a fluid containing large quantities of the bacteria but
with any poisonous matter which may have been introduced into the first culture
so largely diluted that it must be ineffective Prof Arthur then tried inoculating
healthy trees with the pure germ obtained in this way and ho succeeded in pro
ducing the disease with absolute certainty thereby proving as satisfactorily as We
can prove anything that the disease is and must he due to the germ in question
There is but one point that can be urged against this by the advocates of the
poison theory The successive cultures of bacteria would certainly dilute to a
minimum any poison present in the original virus but it is quite within the range
of possibility for the bacteria in their subsequent growth to form anew a quantity
of poison which might be the real agent in producing the disease But here again
we have the same experimental proofs as before and indeed additional evidence that
this is not so We know that many bacteria during their growth do not give
rise to poisons and all of these belong to the same general class and are recog
182GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY
23
nized by the same chemical reactions A careful examination of the culture of
pear blight bacteria shows that no poison is present and this is confirmed by the
fact that when the bacteria are filtered off the fluid cannot produce blight
The work of Prof Arthur is conclusive He has gone to the root of the matter
and has satisfied every condition The statements which he makes are thoroughly
reasonable Thev are not the visionary utterances of a speculative mind but for
every statement made he has experimental proof Many persons are unable to
believe that so small a germ can produce such tremendous effects but it must be
remembered that they are numbered not by hundreds but by millions The case
as it has been made out by Prof Arthur is strikingly in accord with what is known
of the action of germs introducing diseases of the animal body His inferences
are perfectly legitimate and unless it can be shown that he is inaccurate in his
statement of the facts the theory must stand and it is exceedingly improbable that
any great errors will be found This indeed is the only explanation that has
ever been advanced having any claims to completeness To be sure it does not
explain the last details We are still ignorant of many of the chemical processes
which go on in the course of the disease We do not know how it passes from
cell to cell and there are also facts in the life history of the germ that we have yet
to find out but we are many steps nearer an explanation now than we were before
Prof Burrill discovered the germ and we have the satisfaction of knowing that
we are on the right track
It has been stated that many of the early theories did not properly discriminate
between causes and favoring conditions We are now enabled to say that what
ever favors the growth of the germ favors the disease and observations made on
artificial cultures are of considerable value in this connection Attempts have
been made to grow these germs in many of the substances commonly used as culture
media It has been stated that cornineal infusion answered well but gelatine which
is very generally used as a medium does not answer at all A number of experi
ments with different substances lead to the general statement that the pear blight
bacterium will only grow in the presence of considerable moisture a fact of great
significance when we consider different varieties of pears and their relative lia
bility to blight The point has been raised whether or not the pear blight germ
is a specific for that disease This point can be settled in several ways but in
none more conclusively than by its action towards organic acids Many bacteria
are killed or at least rendered much less active by very weak acid but the pear
blight bacterium growing in a cornmcal infusion is scarcely affected at all by 2 per
cent of malic acid the acid found in pears Prof Arthur inoculated unripe pears
with mixtures of several bacteria and found that the pear blight bacterium was
the ony form which could live at all under those circumstances We conclude
then that there is one definite germ which causes the disease
There are yet two important points which must be answered before we can say
that we understand the disease We must endeavor to find how the germ gets
into the tree and where it comes from In speaking of the phenomena of the dis
ease attention was called to the fact that it begins at the tips of young branches
and progresses towards the old growth It is especially apt to attack twigs bearing
blossoms but not these alone There is strong evidence that flowers and to a less
extent delicate surfaces of expanding buds furnish the point of entrance for the
germs Almost anv surface which is delicate and covered with nectar serves to
answer and this has been observed so many times that it must be regarded as
settled After entering the tree a month or more may elapse before the disease
attracts attention
In regard to the origin of the germ we can only point with a good deal ot prob
ability to an answer In regard to its ultimate origin of course we can say noth
ing it has been stated that bacteria grow in different substances and suitable
conditions are found in or near every orchard Bacteria in limbs removed from
trees retain their vitality for a long time while those which drop to the ground in
exudation find there a medium in which they can live from one season to the
18324
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
next Indeed to settle this point experiments have been made in which soil was
soaked in water and the extract tried as a culture fluid It was found to answer
very well for the germ grew very rapidly and to all appearance perfectly
normally The germ thus cultivated produces the disease with certainty
I have now endeavored to place before you in a cursory way the principal fact
which have been established in regard to the disease pear blight No explanation
has ever been given which accounted for so many of the facts as the idea that
there is a specitic germ which causes the disease We do not thoroughly under
stand it in all its details but wo now look upon it not as an isolated mystery but
as a special case of a very general class of phenomena I do not know what may
be the attitude of most of this audience toward this theory but I hope I have
been able to convice you that this is the only theory which in the light of positive
knowledge can longer be held
But an understanding of the disease is of no value to the horticulturist unless
it furnishes him with some means to counteract it and here science must lend all
the aid possible to the fruitgrower Unfortunately it is not possible to prescribe
a single remedy and predict with certainty that its application will cure the dis
ease but if we take into consideration all the facts with which we are acquainted
we can see how it is possible to greatly lessen its violence and ultimately stamp
it out altogether
It is admitted by every one that some varieties ot pear are much more suscept
ible to blight than others The Bartlettand theSeckel are probably extremes for
they may stand side by side the one badly blighted and the other exempt A study
of the life history of the germ has given some idea of why this is for we know
that the germ grows best in the presence of bonsiderable moisture and we also
know that water is present in very different amount in different varieties of pear
This point has not been fully worked out yet and no positive statement can be
made but it seems pretty certain that th6 fruit which blights most readily is the
one in which water is most abundant
The first precaution which should be observed therefore is to plant only those
trees which are proven by experience not to blight readily and so far as I can
learn the LeConte and Keiffer seem to be most nearly exempt with perhaps the
Duchesse and Flemish Beauty not far behind Testimony is almost unanimous
that the LeConte is not by any means exempt but that it has blighted to a greater
or less extent for at least the past ten years This point I do not discuss further
but leave it for discussion later believing that the experience of practical fruit
growers is worth vastly more than that of one who has hut limited opportunities
for actual observation
2nd Observation has shown that in a highly cultivated orchard the blight is apt
to be especially destructive The reason for this is commonly believed to be be
cause the flow of sap is greater under these conditions and stagnation is apt to
take place But our knowledge of the life history of the germ shows us another
reason We found that when the exudation drops from the trees to the ground
the soil furnishes a medium to keep the germ alive and is it not evident that the
richer the soil the greater will be their growth and development The second
precaution then should be to cultivate orchards just as little as possible and fertil
ize them no more than is absolutely necessary
3rd The germ of pear blight is to be found inside the blighted limbs All of its
work is done under the protection of the bark and this seems to show with the
greatest clearness that it is useless to afply any remedies to the outside of the tree
No amount of spraying can possibly do any good when it is out of the question
for the wash to reach the seat of the disease When once the germ has taken hold
of the tree the only thing possible is to cut off the diseased limb so far in advance
of the blight that only sound tissue shall be left But it must be remembered that
these germs in this diseased limb retain their vitality for a long time and may pro
duce fhe disease in a following season hence the precaution i very necessary that
all limbs should be very thoroughly burned as soon as removed
184GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY
4th Certain germicides have been used upon artificial cultures of the pear blight
bacteria with more or less success Of course this does not indicate that the same
thing applied to the bark of the tree would overcome the disease The experi
ments are not useless however for we can be certain mat the ground around every
infected tree contains germs to which such remedies should be applied Probabh
the best application for this purpose is a weak solution of copper sulphate The
best strength is yet to be determined though it is likely that a one per cent solu
tion will be sufficient
The foregoing are the only means of fighting the disease which we arc at present
justified in using There arc other socalled remedies which have been accident
ally discovered but most of these probably have very little real value Then is
one apparent exception to this however which deserves mention Fruit growers
are pretty well agreed that splitting the bark from the smaller branches clear to
the ground renders a tree almost proof against the blight What the explanation
of this may be is not clear for it is probably connected with a point in regard to
which we arc totally ignorantthe passage of the disease from one cell to the next
The escape of carbondioxide and of theexudation would of course be facilitated
by this procedure but we must wait for more light before we can say anything
positive upon the matter
It must not be supposed that the efforts of one horticulturist here and another
there will be sufficient to overcome a disease of this nature This would be a
waste of time and labor for the work of a whole community may be rendered
fruitless by the laziness or indifference of one man The only way in which any
thing canbe accomplished i by the active cooperation of hose interested In
this way I believe it is perfectlypossible with our present knowledge to entirely
stamp out the disease Legislation may be necessary to insure this but it can lie
done
There is just one more point to which I wish to refer before closing ana that is
a matter oftheoretical rather than practical interest It is as you know possible
to practice preventive inoculation in the case of many diseases of animals This
is done by growing a germ in a culture medium which weakens it and then
inserting it into a healthy animal The disease is produced in a very mild form
the animal soon recovers and is usually protected against all subsequent attacks
It mav be found possible to practice something of the same kind in the case of
pear blight although no experiments have yet been made in that direction
The subject which I have attempted to present is a large one and I have not
been able to give it as exhaustive treatment as I should have liked I have been
obliged to omit many things entirely of more or less importance and to give very
brief treatment to other matters which merited more time but I hope I have been
full enough to be intelligible If I have made any statements that will prove
suggestive furnishing themes for discussion in which points may be brought out
that will be of actual benefit to the progress of horticulture in our State I shall
feel that I have abundantly accomplished my object
At the conclusion of the essay the President announced the sub
ject open for discussion and comment
Mr L L Varnadoe There is no question as to the fact that
the richer the ground and the older the tree the more subject it is to
blight Young trees are comparatively exempt and this holds good
to a certain extent as to trees on poor soil High fertilization pro
duces blight in my opinion by causing a too exuberant flow of sap
The tree at first appears healthier and more vigorous but is subse
quently affected by blight which appears at the start on the spur
18526 BEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTTRKGEORGIA
I
buds and then gets in its work by ringing the branch and causing
its destruction It is noticeable however that the branch is invaria
bly killed from the ring outwardstowards the end of the limb
the affection never extending from the ringed point inwards towards
the trunk Last year trees blighted badly This year they are
green but spotted with dead branches My conviction is that if
LeOontes were planted on poor thin landland that would not pro
duce more than fifteen or twenty bushels of corn to the acrethey
would never blight
The President How would this affect the yield Would it
not be seriously diminished
Mr Varnadoe The yield would of course be less but the fruit
would be of better quality not so large but richer in color an all
important feature it is the same with Keiffers Untrimmed trees
I have noticed are more liable to blight than when pruned
The President Have you ever examined closely enough to
decide as to the presence of an insect which might possibly be respon
sible for the damage
Mr Varnadoe On freshly blighted limbs 1 have sometimes
found a quickmotioned cautious little black bug about the size of a
flea It is alert and active and hard to examine on account of its
restlessness It deposits eggs in about two weeks It may or may
not have something to do with the disease My experience is not
sufficiently extended to enable me to decide Prof Campbell wrote
for one of them but I was unable to procure him a specimen
The President Would not inoculation be worthy of a trial as
suggested by Prof Campbell
Mr Varnadoe I think so It can certainly do no serious
harm tested to a limited extent Our trees are not very great suffer
ers from blight We seem especially favored The LeConte is not
killed by the blight we have but only injured The greatest injury
appears to be the shedding of the leaves I once saw in Baker
county the entire orchard of W W Fleming affected by blight
that is the species of blight we have around Thomasvilleand it
overcame it entirely no permanently injurious effects being discov
erable
What distance were the trees in this orchard
Dr Sami Hape
planted
Mr Varnadoe
Oh as to distance there is no question that the
186GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY
closer the trees are planted the worse they blight I saw recently
in the Atlanta Constitution a communication from a Mr Northrup on
splitting the bark to the ground He claimed that it was an abso
lute preventive Said he had followed it twenty years consecutively
and omitting it one year was attacked by blight What does the
President think of this
The President Bark splitting is an old practice It was first
presented to the public in 1859 by the Gardeners Monthly of Phila
delphia It was based upon the theory that the contraction of veg
etable tissue caused blight and that a rupture of the tissue by split
ting the bark was a remedy Contraction of vegetable tissue is
however a mere mechanical action and is in no way related to
blight
Mr Vahnadoe Yes the trees get what we term hide bound
1 once had a hide bound Buchesse benefited by splitting
Sec Kinsey I had hide bound trees which were split therefor
and blighted with delightful unanimity and concord just the same
The President Previous to the year 1885 everything in regard
to blight was merest guesswork In Boston at a meeting of the
American Pomological Society so late as 1873 the questic n came up
and the Committee to which it was referred gave it up admitting
their inability to penetrate to the root of the matter I was on the
committee
Sec Kinsey Have you seen LeContes blight like other pears
Mr Varnadoe
Mr Varnadoe No they are only affected by twigblight
which destroys the limb not the tree
The President What remedies do you employ
Mr Varnadoe None
The President Dont you think it about time to do so
Mr Varnadoe Yes but unfortunately we have none The
Government Eeport is meager in the extreme The fellow simply
says he will come back next spring and tell us what to do and mean
while leaves us alone in our glory
Mr Hunnicutt In what respect does pear blight differ from
apple blight
The President
swer
Prof Willett
Our able entomologist Prof Willett must an
I have made no investigation and cannot say
187
28
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
Mr Eunnicutt I have destroyed apple blight by seeding three
years in oats and stopping all fertilization I also grazed colts in
the orchard I believe I first reported blight on LeConte when the
Thomasville growers claimed for it entire exemption Mr Yarnadoe
has not yet got far enough in his alphabet By the time he gets to
baker he will be better prepared to talk out in meeting Blight
on my LeContes began just as it appears to be doing with him but
it extended I tried cutting around the limb and cutting back using
the knife freely but all to no avail I fear his experience will ulti
mately parallel mine
Dr Hape Apple blight up to the present time is a true twig
blight affecting the limb from the point of attack outwards thereby
littering from pear blight which will ultimately proceed down the
tree towards the trunk killing it Apple blight so far has proved
comparatively harmless but may progress as pear blight has done
and prove in course of time a veritable scourge Blight is a peculiar
affection anyway It operates in so many distinct and different
ways I have known blighted trees like some consumptives last for
twenty years and again have seen them stricken down almost in a
night We should be ceaseless in our endeavors to sift the subject to
the bottom We should persevere until we thoroughly understand it
if possible Blight however in my own immediate locality appears
to be less this year than ever before and seems gradually disappear
ing I have noticed that old and heavily laden trees appear more
liable than others
Mr Yarnadoe Pear blight with us never reaches the body of
the tree It attacks and destroys the twigs only We are not afraid
of if
Dr Hape My experience differs It goes inwards and down
wards as well as outwards with me and is very destructive
Mr Yarnadoe Moreover the heavily loaded trees with us are
more exempt
Dr Hape That certainly must be the Thomasville blight
Ours is not so generously discriminating
Col B J Bedding There is no difference at all between apple
and pear blight so far as either their cause or effect is concerned
Quince blight is also identical The only difference is that of intensity
either in locality or individual trees But I think we are makiug
decided progress and should be congratulated on having succeeded
188GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY
2J
iii persuading such men as Mr Varnadoe to even admit the existence
of LeConte pear blight
Sec Kinsey In justice to Mr Varnadoe I would state that
LeConte blight was admitted last year in Thomasville
Mr Varnadoe I dont admit the plagued thing yet We have
a species of twigblight as explained before comparatively harmless
killing the attacked twigs outwards but never communicating to the
trunk or destroying the tree It was fully ventilated at Barnesville
and decided to be twigblight not genuine pear blight It was after
wards sent on to Washington with the same result Thats the kind
of blight weve gotthats the Thomasville blight
The President There are three different and successive phases
of this disease Leaf Twig and Zymotic Blight I much fear our
friend Varnadoe is but at the beginning of the performance and that
it will run the complete gamut on him
Mr Varnadoe I saw in Thomasville six years ago Clapps
Favorite blight and wither in a night and the man dont live today
in South Georgia who ever saw a LeConte do that
Mr Heath My trees were affected in Thomas county and the
third year came very near dying but there are no signs of blight to
be found among them this year
Sec Kinsey Have you ever split the limbs to look for larva
Mr Varnadoe
Mr Varnadoe No but I can prove they never go back of the
ring first formed If thoy do they dont hurt the tree At least
they dont hurt the LeConte I dont believe you can kill a LeConte
anyway I once saw one struck by lightning ten years ago on the
place of an old friend of mine Mr Quarterman wdiose son is present
with us today to corroborate my statement I give you my word
gentlemen so far from killing that tree it actually seemed for several
years to revivify it and give it a new lease though the cotton stalks
were scorched for fifteen feet all around it Laughter It is true for
the last few years it has not done so well and seems somewhat more
feeble and used up though I believe it still holds its own How is
itMr Quarterman
Mr Quarterman I regret to state Mr Varnadoe that the tree
is now dead
Mr Varnadoe Dead is it Well gentlemen it seems you
now have direct proof that it takes even lightning ten years to kill a
LeConte Applause and laughter
189
30
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
An essay on Geraniums by Mrs Rosa A Hanbirv of Atlanta was
here read of which the following is a resume
GERANIUMS
This plant with its varied lines is found in more than six hundred wild forms
or natural species natives of the country about the Cape of Good Hope We are
told they were imported into England in 1701 and 1714 The flowers of the plant
scientifically known by this name are regular consisting of five equal sepals five
equal petals ten stamensfive alternate ones being longer than the others Gera
nium Robertainum and Geranium Maculatum are familiar examples of the true
Geranium Formerly all plants bearing any similarity to the above were termed
Geraniums even by our best botanists but later there was found such a vast differ
ence in the great variety of them that they gave us the names of the many
varied beautiful and artistically pencilled fragrant plants of Pelargoniums
Under this head we have storksbill from Pelargos a stork referring to the beak
like formation of the seed pod A few occur in Australia one in the Canary Islands
and one in Asia Minor The greater number of them cultivated in greenhouses
and gardens are hybrids which are produced in this genus with great facility All
the species are natives of Good Hope unless otherwise mentioned The fancy
Pelargoniums strictly greenhouse varieties arc descendants of P Grandifloni
introduced in 1704 but they are too tender for outdoor borders One of the hybrids
thus produced was called Lady Washington which gave the whole class the name
of Lady Washington Geraniums Some divisions of this class have the distinc
tive appellation of French Pelargoniums because they were produced by the
French Hybridists As specimen plants for greenhouses or conservatories these
have decided merits P Inquinans Scarlet Pelargoniums one of the parents of
that large class now known as bedding scarlet or zonal Geraniums and formerly
very generally called Fish and Horseshoe Geraniums We have them in immense
variety double and single embracing every shade of scarlet crimson rose car
mine violet white etc This species has a splendid habit dwarf and compact
The flowers are of good form and substance has large reniform or distinctly
zoned leaves soft to the touch and exhaling when bruised an aromatic fishy odor
P Zonale or Horseshoe Geranium named from dark discolored zones on the sur
face of the leaves is a smaller species than the preceding and has the leaves more
strongly marked The petals of the flower are narrower and of a deep carmine
color A variety of this P Marginatul is the well known silver leafed Geranium
and all the tricolors originated from the above species Cross fertilization for the
past thirty years has given us the great variety named in Florists catalogues
Perhaps however the most highly prized are the Rose scented Capitatum
Apple scented P Odoratum Nutmeg P Odoratissimum Balm scented P
Viti Folia and the large number of varieties known as Peppermint Pennyroyal
and many other kinds whose magnificent leaves have been arranged and scented
by the Giver of every good and perfect gift
Seedling plants of the Pelargoniums are almost sure to he of great variety and
as many produce seeds freely it is at once one of the easiest and most satisfactory
plants to experiment with in this way Those who wish to try cross fertilizing can
use no better subject for this purpose The parent should be selected with refer
ence to the qualities desired in the seedling These being fixed upon watch the
future seedbearing flowers and as the buds begin to open take a pair of small
scissors and cut out the stamens in order to prevent fertilization by its own pollen
The second day after the bloom opens its own stigma will be in proper condition
to receive the pollen from another plant and this can be placed on it with a small
camel hair pencil If any particular quality is dessired to be produced it must
not be expected except as a result of several generations This is as it is termed
breeding in and in Thus we may witness variations in this plant as remark
able as those already produced both in foliage and flowers
190GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY
31
To properly pot plants seems a simple matter but many eases of siekly or
imperfect plants are directly traceable to faulty potting One source of this is in
potting too high that is potting so full of earth that when water is supplied the
most of it will run off and very little of it be absorbed by the earth Suppose we
examine a pot in which the soil comes to the to After watering you will find
the bottom dry and the new and tender roots perishing for the want of moisture
Always have a good under drainage and the earth at least one inch below the
rim of the pot then when enough water is applied to till the unoccupied space
enough will doubtless soak in to nourish the plant When good earth is used it
will rarely need any special fertilizer but the best soil is well rotted chip dirt or rich
earth from fence corners where leaves and other vegetable matter has decayed
making a rich black loamy soil This with one part sand will make a
most excellent soil Do not water too often but thoroughly when you attempt it
give them a good soaking to the bottom of the pot and remember that plants
like our dear little children need good food and drink and the kindly hand to
guide them If wo furnish these our plants will prosper and doubly repay us for
our trouble otherwise they will wither and die Too much water and excessive
shade will make sickly plants Stir the soil often and care for them and they
will reward you for your kindness with their beauty and loveliness
In training Geraniums cut off the tops of young plants encouraging them to
send up several branches from the base of the plant The Geranium will make a
straggly awkward plant always if left to itself but judicious pruning will make
it grow into good shape If grown as a standard the stem should be tied to a
stake for it is easily broken by a wind when topheavy
Geraniums that are to be merely kept over for another season may be allowed
to remain out as long as the weather will permit and sometimes this is quite late
Last fall my plants here remained uninjured until the first of November or a little
later but that was quite unusual Oftentimes we have a few sharp frosts from the
first to the fifth of October and after that perhaps a fortnight of milder weather
By watching the temperature and giving the plants protection when cold threatens
they may be allowed to remain some time after frost has arrived However when
a freeze is imminent the plants should be lifted and taken in Strong plants that
have made considerable rootgrowth may be kept over very well by tying them
three or four in a bundle and hanging them up in a cellar where they will be
secure from the frost through the winter and where there is sufficient moisture in
the atmosphere to prevent drying out A cellar containing a furnace keeping the
air constantly dry is not suitable and even one with a cement bottom is less desfr
ble than one with soil or gravel bottom Small plants and all those varieties that
have a small rootgrowth such as all thosewith variegated foliage do not keep well
by this method as they dry out Except for those that are very strong I advise
placing the plants in boxes of soil in the cellar and allowing only sufficient moist
ure to prevent drying out
A short paper followed Mrs Hanburys essay by Mrs R F Green
of Decatur on the
INTRODUCTION OF THE SCUPPERNONG INTO GEORGIA
My knowledge of the history of the introduction of the scuppernong grape into
Georgia is entirely traditional but trustworthy I received it from my fatherin
law the late W G Green of Mt Zion Hancock county who died in 1879 at 78
years of age
Mrs Elizabeth Springer came from North Carolina in 1790 bringing with her
among other seeds and fruits a scuppernong vine It was transplanted in her
garden in Sparta where Col Clinch now resides and flourished until a few years
ago During her life the vine attained immense proportions and year after year
was distributed to all parts of the State
19132 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
DISTRICT REPORTS
The Reports from the different Congressional Districts were read
adopted and ordered spread upon the minutes in the following order
Xo Report
FIRST CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT
SECOND CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT
Thomasviixk Ga July 28 1889
lo the Georgia State Horticultural Society
In making this my annual report for tlie Second District of Georgia I can but
say the fruit crop in all its branches has been simply enormous Apples I believe
are not as good as other crops hut they are above an average Peaches never were
bo plentiful principly seedlings but my taste tells me that quality in all classes of
fruit is rather poor
The blight has made its appearance in all parts of the county and in fact all the
country and did much damage to the old varieties of pears Bartletts Ducliesse
Howell Buerre d Anjou have suffered badly others not quite so bad LeContes
were at one time supposed to be badly damaged but they pulled through with a
heavy crop at this time Seem to be ready for another crop Many of them are
full of bloomswhile the trees are loaded with a crop of mature friiit Keiffers
have stood square up with no disease until now they are all giving way with heavy
crops of fruit That is their worst failingthey always take on more than they
can carry Upon the whole our fruit growers are proud of tJieir success As to
the fruit though the returns are meager but we could not expect anything else
umler the circumstances
Field crops are good health is good ami prospects for South Georgia as good as
we could wish
No new fruit this season worth notice
Yours respectfully 11 II San ford V P 2nd Dist
THIRD CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT
M ishauviiif Ga July 81 1889
To the Georgia State Horticultural Society
It gratifies me exceedingly to report a full and perfect crop of nearly all varie
ties of fruits this season We have realized our fondest hopes in regard to an
abundant perfect and profitable peach crop It has been of uniform size and
almost entirely free from rot and insects also highly colored and well flavored
In packing varieties that are inclined to rot badly such as Early Alexander
Hales Early fcc we could scarcely find a specked peach in hundreds of baskets
The continued rains in some localities during the months of June and July seem
ed not to produce any damaging effects The Georgia Peach has established a
lasting reputation in New York and other cities this season being quoted higher
in the daily prices current than those shipped from any other State Not only
from perfect fruit have these good prices been obtained but from the manner iii
which it has been handled and shirped The most satisfactory way we have
found to ship in large quantities has been through refrigerator cars and so far as
we have been able to learn those who did not use them realized but little profit
Owing to the large amount of money made on fruits shipped from this section
the business is on a boom and there will be more young trees planted in orchards
than ever before in a single season
192GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY
33
The apple crop the most abundant for years and our home markets will he
well supplied with thousands of bushels of Shockley Apples this winter
in conclusion can pronounce this the largest most perfect and profitable fruit
crop ever grown in this section
Respectfully submitted
Samuel H Rcmpii Chairman Fruit Committee
FOURTH CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT
7Vwj a rr LaGrange Ga July 31 1889
Jo the Georgia Mate Horticultural Society
pSESaffirteB0 make the foirwing report op the Fourth Con
The products of the earth I may say of almost every variety of fruits have been
IreshM 1ti11 llt a exception in the section where
thB ll f 8eej U Egle PemmonI allude to the wild variety All
he small frmts were good The apple crop not so abundant in parts of the dis
trict as in some years but fairly good The peach crop is unprecedented both
rtiniqrnttyepearcropsgoodandxtakegreatp S
ng ha the blight winch has for years given us so much anxiety and occasioned
vear PveSnZfaiS WP8 But very little has been noticed this
IZof H si l f I T llt 8 nei of vears thretened the destruc
on ofthe Shockley apple have been much less during the present year And I
uTtotncTn I r V010 1S r17 ll disPstion n the part of our people togreallv
to this tihT Fin n nK V oultlvftIg m f the desirable fruits suiti
rolledn HJInallybteforeclog this paper I feel almost irresistahly im
paled to mention one fact which though not entirely germane to this subject
still its relation to agriculture and horticulture makes it I trust admissible J
1 allude to the subject of hillside terracing The writers own lands it is be
heVeforeeaBV1wfntfieTethe T terraCed in the State ald h 1 hstood all
lhn V I ght agalSt SUch terraees for the last decade and
washing having been entirely preventedthe writer can conscientiously recom
mend such system to all having rolling lands
All of which is respectfully submitted H H Cast Vice President
FIFTH CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT
T tT n a TI Hapeville Ga July 31 1889
To the Georgia State Horticultural Society
The crop of strawberries and raspberries was exceedingly promising durino the
early part of the season After blooming profusely and setting a heavv crop the
May drouths set in hut little or comparatively no rain felling during the entire
lS8HThe teCt WaS t0 CUt the crP offfrom third to one half
ofthL W frrPbCTry rP W1Ch has been dually fine The average
of this fruit is constantly increasing and the demand greater than the supply It
remunerative prices The peaeh erop has been immense and quality of fruit fine
JeSthrkf WUh Vaiying SUCOess but in most dances at remu
nerative prices The apple crop is not up to the average Pears below aver
age or very light crop with exception of the LeConte which owing to thelvora
ttat rarelV rnftUdf f l C WaS nlv average l varieties
tZZlffww 5EKT P m mt SUCh aS 9n c and were fine sPec
imens of that fru t Nothing new in fruits worthy of notice except some seedling
peaches winch will require further tests in order to fully establish their reputation
in this vS0 SaVhat tbUS fer Pear bHght has not raSed with Cce
n this vicinity and new hopes are inspired that this dread disease may soon cease
19334
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
its ravages The grape crop is fine and comparatively free from rot Prices are
ruling very low in the home market but shippers we understand are realizing
remunerative prices Thus far no new grapes have come to our knowledge though
a few doubtless have been fruited for the first time in this locality Increased ship
ping facilities are having a marked effect on grape growing and the acreage of this
popular fruit is being greatly extended
The entire outlook for fruitgrowing in this district is nattering m the extreme
and a more healthv tone pervades the entire district in this regard So that more
trees vines c will probably be planted during the coming season than ever
before
Trusting that our expectations of a brighter future will be realized and that the
great fruit interests of the entire State wlil receive a new impetus we feel that u
more prosperous era now awaits us Sam l Uape
VicePresident Fifth Con Dist
SIXTH CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT
Tobleb Ga Inly 31 1889
To the Georgia State Horticultural Society
While this is a very remarkable fruit year it is uniform so far as ascertained
and I dont know that I have anything to report from this that is not applicable to
the surrounding districts u j
The apple and pear crop is rather short but all other fruits are m great abund
ance this vear Fruit trees vines and plants as a rule set too much inut which
together with the drouth that prevailed through the growing season caused much
of it to be inferior in size and some kinds inferior in quality Owing to the fact
that winter lingered in the lap of spring the earliest fruits were two weeks and
the later fruits one week later in ripening than usual
It is a notable fact that there is very little damage to stone fruits this year by
the Curculio The tender varieties of plums nectarines and apricots which have
oenerallv been almost or complete failures from the ravages of this insect bore
heavy crops of perfect specimens it being somewhat difficult to find a wormy one
Some individuals give as a reason for this the fact that there has been a very short
crop of the stone fruits for a series of years and therefore the Curculio is to a great
measure perished out which may be true but it will be remembered that the period
of oviposition was unusually windy and cold and it is likely the insect remained
in winter quarters much of this time
Respectfully submitted A J Williams
VicePres Sixth Congressional District
SEVENTH CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT
Cement Ga July 30 1889
To the Georgia State Horticultural Society
The fruit crop generally with the exception of apples has been unpreeedentedly
abundant and quality exceptionally fine Very little rot and no blight ith
this I send Mrs Bryans report from Lookout Mountain Dade county Ga
Respectfully Geo H Warikii
VicePres Seventh Congressional District
LOOKOUT MOUNTAIN
Dillon Ga July 30 1889
To the Georgia State Horticultural Society
Strawberries raspberries gooseberries in perfection this year Seekel pears are
overcrop fine also the crop of Bartletts very fine UConU trees ladden with
194GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY 35
fruit Summer apples onefourth crop Winter apples much injured in the
springonly a tenth of a crop will mature
Vegetables have been abundant and made with but half the usual labor owing
to the continued rains Grape crop with very little rot
Mrs J W Bryan Brampton Cliff
No Report
No Report
EIGHTH CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT
NINTH CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT
TENTH CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT
Augusta Ia July 31 1889
To the Georgia State Horticultural Society
The Fruit Committee for the Tenth Congressional District beg leave to report
that small fruits were about an average Strawberries were cut short by the early
spring drouth so were blackberries The prices ruled fair and wereremunera
tive Grapes about an average Apples were hardly up to an average some
few varieties showed rot on the tree for instance the lied Astraehan and Red
June Among early varieties the Red Margaret for a certain bearer freedom
from disease and length of life stands at the head of the list Pears are a full
average The peach crop has been an extraordinarily fine one Shy bearing varie
ties this year were loaded with fruit to their utmost capacity The fruit was
unusually tine and quite free from rot and Curculio The prices averaged low par
ticularly for the fruit of common seedling varieties but large fine fruit well selected
commanded a paying price Every variety of plums bore enormously Be
Garadeuc which is a shy bearer produced an immense crop free from rot and
Curculio The Japanese plums showed up to great advantage with full crop of
extra fine fruit
The area planted in melons was not as large as last year and the drouth in
April and May injured the early planting Crop an average and prices low
from the fact of their coming in competition with peaches and other fruit
The above is respectfully submitted J P H Bkown
Chairman Fruit Com for Tenth District
The President Apropos of Dr Browns reference to curculio
I would like to ask Prof Willett if he has noticed that it is less in
number this year than usual and why
Prof Willett It is less this year as you say both in number
and in point of damage and it is due to the small fruit crop of last
season there being little left to rot on the ground and form a breed
ing place for it We shall probably bear more from the gentleman
next year on account of the present seasons heavy yield of fruit and
the splendid chance given him to propagate
195
36
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
CATALOGUE
Atfer the President had read the programme for the remainder of
the session and announced the Question Box open the discussion of
the Catalogue commenced VicePresident Hape calling the list
APPLES
Hileys EurekaMr S H Kumph Bears a good crop but I
dont think much of the fruit Its present rating is sufficient
Kansas QueenDr Hape Does Prof Newman know anything
about this apple With me it is not only showy but does so well I
would like to know something more about it
Prof Newman I have no experience with it
LawverMr G II Miller Only second rate in quality
Mr S M VVayman Is not a good keeper
Mr Miller I only know it in the north I have no experience
with it here in Georgia
Mr Wayman I do not consider it worth retaining and move
to strike from list
So ordered
NantahaleeDr Hape How about this
President Berckmans I do not think it very desirable The
catalogue describes it properly it is unreliable and apt to drop
Left as at present
Yellow TransparentDr Hape Has anyone any experience
with this
Mr Miller It is quite acid Pipens with Early Harvest bears
transportation no better and in fact is no better in any respect
No new apples being announced for trial the next head was taken
up
PEACHES
AlexanderMr Wayman I would like to see this peach reduced
to one star for the middle region
President Berckmans I am compelled to oppose this
Mr Wayman My reason is this our catalogue is handled by
inexperienced persons who depend on it for guidance in their selec
tions Older growers have their own individual experience to fall
196GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY
37
back on but the beginner would undoubtedly be misled in reference
to this peach by the notevery profitable Has it been found so
We are cutting down our orchards of Alexanders in middle Georgia
by thousands of trees at a time and thousands of dollars are annually
lost on this peach The commission merchants urge us not to ship
them Occasionally thej prove remunerative but very seldom
They are hard and knotty half ripe on the outside by the feeble sun
of early summer and wholly green within They are scarcely better
than no peach at all
President Berckmans There are good reasons for your stand
in this matter but they will not apply wholly to our section To
begin with Alexander ripened later this year than usual which
accounts in great measure for the disasters overtaking its shipment
In North Carolina the season was unusually early and we were thus
thrown in competition with the fruit from that section The market
was overstocked with green and unsalable fruit and loss followed
But last year and in all normal seasons my Alexanders averaged 8
per bushel This year there was little or no profit Nevertheless
next year it may prove to be the only remunerative variety and may
pay handsomely Varieties differ in different years and we cannot
always foresee results I shall indeed regret to see Alexander cut
down for the middle region
Dr Hape I never knew Alexander as perfect as it has been
with me this year It is generally very liable to rot but is doing
better Occasionally we suffer accidental loss from it Quality very
good however appears overstrained to me it is only comparatively
good
Retained as at present
BeatricePresident Berckmans Had no showing this year
crowded out
HoneyPresident Berckmans A disappointment to everybody
fit only forFlorida and should be striken
No motion to that effect and hence no action
LaGrangeDr Hape Who fruits this peach It is only single
starred and deserves a better rating
No reply and peach list finished without further comment
NECTAE1NES APEICOTS POMEGEANATES and NUTS
were called over successively without remark or comment
19738
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
PEARS
Doyenne BoussockDr Hape This is down as a slow bearer
Is it correct
Mr E P Johnson Yes for it takes a long time to come inta
bearing It is not misrepresented
QarberMv Johnson Should have two stars for middle region
and I so move
Seconded and carried
KeifferMr Varnadoe I would like two stars for the coast for
this pear
Ordered
LawrencePresident Berckmans Succeeds admirably on the
coast around Savannah
Sec Kinsey I have trees fourteen years old and have yet to
eat their first fruit One star for coast is enough for me
One star for coast ordered
LeConteMr Varnadoe I would like two stars for middle
region and think I ask no more than its just dues
So ordered
OnondagaDr Hape Want this pear double starred for middle
region
Ordered
Smiths HybridMr Johnson It is the worst blighter I know
Hardly deserves its present place in the catalogue I regard it as
anything but promising
President Berckmans In this connection I would state that
you have on exhibition here a number of pears of the Oriental type
to which Snviths Hybrid as its name indicates belongs Some of
them Madame Von Seibold for example are unfit for the table but
showy and excellent for canning purposes We can safely J think
add this pear to our list and also Damio and Mikado
So ordered
PLUMS
President Berckmans Before commencing this head I would
state that the nomenclature of many fruits especially of Japanese
plums is so mixed that we had better proceed cautiously and look
well into the matter of synonyms as we go
Mr Johnson I move to wipe out synonymsaltogether and thus
simplify our catalogue
1 J 198GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY
39
President Berckmans That would be impossible as we could
not describe with sufficient accuracy without them
Prof Newman Before the regular list is called there are three
plums I would like to call attention to and have entered Sattie
Mine and Missouri Sattie is somwhat similar to Marianna in
growth only more vigorous it grows better also from cuttings
and is freer from borer and suckers It is in every way a better
plum compact in growth with the bole of the tree as smooth as
glass The Brill is another good plum ripening earlier
President Berckmans Is not this synonymous with DeCara
deuc
Prof Newman Possibly but it has the flavor of a good cling
stone peach It is similar to Hendrix but of a different flavor
President Berckmans That is just like DeCaradeuc
Prof Newman Now the Missouri is like Columbiaboth being
late bloomers Indian Chief helps to prolong the season it being a
little later than Newman s and a little larger But I am interfering
with the call of the list Let us start it in regular order
The Chair proceeded with the list as requsted
BradshawDr Hape This did well with me this season
President Berckmans It strikes me that we had better re
classify our plums in the catalogue separating the different types
and making the explanations more explicit In the first place there
is the division of Japan and Native Of the latter there are three
classes
1 Chickasaw type of which Wild Goose Marianna and Robinson
are examples
2 Americana peach leaved type of which Miner and Kanavha
are examples and
3 Sloe type Prunus Umbellata all worthless
With these distinctions kept in view our labor will be simplified
MariannaMr G H Miller I would like to see this plum
dropped from the list It is worthless
President Berckmans I fully agreewith thegentleman in this
Dr Hape It is a disappointment every year
President Berckmans I had several good opportunities for
observing and comparing it with Wild Goose It is a fine tree for
shade a good grower has no disease free from rootknot But as
1940
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
for its fruit it is not as large or as good or as prolific as Wild Goose
It is simply healthyits only recommendation
Prof Newman We ought to drop inferior varieties ripening at
the same time with those of better quality Hattie for instance
proves more valuable I move we drop Marianna
Ordered
MinerPresident Bkrckmans
of the Peachleaf type or section
fine appearance
Wild GooseProf Newman
Ships well and is a good sample
Pruit large of good quality and
I bought five years ago Wild
Goose on peach stock and find them subject to borer while those on
plum roots are exempt Has any one tried Wild Goose on Marianna
or other plum stock
President Berckmans Wild Goose grows well from cuttings
and ought to be all the better on that account if your experience
with borer on peach stock is borne out by that of others There
should be no need of working it on any stock at all Wild Goose is
a short lived tree at best though I have some twenty years old still
sound and bearing good crops It has a disposition to die back to
the ground but usually new shoots spring up and thus the tree may
be renewed without much trouble
Sec Kinsey That is identically my experience
Prof Newman Well mine differs when they died with me
they died all overso to speak
Mr Johnson Has any one tried the experiment of mixing Wild
Goose with other varieties on account of its being imperfectly stami
nate With us it is uncertain on account of its apparent imperfect
fertilization
No reply to this question
Prof Newman Has Sec Kinsey ever been afflicted with aphis
or black plant louse
Sec Kinsey No
Mr Iverson I have shipped Wild Goose largely and canfind
no complaint to make against the returns It has paid well and I
dont think its rating excessive In Coweta we want nothing better
The average price I received this season was 3 per crate of twenty
four quarts
President Bkrckmans Fifteen years ago when I started ship
ping to New York upon the receipt of my first shipment I was wired
200GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY
41
not to send any more A few days subsequent was wired to send all
I could and since then it has grown steadily in favor the average
price for fifteen years being 8 per bushel Year before last and this
year the crop was poor but I dont want anything better taking it
year in and year out
Prof Newman What is the exact stage at which you ship
them
President Berckmans When they commence fairly to color up
If gathered and packed at that stage they will be thoroughly ripe
by the time they reach their destination and are sold I do not ship
them green but just as they begin to color This secures flavor as
well as firmness Robinson will not ripen so well after picking but
Wild Goose does It brings the best net returns of any fruit 1 know
Prof Newman I now move that Miner Missouri and Hattie be
added to the list as promising
Ordered
The Convention then adjourned to meet at 8 a m on Thursday
Griffin Ga Thursday Aug 1 1889
The Convention reassembled at 835 a m Mr A Q Moody of
Thomasville offered the following
EESOLUTION
Resolved That the catalogue of the State Horticultural Society be so amended
that in the classification of fruits the counties of Decatur Thomas Brooks
Lowndes Echols Charlton Miller Mitchell Colquitt Baker Berrien Clinch
Ware Early and Pierce be taken from the Middle Region and that they shall
constitute a new region in said classification to be known as the Southern
Region
I think continued Mr Moody that this change is imperative
and that the productions of the above named counties differ as much
from those of the middle region as they do from the productions of
the coast tier of counties which are affected by the salt air and
hence should be classed by themselves
I dont believe said Sec Kinsey that there is enough differ
ence in the products of these counties to warrant a classification
distinct from the coast to which division it might be well to attach
them and I suggest this change
Mr Moody These counties really border on the semitropical
region and it is therefore evident that they should not properly be
classed with the middle region of Georgia yet for the reason previ
20142
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
ously stated I think they should form a region separate and distinct
from the saltwater counties and so adhere to my original resolution
Dr Cary Are you not straining a point in claiming the tier
of counties you mention to border on a semitropical climate Do
bananas for instance mature with you in the open air
Sec Kinsey I have seen them fruit in one of the public squares
in Savannah
President Berckmans Our third division is styled in the cata
logue lower or coast region How would lower and coast region
do instead and include in this division the counties named in Mr
Moodys resolution That would be a better classification than at
present and yet avoid the introduction of a fourth division
Dr Hape I am in favor of the resolution and move its adop
tion
Sec Kinsey That will involve a complete reorganization of
the catalogue
The President l I am of the opinion that the resolution is well
taken on account of the undoubted influence the sea atmosphere has
upon those localities within its reach It exercises a distinct and
specific effect in the tier of coast counties and produces results
entirely different from those observed in localities in the same lati
tude and with the same soil that are not exposed to its action The
counties mentioned in the resolution are unaffected by the sea air
and depend solely upon their geographical position for their fruit
Dr Hape I think it due in courtesy to the representatives from
the counties in question to consult their interest refer the whole
matter to a committee from that territory with power to reorganize
the catalogue by inserting the division asked for if they see fit and
classify the different fruits for that division appropriately I there
fore move as an amendment that the matter be referred to a com
mittee as stated from those counties
Mr Moody accept the amendment and thank the gentleman
for it
The motion as amended was put and carried and a committee
consisting ol Messrs Moody Varnadoe McKinnon and such others
as this committee may select was appointed
Note This committee made their report subsequently creating
the Southern Eegion but it was not formally drawn off and was
turned over to the reporter simply in the form of a copy of the cata
202GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY
4j
logue with each fruit carefully marked for the new region and has
thus been incorporated in the Catalogue of Fruits which see
Prof J E Willett of Macon Entomologist of the Society was
introduced and read a most interesting and instructive twin essay
on Insectivora and Peach Yellows as follows
IXSKCT IMMIGRANTS AND THEIR PARASITES
Originally animals were confined more or less to particular countries or areas
on the globe from which areas they have diffused more or less widely through
various agencies mans influence being probably the most potent Wewill illus
trate The turkey the buffalo the rattlesnake aiid the mockingbird were found hv
man first in North Armerica Franklin proposed the rattlesnake as the coatof
arms of the United States One species of elephant the zebra the camelopard
one rhinoceros the hippopotamus and the ostrich are peculiar to Africa Another
species of elephant the tiger another rhinoceros and the paradise bird are found
in Asia Nearly every quadruped in Australia is pouched or belongs to our opos
sum family the kangaroo being the monarch of that family The jaguar the
condor the sloth the longtailed monkeys and the hummingbird characterize
South America scarcely extending into North America
Many of these have crossed to other continents through the agency of man I
may mention the turkey the canary bird the English rabbit in Australia and
the European sparrow in the United States So powerful is the influence of man
that lie has gathered around him a little family of dogs eats poultry horses
cows sheep goats and unwillingly rats mice fleas roaches and some troublesome
parasite which accompany him to all climes So long has this domestic relation
prevailed that it is now quite impossible to say where our domestic animals
originated
Hie tiny brethren of the animal kingdom the insects are included in this law
of local origin and of subsequent diffusion The English pea weevil is American
and as we derived that choice pea from Kurope so Europe got its deadly enemy
the pea weevil from America The grape phylloxera also is American but
made little impression on our American grapes which have been so recently
reclaimed from the sturdy wild vines but when the little American was carried
in American vine cuttings to the vineyards of France the French vines sweet
ened and elevated and ennobled but enfeebled by the civilization of many cen
turies succumbed to the multitudinous progeny of the American invader Half
of the vineyards of France have been abandoned to this little insect from beyond
the seas So the Colorado potato beetle for centuries a harmless insect feeding
on the horsenettle and other solanaceous plants in the west and kept in check by
the limited supply of plant food began to increase when the cultivated potato
was carried by man into its terrritory and we know the rest Abundance of
food has set the beetle on its travels eastward It has swept across the United
States nearly driving the potato out of cultivation The farmers of no country
have had so persistent a battle with an insect enemy as have the farmers of the
United States with the Colorado potato beetle I have in my scrapbook a cable
gram clipped from a newspaper some year ago It reads thus Dublin A
Colorado potato beetle was found on the wharf here today This estray had
crossed the Atlantic in some steamship I have no information as to its history in
Europe after this official announcement of its arrival
On the other hand we have many noxious insects from other lands I will
mention three The bollworm which sometimes attacks the cotton plant but is a
constant feeder on Indian corn tomatoes beans etc is a cosmopolite It is
known throughout the civilized world and its tastes are as various as are it
homes The cottonworm confines itself with singular loyalty almost to one
2044
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
plant The bollworm however samples nearly every plant which man culti
vates and fattens on a dozen or more The white cabbage butterfly pieris rapa
of Europe came to Canada in some cabbage heads about 1859 It may have been
since introduced at some ports of the United States I first noticed its olivegreen
pubescent larva in Macon about 1876 It is now abundant in every State east of
the Mississippi and in some States west The third European insect immigrant
is the orchard scolyins rugulosis a new enemy of the peach tree in this country
It came from Europe quite recently and threatens to be a very destructive pest
I will speak of it more particularly further on
Secondly immigrant insects are specially noxious in the countries to which they
are carried This arises from two causes mainly First the greater abundance of
food and secondly the absence of natural enemies
The first point I have alluded to in the history of the Colorado potatobeetle
On the arid plains of Colorado this beetle found scant nutriment in the stunted
solanaceous plants and it simply held its own without increase of numbers But
when the white settlers brought to the plains their cherished potato and by cul
ture and irrigation developed an abundant luxuriance of juicy herbage the beetle
turned from its dry nettles to this more toothsome pasture and honored the royal
fare by an abundant progeny which speedily spread over all the Northern potato
fields The greater abundance of potatoes at the North and possibly our warmer
climate has saved us from the incursions of doryphora decenlineata We have
feeding on the horsenettles a brother doryphora juncta distinguished by eight
longitudinal black lines instead of ten on the creamcolored wings two pairs of
lines on the Colorado being merged into one pair in the Georgia beetle I have
known the latter to take to the potato in one instance only Should the horse
nettle become scarce we might have a native potatobeetle at the South as destruc
tive as its Western brother The abundance of food will explain the ravages of
many insects when first introduced into a new country
The want of natural enemies also contributes much to the rapid increase of
immigrant insects Every class of animals has its carnivora and herbivora The
lion the hawk the shark are familiar examples of the former and the bison the
dove and the carp examples of the latter The same is true of insects Every
one is familiar with the strong flight of the musquitohawk as it chases gnats and
flies and musquitoes in the twilight and with the business air of hornet and wasp
as they hunt innocent flies and caterpillars of various kinds in their feeding places
A little study of insects reveals the strong line of separation between the carnivora
and herbivora and the great number of families of both classes And this con
stant struggle between the two constitutes a wise balance in the kingdom of nature
If the carnivorous insects were destroyed the herbivorous would sweep all plant
life from the globe On the contrary if the herbivorous insects were removed
the carnivorous would soon perish for want of food and plants would attain a lux
uriance and redundancy scarcely witnessed in the geological ages Again to come
more closely to our point every species of insect has its natural foodplant Our
cottonworm seems to be confined at the South at least to one plantthe cotton
plant Our tomatoworm feeds almost exclusively on the solanaceous order of
plants including the tomato Irish potato pepper tobacco solanum jasminoides
etc And so generally each herbivorous insect confines itself to a limited vege
table diet The carnivorous insects likewise have their choice of food in the great
ranks of insects Hence all our noxious insects have certain insect enemies
These natural enemies keep them in check The entomologist in studying the
habits of an insect does not complete his work until he has studied just as care
fully the carnivorous insects which infest it and limit its increase As an illustra
tion I will refer to Prof Comstocks report on the cotton insects He devotes 137
pages to the history habits etc of the cottonworm and no less than seventyseven
pages to its natural enemies Hence our white cabbage butterfly pieris rapce in
coming from England in 1859 left behind its English natural enemies and its
multiplication and destruction to cabbage were alarming to our gardeners But
204GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY
45
it has found enemies here Some American carnivorous insects have found its
juices to their tastes and have greatly reduced its numbers The orchard scotytun
to be mentioned more particularly hereafter has come from Europe without its
fatal tram of enemies and is hence so destructive to our peach trees
3 This suggests the introduction by man of its proper insect enemies of any
immigrant noxious insect For instance let government bring to America from
Europe the natural enemies of the cabbage butterfly and the orchard scnlytus
just mentioned and these last will be brought into reasonable check as in Europe
Ihe same is true on a larger scale of the sparrow plague in America and the
rabbit plague of Australia The former were imported to America between 1851
and 1881 as destroyers of caterpillars The fact is they live on grain and seeds
eat few insects and drive away insectivorous birds they have occupied more
or less 35 to 40 States and Territories They are fairly in check in Europe be
cause they are not coddled as they are here and are left to the tender mercies of
hawks owls etc We must disown them here give them no house room and
cultivate sparrow hawks screech owls jays etc The European rabbit was intro
duced into Australia about 1860 for sporting purposes It fouifd no natural
enemies no wildcats foxes dogs hawks owls etc and its increase has been one
of t he events of history No less than 20000000 acres of land devoted to sheep in
Australia and 500000 acres in New Zealand have been more or less abandoned
Ihe Government with all its laws bounties and premiums has made little head
way against this insignificant rodent We may learn a valuable lesson about the
Blight of insects from an incident in Utah In the neighborhood of Beaver City
about the year 1878 the native hare had become an intolerable nuisance until
hunts on a large scale were organized for their destruction At various periods
since up to 1887 they have become very scarce from the prevalence of grubs in
their heads somewhat like what we call wolves in cattle rabbits and squirrels
Ihe Australians might take a hint from this and introduce a few thousands of
the flies called vestrulm into the rabbit territory Thev would beat all the parch
ment laws and bounties and wire fences
The introduction of friendly insects by Government has been successfully tried
recently in California The scale insects are serious hindrances to the culture of
the orange in both California and Florida A new scale called the fluted scale
cottony cushion scale ribbed scale and by entomologists icerya purchasi was
introduced into California on some acacia plants about 1868 or 1869 from Austra
lia It prefers as food plants the acacia and citrus families and its ravages in
the orange groves have been fearful Some growers are cutting down their orange
groves and great anxiety is felt in the infected districts Prof Rilev has been
studying the insect since 1886 and has instituted manv ingenious and expensive
experiments for its destruction and control In August 1888 an agent was sent
to Australia to bring back with him some of the native parasites of the icerya
One parasitic fly had been shipped by friends in Australia before Mr Koebela
the agent made several shipments of small ladybirds coceinellids and parasitic
flies One lot of 12000 pupa by the steamer December 1888 were thoroughly
smashed at the customhouse only about four individuals remaining alive Another
large lot came by the March steamer and were in fine condition They were
hatched under a tent and then given the run of the orange groves At last
accounts they were doing their duty as well as they could have done had thev
completed their lives in Australia under the rule of Victoria Queen of Great
Btain and Empress of India instead of the presidency of Benjamin Harrison
This is an instructive incident as showing what may be done in controlling
noxious insects under the direction of scientific research
This concludes what I have
their Parasites
to say on the subject of Immigrant Insects and
2054
DKPAKTM KXT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
PEACH YELLOWS
I need nut top to say that the subject of Peach Yellows will attract the atten
tion of all peachgrowers This disease has pervaded New England the Middle
States Delaware and Maryland and the Western States to Michigan inclusive
It began so far as known in the neighborhood of Philadelphia about 1806 and
speedily spread to the adjoining States It is sometimes very virulent and if
there were no periods of relaxation the peach would have ceased to he one of our
cultivated fruits in the infected districts long since
The Department of Agriculture at Washington instituted an investigation of
the Peach Yellows in 1887 Mr Erwin F Smith B So being appointed special
aent The Department has recently published his preliminary report Bulletin
No 9 of the Botanical Division This contain over 200 pages of conscientious
patient and entertaining statistics on the history distribution characteristics losses
favorable conditions and restrictive legislation of this disease The second report
on the causes of Yellows will be looked for eagerly The Bulletin contains maps
and thirtysix elegant plates some colored and most of them from photographs
Mr Smith gives cuts of peach twigs sent from Georgia from the neighborhood
of Griffin of what were called Peach Yellows and seems somewhat inclined to
think the twigs show genuine Yellows A personal investigation by MrSmith
will set at rest the question whether we have Peach Yellows in Georgia or not
As the subject has been previously before this body 1 will recapitulate what has
been reported At the meeting uf the Society in Barnesville in 1888 Col J C
Harman of Tenniile Ga presented some twigs of the LeConie pear which were
dying apparently from blight The LeConte had not blighted then and great
interest was excited on this vexed question The writer was not present at the
meeting In September following Mr Harman wrote me giving the above facts
and forwarding twigs of the LeConte pear the apple and the peach He wrote
that about the 20th September be had found small black beetles issuing from the
holes at the base of the dead pear and apple limbs The peach was unaffected
These beetles seemed to have been living as larva between the wood and bark
of the tw7igs and maturing had cut their way out through the hark The beetles
resembled much the pearblight beetle xyleborus pyri 1 sent specimens to Prof
C V Riley who pronounced them the scolytux rugulosus which was introduced
from Europe in 1877 and had been very destructive to orchards especially those
of the peach All this was published in the proceedings of the Association for
1883 I received the specimens from Mr Harman while on a visit to Greene
county Ga and on examining peach orchards there found the beetles in holes in
many peach trees which were dying of what was called Yellows The same
facts I verified in peach orchards in Jones count The next summer 1 found the
beetles in peach and apple trees which were dying in Greene county This year
1 find them in dying peach trees in Bibb county The same appearance in peach
trees I found common this summer on a trip from Macon to Atlanta I had no
opportunity to examine for beetles 1 am happy to add that the scolytus has
been found by me in a suspected tree in an orchard near Griffin from which twigs
were sent to Washington City The striking peculiarity in all the cases which I
have examined fully is that the leaves of the affected trees are in close bunches
at the ends of the limbs A limb which unobstructed would have grown to two
feet will be two to four inches long and yet every leaf will be present crowded
together in this small space As the larva in mining under the bark enlarged
their holes laterally several holes occurring along the same limb of last years
growth would cut off the sap more and more until the limb was practically girdled
and died The appearance is that of being stunted The figures of twigs from
Griffin seem to me to be typical scohtuskilled twigs There is no appearance of
premature growth in fruit or twigs no secondary shoots no growth in the fall as
described in true Yellows by Mr Smith The damage is sudden and fatal
This is the only Yellows I have seen in Georgia I would fain hope that there is
no other but there may be Time will develop
206GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY
47
The remedy for the scolytus
sis the disease develops itself
The sum of the above is that the
s the burning of all affected trees in June
Peach Yellows
lias not been certainly recog
nized much south of Washington City although it has prevailed in Delaware nearly
a century When it has traveled it has gone north to Massachusetts and New
i ork and west to Ohio and Michigan If propagated in peach trees there has
been the same chance to come south as to go north and west And vet there has
seemed to be a charmed lino not far south of Masons and Dixons which it has not
crossed It may be a climatic line It would seem that we should have been
without alarm in Georgia This quiet was disturbed in the meeting at Barnesville
m 1883 by supposed blight in the LeConte pear The blight proved to bo a small
beetle determined by Prof Riley to be scolytus ruqulosus which had appeared in
the United States from Europe in 1877 This beetle was found in the peach tree
in 1888 and has been slowly spreading in Middle Georgia since that time The
yellowing of the leaves and the dying of the trees at various points has caused
repeated alarms since The alarm at Washington City has sprung from one of
these panics here But the characteristic bunching of the leaves isunmistakable
and the beetles or their holes at the upper base of the spurs are easily found in July
to September Any one can convince himself by examining suspected trees at this
season It needs no science It is patent to everybody As the beetle spreads
slowly from orchard to orchard every one can free himself from it by burnine
infected trees as early as the month of June
At the conclusion of his essay Prof Willett exhibited a map
from Mr Smiths official report and continued
The map of the United States distinctly outlines the region of
territory so far affected by Yellows The peach region of Georgia is
indicated by a round red spot extending from Macon upwards some
hundred miles or so Griffin is located somewhere near the center
but the compiler seems to be altogether ignorant of the existence of
Marshallville and the succulent glories of the Elberta The Yellows
district is clearly lined from Washington City North and West through
Michigan leaving our own territory far to the South and safely
removed from danger as yet Had we only possessed this map in
1883 at the time of the big scare we could have felt secure as we
should now do with all the light we have at present thrown upon
the subject It has taken a century to spread the Yellows over its
present area and this should greatly reassure us Our climate seems
to keep it off Mr Smith doesnt call the specimens from Georgia
Peach Yellows though he contradicts himself by labeling a cut
Peach YellowsGeorgia I saw yesterdayat Mr Husteds near
this city a dead tree which he said had been affected by Yellows
Upon a close examination the holes in the bark proved to be the
work of the Scolytus whereupon he at once brightened up and became
convinced that it was a case not of Yellows but Scolytus Jf exhibit
specimens from this tree where the holes appear above the buds
You will notice that the most characteristic feature is the bunching
20748
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
of the leaves on tne affected twig as I prove by exhibiting specimens
taken from my home place at Macon No beetles are in these now
but they are burrowed away in the ground as larvse and will appear
hereafter I trust that all who are interested will examine these
specimens and be satisfied that their scare is for naught There is
no genuine Peach Yellows in Georgia
Tho President Prof Willetts essays are instructive and his
conclusion not only valid but valuable I here wish to state that I
have had recently published an answer to a letter from Dr Watkins
in which I acknowledged my former ground untenable I have
known Mr Husted many years He is an able painstaking con
scientious horticulturist and should know Peach Yellows if he saw
it His admission in this instance means much 1 have seen Yellows
in many States but never a genuine case in Georgia Some time
since I prepared an article for the Atlanta Constitution at Mr Gradys
request In it I stated that a fruitgrower near Augusta minutely
described to me the appearance of many of his peach trees which
tallied with what I had formerly seen of Yellows and with the infor
mation at hand at the time I pronounced his case Yellows I there
fore reported that there was genuine Yellows in the State I now
gladly retract that statement and assert that I am convinced by Prof
Willett that there exists todaj no genuine Yellows in Georgia
You can see in Prof Smiths report by comparing two cuts exactly
how Scolytus differs from Yellows Our minds should be set at rest
at once and I hope forever on this point
Dr Hape I would like to ask if genuine Yellows shows the
presence of an insect
Prof Willett Only as a secondary effect never as a cause
The insects found in trees killed by Yellows have had nothing to do
with the killing and are a different insect working dissimilarly
The mode of destruction is this the buds spiral around the twig in
a screwlike manner after a fixed law well known to botonists If
the beetle deposits its eggs the larva works out on both sides ringing
the twig around so that the continuity of the fibre is broken When
the twig is thus girdled death is certain though it may take more
or less time according to circumstances This is the operation of the
Scolytus
Yellows on the other hand requires several years to get in its
work The fruit is at first prematurely ripened with reddish spots
208GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY
49
It is hardly noticeable the first year Next year the foliage is affected
spurs shoot out long and straight The growth is hastened and
stimulated rather than diminished or stunted through the summer
into the fall The twigs do not die like those attacked by Scolytus
but the third year the tree itself worn out and exhausted by its hectic
effort dies The difference you perceive is marked
Col R J Reddino I move that the thanks of the Society be
iormally tendered Prof Willed for his excellent exposition of this
most important matter
Unanimously carried
was here read bj Mrs
A short paper on Unfermented Wines
W M Scott of Atlanta as follows
UNFERM KXTEI VJ N K
This name has been challenged as incorrect the term being a paradox since
being unfermented the liquor it is claimed is not wine It must be admitted
that this criticism is correct Research shows the word wine in almost every lan
guage meaning perhaps invariably the fermented juice of grapes though the
Wris yearS aPPhed U alsoto the fermented juice pf other fruits and
Unfermented wine is often called nectar by those who arc punctilious and to
whom even the name of wine is offensive Usage however is the law of language
and universal use has given a definite meaning to the term unfermented wine and
we must be content to use the article without demanding any papers or pedigree to
establish its claim to respectability It is its own reason for teinga good thing
or years there was a saying in regard to certain parts of this country that there
was an exact ratio between the size of the peach orchards and the cemeteries The
lords of the soil having plenty of leisure and peach brandy laid themselvesout at
an ear y point in their history leaving widows to remarry endow other husbands
with the brandy cellars who in their turn fell victims to the ahundance
I was not a little alarmed upon reading in one of our local papers of a recent
date an article commending the making of peach brandy as a home industry to
the farmers as a fine use to make of this years abundant crop It will be a sorry
day for this country when plenty of fruit means plenty of brandy Sanctifying
brandy by the name homemade is a delusion that has made many a drunkard
the tact that a boy s mother made the brandy does not lessen its evil powers and
only induces an indifference to the danger If on the other hand the use of
unfermented wine could be made general it would satisfy the social instinct that
makes all humanity love a social glass and while doing a positive good would
avert a positive evil I have prepared several copies of my recipe and if by
scattering them a few housekeepers can be induced to make this beverage I shall
teeltnat 1 have done a good deed in a naughty world
The preparation of the wine is perfectly simple Remove the grapes from the
stems using any juicy variety though the Concord is perhaps the best Weigh
into a preserving kettle twentyfive pounds and add half a teacup of water to pre
vent scorching Scald until well burst and strain through a jelly bao If they
scald too long too much tannic acid is obtained which will make the wine astrin
gent and the color will be darkened Add to the juice four pounds of white sugar
coffee or granulated boi just long enough to skim and bottle as soon as possible
the bottles should be small as the wine will not keep long after being opened and
should be hot when filled New corks should be used and as soon as all the
20950
DEPARTMENT OK AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
bottles are tilted should be trimmed off and glazed with sealing wax This meas
ure will make about twelve quails but is not very sweet There is not much rule
in tin proportions of juice and sugar Some recipes call for a much larger quan
tity of sugar than thisat least a third moremaking a very sweet wine
Like all canned goods this wine should be kept in a dark place and be allowed
to stand perfectly still after being once put away The soul of the careful house
wife need not be troubled by dust or cobwebs on wine bottles or fruit jars as they
are indications of excellence and safety
This wine has been in use in the North for years especially for sacramental
purposes and in thousands of homes where fermented wine would not be tolerated
and answers uses for comfort and pleasure that leaves no need for any other
Drank as it comes from the bottle ifris invigorating and agreeable or shaken up
with ice after the similitude of a sherry colder and furnished with an alluring
straw it could be taken by the very elect with delight But it reaches its ultimate
when brewed into a punch half and half apollinaris water and wine with lemon
and sugar The hospitable could dispense this cup with as much satisfaction as
could be derived from any flowing bowl and have at the same time a conscience
void of offence for it is that delectable thing a cup that cheers but not ine
briates
An essayon Japan Ilums by Mr L A Berck mans of Augusta
followed
JAPAN PLUMS
Some years since it was repeatedly stated by persons who had long resided in
Japan that the onlv valuable native fruit found there was the persimmon This
seemed plausible especially as mention is made of but few native fruits by trav
elers who had given descriptions of the products of Japan Until 1882 Japan
plums other than the ornamental and double flowering varieties were unknown
in America the advent of the Kelsey plum being the first knowledge that a dis
tinct race of valuable plums existed in that country
From what can be learned the Kelsey plum and other varieties of that class
have long been known in Japan It is therefore exceedingly strange that such
careful botanical explorers as Dr Von Siebold Robert Fortune Thomas Hogg
and others failed to make mention of a class of fruits which would attract atten
tion in any country
It has been stated by some horticultural writers that the peculiar shape which
most of the Japanese plums assume is due to a modification arising from climatic
influences the varieties which are now introduced in America being only well
known European and American sorts formerly imported into Japan but which have
undergone this peculiar modification of shape by many years cultivation in that
country Admitting that certain fruits are sometimes slightly changed in form
color quality and season of maturity by climatic as well as soil and local influ
ences we could not readily believe that any fruit could become so far modified as
to make a Green Gage assume the form of a Kelsey or the Washington to be
transformed into the Ogon simply by the influences above referred to
Other writers concede that there is an entirely distinct race of plums in Japan
whose botanical characteristics differ from both the European and the several
American types We readily adopt these views having fruited the Japan plums
for several years past
It is however a potent fact that many socalled Japan varieties exported to
America within the past three or four years are nothing but European varieties
under Japanese names
About 1871 when General Horace Capron went to Japan to assume duties some
what similar to those connected with his former office as United States Commis
sioner of Agriculture a large quantity of fruit trees grape vines and small fruits
were purchased in this country and sent to the Experimental Station at Tokio
210GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY
ol
1 uese fruits wore thence disseminated throughout the Japanese empire and when
twelve yea sincejin enterprising horticultural speculator found a
first trees of the Japan persimmon which he
the
ere a larger field was opened for the collecting of other fruits from that
lountry I eeuniary gam being in sight a number of firms soon sprang
nre and there began a new source of industry which at this date has
ready sale iii California
carried there a lar
faraway conn
into existence
attained great proportions We are indebted to these importin firms for a
bcrof valuable plums persimmons and oranges ami also for the most con fusing
nomenclature that has ever been brought before the horticultural world and
which will take years to rectify As with the persimmon local names seemto be
mainly used hence a collector will send a number of plums to California which
he has gathered m one district while another collector operating in a different
locality sends the same varieties to his firm but under different focal names and
thereby adds Ins quota of synonyms and unpronouneable names to the already per
plexed and bewildered American fruitgrower
A remedy must be found for this indiscriminate and wholesale abuse of names
which is assuming the shape of an imposition upon the fruit tree planting public
tor example as to the loos way in which some of these Japanese exporting firms
lack mi names when the local ones are unknown we submit the following Maid
en s Blush Golden Heart Red Republican Peerless King Cole Rising Sun
Karly Bird etc
There are two very distinct types of Japan plums but what to name these is a
puzzle because of the confusion which exists in the names under which thev are
received
SBCTIOM 1 AllilroT PLUMB
if these four varieties arc known here or at least there are supposed to be four
varieties In 18 i 8 we received from Japan among a large lot of plants two plum
trees trained after the fashion of the Japanese They were not above three feet
ugh had been potgrown each branch tied downwards with a thin strip of whale
bone and from their appearance were evidently a score of vears old being minia
lure trees Trees grafted from these made a rapid growth and in February
produced a profusion of most beautiful semidouble dark rosecolored flowers
Owing to the absence of severe spring frosts and partial protection of the tree
trom the surrounding shrubbery an abundant crop of fruit was produced four
years since Fruit medium oblong skin yellow smooth flesh yellow juicy sub
acid with apricot flavor of second quality clingstone ripened at Augusta end of
May Foliage long broad at base wood slender bright green Habit compact
after the tree is three or four years old
Information received subsequently gave us the impression that the name of this
variety was V lrgata under which it was partially described by Dr Von Siebold
but we are m doubt whether this name is correct or not At all events this
variety isunsuited as a fruitbearing tree to sections outside the orangeproducing
zone but is a valuable ornamental varietv as it is one of our earliest spring
ars ago we received from California a second variety of this type unde
of Botankio No 2 This is quite similar in growth with the forego
bloomers
Four year
the name
ing but produces single white flowers No fruit has been produced
Among a late importation were included two varieties numbered 8 and 9 which
may upon further trial prove identical with the two varieties already mentioned
1 he name Botankio being that of a distinct fruitbearing variety we are there
fore unable to give the correct name to be applied to the apricot plum type
SECTION 2KELSEY TYPE
As this was the first and most remarkable variety of any value introduced and
there being several others which partake of its general characteristics we mav
perhaps be permitted to give the above classification J
Kelsey What the true Japanese name may be of this variety is rather difficult
211DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE GEORGIA
to determine According to Mr II II Berger this is the Botankio while
Japanese catalogues give it the following names Botankin Togari Sinomo
Hattankio This plum was first imported from Japan in 1X71 by the late John
Kelsey of Berkely Gala whose name has been given to this variety Until 188
nothing was known of this fruit outside of Mr Kelseys grounds when its won
derful size and excellent quality attracted the attention of fruit growers We
received grafts of it in the spring of 1884 and had a few June budded trees to
fruit in 188 The following points of excellence were claimed by the Pacific
Rural Press all of which we can endorse after several years trial The only
drawback that we can note is its early blooming Some years it was simultaneous
with the Wild Goose and others a week earlier
From the Pacific Rural Press April 23 1883
1 Its wonderful productiveness is unsurpassed by any other plum either
native or foreign
2 It comes into bearing at the age of two or three years blooms appearing fre
quently on yearling trees
3 The fruit is of very large size being from seven to nine inches in circumfer
ence and specimens weighing six and a half ounces each it has a remarkably
small pit
4 It is very attractive in appearance being of a rich yellow nearly overspread
with a bright red with a lovely bloom It i heartshaped It ripens from first
to last of September
It is of excellent quality melting rich and juicy its large size renders the
paring of the fruit as practicable as the peach which is quite a novelty and it
excels all other plums for canning As a dried fruit it is destined to take the
lead equal to if not surpassing the best dried prunes Experiments esulted in
yielding 19 pounds of dried fruit to 100 pounds of fresh fruit In texture it is
firm and meaty and it possesses superior qualities for shipping to long distances
it remains solid longer than any other variety
Upon highly cultivated sandy loam rich in plant food the fruit is predisposed
to decay but upon clay soil the fruit remains quite sound and colors up much
more Trees planted in poultry yards where the soil is not disturbed and receives
no other cultivation except to have the weeds cut down seem to give the best
results so far as the fruit being freefrom decay and insect depredations Its reg
ular season of maturity in Georgia is difficult to determine In 1887 fruit did not
mature until October 1st in 1889 it ripened in July This year the crop was phe
nomenal and fruit began to ripen the latter part of July and continued for eight
weeks Perfectly green specimens are now on the trees Some specimens weighed
six and three quarter ounces As to its shipping qualities On July 30th we
shipped a case containing forty plums to the Paris Exposition where they arrived
on August 14th in perfect condition only four specimens being slightly specked
Their wonderful size and quality attracted universal attention
BotankioOblong with pointed apex one and threequarter inches long by one
and onehalf broad yellow ground overspread with purplish red purple cheek
flesh deep orange firm sugary and subacid near the skin clingstone middle of
July or a week earlier than Ghakot which it resembles but is smaller as a rule
quality very good tree vigorous grower and prolific
ChabotHeartshaped greenish yellow ground nearly covered with carmine
and over spread with minute dots Flesh orange yellow very firm subacid or
even acid quality good clingstone a very good keeping variety end of July
HattankioTwo varieties were received under that name one is greenish yel
low becoming deep yellow at maturity smooth skin tough flesh yellow very
juicy slightly subacid and of good flavor clingstone heartshape with sharp
apex Matures June 12th The otherlarge yellow round skin thick tlcsh
deep yellow or light orange solid sugary a little coarse with green gage flavor
quality very good middle of July clingstone Some specimens of this variety
affect the pointed form supposed to be the SliiroSinomo
This note was added October 1st
212GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY
53
Masu Round with pointed and curbed apex orangeyellow ground covered
with light red and a bluish bloom flesh yellow melting juicy subacid second
quality nearly freestone maturity end of June
UraBeniMedium size heartshape bright carmine red with bluish bloom
flesh line grained livin subacid second quality cling a very showy fruit Ma
turity June 20th
SatsumaThis will likely prove to be one of the most valuable of all the Japan
plums vet introduced Fruit large skin dark purplish red mottled with bluish
bloom shape globular flesh firm juicy dark red well flavored quality good
pit very small Maturity in Georgia two to three week before the Kelsey tree
a thrifty grower
SECTION
BOTAN TVlK
Mr II H Berger gave to this group the name of Nagate and says there are
two varietiesthe large red round called Botan and the more eggshaped
called Ogon There is evidently an error in this as these fruits are just the
reverse as to shape
OaonRound golden yellow at maturity medium to large flesh yellow firm
sweet good quality freestone Matures June 15th
Botan In this there will be much difficulty in arriving at a correct nomencla
ture Two quite distinct varieties are grown here
st Sweet Kuiioi Medium size round or slightly oblong skin green nearly
covered with dull purple bloom flesh yellowish Arm sweet or slightly subacid
adheres slightly to the stone quality very good Maturity June 20th
id Yellow FUfhed Botan Large round with pointed apex bright red or light
vermilion smooth flesh yellow melting very juicy sweet and with much
aroma quality best elingstone matures June 20 This variety with Ogon
seems to be well adapted to the Middle States where the Kelsey type is nothardv
The Yellow Fleshed Botan has already been deemed worthy of a new name
it being advertised as Abundance with the usual addition of extra price
BurbinkThis was introduced in February of this year and a very fair crop of
fruit was produced In general appearance it resembles the Yellow Fleshed
Botan Color cherry red mottled yellow shape more globular flesh flavor
and quality are identical but it matures three to four weeks later The tree is of
very vigorous growth slightly differing in the foliage
Hurbank A7 2As catalogued by Mr Luther Burbank of Santa Rosa Cal is
of medium size shape regular and globular yellow nearly overspread with pur
plish carmine flesh yellow very juicy molting tine grained rich flavor
nearly freestone quality best end of June to beginning of July
It is to be noted that the period of maturity of all the above mentioned plums is
from two to four weeks earlier in Middle Georgia than in California
PRUNUS SIMON SIMoxs CHINESE APRICOT PLUM
A remarkable fruit indeed This was introduced eighteen years ago from China
by Mr Eugene Simon then French Consul in China and first disseminated from
the old nurseries of Simon Bros at Metz Plantieres AlsaceLorraine The tree
is of attractive erect and compact habit flowers very small and seem to be
defective in pollen fruit large flattened two and onehalf to two and threequar
ter inches broad by one and threequarters to two inches through and very
much resembles a tomato flesh yellow tine grained and exceedingly Arm
juicy acid and combining the most remarkable flavors of pear apple pine
apple and muskmelon quality best begins to ripen June 15th and lasts until
July 15th a shy bearer
On the conclusion of the essay it was announced open for comment
and discussion
Dr Iiape Several of the varieties mentioned in the interesting
21354
DKlARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
paper just read have fruited this season as far up as Atlanta among
them Ogon and Primus Simoni As this is the first year they have
fruited we cannot decide definitely as to their value I had some
Satsuma which fruited but did not mature Am now fruiting Kelsey
It bloomed early but set little fruit In this connection I agree with
the essayist as to the importance of enlightening nurserymen on the
subject of the impositions of importers in the matter of synonyms
Their shameless impostures are an outrage to both dealer and pur
chaser and work serious injury to both They should not be
permitted
Mr Milleb In Rome this season we fruited five of the varieties
mentioned In Mr L A Berckmans whose descriptions bythe way
are singularly accurate Kelsey however has a tendency to drop
off and ripens unevenlyChabof Botankio and Satsuma also The
quality of the last named is good which is best I cannot say as one
season is not enough to determine the question
Dr J P H Brown ot Augusta was introduced and read an
instructive paper on synonyms as follows
THE IMPORTANCE OE CORRECT SYNONYMY IN NAMING FRUIT
IN ORDER TO PREVENT IMPOSITION
In the early history of fruit culture there was little attention paid to nomencla
ture and classificationin fact little was required and even now with our thous
ands of varieties of fruits and our scientific pomology the nomenclature synonymy
and classification have been allowed to remain in a condition calculated to embar
rass anil confuse Science has been applied to the development and culture of our
fruits and no snail amount of empiricism to their nomenclature We have many
varieties of apples pears peaches and other fruits that are known by a half dozen
different names which maybe taken advantage of to deceive the purchaser 1
know of instances where nursery agents have sold trees under one of these aliase
to persons and left them under the impression that they were getting some new
and wonderful variety when in fact it proved to be the same that they already
had in cultivation Time is money When one waits three five or ten years for
a tree to bear and then finds it i not what lie bargained for and wholly different
from what he expected it is a great pecuniary loss to say nothing of the vexation
and mortification attendant upon blasted hopes
Since the United States have established commercial relations with Japan and
the botanical and pomological wonders of that great country have become known
to us we have imported many of her marvelous fruits and added them to our list
In turn the wideawake and progressive Japanese have sought many of our
varieties of fruit which after receiving a Japanese christening have been returned
to us by enterprising speculators and sold under a Japanese name as a new variety
As an instance I may cite the Tillotson peach which was introduced into Japan
from this country and now it is sent back with a Japanese name as something
new to be sold at three times the cost of the original
The area of the earths surface adapted to fruit culture is widely extended and
embraces many nationalities with different languages The soil and climate of out
own country are so varied and diversified as In admit of the introduction of most
214GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY
55
foreign varieties Hence come new names and more confusion Every season
increases our catalogues and adds to the vocabulary of fruitof varieties new
andoftenerof varieties old but rechristened
Now there is no question if more attention was paid to correct synonymy and
nomenclature here would he less room for these little irregular transactions
and certainly less complaint from purchasers Botanical science has adopted a
Latin nomenclature which is read with the same meaning by the scientific of all
nationalities In my opinion poniological science needs a nomenclature in the
same language the Iat in name of the fruit followed by its common name It
is to bo hoped that our committee on synonyms will take this subject in hand and
evolve something that will be a credit to themselves and a credit to our Society
Dr SAMUEt Hapk of Atlanta then read an essay on Peach Culture
which was most favorably received by the members present
PEACH CULTURE
The present season has been almost unprecedented in the history of peach cul
ture Not only has the yield of this luscious fruit been greater than for many
years but the perfection attained in the different varieties of the peach when ripe
has been phenomenal The fruit has been comparatively free from rot and dis
ease and each variety at maturity has shown almost perfect specimens of its kind
even to the beautiful coloring from the most delicate tints of flesh and carmine to
the deep red often intensified to a dark purple in beautiful graduated colors in
the Alexander and the other earliest varieties The Elberta the acknowledged
queen of midsummer varieties with her golden countenance and blushing red
cheeks synonomous of health beauty and wealth the pride of Georgia and
daughter of the South has been and still is a most beautiful picture to contem
plate A season thai has given us such perfect fruit and in such abundance cer
tainly affords opportunities for study research and intelligent experiments rarely
to he found
This unexpected crop coining upon us as it has like a heavy responsibility in
its handling and commercial importance lias doubtless diverted many from even
attempting to make experiments and observations with a view to important les
sons that will guide us in our future work Xo large fruit in cultivation presents
to our mind such a wide range for thought and observation in its different phases
as the peach from its first appearance above the earth until its ripe rich lus
cious fruit has matured The poetical peach blow is so shaded graded and
varied as to almost lose its identity as the beautiful flower that will sooner or later
gladden our hearts in the production of the rich juicy and enjoyable fruit which
will refresh our bodies and gladden our hearts This capricious fruit anomalous
peculiar and exacting tender and sensitive the child of the East thousands of
miles from her native land is nevertheless so pleased with her home in this beau
tiful sunny Southland that occasionally she smiles on her new home and rewards
with rich gifts her ardent admirers
We are free to admit however that not all the conditions necessary to success
ful peach culture can always be complied withclimatic influence has much to do
with this question
The crop that escapes the frosts of winter and spring is often a failure from
the result of rain and hot weather during the earlier stages of growth This is
especially so with the earlier varieties A great disappointment therefore often
awaits the cultivator vho after escaping the cold spring frosts sees in prospective
a heavy crop of fruit If however at maturity the conditions are such as to
induce disease and decay no fruit comparatively will ripen The present season
was most favorable to the production of ripe wellmatured fruit and in our imme
diate section could hardly have been improved upon The time of ripening of
such varieties as the Alexander is too early to produce a perfect fruit as to quality
215DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
The natural warmth necessary to penetrate to the seed and ripen up the entire flesh
of those very early peaches is not furnished by nature Consequently we see a
peach ripened only on its surface green at the seed and interior of the peach A
comparatively flawless fruit crowded as it were for time is eompeUd to put in its
appearance on schedule time in the market at a great sacrifice of quality and often
to the great disappointment and disgust of the purchaser The last part of the
crop remaining perhaps two orthree weeks longer than tlnse flrst to color up i a
great improvement on the first fruit gathered The liability of this variety todecay
induces many cultivators to hurry it up and it is gathered entirely toogreen The
long continued drouth during the early spring with a pure clear unclouded atmos
phere of unusually even temperature was decidedly unfavorable to the production
of fungus growth and as the fruit approached maturity the germs of disease had
not yet attacked it so that comparative freedom from decay was the rule
The lesson hereto learn is that all artificial means used tocombat fungus growth
as spraying etc should he commenced during the earlier stages of growth
such
and kept up until the fruit commences to mature
The confirmation of this idea finds an apt illustration in the bagging of grapes
The earlier the work is done the more success attends the operation The great
liability to decay in some varieties of peaches should either induce us to plant
very sparingly of them or if possible find out some remedy to prevent such
results Locality and culture often have much to do with the decay in the peach
very rich moist soils are especially favorable to such results A dry moderately
rich warm sandy soil on the contrary is best adapted to the production of the
perfect peach
The long continued disappointments of peachgrowers in not being able to
secure a crop of fruit induced many to speculate as to the cause With nothin
else in view and a desire to give some reason for these repeated failures those dis
appointed cultivators directed their attention to budded fruit ami proclaimed to
the world that all their troubles were brought about by the budded trees and
seedlings were the only kind that would insure success As this question was dis
cussed at length at a former meeting we will not take up your valuable time by
more than a passing notice and call attention to the fact that the present season
shows most conclusively that budded trees are as heavily laden with fruit as any
seedling could possibly be and certainly will not disappoint the grower in the
quality ami appearance of the fruit And the lesson taught is that it is climatic
Jiillueneo which regulates the size of the crop and not budded or seedling
trees
By this nothing is meant or intended by which fruitgrowers should he deterred
from still experimenting with seedlings We may yet secure a peach more desir
able than anything we have For instance a freestone of better quality but as
early as the Alexander or any of the very early peaches Such a peach would
sweep the market and prove a profitable venture if such a thing be possible The
theory advanced previously in this paper with regard to both the time and warmth
necessary to produce a fine quality of peach would in my opinion render it
an impossibility to produce a medium sized freestone to ripen as early as the
Alexander Beatriceor Rivers This may he a mistake and if so it will be most
gracefully acknowledged when the lucky man comes up with his peach The
peach has always been sidered and admitted as being short lived The present
season has we think shown that this need not necessarily be so Trees die as
often from actual starvation as any other cause In proof of this theory atten
tion is called to the fact that frequently a large proportion of a peach tree is dead
yet the remaining portion to all appearances green vigorous and loaded with
fruit Had disease or the gradual approach of old age affected the tree we should
have witnessed a sickly feeble but certain decline with imperfect specimens of
fruit immature and unlit for use The contrary was true The limbs yet alive
were green vigorous and foliage healthy The other limbs were dead dead to a
line defined and plainly discernable indicating that the tree was dying because
216GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY
the nourishment necessary to its support had been withhelddying by inches
from actual starvation
The remedy would be a liberal application of fertilizers containing a
large per cent of potash and the pruning off of branches atfected so as to
shorten in and not allow the roots to be overtaxed to support a larger
amount of wood than would naturally be required of them Whether
or not it would be more profitable to fertilize older trees prune and
cultivate them or to renew orchards by planting young trees and by
a system of renewal always keep a young and vigorous orchard of trees
must be determined by the cultivator The comparative failure of the peach crop
for a series of years has greatly discouraged many growers The present heavy
crop however indicates conclusively that climatic influence and not disease has
been the cause of these disappointments That these causes may not in the near
future continue to produce failures is a probability Some hundreds of years
back history tells us the River Seine at Paris was dry for two years in succes
sion This large and navigable stream flows on now in its natural channels and
with its full sweeping currents would not give the citizen of today the remotest
idea of the once dry river of centuries ago That climatic changes constantly
occur is selfevident With these facts before us it is not at all improbable but a
number of fruitful years may succeed each other and peach culture he as much of
a certainty as the ordinary field crops in cultivation
Even with the partial success attending the growing of peaches heretofore it is
not an unprofitable crop The prices generally where a partial crop only is real
ized are satisfactory and even now with the immense crop of the present year
fine well selected fruit coamis a remunerative price
In the Atlanta market today well selected fruit will bring 1 per bushel culls
seedling clings etc about onefourth that price As to shipping peaches to
Northern markets where skill in handling and judicious methods of shipping have
been employed barring accidents satisfactory prices have almost always been
obtained The details of such shipments will no doubt be discussed before this
Society and much valuhle information given not now in my possession It is
certainly most gratifying to know that intelligent peachgrowing will pay and
while this fact is patent to us all we must still acknowledge the fact of the com
parative infancy of the business
One of the most important lessons taught by the present heavy crop of fruit is
in the selection of such varieties as are best adapted to shipment When all
varieties fruit and mature it is easily determined as to bearing qualities thechar
acter of the fruit for table and shipping qualities The earliest peaches doubtless
decay more rapidly than the later varieties and may if successfully shipped give
satisfactory returns but the midsummer varieties from their better quality of
fruit attractive appearance and good shipping qualities will doubtless give as
satisfactory or better returns in the end It is certainly an unwise policy to stake
all on any one variety A succession of fruit beginning with the earliest and
extending through the season will on the average be attended with more satis
factory results than if you plant most of your trees of a single variety Tne
present season gives all needed information on this subject and if well considered
will enable the grower to avoid serious errors
That certain sections are better adapted to peachgrowing or attended with
more certain and satisfactory results than others must lie admitted The com
paratively even temperature warm soil and dry atmosphere of certain localities
render them peculiarly fitted to the successful culture of the peach The winter
of 1889 with its cool yet even temperature followed by a dry spring free from
lute frosts was all that could he desired as to climate as the sequel proved This
would indicate precisely under what conditions the peach can be grown with
success The extreme South with her warm wet winters and freedom from frost
during the period when the tree demands rest is not adapted to peachgrowing
It would appearfrom the large crop grown in almost all sections South during the
21768
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
present season that climate and not soil is what governs peach Culture The peach
will succeed in almost any well drained soil where the climate is suitable ami
extremes in temperature do not exist
It has been the purpose of this paper to call attention to the lessons of the day
as it were and not dwell on methods of planting culture or shipping It is hoped
therefore that the hints thrown out and the theories advanced may not be without
sufficient merit to direct the attention of this Society to such subjects as are ger
main to advanced methods of culture and which will enable all to derive atleast
some benefit from the thoughts suggested
Continuing Dr JELape presented in tabular form a memorandum
of temperature and rainfall at Atlanta during the first six months of
the year which in view of the present phenomenal peach crop
would seem to indicate the meteorological conditions suitable for an
abundant yield
MEMORANDUM OF TEMPERATURE AND RAINFALL
As just stated the temperature during the winter and spring of 188 in the vicin
ity of Atlanta was peculiarly adapted to the healthy development growth and
maturity of the peach It may not be uninteresting to give the temperature and
rainfall during the months of January February March April May and June
as kindlyfurnished by the Signal Service
April
May
line
639
528
249
254
316
503
From this it will be seen that during the three first months of the year the
average mean temperature was 433 maximum 73 minimum 20 and the average
rainfall 472 inches
Mr Chables Deckner I would like to ask Dr Ilape if the soil
for peach trees can be made too rich
Dr Hape Yes the soil can be made too rich in nitrogen for
the best results inducing a heavy growth of wood at the expense of
fruit
A paper on Landscape Gardening was read by Mr Chas Deckner
of Atlanta as ollows
LANDSCAPE GARDENING FOR THE RURAL DISTRICTS
While much time and means are expended in the cities on ornamental garden
ing it is sadly neglected among our rural population in so much that many do not
218OKORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY
59
know the term landscape gardening nor its meaning Landscape gardening is
ornamental gardening or tlie art of imitating natures beauties A good land
scape gardener knows best how to bring the various features of the beauties of
nature to bear on bis particular purpose to convert a rocky knoll or a washedoff
red hillside into an attractive lawn dotted with groups of deciduous and evergreen
trees and shrubs It is not wisdom to invest all our spare means in the drawing
room or parlor to manifest our appreciation for refinement and culture but to
work handinhahd with the great Creator to bring out the beauties of nature on
some spot near our sacred home and call it our pleasure ground is true elevation
of character
But is the complaint pleasure grounds are too expensive for the poor and mid
dleman and the services of a landscape gardener are costly To this 1 would reply
that nine men and women out of every ten have sufficient taste for natural beauty
to arrange for the improvement of some spot near their dwelling
Have you ever viewed the grounds near your home to see how much they could
be improved and beautified7 How if those unsightly rocks lying promiscuously
around your premises were piled and tilled in with rich earth planted with foliage
plants and vines to partly conceal from sight and partly hide from view by shrub
bery How if those large graceful shadetrees whose roots lay bare by longcontin
ued washing oil of the soil were covered with rich soil and converted into an ever
green lawn 1 f the little stream now running through yonder ravine was conducted
by means of a ditch around the hillside to feed a lake on the flat near the house
and supply the water demands If the walks and drives that lead from the road
to the house now washed out and in an almost impassable condition changed
from time to time to avoid the gullies were tilled up laid off with straight or curved
edges and graveled over so that water cannot wash If summerhouses were con
structed or other rustic works out of poles limbs or other rough material partly
covered with vines and climbers all would add much to the beautifying of your
home and could be done with but little expense at your leisure hours
Then again then is a large number of native trees shrubs and vines whose
variety of foliage and habit of growth tastefully arranged will contrast and
have an attractive appearance 1erlnips our supplies of native evergreens are not
sufficient to produce the desired variety and contrast to relieve the gloom and
monotony of the winter months while a liberal supply will always produce a
cheering effect during those months
An open lawn is the most interesting and elevating feature of the pleasure
ground and while all locations are susceptible of a lawn the secret of success is in
the preparation and keeping of it and then is no reason why every home in the
South should not be in possession of one or more In all locations and conditions
the soil must be deep rich and the surface brought tea uniform level when this is
done the main point is to select the most suitable grass for the soil and location
The old Kentucky blue grass is first last and always the choice for the lawns if
conditions and location favor The soil is to be deep heavy rich and partly
shaded
Under the above conditions a permanent lawn can be secured with the blue
grass If the soil is sandy it will require more shade but never can we make a
success of blue grass on sandy soil under the direct rays of an August sun
If the soil is sandy and no shade we will have to substitute Bermuda grass
which of course loses its beauty in winter I noticed that all lawns about New
Orleans are of coca grass or as we call it nut grass and where closely trimmed
has a good effect But in winter it is like the Bermuda a dead sight and since it
is so dangerous a grass it can never be recommended Terracing hillsides
becomes necessary where hillsides are steep and while they are objectionable
especially where the terrace banks are straight where they are winding their
appearance becomes more natural but in all cases their monotony should be
broken up by planting shrubbery irregularly along them
Summer houses and all rustic structures are very important in landscape scene
21900
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
ries Also old trees logs and stumps tastefully covered with vines and
somewhat concealed add to the picturesque character of the landscape
without which much of the beauty and contrasting effect is lost The most interest
ing object I ever saw was a rude constructed summer house covered with a scup
pernong vine Planting shade trees should not he overlooked Perhaps the
most skill in landscape gardening is required in the tasteful arrangement of
shrubs and shade trees and no precise rule can be laid down it is like
arranging a bouquet of lowers where taste only is required
We have a great variety of beautiful forest trees which if properly arranged in
netting out will produce a charming effect For light foliage we have the swamp
maple waboo poplar or tulip tree beech etc Then for a darker foliage the oak
varieties among the most beautiful of which are the willow oak water and live oak
The elm family belongs to this class of trees For dark foliage trees we have the oak
blackjack ehinaberry tree and others Then for peculiar effect we have the
sweetgum and the willow family which are very interesting A garden will not
be complete without an intermixture of evergreens which however should be
sparingly employed and the whole structure of the garden should be so arranged
as to produce a proper relief of light and shade as the painter who paints a
picture Artificial lakes are not so easily constructed but whore a supply of pure
water is procurable it is one of the richest objects in tin garden
Curved walks and rives possess greater beauties than straight because they have
a moro natural appearance Yet great care should be taken not to locate a curveI
walk or drive where a straight one is more practical
Thus it will b seen that much can be done to beautify our homes with compar
atively little expense and much could be added to the attraction of rural life
At the conclusion of this essay Mr J D IIusteo of Vineyard a
veteran fruit grower President of the Middle Georgia Horticultural
Society and a wellknown member of the State Horticultural Society
was announced for an essay but excused himself by reason of a
severe injury which had recently temporarily disabled him and from
which he had barely recovered sufficiently to join the deliberations
of the body
The President in receiving his excuse took advantage of the
apportunity to officially congratulate Mr Husted on hisconvalesconse
in the name of the Society and to personally wish him a speedy and
complete recovery as the State and the Society could illy spare the
active labors of so valued a member
ELECTION OF OFFICERS
Dr J P II Brown was called to the chair President Berck
MANS retiring
On motion of Mr W E Brown the Secretary was ordered to cast
the ballot of the Society for Prosper J Berckmans for President
Unanimously carried and Mr Berckmans elected for the fourteenth
consecutive time
The presiding officer was similarly instructed to cast the ballot of
I lie Society for T L Kinsev or Secretary which was duly done
220GEORGIA STATE BORTICULTURAL SOCIETY 61
Mr Brown moved that Committees be appointed from the Firstr
Third Fifth Seventh and Ninth Congressional Districts to nominate
VicePresidents to fill the places of those retiring
Carried The Committees after consultation reported and on
motion the vacancies in the districts were filled by the election
respectively of the following
First District Dr 1 C LkUakhv Savannah
Third District Samuel II Rumph Marshallville
Fifth District Dr Samuel Hape Atlanta
Seventh District George ii Waring Cement
Ninth District J f Justice Marcus
Captain W A Hansell of Atlanta offered the following resolu
tion which was unanimously adopted
Resolved That the thanks of this Coven tion are tendered to Mrs H WHas
selkus and her assistants for the charming entertainment given the members of
this Conventions the evening of the 31st ult and they are assured of the pleas
ure given thereby to the members of the Convention whose privilege it was to be
in attendance
At this point the chair appointed Messrs Hape Brown and
Varnadoe a committee to notify Mr Berckmans of his reelection
as President and escort him to his seat
On resuming the chair President Berckmans briefly thanked the
members of the Society for their continued expression of confidence
and their appreciation of his services as evinced by his reelection
for the fourteenth consecutive time to the position of presiding officer
He hoped always to meet their good will and esteem if not by his
abilities at least by his devotion to their interests and to the pursuit
which was their mutual calling and occupation
Mr A Q Moody of Thomas county reported orally from the
special committee appointed to decide the queslion of separating
certain counties in the lower portion of the State from the middle
region and forming a new division of them that the committee had
determined that it was expedient to construct of the counties of
Thomas Brooks Lowndes Echols Charlton Miller Mitchell Col
quitt Baker Berrien Clinch Ware Early and Pierce a new division
to be known as the Southern Region and that they had carefully
revised the catalogue for these counties and starred each fruit as well
as they could A marked copy of the catalogue in conformity with
the report was submitted
The report was adopted
22162
DEPA RTM ENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
Mr S M Wavmax of Pomona was introduced and delivered a
short though highly interesting addreses epitomized as follows on
TRANSPORTATION AS IT WAS AS IT IS AND AS IT SHOULD BE
First Transportation as II Was consisted in high prices higher charges and fre
quent calls for freight from the middlemen over anil above the returns The high
prices were all right viewed from our standpoint but the extortionate freight rates
and disgustingly inadequate facilities for shipping more than overbalanced them
and rendered the last mentioned liability a catastrophe as frequent as it was unwel
come
Second Transportation as It Is is certainly a great improvement though much
is left to be desired Our facilities are better though sadly imperfect still Great
inequality exists in rates in spite of all that Railroad Commissi State and
National can do As an instance of the discrimination practiced with a freight
rate of 326 per cwt direct from Griffin to New York the same package can be
shipped out of the way to Cincinnati and there strike a rate of si00 per ewt to
Xew York showing the preference given to Western shippers for distances equal
if not greater Where has the long and short haul clause of the National Com
mission gone when this is permitted I paid on a shipment from Newnan to
Griffin 59 and on the same shipment from Griffin to Petersburg a 35 So
much for discriminations At the same time we have good routes ottered us East
and West and rates and schedules are fairly reasonable with the exception of the
discriminations jus referred to hut they lack oversight While we have a living
rate the delays iii forwarding are disastrous and oftentimes fatal A little intel
ligent supervision could easily correct it all and give a fairly g1 service but the
routes dont get it they lack oversight
Third As for Transportation as It Should Be What is the remedy for the
present evil Why combination Without it we can do nothing Individuals
are impotent hut collectively they become a power that can insist on and obtain
what it requires At the same time bear this in mind We must meet the roads
not as enemies hut as friends anil secure from one what we cannot from another
And this must he done not by dogged demand hut by reason and logic showing
them that they subserve not only our interests hut their own by helping u to
increased facilities and that in building up an industry they lay the foundation for
a future source of revenue steady and permanent even if their concessions appear
to amount to a present sacrifice They will reap as they sow and they can he
made to appreciate this if the matter is properly presented
It has been thought in the past that the refrigerator system would not do and
that the ventilator system was the only secure and reliable method of transporta
tion This erroneous impression is gradually being overcome The world moves
and the wheels of progress revolve The refrigerator ear has undoubtedly proved
successful although commission men are dividedsome wanting it and others not
My object is not especially to champion this mode of shipment but to point out
all the difficulties in the way of its adoption so that the truth may appear
One of the great objections to it is the necessity for great quantities of ice If
our fruit crop was an assured thing every year this problem could be readily
solved but we are not often blessed with so bountiful a yield as that of the pres
ent season and ice factories cannot be run for a casual crop The only reliable
course is to work for a plan by which ventilator ears can be held in reserve to be
utilized when ice fails
As for the prevalent idea that fruit from refrigerator cars will not keep my
commission merchant assures me that so far from this being true it can be kept
twentyfour hours longer than that from a ventilator car and I believe him to be
correct in what he says as he could have no object in deceiving me
The necessity for rapid transit is apparent so when ice and refrigerator cars
fail we must be prepared to use ventilator ears and rush through as quickly as pos
222GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY
63
Califor
unequal
immeneed the
ections some
sible The necessity for combination ia equally apparent Recently the
uia fruit growers were being mined In the same unjusl discrimination
rates and inadequate facilities that confront us today They bore it until patienci
ceased to be a virtue ami then assembled 74i strong organized set forth their
grievances reasoned with the railroads and as a result secured a permanent re
duction in rates quick and reliable schedules and ample facilities This was effected
by combination good temper and logical reasoning What the Californians have
dune we can do
Florida has rapid transit Some years ago the Plant System i
experiment with one ear and is now running daily trains in nine
times ten
East Georgia has the advantage of the Coast Line route and ocean steamers to
New York While this gives them a very low rate 49c they suffer the disad
vantage of handling and breaking bulk at Savannah What is wanted is an all
rail rapid route East Georgia has it partially and West igin should not be
left behind
One year ago last duly there was organized in this county Spalding the
Middle Georgia Shipping Union A good route was secured to Chicago and
the West but we failed in getting what we wanted to the East Attempts have
been made but so far have resulted in nothing thoroughly satisfactory A meet
ing was arranged in May last with Mr Haas in Atlantaand rates and a schedule
decided upon of 55 hours time to New York fr Atlanta and a tariff of HI
cents per cwt This would have been all right but the fruit crop proved so phe
nomenal that there was a dearth of ears and ice ami finally ventilator cars had to
be resorted to and even they proved inadequate for the handling oi the crop
We should prepare now for next year Can we afford to put up with less than
California We need the same or an equally good service unimpeded by water
melon cars and held hack fornothing
Rumph and the big growers are all rjght Theyve got a little monarchy of
their own They know what to do can yet what they want and can take care of
themselves But the smaller growers are more ignorant and helpless How can
we assist them Arrangements have been made partly to that end with an
Atlanta merchant to forward small shipments but there still exist in the way the
difficulties of packing sizing grading and uniformity
To overcome all this we must organizeform a species of Exchange and send
our small shipments to some focal point as Macon Griffin or Atlanta to be thence
forwarded 1 f a ventilator car is started from Macon on the way freight loaded
from the stations as it passes and transferred in Atlanta with each shippers name
on his own packages and each consigned to a good man who will attend to his
business and return thereceipts to the individual shippers and if a similar plan is
adopted daily on each of the roads throughout the fruit growing sections of the
State we have perhaps come as near to solving the problem as is at present pos
sible
The matter of consumption is all important One town cant devour the fruit
crop of the South We ought to work for cheaper rates a living profit and a fair
returnnot big money for small shipments but big money for big shipments We
mustnt pile everything into one town We should learnto scatter our shipments
from Philadelphia to Chicago Often second rate towns pay the best If we care
fully ma out our programme before hand there is no reason under the existing
state of things why our returns should not always be moderately satisfactory
President Berckmans Transportation as It Should Be concerns
you all most vitally and I trust you will not hesitate to question 80
able an expositor of the subject as Mr Wayman closely and thor
oughly
22304
DEPAKTM ENT OP AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
Mr R C Iverson Has this organization a salaried committee
on transportation If it had something definite and tangible would
soon bo effected This is the vital point if we cant get rid of this
Old Man of the SeaFreight Extortionwe will naturally become
discouraged If we can fruit raising will grow until it far surpases
the cotton crop in importance So far things have gone badly A
little is sometimes shipped but no returns show up The freights
devour it all It strikes me that by proper effort the railroads could
be induced to see that their interest and ultimate profit consist in
fostering and encouraging this industry Cant we induce the roads
of this section to send out circulars like the Illinois roads do to the
fruit and vegetable growers along their lines No matter what
your truck brings we will divide Kith you That is the true way to
stimulate business As a result up there every man shoves forward
what he has and the roads are loaded down with business in what
would otherwise be a dull season for there is no contingent expense
to fear and anything that is made is net profit For this purpose it
would seem well to me to create a committee to be paid for their
services to publish monthly bulletins of prices and advice during the
shipping season It is perfectly practicable and the result would be
Sec Kinsey Where will the funds for such a purpose come
from
President Berckmans This Society is aware that a standing
committee on transportation reports to it annually but there are
many difficulties almost insuperable that must arise and block the
way to a satisfactory solution of this question Not from this Society
should the necessary funds come for the purpose of carrying out the
plan suggested but from the great Empire State of Georgia which
to its eternal shame be it said does not extend either aid or recogni
tion to our industry On the other hand Kansas Minnesota and
other Western commonwealths make the most liberal appropriations
to the fruit growers in their respective sections and the result is
what might he expectedrapid development permanent industry
and almost universal prosperity Unless our State comes to our
rescue in this matter much of our labor must necessarily be lost
Money is the requisite factor in this kind of work Our own means
are too limited to do more than pay for stationery and other abso
lutely necessary expenses Your Secretary Mr Kinsey has labored
224GKOUUl
rlCULTURAL SO
long and faithfully year in and year out without reward or the expec
tatio generously and invariably refusingit win ted and
for his disinteres onions labors I honor him and I feel that
you do likewise But until the State helps us on we can do no more
than we lm id must depend upon private parties or
our n as individuals to gradually work out the problei
Mr Iverson 1 imiv that a commit to
lorialize I
Mr Miller They should do more than memorialize they
should urge it heart and soul
The it Previous attempts have always failed let us
hope that this will be more successful
The motion was seconded and i ippointment of the
ttitii11ii i od As subsequently appointed they areas follows
Hon A 1 Williams of Upson Dr EL H Gary of Troup Col Geo
II Wariiiu of Bartow
COMMITTEE REPOKTS
On motion the order of business was here suspended to enable Dr
the Committee on Transportation to make out of the regular
order his annual report as germane to the subject just discussed
REPORT OF COMMITTEE OX TRANSPORTATION
Your comti that on the question of transportation very largely
depends the success of the business of fruitgrowing But by proper and judicious
management tl and shippers can fully control this important ps
business and to make certain suggi d statements
bject
1st From experience and observation during the present season we conclude
that the first important object of the shipper is to get his fruit from the tree to the
market in the time and best condition possible Then how this
may be done is thi estion This we think can be done only through
sharp close competition between quick refrigerator transportation companies
and to induce and bring about this competition it is absolutely necessary that each
shipping point will furnish a sufficient volume of shipments to induce the quick
transit companies to send their agents to bid for the business and offer the quickest
time and best service at the lowest rates
At shipping points furnishing only a limited amount of business transportation
companies have no inducements to offer but from those points shipping from fifty
to several hundred carloads during one season the sharpest competition exists
From the best information obtained only three points in Georgia have enjoyed
these shipping facilities by refrigerator cars for peaches and plums vi Port
Valley Marshallville and Griffin and returns from sales of fruit from these
points will show much larger and more satisfactory results than from shipments in
the usual old way viz Ventilated cars by express
These statements apply more particularly to peaches andplums Other fruits
22566
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
and vegetables when gathered at the proper time and sire carefully and properly
packed seem to require less promptness But we deem it our duty to urge the
importance of combining and producing any kind of fruits and vegetables in
such quantities as will induce and demand the best and must satisfactory trans
portation facilities
We deem it improper to recommend any one or more transportation conpanies
but leave it to each individual shipper or combination of shippers to negotiate
with the railroad companies offering for this service
H H Cakv Cbmn
II F Emery
W E Brown
G KOKOK Im
L L V AKNAHOK
The reports of the other Standing Committees followed in their
regular order
Dr 11 H Cary chairman of the Committee on Peaches reported
as follows
REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON PEACHES
To the Georgia State Horticultural Society
Your committee beg leave to submit the following report It is the opinion of
your committee that this exhibit of peaches is the largest in quantity and finest in
quality ever exhibited in the State
We find on exhibition as follows
S M Wayman Griftin plate cling and 1 plate Elberta the latter good
Hapeville Nursery1 plate seedling appearance good
P 1 Berckmans Augusta twentysix varieties as followsRichies Cling
Crawfords Late Zoe Weeping Van Burens Dwarf Dull Cling Oriole Elberta
White Pine Apple Clin Berenice Albert Sidney Stevens Rareripe Indian
Blood Purple Leaf Columbia Robert Red Heath Lemon Cling Crofts Golden
Shelbv Susquehannah Pauline Heath White Juno Coosa Nectarine
Charles Corbin Griffin Ga1 plate Finley good 1 plate Georgia seedling
John 11 Parnell West Point Ga6 plates Stonewall Jackson 2 plates Amelia
5 plates Ward Free 7 plates Elberta 2 plates Berenice 1 plate Early Louise 7
plates Family Favorite 2 plates Oriole 2 plates Garden Seedling 2 plates Late
Rareripe 5 plates Susquehannah 2 plates Princess of Wales 4 plates Jersey Seed
ling 1 plate Parnell 2 plates Lord Palmerston 2 plates Marys Choice 8 plates
B E Lee 2 plates Stump the World 2 plates Lemon Cling 2 plates Stevens
Rareripe 2 plates General Green 2 plate Early York 1 plate Boggys Mam
moth 4 plates Sylphidc plates Browns Cling 69 plates Seedlings
lames Pope Griffin1 plate Seedling
John Keller Marshallville3 plates Elberta very fine
J B Watkins Thomasville1 plate Ladys Blush 1 plate unknown
W James Williamson Gogginsville1 plate Old Mixon Cling 1 plate Lemon
Cling 2 plates Seedling
R Getter Vineyard1 plate Crawfords Late 1 plate Elberta
Mrs Ed Doe Griffin1 plate Elberta extra large
Wm Waddell1 basket Elberta
T A Manley Jr Griffin1 plate unknown
Henry Golhouse Griffin1 plate Crawford Late 3 plates Elberta
A F Rice Grisw oldville1 plate Tharp
G T Jones1 plate Alabama new not ripe 1 plate Crawford Late 1 plate
Stump the World I plate Columbia 1 plate Indian Blood 1 plate Muscogee 1
226GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY
67
plate Lemon Cling 1 plate Picquettes Late 1 plate Old M
to be Seedlings
W VV Thompson Sinithville4 plates Victor I plate Bu
I W Paramore Thomasville2 plates unknown
Alabama Experiment Station J S Newman Director
on Free 3 plates said
ke 1 plate Globe
plate Duggars
Uolden I plate Foster 1 plate Crawfords Late 1 plate Tuskena 1 plate Annie
Wylie 1 plate Seedling Cling 1 plate Seedling Free worthy of trial 2 plates
Crawfords Early 1 plate Museogee 1 plate Indian Blood 1 plate Hudsons
November 1 plate Stevens Rareripe 1 plate Columbia 1 plate Raisin 1 plate
Huffs Yellow 1 plate Pace 1 plate Goods October Cling 2 plates Cora 1 plate
Picquetes Late 1 plate Nixs White 2 plates StevensOctober 1 plate Elberta
Wm Warder Griffin1 plate Crawfords Late 1 plate Elberta I plate
Annie Wylie 1 plate Stonewall lacksin 1 plate Stump the World 1 plate Susque
hannah 1 plate Lemon Cling 1 plate Picquetes Late
L NJohnson Griffin1 plate Seedling
T W llynt Griffin 1 plate Columbia 1 plate Seedling
Runph Marshallville1 plate Flewellen Lplate July Cling 1 plate
Samuel H
Indian Bl
ling Cli
Elberta
Cling 2 plates Elberta from original tree 21 years old
Blood 5 plates General Lee 1 plate Old Mixon Cling 1 plate Elberta Seed
ing 1 plate Elberta Seedling Eree 1 plate Yellow Seedling Cling 8 plates
a 1 plate Columbia 2 plates Lula 2plates Stump the World 1 plate Sugar
plate Suga
this tree is the parent of
all the Elbertas and is still vigorous and healthy 1 plate Old Mixon Free 1 plate
Crawfords Late 1 plate Lemon Cling 1 plate Golden Beauty I plate Duchess I
plate Chinese Cling
It will be seen by the preceding list that an immense number of seedlings are on
exhibition many of which we find possessing considerable merit and we think
deserving of further trial One seedling in particular No 22 of Mr 1arncHs col
lection we consider as particularly worthy being well colored fair size and excep
tionally tine flavor
Many of the exhibits have been in cold storage for twenty days ami although
gathered when fully ripe are now in fair condition
The practice of brushing fruit while probably an improvement in a commercial
sense your committee thinks is to be condemned in an exhibition because distinct
ive features should all be left for observation H H Cauy Cbmn
L L Varnadoe
H P Emery
J G 1 trsTicE
Wm Wardek
Committee
Mr G H Miller of Home chairman of the Committee on Apples
Pears and Miscellaneous Fruits reported as follows
REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON APPLES PEARS AND MISCELLA
NEOUS FRUITS
Mr President and Gentlemen of ihr Georgia State Horticultural Society
Your committee appointed to examine the Apples Pears and Miscellaneous Fruits
on exhibition beg to report as follow
Henry Golhouse Griffin Ga2 plates Siberian Crab
Oliver Slaton Griffin Ga1 plate winter no name
John Keller Marshallville Ga3 plates 1 Simmons Red I Horse I Carters
Blue
227DEPARTMENT OF AGRK 1GEORGIA
II

Dr K II Cary I
Ben Da
1 Equ
Ras
T W I Gsi I
r 1 Ben i I
J H
Dr
II J
T
O H
K P

I E
L Griffin G
W K
Hor te 1
I
Keiff
R Oetter Vim
A i V
Favorite
P S Heath Bro Thom i oi Le
Keiffer
Jas Williamson i
Keifl
H T Patterson Pon LeConte p
F W Flviit Griffin Ga Rushmores Bonchr
ricultural Experiment Station Auburn Ala if pears 1 plate of
nte I of C of B Superfln 1 of 1 Easter 1 of
1 H fclcCliett Powersville Ga4 plates LeConte pears
Samuel Rumph Marshallville Ga5plates pears lofSeekel 1 ofKeiffer 1 of
LeConte 1 of Duchesse 1 of Bai
W N Thomson Smith es of Garber pe
L L Varnadoe Thomasville Ga 11 plates of pears 6 LeConte 2 Howell 1
Duchesse 1 Bartlett 1 Kei
A V Prevat Thomasville Ga 3 plates LeConte
J Dwelling Thomasville Ga 1 plate LeConte
W B Hambleton Thomasville Ga2 plates LeConte 1 Keiffer
L W Carter Montcoff Ga 3 plates LeConte
R 1 Denmark Quitman Ga 1 plate LeConte
R L Hobbs Griffin Ga2 plates Rushmores
James Pope Griffin Ga1 plate Seekel
O Hays Smithville Ga I plates 3 LeConte 1 unknown
R P Johnson Smithville Ga3 plates 1 Duchesse 1 LeConte 1 SanI pear
W Freeman Vineyard Ga1 plate Duchesse
228GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY
1 Bartlett 2
Kei
Dr Samuel Hape Hapeville G is pears 1 Buerre Boi
Howell Flemish Beauty I Seckel 1 LeConte
H N
W K Nel ta Ga
11 11 Sanford Thomasville
Howell 1 Duche h Hybrid
Henry Golhouse Griffin Ga 1 plate Kej
H W Hasselkus Griffin Ga Seckel 1 Duchesse 1
LeConte 1 Keiffer
List of pears exhibited by 1 1 Berckmans27 varieti ral Farragul
Garbers LeConte China 1404 Keiffer Chancellor 1 lling Van Mons
Sandwich Esland MontCharlet BClairgeau Flemish Beauty Duchesse Mad Von
Siebold Mannings Elizabeth Louise Bonne de Jersey DuPauvre Seckel Hebe
B dAnjou Daimio Nabors Onondaga Lawrence Howell St MichaelB Su
perfln
Henry Golhouse Griffin Ga 1 plate Kelsey 1 plate Lombard
John Keller Marshallville Ga 1 plate Kefsey
Captain Kell Sunny Side Ga1 plate K
II W Hasselkus Griffin Ga1 plate Cumberland
James Williamson Gogginsville Ga2 latis 1 Prune 1 unknown
Experiment Station Auburn Ala4 plates 1 Hughes 1 Newnan 1
1 Columbia
111 McCliett Powersville Ga2 plates I Damson unknown
1 Milier Macon Ga3 plate I Newnan 1 Cumberland 1 Kelsev
W Waddell Griffin Ga plate Kelsey
A i VanDyke Sunny Side Ga plate Cumberland
S M Wayman Pomona Ga3 plates 1 Kelsey 1 Cumberland
H Miller Son Rome Ga8 plates 1 Kelsey I Botankio
Shropshire 1 Chabot 1 Satsuma 1 Weaver 1 Golden Beauty
H X Starnes Marietta Ga1 plate Egg Plums
1 II Parnell Wot Point Ga2 plates 1 Wayland 1 Golden Beauty
11 Sanford Thomasville Ga1 plate Kelsey
Mi
1 Reed
1 Lombard 1
II
4 plates 1 Cumberland 1 llattie 1 Shippers
W K Nelson Augusta Ga
Pride 1 Shyleys lied
Samuel Rumph Marshallville Ga 2 plates Kelsey
W li Hambleton Thomasville Ga 1 plate Kelsey
Richard Ray Griffin Ga1 plate Cumberland
It I Johnson Smithville Ga 2 plates Kelsey
M Padget Griffin Ga1 plate Prune
P J Berckmans AugustaGa10 varieties Robinson Imperial Gage Botan
kio Chabot Kelsey Miner Kanawha Paris Belle Cumberland Reed
MISCKllA N KOTJfi FRUITS KTl
P 1 Berckmans Augusta Ga plate earlv bearing walnut 1 plate Celestial
pepper
H W Hasselkus Griffin Ga1 plate white fig
Horace Johnson Griffin Ga1 plate almonds
W B Hambleton Thomasville Ga1 plate Japan chestnut 1 plate pome
granate
II II Sanford Thomasville Ga1 plate mammoth chestnut 1 plate banana
Capt Mabry Griffin Ga1 plate pomegranates
Samuel Rumph Marshallville Ga 2 plates pomegranates 1 plate sweet plate
subacid
22970
DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
ill NCES
Oliver Slaton Griffin Ga 1 plate quince
R Oetter Vineyard Cm 1 plate Apple quince
H H Sanford Thomasville Ga plate Chinese quince
Samuel Rumph Marshallville Ga 1 plate Chinese quince
L L Varnadoe Thomasville Ga1 plate Chinese quince
PER61M MONS
W K Nelson Augusta Ga I plate Japan persimmon
II II Sanford Thomasville Ga2 plates 1 Among 1 Kurokume
Hayes Smithville Ga1 plate no name
SPECIAL MENTION
P J Berckmans a line collection of the newer varieties of Japan plums also
very line specimens of pears
Mr Samuel Rumph shows a line collection of apples embracing many beautiful
specimens
L L Varnedoe exhibits some extra large specimens of the LeConte and Eeiffer
S M Wayman exhibits magnificent specimens of plum
Respectfully submitted g h Miller
N Kl I Mo Ms
K A Parker
1 C Broil br
Dr 1 I II Bkown of Augusta chairman of the Committee on
Grapes reported as follows
REPORT OF COMMITTEE OX GRAPES
7b the Georgia State Horticultural Society
The Committee on Grapes beg leave to submit the following report
A G VanDyke Vineyard Ga makes a very creditable exhibit of eleven varie
ties namely Niagara Empire State Delaware Catawba ves Worden Salem
Perkins Concord Clinton and Isabella
H W Hasselkus Griffin Ga displays twenty varieties namely Montefiore
Nortons Virginia Diana Brighton Isabella Agawam Wilder ves Concord
Cynthiana Sultana Noah Prentiss Niagara Moores Early Martha Catawba
Goethe Barry and Taylors
A P Kiei Griswoldville Ga bason exhibition fifty varieties namelv Wal
ler Duchess Ann Arbor August Giant Jefferson Brighton Peter Wylie lona
Empire State Hayes Concord Moores Early Jessica Woodruffs Red Centen
nial Delaware Eugenia Allens Hybrid Hartford Oneida Vergennes Secretary
Excelsior Naomi Eumekn Barry Wyoming Red Cottage Amber Queen Norfolk
Elvira Niagara Montefiore Lindley Norton Beauty Ariadne Pauline Mary
Wylie Waverly Black Eagle Triumph Berckmans Lady Washington Ulsters
Prolific Griers No 1 Prentiss Isabella and Worden This exhibitor displays
six seedling varieties one of these which he has named Superb is a black grape
of fine bunch and most excellent flavor
D Milne Maeon Ga exhibits twentysix varieties namelv Delaware Wilder
Concord Hartford Mrs McClure Ilumboldt Peter Wylie Elvira Black July
ady Washington Warren Garnet Norton Black Eagle Blue Favorite Per
kins Essex Catawba Brighton Pauline Diana Maxatawney Agawam Noah
Lady and Niagara
William Waddell Griffin Ga makes display of Muscat of Alexandria Mary
Worden Empire State and Catawba
230GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY
E R Anthony Macon Ga makes a fine display of one hundred varieties
namely Agawam Amber Antoinette Bacchus Balsiegar Barry Beauty Belinda
Berckmans Black July Black Pearl Bland Blue Favorite Brighton Cambridge
Catawba Champion Clinton Concord Cdnqueror Cottage Creveling Croton
Cynthiana Delaware Duchess Diana Hamburg Early Victor El Dorado Elsin
burg Eva Excelsior Faith Far West Pocklington Reisling Eartford Harvard
Humboldt Herbert Hermann Highland Iona Isabella Ives Jefferson Jessica
Kcuka Lady Lady Washington Linden Lindley Long Martha Masons Seed
ling Maxatawney Montefiore Moores Early Neosho New Haven Niagara
Noah Norton North Carolina Andover Peabody Pearl Perkins Peter Wylie
Pizarro Poughkeepsie Red Prentiss Racine Telegraph Transparent Triumph
Uhland Vergennes Victoria Worden Wilder Wilding Warren RogersNo 37
Salem Griens Golden Progress Sangindorfer St Genevieve linger No 2 Bur
chard Blue Dyer Brocton Mrs Wylie Secretary Woffords Winter Cumber
land Diana and Seedling No 1
Henry Golhouse Vineyard Ga exhibits Ives Lindley Hartford Catawba
Elvira Pocklington Noah Highland Bacchus Concord White Concord Ricketts
No 7 and No 8 Reisling and two varieties net known
Oliver Slater Griffin Ga exhibits plate Nortons Virginia and 1 plate variety
unknown
W Warder Griffin Ga exhibits ten varieties namely Concord ves Pock
lington Antoinette Salem Hayes Lady Washington Duchess Niagara and
Martha
J C Bucher Decatur Ga has on exhibition Black Eagle Prentiss Triumph
Champion Empire State Concord Lutie Senasqua Irving Black Defiance Lady
Washington Duchess Pearl Amber Griens Golden Maxatawney Perkins Ries
ling Goethe Delaware Iona Ives and Berckmansand three seedlings that prom
ise well
Madison Means Griffin Ga displays three varieties namely Agawam Salem
and Concord
H N Starnes Marietta Ga has on exhibition twentytwo varieties Essex
Wilder Delaware Lady Washington Amber Niagara Brighton Lady Elvira
Black Eagle Cynthiana Triumph Martha Lindley Concord Duchess Goethe
Berckmans Pocklington Prentiss Catawba and Jefferson grapes not so ripe as
others but the display is a most creditable one
Dr Samuel Hape Hapeville Ga exhibits Duchess and Niagara and a black
seedling of the scuppernong which he calls Eden One peculiarity of this seed
lingit grows in clusters
W K Nelson Augusta Gaexhibits six varieties namely Hartford Delaware
Salem Ives Catawba and Brighton
P 1 Berckmans Augusta Ga has on exhibition Uhland Highland Maxa
tawney Alvey Harry Brighton Louisiana Hartford Eldorado Pocklington
Humboldt Noah Niagara St Anthony Long Jefferson Rulander Concord Can
ada Excelsior Wordens Black July Monroe Martha Emily Isabella Mrs Mc
Clure Warren Lenoir Delaware Wilder Nortons Virginia Berckmans Lady
Washington Allens Hybrid Bacchus and Ives
Rudolph Getter Vineyard Ga makes a tine display of Elvira Duchess Barry
Highland Malaga Seedling Black Eagle Perkins Mrs McClure Humboldt
Burkhardt Sultana Salem Bacchus Niagara Concord Chasselas Catawba
Berckmans Ives Jefferson Isabella Riesling N C Seedling Peter Wylie and
Vergennes
H W Hasselkus Griffin Ga exhibits Montefiore Nortons Virginia Diana
Brighton Isabella Agawam Wilder Ives Concord Cynthiana Noah Niagara
Prentiss Sultana a seedless variety Moores Early Martha Catawba Rogers
No 5 Barry and Taylor
W E H Searcy Griffin Ga has an exhibit of thirteen varieties viz Niagara
Catawba Eaton Secretary Empire State Pocklington Hayes Highland Triumph
Muscat Zinfandel Jefferson Duchess
231DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
G H M Her cV San R im Ga m ike an i 0f twenl
Early A
btntc
s Wayman Pomona G
Pocklm m I s
A J Sutherland Pomona Q
tossa S l Black Muscat and Em
L L Stanley Griffin Ga displ
one not named
Taken as a whole the e V
nadeata nlei in of
tllr marked pro I i in the State in development ol stry
In Agricultural Experiment Station of Alaba irn under
the direction of Prof JS Newman m t varj
namely sabella Othello Early Dawn Peter Wvlie Walter Noah
Gynthiana Jefferson Champion Louisiana Griers X 1
Griens Men Concord Brandt Hartford Brighton Elvira Maxatawnev
Naomi Miles Canada Hermann ves Triumph Nortons Virginia Niagara
Martha Wyoming Red Pearl Iona Lindley Wilder Duchess Delaware
Berckmans Goethe Moores Early Catawba Lad Washington Perkins VVorden
Agawam Mariarma Beauty Irving Te This exhibil pre
sents samples of bunches thai were b 0f the am variety
inbagge I thus clearly showing the advantages of enveloping The exhibit reflects
great credit upon the Director and your committee thinks that it verv conclu
sively demonstra mportance of Experimental Stations
i P II Brown
John K eller
W A Hansbll
J D BOTD
A Ir mii
Col Civ II Waring of Bartow county chairman ol the Colit
tee mi Wines reported as follows
REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON WINES
To tht Georgia Strife Horticultural Society
We find the following named wines on exhibition
One bottle of mixed Cord and ves by Miss Lizzie Williams of Tobler
this shows carefiindhng but sen to have been injured by access of air
I wo bottles ot eider wine by 1 J Po of Monticello This is a pleasant
innocent beverage but not wine
Two bolt mixed Concord and ves by Mr E A Parker This was considered
tbc best ripe wine on exhibition though it bore evidence of the use of a small
excess ol sugar in making it
Captain 1 Mel Cell Sy Side exhibits two bottle of sweet port
Mr Hasselkus of Griffin Ga exhibits one bottle of Goethe one of claret two
Ll ot sweet port ami two f SWeel Concord The Concord bore the
AmerieaTlMe WM l11v suit the average
Mr Rudolph Oetter Griffin Ga exhibits one bottle of claret and one of Mis
1 l n Wh3lenelther of these were ripe the latter showed evidence of
skillful handling and promise of excellence when ripe
All of which is respectfully submitted H Waring Chmn
W C Brown
Sam del 11 aim
I S N iw MAN
282GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY
Mr Wm K Nelson oi Augusta chairman o
Vegetables reported as follows
f the C
ommittee on
REPORT OP THE COMMITTEI OX VEGETABLES
7b the Georgia State Horticultural Society
The committee on ask to mal owing report
The exhibits are much more numerous than on any former year and there an
main specimens of greal excellence We find the following exhibits
O Hayes Smithville Squ
Ras Beck Grifln li Lvorv Ball Tomato Peach Tomato Vegetable
R E McDonaldthree varieties tomato
N II Wilson Pike county Landreths Double Tomato
Wm Warder 3 Egg Plants very line varities tomato
IT P Slaton Griffin Bonnet Squash Wart Squash Sweet Bell Pepper
Lee PatrickTomato very line
Henry Golhouse GriffinJapan Pie Squash Banana Melon Jumbo Watermel
on SilverSkin Onion Husk Tomato
Alabama Experimental Farm Portysix varieties tomatoes eggplant
1 II White GrriffinThree varieties tomato
Charles Corbin Griffin Two varieties tomato
1 N Bell Griffin Two varieties tomato
X B DruryThree varieties tomato
P 1 BerckmansOrnamental Pepper Celestial
W G Whidby Atlanta Vegetable Pear
W W Hasselkus PotatoesWhite Elephant
R A McDonald Squash
M O BowdinYellow Pear Tomato Red Elephant
Lyon Hudson GriffinWhite Bush Squash i plates tomatoes good one vari
ety corn
R Oetter VineyardEgg Plant very fine
A G VanDyke SunnysideEleven varieties tomato all tine 1 plate cucum
bers five varieties cabbage ten varieties onion raised from seed very tine six
varieties heets Pie Plant fine Cherry Pepper Sweet Corn special mention
L LStanley Mammoth Chili Squash i wo varieties pepper Quill Melon
B C Randall GriffinButterhean King of the Garden
Respectfully submitted Wm K Nelson Chmn
1 A lieMiii
iivKiKs Deckn rr
II W II ASSKIK i s
Mr P 1 A Berckmans Jr of Augusta Secretary of the Com
mittee on Plants and Flowers reported as follows
REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON PLANTS AM FLOWERS
To tin Georgia State Horticultural Society
Your Committee on Plants and Flowers respectfully beg leave to submit the
following report
We find the space allotted to this exhibit tastefully and elaborately decorated
and arranged evincing artistic taste in the ladies composing the committee oi
which Mrs Win Warder is the able chairman As a Whole the articles con
tributed show careful cultivation and are creditable to the skill of the following
ladies who are the main exhibitors viz Mrs Wm Warder Mrs McKee Mrs74
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
Robert Thompson Mrs Ellis Misses Dismuke Theo Burr Aliee Golhouse T C
Roberts and the Nelms House Conspicuous among the contributions is the dis
play of Miss T C Roberts Respectfully submitted
Miss Belle Rogers Hapk
M ks A W Underwood
Mrs 8 M Wayman
Miss Iha Everett
P J A Berck i n 1 k Secy
The Standing Committee on Now Fruits reported as follows
REPORT OF STANDING COMMITTEE ON NEW FRUITS
To the Georgia State Horticultural Society
Your committee beg to report as follows
We have carefully examined the new fruits on exhibition and find some prom
ising varieties
GRAPES
Moores Diamond amber colored being medium in size bunches small and com
pact not sufficiently ripe to report upon quality
Newton Labrusca good wine grape bunches large open berrv medium
blue black J
Above two varieties exhibited by E II Anthony Macon Ga Superb originated
by A I Rice is a most promising new grape and deserves further trial
PEACH KS
Anita a new seedling from the Experimental Station at Auburn Ala similar
to Stump the World but larger and ripens some days later qualitv best
JAPAN PLUMS
There are several varieties upon exhibition Kelsev Chabot and Botankio For
description of these we would refer to the paper upon Japan plums presented at
the morion session L A Berckmans
E H Anthony
H II San ford
J D H rsiKii
A J Williams
Dr Samuel Hape of Atlanta chairman of the Committe on
Synonyms reported as follows
REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON SYNONYMS
To the Georgia State Horticultural Society
The eommitt1 synonyms beg leave to submit the following report
Your committee labor under the disadvantage of not being able to coiand the
cooperation of thy membership of this Society in getting desired information as to
the extent to which both ignorance and cupidity contribute towards confusing the
public as to synonym
For instance some unprincipled nurserymen and dealers taking advantage of
the recent interest taken in Japanese fruits are importing under names given in
Japan to the identical fruits that were sent from this country to Japan some years
ago and which are familiar to all fruitgrowers here
We find such a well known peach as the Early Tillotson sent back to its native
heath under the na and title of Ton Pa burdened however with the
234GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY 75
weight of a silver label price 50 cents cash or on time approved security The
Abundance purporting tobea new plum is nothing more nor less than the
fellow Flesh Botan This label costs the modest sum of one dollar to you
Another very modest swindle comes to us in the shape of the Jumbo strawberry
which is nothing more nor less than the Sharpless These are a few instances
coming to our knowledge but we have no doubt of the existence of many other
similar cases eqvally as flagrant and marked The indecent haste to foist upon the
public new fruits whether meritorious or not in order to create sufficient interest
to sell them at high prices induces the resurrection of some old fruits under a new
name and a patient but credulous public cannot be too guarded in order to avoid
disappointment and loss
In conclusion your committee desire and invite the cooperation of all the mem
bers of the Georgia State Horticultural Society
Sah EL Hapk Chinn
After hearing and adopting above reports the Convention adjourned
to 230 p m
lit reconvening Sec Klnsey read his annual report as follows
T R EAS1 B E RS HERO RT
T L Kinsey Treasurer in account with Georgia State Horticultural Society
1888
June 30 to balance119 03
August 15 to annual dues for 1888 271 00 889 03
Cr
July 1st to paid postal cards and printing6 00
24th rubber stain 2 50
postage 4 00
J L Gow printing 5 75
October 10th to paid U Starnes reporting 25 00
23d exp on proceedings 90
Fretwell Nichols printing 3 50
wrappers and stamps 12 00
November 21st Agl Dept printing proceedings 113 50
1889
June 29th to paid postal cards and printing same 4 50
printing passes 4 00
envelopes and stamps 6 00187 05
To balance 201 38
E O E T L KlNSEY Treasurer
Savannah Ga July 1 1889
QUESTION BOX
This was now opened as follows
Question 1 What is the best paying crop f
Mr Moody Does he mean to confine his inquiry altogether to
horticultural products
The President Such questions as these are impractical and
235DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
any attempt at answering them would be mere guess work We
had better pass it by
Q 2 Is there any pro
merchants and thereby protect their
Mr Brown The best way is to ship only to reliable merchants
There do exist such menall of them are not equally depraved or
even wholly had Besides money is not recovered by abuse We
should find out beforehand who can be depended on ami ship to
them and to them only
Mr Iveeson As an instance of the rascally methods 1 the
lass of men complained of I will state that a short while since I
made an orange shipment from Florida It was a tine lot and 1
expected it to net me handsomely Judge of my surprise when in
course of time 1 received an account sales stating that the shipment
had turned out very badly ami had only brought 65 for which they
sent me a check kindly declining to take out any commissions on
account of my ill luck 1 went afterwards to the city where the
fruit was sold looked into the matter and discovered the outrageous
swindle that had been perpetrated on me I recovered on that lot
81365 which the fruit had brought by going boldly to the scoundrels
bearding them in their den and forcing them to disgorge It might
be very properly made a part of the duty of our Committee on Ship
ping and Packing to ascertain to whom we might safely ship
How may Experiment Stations beat promote 1 interests of
fruit growers
The President Prof Newman of the Alabama Experiment
Station must answer
Prof Newman I can at least tell what our Station is doing
To begin with we test the different varieties of each kind of fruit in
turn as to their adaptability to our soil and climate and ascertain as
tar as possible to what precise soil and climate each fruit is suited
We devote some time to different methods of culture as applied to
all kinds of fruit including specific fertilization for each Through
the land owners in different parts of the State we seek to make
inquiry as to the soil best adapted to the different varieties and if I
went into a half detail even of our operation 1 would consume
more time than we have to spare or you would permit me to waste
The President As practical an answer as any querist could
get or wish
2tiiGEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY
Q 4 How rapes practical and what is the best
me tli
Prof Newman have experimented considerably to ascertain
what varietie enefited by sacking and whether or not on a
commercial scale it is profitable Last year I sacked 7000 bunch
this yeai Perkins among others is not benefited bysacki
It is show and sells well when barely turned but is not tit to eat
until tally ripened It is n ible to sack Z either The
stem dies and the berries tail off or take soli rot
The cost is not very great I have most of my sacking done by
boysgirlscould perhaps do it still bettorand I pay them five cts
per 100 The cost per pound depends of course altogether on the
size of the hunches It has varied with me from to f of a cent per
pound yes and in Montgomery bring 4J to 5 cts unsacked
while sacked they net 10 is more benefited by the process
than any of the others for the reason that it colors up two weeks
before it is ripe or edible and in that condition is generally sent to
market causing the variety to be rated unduly low as to quality
whereas if sacked and allowed to hang a month before marketing it
Is wei and justly so for it becomes perfectly delicious Sacking
especially pays the amateur who has abundance of time to attend to
the process It is a protection against spiders wasps bees and other
insects and causes the berries to ripen up uniformly and retards their
ripening Some varieties cannot be perfected at all except by bag
ging Duchess for example will invariably rot outside of the sack
but is perfect inside All of my Hartfords rot outside but if sacked
are preserved Black Eagle is another example it is a fine grape
when sacked 1 have experimented with 50 varieties and as time
passes will be in a better position to pronounce decidedly as to the
relative benefit of sacking upon them
Mr B II Myers Do you use the common paper two and three
pound bag
Prof Newman I use two pound bags for most of the varieties
but for large bunching kinds like Niagara or Irving I use a six
pound bag The proper time for sacking is early in the season
when the berries are about the size of number one shot The earlier
the better The mistake most growers make is in waiting too long
before sacking A small boy can put on 1400 or 1500 in a day
Mr Myers I have sacked all of my grapes for the last few
23778
DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
years and find with every variety I havo the Delaware not excepted
that it pays unquestionably as by so doing I can keep my grapes
until the seasons glut is over and market them at leisure I find
however that it costs a little more on an average than stated by
Prof Newman and if his boys can put on 1500 sacks a day they are
livelier than ours In this connection I would call attention to a
leak that if stopped might materially benefit the purchasers of paper
bags This season while putting on my sacks I happened to count
a bundle of fiftythey are put up that number in a bundleand
found it fell several sacks short Thinking this might be accidental
I had the remaining sacks some 8000 in packages of fifty counted
and every package fell short This must have been an intentional
swindle on the part of the house I bought from as their counting
machine may run over accidentally but it never counts under except
when stopped intentionally The loss was a small one so far as 1
was concerned but if that firm is in the habit of treating all their
customers to a short count on every package shipped they must
swindle the public out of a good round sum in the course of a year
and J merely call attention to it here that others may be on their
guard next season
Q 5 Would it be advantageous to graft grape cuttings on wild roots
to avoid the ravages of Phylloxera
Mr H N Starnes Is Phylloxera definitely proved to exist
among us And even if it does and it should prove necessary to
guard against it it would prove a difficult matter to obtain a suffi
ciency of wild root stock to graft on Why would not almost any
variety of Cordifolia as Clinton or Elvira both extensively cultivated
and known to be Phylloxera proof serve better than the wild
grape
Prof Newman We have Phylloxera without question though
up to 1879 I had no experience with it That year however with
Prof Eiley I discovered it on a vine in Atlanta made a minute
examination and found almost the entire vineyard affected Lindley
especially seemed to be the point of attack and was almost destroyed
It has never been of serious trouble however and gives little or no
inconvenience on sandy soils
Q 6 Is the use of London Purple for Curculio effective f
Note The following is the full text of above inquiry with
querists remarks thereon by mail
238GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY
Glen St Mary Fla July 26 1889
1 wish to new the experience of the different memhers of the Society in relation
to the use of London purple for plum curculio Has it proven effective and devoid
of bad results to the trees How many applications should be made and whai
strength should it be applied
I have fully demonstrated to my own satisfaction thai it will not do to apply ii
after the trees get into full foliage as some have claimed that it may I have used
it at the rate of one pound London purple to 150 gallons water and taken off every
leaf on the tree I have also used it at the rate of one pound to 200 gallons and
with the same effect every leaf shedding Now as some parties have promul
gated that the application of London purple every two or three weeks during the
season at the rate of one pound to fifty gallons water can be safely made il seems
to me that such advice would if followed kill every tree that was so treated I
have killed two or three tree with London purple at the rate of one pound to 150
gallons and with only two applications made while in full foliage
If applied as soon as the bloom has shed will London purple kill the curculio
without injury to the tree and should a second application he made in ten days or
two weeks and what strength
Hope tins matter will receive discussion and call out the experience of others
Sincerely yours G L Takkr
Prof Newman I tried London Purple last year for Black
Aphis one pound to LOO gallons water though not as strong as one
pound to 50 gallons and experienced no ill effects I suppose Mr
Taber must have failed to stir the mixture thoroughly which might
account for the damage as it is only a mechanical suspension and
not a chemical compound We used the stuff on quite a number of
trees and none of them were injured
Mr Miller I have used Paris Green in the proportion of one
to 100 without harm and it is even stronger than London Purple
Prof Newman I do not believe moreover that London Purple
will destroy Curculio as it is only effective against leaffeeders like
the Aphis
The President London Purple in water is simply a mechanical
suspension and our querist must certainly have failed to stir it prop
erly and render the mixture thoroughly uniform in strength through
out as suggested by Prof Newman
Col Eedding We have found in the Department of Agriculture
in testing Paris Green etc with reference to its effectiveness upon
caterpillars in cotton that we cannot tnake a general rule for mixing
the stuff as it does not seem to be manufactured of uniform strength
and hence produces mixtures of varied intensity We were compelled
to experiment witli and test separately each shipment before we could
determine how much to dilute it This may be the cause of Mr
Tabers disasters
This ended the Question Box
289DEPA KTM ENT OF
Dr 11 II Gary
Since our last 111
y
have only one death in our mi that of Dr S
M J f Thomas1 li J was ay
Consequently I have not had lime to ions
and beg that the matter be per nr
President Tl y will i to your
Dr
ted

our
Dr 11 aim next offered the two followi solutions each of
which wa in turn adopti
RESOLUTION OP THANKS TO THE PRESS
iorts of our
roo irned to the gallant Rev S S Sv
Mao o Harry
the
tion tn W E II S
ie South and to W G Wl
Atlanta Journaland tha utj
towards
reports ol is bod i we
SPECIAL RESOLUTION OF THANKS TO RAILROADS
Resolved Thai HV
dered to the following lines of railroads and ever and aceommodal
officials Central Railroad of Georgia and its connections Savannah Floridaand
Western Railway Georgia Railroad and Western and Atlantic Railroad for uni
form courtesies extended
Resolved That a copy of this resolution be furnished each road bv the Secretary
of tlii body
Sec KlNSEY 1 seriously doubt it next year we will succeed in
obtaining passes for our members from the roads This year General
Manager Belknap of the Central was hardly pursuaded as an initial
2WGEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY
81
step to obtaining them from other roads to issue them himself He
brought up the action of the watermelon men but finally conceded
the point and gave the passes The railroads ought to be more
thoroughly impressed with the fact that in assisting these gatherings
of fruit growers they are not indulging a junketing party or pro
moting a pleasure excursion but helping earnest hardworking men
to encourage foster and build up an industry that means millions of
dollars to the country and tens of thousands to the railroads Our
Society doesnt assemble annually for fun or politics but it means
business we meet to both learn and teach and if the roads could
but be convinced of it we are the best and most valuable freight
solicitors they have I trust they may yet learn to view us in our
true lightnot as deadbeats but as men who give a substantial
quid pro quo
NEXT PLACE OF MEETING
Having arrived at this head in the regular order of business the
President announced that nominations were in order
Mr John B James of Port Valley put in nomination that city
and offered its hospitality to the Society
Mr W E Brown of Fort Valley stated that the citizens of
Houston county including Fort Valley Marshallville and Perry
thought they had in their qommunity a fruit center sufficient to
interest the members and would give them a warm welcome if they
saw fit to accept their offer and could point with pride to the vast
strides their section had made in fruit culture since the Convention
was last held there
There being no other nominations it was unanimously decided to
meet next year in Fort Valley
PUBLICATION OF PROCEEDINGS
Dr Cary I move that a committee be appointed whose busi
ness it shall be to take charge of the publication of our proceedings
Prof Newman I have observed that Committees are of very
little value and think that the Secretary can better attend to the
matter
Dr Cary I think a Committee would be more satisfactory
Sec Kinsey The publication of our proceedings last year cost
S196 of which sum the Agricultural Department paid 8250 and we
24182
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
paid 11350 The same arrangement can probably be made again
On motion tbe Secretary was instructed to attend to the publica
tion
COMPLETION OF CATALOGUE
The catalogue which had only been partially finished was again
taken up
GRAPES
BrightonMr Miller Should have one star for mountains
Prof Newman Is rated as highly as Delaware for middle
region which is a great error It is subject to mildew and rot and
though of good quality is not desirable should be cut down to one
star for middle region
Dr Hape There are a good many on exhibition here would
like to hear from some one else
Mr Miller It certainly promises well in the mountains
Given one star in mountains and reduced to one for middle region
HartfordMr Miller Ought to have one star stricken for
mountains as it drops badly as soon as ripe
One star ordered stricken for mountains
Moores EarlyMr Miller Should have one star for moun
tains Ordered
NiagaraDr Gary I have seen Felix Corputs specimens and
think highly of them
Mr Miller Deserves two stars for mountains
Prof Newman I think it also deserves two stars for middle
region
Dr J P H Brown Condemned as worthless around Augusta
The President When the Niagara was first presented to the
American Pomological Society in Rochester some years since it was
considered too poor to rate at all and its quality has not increased
since but as a showy market grape it is certainly valuable when it
can be kept free of rot
Dr Hape Rots badly with me in Fulton butif sacked is good
Mr J D Hosted Docs well in Spalding county and should
have at least one star for middle region
Two stars ordered for mountains one for middle region with note
Profitable as a white market grape
242GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY
83
WardenMr Miller Would like one star for mountains
Ordered
ElviraMr Miller I move one star for mountains Ordered
Missouri RieslingProt Newman It is paradoxical to give
this grape two stars for middle region and append the note Promis
ing well It is an oversight and I move to strike this phrase and
insert Free from rot Ordered
EdenRotundifoliaDr IIape This matures so late that I
cannot exhibit ripe specimens but it is good in quality bunches
well extraordinarily even for a grape of the Muscadine type and I
would like one star for middle region Ordered
Bergmans Mr Starnes A good grape earlier than Delaware
larger of as good quality a vigorous grower never mildews and has
not tho tendency of the Delaware to kill itself bearing I would
like one star for mountains
Dr Hape Would suggest in the note that in place of Better
than Delaware tho words Better grower than Delaware be substi
tuted as it is not supeiior to the latter in quality Carried and one
star given for mountains
DuchessMr Starnes Am surprised that we treat this excellent
grape so shabbily in tho catalogue It is a vigorous grower of first
quality meaty solid and delicious of elegant appearance compact
plump and transparent Its bunches pack like corncobs in a basket
and keep like winter apples It has no apparent disease never
mildews leaf folder never attacks it while it sews up Jefferson tight
and fast in the next row Duchess has only one fault it must bo
sacked that is absolutely necessary to perfect it unsacked it inva
riably rots Would like one star for mountains
Dr Hape It is the best grape I know You cant say too
much for it so far as I am concerned Its strong point is its keeping
quality I have known it shipped from San Francisco to Pough
keepsie and as good when it reached its destination as tho day it
was gathered It is a glorious little grape but must be sacked to
save it
Prof Newman It rots very badly with mothe worst rotter
in fact of all my varieties and I dont think deserves any special
encomium
The President Has too much foreign blood
Mr Starnes I grant that it rots badly when unsacked but a
24384
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGI A
not
the
grape with as many good points as Duchess possesses deserves to
have some pains taken with it Prof Newman has shown that sack
ing is not a difficult or expensive process and it will be found that
this grape if sacked will amply repay time trouble and cost and
will hang on the vines until frost enabling us to market it at our
leisure after all other varieties even Goethe are gone though it
comes in with Concord I wouldnt exchange it for every other
variety I have
The President Do you wish your motion for one star put
Mr Starnes No I am content to wait until its own merits
bring it forward
GoetheMr Starnes Would like one star stricken for moun
tains It is somewhat of a rotter mildews badly colors up unevenly
of poor quality and the most straggling buncher I know Its only
recommendation is its lateness
Mr Myers That is my experience precisely If it were
for its being a late variety I would not think of cultivating it
The President I have seen Goethe in Atlanta and in
mountain region firstclass I do not regard it so unfavorably
Mr Miller One star is enough for it in the mountainsall it
is entitled to
Dr Hape It is a splendid grape with me near Atlanta when
bagged of pretty color and nice in every way
Prof Newman It is a desirable grape on account of its lateness
but doesnt ripen uniformly unless bagged One star ordered
stricken for mountains
Dr Hape In this connection why not state in catalogue what
grapes must be sacked and apply to Niagara Empire State Lady
Washington Duchess and Goethe
The President We would scarcely have room on each page
and the matter is apt to be thoroughly ventilated in the discussions
MerimackProf Newman Pated above its merits Bunches
small and my experience with it has been altogether unsatisfactory
Not so good as other varieties ripening at same time with it
The President We have now a larger list to select from than
we had fifteen years ago and any variety not holding its own should
bo immediately reduced in rating or remorselessly discarded if
necessary
244GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY
85
Prof Newman I certainly want only one star for Merimack
and if I alone were concerned would leavo it out altogether
The President Its rating was given at Macon some years ago
on account of the magnificent bunches exhibited by Mr Anthony
Reduced to one star for both mountains and middle region and
for the words One of the best of Rogers Hybrids the phrase
Suitable for amateur culture substituted
Prof Newman What is tho source from which all of the
Rogers Hybrids get their rough taste
Tho President From the Wild Fox grape of Massachusetts
It does not come from the foreign blood introduced Rogers worked
systematically and has greatly improved his hybrids 1 had expected
Mr Phelps of Sanford Fla to lecture on the subject of cross fertili
zation at this meeting and am greatly disappointed that he is not
here
Dr Hape Would seedlings from Rogers go back to the Fox
type
Tho President Not necessarily seedlings of Wilder for
instance exhibited at Chicago showed no great variation from the
parent
BertrandDr Hape How about this
The President Judge Jones of Burke county originated but
has not yet disseminated it It is one of the best of grapes and I
sincerely hope it will not bo lost It is too good to lose
Dr Hape Incidentally I would remark that we should care
fully define for beginners what grapes are suitable for market and
what for the table only
Tho President The catalogue does that very clearly in the
third column under the head of Use
SalemDr Hape This has been more or less successful for ten
years but is uncertain Has a peculiar flavor which is not sprightly
but sickly 1 dont like it
Tho President Berry large but bunches small and straggling
Too many male flowers
WilderMr Miller I move to strike one star for tho moun
tain region It bunches straggling and is not gaining in favor
a remark I wTould also like to strike
Prof Newman We could also spare one star from middle
region
24586
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
Mr Starnes Certainly should be reduced for mountains for
it not only is straggling in bunch but mildews badly
Ordered reduced to one star for both mountains and middle region
and the clause gaining in favor stricken
IrvingProf Newman My experience with it is quite satis
factory Quality good and I would like to have it rated
Dr Hape SNot as good in quality as Triumph and more liable
to crack I dont consider it equal to the latter
Prof Newman It certainly deserves one star for middle
region Ordered
Peter WylieThe President Eots less than Duchess and no
finer grape grows Should strike promising well and leave only
best quality Ordered
Lady WashingtonThe President I would call attention to
an evident error in the catalogue In the note on this grape the word
strong should bo strong grower It is a good grape and should
be properly described
Dr Hape Mildews with me Change as suggested ordered
NEW GRAPES
Early VictorThe President One of the best of theLabrusea
bettcr than Telegraph not a strong grower but a heavy bearer
Bunches small but finer and earlier than Moores Early earlier
than Hartford and fully as early as Champion and infinitely better
Prof Newman I move it be listed as promising well So
ordered
Canada The President Early as Moores very compact and
promising a delicate table grape blue medium in size
Prof Newman My experience coincides precisely with your
description Would like to see it also added to list as promising
Ordered
The President Would it not be well to append a list of the
best shipping grapes
Prof Newman Very necessary 1 have long felt the need of
it parties have frequently come to me for information on this point
Dr Hape I move our President be requested to add the list
be suggests Carried
246GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY
87
STRAWBERRIES
BelmontFrof Newman This berry should be better rated
It is only down as promising well
The President It deserves more
Prof Newman I move one star for middle region Ordered
HoffmanThe President The berry of all others for the coast
I have seen this year near Savannah berries grown by Major C S
Hardee at the Isle of Hope that were simply marveloussuperior to
any I have ever seen Commission men in New York say it is
superior to Nunans and earlier It is also valuable in the middle
regionearlier by two weeks than any other
Prof Newman Earlier even than Canada
The President I have not the latter but it is certainly superior
to Nunans
Sec Kinsey I want two stars for Hoffman for coast Would
also like best early shipper substituted for promising well
Ordered
The President The introducer of HoffmanNoisette of
Charlestonhas originated a new berry superior even to his former
achievement They are simply phenomenal I couldnt have believed
that anything would surpass Hoffman but this berry certainly does
I have seen berries in England that required three bites but Noisette
certainly equals them His new development is certainly won
derful
Monarch of the WestThe President This is rated too high
Dr Hape Out of cultivation too soft 1 move to strike
Ordered
Manchester Dr Hape No good Move to strike also Ordered
NunansThe President Superseded by Hoffman
Sec Kinsey A good shipper and should not be stricken
Dr Hape Only of benefit to the coast and even there as our
President has stated is superseded by Hoffman
The President Ripens only on one side
Sec Kinsey Shows up prettily in a basket
The President When the ripe side is up On vote retained
as at present
Triomphe de GandDr Hape Move to strike is worthless
Who wants such an endorsement as it has Pine when it does not
burn I move to strike Ordered
247
88
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
BubachPresident Berckmans Like Sharpless dark color
CanadaProf Newman Have fruited it four years It is the
earliest of berries belongs to the scarlet type is a good berry and
bore two crops this year
The President Have you fruited Clouds
Prof Newman No but Im solid on Canada I cant com
pare it with Hoffman as I have never fruited the latter but as an
early berry with me it stands unrivaled
Prince of BerriesThe President I would like to see this intro
duced It is of superior quality
Prof Newman I could never get any satisfaction from it
though I planted it largely in Alabama
Cumberland TriumphDr Hape This ought to bo on our list
as it is growing in favor
ParryDr Hape Ought also to be listed This Prince of
Berries and Bubach should be put on as promising well Ordered
Mt VernonUr B T Moore This is a good late berry on
deep moist soil I have entered some today on exhibition Should
be listed as promising well on deep moist soil Ordered
RASPBPRRIES
SouheganMr Miller Should have one star for mountains
Not so large as Gregg but is not affected by drouth as the hitter is
Ordered
SchaffersProf Newman Rated too high not productive and
wont ship Unattractive and while very large is poor in quality
though it grows well from cuttings I move to strike one star
Dr Hape Hoes well with me is large and productive and
though not of first quality is a strong grower
Mr Bucher Cooks well and bears exceptionally
Is extraordinarily large and sells finely
I regard it as unfit to eat Retained as at
1 would like to have added to our
The President
Prof Newman
present
OhioMr S M Wayman
list the Ohio
President Berckmans Is it the Ohio Everbearing 3ou refer to
Mr Bucher No I have it and it is a fine berry Later than
Tyler and though not of as good flavor is more productive
248GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY
89
Mr Miller In Ohio a berry of that name was noticeably dry
and used only for drying and evaporating
Prof Newman Tyler should be on the list it is the earliest
raspberry we have Sometimes called Doolittle is a small black
productive berry and should go on with one star for middle region
Ordered
TurnerProf Newman Berries on bushes yet quality fine
Already double starred for middle region but does well in mountains
also and should have one star for that section
Dr Hape Doesnt sucker One star ordered for mountains
Golden QueenThe President Thisshould come off
Prof Newman The best berry in the whole world
The President Burns badly which is my objection to it Its
quality is excellent and I would like to eat it if I could get it but I
cant Retained
Prof Newman I have also tried Thompsons Early Prolific and
Early Pride The quality of the first is good it is also prolific as its
name implies
blackbfrries
Passed without comment
MULBERRIES
StubbsThePresident The best o its classa marvel of
productivenesscontinues in bearing one month Has no Multicaulis
blood in it
This concluded the catalogue
MISCELLANEOUS
Mr Hunnicutt I move to reconsider the motion already passed
appointing a committee to memorialize the Legislature on the subject
of State aid
Seconded and carried
Mr Hunnicutt I now move to appoint a committee of seven
for the purposes set forth in the resolution as first adopted
Sec Kinsey Where largo committees are appointed I have
noticed invariably that little was accomplished What is everybodys
business is nobodys business A smaller committee will prove very
much more efficient and I move to amend by substituting three for
seven
24990
DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
Amendment seconded put and carried and motion as amended
adopted
The President reserved his appointment stating however that
the Secretary was sure to go to Atlanta and do the heaviest part of
the work
The President stated that it had always been customary at the
conclusion of the Societys meetings to present to the officials of the
Railways and Express Company a handsome box of fruit as a slight
testimony of appreciation This courtesy he felt sure the Society
did not intend to overlook
It was unanimously agreed that all of the exhibits should b
devoted to this purpose and the following members volunteered to
take charge of and deliver same Messrs Newman Parnell Hape
Bucher L A Berckmans Thompson Miller and Cary
President Berckmans after returning graceful acknowledgment
to the Society for the courtesy and patience exhibited during the
deliberations of the body pronounced the Fourteenth Annual Session
adjourned
P J BEBCKMANS
T L Kinsey President
Secretary
250GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY
91
CATALOGUE OF FRUITS
PLAN OP CATALOGUE
To enable the Society to publish a full and reliable catalogue of fruits which are
successfully cultivated in Georgia and in view of the vast differences which the
climatic influence of the several sections of our State has upon the same fruit cul
tivated upon the mountains or near the seacoast it has been deemed advisable to
divide the State into four distinct sections
1 The Upper or Mounttin lireion embracing that section of Georgia between
the 34th and 35th degrees of latitude N
2 The Middle Region between 32d and 34th degrees and including the south
western portion of the 82d degree except the counties named for Southern Region
3 The Southern Region comprising the counties of Baker Berrien Brooks
Charlton Clinch Colquitt Early Echols Lowndes Miller Mitchell Pierce
Thomas and Ware
4 The Lower or Coast Region comprising the counties of Chatham Bryan Lib
erty Mclntosh Glynn and Camden
The explanations of the columns will be found under each class of fruits
The varieties named in the several lists are of recognized good quality inferior
or rejected varieties being omitted
Synonyms are given in a few instances only where it was deemed necessary
these are placed under the adopted name in italics
One indicates that the varieties succeed well in tHe region named at the
head of the column Two indicate the varieties most highly recommended
No indicates no report or that the variety is not sufficiently tested A dash
indicates that the variety is unsuited
APPLES
Explanation of Columns
Column 1stName of varieties
Column 2dSeason of maturity
Column 3dThe particular use for which it is best adapted
Columns 4 5 6 and 7The regions for which the varieties are recommended
Column 8thRemarks
Explanation of Abbreviations
Column 2dSeasoisS summer A autumn W winter E early L late
E S early summer L W late winter etc
Column 3dUseK designates varieties recommended only for the kitchen or
cooking purposes D for drying C for those specially intended for cider M those
most valued for market Varieties not marked may be considered as table or des
sert sorts
25192
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
APPLES
NAME
Astrachan Red
Ben Davis syn New York
Pippin
Buncombe syns Meigs
Red Winter Pearmain
Red Fall Pippin
Black Warrior
Carters Blue syn Lady
Fitzpatrick
Carolina Greening syns
Green Crank Southern
Greening Green Cheese
Cannon Pearmain
Carolina Watson
Cullasaga
Ohattahoochee
Disharoon
Early Harvest
Elgin Pippin
Equinetelee syns Baehel
or Buckingham etc
Etowah syn Coopers Red
Fall Pippin
Family
Farrars Summer syn Rob
insons Superb
Ferdinand
Grimes Golden Pippin
Gravenstein
Homony syns Summei
Queen of Kentucky Sops
of Wine
Hileys Eureka
Horse
Hocketts Sweet
Horn
Julian
Jewetts Best
Kansas Queen
Kittageskee
Kentucky Red 8treaksjm
Bradfords Best
Lanier
May Pippin
Mamma
ES
LW
W
LW
S
EW
W
A
ES
A
A
W
A
A
EW
ES
S
LW
S
LW
LW
S
s
s
LA
A
A
ES
A
M
P
M
M
M
M
M
ir2
rl
I s
I
3 iOQ
M
REMARKS
Profitable early market very prolific
Second quality excellent keeper
of bloom buds
Excellent In some soils liable to blight
Excellent fine keeper prolific
Large sugary very fine splendid
grower
Excellent
Second quality fine keeper
Very large prolific profitable market
Requires strong clay soil
Excellent and fine keeper
Good quality fine grower
Universal favorite
Large and very good
to borer
Very good needs strong soil subject
Very good fine keeper
Large and very good prolific
Excellent and profitable summer apple
Very good lasts from July to October
Large good quality
Very good in Mountain Region
Good in Middle and Western portion of
State
Excellent prolific
Late keeper lific lasts two months
Superior for cooking and drying pro
Proliflc and good keeper
Good keeper open grower fruit
Productive excellent for cider showy
Very large very good stout grower
Very showy
Very prolific small very good
Fine grower
Showy fall apple good quality region
Very early reliable in Middle or Westn
Very good fine tree
252GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY
APPLESContinued
93
NAME
Mangum
Maverick s Sweet
Mitchells Cider
Moultries syn Indian
Wi nter
Mrs Bryan
Neverfails syn Rawles
Janet
Nickajack syns Summer
our Berry Wonder etc
Nantahalee syn Yellow
June
Ocouee Greening
Palmer or Pear Apple
Romanite
Red June syn Carolina
Red June
Rhodes Orange
Simmons Red
Shockley
Sauta
Summer Cheese
Summer Queen
Stevensons Winter
Striped June syn Early
Red Maryret of the Soth
Sweet Bough syn Sweet
Harvest
Taunton
Tetofski
Webbs Winter
Whites Winter Pearmain
Wallace Howard
Wine Sap
Yates
Yopps Favorite
Yellow Transparent
W
w
s
LW
A
A
W
S
A
E
LW
ES
ES
S
LW
LW
S
s
LW
ES
A
W
W
W
A
LW
LW
S
E
s
s
j
REMARKS
Excellent prolific subject to moth
Very good good keeper unreliable
Promising well late summer
Good and late keeper
Showy and excellent
Excellent in some sections of Middle
Region unreliable apt to drop he
fore attaining full size
soils
Very good apt to rot at core in some
Excellent
Medium very good prolific gion
Good quality excellent in Mountain Re
Early prolific very good bears very
young profitable for market
Excellent summer fruit
Matures fruit from June to October
Reliable in every section profitable
Very good late keeper even on coast
Large prolific excelt forcookgdryg
Prolific and good market apple
Unsurpassed in quality bearing and
keeping
Excellent fine grower and prolific
Very good early sweet
Large showy good quality fine for
Dwarf excellent market open
Good grower
Good
Very showy and excellent
Quality very good
Small very good prolific and bears
Very good young desirable variety
Promising well for trial
LEADING VARIETIES OF APPLES FOR MARKET ORCHARDS
SummerAstrachan Red June Early Harvest Family Striped June Horse Julian
Homony
AutumnBuncombe Carters Blue Equinetelee Taunton
WinterBen Davis Chattahoochee Greening Etowah Hocketts Sweet Mangum
Nickajack Romanite Shockley Stevensons Winter Yates Sauta Black Warrior
25394
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
PEACHES
1st Name of variety 2d Classfreestone or cling
Season 5th Use Remaining columns denote the
Explanation of Columns
stone 3d Color of flesh 4th
region etc
AbbreviationsGlassF freestone C clingstone FleshW white Y yel
low Rred SeasonE early V E very early M medium L late V L very late
Very early ripens from end of May to June 20th early from June 20th to July 5th j
medium from July 5th to August 10th late from August 10th to October 1st very
late from October 1st to November 10th UseF for family use only M the most
valuable for market D the most desirable for drying Varieties not marked may be
considered good for home use
NAME
Alex syn Amsden
Amelia syn Stro
mans Carolina F
AustinC
BeatriceF
Bustians October C
Baldwins Late F
tChinese Cling C
R E LeeC
ChurchF
Columbia syns In
dian Pace etc F
Crawfords Early F
Crawfords Late F
DarbyC
Demmings Septbr C
Duff Yellow C
Early Tillotson F
Eatons Golden C
ElbertaF
Fruitland F
FlewellenC
Fleitas St Johnsyn
H4ay Beauty F
Foster F
Grosse Mignonno F
Great Eastern F
Goodes October C
General Taylor C
BalesE
Honey syn Chi
nese Honey F
Heath White syn
White English IC
W
V
W
W
v
w
w
w
w
Y
Y
Y
W
Y
Y
R
Y
Y
W
R
Y
Y
W
W
R
R
W
W
W
VE
E
VL
VE
VL
VL
E
E
L
M
E
M
VL
L
E
VE
L
M
L
E
VE
VE
M
M
VL
VE
VE
E
X
M
F
M
M
M
M
31
MD
M
M
M
M
I
M
1
M
M
o
REMARKS
254
Quality very good bright color very
profitable
Very large very good
Excellent October cling
Excellent below medium size fine
color requires rich soil and thing
An excellent very late cling
Good late freestone
Excellent and large subject to rot
Earlier than its parent Chinese Cling
Very good September freestone
Excellent for all purposes riety
Very good and standard market va
Variable rots in some seasons
An excellent October cling later
Similar to Lemon cling ripens month
Very large early second quality
Very desirable
Superior cling for preserving
Very large and handsome
Good for its season
Good early cling of Indian type
variety
Verygood early excellent market
Earlier than Early rawford
Good but too tender for market
Very large variable in quality
Very good late Indian cling
Very good early cling
Variable apt to rot in some localities
able for Florida
Very sweet blooms very early suit
lExeellent for preserving and marketGEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY 05
PEACHESContinued
NAME 5 o o Q c o 09 3 CD 03 M L M M VE M M M L M M VE L VE M M M VL VL M VE eh t M V M M M M M M MD F M M F F M c ih M 3 5 o 0 3 5 Z m cd M a O 3 C r Z CD X CO 83 O REMARKS
Indian Blood Cling LaGrango Late Admiral Lemon Cling syn Pineapple Louise Rivers Mountain Rose Newington Cling Old Mixon Freestoe Old Mixon Cligstoe Picquets Late Robinson Stump the World Susquehunnah Snow Scotts Oftober Tinsleys Oct Cling Thurber 0 P P c F P P C P c r V V F F F 0 U F 0 R W W Y W w w w Y w w w Y W w Y W Y W W Y Very juicy and good Large pure white good Very goodtoo tender for market Superior Cling Very good ripens 1 wk after Beatrice Superior to Early York Whitefleshed Columbia Good Good freestone of Indian type Excellent market variety Excellent market variety Adapted to Florida only Best free stone of its season Ol best quality large size too tender for market Seedling of Chinese Cling Worthy of further trial Superior market variety Very large superiorto LateCrawfod Pure white good for preserving Good late cling Good late cling Very large best quality Lemon cling June
tSeveral improved seedlings of Chinese Cling have been introduced less liable to
decay than the original JThe following new varieties originated by Mr Rivers of
England are all inferior in quality to the Mountain Rose which ripens at same season
viz Early Alfred Early Albert Early Silver Magdala Dr Hogg Prince of Wales
LEADING MARKET VARIETIES IN ORDER OF MATURITY
Alexander Beatrice Louise Hales Early Tillotson Fleitas St John Tuskena
General Taylor Mountain Rose Foster Early Crawford Gen Lee Chinese ling
Old Mixon Free Susquchanna Elberta Stump the World Columbia Lemon Cling
Museogee Indian Blood Cling Picquets Church White Heath Cling Eatons Golden
Baldwins Austin Darby Bustians
LEADING VARIETIES FOR SHIPPING TO NORTHERN AND WESTERN MARKETS
Alexander Fleitas St John Tillotson Crawfords Early Crawfords Late Elberta
Stump the World Susquchanna
255
96
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
FOR FAMILY C8B
Add to aboveEarly Rivers Bales Yellow St John Amelia Mountain Rose
General Taylor Cling Duff Cling General Lee Stonewall Jackson Chinese Cling
Thurber Lemon Cling Columbia Old Mixon Cling Piequets Osceola Baldwins
Late Heath White Demmings September Cling Eatons Golden Bustians October
Austins Late Tinsleys October
Explanations aud abbreviations same as Peaches
c
o c o
m i 60 be
be Q
NAME B a a u 0 bC a M REMARKS
t o a Q w
as az 0 3 T3 3 a 3
O C os 0 S a GQ 0
F y M
Downton P R M
Early Newington c R E
Early Scarlet F R E
Early Violet F R E Reports from every section
F R M state this fruit to be un
Golden Cling C M reliable o win g to attacks
R M of the curculio
Hunts Tawny P R M
New White F W E
Red Roman C R M
0 YR M
Victoria F W M
APRICOTS
Explanations and abbreviations same as Peaches
Breda
Early Golden
Hemskirke
Large Early
Large Red
Moorpark
Orange
Peach
Kaisha
St Ambrose
Royal
Turkey
Y
Y
R
YR
R
Y
Y
Y
Y
YR
YR
Y
Trees are liable to be kill
ed by spring frost Only
desirable for city gar
dens or where protect
ed by surroundingbuild
ings
266GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY 97
NAME
Large Sweet
Acid
Dwarf
be

X
REMARKS
The climate of Mountain Region is
too cold to grow this plant
Suitable for pot culture
3STT7TS
Pecan
Madeira or English Walnut
Cobnuts and Filberts
Japan Chestnuts
Very prolific and desirable
Succeeds well in Middle Georgia
Promising well
29798
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE G EORGIA
Explanation of Columns1st Name of variety 2d Season 3d Use 4th
Stock upon which the variety succeeds best remainder the region in which the vari
eties are recommended
AbbreviationsSeason and Use same as those for Apples StockQ quince
S pear stock Where not marked the varieties thrive equally upon quince or pear
s e 0
c St 2 S St o 3
NAME s 5 REMARKS
0 0 M 3 e to
u c r
M o 7 S S
Bartlett S 5KB Good everywhere but subject to blight
Belle Lucrative s s Good for family use
Buerre Bose A s Variable as to soil
Buerre Clairgeau A s B Apt to lose its foliage
Buerre dAnjou S M D ink Very good
S Good
Buerre Easter w s Si A late keeper
Buerre Giffard ES D Very early poor grower
Buerre Langelier A Very fine in Mountain Region
Buerre Superfln S M Excellent but rots at the core
S standard only
Clapps Favorite s M s ft Very good and fine color matures rapidly
Good for canning
Doyenne dEte ES Good very early but small
Doyenne Boussock S s Slow bearer
Duchesse dAngleme S M Q Most profitable of all on quince
Flemish Beauty s M s Good but liable to rot at core
Oriental type good
S M Very good
Keiffer A I s M M 5KB Productive and valuable as a late pear
Lawrence s M s Large and fine fine grower best on
Louise Bonne deJery s Variable as to quality standard
LeConte synChinese
Pear s M s Valued in South Georgia very good for
s Good for canning table and market
Mine Von Siebold s Good for canning
s M s ft Vigorous grower good quality
Osbands Summer ES
Ott s Small but excellent and productive
Petite Marguerite VE ft ft Seedling of Doyenne dEte and better
St Michael Archagel s ft ft 5KB Fine grower good fruit
s M Q ft 5KB Slow bearer fruit best quality
Stevens Genessee s
Smiths Hylril Promising well Oriental type
Winter Nellis w ft Best keeper
BEST VARIETIES FOR MARKET IN OIVDER OF MATURITY
On Quince Buerre Giffard St Michael Archangel Buerre Superfin Howell
Duchesse dAngouleme Seckel Buerre dAnjou
On StandardDoyenne dEte Clapps Favorite Bartlett Belle Lucrative Le
Conte Flemish Beauty Buerre Clairgeau Lawrence Keiffer Buerre Easter and
Winter Nellis
Oriental TypeDamio Mikado Garbers Mme Von Siebold Very productive
and valuable for canning and evaporating
298GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY
99
e3IjT7SNative Types
Explanation of Columns1st name of variety 2nd color 3rd class whether
free or clingstone 4th season remainder region in which the varieties are recom
mended
AbbreviationsCqforR red Y yellow 15 blue G green P purple Season
As for peaches GlassC clingstone F freestone
N A M E
Type Americana or
Peach Leaved
Harpers R
Kanawhaj R
Minerj R
Type Chicasa
Cumberland
Hattie
Missouri
Newmans
Robinson
Wild Goose
Supposed Cross
DeCaradeuc
Type OrientalSec 1
Japanese
Botan yellow fleshed
syn Abundance
Botan white fleshed
Botan kio
Burbank
Chabot
Hattankio
Kelsey
Masu
Ogon
Satsuma or Blood
ShiroSinomo
Ura Beni
Sec 2Chinese
Simoni
Sec 3Persian
Pissardi or Persian
Purple Plum
Type European
Bradshaw
Coes Golden Drop
Columbia
Damson syn Black
YR
R
R
YR
YR
YR
Y
GP
R
Y
R
O
Y C
IS c
IS c
It 0
It c
is c
w
as
X
C M
C E
C
R V M
Y c M
P F M
B F E
REMARKS
Very late prolific
Promising well
tree
must ripen upon the
Prolific and of good quality
Promising well
Promising well
Excellent quality showy and prolific
Sweet early and prolific
Sugary very good
Resembles Yellow Fleshed Botan but later
A showy and good fruit end of July
Early good quality long
Very large best quality prolific
Very showy but of second quality
Large yellow earliest of all good quality
Large deep purple flesh blood red very
good
Yellow gage flavor good
Red long early
Excellent flavor but shy bearer
Very early second quality a good cook
ng fruit foliage bright purple
The curculio prevents this class of plume
from being raised to any extent Where
299100 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
PLUMSContinued
NAME 0 O CO f 0 C f m c M a c c c o So So M e 1 REMARKS o O
Duanes Purple Green Gage Imperial Gage Mogul syn Morocco Monroe Orleans Smiths Red Gage Washington P G G P B G P P Y Y c F K C C F F F F M M M M M M M M M special care is taken to destroy the insects the varieties marked are recommended
300GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY
IH
JtTL1I7E GEAPES
Explanation of Columns1st Name 2d Variety 3d Season 4th Use re
maining columns for regions etc
AbbreviationsColorW white B blue or black R red PB pale blue
SeasonE early maturing from beginning to end of July M medium maturing
from end of Julyto August 15th L late maturing after middle of August VL very
late maturing after middle of September DieM market T table W wine
NAME
Type Labrusca or
Fox Grape
Brighton
Canada
Catawba
Concord
Delaware
Diana
Early Victor
Empire State
Hartford
Ives
Maxatawney
Moores
Niagara
Perkins
Prentiss
Worden
Type JEstivalis Sum
mer Grape
Black July syn Dev
ereux
Bertrand
Lenoir
Long syn Cngham
Nortons Virginia
Warren syn Herbe
mont
Type Cordifolia
Frost Grape
Clinton
Type Riparia River
side Grape
Elvira
Missouri Riesling
Noah
R
B
K
B
PK
PR
B
W
B
B
W
B
W
R
W
15
W
w
w
PBl M
B L
PB
T
T
W
M W
TW
TM
T
M
W M
T
M
M
M
T
M
TW
T
W
W
w
w
w
w
T W
W
REMARKS
Very good quality good bearer
Promising well
Less liable to rot than formerly re
gaining its old standard
Among our best varieties
Rest tabl varty reliable slow grwr
Good quality good bearer shipper
Promising well
Promising
Good early variety for market
Prolific and no rot
Good variety shy bearer
An early shipper
Profitable as a white market grape
Good bearer no rot second quality
Suitable for amateur culture
Larger than Concord
Excellent shy bearer while young
Promising
Rots in Middle Region excellent for
wine
Good but nol productive
Good for wine
Apt to rot excellent quality
Good for red wine
Reliable in the upper Middle Region
Free from rot
Better than Elvira for white wine
301102 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
NATIVE GRAPES Continued
N ME o 00 0 So 3 a 3 d m a Z M s o I it O REMARKS
Type Rohmdifolia Muscadine Scuppernong Tenderpulp Thomas Eden Hybrid Varieties Berekmans Duchess Giethe syn Rogers No A Lady Washington Liiid ley syn Rogers Merimack syn Rogers No 19 Triumph Wilder syn Rogers No 4 Irving Peter Wylie B W B PB B R W GW W R B R W B W w VL L L E L M E L M M M M M M M M w w WT TW TW T T T T T T M T T T T The latest of the type Most certain bearer good wine grape Pulps dissolving An excellent early variety Promising well Vigorous better grwr than Delwre First quality but liable to rot requires sacking Good late requires sacking Strong grower Good Suitable for amateur culture Good White showy Good Promising well Best quality
LEADING VARIETIES FOR SHIPPING IN ORDER OF MATURITY
Moores Brighton Ives Delaware Niagara Concord Perkins Diana
BEST VARIETIES For WINE
A Nortons Virginia Lenoir Clinton Concord Ives Thomas WhiteDela
ware Elvira Premiss Warren Noah Scuppernong
MOJGEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY
103
STEAWBEHEIES
Explanation of Columns1st name 2d sex 3d origin 4th use 6th season
Remaining columns for regions etc
AbbreviationsSeeP pistillate all others are hermaphrodite OriginF
foreign A American UseF family M market SeasonE early V E very
early L late
NAME o f Z a z I C 0 a o a r c S a c a J3 J 3 72 C Z 1 REMARKS
Bclmont Charles Downing Crescent Galceron Hoflman Mt Vernon Nunans Parry Prince of Berries Sharpless Wilsons Albany 11 P II 11 H A A A 1 M E L VE BL Promising well Promising well Good variable as to soils Pistillate must be cultivated in alternate rows with other varieties Promising well Best early shipper Promising well on deep moist soil Worthless in Middle Region valuable for immediate coast Promising well Promising well Size large and quality good Best every report favorable
803104
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE GEORGIA
KlSPBEEEIES
NAME
S
Class ICap Vari
etics
Gregg
Main moth Cluster
Schafters
Souhegan
Tyler
Class IIA merican
Red Varieties
Cuthbert or Queen
of the Market
Turner
Class IIIHybrid
of Foreign and
American Red
Caroline
Golden Queen
Florence
M
c
REMARKS
Rest of the black caps
One of the best for midseason
Late productive good shipper
Very early
Rest and most reliable
Good
Good yellow productive
Promising well
Promising well
BLCKBEBEIES
Kittatinny Wilsons Early Early Harvest
ILTJIJBEIEBtXES
Downings Hicks Stubbs MJt M Good flavor acid moderate bearer Inferior fruit very prolific recommended for Large very good poultry and hogs
Arnoisrxr s
Sultana Hardshell Blossoms are liable to be killed by spring frostReports are unfavorable from the Middle and Mountain Regions
304GEORGIA STATK HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY 105
FIGS
Explanation of Columns1st name 2nd size 3rd color 4th season re
maining columns for regions etc
AbbreviationsSizeS small L large M medium ColorW white or yel
low G green B brown or reddish P purple or blue V violet SeasonE early
M middle season E and L early and late
z c
NAM B PS 5 REMARK
i S3 ED t P
u o 1 r
0J T3 r
r o 32 a h
Angelique Syn
Early Lemon S W E i Small good early
Brunswick Syns
Madonna Consple L P EL 85 Very large and desirable
Black Genoa M 1 M j
Black Tschia M P Ai Good
Celestial S V E Small prolific and desirable
Brown Turkey M B EL ass Best of all for middle region
Brown Smyrna M B M Very good and prolific
Green Ischia Syns cc
White Ischia
Green Italian M G ML 33 Very good
Lemon M V M M Good
Violet Round M w M
Nerii S w L Good
Marseilles 1 w M Rather dry but prolific
CHERRIES
Explanations and abbreviations same as Pigs except color
R dark red or nearly black Y yellow Y R yellow red
R red A amber D
NAME
Belle de Choisy
Belle Magniflque
Blk Heart Werders
Black Tartarian
Black Eagle
Carnation
CoesTransparent
Earlys Richmond
May Duke
English Morello
E

i ri i0 a
K 5
r a p
33 M 6 7 M s 3 t V
1 R
M R M
L D R E
L 1 R M
L D R o
M R M XJ
S AY M g
1 R M s
L R E
M R M W
REMARKS
Very early
Cherries are uncertain in middle region ex
cept in a few localities where good crops
are sometimes produced the Morello class
being most desirable Trees should all be
grown on Mahaleb stock
305LOB DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
CHERRIESContinued

NAM E 3 if 0 St a c it 0 M if UK MARKS
n X
C3 J
o 3 T3 o
O 7 A 7 U
Napoleon L R M
L AR E
Rcine Hortense L R M Si
Governor Wood L R M
Baumans May L j E S
Yellow Spanish L R M
QTTI3STCES
NAM E So 3 if i K z J if X OQ REMARKS
Angers Chinese Orange or apple Portugal Raes Mammoth Fine quality ngSucceeds best in Southwest Georgia good forpreservMost generally cultivated Large and fine
Quinces need strong cl
They are unproductive in gray landGEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY
107
Diospyros Kaki
It U almost impossible to give an accurate nomenclature owing to the confusion
which exists m the collections imported from Japan These collections seldom con
tain more than twelve varieties yet when the trees bear fruit the same name is often
found to apply to several distinct varieties or one variety has several names The
best and most distinct varieties have been included in this list and with such svno
nyms added thereto as have been ascertained after several years trial and while no
claim is laid to strict accuracy the aim has been to reach tins as nearly as possible
Mountain RehT Mil Begion8 ll11 occasionally in the
The fruit is usually of a bright orange red or vermilion the color being more or
less intense according to variety and begins to color when half grown hut should be
allowed to hang upon the tree until just before frosl isexpeettd or in the case of
early ripening varieties until fully soft f gathered before a frosl there is a slight
stringency next to the skin but this disappears after being kept in the house for a
few days or weeks If allowed to he slightly touched by frost he flavor is much im
proved but it will then not keep many days It is therefore desirable to gather the
frefrost If JjftendedI for keeping ami then some varieties will keepuntil Jan
uary or February I he llesh is soft rich and sweet and with a slight apricot flavor
The fruit should he eaten with a spoon
Some varieties are apt to overbear and should have the fruit thinned so soon as Bet
in April
Trees are propagated mainly by grafting upon the collar of the roots and upon the
are mVkTl If T sizv hi1 ana quality tail as the largest proportion
frni HS n Wl lntl11 Pi 0 Produce small and worthless
edible fruit relmblht can therefore be placed upon seedlings so far as yielding
4mon9Eound flattened deeply ribbed dark orange red 3 inches hv 2 aver
age weight i ounces although specimens weighing 16 ounces have been produced
very sweet and is edible while still solid maturity fro end of September to Novem
ber nearly always seedless
Bachiya Syn Tomato Imperial CostOblong and with blunt apex diameter
22by 32 inches long average weight 5 ounces light orange yellow keeps verv late
row1 eatmg condition until November or December trees upright and rapid
ByatomeSynonyms Pound DaiDai Muru Tanenashi Seedless etc Laree
globular deep orange red average 3 inches in diameter weight 8 to lo ounces
keeps late nearly always seedless Perhaps the best of all
KurokumeVery large round somewhat flattened by 3incbes average weight
10 ounces keeps late nearly always seedless s
MazeUiSynonjrn Miyotan Round or lightly oblong slightly ribbed orange
red average weight b ounces very prolific and of dwarf growth keeps late
O KameSynonyms Oblong Hyakume Mikado etc Large 21 bv 31 inches
oblong deep red nearly always seedless keeps late good grower
JWThe smallest of the list nearly globularaverage 2 inches pulp quite
dark very sweet and rich very productive matures during October growth dwarf
kee slate wlth a vpry sharp apex 2 inches by 3 long very prolific
MinokakiLarge oblong sharply jointed late quality excellent
307NEW SERIES 1
Circular No 123
Rules and Regulations
SPECIAL INSTRUCTIONS TO INSPECTORS
FOR THE
Inspection of Fertilizers
IN GEORGIA
Prescribed by J T HENDERSON Commissioner of Agriculture
FOR THE SEASON OF 188990
Atlanta Georgia
W J Campbell State Printer
Constitution Job Office
1889RULES AND REGULATIONS
Season ok is89o
New Series
Circular No 123 J
Department of Agriculture
Atlanta November 13 1889
The Commissioner prescribes the following Rules and Regulations for
the Inspection of Fertilizers hereby abrogating all previous Rules and
Regulations
I Every package of fertilizer or chemical for manufacturing the same
or for composting intended for sale or distribution within the State of
Georgia shall have the manufacturers guaranteed analysis placed upon
or securely attached to each package by the manufacturer If the fertil
izer is in bags it shall be distinctly branded stamped or printed upon each
sack If in barrels it may be either branded stamped or printed upon the
head of each barrel or distinctly printed upon good paper and securely
pasted upon the head of each barrel or upon a shipping or other tag and
securely attached to the head of each barrel In every case it must be
distinct This manufacturers guaranteed analysis shall show the following
determinations viz
Moisture at 212 per cent
Insoluble Phosphoric Acidpercent
Available Phosphoric Acidper cent
Ammonia actual and potentialper cent
Potash K2Oper cent
If nitrogen in the form of nitrate is claimed the fact must bestated in
the Request for Inspection
II To facilitate the transaction of business any manufacturer dealer
agent or other person who procures the inspection of a fertilizer after it
is inspected and has the inspectors tag attached in compliance with law
may proceed to make sales thereof before the official analysis is completed
Provided he gives a written obligation to cancel all sales in case the fertil
izer is condemned by the Commissioner of Agriculture This obligation is
embraced in the Request for Inspection which must also set forth the
guaranteed analysis according to the form therein prescribed and
The Commissioner has uniformly held that if the guaranteed analysis shall include sueh
of these five ingredients as the fertilizer or chemical is claimed to contain it will be a sub
stantial compliance with the law aud the Rules and Regulations Some judicial decisions
seem to indicate that this paragraph must be literally complied withthat the full list of
ingredients must appear in the Guaranteed Analysis even if one or more of them is not con
tained in the goods As a matter of prudence it would be well for manufacturers to comply
literally with the law in this respect The Commissioner will not change his ruling on this
point until constrained to do so by express judicial opinion or Legislative enactment
309RULES AND REGULATIONS188990
addressed to the proper inspector The Request for Inspection must be
made out and signed in duplicate and one copy sent to the Commissioner
of Agriculture by the person requesting the inspection
III Inspectors shall not furnish any tag or device to be attached to any
fertilizer or permit it to be offered for sale or distribution unless the man
ufacturers guaranteed analysis is plainly placed upon each parcel or pack
age before offering the same for sale or distribution claiming in the case
of any Ammoniated Superphosphate that it contains at least eight per
cent of available Phosphoric Acid and two per cent of Ammonia and
of any Acid Phosphate or Dissolved Bone that it contains at least ten per
cent of available Phosphoric Acid Neither shall any such tag or device
be furnished or applied to any fertilizer that is in a damaged or unmer
chantable condition
IV If a fertilizer be offered for inspection and sale branded as an
Ammoniated Superphosphate Ammoniated Dissolved Bone Ammoni
ated Guano or other words implying that the same is an Ammoniated
Superphosphate the guaranteed analysis must claim that it contains not
less than two per centum of Ammonia otherwise it will not be admitted
to inspection or sale under such brand If it is desired to offer an acid
phosphate or dissolved bone containing in addition to ten per centum of
available phosphoric acid a quantity less than two per centum of ammo
nia the presence of the ammonia may be indicated by adding after the
name in parenthesis the words With Ammonia
V Inspectors after collecting inspection fees and taking samples shall
have applied under their personal supervision unless absolutely impracti
cable Inspectors tags one to each package of fertilizer before the same is
offered for sale or distribution Inspectors tags will have printed upon
each the words and figures Inspected188990Georgia also a fac
simile of the signature of the Commissioner of Agriculture Whenever it
is tound to be absolutely impracticable for Inspectors to personally super
vise the application of tags they may be delivered to the order of the per
son procuring the inspection In such cases inspectors must avail them
selves of all practicable means to satisfy themselves that the tags so delivered
have been properly applied to the goods on the inspection of which they
were issued
Tags brought over from any previous season cannot be applied to new
goods nor can they be redeemed by this Department
VI The Inspectors tag when attached or applied in compliance with
law is a recognition that the fertilizer to which it is attached has the con
sent of the Commissioner of Agriculture to go to sale under the conditions
prescribed in Rules I and II above recited
VII All inspections must be made within the limits of this State
All fertilizers manufactured in this State for sale or distribution in this
State must be inspected and tagged and the fees paid before leaving the
mill or factory
All fertilizers entering the State at Augusta Savannah or Toccoa in
tended for sale and shipped on through bills of lading to points in the inte
rior must be inspected and tagged before leaving said cities For the pur
3104 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
pose of such inspection and in accordance with an agreement made with
the railroads leading into the interior of the State from the said cities cars
loaded with fertilizers will be detained long enough to permit a thorough
inspection and the application of tags under the personal supervision of an
Inspector
VIII The following appointment of Inspectors have been made tor the
season 188990 and during the active business season they will be located as
indicated and should be addressed accordingly
F D Wimberley Savannah
Randolph Ridgely Augusta
M D Irwin Toccoa
W B Jones Atlanta
J L Anderson Atlanta
S R Murphey Atlanta
Whenever it may become necessary to facilitate the business of inspect
ing fertilizers and transportation of the same the Inspector or Inspectors
on duty at one point may perform any official duty at any point in the
State
Inspections can be made at other points in Georgia than those named
above when necessary but if in such cases the fertilizers shall have come
into the State at any port or station where there is an Inspector and shall
have escaped inspection through no fault of the Inspector at such station
the necessary expenses of the Inspector in going to make such inspections
and returning to his published post of duty must be paid by the parties
procuring such inspections
IX In all cases of inspection in bulk at factory or elsewhere the manufac
turer or his agent will be required to keep and furnish the inspector a state
ment showing disposition made of such goods date of shipment and to
whom consigned and said statement must be forwarded to this office by the
inspector with information as to number of inspection and report represent
ing it that it may be filed with the same No additional inspection of
same brand or brands for same person shall be made until such statement
has been furnished the inspector
X In all cases in making inspections samples must be taken by the
Inspector in person He must provide such samplers as will penetrate to
the centre of the package and samples must be taken from a sufficient
number to fairly represent the wholenot less than onetenth of the pack
age in lots Of ten tons or over and not less than onefifth of the pack
ages in lots of less than ten tons
XL 1 Manufacturers and dealers in fertilizers before making each ship
ment of fertilizers into Georgia for sale or distribution are required to give
timely notice to the Commissioner of Agriculture directly and also to the
Inspector at the port or place where the same is to enter the State by re
quest for inspection of such shipment giving the name of the vessel or rail
road on which shipped the name of each distinct brand and the number
of tons of each the number and kinds of packages and their weight and
the name and place of the consignee Fertilizers sold by dealers outside
this State direct to farmers or consumers in this State and consigned
311RULES AND REGULATIONS188990
directly to the purchasers and without the intervention of an agent within
the State are not subject to inspection In such cases the manufacturer or
shipper must give notice of shipments stating these facts
2 The shipper or his agent at the point where the cars are loaded must
accompany the shipping instructions to the forwarding agent with a sep
arate request for inspection for each car load This request will be
attached to the freight bill of the car to which it refers The shipper must
also mail to the Commissioner at Atlanta Ga a consolidated request for
inspection covering the entire shipment and stating the brands number
of tons of each and destination
3 Cars must be so loaded as to permit access to every bag of fertilizers
without moving auy This may be done in cars of small tonnage capacity
by placing the bags on end with the lugs up In cars of larger capacity it
may be done by placing the bags in tiers on each side the car leaving an
alley way in the middle the lug ends to the middle This is an import
ant detai and its observance will save time and labor to the Inspector and
the taggers and extra expense to the shipper
4 On arrival at Augusta Savannah or Toccoa the train conductor will
deliver the requests for inspection to the Agent appointed to receive
them who will at once notify the inspector at his post and deliver to him
such requests The cars containing fertilizers will be detained long
enough at Augusta Savannah or Toccoa to permit the Inspector to take
samples and the shippers agent to attach tags In all cases shippers must
arrange t have tags attached to sacks or packages as soon as inspection is
made at ports of entry namely Augusta Savannah and Toccoa
5 Shippers or the parties liable for the inspection fees must make satis
factory arrangements with the Inspector for the prompt payment of the
said fees either remitting by mail or authorizing the Inspector to draw
sight drafts
6 Shipments by sea through the ports of Charleston Port Royal or other
ports outside this State and thence by railroad into Georgia should con
form to the same details as if the shipments originated at Charleston Port
Royal or other railroad points The shipper himself or his agent must
furnish the railroad forwarding agent with the requests for inspection
for each car etc
7 Manufacturers are earnestly enjoined to faithfully comply with the
Rules and Regulations as contained in this Circular and the foregoing
details Such compliance will save embarrassment delay and extra
expense in case cars loaded with fertilizers should pass through Augusta
Savannah or Toccoa without inspection through no fault of the Inspector
XII As far as possible all fertilizers must be inspected at the port of
entry or place where they come into the State Inspectors are required to
be vigilant and see that none escapes Dealers in the interior of the State
to whom fertilizers coming into the State at points where there are no
inspectors are consigned must give timely notice to the Commissioner of
Agriculture and to the Inspector at Atlanta and must be prepared to fur
nish the Inspector with the necessary guaranty and give all required obli
gations and to pay to him the inspection fee by the time the fertilizer
8126 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
arrives All persons in Georgia who expect to deal in fertilizers or have
fertilizers shipped to them during the coming season for sale or distribu
tion will please take due notice pnd make all necessary arrangements to
meet the requirements of law promptly when the fertilizer reaches the
State and thus save delay and embarrassment The law must be enforced
and parties interested will gieatly obligeby taking such timely steps as
will insure its easy execution without annoyance to themselves or others
XIII An Act To protect more effectually the planters of Georgia from
imposition in the sale of fertilizers etc approved February 26th 1875
provides in section I That from and after the passage of this Act it shall
not be lawful to sell or offer for sale any fertilizer manufactured in this
State or to bring into the State for sale and distribution any fertilizer man
ufactured beyond the limits of the State unless before offering for sale or
the sale or distribution of the same there shall be an inspection andan
analysis made of it etc Section III of the same Act provides for the
punishment according to section 4310 of the Code of 1882 of any person
selling fertilizers without inspection
An Act to render more efficient and economical the inspection and
analysis of fertilizers etc approved February 26th 1877 provides that
u Any manufacturer dealer or other person offering any fertilizer or
chemical for manufacturing the same for sale or distribution in this State
without having a brand tag or such other device as the Commissioner of
Agriculture may require showing the analysis thereof shall be guilty of a
misdemeanor and on conviction of the same shall be punished as pre
scribed in section 4310 of the Revised Code of 1873
Section VI of the above cited Act approved February 28th 1874 requires
the Inspectors to prosecute violators of these laws
The law will be rigidly enforced and the Inspectors held to a strict per
formance of their duties
XIV The season for inspecting fertilizers will be from October 1st to
September 30th
XV The method of analysis recommended by the Convention of Agri
cultural Chemists held at Washington D C on the 28th of July 1880
with such modifications as were adopted by the Atlanta Convention of
May loth 1884 and subsequent conventions of the same Association will
continue to be employed by the Chemist of the Department in the analy
sis of all commercial fertilizers
SPECIAL INSTRUCTIONS TO INSPECTORS OF FERTILIZERS
It is of the utmost importance to the planters and people of Georgiato
yourself and the Department of Agriculturethat your duties be well and
faithfully performed You are placed as sentinels to see that the interests
of the farmers of Georgia are well guarded in their purchase of commer
cial fertilizers that they are protected from imposition in every purchase
that they make and that the laws defining your duties and the regula
tions of the Department are rigidly executed in every case You are in
your official acts to render full justice to all parties The strict execution
313RULES AND REGULATIONS188990
of the law and full protection from imposition to all fanners will not work
injustice to any manufacturer or dealer
In the discharge of your duty in addition to the foregoing Rules and
Regulations you are to be governed by the following special instructions
giving some details which could not be well set forth elsewhere viz
1 Fertilizers purchased outside of the State by a consumer or farmer
in Georgia for his own use and not for sale or distribution shall be permit
ted to pass without inspection if the purchaser desires it provided it be
sent directly to said purchaser addressed or consigned to him personally
and not directed to or passing through the hands of a commission mer
chant or third party You must as far as practicable report all such ship
ments to the Commissioner of Agriculture giving the names of brands the
names and places of consignees and the number of tons and enter the
some in your official record
2 You must not inspect any fertilizer till the person or firm desiring
inspection has
a Paid you in cash the inspection fee of 10 cents per ton for every ton to
be inspected For which you must sign and deliver a printed receipt accord
ing to blanks furnished you
b Placed the exact name in full of the fertilizer to be inspected and the
guaranteed analysis of the same upon each package
e Tendered you a Request for Inspection on the blanks furnished for
that purpose embracing an obligation to cancel and make null all sales
which may be made of said fertilizer before the official analysis thereof is
made if after being analyzed the Commissioner of Agriculture shall in
pursuance of law prohibit its sale The request must also contain the
guaranteed analysis corresponding to that placed upon the package
You must not inspect any fertilizer if the minimum percentage of any of
the valuable ingredients named in the guaranteed analysis is less than that
required by law viz 8 per cent of available phosphoric acid and 2 per
cent of ammonia in ammoniated superphosphates or 10 per cent of avail
able phosphoric acid in acid phosphates or dissolved bones Natural guano
and fertilizers that have not been treated with sulphuric acid are not sub
ject to this standard
3 You must require in each bulk inspection the names of each brand
proposed to be shipped from such bulk and in every case you must report
the names of brands and numbers with which the goods therein reported
are identical in composition
4 In all cases of bulk inspections you must require of the manufacturer
or his agent a statement showing the disposition made or to be made of
goods represented by such inspection date of shipment and to whom con
signed and on receipt of such statement you shall forward the same to
this office stating number of inspection and report representing it that it
may be filed with the same an 1 you shall make no additional inspection
of the same brands until such statement has been furnished you
5 Immediately after taking samples of any brand of fertilizer in the
manner described in Rule IX of the Rules and Regulations they must be
thoroughly mixed but not triturated or ground in a mortar or otherwise
Whensamples are forwarded to the Department for analysis they must be
in the same mechanical condition in which they are offered for sale to the
planters of the State After the samples are thus thoroughly mixed you
will from the mixture All two glass bottles securely seal them with wax
stamp your official seal upon the wax and then carefully and correctly
label themone with a label showing the inspection number name of the
fertilizer inspected the place at for whom inspected and the date of
814DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
inspection and the other with a label showing the number of inspection
You must then deliver both in person to the Commissioner or carefully
box and ship them to him by express
6 You must make an inspection Report of each inspection of each
brand of fertilizers on forms to be furnished you In cases where the same
brand is loaded in more than one car of the same train or section of a train
the whole being included in the same shipment the several car loads must
be included in one consolidated report to which vou must attach all
the Requests
7 You are required to keep in a book a full and accurate record or
minute of every official act performed by you embracing in the record of
each inspection the number and date of inspection name of the fertilizer
or chemical by whom and where manufactured person requesting and
place to whom consigned and where where inspected number of tons
inspected amount of fees received number of tags delivered how and
when sample was forwarded the inspection number of identical brands
samples taken from same bulk and such other facts as may be necessary
to a complete history of the inspection
8 You are required to make a full and complete report on the first day
of each month of the work done during the previous month on blanks fur
nished you for this purpose This report must show the actual state of
your business on the last day of the month to which it refers
9 You are required to make daily deposits of inspection fees in the
State Depository must convenient to the credit of the State Treasury
reserving such amount upon notice of the Commissioner as may be
required to pay for tags and other necessary expenses
10 You must remain constantly at your post of duty unless express
leave of absence be granted you by the Commissioner
Report promptly to the Commissioner any violation of law
The book of records or minutes is the property of the Department and
must be neatly and correctly kept It must be filed in the Department
with your final report made at the end of the fertilizer season
Blanks will be furnished you for making all your records entries and
reports and stationery for official correspondence
Inspectors tags will be supplied to you on your requisitions freight pre
paid and you must retain the cost of the same and all charges from fees
received and pay the amount to this office at the end of each month
The Act of February 261877 requires you to pay over to the Comptroller
General on the first day of each month all moneys received for inspection
fees during the preceding month This must be done in whatever manner
the ComptrollerGeneral may prescribe and you must satisfy the Commis
sioner that this duty has been performed before a salary certificate will be
issued to you
You are specially required to guard against any misappropriation of
Inspectors tags or any violation or evasion of the law or any attempts to
do so using every possible effort to see that tags are applied only to the
particular lot of fertilizer on the inspection of which they were issued and
make full reports to the Department of Agriculture
You will be required to render a strict account of all tags issued to you
and held liable to the treasury for the amount of fees represented by any
tags not satisfactorily accounted for
Any information you may need will be given at any time Instructions
will be given promptly in any case in which you may desire them or about
which you are in doubt
Inspectors will be held to a strict performance of all duties required of
them by the law and the rules regulations and instructions defining their
duties No neglect or irregularities in the discharge of their duties will be
tolerated and perfect sobriety at all times is strictly enjoined
J T HENDERSON
Commissioner of Agriculture
315Special Circular No 83
New Series
QUESTIONS FOR SUPPLEMENTAL REPORT OF CROPS ETC
IN THE STATE OF GEORGIA
FOR THE YEAR 1889
RETURNABLE TO THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Dec 15th 188
Department of Agriculture
Atlanta Ga Dec 3 1889
Correspondents are requested to answer the accompanying questions and
return to this office on Dec 15th Let your answers apply to the county
for which you report and not to your own place or immediate section In
your answers we beg that you will exercise special care after careful inquiry
that your reports may be accurate Very respectfully
JOHN T HENDERSON
Com of Agriculture
I For what county do you reportCounty
II Your name 1
III Your Postoffice
V Will you serve as reporter next year
1712 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
Give the product the present year of the following crops in your county
in comparison with an average crop
1 Cotton
Per cent
2 Corn
Per cent
3 Wheat
Per cent
4 Oats
Per cent
5 Sugar canePer cent
6SorghumPercent
7RicePercent
8 Sweet potatoesPer eent
9 Field peasPercent
10 Ground peasPr nt
11 Clover hayPercent
12 Other hay give namePer wllt
Give average yield per acre for the present year In your county of
13 CottonLbs lint
14CornBushclB
15 WheatBushels
16 OatsBushels
17 Sugar caneGallons
18 SorghumGallonj
19RiceBushels
20 Sweet potatoesBushels
31 Field peasBu8hels
23 Ground peasBuehels
172QUESTIONS FOR UROP REPORT 3
23 Clover hayTons
21 Other hay give nameTons
Give average price Dec 15th of
2f Cotton per poundCents
26 Corn per bushelCents
27 Wheat per bushelCents
28 Oats per bushelCents
29 Sugar cane syrup per gallonCents
30 Sorghum syrup per gallonCents
31 Rough rice per bushelCents
32 Sweet potatoes per bushelCents
3 Hay per ton8
Give the average yield in your county one year with another for a
period of ten 10 years of the following crops
I CottonLbs lint
35 CornBushels
W WheatBushels
37 OatsBushels
38 Sugar cane syrupGallons
39 Sorghnm syrupGallons
40 RiceBushels ifrough
41 Sweet potatoesBushels
42 Clover hayTon cured
43 Other hay give nameTons cured
1734 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
MISCELLANEOUS
44 Acreage sown in wheat this compared with last fallPer cent
45 Acreage in fall oats compared with last yearPer cent
46 Amount of homeraised pork produced compared with last yearPer cent
47 No of stock hogs all sizes compared with last yearPer cent
48 Percent of a full farm supply of pork producedPercent
49 No sheep compared with last yearPer cent
50 Condition of farmers compared with last yearPer cent
51 Indebtedness of farmers compared with last yearPercent
52 Price of farm lands compared with this time last yearPer cent
53 Give amount of farm supplies purchased in comparison with last yearPer cent
54 Give average cash price per lb for bacon in your county this yearCents
55 Average time price for bacon payable Nov 1Cents
56 Average cash price of corn per bushel in your county this yearCents
57 Average time price for corn payable Nov 1
58 What per centage of present cotton crop has been covered with cotton bagging
Per cent
59 Give date of first killing frost
60 What diseases if any have prevailed among stock this year
61 Report such facts as may be of interest new crops fertilizers remedies for diseases in
stock etc
62 Give results of experiments with seed furnished you by this Department
Give report of interest manifested in your county in
63 Cultivation of the grasses and disposition to stock raising
64 Forestry
65 Fruit growingEspecially grapeand the varieties best suited to this State
flThe answers to questions from No 59 to 46 inclusive may be made
on separate sheets of paper
174Special Circular Xo 83
Statk of Georgia
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
Atlanta Dec 11 1889
Manufacturers and Deale
Manufacturing the same
hi Fertilizers or Chemicals for Composting or
Special circular No 82 from this Department of date November 20 1889
is hereby rescinded The laws requiring the inspection of fertilizers were
passed for the protection of fanners and are to be construed with reference to
that object When chemicals are sold or distributed to Planters to be inanu
facturedlnto fertilizers they are required to be inspected before being thus sold
or distributed but whore sold to those engaged in the manufacture of fertil
izers for sale the chemicals so sold are not required to le inspected The man
ufacturer of fertilizers to be sold to farmers or other consumers is required to
have such fertilizers inspected before offering them for sale and the chemicals
used by such manufacturers are not required to be separately inspected
T 1 HENDERSON
CommissionerSpecial Circular No 84
Jtate of Scovgia
Department of Agriculture 1
vda cdec ft 184
To Manufacturers and Dealers in Fertilizers and Che nicals for Manufactur
ing or Composting the Same
The following is a true extract from the minutes
of this Department
BV THK COMMISSIOXBR
ORDKRKI1
That Cotton Seed Meal offered for sale as a fertilizer is required
to be inspected before being so offered
Every package before being offered for sale shall have the guar
anteed analysis placed upon it or if in sacks or bags the analysis
shall be distinctly branded or stamped upon each sack
JNO T HENDERSON
Commission Circular No 124 1
Aew Herieis f
SUPPLEMENTAL REPORT1889
RETURNED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE DECEM
BER 31 1889
COTTON
The yield in comparison with an average crop is in North Georgia 70
in Middle Georgia 95 in Southwest Georgia 96 in East Georgia 94 in
Southeast Georgia 87 and in the whole State 88 The average yield per
acre in North Georgia is 150 pounds lint cotton in Middle Georgia 179
in Southwest Georgia 149 in East Georgia 159 in Southeast Georgia
168 and for the State 161 The average price of cotton on December 15
was in North Georgia 934 Middle Georgia 926 f Southwest Georgia
950 East Georgia 925 Southeast Georgia 912 for the State 929 The
fall was unusually fine for picking the cotton In North Georgia the yield
is much below the average due to excessive rains in July and August and
to an early frost In some localities the crop was badly damaged by cater
P1 arS OTHER CROPS
All sections report excellent corn crops the average for the State being
103 Oats average for the State 80 Wheat 83 Sugar cane syrup 94
Sorghum 96 Rice 91 Sweet potatoes 84 Field peas 84 Ground
peas 92 Clover hay 96 Other hay 101
REMARKS
In Notes from Correspondents it will be observed that nearly all report
good results from experiments with garden seed furnished by this depart
ment Peerless cotton was specially satisfactory while the Unknown Pea
8162 DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
was a favorite without exception We would gladly continue the free distri
bution of these and other seed which have been proven valuable but find
we will be unable to do so and at the same time distribute several varie
ties of grass seed clover and lucerne which we think decidedly impor
tant just now and which we hope to be able to distribute in a very short
time I regret that this distribution will necessarily be in limited quanti
ties The Notes also demonstrate the fact of an increased and increas
ing interest in the subjects of grass culture fruit growing stock raising
and forestry On all of these subjects we urge careful thought and invite
suggestions They are vitally important Especially is this true of for
estry All over the State our grand forests are swept away for lumber
for turpentine for charcoal for building for countless purposes What
are we doing or intend to do to replae them The culture of grass and
stockraising demand immediate attention When it is considered that
the factories have not been able to supply the demand for cotton bagging
the established and irrefutable fact that fiftythree per cent of the cotton
produced this season in Georgia has been wrapped in cotton bagging is
significant It speaks in unmistakable words this factfarmers will not
longer be dominated by trusts and combinations That by their own
united efforts they will throw off the yoke of serfdom and assert and main
tain their manhood We hail this as the dawn of a better day
The difference in cash and time prices for bacon and corn has
been lessened
Another significant fact is developed in the indebtedness and con
dition of farmers for while the indebtedness is shown to be ten per cent
less the condition of the farmers is ten per cent improved In real im
provement this fact is very encouraging In its moral effect it is incalcu
lable
YIELD COMPARED TO AN AVERAGE OP
Sections e o o O c u o o 3 o a O 90 78 81 80 70 80 c c o S3 w 3 OS 97 96 93 96 87 94 S a J3 b u 0 as 94 100 95 91 100 96 6 CD O a o Ph 43 CD CD is OS 93 88 85 77 80 84 CO a CD cS 74 92 85 98 71 84 m C3 CD H a o u O 96 95 99 91 79 92 A w o 5 a n u O
North Georgia Middle Georgia Southwest Georgia Southeast Georgia 70 95 96 94 87 105 109 106 104 94 83 81 89 78 90 94 88 91 92 90 100 92 107 93 113
88 I 103 83 96 101
37SUPPLE METAL REPORT1889
YIELD PER ACRE PRESENT YEAR OP
s CO CO co XI a f CO 1 3 f en 1 CO CD O 1 co co CO 1 CO I 3
A CO 3 CO 3 C mS CO C3 r 1 2 Ph w 3 3 O frH iH
Sections I 0 1 c s 1 co as so 13 1 CD 71 2 3 Eh CD r n J3
o O 0 o 3 OB o 02 M 10 26 O
North Georgia 150 17 7 17 74 196 135
Middle Georgia 179 13 7 13 157 80 79 8 37 260 196
Southwest Georgia 149 9 6 11 213 64 19 12J V 27
East Georgia Southeast Georgia 159 10 7 15 233 165 20 94 y 89 260 lM
168 10 14 283 25 21 125 98 9 8 26 31
Eor State 161 lij 6 14 221 96 232 160
AVERAGE PRICE DECEMBER 15 0F
Sections
North Georgia
Middle Georgia
Southwest Georgia
East Georgia
Southeast Georgia
Eor State

931
926
950
925
912
929
87
103
102
117
56 102
48 37

30
81
41
3
O
Eh
W
1350
1356
1600
1530
1459
AVERAGE YIELD
ONE YEAR WITH ANOTHER
OF TEN YEARS
FOR A PERIOD
A si 3 CD
a s
u e
Sections s a 02 CD 02 s 3 St O Ph 43 OS w H si ca I
3 U X CO CCS M CD o t CD 0
o O 188 161 1 o Q 17 10 Hi 7 6 6 c 16 15 12 3 m 151 197 O 02 68 75 54 P3 30 I 73 78 127 L8 200 o
200
207

160 166 161 9 10 11 5 6 16 16 15 218 377 236 158 89 1 16 21 123 166 114 200 190


203
318DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
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819SUPPLEMENTAL REPORT1889
NOTES FROM CORRESPONDENTS
NORTH GEORGIA
Barlow Co All vegetable seed proved good and are valuable Of the
cotton seed the Peerless is best results satisfactory Mammoth Prolific
good but too late for our sectionH H Milam Sec Banks Co All gar
den seed a success Mammoth cotton seed mature late but in lower part
of State would do well The small cotton seed Peerless variety are very
fineW A B Catoosa Co The seed sent us had special attention We
report Wild Goose corn has no great merit Champion Bean does not equal
Valentine Nothing better than Southern Curled mustard Brunswick
cabbage not desirable Drumhead lettuce very fine Of watermelons
Kolb Gem is superior to Rattlesnake Mammoth Prolific cotton seed ma
tures too late to be good for this section The cultivation of the grasses
and disposition to stock raising is on the increase Little attention is given
to fruit growingJ B H Cherokee Co Our farmers are less in debt
than last year although our money cropcottonwas cut short by an early
frost Our people talk much of stockraising and grass culture We can
not succeed until talk is made to give place to actionJ J A S Cobb Co
Ot the seed sent our club Lost Mountain some are very valuable others
fairly good while others do not suit this climate Those giving the best
results were the vegetable seed all were good Of cotton seed we found
the Peerless superior Wild Goose corn a failureS A O Sec
Dade Co Wild Goose corn did well so did the Beans cotton
seed a failure due to extra early frost Little interest in grape cul
ture more in apples the Ben Davis and Virginia Buff being favor
ites But little interest in the question of forestryW S T
Dawson Co In the spring we usually lose some milk cattle with mur
rain also hogs with cholera The stock law is a preventive of cholera
the disease being 75 per cent less with hogs that are kept up The Con
cord grape is best suited to this climate Seeds sent from your department
Peerless cotton did well Prolific did not do well All garden seeds a
success Farmers in worse condition than last year caused by short cotton
cropJ C S Iloyd Co Cotton seed meal acid phosphate and kanit
properly mixed costing 2000 per ton give better results than any guano
costing 3000 per ton I would advise farmers to plant sorghum The
seed and stalk is very fine for feeding to hogs and cattle ami the number
of gallons capable of being made from an acre is immense Much more
attention is being given to grape culture both for shipping and wine
makingJ P McC The Mammoth Prolific cotton did not do well Fear
I had it too much shaded A neighbor tried Peerless with fine results
T N P Gordon Co Pork better fattened than usual owing to low
prices of corn The amount of debt left over from last year and the debt
of this year must remain unpaid as the cotton crop cut ott by an early
frost will little more than pay the taxes consequently farmers are in a
3206 DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
worse condition than for twenty years past A very small area has been
put in oats the fall sowings for several years having been a failureN B
H Gwinnett Co All seeds furnished by the department gave satis
factory results More interest is being manifested in the grasses and stock
raising than ever beforeI M P Hnbersham Co All garden seeds a
success except cabbage which were only ordinary Cotton seed and Wild
Goose corn a splendid success Cantaloupes and watermelons a failure
Where can I get ten bushels Mammoth Prolific cotton seed M W
We direct you to J J McLarrity Brownsville Ga In some sections
this variety has had marked success Comsnr To cure chickens
of cholera give them Epsom salts keep in coop and let them have no
watjr feed very moderately Seed sent us did generally well8 J B
Pauldinq Co Cotton seed furnished us had a poor chance bad stand
unpropitious seasons Wild Goose corn not adapted to our wants All
garden seeds did wellP P McB Pickens Co Notwithstanding short
cotton crop our farmers are in good average conditionhopeful indus
trious sober and not inclined to go in debt All things considered our
people are on safe ground If the Legislature could be induced to aid in
sheep husbandry by the passage ot a dog law they would commend them
selves to a great number of good people Not enough cotton bagging to
supply onefourth of the demand We are making progress in the culture
of the grapeB F R Whitfield Co We report 10 per cent increase of
interest in grasses and stock raisingW C R All the seed sent our club
are reported as excellent especially the Wild Goose Corn and Unknown
Pea The department is doing a grand work in disseminating new varie
ties of seed Please send us balance of or continuation of Prof Villes
lectureS D N Thanks for your words of cheer The paper of Prof
Ville will accompany this reportCommissioner
REPORT OF SEED FURNISHED BY GEORGIA DEPARTMENT TO
MRS I W BRYAN
Early Valentine BeansA success with me and five parties to
whom I distributed them
Bliss American PeaFine
Giant Curled MustardVery good
White Velvet OkraMuch preferred to green okra
French Breakfast RadishEarly and good
Unknown PeaWas planted at the same time with Clay and Whip
poorwill peas They made splendid vines and quantities of pods but did
not mature thoroughly Must be planted by May 1st and then they would
be the finest pea I have ever seen for both pea and vine especially for
orchards All the farmers who tried them with me give same report
Wild Goose CornDid not find it so well suited to our soil as some
Other varieties
321hUPPLEMENTAL REPORT1889
FRUIT GROWING
MBS I W BRYAN DILLON DADE COUNTY GA
The Georgia State Horticultural Society gives such full details of the
fruits of every variety suited to each section of our State that extracts
from it would cover the whole ground better than we your reporters
could hope to do
Winter and summer apples all do well on Lookout and are with Irish
potatoes the money crop of this table land
Pears grow equally well with apples and are being more extensively
planted
Peaches of all varieties thrive with us
The small fruits all do well here and Gooseberries are now becoming a
market crop
Grapes do better here than in any other section of the State but are after
the seventh year liable to rot
MIDDLE GEORGIA
Baldwin Co Cotton has commanded a better price than for several
years More mortgages have been cancelled than for two years Much
land has been sown to wheat and oats More corn made this year than
since 1883R L W Carroll Co I give a remedy for botts in horses
A gal cold water put in 4 oz green tansy Stew down to 3 pints Give
1 pint every hour until the three pints are taken One hour after last dose
give one pint of Curriers oilJ N R Clayton Co All seeds tested gave
satisfaction Peerless seed yielded 35 lbs lint to 100 of seed cotton Mam
moth Prolific yielded 30 lbs Have gathered 1500 lbs from an acre
planted with Peerless seed and will get 500 or 600 moreJ J H Colum
bia Co Peerless cotton seed furnished by the Department did well You
can rely on them as being firstclass Wild Goose corn has no advantage
over common corn There is a strong disposition to raise stock horses
mules and cattleJ Q S Greene Co Seeds which gave successful
results White Bush Squash Early Green Cluster Cucumber ExEarly
Valentine Bean Other seeds failed Think Rattlesnake Watermelon will
do better the second yearJ L C Harris Co The farmers of this
county are beginning to take interest in stock raising and fruit growing
and are using all lawful means to get out and stay out of debtW D C
Heard Co Interest reviving in grasses stockraising and fruitgrowing
J R W Henri Co I am free from debt My cribs and fodderhouse
full Turnips and potatoes in plenty Money to run tenants and croppers
and pay hands Cotton stored at home covered with Scotch bagging
Seven big hogs to kill yet Come down with your entire office and see
your humble servantT H S The department rejoices in your pros
perity and thanks you for your kind offer and hospitalityCome Lin
coln Co This has been a prosperous year for farmers in this county The
grain crops have been generally good A surplus of corn the flrst time
3228
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
since 1883 More attention is paid to hay and stock Seeds furnished us
generally satisfactoryJ M D I have about forty varieties
of grapes and find the Martha Clinton Iona Baccbus and
Blands Madeira to be hardy not needing any remedies against
rot The Agawam Delaware and Catawba are the best of my grapes
but need bagging to insure a crop I have tried the sulphate of copper
remedies but find them too much trouble We can keep the rot of by
closer trimming and by bagging I like the Iona better than any other grape
It is as well flavored as the Delaware and never rots The Herbemout or
Warren is one ot the best and every body ought to have it but subject to
rot Most of my neighbors are satisfied to keep only the Scuppernong
because it is hardy and very little troubleN A C McUuffie Co
Greater interest is manifested in stockraising and grasses than
ever known here before The Scuppernong grape is by far the best
grape in this section never fails produces well not subject to rot or fall
offAE S Many thanks for your words of cheer contained in your P S
Com in this county more interest is being felt in truit growing than at
any time in its history Our lands are well adapted to the grape I preler
the old standards Delaware and Concord which attain perfectionH
M C Newton Co The cause of so much late cotton was excessive rains
leaching out all the fertilizers in early summer and there was nothing to
push to early maturity Fertilizers should be divided into at least two
applications three would be better the last when the layby working is
given l F L Seeds furnished by the department generally
good In spring give stock powders to all stock horses and cattle
chickens alsoT A W Pike Co All seeds furnished us proved good
and made satisfactory returnsE W R Boekdale Co Many thanks
for seed All did well Stock raising increasing But little attention
to grass or cloverJ F R Warren Co Condition of farmers 30 per
cent improved Indebtedness 40 per cent decreased Supply of hogs
ample Cattle in good condition More mules and horses raised in the
county than ever before Am working five home raised mules one
neighbor seven and another six Difficult to find a farm on which there is
not a mule or horse colt and a fine Jersey bullJ A S
EAST GEORGIA
Bullock Co We report as a club very favorably on experiments with
seeds sent by the Department of Agriculture especially Wild Goose Corn
Peerless cotton and Unknown peaW W W Lime boiled with corn
is said to be a cure for cholera Wild Goose corn good Peerless seed
stood seasons better than any variety plantedC A S Jefferson Co
All seed did well except Wild Goose corn Cotton seed very fine Our
committee reported in favor of the Peerless over Mammoth Prolific
S M Laurens Co But little cholera owing to use of charcoal soda and
turpentine as a preventive Our farmers generally are preparing to raise
stock Teljair Co Peerless cotton very prolific Wild goose corn top
323SUPPLEMENTAL REPORT1889
soft for this climate Nearly all vegetable seed did well There is more
interest in grasses and stock raising and a decided inclination to fruit cul
ture Unknown pea best bearer I ever saw Most vegetable seed good
J T C Wilkinson Co In district where stock law prevails cholera has
decreased Nearly all garden seed proved goodJ A M
SOUTHEAST GEORGIA
Clinch Co All seed furnished by your department did well We culti
vate the native grasses and make peavine hay and corn forage Very
little improvement or increase of interest in the questipn of stockraising
The Scuppernong grape succeeds so well here and is such a favorite it
receives more attention than all other varieties combined But little in
terest in fruit cultureL O M EffingJiam Co The Wild Goose corn fur
nished by the Department is very productive but too soft for this climate
The Unknown pea is a good and hardy varietylarger somewhat than the
Claybank Some interest is manifested in saving hay chiefly peavine and
Spanish peanutwhich latter seems well adapted to our soil and climate
There is also some interest manifested in stockraising especially with ref
erence to cows Liberty Co Experiment with cotton seed sent us was
made by a young progressive farmer who was enthusiastic over it Owing
to so many farms being cultivated or butchered by freedmen and produce
sold at crossroad stores averages are low and prices varied The negro is
becoming worthlessa dead weightJ A M K
SOUTHWEST GEORGIA
Baker Co My average of cotton for years has been a bale to two acres
good farmers make that much easily But there are so many negro ten
ants who prepare and cultivate their crops imperfectly that the average
is greatly reduced This is the case with all cultivated crops Much more
attention is being given to stockraising none to forestryand only native
grasses are grown Fruit culture is largely on the increase The Warren
grape is best for this climateR J Clay Co The Mammoth Prolific cot
ton did well but hard to pick The Peerless is all right We have grown
it for several years but And the seed you sent better than ours The Un
known pea is something newsuperior to any field pea we have The
Wild Goose corn is in some respects a good variety but too soft inviting
weavils All the garden seeds proved to be of the very bestT F K
Berrien Co Garden seed furnished by the Department all did well As a
fertilizer for crops I recommend the use of German kanitE C P De
catur Co Garden seed a success The Peerless cotton seed is all its name
suggests matures wellboll good size very prolificfine lint Wild
Goose corn did not do well for me but some of our farmers report favora
bly on it Am satisfied the Rattlesnake variety of watermelon is a good
oneW B McD Farmers are making preparations for 1890 As a fer
tilizer very little will be used except cotton seed meal and acid phosphate
More attention is being paid to stockraising Peerless cotton seed and
82410
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
Wild Goose corn both did wellE L P Lee Co Garden seed did well
Yild Goose corn too soft subject to weavils All cotton seed did well
More interest is being manifested in pastures and haymaking since the
adoption of the stock law Much interest in fruit growing especially
watermelons which are rapidly taking the place of cotton From 800 to
1000 acres at least will be planted in them this next season Miller
Co Hog cholera is the usual disease among hogs hereknow no remedy
As a preventive use tar freely on hogs feed with slops a little coperas
once a week keep lice off worms out and corn in and cholera will be
lessW S Webster Co Interest is increasing in stockraising Much
interest in fruits grasses etcG W D
A WORD TO FARMERS
A few days more and the year 1889 will be numbered among the cen
turies that are gone In many respects it has been a memorable year
Throughout the cotton belt proper the peculiar staple cotton has exceeded
the expectation of the planter besides the prices therefor have been more
remunerative than for many previous years
The extent of the corn crop every where within the limits of Georgia
has gladdened the heart of the husbandman and caused a feelirg of secu
rity and contentment around the hearths of the mountaineer as well as in
the lordly mansions of the lowlands In addition to this general state of
prosperity and satisfaction it is a boast of almost every one that in conse
quence of a more calculating farm economy these magnificent crops have
been produced at a less expense than at almost any previous period of our
history It cannot be successfully denied that the organization known as
the Farmers Alliance has been largely if not entirely instrumental in
effecting this muchneeded reformation
It is claimed by many myself among the number that to that organiza
tion is mainly due the remunerative prices that have obtained for their
peculiar staple throughout the entire season Too much praise cannot be
bestowed upon the wise counsels that have pervaded that brotherhood
from the date of its introduction into our midst down to this the last
month of the expiring year Render unto Ciesar therefore the things that
are Csesars
After the holidays we would now inquire and thev those of us at least
who have passed the period of adolescence know will be short then
what Another year of toil and economy cheerfully endured it is hoped
will be begun It should not will not be forgotten that past improvidence
has created debts that here there and everywhere are hanging over the
hitherto uncalculating farmers
This can all be wiped out in a few years if the same rigid system of econ
omy and the same industry and perseverance be continued that has
characterized the last twelve or twentyfour months of farm life The
325SUPPLEMENTAL REPORT1889
11
holidays being over what next Having provided themselves with well
selected varieties of oats the farmer should begin without delay to seed
down his land Do not fear the seasons In the experience of many the
most successful oat cfoDS ever made have been when the plowman ran his
first furrow after Christmas It is surely true from the capitol of your
State to the seaboard This is said on the presumption that they have not
been sown in the previous fall Try it and be convinced but put them in
as deep as can be done with an ordinary turning plow Very few farmers
now in Georgia but have a surplus of arable lands What should be done
with it Nothing can be imagined that will more readily resuscitate tired
and exhausted lands than the peavine Have you poorly paid farmer at
best supplied yourself with the necessary quantity of seed peas with which
to seed down and both rest and enrich your tired lands If you have not
the seed lose no time to buy if you have the money If you havent got
them and if you can neither buy or beg it may be going too far to say
steal but anyway never be caught without tin m again They answer a
twofold purpose first they are splendid for provender next they enrich
the land For heavens sake it you are a farmer and without peas get
them net them without delay Begin the work of soil recuperation The
pea vine is to the South what clover is to Kentucky It is not only food
for man and beast but it is food for your famished lands
This is said now because it will be May before the next bulletin is
issued which is about the month for the planting of peas In the olden
times the Red Ripper and the Clay were the preferred variety They are
food still Recently a pea called the Unknown is admitted every
where and by almost everybody to be one of the best of all the varieties
but if you can not get any of these take the Whippoorwill take anything
but get the peas and seed down and rest your overworked and famished
fields Of course all undulating fields if not already should be speedily
terraced
AN OPEN LETTER
From Commissioner J T Henderson to the Farmers of
Georgia
Owing to the phenominal warm weather that has prevailed throughout
the present season with only one exception many inquiries are being made
and great interest is felt by almost every one as to the best method of pre
serving their fresh meat Several state that the large surplus of corn with
which the country was blessed has already been consumed and that far
mers are now drawing on the reserve crop so necessary with which to
make another crop The hogs I am told are almost without exception
not only fat but very fat and the question is how to manage it without
loss and thus saye the crib from further depletion Not anticipating a
32612
DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
remote possibility of such a state of things I of course am to a large
extent unprepared for it I have appealed to many who I supposed equal
by reason of experience to such an emergency but thus far have been
unable to get anything better than the recipe given belovv In presenting
this recipe I am aware of the inadequacy of the country to supply the bar
rels that will at once be in demand should the recipe for pickling be gen
erally adopted I do not know how things may stand now but before and
during the war scarcely a farmer from Macon southward in this State but
what had large troughs dug mainly out of cypress logs and devoted almost
exclusively to curing and pickling pork The presumption is that many
through that section of the State have them still on hand If so the work
of pickling to that extent will be rendered easy Barrels may be obtained
to a certain extent from Macon northward and where the barrels cannot
be obtained may not boxes be improvised in a very few days and made
both air and water tight so that the pickling process may be begun
Unless something of this kind can be done I see but little chance to pre
vent the loss of meat and further inroads on the corn crib This would
be a calamity indeed I would state right here that the sides middlings
of the hog being free from bone might be put up differently from joints
which will surely spoil unless pickled according to the recipe given or some
better plan I have the fullest confidence in the efficacy of the subjoined
recipe
First salt the meat down heavily while warm and let it stay for twelve
hours Then knock off the salt and pack in barrels and to every hundred
pounds of pork pour over a liquid made as iollows Dissolve 8 pounds of
salt 1 quart of molasses 4 ounces of saltpetre 4 ounces of soda 4 ounces
cayenne pepper in 8 gallons of water and boil the compound skimming
until the scum ceases to rise Let the liquid cool before using Weight
down the meat so as to keep submerged
Again there are some who prefer the icecure particularly parties who
live on railroads and can get an abundant supply of ice To such I would
recommend an abundant use of ice until the animal heat had been thor
oughly extracted from the joints of the animal After which apply salt
petre freely also salt in such quantities as good judgment would dictate
If the ground is sufficiently cold I would by all means advise putting the
meat particularly the joints in direct contact with the cold ground In
this way I am quite sure the per centage of loss cannot be very great
and I hope no loss at all
To show the abnormal condition of things while I write my mail brings
me a package of wheat sown this fall which is ten inches high another
a small bundle of oats thoroughly headed out which were sown in August
All of which is so phenomiual as to excite alarm
Still another suggestion which strikes me with force is render your sides
into lard and then you are safe beyond all preadventure
Ice can be had at thirty cents per hundred in lots of 1000 pounds at the
327SUPPLEMENTAL REPORT1889
13
Atlanta Ice Factory It is presumed that no factory would think of extort
ing under such peculiar circumstances Ice factories can be found in At
lanta Augusta Savannah Macon Rome Athens Columbus and doubt
less at other points in the State J T HENDERSON
Commissioner of Agriculture
SCHOOL OF CHEMICAL FERTILIZERS
BY PROF GEORGE VILLE
QuestionYou have given a general comparison between the old trien
nial fallow and the sidereal fallow Will you give a comparison between
your farm and a well known farm now in cultivation
AnswerEasily The celebrated farm of Beckelbrom furnishes the
comparison This farm has 165 acres in wheat and 250 acres in meadow
500 acres
Products from a farm of 500 acres
Uncertain Triennial System Intensive Triennial System
165 acres in wheat 18 bu 165 acres in wheat 45 bu
per acre at 123 per bu 3653 10 per acre 7425 bu at
122 tons of straw at 700 123 per bu 9132 75
per ton 853 00 400 tons of straw at 700
250 acres of meadow 400 per ton 2800 00
tons of hay at 800 per 250 acres of meadow1000
ton 3200 00 tons of hay at 800
per ton 8000 00
19932 75
The hay is transformed by
the stock
Wheat and straw 11932 75
Meat at 18 00 for 730
13140 days13140 75
7707 10 25072 75
Q Can you give practical proof of the value of mineral fertilizer No 6
to clover
A Certainly and from experiments of twentyfour years standing at
Vincennes As I have already told you the ground used for experiments
had been cultivated for several years without barnyard manure until the
cropS went down to almost nothing In the spring of 1884 clover had been
sowed on all the squares of the strip where wheat was growing The wheat
was harvested on the 15th of July Now notice my statement The
handsomest and thickest clover on the 5th of August three weeks after
the wheat was cut was on plat No 6 which had not received since the
foundation of Vincennes that is to say for twentyfour years any fer
tilizer but one of phosphate potash and lime This square was incom
parably superior to the squares that received the complete fertilizer TtW
32814
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
clover was detestable on the square that received nitrogenous matter with
out minerals and did not live through the winter The clover was also
worthless on the square that received complete fertilizer without potash
those that received no fertilizer were bare
Q I understand your method of fertilizing clover to be followed by
wheat or pasture for production of meat give the soil what you consider
sufficient manure Will you now show how faulty cultivation is one of
the four principal causes of losses in farming
A Yes readily from a crop grown on my farm near Paris where the
fertilization was sufficient but the cultivation faulty ten thousand five
hundred and sixtysix pounds of dry matter represented the crop but
the straw not saleable from the quantity of other growths mixed with it
The wheat only twentysix bushels per acre a little above the average
The cost of growing this wheat is
COST OP GROWING WHEAT NEAR PARIS PER ACRE
Rent of land10 00
Preparation of land 16 00
Fertilizer 16 00
Harvesting and threshing 6 40
Transportation 2 00
Interest 4 00
General and taxes 4 00
Unforeseen expenses 1 20
S59 60
Twentysix bushels cost 229 per bushel If on the contrary the land is
well prepared and free of weeds and other growths
Fixed expenses as preceding 59 60
Deduct 2600 pounds of straw12 00
47 60
If we make 45 bushels per acre it costs1 05 per bushel
If we make 50 bushels per acre it costs 95
If we make 58 bushels per acre it costs 82
Consequently for not having prepared the land properly in spite of the
use ofI may say rather on account of the use of a powerlul fertilizerwe
lose heavily for the crop is stifled by other growths
Q Can you compare the cultivated crop on your farm where you
employed boh powerful fertilizers and proper cultivation with meadow
fertilized for the production of meat
A Yes the figures of the tables below are true from actual practice on
the same farm near Paris
329SUPPLEMENTAL REPORT1889
15
Products from cultivated crop compared with crop from meadow
Cultivated Crop
Rent of land10 00
Preparation of land
Fertilizer
Harvesting and Threshing
Transportation
Interest
General Expenses and Taxes
Unforeseen expenses
16 00
16 OD
6 40
2 00
4 00
s 4 00
1 20
Meadow
Rent of land 10 01
Fertilizer 6
General Expenses 4
Interest
40
00
00
24 40
45 hit of wheat
2040 lbs of straw
59 00
Product
55 35 Increase of live weight nt 18
12 00 cents per day for 202 days 52 52
Cost 24 40
67 35
Cost59 35
28 16
7 75
Q Your practical experience of sideration on a large scale shows your
method of stock raising to be most profitable Have you other methods
or terms of sideration which you have not yet explained
A Yes but I must first remind you sideration is founded upon direct
assimilation of nitrogen from the air with continued use of the minerals
phosphate potash and lime in the form of chemical fertilizer The two
terms used in cultivating by sideration
1st Sideration by crowding out or smothering Aveeds
2nd Sideration by fertilization I have as you know already explained
The third term is
Forage Sideration or cultivating with the cereals a forage plant whose
dominant is not nitrogen thus adding to the value of the straw without
injuring the product of the grain
This Forage Sideration also acts as a sideration for smothering or crowd
ing out
The fourth term Double Sideration is especially intended for the bene
fit of spring crops The method is to sow lupins immediately after turn
ing under clover
Fertilizer per acre
The Clover Siderated880 lbs incomplete
fertilizer No 6
440 His incomplete
fertilizei No 6
This double sideration keeps the ground perfectly free of weeds and
stores up an enormous amount of ammonia in the soil
These four terms express only a variation in application but do not in
any way change the principle
They on the contrary are a general proof of the value of sideration but
only on condition that none of the clover grasses or forage so grown are
exported
aao
same r
year J Lupins siderated on clover 16
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
Q I think I understand your application of the principle of sideration
Will you now give your reason for the third cause of loss in farming by
Exclusive use of manure produced on the Farm
A Yes My reason for saying Exclusive use of manure in Farming is
ruinous is founded on the stubborn and unalterable factthat stable
manure cannot supply the soil with any other elements of fertility than
those which the nirnals returned to the soil from the food they ate Ani
mals require phosphate for their bony structure
Q Will you continue by illustration
A Suppose a soil is lacking in phosphate yet you use barnyard manure
alone You cannot supply phosphate from this It phosphate is wanting
all the other elements of fertility receive an irremediable injury from this
we must have phosphate for the nitrogen potash and lime of the manure
to show their full activity
Q How can you show animals require phosphate for their bony struc
tuie
A This fact is proved for twenty years by comparing Britany with
Normandy You in this case use manure containing but little phos
phate while the animal requires a good deal his bony frame is reduced
and angular thus speaking his needs as plainly as the clearest language
Q Will you give an example of effect from a soil lacking in lime
A Yes from the Department of Aveyron where you see side by side
feldspathic soils lacking in lime and calcareous soils superabundantly pro
vided with lime On feldspathic soils the animals are dwarfed men them
selves are small in statue and angular in form their pronunciation is in
credible all this is from want of lime On calcareous soils the people are
tall their frames stronger and characters firmer
The conclusion from this is that lime must be brought to feldspathic
soils and phosphate and potash brought to calcareous soils
How can manure produced on a soil deficient in lime remedy conditions
more powerful than yourself
Q It seems from what you say there are hygienic laws for soils as well as
for human beings What is the best method of studying the hygienic laws
for the the soil
A By the use of experiment plats growing different plants and judging
the condition of the soil by the growth of the plants
CAPT WARREN OF RICHMOND ON GRASS CUL
TURE
In order that we may more fully appreciate the supreme importance of
the grasses over any other production with which an agriculturist has to
deal it would doubtless be interesting to refresh our minds with a few facts
of which many of you are familiar
In the report of the Department of Agriculture of the United States for
1887 and 1888 we find statistics that justify the following statements
331SUPPLEMENTAL REPORTit
1
The amount of hay produced in the United States and Territories for the
year 1880 including only hay cut on farms and exclusive of hay cut on
public lands and lands of nonresidents was fortyone million seven hun
dred and ninetysix thousand four hundred and ninetynine ions the value
of which at the average value in the United States 846 per ton was
35343769900
There was in the year 1888 in the United States and Territories domestic
animals not including swine one hundred and seven million eight hun
dred and seventyfour thousand one hundred aud ninetyfive necessary to
their support not including grain but the equivalent to hay either hay
forage or grass would be two hundred and fifteen million seven hundred
and fortyeight thousand three hundred and ninety tons which taking as
a basis 846 per ton we have in money value 91261568970
Let us consider the annual product of grass and forage crops The esti
mated value of domestic animals not including swine in 1888 for the
United States and Territories was2 142 497 060
Taking the position that they will reproduce their value
every three years and we have the annual product irom
this source alone 742 744 112
The estimated value of Wool was 77100000
I 5tter wxooo
Cheese 32000000
Milk 15600000
Which will give us the annual production from this source
the grand total of1199714112
In Georgia there are domestic animals not including swine one million
six hundred and thirtyeight thousand two hundred and fortyseven The
value of hay or forage necessary to their support at average value of hay
in the State1300 per tonis 4259447200 which is 938371900 more
than the value of the entire cotton crop of the State
The foregoing figures represent the actual consumption by horses mules
cattle and sheep and does not include swine which are large consumers
ot grass If your imagination can estimate that portion of the grass and
forage in the country at large and in the State not consumed but goes to
decay and returns to mother earth you may then begin to realize the pos
sibilities of the great and material interests involved in the subject before
us
I have as briefly as possible stated a few facts that in the consideration
of this subject you may be properly impressed with its importancefear
ing however to give you the whole truth at one time lest you should be
come incredulous I desire however to impress upon you how greatly do
the material interests and prosperity of any country depend upon the
growth of grass
If Georgia could prosper and become so prominent among the States
where her best efforts for generations have been made to suppress and ex
terminate this great factor of wealth imagine if you can what she might
have or yet can accomplish with her best efforts put forth to nurture de
velop and increase the production of a plant that already under adverse
conditions and in the face of constant warfare upon it insists upon adding
to your wealth annually over 900000000 more than the great cotton crop
of your great empire State
33218 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
There are so many conditions that enter into the cultivation of the
rrasseland foragecrops that no fixed rules can be made so that after all
onesown judgment and selfreliance must be the main dependence for
s ccessTs applies to all vocations and emphatically to his one There
are many grases suited to our soil and climate and many forage crops of
great value I do not profess t be familiar with or have accurate knovvl
pi lire of anv great variety f either
fn the selection of a single plant from the list of all the grasses y avor
ite is Sorghum Halapense said to be a native oi the Island of Jamaica
and there i lie Green Valley Grass at first called in this country
GuUeaGS but now becoming more generally known as John
son Grass so called by reason of a Mr Johnson having introduced it and
madeprominent the name in Alabama as Governor Mans Introduced it
h South Carolina hence in that State it bore the local name o Means
Grass It is suited to the climate is a rapid grower yields well making
ttwto four cuttings in a season and above all other consderaUons
niakesamostexcelleit and nutritious hay not sururpased by any hay
brought to this State from the more pretentious haygrowing sectous of
atlwp I regard Winter Vetch as standing at the head of
the list Itf feeding value can hardly be equaled by any plant with whch
IXnlrmsapartof my crop growing with the Johnson Grass
which together with its excellence ol quality adds variety and quantity to
thevield There are some other varieties in my meadows but the two
first named Johnson Grass and Vetch are my specialties and upon
which 1 mainly depend for the crop produced Vetch grows during the
winter and is cutely in May wfien the Johnson Grass takeshe field
and will hold it until frost then in turn giving way to the Vetch again
so vou will observe by this combination the process is much like the inter
est account accumulating winter and summer including nights and Sun
dTae grasses and forage crops suited to the soil and climate of Georgia
abound in number and variety to meet the necessities of all sections tor
ha forage or pasture hence to their successlu growth the cond ions of
soil climate etc must be consulted and proper judgment used in selection
In the list of forage plants that are available in the climate of this State
are Vetch Lucerne Field Pea Indian Corn Oat Red Clover Crimson
Clover Alsike and White Clover Millet of eight varieties etc
And in the list of grasses you have Johnson grass Bermuda Crab and
Crowfoot grases Orchard grass Meadow Oat graoS Italian Rye grass
Blue Grass Timothy and Herds Grass
And while all of the above named are not suited to all sections any one
of them can be raised with success in some portion of the State
For general information regarding grasses and forage crops I can with
nleasure refer you to a pamphlet on the cultivation of grasses and forage
Kat the South byMr C W Howard published by Jas P Harmon
sinceAthenwritinag of this manual by Mr Howard there have been some
developments not then known but with very few exceptions what he
as so well stated stands good today and will be interesting and in
tructive reading to any one seeking knowledge on this subject
The application of labor and the machinery necessary for baymaking on
any extended scale is a matter of much importance and would enter
largely into consideration in this discussion if the subject was hay
making A subject that may be worthy of your attention on some future
occasion
3336A
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