PUBLICATIONS GEORGIA STATE FOR THE YEAR 1889 VOLUME XV T T HENDERSON Commissioner ATLANTA GEORGIA CONSTITUTION BOOK AND JOB PRINT 1889SINTRODUCTION VOLUME XV The current volume as with the fourteen preceding as the title imports embraces all of the publications of the Department of Agriculture of every character issued during the year This volume was not printed in its entirety at the end of the year but in accordance with the system adopted at the inauguration of the Depart ment a specified number of each publication including questions sent to correspondents the replies to which constitute the basis of the crop reports are filed in the office for binding at the end of the year The method thus adopted explains any apparent want of uniformity in the style and mechanical execution and in the quality of the paper CONTENTS OF VOL XV Circular No 114Analysis and Commercial Values of Commercial Fer tilizers and Chemicals admitted to sale to January 4th 1889 1 115Analysis and Commercial Values of Commercial Fer tilizers and Chemicals admitted to sale to Febru ary 7th 1889 9 116Crop Report for the Month of May 188923 H7Crop Report for the Month of June 188947 118Crop Report for the Month of July 188971 119Analyses and Commercial Values of Commercial Fer tilizers and Chemicals admitted to sale 188889 87 119Crop Report for the Month of August 1889 HI 120Crop Report for the Month of September 1889 133 121Crop Report for the Month of October 1889141 122Proceedings of Ga State Horticultural Society 89 161 123Rules and Regulations for the Inspection of Fertili zers 309 124Supplemental Report for 1889328 SPECIAL CIRCULARS Circular No 77Blanks for Crop Report returnable June 1 1889 43 79Blanks for Crop Report returnable August 1 1889 108 80Blanks for Crop Report returnable Sept 1 1889 132 81Blanks for Crop Report returnable Oct 1 1889 82Requiring Inspection of Chemicals etc140J 83Requiring Inspection of Supplemental Chemicals etc December 5 1889171 83Rescinding Special Circular No 82175 84Requiring Inspection of Cotton Seed Meal176 GENERAL INDEX Analyses Commercial Fertilizer 1 Analyses Commercial Fertilizer 9 Analyses Commercial Fertilizer 87 Acreage and condition of crops May 1st 17 A Word to Farmers 325 An Open Letter 326 C 2 23 28 47 71 133 141 Composts and Homemade Fertilizers Crop Report for May 1889 Correspondents Notes from Crop Report for June 1889 Crop Report for July 1889 Chemical FertilizersProf Ville 81 Crop Reporter August 1889 Crop Report for September 1889 Crop Report for October 1889 E Experiment FieldsProf Ville 62 F Fertilizer Report 1 Fertilizer Report 87 FertilizersComparative Trade in 102 FertilizersAmmoniated NonAmmoniated102 FertilizersReceipts and Expenditures107 Fruit Growing322 G Glanders 136 Georgia Experiment Station 154 Grass Culture33i H History of Georgia Experiment Station154 I Inquiries and Answers 31 Inspection of Fertilizers309 O Oats 65 Oat Grass 65 P Pear Blight 66 Proceedings 14th Annual Meeting Georgia State Horticultural Society 161GENERAL INDEX R Rules and RegulationsInspection of Fertilizers 309 S Statement of Fertilizer Inspectors 101 School of Chemical Fertilizers 126 School of Chemical Fertilizers 187 Sugar Cane 149 School of Chemical Fertilizers 150 Supplemental Report 1889 316 School of Chemical Fertilizers 328Circular No 114 New Series FERTILIZER REPORT ANALYSES AND COMMERCIAL VALUES OE COM MERCIAL FERTILIZERS AND CHEMICALS Inspected Analyzed and Admitted to Sale in Georgia During the Season of 188889 to Jan 4 1889 Department of Agriculture Atlanta Ga January 15 1889 RELATIVE COMMERCIAL VALUES Extract from Circular No 103 The estimation of Relative Commercial Values of fertilizers has been the uniform practice of the Department since the first fertilizer bulletin was published in June 1875 Circular No 12 Old Series It was not the intention of the Commissioner to indicate by the publica tion of these values the absolute prices at which fertilizers should be sold to the farmer but simply to enable the famer to compare the com mercial quality and probable agricultural value of the different brands with each other The idea was well expressed in the following extract from Circular No 9 New Series issued July 24 1880 If each fertilizer contained but one valuable ingredient the percent ages of that ingredient would correctly indicate the comparative value of the fertilizers But as the large majority of the brands contain two or more ingredients differing widely in agricultural and commercial value and in the percentages in which they enter into the composition it is found very convenient to add together the calculated commercial value in dollars and cents of each ingredient as a basis of comparison and a guide to the purchaser By the usual correspondence and otherwise the Commissioner has ascertained that there has been a material advance in the cost of mate rials of which commercial fertilizers are manufactured due probably to the unusually large consumption of fertilizers the past year This advance makes it proper to raise the valuations on which are the basis of the calculations of Relative Commercial Values in the following tables For the season of 188788 the following were the valuations of elements Available Phosphoric Acid6 cents per pound Ammonia14 cents per pound Potash K2 O5 cents per pound 12 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA For the present season the following has been fixed by the Commis sioner as the valuations Available Phosphoric Acid 7 cents per pound Ammonia15 cents per pound Potash K2 5 cents per pound This is an increase of one cent per pound in the valuation each of available phosphoric acid and ammonia as compared with last season potash remaining the same and will account for the higher relative commercial values of brands of fertilizers which show no higher analysis than they did last season The effect on relative values of this change in the valuations of elements is thus illustrated A fertilizer containing ten per cent of available phosphoric acid and three per cent of ammo nia would have been rated last season at 82040 per ton while the same fertilizer having precisely the same analysis will be rated at 2300 j er ton the present season COMPOSTS AND HOMEMADE FERTILIZERS The following from Circular 102 January 24 1888 is republished for the benefit of farmers who desire to utilize all their home manurial materials to the best advantage in connection with purchased commer cial fertilizers and chemicals FORMULA FOR COMPOSTS If the stable manure and cotton seed have been protected from waste by exposure to rain and sun the following formula is recommended FORMULA NO 1 Stable Manure650 pounds Green Cotton Seed650 pounds Superphosphate700 pounds Making a ton oi2000 pounds If the compost is intended for use on soils particularly deficient in potash the proportion of cotton seed and stable manure may be reduced 50 pounds each and 100 pounds of Kainit used instead The formula would then be FORMtLA no 2 Stable Manure600 pounds Cotton Seed green601 pounds Superphosphate700 pounds Kainit100 pounds Making a ton of2000 pounds These ingredients may be varied in proportions to adapt the resulting composts to different soils or crops but either of the above will be found to give satisfactory results in every class of soils and on all of our cul tivated crops To the aboveit may be added that if the quantity of stable manure available for composting is either relatively greater or less than the pro portions indicated in the above formula the proportions may be disre garded without detriment to the value of the practical results 2ANALYSES OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS188889 The point to be kept in view is to preserve approximately the relative proportions of the three elements ammonia phosphoric acid and potash This may be substantially accomplished by preserving the relative quantities of cotton seed acid phosphate and kainit as given in the second formula This would give about one per cent of ammonia and threefourths of one per cent of potash for every five per cent of phosphoric acid The addition of stable or lot manure in whatever quantities would not materially alter these relative percentages but would simply reduce each in about the same ratio and to the extent of such addition If decorticaledcotton seed thekernels of the seed be used instead of the whole seed use half the quantity If the meal be used reduce the quantity to onethird of the weight of cotton seed in the formula given These substitutions in the quantities suggested will not materially alter the relative proportions of the three elements hut will make a more concentrated fertilizer If the proportion of stable manure be greater or less than stated in the formula increase or diminish the quantity applied per acre ac cordingly Farmers can save much of the immediate profits on sales of fertilizers if they will club together and buy from first hands in twentyton lots and upwards the ingredients required towit acid phosphate cotton seed meal and potash salts If purchased in bulk that is unsacked the saving will be one dollar per ton on account of sacks There is no mystery whatever in mixing or manipulating fertilizers A farmer can mix the ingredients substantially as well as the manufacturer A single ton of acid phosphate 14 per cent available can probably be delivered at any railroad depot in Georgia at 17 per ton cash and freight from Charleston or Savannah In larger lots the price would be proportionately less A single ton of cotton seed meal would probably cost 24 at the mill and a single ton of kainit 15 at the ports Now suppose the following mixture FORMULA no 3 1400 pounds acid phosphate at ports10 50 450 pounds cotton seed meal at mill6 00 150 pounds kainit at ports 1 10 2000 pounds or one ton1 60 Now add average freight from Savannah and the cost will be in the neighborhood of 21 per ton Such a mixture would analyze about Available phosphoric acid900 per cent Ammonia180 per cent PotashLOO per centTABLES of Analyses and Relative Commercial Values of Commercial Fertilizers Chemicals Etc Inspected Analyzed and Admitted to Sale in Georgia During the Season of 188889 to January 5 1889 TABLE IAmmoniated Superphosphate of Lime NAME OF BRAND Ammoniated Dissolved Bone i Adairs Ammoniated Dissolved Bone Ashepoo Fertilizer Ammoniated Dissolved Bone Ammoniated Dissolved Bone Americus Guano Atlanta Ammoniated Superphosphate Ammoniated Dissolved Bone Ammoniated Dissolved Bone Buffalo Bone Guano Bates Georgia Standard High tirade Bowkerx tottort Fertilizer Bradleys Patent Guano Bone milpound Cherokee Ammoniated Hone aCairo Guano Crown Guano Cotton Seed Meal Mixture Alarks Soluble Guano oDixie Guano aEmpire Guano Eddystone Soluble Guano E Prank Coes Ammoniated Bone Sup Phos Eddystone Guano Farmers Favorite Gossypium Phospho 112c 1000 HI01 ill 000 1050 1600 000 1Hi 910 1400 950 720 1110 1585 970 101 1175 1525 1525 1060 950 875 1350 1250 Phosphoric Acid 185 140 315 105 215 240 205 220 210 130 190 225 175 190 230 13 275 125 100 135 130 180 2 2 230 210 CO 950 815 71 820 8 in 6 890 815 845 810 8 in 745 850 685 711 6 M 810 760 710 705 820 755 1 55 910 675 130 200 305 315 280 r 175 2lid 160 205 2111 205 315 140 365 1050 321 160 205 2211 320 330 250 520 230 330 1080 1015 1020 1135 1120 1010 101 U7 1005 1015 1040 111111 1165 in s 275 2 11 271 2Ml illlli 22H 230 250 27H 285 21 ill 2 15 2711 2 II 1030 271 106C 55 1015 221 980 1030 270 10 2 5 1070 2211 1080 305 17 271 11111 250 1003 305 22 o 2562 2156 21 2639 5 93 201 222H 2505 2117 2591 2386 2i21 2d 21 2 i 2415 2472 2474 22 SI 215 2111 12 130 110 250 200 315 150 I7 180 120 2 2211 22i 200 280 210 2484 FOR WHOM INSPECTED 101 18 211 258 2612 22S5 I 85 2531 200 2522 Baldwin Fertilizer Co Savannab Adair Bros Co Atlanta Ga Ashepoo Phosphate Co Charlestoi 1 no Merryman Co Baitimore B R LeggBro Marietta Ga Americus Guano Co Americus Atlanta Guano Co Atlanta Ga Savannah Guano Co Savannah Listers Agl Chem Wks Ball Adair Bros Co Atlanta Ga V A Bates See Griffin Ga Jno D Weld Savannah Ga Bradley Fertilizer Co Boston Baldwin Fertilizer Co Savannah Hartshorne Huger Savannah Raisin Fertilizer Co Baltimore Trendwell Abbot A Co Atlanta Georgia Chemical Wks Augusta Madciox RuckcrCo Atlanta Kaiu Fertilizer Co Baltimore Raisin Fertilizer Co Baltimore Atlanta Guano Co Atlanta Ga Jno Merryman A Co Baltimore John M Green A llanta V Pollard Augusta Gco W Scott Mfg Co Atlanta BY WHOM AND WHERE MANU FACTURED Baldwin Fertilizer Co Port Royal Adair Bros Co Atlanta Ga Ashepoo Phos Co Charleston S C Jno Merryman a Co Barren I N Y B R LeggiS Bio Marietta Ga Americus Guano Co Americus Ga Atlanta Guano Co Atlanta a Savannah Guano Co Savannah Ga Listers Agl chem Wks Baltimore Furman Farm IuipCo EastPaintGa Griffin Fertilizer Co Griffin Ga Bowker Fertilizer Co Klizahethport Bradley Fertilizer Co Boston Mass Baldwin Ferl Co Ioit Royal S C Commercial Guano Co Savannah Ga Raisin Fertilizer Co Baltimore Md For Treadwell Abbott A Co Atlanta Georgia Chemical Works AugustaGa Southern PhospateCo Atlanta Ga Raisin Fertilizer Co Baltimore Md BaiSln I 1 Illiz 1 Pal tillilv Md Atlanta Guano Co Atlanta Ga E Frank Coe Barren Island X Y Clarks Cove Guano Co New Bedford hradlty limlizer Co New Bedford Geo w seoti Mfg Co Atlanta Ga EC H tg O a tGa State Standard Ammoniated Super Phos Georgia State Grange Fertilizer aGiant Guano Homestead Guano Home Com pi Hind Hardees Cotton Boll Am Super Phos Hopes Ammoniated Guano II S MillurCoB Standard Phos H S Miller Gos Harvest Queen II II Cos Pure Animal Bone Veg Fert Harvest Queen Home Mixture Guano aKing Guano aLion Guano Lowes Georgia Formula Mastoden Ammoniated Soluble Phos Nassau Guano Oglethorpe Ammoniated Dissolved Bone Old Dominion Guano Olympic Guano oPotent Pacific Guano Port Royal Cotton Fertilizer Pomona Guano Phertiston Guano Standard Super Phosphate Southern Ammoniated Dissolved Bone Sternes Ammoniated Raw Bone Sup Phos Samana Guano Soluble Pacific Guano Sea Fowl Guano aSouth American Guano aSoluble Sea Island Guano The Complete Cotton Fertilizer Tennessee Super Phos Vegetable Fertilizer Walton Guano 951 110 815 1350 240 860 1525 130 705 135 820 1215 110 715 1375 220 840 800 185 885 15 110 8 85 910 115 8S0 1021 155 755 11111 250 750 950 1 870 1525 1 31 705 1525 1 35 710 11111 215 650 1060 250 810 1250 225 550 1110 141 915 1150 0911 820 1020 185 835 1175 100 700 1011 100 815 1050 320 880 R50 115 640 1411 275 750 1251 105 751 1110 135 815 1220 100 780 I7 251 615 1125 1 25 1000 1420 101 710 1421 160 710 981 251 700 li 81 220 850 13201 085 950 920 200 615 205 160 331 2c0 270 270 200 390 385 1 390 195 330 3JO 355 230 495 1 95 200 305 220 2 95 235 250 310 195 231 410 225 420 420 360 290 230 410 1020 285 0 20 245 1135 275 020 240 985 240 1110 250 145 210 7li 305 1215 245 910 7111 1140 245 1063 290 1035 275 1030 370 1005 210 11Ill 280 1045 260 11Ill 260 1020 335 1140 250 980 280 1110 240 111 2311 l 75 245 looo 325 1061 275 1010 2 60 1010 330 1025 285 1225 275 1130 25D 1131 250 1121 2 in 1140 200 1181 355 1025 200 275 3558 230 2181 2118 2339 2551 3353 3013 2781 4014 2510 2636 2484 2172 2212 2500 3HI 210 2AQ 251 120 320 275 610 175 275 210 220 1 210 155 2398 250 2584 28 150 28H 250 311 5111 150 200 220 280 100 200 210 210 225 lHo 275 100 is 90 2492 24 2401 2610 2525 350 I 2414 2081 2450 2740 25 12 2512 2513 2340 29 2313 Hammond Hull it Co Savanah Baldwin Fertilizer Co Savannah Raisin Fertilizer Co Baltimore Adah Bros v Co Atlanta Thomasville Guo Co Thomasvle Hammond Hull Co Savannah R V Bowen Haw kinsville Ga Jewell Smith Gainesville Jewell Smith Gainesville Hammond Hull Co Savannah Lister s Agl Chem Wks Baltimre Columbus Fert Co ColumbusGa Raisin Fertilizer Co Baltimore Raisin Fertilizer Co Baltimore Georgia chemical Wks Augusta Georgia Chemical Wks Augusta John D Weld Savannah Ga Hammond Hull fc Co Savannah Maddux Rucker cfc Co Atlanta 1 O Jelks Oo llawkinsvilleGa Maddox Rueker Co Atlanta Hammond Hull 0Jo Savannah Commercial Guano CoSavannah Christian v Taliaferro Atlanta Listers Agl chem Wks Baltimre Maddox Rucker Co Atlanta tandard Guano Chemical Mfg Co New Orleans Maddox Rueker Co Atlanta J O Mathewson Co Augusta Bradley Fertilizer Co BostonMass RaisinFertilizer Co Baltimore Raisin Fertilizer Co Baltimore Commercial Guano Co Savannah National Fertilizer Oo Nashville Baldwin Fertilizer Co Savannah Walton Guano Co Social Circle Hammond HulKv Oo Pt Royal S C Baldwin Fertilizer Co Savannah Ga Raisin Fertilizer Co Baltimore Md Michigan Carbon Wks Detroit Mich Thomasville Guano C Thomasville Hammond Hull Co Pt Royal S C R V Bowen Haw kinsville Ga H S Miller A Co Newark N 1 11 s Miller Co Newark N 1 Hammond Hull cv Co Pt Royal SC Listers Agl Chem Wks Baltimore Columbus Fert Oo Columbus Ga Raisin Fertilizer Co Baltimore Md Raisin Fertilizer Co Baltimore Md Georgia Chem Works Augusta Ga Georgia Chem Works Augusta Ga Bowker Fer Co Elizabeth port N J Hammond Hull t Co Pt Royal S01 Southern Phosphate Co Atlanta Ga J O Jelks Co Ilawkinsvillc Ga Southern Phosphate Co Atlanta a Hammond Hull Co Pt Royal SC Commercial Guano Co Savannah Ga Wright Craighill Lynchburg Va Listers Agl Chem Wks Baltimore Southern Phosphate Co Atlanta Ga Standard Guano A chemical MfgCo New Orleans Southern Phosphate Co Atlanta Ga 1 Matthewson A Co Augusta Ga Bradley Fertilizer Jo Boston Mass Raisin Fertilizer Co Baltimore Md Raisin Fertilizer Co Baltimore Md Commercial Guano Co Savannah Ga National Fer Co Nashville Tenn Baldwin Ferlizer Co Port RoyalS C Walton Guano Co Social Circle Ga r Kj CG Kl J c o r N CO ITABLE II Acid Phosphate Dissolved Bones Natural Guanos Chemicals Etc NAME OF BRAND Phosphoric Acid CO FOR WHOM INSPECTED BY WHOM AND WHERE MANU FACTURED o O 2 o i3 d I O 0 Atlantic Dissolved Hone Phos Atlanta Soluble Bone aCbatham Bales Acid Phosphate Bates Aeiil Phosphate Dissolved Bone Phosphate of Lime o Etiwan Dissolved Bone Edisto Acid Phosphate Ezells Dissolved Bone Fnrmans Sol Bone with Am and Potash Funnans Aeid Phosphate Farish Fnrmans Formula Georgia State standard Acid Phosphate Ground Bone Georgia state Grange Aeid Phosphate High Grade Aeid Phosphate Home Fertilizer Chemicals Kainit Kainit Kainit Kainit Kainit Kainit Our Dissolved Bone Phosphate Oglethorpe Aeid Phosphate Pure Acid Phosphate Pomona Acid Phosphate Port Royal Dissolved Bone Phosphate Pure Ground Bone Southern Acid Phosphate Scotts High Grade Acid Phosphate 075 1010 085 1220 315 1120 150 865 135 1210 315 710 130 950 130 1010 410 1120 250 821 175 1151 140 8 40 IIKI 1110 1530 500 1510 330 1550 390 1510 340 1205 395 1605 1385 475 305 390 290 315 1 I 25 1315 1510 Ulli I II 345 1181 370 1510 135 315 315 235 125 310 105 1910 100 1115 109 112 3 2ii 355 1120 1000 1120 1125 1205 1120 1060 390 IHi 1415 1480 15 10 1410 380 1500 1515 3 45 1550 50 uiVo 500 1560 2 75 2114 2170 2114 1807 2247 1939 1995 209 2111 22 79 21151 1919 211 I 11110 12S5 1175 1205 12 511 1210 1260 1981 2072 3230 1285 1175 1265 1251 1210 1260 2114 1974 2100 2121 2170 2058 2184 Atlantic Phos Co Charleston s Atlanta Guano Co Atlanta Ga Ilartshorne tv Huger Savannah J A Bale Rome Ga W A Bates Sec Griffin Ga Pacific Guano Co Charleston Etiwan Phosphate Co Charleston Edisto Phos Co Charleston S C Ashepoo Phos Co Charleston Adair Bros k Co Atlanta la Adair Bros Co Atlanta Ga Adair Bros Co Atlanta Ga Hammond Hull Co Savannah Listers Agl hem Wks Bait Baldwin Fertilizer Co Savannah Jno Merryman tv Co Baltimore Boykin Cariner Co Baltimore Edisto Phos Co Chareston s C Commercial Guano Co Savannah Savannah Guano Co Savannah Hammond Hull Co Savannah Baldwin Per Co Savannah Loiter Stephens Savannah Ilartshorne t Huger Savannah Hammond Hull Co Savannah Wilcox tfcGibbs Guano Co Savh Ilartshorne Ac linger Savannah Hammond Hull t Co Savannah 11 R Legg Bro Marietta Ga Maddox Ruekcr A Co Atlanta Geo W Seiit Mfg Co Atlanta Atlantic Phos Co Charleston S C Atlanta Guano Co Atlanta Ga Commercial Guano Co Savannah Ga 1 A Bale Rome Ga Griffin Fertilizer Co Griffin Ga Pacific Guano Co Charleston S C Etiwan Phosphate Co Charleston EdiStO Phosphate Co Charleston Ashepoo Phos Co Charleston S C Furman Farm linpt Co East PL Ga Funnau Farm linpt Co East PL Ga Furman Farm linpt o East PL Ga Hammond Hull Co Pt RoyalSC Listers Agl Chem Wks Baltimore Lahlw in Fertilizer Co PL Royal S C Jno Merryman Co Baltimore Boykin Carmer At Co Baltimore Md Imp Edisto Phos Co Charleston SC Impd Commercial Guano Co Savh Impd Savannah Guano Co Savanah Impd Hammond Hull A Co Savah Impd by Baldwin Fertilizer Co linpt Mabbett A Williams Savannah Commercial Guano Co Savannah Ga Hammond Hull Co PL Royal Wilcox A Gibhs Guano Co Savannah Commercial Guano Co Savannah Hammond Hull ctCo Pt Royal Stand Guano A Chem MfgCo X 0 Southern Phos Co Chailestou S C Geo W Scott Mlg Co Atlanta GaSoluble Bone 1120 Wando Acid Phosphate j 810 Walton Aeid Phosphate 1050 XX Acid Phosphate 1115 140 1065 360 1425 lflOS HftO 1150 75 1525 21 M5 005 1160 420 1580 W 1 181 1050 405 1455 2037 Columbus Fertilizer Co Columbus Columbus Fertilizer Co ColumbusGa Wando Phos Co Charleston Wando Phos Co Charleston S C Walton Guano Co Social Circle Walton Guano Co Social circle Oa Walton Whann Co Charleston Walton Whann A Co fbarleatonSt t Bawboue or bone meal contains no reverted acid proper as it has not been acidulated The whole of the phosphoric aeid is therefore reported as Insolu ble though practically it Is much more available as plant food than phosphoric acid from other sources A good finch ground bone meal is worth about 40 Duplicate BrandsIn some instances fertilizers manufactured by the same formula and actually sacked from the same bulkbeing in everv respeel identi calare sold under different names Such brands are indicated in the foregoing tables bv letters a 6 c etc prefixed to the same those having the same letter m the same table being identical are sacked and shipped from the same bulk K a ICircular No 115 New Series Analyses and Commercial Values of Commercial Fertilizers and Chemicals Inspected Analyzed and Admitted to Sale in Georgia During the Season of 188889 to February 7 1889 Department of Agriculture Atlanta Ga February 15 1889 RELATIVE COMMERCIAL VALUES Extract from Circular No 103 The estimation of Relative Commercial Values of fertilizers has been the uniform practice of the Department since the first fertilizer bulletin was published in June 1875 Circular No 12 Old Series It was not the intention of the Commissioner to indicate by the publica tion of these values the absolute prices at which fertilizers should be sold to the farmer but simply to enable the farmer to compare the com mercial quality and probable agricultural value of the different brands with each other The idea was well expressed in the following extract from Circular No 9 New Series issued July 24 1880 II each fertilizer contained but one valuable ingredient the per centages of that ingredient would correctly indicate the comparative value of the fertilizers But as the large majority of the brands contain two or more ingredients differing widely in agricultural and commer cial value and in the percentages in which they enter into the compo sition it is found very convenient to add together the calculated com mercial value in dollars and cents of each ingredient as a basis of comparison and a guide to the purchaser Bv the usual correspondence and otherwise the Commissioner has ascertained that there has been a material advance in the cost of mate rials of which commercial fertilizers are manufactured due probably to the unusually large consumption of fertilizers the past year This lowing valuations of elements Available Phosphoric Acid 6 cents per pound Ammonia 14 cents per pound pSK2 O 5 cents per pound For the present season the following has been fixed by the Commis sioner as the valuations ivmaontphosphorioAcid iSESSgJSES PoTaTK O cents per pound This is an increase of one cent per pound in the valuation each of available phosphoric acid and ammonia as compared with last season potash remaining the same and will account for the higher relative commercial values of brands of fertilizers which show no higheranalysis than thev did last season The effect on relative values ot this change in the valuations of elements is thus illustrated1 A fertilizercontaining 10 per cent of available phosphoric acid and 3 per cent of ammonia would have been rated last season at 20 40 per ton while the same fertilizer having precisely the same analysis will be rated at 2300 per ton the present season 9TABLES of Analyses and Relative Commercial Values of Commercial Fertilizers Chemicals Etc Inspected Analyzed and Admitted to Sale in Georgia During the Season of 188889 to February 7 1889 TABLE IAmmoniatkd Superphosphates of Lime NAME OF BRAND Ammoniated Dissolved Bone C Adairs Ammoniated Dissolved Bone Ashepoo Fertilizer Ammoniated Dissolved Bone Ammoniated Dissolved Bone Americus Guano Atlanta Ammoniated Superphosphate Ammoniated Dissolved Bone Ammoniated Dissolved Bone Ammoniated Dissolved Bone Aurora Ammoniated Phospho Ammoniated Dissolved Bone Ammoniated Sol Patapsco Guano Ammoniated Alkaline Phosphate Buffalo Bone Guano Bates Georgia Standard High Grade Bowkers Cotton Fertilizer Brad leys Patent Guano Bone Compound Bakers Standard Guano Bone Com pound Colgate Manure Cherokee Ammoniated Bone cCairo Guano Crown Guano Phosphoric Acid 3 d 3 d C 3 o 3 3 1 a 2 a CO T3 e 9 M 0 H S O a a I 2 a 1 112ft 185 951 130 1080 275 225 2562 1001 140 815 200 1015 245 2156 100C 315 7i 305 1020 270 215 2453 125C 105 X2 315 1135 S180 210 2689 850 215 84 280 1120 300 125 25 93 1001 240 675 335 1010 220 130 2201 10M1 205 89 175 1065 230 110 2291 1600 220 815 200 1075 250 250 2505 1000 211 845 160 1005 270 200 2117 1350 225 80C 175 1035 285 200 2354 87Ii 035 71C 350 1070 210 220 2348 1400 135 885 180 1005 210 150 2271 i4ai 140 H1C 210 1020 240 160 2308 1200 200 0IX 44 1045 220 180 2303 1010 180 810 205 1015 285 315 2591 910 190 840 200 1040 260 150 2386 1400 225 745 265 1010 245 175 2324 950 175 850 315 1105 270 180 2621 720 190 985 140 1075 240 120 2345 1250 210 710 800 1010 215 210 2269 12 50 085 800 240 1040 220 115 2231 1250 210 ti85 325 1010 210 220 2264 1110 230 685 365 1050 220 285 2415 1585 135 710 320 1030 270 220 2472 970 2751 0 00 460 1060 255 225 2474 FOR WHOM INSPECTKD Baldwin Fertilizer Co Savannah Adair Bros Co Atlanta Ga Ashepoo Phosphate Co Charleston Jno Merrvman Co Baltimore B R Legg Bro Marietta Ga Americus Guano Co Americus Atlanta Guano Co Atlanta Ga Savannah Guano Co Savannah Listers Agl Chem Wks Bait Baldwin Fertilizer Co Savannah H C Fisher Gen Man Newnan Patapsco Guano Co Baltimore Iatapsco Guano Co Baltimore Chesapeake Guano Co Baltimore Adair Bros Co Atlanta Ga W A Bates Sec Griffin Ga Jno D Weld Savannah Ga Bradley Fertilizer Co Boston Baldwin Fertilizer Co Savannah Chem Co of Canton Baltimore W II M Goulding Baltimore Chem Co of Canton Baltimore Hartshorne linger Savannah Raisin FertilizerCo Baltimore Treadwell Abbott Co Atlanta BY WHOM AND WHERE MANU FACTURED Baldwin Fertilizer Co Port Royal Adair Bros Co Atlanta Ga Ashepoo Phos Co Charleston S C Jno Merryman Co Barren I N Y B R Legg Bro Marietta Ga Americus Guano Co Americus Ga Atlanta Guano Co Atlanta Ga Savannah Guano Co Savannah Ga Listers Agl Chem Wks Baltimore Baldwin Fertilizer Co Pt Royal S C Coweta Fertilizer Co Newnan Ga Patapsco Guano Co Baltimore Md Patapsco Guano Co Baltimore Md Chesapeake Guano Co Baltimore Furmau Farm Imp Co KastPaintGa Griffin Fertilizer Co Griffin Ga Bowker FertilizerCo Elizabethport Bradlev Fertilizer Co Boston Mass Baldwin Fert Co Port Royal S C Chem Co of Canton Baltimore Md W H M Goulding Baltimore Md Chem Co of Canton Baltimore Md Commercial Guano Co Savannah Ga Raisin Fertilizer Co Baltimore Md For Treadwell Abbott Co Atlanta ht K s 3 O f O w lH a a I H a w Is I Q O oCotton Seed Meal Mixture ftClarks Soluble Guano Cotton Fertilizer Ammoniated Cumberland Bone Super Phos of Lime Cumberland Bone Super Phos of Lime Chattahooehee Guano cCotton Food aDixie Guano aEmiire Guano Eddvstone Soluble Guano E Frank Coes Ammoniated Bone Sup Phos Eddystone Guano Edisto Ammoniated Fertilizer Excellent Georgia Standard Guano Excelsior Guano fF F Browns Ammoniated Dissolved Bone Farmers Ammoniated Dissolved Bone Forest City Ammoniated Dissolved Bone Furmans High Grade Guano Farmers Standard Phosphate Farmers Favorite Oossvpium Phospno Ga State Standard Ammoniated Super Phos 4 Georgia State Grange Fertilizer aGiant Guano Georgia Test Guano Georgia Pacific Guano Homestead Guano Home Com pound Hardees Cotton Boll Am Super Phos Hopes Ammoniated Guauo H S Miller Cos Standard Phos H S Miller Cos Harvest Queen H H Cos Pure Animal Bone Veg Fert Harvest Queen Home Mixture Guano High Grade Guano Jacksons High Grade Guano Jonahs Gourd Guano J E Jackson Sons Amoniated Dis Bone aKing Guano aLion Guano Lowes Georgia Formula L C Dissolved Bone with Am and Potash L R Ammoniated Guano L W IXL Ammoniated Super Phosphate Mastodon Ammoniated Soluble Phos Nassau Guano 1015 125 810 205 1015 1175 100 700 220 980 1800 200 030 400 1030 1200 205 880 130 1010 1380 225 740 270 1010 8 SO 100 050 200 910 1000 185 785 22 1010 1525 135 710 320 1030 is 130 705 331 1035 1000 180 820 250 1070 950 230 755 325 1080 875 255 455 520 975 1450 190 900 120 1020 1010 215 350 025 975 1000 185 785 225 1010 10 50 230 720 290 1010 1450 230 810 205 1015 14 25 220 810 210 1020 1100 140 800 240 1040 1100 150 710 345 1055 1350 230 910 230 1140 1250 210 075 330 1005 950 110 815 205 1020 1350 240 860 100 10 20 1525 130 705 330 1035 1050 240 7 45 295 1040 1110 220 350 730 1080 050 135 820 20 1020 1215 110 715 270 985 13 75 220 840 270 1110 800 185 885 260 1145 915 110 8 85 390 1275 910 115 880 385 1205 1020 155 755 155 910 1100 250 750 390 1140 050 135 870 195 1005 825 080 070 245 915 975 111 710 295 1005 810 0 85 641 340 980 1050 2 31 721 290 1010 1525 1 30 705 331 ioa5 1525 1 35 710 320 1030 11 fit 215 65C 355 1005 10 75 2K 70C 88C 10 80 13 51 215 90 llt 1010 145f 26 7K 331 1040 1061 ISA 811 231 1040 1250 225 550 495 104O 220 200 280 280 230 165 235 150 240 155 2 50 200 215 150 270 220 375 210 220 100 305 185 270 210 300 150 210 130 215 151 220 160 215 120 245 265 265 270 240 235 250 1 85 805 200 285 275 245 200 275 210 220 180 245 150 240 241 240 250 250 210 120 305 320 245 275 710 610 245 175 290 275 275 220 250 200 250 255 221 160 275 210 271 220 211 175 235 125 225 175 245 145 28 211 200 155 2281 2492 2297 2269 2289 2224 2209 2472 2484 2258 2012 2285 2478 2125 2209 2234 2180 2428 2521 2432 2531 2522 1558 2363 2481 2290 2397 2148 2339 2554 2353 3020 2781 4014 2506 2036 2326 2357 2377 22 31 2484 2472 2212 2342 2264 2336 2506 2398 Georgia Chemical Wks Augusta Maddox Eucker Co Atlanta Navassa Guano Co Wilmington has Ellis Savannah Chas Ellis Savannah LaGrange Mills LaGrange Ga Savannah Guano Co Savannah Raisin Fertilizer Co Baltimore Raisin Fertilizer Co Baltimore Atlanta Guano Co Atlanta Ga Jno Merryman Co Baltimore John M Green Atlanta Edisto Phosphate Co Charleston Wilcox Gibbs Guano Co Savh Savannah Guauo Co Savannah Savannah Guano Co Savannah Hammond Hull Co Savannah Hammond Hull Co Savannah Adair Bros Co Atlanta Ga G Ober Sons Co Baltimore W J Pollard Augusta Geo W Scott Mfg Co Atlanta Hammond Hull Co Savanah Baldwin Fertilizer Co Savannah Raisin Fertilizer Co Baltimore John Merryman Co Baltimore John M Green Atlanta Ga Adair Bros Co Atlanta Thomasville Guo Co Thomasvle Hammond Hull Co Savannah R V Bowen Hawkinsville Ga Jewell Smith Gainesville Jewell Smith Gainesville Hammond Hull Co Savannah Listers Agl Chem Wks Baltimre Columbus Fert Co ColumbusGa Muse Brown Albany Ga Almond Co Jackson Ga Butler Turner Camilla Ga Savannah Guano Co Savannah Raisin Fertilizer Co Baltimore Raisin Fertilizer Co Baltimore Georgia Chemical Wks Augusta Langston Woodson Atlanta Lorentz Rittler Baltimore Langston Woodson Atlanta Georgia Chemical Wks Augusta John D Weld Savannah Ga Georgia Chemical Works AugustaGa Southern Phosphate CoAtfantaGa Navassa Guano Co Wilmington NC For has Ellis Savannah Ga For Chas Ellis New York LaGrange Mills LaGrange Ga Savannah Guano Co Savannah Ga Raisin Fertilizer Co Baltimore Md Raisin Fertilizer Co Baltimore Md Atlanta Guano Co Atlanta Ga E Frank Coe Barreu Island N Y Clarks Cove Guano Co New Bedford Edisto Phosphate Co Charleston SC Wilcox Gibbs Guano Co Savh Ga Savannah Guano Co Savannah Ga Savannah Guano Co Savannah Ga Port Royal Fert Co Port Koyal S C Hammond Hull Co Pt Royal SC Furman Frm Impt Co East Pt Ga G Ober Sons Co Baltimore Md Bradley Fertilizer Co New Bedford Geo W Scott Mfg Co Atlanta Ga Hammond Hull Co Pt Royal S C Baldwin Fertilizer Co Savannah Ga Raisin Fertilizer Co Baltimore Md John Merrvman Co Barren Island Clarks Cove Guano NewBedfdMass Michigan Carbon Wks Detroit Mich Thomasville Guano Co Thomasville Hammond Hull Co Pt Royal S C R V Bowen Hawkinsville Ga H S Miller Co Newark N J H S Miller Co Newark N J Hammond Hull Co Pt Royal SC Listers Agl Chem Wks Baltimore Columbus Fert Co Columbus Ga Muse Brown Albany Ga Almond Co Jackson Ga Butler Turner Camilla Ga Savannah Guano Co Savannah Ga Raisin Fertilizer Co Baltimore Md Raisin Fertilizer Co Baltimore Md Georgia Chem Works Augusta Ga Langston Woodson Cleveland O Lorentz Kittler Baltimore Md Bowker Fertilizer Co Boston Mass Georgia Chem Works Augusta Ga Bowker Fer Co Elizabethport N J H on m O d o W a M f w 02 I T lMHHMttAITABLE IContinued SAME OF BRAND Phosphoric Acid 5 V A S3 u 3 oj QJ 3 a o a o a c K u g ci o D h 1 s 2 02 M H OS Oglethorpe Ammoniated Dissolved Bone Old Dominion Gnano Olympic Guano cOnrOwn Guano ftPotent Pacific Guano Port Royal Cotton Fertilizer Pomona Gnano Phertiston Gnano Peruvian Ammoniated Dissolved Bone Plow Brand Haw Hone Super Phosphate Planters Soluble Guano Powhatton Haw Bone Amd Super Pbos dR D Creechs Complete Fertilizer Standard Super Phosphate Southern Ammoniated Dissolved Bone Sternes Ammoniated Raw Bone Sup Phos Samana Guano Soluble Pacific Guano Sea Fowl Guano aSouth American Guano aSoluble Sea Island Guano Standard Guano Star Brand Guano Southern Slate Standard Soluble Ammoniated Super Phos of Lime Samson Guano Scotts Animal Ammoniated Guano Truck Farmers Special Tift Gos High Grade Amd Super Phos The Complete Cotton Fertilizer Tennessee Super Phos Vegetable Fertilizer Varnadoes Dissolved Ammoniated Bone 1110 1150 1020 1000 1175 1010 1050 050 1050 875 1010 1350 1650 1410 1250 1110 1220 975 llio 1420 1420 1000 1000 1500 1000 875 1050 1225 S50 980 020 1320 1125 140 OflO 185 185 100 160 320 115 1 240 200 205 230 275 105 135 100 250 125 160 t60 185 150 200 201 08i 190 0S5 100 250 220 085 150 915 820 835 78c 700 815 880 040 890 500 7211 7CO 720 751 750 815 780 615 1000 710 710 785 650 775 000 0 50 715 6 15 075 700 S50 950 410 1 9b 1110 200 200 1020 335 305 1140 250 225 1010 215 220 080 280 205 1110 240 235 1115 230 335 975 245 120 1010 225 570 1070 252 K80 10 50 22 330 1090 235 290 1011 220 250 1000 325 310 11100 275 195 1010 2 00 230 1011 330 410 1025 286 1225 27 420 1130 250 1 20 itau 250 225 1010 215 1015 215 2 35 loio 210 4 00 1000 200 255 905 275 330 1045 22ii 425 1070 120 230 0115 205 361 1120 2 10 290 1140 200 230 1180 355 590 1000 230 250 285 150 150 280 2584 27 IS 2490 2209 2102 250 2524 2102461 5102010 135 2224 250 2504 125 2270 150 238 160 2234 150 2525 200 2510 220 2414 280 2684 160 2450 200 2740 210 254 210 254 150 2200 115 2181 13512170 210 2474 225 23 1 130 2253 365 3123 215 2277 225 2513 150 2846 2751299 1502211 Hammond Hull Co Savannah Maddox Rucker Co Atlanta J O lelks Co HawkinsvilleGa Savannah Guano Co Savannah Maddox Pucker Co Atlanta Hammond Hull Co Savannah Commercial Guano Co Savannah Christian Taliafervo Atlanta 11 T Taylor Hawkinsville Ga Walton Whann Co Charleston Adair Bros Co Atlanta Ga LorentZ Riltlcr Baltimore Savannah Guano Co Savannah Listers Agl Chem Wks Baltimre Maddox Rucker Co Atlanta standard Guano Chemical Mfg Co Now Orleans Maddox Rucker Co Atlanta 1 O Mathewson Co Augusta Bradley Fertilizer Co BostonMass RaisinFertilizer Co Baltimore Raisin Fertilizer Co Baltimore Savannah Guano Co Savannah Allison A Addison Richmd Va Savannah Guano Co Savannah G Ober it Sons Co Baltimore Wight A Weslosky Albany a Geo WScott MfgCo AtlantaGa VVilcox A Gibbs Guano Co Savh X A F Tilt Co Albany Ga Commercial Gnano Co Savannah National fertilizer Co Nashville Baldwin Fertilizer Co Savannah Client Co of Canton Baltimore Hammond Hull fe Co Pt Royal SC Southern Phosphate Co Atlanta Ga J O Jelks Co Hawkinsville Ga Savannah Guano Co Savannah Ga Southern Phosphate Co Atlanta Ga Hammond Hull Co Ft Royal SC Commercial Guano Co Savannah Ga Wright Craighill Lvnchburg Va 1 W Polhill Hawkinsville Ga Walton Whann Co Wmgton Del Adair Bros Co Atlanta Ga Iorentz Rittler Baltimore Md Savannah Guano Co Savannah Ga Listers Agl Chem Wks Baltimore Southern Phosphate Co Atlanta Ga Standard Guano Chemical Mfg Co New Orleans Southern Phosphate Co Atlanta Ga J 0 Matthewson A Co Augusta Ga Bradley Fertilizer Co Boston Mass Raisin Fertilizer Co Baltimore Md Raisin Fertilizer Co Baltimore Md Savannah Guano Co Savannah Ga Allison t Addison Richmond Va Savannah Guano Co Savannah Ga G Ober Sons Co Baltimore Md Wight Weslosky Albany Ga Ceo V Scott Mfg Co Atlanta Ga Wilcox Gibbs Guano Co Savh Ga N A F Tift A Co Albany Ga Commercial Guano Co Savannah Ga National Fit Co Nashville Tenn Baldwin Fcrlizer Co Port RoyalS C Chem Co of Canton Baltimore Md O o o t1 cl I 0 O Walton Guano Wileox Gibbs Co Manipulated Guano W T lane Bro Amd Dissolved Bone Zells Ammouiated Bone Super Phos 920 9 00 fi 1ft 410 1025 260 100 2315 1300 1 3ft 4 51 605 1055 280 225 2542 1500 M 7 00 310 1010 235 250 2309 1300 250 605 395 1010 250 150 2300 TABLE II Acid Phosphate Dissolved Bones Natural Guanos Chemicals Etc NAME OF BRAND Atlantic Dissolved Bone Phos Atlanta Soluble Bone Ashepoo Acid Phosphate Acid Phosphate Atlantic Acid Phosphate Acid Phosphate Acid Phosphate Atlantic Acid Phosphate for wheat Bradleys Palmetto Acid Phosphate Bowkers Dissolved Bone Phosphate Bales Acid Phosphate Bates Acid Phosphate aChathara Acid Phosphate Clifton Acid Phosphate Dissolved Bone Phosphate So Ca Dissolved Bone Dissolved So Ca Bone Dissolved Bone Phosphate of Lime Etiwan Dissolved Bone Edisto Acid Phosphate Ezells Dissolved Bone Etiwan Acid Phosphate Eutau Acid Phosphate Furmans Sol Bone with Am and Potash Furmans Acid Phosphate Farish Furmans Formula Gays Bone Phosphate Georgia State Standard Acid Phosphate fGround Bone Georgia State Grange Acid Phosphate High Grade Acid Phosphate Phosphoric Acid 1120 1125 1250 1320 1050 1350 1450 1650 1000 1200 1050 1150 1150 9 1350 1610 1450 785 1075 1350 875 1060 1245 1015 1310 1300 137a 800 1210 S60l 0 085 175 145 135 210 110 055 175 220 150 135 315 2 10 230 120 200 315 130 130 410 275 165 250 175 1 HI 088 090 1530 135 1010 1220 975 960 875 800 1115 775 1220 560 866 1210 1120 1215 945 875 9111 711 950 1010 1120 950 1250 120 1150 40 11 10 1140 500 330 385 475 380 310 3 00 435 290 600 340 395 390 195 430 505 515 675 475 305 390 400 170 290 315 345 3 21 370 1510 1550 1360 1425 1255 1110 1415 1210 1510 1160 1205 1605 1510 1410 1375 1380 1415 1385 1425 1315 1510 13 50 1420 1110 1465 1185 1430 1510 1095 L5ll25 3201415 35511480 S B O FOR WHOM INSPECTED 151 150 050 225 220 iofi 151 121 125 151 2 75 420 260 2114 Atlantic Phos Co Charleston S C 2170 Atlanta Guano Co Atlanta Ga 2054 Ashepoo Phos Co Chartou S C 2045 Navassa Guano CoWilmtonNC 1982 Atlantic Phos Co Charton S C 1774 Ashley Phos Co Charleston S C 1981 Wando Phos Co Charleston S C 1849 Atlantic Phos Co Charton S C 2114 Bradley Fer Co Boston Mass 1774 Jno D Weld Savannah Ga 1807 J A Bale Rome Ga 2247 W A Bates Sec Griffin Ga 2114 Hartshorn AHuger Savannah Ga 1974 Clifton Chem PhosCo Atlanta 1925 GOberSons CoBaltimoreMd 1933 Ashley Phos Co Charleston 1981 Chemical Co of Canton Balto 1939 Pacitic Guano Co Charleston 1995 Etiwan Phosphate Co Charleston 2091 Edisto Phos Co Charleston S C 2114 Ashepoo Phos Co Charleston 2015 Etiwan Phos Co Charleston SC 2138 Ashepoo Phos CoCharIestonSC 2279 Adair Bros Co Atlanta Ga 2051 Adair Bros Co Atlanta Ga 1919 Adair Bros Co Atlanta Ga 2002 Baldwin Fer Co Savannah Ga 2114 Hammond Hull Co Savannah Listers Agl Chem Wks Bait Baldwin Fertilizer Co Savannah Jno Merryman at Co Baltimore BY WHOM AND WHERE MANU FACTURED 1981 i 2072 Atlantic Phos Co Charleston S C Atlanta Guano Co Atlanta Ga Ashepoo Phos Co Charleston S C Navassa Guano CoWilmingtonN C Atlantic Phos Co Charleston S C Ashley Phosphate Co CharlestonSC Wando Phosphate Co CharlestonSC Atlantic Phos Co Charleston S V Bradley Fertilizer Co Boston Mass Bowker Fertilizer Co CharlestonSC J A Bale Rome Gft Griffin Fertilizer Co Griffin Ga Commercial GuanoCo Savannah Ga Clifton Chem Phos Co Atlanta G Oner Sons Co Baltimore Md Ashley Phosphate Co CharlestonSC Chemical Co of Canton Baltimore Pacific Guano Co Charleston S C Etiwan Phosphate Co Charleston Edisto Phosphate Co Charleston Ashepoo Phos Co Charleston S C Etiwan Phosphate Co Charleston Ashepoo Phosphate Co Charleston Furman Farm Impt Co East Pt Ga Furman Farm Impt Co East Pt Ga Furman Farm Impt Co East Pt Ga Baldwin Fertilizer Co Port RoyalSC Hammond Hull Co Pt Royal S C Listers Agl Chem Wks Baltimore Baldwin Fertilizer Co Pt Royal S C Jno Merryman Co Baltimore W H i O w ht o H W w I 0 o w oHome Fertilizer Chemicals Kainit Kairjit Kainit Kainit Kainit Kainit Kainit Kainit Kramers Dissolved Bone L W Acid Phosphate Nassau Dissolved Bone with Potash Oglethorpe Dissolved Bone Phosphate auur Dissolved Bone Phosphate Oglethorpe Acid Phosphate Pure Acid Phosphate Pomona Acid Phosphate Port Royal Dissolved Bone Phosphate fPure Ground Bone Port Royal Acid Phosphate Plain Dissolved Bone Potash Acid Phosphate Rainbow Soluble Phosphate SlinglufFs Dissolved Bone m SlinglufTs Dissolved Bone Sunny South Acid Phosphate Standard Acid Phosphate Southern Acid Phosphate 8cotts High Grade Acid Phosphate Soluble Bone Wando Acid Phosphate Walton Acid Phosphate XX Acid Phosphate 750 200 190 225 250 315 235 125 310 105 1910 280 0 20 185 1X0 105 215 100 210 100 105 140 250 065 180 1210 9 90 1100 975 1120 1000 1120 1125 1205 1010 1225 780 900 1186 1210 1115 945 1120 1060 1065 1150 1160 1050 lo 33 310 475 390 410 3 390 3 45 345 860 5 165 235 200 395 490 350 500 360 375 420 405 1405 1320 1410 1450 15 10 1410 1500 1515 1550 1355 1585 1320 1065 1415 1410 1510 1431 1470 1560 1425 1525 1580 1455 740 1010 1285 1175 1265 12 50 1210 1260 1320 1300 165 120 115 160 125 3230 1285 1175 1265 1250 1210 1260 1320 1360 1967 2008 2099 205 2114 1974 2100 2121 2170 150 240 1897 2219 19 2226 2341 2319 2114 2009 2058 2184 19 93 2135 2212 2037 Boykin Carmer Co Baltimore Edisto Phos Co Charleston S C Commercial Guano Co Savannah Savannah Guano Co Savannah Hammond Hull Co Savannah Baldwin Fer Co Savannah Bulter Stephens Savannah Ashley Phos Co Charleston S C Pacific Guano Co CharlestonSC Clifton Chem Phos Co Atlanta Ashepoo Phos Co CharlestonSC Jno D Weld Savannah Ga Hammond Hull Co Savannah Hartshorne Huger Savannah Hammond Hull Co Savannah Wilcox Gibbs Guano Co Savh Hartshorne Huger Savannah Hammond Hull Co Savannah B R Legg Bro Marietta Ga Hammond Hull Co Savannah Listers Agl Chem Wks Balto Lorentz Rittler Baltimore Md Atlanta Guano Co Atlanta Ga Boykin Carmer Co Baltimore Bovkin Carmer Co Baltimore Atlanta Guano Co Atlanta Ga Walton Whann Co Charleston Maddox Rucker Co Atlanta Geo W Scott Mfg Co Atlanta Columbus Fertilizer Co Columbus Wando Phos Co Charleston Walton Guano Co Social Circle Walton Whann Co Charleston Boykin Carmer Co Baltimore Md Imp Edisto Phos Co Charleston SC Impd Commercial Guano Co Savh Impd Savannah Guano Co Savanah Impd Hammond Hull Co Savah Impd by Baldwin Fertilizer Co Impt Mabbett Williams Savannah Impd by Ashlev Phos Co Charlton Impd by Pacific Guano CoCharlton Clifton Chem it Phos Co Atlanta Ashepoo Phosphate Co Charleston Bowker Fertilizer Co CharlestonSC Hammond Hull Co Pt RoyalSC Commercial Guano Co Savanuah Ga Hammond Hull Co Pt Royal Wilcox Gibbs Guano Co Savannah Commercial Guano Co Savannah Hammond Hull Co Pt Royal Stand Guano Chem Mfg Co N O Hammond Hull Co Pt Royal SC Listers Agl Chem Works Balto Lorentz Rittier Baltimore Md Atlanta Guano Co East Point Ga Boykin Carmer Co Baltimore Boykin Carmer Co Baltimore Atlanta Guano Co East Point Walton Whann Co Charleston C Southern Phos Co Atlanta Ga Geo W Scott Mfg Co Atlanta Ga Columbus Fertilizer Co ColumbusGa Wando Phos Co Charleston S C Walton Guano Co Social Circle Ga Walton fc Whann Co Charleston SC t Rawboue or bone meal contains no reverted acid proper as it has not been acidulated The whole of the phosphoric acid is therefore re portedas Insolu ble though practically it is much more available as plant food than phosphoric acid from other sources A good finely ground bone meal fJJi Duplicate BKANDSIn some instances fertilizers manufactured by the same formula and actually sacked from the same bulkbeing in every respect identi calarc sold under different names Such brands are indicated in the foregoing tables by letters o b c etc prefixed to the same those having the same letter In the same table being identical are sacked and shipped from the same bulk t GO GO o Q O S 1st 8 f W f oemmamCIRCULAR No 116 New Series CROP REPORT FOR THE MONTH OF MAY 1889 SHOWING THE ACREAGE AND CONDITION OF GROWING CROPS THE FIRST OF MAY AND OTHER MATTERS RELATING TO AGRICULTURE IN GEORGIA J 1 HE1TDERSON ATLANTA GEORGIA Constitution Job Office 1889Circular No 116 1 New Series J CROP REPORT FOR THE MONTH OF MAY 1889 Returned to the Department op Agriculture May 1 1889 State of Georgia Department of Agriculture Atlanta Ga May 10 1889 GENERAL REMARKS The reports from the correspondents of the Department have been unusually full in number and satisfactory in character giving a very comprehensive view of the general condition of farmers and the crop prospects for the current year It will be encouraging to note in these opening remarks that there is a manifest improvement in the general condition of farming interests This improved condition however reiers rather to the developments of the immediate future than to any very decided achievements There is a spirit of independence aroused a revival of hope in the future and a determined and cooperative purpose among farmers that is evcry wiiere observable In the absence of any very decidedly favorable conditions of seasons and weather such as usually inspire hope and enthusiasm and whoso absence produces despondency and gloom there is a spirit of cheerfulness and activity and hopefulness that is very encouraging and significant WEATHER CONDITIONS The weather during the month of March was variable there being heavy and continuous rains in the Southern half of the State while 23i DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA the conditions were much hotter in the remaining half This was followed by dry weather during the latter half of April and in many counties the ground was too dry to germinate the seeds of cotton so as to give prompt and perfect stands While the temperature was low during April no destructive frosts have occurred On the whole the weather conditions have been fully up to our average as com pared with previous springs CORN The general condition of the crop is good though bad stands are reported in some sections There is a more decided tendency to an increased area than has been observed for several years every sec tion excepting Southeast Georgia reporting an increase as compared with last year irrespective of the enlargement due to natural increase of population This movement is largest in Middle Georgia amount ing to 8 per cent more than the area of last year In the State at large the addition to the area is 3 per cent The plant is generally in fair condition as to vigor and cultivation OATS There are evidences of a slight revival of interest and confidence in this crop but the increase in area was but 1 per cent compared with that of the preceding crop The condition and prospect is gene rally good and in some counties better than for several years There is a slight increase in the proportion of the crop that was sown in the fall and the comparative results of spring and fall sown at harvest will probably add largely to this proportion next season Some of the most intelligent and successful farmers insist that a successful fall crop one year in three will justify sowing in the fall in preference to spring WHEAT The prospect at this time is reported at 99 as compared with an average and the condition is favorable The area is 3 per cent less than that of previous year indicating a continued decline of interest and confidence in this crop This is by no means a discouraging sign since it is not of vital importance that our farmers should per sist in growing a crop in direct competition with the immense wheat fields of the Northwest 24MAY CROP REPORT1889 5 The desired degree of diversification of crops may be attained with out including wheat and some other crops which although largely consumed at our tables are not so vital to our agricultural indepen dence as corn peas potatoes hay hog crops etc There are many farms however in Georgia which afford suitable soils and loca tions for the profitable growing of wheat for home consumption and even for market In all such localities and sections wheat should continue to be an important crop COTTON It is gratifying to note a decrease of 3 percent in the area devoted to cotton as compared with the crop area of last year exactly corres ponding to the increase in corn area The weather conditions while not decidedly bad have not been favorable to securing good stands and to the healthfulness of the young plants Fiftynine per cent of the crop is reported as up May 1 against only 50 per cent at the same date last year and the stand is bet ter or the portion that is up than it was last year The complaint of bad seed due to gathering and housing the cotton while wet last fall is very common This is rather inexcusable It amounts to an admission of carelessness in a very important detail of cotton planting GRASS CULTURE A still larger increase of area sown to clover and grass is observed than was reported last year the increase being much greater rela tively in Middle Georgia I consider this tendency to grass culture as one of most hopeful signs of the times Grass culture means more and better live stock more bacon and lard butter and milk more manure and soil improvement If it does not prove the basis of suc cessful agriculture in the South grass culture will certainly be a very important auxiliary FRUIT The most universally gratifying feature of the present seasons conditions is the flattering prospect of the fruit crop Reports of injuries by frosts are few and far between The orchards are loaded with young fruit of every kind and the vineyards give promise of their usual bounteous yield The peach crop the most uncertain regarding frost and the grape crop the most reliable under all 256 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA conditions are the most promising The probability is that the largest fruit crop will be harvested ever known in the history of the State STOCK SUPPLIES ETC Live stock including work animals are reported in fair condition but little below that of last year The supply of corn and forage on hand is somewhat less than last year but market prices are consider ably lower 26MAY CHOP REPORT1889 c H O Ed CO fa o fa H fa O Oh fa fa O fa O Q fa fa i fa O CO O o a p 0 pnirq no Xnq jo Xlddns jpnj n jo aifBjuouoj i it to z o fa pavq no moo 0 1 S 5 Addus iij c jo aiJciuaoJl 1 X M 1 00 6881 I K g ft S3 tuoo jo aoua Jipoao 1 CO 1 OB 6881 t 1 S S S ujo jo 3ud qsi i i 2 o CO MIMA JSi I JI A paitfduioo 1 Z f siHh nu sSoh JO M 1 O 1 fa juoa isuj qiiA pdjudaioo S 8 1ois IJ jo iioiiypno o ci i fa fa fa MUdX siq qjiAV puudmoo i 3 n fe dodqs jo uomo rH r ij 1 a O us I1 fa Cfa I i i sodiuo m fa i o o fa SlUj S lH fa I X X soiddy 1 S r s 1 fa X ii q r WH1MJ a o c ci fa Ifa oiuoaw in qnw pojwduio aopTpuoo 1 fa 31 Ci O cX JIMA JSiq IJIA S S s M o o i a CV o H a3 o 53 pajBdmoo aSssxav cv 3 fa fa fa I9AB u qjiAv j S paiBdtaoo ilJs 1 35 s fa jima siij qjiu 18c parodmoa aSiraiov j O O o c O pujspooS ii J5 55 qiiA pojTtdmoo putns 1 fa 1 cr co du dOJO JO 3iqilOIJ ci Ci iO en 5 oiiwjovu nu iiiu 1 S g paiudiuoo uojjipiiof j 00 OD cr MIMA 1SU lL 1 paimhuoa oSvaioy CJ fa fa 3 1 aSi UtiO joau uii qjM 1 S 8 o pajudinoo uoxiTpuoo a JSBI U4IAV 1 g S g pQiBdmoo oSnaioy DO si O Wi ISBl iiwos 1 ri dojo aqi jo oSmnoojifi j x fa 3StU9A Ut qitAV 1 g 5 pgjBdmoo tiopipno C fa jiiDA J9B qiAV 3 S 3 5 fa d o o oJJbjoab uu qiiAV poiwdutoo uopipuoo O CC cr o c cr 8 fa JIMA JSB qUW p3jtdxuon aSKoany TO GC CO o o o M H S o o o a 9 a o J if c fa St Q i g 3 O c fa 27DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA NOTES FROM CORRESPONDENTS NORTH GEORGIA Oatoosa Outlook more favorable than at this time last year Money is scarce hut with a few good milch cows and fifty laying liens a farmer does not need muchJ B H Chattooga General condition of farmers good and improving Less credit less debtD W Everything looks fine and farmers in good conditionW F T Cherokee Farmers in much better condition than for some timeJ J A S Very favorable springM S P Dade Spring opened early Farmers cheerful and well up Mrs J W B More hog cholera than usual Dogs killing great numbers of sheepG A R f Daioson Seasons above average Farm era well up with their work Floyd Clover and grasses very exten sively sown this spring one firm in this county having sold over 100 bush els of clover and 300 bushels of grass seed Grapes and peaches all that could be asked forF C Foreyth More energy and closer economy among fanners than I ever saw Franklin Farming on a boom Planting more corn raising more stock and using less guano More industry and economy practiced than I ever saw beforeJ B D McW Gordon Farmers hopeful prospects reasonablv encouragingA F H Qwinnett Prospects decidedly encouraging Abundant fruit crop pros pectR D W Habersham Finest fruit prospect I ever sawA H heat very fine but rye not goodJ T P Harason As a rule farm ers in a better condition than they have been since 1872 More provision on hand than for several years Nearly every farmer is sowing grass clover etcJ W B Jackson The present outlook is more favorable than for years The Alliance has taught the people that they should work more and buy lessT S J Madison Farmers making the greatest efforts to secure good crops I ever sawJ F P Pickens Everybody seems to be on a boomE K A Very little attention to grass culture An increased amount of fertilizers usedB F R Polk This county has improved its stock of all kinds wonderfully in the past year and a greater area by 15 per cent put in grass and clover than any year since the county was formed Farmers are in better condition than I have ever known themCorrespondent Habun Spring very forward and farmers fully upF A B Walker Crop conditions and prospects are nattering Farmers well upJ T W While Farmers short on pro visions Many will have to haul their bread from the railroad 1 see nothing at present but close times F L D Whitfield Too dry for meadows and cottonW C R MIDDLE GEORGIA nrBdmin farmers in better spirits than I have seen them for years Well up with their workhave planted more corn chufas and Spanish peanuts than ever before The Alliance has resolved to expel members who do not make every effort to raise farm suppliesR L W Bibb Prospects very encouraging W D H tiutta Corn better than for years Cotton stand injured by cold and windsH C T Campbell Weather favorable farmers up wheat and oats very promisingF W S Farmers seem to have taken a new start and have determined to make farming pay The Farmers Alliance has inspired them withnew cour age H JS C Fruit crop prospect has rarely been equalledJ I B Carroll Spring very favorable and farmers 8 to 10 days ahead of an aver ageM R R The Condition of farmers far better than for ten yearsMAY CROP REPORT1889 J N R Clayton Farm work well advanced Excellent stands of corn and cottonA P A Farmers In good spirits and making unusual eflorts to become selfsustainingW P J Columbia Stands of cotton worse than I have ever known seed defectiveM I B DeKalb Farmers are buying less on credit making more compost and using more stable manure and less guano The Alliance has started a grand march of improvement W H C Coweta Farmers well up cold winds causing cotton to die needing rainT B P Douglas Enormous crop of peaches in prospect More grass and millet sown than ever known in this countyB H P Elbvrl Lands well prepared and planted and labor better than ever before Fruit prospect good God save the Alliance of our country B H H Fayette Cool dry weather injuring cotton and oats fruit pros pects fineQ C G Greene Cotton planted before the 15th has not come up well Weather now unfavorableC M S Farmers well up with their work and buying less guano They are in earnest in trying to improve their landsJ M G Merchants are selling provisions on time at cash prices with 8 per cent added This indicates prosperity in the futureA N A Hancock Hail storm has injured the stands of cotton J T Heard Have never seen such a crop of peaches beforeJ B W Henry This is my thirtythird year planting cotton seed deep running single stocks three inch scooters piling on all the dirt 1 can and knocking oft I keep plenty of teams and drive with a rush getting a perfect stand this year as usual in eight or ten days the seed being in moist soil all the time I have never failed on a single acre in thirtythree years I have my first sack ot corn to haul from a railroad depothave corn to sell every yearT H S Jones Land and work in better condition than last year R T R Lincoln Farmers more economical than I ever knew them owing to the influence of the Alliance and last years bad crops They have bought fullv 50 per cent less fertilizers than last year Pros pects altogether are cheerfulN A C Notwithstanding the disasters of last year farmers are working with a will to retrieve their losses More attention is given to food crops stock and manureJ M D McDuffie The Spanish peanut is being largely planted and is becoming more and more popularH McC Meriwethcr The few that sowed oats in the fall now have very fine crops All that were sown stood the winterB S C Monroe Cotton being the only ready cash product of the farm let the farmers then abandon jute bagging wrap his cotton in cotton bagging and buy only guano that is sacked in cotton sacksK C T Aewton Best prospect for making our own supplies in twenty years Farmers are determined for once to raise corn wheat oats and other nec essariesf or the farm Every thing seems bright and cheerful and if we but get the early and latter rain we will store away enough for man and beast and next fall be able to pay 75 per cent of the debts that have been lapping overL F L Ocmiee Farmers have no cause for complaint in the matter of season Wheat oats rye and barley are fineJ C W Oglethorpe March and April weather most extraor dinary Rains gentle moderate and quite enough Farms in splendid condition Outlook hopefulC A S Too much cotton and too little corn again No prosperity for the Southern farmer until he learns to raise his supplies at home Pike Everything considerd the prospects are bet ter than they have been for years Fruit looks well corn the best ever seen good stands of cottonJ A W Putnam Weather has been all that could be desired since March 1 The cold winds the last of April injured cotton stands Farmers universally hopefulJ T D Pockdae But little clover and grasses or sugar cane being raised no sheep more attention is given to hogsJ F R Farmers are buying less guano and supplies than last year The Alliance has done that much goodJ S A 2910 DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTUREGEORGIA Farmers full of energy and hope Economy and fair dealing is the watch word and the determination to get out of debt is a leading topicW L P Taiaferro Seasons unusually favorable for col ton planting and it is coming up wellL L V Talbot Farmers are hopeful and are pushing their work from the word go 8 A F The farming interest rather gloomy Very poor stands of cotton Crops two weeks behind last yeiir Fruit prospect good L 15 M C Troup Extremely dry stands of cot ton not good Jas P Warren Farmers well pleased with the prospect and hopeful of etting out of debt this CallJ A S WiTke Alli ance is doing good by restraining credit and advocating and influencing economyJ T W SOUTHWEST GEORGIA linker Defective cotton seed and cool dry weather is causing imperfect standsR J Oats will be cut short by drouthW L C Berrien Young corn is as fine to age as I ever saw Bad seed lias necessitated plow ing up a good deal of cottonJ J P Peach cropfinest prospect in years also grapes pears and scuppernongsH T P tirookx Farmers well up Home complaint of bad stands of cotton Much early planted failed to come up well More hog cholera than last yearT Wj Cal houn Dry weather prevented good stands of cotton Fruit prospects flat tering F P G Clay The prospect for fruit was never betterT E S Oolquilt Outlook good laborers working betterF J W Crawford First planting of cotton very poor stand Seed are in great demand Conditions at this time very unfavorable for this cropJ W B Dooty Some complaint of poor stands from defective seeds More corn for sale than for yearsS W C Dougherty Fall oats promise well but spring oats poor A good deal of complaint of bad stands of cotton owing to damaged seedA W 0 Early Economizing more than usual the re sult of Alliarce workR II L Hounton Decided tendency to run self sustaining farmsW J A Irwin Complaints of poor stands of corn very little cotton up yet Crops looking well considering the lateness of the seasonJ P Marion Farmers in better condition than or a decade M T E Fall oats better than 1 ever saw beforeG W C M M illrr Prospects for all crops goodJ S C Mitchell Farmers started ten days late but the plow has been pushed and work is now well upJ B T Randolph Stands of cotton fine corn looking well with perfect stands Which is the better plan to start Bermuda on bind by seeding or planting the roots Planting the roots is cheaper and more reliableCOMMIS SIONER Si irarl General complaint of poor stands of cottonJ G P Sumpter All crop prospects are an average except cotton the very bad stands making it very unpromising Taylor Farmers in better con dition Merchants complain that they are not selling muchfor cash or credit which is a good signJ T A Terrell Stands of cotton very poordefective seedH CH Tinmay Crops in good condition The quantities of corn brought here from the West is a disgrace to the county If the Alliance would turn their attention to raising more than their own forage anil provisions economize show clear receipts at the end of the year there would be no use for Exchanges The only remedy is in the plow elbow grease and economyH Webster Farmers a little further advanced with their work than usual Com is looking well cotton the reverseR A B Worth Fruil very promisingG B VV Bad stands Of cotton caused by bud seedV V P Bullock Cotton stands 1 A M EAST GEORGIA being plowed up in many places on account of bad llurkc Crops growing favorably fruit prospect of 80MAY CROP REPORT1889 11 every kind unusually promisingJ B J Emanuel Material change for the better in the matter of producing supplies at homeE W L Jeffer son lorn well advanced and in tine condition Peach crop the most abundant I ever sawH L B Never saw cotton prospect more unprom ising at this date Stands universally poor defective seed the causeT H Lavrens The prospect for fruit unprecedented Very poor stands of eot trfn also of corn bud worms doing great damageT J B Montgomery Fruit promising beyond my recollectionJ 0 0 lulaski Great demand for planting seed cotton oil account of having to plant overM A S Richmond Farmers are at work in earnest and the utmost economy is practiced With favorable seasons we will be relieved from the entangle ments of the past disastrous yearA E C Screven Good seasons and crops look well Farmers have not used half the usual quantity of guano but more home made manuresthe effect of Alliance resolutionsE B G T elf air Farmers seem to take the wrong direction as usual planting too much cotton and too little of provision cropsW F W Twiggs Great complaint of poor stands of cottondetective seed Peas are receiv ing much attention also stock raisingnotablyhorsesF D W Wash ington Corn generally fair cotton very poor standsJ C H Wilkin son Corn is good and in good conditions cotton the poorest stand 1 have seen for years The teachings of the Farmers Alliance are having a good etlect Best peach prospect for several yearsJ A M SOUTHEAST GEORGIA Camden Bud and cut worms have greatly retarded stands of cornJ K Clinch The wet winter and early spring greatly retarded plowing and planting is twenty days late Drill worm very bad on late cornL C M Coffee Farmers well up Hogs nearly all died with choleraJ B Olynn Fruit very promising Truck farming this spring very successful JR D Liberty The season unusually late Land too wet o plow until late then cold and seeds germinate slowlyJ A M K Fruit prospect very line Farmers are hopeful stands goodJ O I Jr Ware We raise no hay but corn enough for farm use but the turpentine and saw mill men have to depend on Western markets Eleven saw mills and fif teen turpentine stills in our county averaging twenty mules and fifty men each makes a good home marketJ M S NoteWant of space forbids the publication of correspondents notes in full and some were omitted entirely where there were several from a county of the same tenorCommissioner INQUIRIES AND ANSWERS REMEDY FOR CHICKEN CHOLERA I want to give you a remedy for chicken cholera Boil corn in good wood ashes or strong lye until the husk can be rubbed off and then feed to the chickens If they are not able to eat open their mouths and force a few mains down Con line the chickens and let them have no water 1 have cured some fowls that were not able to hold up their heads It will cure nineteen out of twenty J R Sbwell Erastus Ga 3112 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA VARIETY OF CORN FOB FORAGE Is there a variety of corn better adapted to sowing In the drill for the purpose of raising corn forage than the common Held varieties Gwinnett Co j jyj p007j Answer The Brazillian Flour Corn and the tall growing varieties of pop corn are strongly recommended by some farmers as admirably adapted for forage and ensilage purposes TIME TO SOW CLOVER AND PLANT BERMUDA AND OTHER GRASSES What time of the year should Bermuda seed be sown or the roots be planted When is the best time to sow clover and other grass seeds Ans September and October are the best months in which to sow clover seed and nearly if notall of the grasses The next best time is February and March Bermuda seed has not been sown in this country long enough to determine the best time but we think March and April sowings would give best results The Bermuda roots may be set at any time after frost is over in the spring until June or even later if the seasons prove good March is the favored time or just as the roots are starting a new growth It is useless to sow the cultivated grasses on poor land THE GRANGE AND FARMERS ALLIANCE VS THE BAGGING TRUST Can the Department of Agriculture aid in any way the Grange and Farmers Alliance in their efforts to forestall the jute bagging trust Ans The Department is doing and will continue to do what it may in the matter by furnishing and disseminating information DISEASED COL I have a three year old colt with some disease The symptoms are diffi culty in breathing tucking up in flank and when forced to move it stretches head and neck to its fullest extent It eats heartily but con tinues to decline daily Been effected for six months Information and and treatment wanted j y Nunnally Monroe Ga Ans We are not able to say what the disease may be from the symp toms given Perhaps some of our readers can give light IMPROVED COWS WANTED I would like to know where I can get four or five good milk cows of improved breed jj p Tj Clifton Rocky Ford Ga Ans Our correspondent does not say what breed he desires but we pre sume he wants Jerseys or Holsteins which are the best for milk and butter Any farmer who can supply what is wanted should write to Mr Clifton GRASSES IN EASTERN GEORGIA Please write your opinion in regard to raising the different kinds of grasses in Eastern Georgia V J Murrox Richmond Co Ans Red clover though not a grass botanically speaking is generally so considered in common parlance will not probably succeed in any part of 32MAY CROP REPORT1889 13 Eastern Georgia south of Columbia county except under the most favor able circumstances as clayey creek and river dry bottom lands Orchard grass Tall Oat grass Rescue grass Herds grass and some other varieties would be most likely to give satisfaction among those varieties that have heretofore been usually kept for sale The Bermuda grass how ever is the grass for a summer pasture or for a meadow hay if set on rich land See article elsewhere on sowing Bermuda grass and Texas Blue grass together It is possible if not probable that some native Southern or other tropical variety of grass will be found that will be to Georgia and other Southern States what the Kentucky Blue grass is to Kentucky and other States The Bermuda leaves little to be desired as a summer grow ing grass the Texas Bluegrass gives promise of tilling the gap as a winter grass It is useless to expect any profitable or satisfactory results from grass seeds sown on ordinary or poor land Even Bermuda yields but scant pasturage on soils not worthy of cultivation and it responds as grate fully as any plant to fertilizers Among the artificial grasses lucerne holds a high rank as a forage plant on rich land There is much yet to be learned and authoritatively settled in regard to grass culture in the several sections of the State and experiments in this line will doubtless constitute an important feature of the work of the Agricultural Experiment Station Can some reporter tell us how to rid our farms of moles Rippton Ga Jno Hugiiey Ans Scientific men are generally agreed that the common ground mole is not destructive to plants or seeds that it feeds exclusively on animal foodinsects worms etc We have doubts of the correctness of this opin ion and it is a very general belief among farmers that moles will eat seed corn We know of no method of wholesale destruction and publish the inquiry to get the views and experience of other farmers HOG CHOLEKA This disease has swept away nearly all the hogs in some sections of this county Can you give a remedy G W Stewart Dade County Ans We refer you to the June Crop Report of the Department 1888 for an article on this subject and quote the following prescription has been used with supposed success 2 lbs flowers of sulphur 2 lbs sulphate of iron copperas 2 lbs madder lb black antimony lb nitrate of potassa salt peter 2 ozs arsenic Mix the above in 12 gallons of gruel for 100 hogs or give one pint doses to each daily Give to both sick and well where the latter have been exposed to the disease Not only should the sick be separated from the well animals but each class should be moved to new and clean quarters pastures Burn up the old beds sprinkle floors of sheds or styes with a solution of one pint of pure carbolic acid to ten gallons of soft water All discharges should be deeply buried or treated with a solution of one ounce of chloride of zinc to two gallons of water The person who attends to the sick should not have anything to do with the well hogs All food and water should be clean and pure If these directions are faithfully followed the disease may be stayed in its progress and stamped out Every farmer 3314 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA should see and inspect his hogs as well as all other animals every day and act promptly on the very first appearance of disease Can you give us a remedy or preventive lor the following disease which has been affecting Shockleys Wine Saps Junes and pears for the last three or four years The bark leaves the tree near the ground and drops off up to the limbs in one or two years the tree is dead I thought it might be caused by worms and r dug away the dirt from around the trees down to the roots and put about a gallon of ashes to the tree but I can see no effect either as a preventive or cure T 11 Gwinnett Ans An experienced fruitgrower and nurseryman says remove all the rough loose bark Split the bark the whole length of the stem of the tree through to the wood Iaint the exposed surface with boiled linseed oil PEICKLY COMFBEY Can Prickly Comfrey be grown here and where can we get seeds Would it be a profitable crop to grow for scock How is it planted and cultivated Putnam County O W Reed Axs Prickly Comfrey will grow anywhere in the South It is not propagated from seed but from sets planted in a manner similar to the method of planting sets of horseradish and cultivated like cotton Stock sometimes have to be educated to eat it It is immensely productive and T think deserving of cultivation Dont know who has plants EXPERIMENT FIELDS Lecture Delivered by Prof George Ville by Invitation from the Royal Agricultural Society at Brussels In my preceding lecture I told you what I must repeat again that the substance of vegetation is composed of fourteen different elements three of which carbon hydrogen and oxygen represent in themselves 95 parts of 100 I added that the carbon originated from the carbonic acid of the atmos pherehydrogen and oxygen from rainwater From this comes the practical conclusion that 95 parts of the 100 parts of vegetal substance is derived from sources entire strangers to the soil I xuiuiiv unesu luur suosiances n closing Uie list ut tnos vegetation nitrogen phosphoric acid potash and lime wh contains in but very limited quantities and which wemustgh soil if we wish to maintain its productiveness But these foi originate from the soil and there is no fear of their exhaustion for the poorest soils are superabundantly provided with them Finally these four substances in closing the list of those composing which the soil jive back to the productiveness But these four substances represent hardly one hundredth of the weight of vegetal matter You see how singularly incorrect was the belief that to keep up the fertility of the soil you must return to it weight for weight what the crops drew from it while really all that is needed is to restore the Quantity of phosphoric acid nitrogen potash and lime the whole weight of thesebeing not more than three or four per cent of vegetation 34MAY CROP REPOkT1889 15 There is a distinction to be made between these four terms which when united I have named Complete Fertilizer Phosphoric acid potash and lime should be returned in full quantity out nitrogen should be reduced to 50 per cent of the crop as the atmosphere furnishes the rest How different these ideas from those which led to the necessity of using manure alone as a fertilizer But this is not all the use of the complete chemical fertilizer composed of nitrogen phosphate potash and lime gives regal command over vegetation the most remarkable part being that the efficacy of the mixture depends upon the union of the four terms at the same time If you try the experiment of suppressing one of them the other three are at once struck by a partial inertia The presence of the four is necessary to gaining the desired effect If this fact is certain which is placed beyond discussion by the testimony of millions of proofs do you not at once perceive the advantage to be gained by analyzing the soil not in the absolute sense of this word but from a view to the real needs of a plant What does a crop require That the soil shall contain nitrogen phosphate potash and lime in such form as the plants can themselves make use of them There is nothing simpler or easier than to learn this The method is essentially practical and acces sible to all the teacher is he plant itself Suppose you make two parallel experimentsone with complete fertili zer and the other without the help of any fertilizer The first yields a good crop and the second a miserable crop The conclusion is forced The soil is wanting in the four terms of the complete fertilizer Is it lack ing them all in the same degree To answer this make four experiments inaddition to the first two by use of four fertilizers in whose composition you have taken care to suppress by turn each one of the four terms that you know so well You then have the following series for culture Complete Fertilizer Complete without Nitrogen Complete without Phosphate Complete without Potash Complete without Lime Soil without any fertilizer And according as the crop grown with the incomplete fertilizer ap proaches to or recedes from that grown by the complete fertilizer you are certain that the soil contains or is lacking in the term excluded from the composition of the fertilizer Look at the wheat grown at Vincennes with the complete fertilizer The yield per acre was fiftyone bushels Deprived of nitrogen the yield went down to seventeen bushelsproof that the soil was wanting in nitrogen Apply the same reasoning to the three other terms of the fertilizer phos phate potash and lime and you have the following answer Per acre Complete fertilizer51 bushels Complete without Lime 48 bushels Complete without Potash 36 bushels Complete without Phosphate31 bushels Complete without Nitrogen17 bushels Soil without any fertilizer10 bushels Conclusion The soil was particularly lacking in nitrogen But this is not all There are two parts to be distinguished from each other in every soilthe surface soil and the subsoil the superficial layer and the deeper strata Do these two strata possess the same degree of fer tility This is a very essential questiqn to be answered How is the an swer to be gotten Very easily Substitute for wheat a deep rooted plant 3516 DEPARTMENT OK AGRICULTUREGEOKGIA like the beet which penetrates into the subsoil Submit it to the same system of experimenting and you will have as exact indications as from wheat but they will show the nature of the subsoil instead of the surface soil What have you learned Per acre Complete Fertilizer48000 pounds Complete without Lime44560 pounds Complete without Potash36900 pounds Complete without Phosphate 32560 pounds Complete without Nitrogen 31480 pounds Without any fertilizer30240 pounds The same conclusion as from wheat The soil is provided with potash and lime and particularly lacking in phosphate and nitrogen Here we have a perfectly certain method of investigation whose indica tions are practical facts of immediate application What other method can furnish such exact and practical teachings Acknowledge then that with an experimental field you can always find the nature of the elements necessary to the life of the plant which the soil grows and those of which it is deprived and learn from these facts positive indications as to the nature of the fertilizers most suited to the plant But that is not all Once accustomed to this method of investigation all crops grown become a source of information concerning the nature of the soil the changes from one crop to another as to fertility or exhaustion Among the ideas presented to you in the preceding lecture the most prom inent place must be given to the ideas relative to the dominants of plants If you experiment on the same soil with a series of complete fertilizers in which by turn the amount of each of the four terms is cnanged the three others remaining constant you will notice that according to the nature of plants grown there is one term of the fertilizer which has more effect on the yield than the three others Nitrogenous matter lias the strongest effect on wheat and beets potash for the Irish potato and the vine and in contrast with wheat legumes are not affected by the suppression of nitrogenous matter We must insist upon this last point Nitrogenous matter is essential to wheatwithout action on the legumes Do you not see what advantage is to he gained by this contrast in an agricultural analysis of the soil Sow wheat and peas on two plats near eacli other using no fertilizer whatever the vegetation on each square is equally thrifty The conclu sion is forced that is to say the soil is provided with both nitrogenous matter and minerals But if the wheat be poor and yellow while the peas continue to grow thriftily then the soil is lacking in nitrogenous matter the dominant of wheat but contains minerals and particularly potash which I repeat is the dominant of peas Let us extend the field of observation Lucerne has roots penetrating to a great depth ami draws the minerals it needs in large quantities from the subsoil Now when lucerne thrives peas are only moderate What does that show That the upper layers of the soil are wanting in potash and phosphate while the lower layers are well provided witli them If the two plants succeed equally well soil and subsoil are both provided with min erals You see gentlemen by instituting methodical experiments of culture one may thanks to the exactness of the principles I have had the honor of showing you acquire positive ideas essentially practical upon the condi tion of a soil and learn from them the best agents to be used for certain cropsMAY CROP REPORT1889 17 Just here there is an objection to which we must reply They say Nothing is so variable as the soil There is no farm of any extent that does not show several varieties of soil But how does this objection touhc the question The help of several small trial plats gives a just understand ing of the average of the whole farm by which you can establish a perfect experimental field where everything affecting the different crops can be put to a severe test If gentlemen you doubt the reliableness of this method and you refuse to believe that by its help you can follow and measure the gradation more or less of the four substances you know and to which we must in the end return A practical example will serve to show you its value The quan tity of soil spread over an acre averages 3500000 pounds Well with 176 pounds of sulphate of ammonia containing 35 pounds of nitrogenthat is to say one 100000ths of the whole weight of the soilyou can increase the crop of wheat from thirteen to nineteen bushels Now what analysis from a laboratory can give you such results The effects from phosphate and potash are quite as decisive With 70 pounds of nitrate of potashrepresenting two 100000ths of the weight of soilyou can raise a crop of Irish potatoes to more than 13200 pounds per acre The effect of phosphate of lime is equally as apparent in the culture of turnips corn or sugar cane The use of 176 pounds of acid phosphate of lime containing 26 pounds of phosphoric acid raised a crop of sugar cane to 35000 pounds per acre I repeat what methods of abstract science could show a parallel to this either in sensibility of methods or in utility of practice In 1868 I chanced to meet Prof Gail the great machinest of France Prof Cail told me of the central mills he had located in the colonies where the sugar industry had grown to a power until then unknown He related among other remarkable industries created by the sugar industry that he had been obliged to make use of a large steam fleet to go among the islands in search of sugar cane He added that the neighboring fields were not able to supply cane to such colossal mills One of them used 4000000 pounds of canes every year I asked Prof Cail What do your neighboring fields grow in cane per acre 26400 pounds said he which are worth 15000 I replied You say to feed your machines you must use a railroad and a fleet of steamers Let me make an experiment I will manage to bring the sugar cane to your gates and you will not seek for them at a dis tance Instead of 26400 pounds of cane your neighbors will in favorable seasons raise 70000 pounds per acre You will increase their revenue to 27000 What is needed to do that Thirtyfive dollars worth of fertil izer per acre The planters will increase their gains and your profits will be greater for if by this increase of cane crop you lengthen the working ing season by a month more the general expenses will be the same and your profits will increase to unexpected proportions Like all practical men who know what it costs to make money Prof Cail replied You are laughing at me but I will try you Send me 2000 worth of your fer tilizer although I consider it a 2000 thrown away Two thousand dol lars worth of fertilizer was used at Gaudeloupe The following year the demand was for 20000 the third for 60000 the fourth year for 240000 and now fertilizer works at Arboussier on Gaudaloupe sell 400000 worth of fertilizer This increase was accomplished in six years it began in doubt and now the mills at Arboussier which ground forty million pounds of cane has doubled its plant and works up 100000000 pounds This mill had but one tall stack and now has twoone for making fertilizers and the other for sugar making What fertilizer was used there Chemical fertilizers exclusively How 3718 DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTUREGEORGIA long will that last I do not know The experiments were begun at Vincennes forty years ago and at Gaudaloupe have continued six years To be continued CUT WORMS IN CABBAGE AND COTTON Is there any known remedy for cut worms They are literally ruining all the gardens in and near Knoxville I have caught as many as half gal lon in one morning The like has never been known to me before Cab bages ruined and they are also cutting down the cotton plants J W Stroud Knoxville Oa The above inquiry was submitted to Dr L B Clifton Entomologist of this department and the following is his reply Hon J T Henderson Commissioner of Agriculture Dear SirAs no specimens were sent it will be impossible for me to say to what species the cut worms complained of belong The cool nights we have had for the last ten days have been very favor able for the ravages of cut worms Hot sultry weather seems to check their increase or at least to prevent their depredations Your correspondent says They are literally ruining all the gardens in and around Knoxville Have caught as many as a half a gallon in one morning Cabbages ruined and other plants being destroyed the like has never been known to me before They are also cutting down the cotton plants This description rude and unsatisfactory as it is leads me to believe that the cut worm referred to belongs to the Genus Agrotis but as I have in my cabinet above thirty species of the Genus Agrotis it is possible only in the absence of specimens to conjecture what particular species is doing the damage All that I can do is to give a somewhat general description of cut worms and suggest such remedies as experience has proved to be best Cut worms are caterpillars of moths belonging to the family Noctuidre which embraces a majority of nightflying Lepidoptera There are many hundreds of species of these moths The true cut worm may be easily recognized from the following descrip tion They measure when fully grown from one and a quarter to two inches in length They have sixteen legs six true legs and ten prolegs or proplegs They are thick in the centre gradually tapering to each end are greasy looking and either a dingy brown greenish or gray color They have a horny plate or collar somewhat like the corslet of a flea on the top of the first segment and another smaller one on the last segment of the body The head is large shiny and generally of a reddish brown color On each of the segments are six or eight humps each having a short hair When the caterpillar is disturbed or taken up it curls itself into a ring Not long since I had a specimen sent me of what my correspondent called The most savage and destructive cut worm I ever saw Now the specimen sent was the larva of the Harpalus calignosus one of the carniv erous beetles whose food is cut worms This larva was the friend of the farmer was standing guard over the crop while the farmer was sleeping and no doubt destroyed hundreds of the cut worms But as the cut worms fed at night retreating to their holes at daylight they were notdiscovered by the farmer while the friendly Harpalus being on the surface of the ground as it passed from one hole to another where it killed the cut worms 38MAY CROP REPORT1889 and sucked their juices for food was discovered accused of the crime which it was attempting to prevent and sent as a sample of a most destructive I have also had sent me a number of specimens of the larva of the Melanothus communis or wire worm that feeds entirely on grass and is at least to that extent a friend of the farmer The presence of the wire worm near where the cabbages were destroyed at night by the cut worms caused the farmer to mistake it for the enemy that did the damage Such mistakes are inexcusable A farmer would not allow a hand to chop out bis cotton who did not know enough to distinguish between the cotton weed and the grass growing near it Nor should a farmer undertake the destruction of insects until he can distinguish his friends from his enemies I hove even received specimens of the thousandlegged worm Julius mul tistratus with the statement from the tanner that the enclosed cut worm is playing havoc with my young cabbage plants The cut worms feed only at night retreating to their boles in the ground at the approach of daylight Their dens are generally in the immediate vicinity of the roots of the plant or under shelter of stones laying near Some species never come to the surface of the ground at all doing the dam age only to that part of the plant below the surface Most of them how ever come out of their dens at night and some of them on very cloudy dark days and attack the young annual plants of the field or garden destroying ten times as much as they eat If the farmer or gardener will go into the field or garden at night and examine the plants by the light of a lantern he will probably see hundreds of the cut worms teedmg on his corn cotton or young cabbage plants If the ground were plowed during the winter most ot the cut worms would by being turned out of their warm beds below the frost line and exposed to the cold of the surface be killed They live during winter in a little cell in this climate about six inches below the surface where they sleep in safety during the cold days and nights of winter When the frost leaves the ground they ascend to near the surface and commence feeding on the early vegetation When they obtain their full growth they again descend into the ground where they change first into a pupa and finally into a perfect moth There is as a general thing only one brood of cut worms during a year and later vegetation is not attacked by them The corn cut worm Agrotis clandestina has from time immemorial created havoc in the corn fields during the cool nights of early spring One of my earliest lessons on the plantation when a boy was given me by an old darkey who was my instructor in the art of dropping corn His direc tions were to always drop seven grains in a hill and he put it in the shape of a lesson in rhyme One tor the black bird and one for the crow Two for the cut worm and three for to grow The robin is one of the greatest cut worm destroyers among birds I have seen the robin alight at the root of a cabbage plant or stalk of corn and pull the cut worm out of its den The cat bird is also very fond of cut worms Chickens uncover and eat large numbers of them Among insects all of the Carabida family of beetles destroy them The carniverous insect known as the Spined soldier bug hunts the young cut worms and feeds on their juices Several species of spiders also prey upon them The most valuable ally of the gardener is the toad The toad hunts for them at night and its capacity to eat is astonishing Besides catching the worms at night the toad will scratch them up out of their dens during the day time A dozen toads in an ordinary cabbage patch would make short work of all the cut worms The books are full of remedies for cut worms but about the only one ot 3920 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA these from which I have seen any considerable benefit was one recom mended by Prof Riley This is to pull a quantity of clover roll it into balls as large as your hand sprinkle over these balls a solution of Paris Green or London Purple and place them among the cabbage plants The cut worms will take refuge under the balls of clover will perhaps feed on the leaves and they will be found dead in the morning provided they eat enough of the poison There are two preventives either one of which will protect the com from injury by cut worms It is too late to use these preventives during the present year but if remembered and used next year there will be little complaint of the corn being ruined The first preventive is to sprinkle over each hill of corn as soon as plant ed and covered a handful of salt On a piece of ground so badly infested with these pests that no corn could be raised as an early crop an old cattle pen this preventive was tried and not a single blade of corn was touched by a cut worm while just outside of where the salt was not applied more than twothirds of the corn was cut down The second and cheapest preventive is to soak the seed corn in a solu tion of sulphate of iron copperas Mix one pound of copperas with as much water as will cover a peck of corn and allow the corn to remain in this solution twelve hours Last year an experiment was made on two acres of corn Onethird of the field was planted in the usual manner the second third was treated with the handful of salt on top the hill the remaining third was planted with corn soaked in the copperas On the first third of the two acres great damage was done by the worms as many as twelve cutworms having been lound in one hill In the remaining twothirds one on which the salt was used and the other planted with the soaked corn not a single blade was touched by the cut worms and the corn that was soaked came up regular and vigorous L B Clifton KEEPING SWEET POTATOES The following letter from Mr Peter Dalton of Woodville Ga will be read with interest I see in your crop report Number 113 an inquiry about keeping sweet potatoes I do not claim that my plan will hold good under all circum stances but I will say it has never failed with me I have a house to hill my potatoes in I fix a foundation for a hill just as if I were going to put them out of doors First make a bed of dry sand on which the potatoes should be poured to the amount of thirty or forty bushels Then pour on the potatoes dry sand until all the crevices between the potatoes are filled up Next set dry corn stalks all around the hill then dry pine straw then dirt enough to protect the potatoes from freezing leavingan airhole at the top of the hill I have tried the plan for many years and never failed to keep potatoes sound The salient features of Mr Daltons plan are substantially included in nearly if not all the methods of storing sweet potatoes that have been pub lished from time to time viz Keeping the tubers dry of even tempera ture and maintaining ventilation Filling the interstices between the tubers with dry sand is comparatively novel as applied to the ordinary potato hill but it may be that it is the essential feature of Mr Daltons plan that assures success inasmuch as the dry sand or dust would act as an absorbent of moisture that might be exhaled from the potatoes 40MAY CROP REPORT1889 21 What we want is the cheapest and most effective method of securing these points applicable to a large crop It will be observed that our correspond ent says nothing of the time of digging which is generally thought to be a matter of importance Here is another letter on the same subject from Mr James F Creel of Bluffton Ga You say that the problem how to keep potatoes with prac tically uniform certainty has not yet been solved notwithstanding the occasional publication of a plan that never fails I claim that I have solved the problemsolved it years ago and have not lost a potato from rot since unless it was one that was already diseased when housed The popular idea that potatoes must be ripe when dug is fallacious and has caused more potatoes to rot than any other one thing As you say ripe ness is nothing more than a dormant condition as to growth caused by drynessof the soil In a growing condition the potato can resist the attacks of the poisonous gasses of the rich earth but when ripe or dead it im bibes them becomes poisoned and decay sets in If potatoes could be dug and housed as soon as mature there would be nothing wrong in the ripe idea but it is often wet or something intervenes that causes them to lie in the ground too long and then there is apt to be a good deal in it T never wait for frost but dig when the potatoes are in a growing condition or as soon as grown as shown by the failing of the vines and house imme diately Having dug at the right time I have but two things to guard against heat and cold I have my potato house built above ground on a spot sufficiently raised to drain off all surface water the walls double and space between filled in with dry grass covered with plank and floored with planks with very open joints or latticed the floor being five or six inches above the ground so as to permit free circulation of air The door is about 2 by 2i feet and the same from the ground and should stand open except in severe weather There should be two or three airholes about 3x3 inches at the rear end of the house at the base which should remain open except in the severest weather The floor is covered with a light coat of pine straw the potatoes are put in and covered over the top with a light coat of pine straw to prevent excessive evaporation Potatoes will not be hurt by cold unless they freeze I would not recommend a house larger than eight feet wide ten feet long and six feet high the potatoes to be piled not more than five feet in height The theory that the growing potato is proof against poisonous gases of the rich soil while the ripe or dead potato is not so exempt is novel to say the least He is feeling out for the true idea of the fungus which is the attendant if not the cause of the rotting of the sweet potato as it is believed to be in all cases of decay and decomposition of organic matter After digging the potatoes Mr Creels plan is substantially similar in prin ciple to that of Mr Daltons but differing widely in details and better adapted to the saving of large crops of potatoes TEXAS BLUEGRASS AND BERMUDA GRASS COMBINED IN ONE PASTURE The following letter received in reply to an inquiry addressed to Mr Jones is exceedingly interesting Dear Sir Yours of the 27th inst requesting some account of my trial of Texas Blue Grass and Bermuda Grass in combination is duly received 4122 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA and in reply I ain pleased to say that the results have heen eminently satisfactory When I first obtained the Texas Blue I had a plot of ground infested with Bermuda and nut grass that was but little available for anything else so in this plot I set the blue grass roots in Marchquite late to plant the latter It took hold however and the next spring I found the Texas strongly contesting with the Bermuda and nut grass By the second season the Bermuda and Texas seemed to hold about equal ground with scarcely any nut grass to be seen Since then if not entirely extirpated the nut grass does not show its head From this plot I dug much Texas for ship ment and found the nuts of coco few and far between I can confidently say therefore that the Texas Blue proves such a conquerer of nut grass that the valuable lands now abandoned to this pestiferous plant may be restored by the Texas to more than original value in converting them to the richest winter and summer pastures Nothing makes denser sod than Texas blue and starting or renewing its growth as it does in the early fall growing through the winter and spring into early summer then covering the entire dormant period of coco with its own season of growth so shades and crowds it as to weaken and destroy it Indeed we have a great acquisition in Texas blue grasscombined with Bermuda or in separate plats alternating as they do in their main seasons of growth they certainly furnish most excellent cheap and perpetual pastures Its growing season is from September until May and June remaining green during summer It is drouth and ice proof The fertile region of Kentucky in all the beauty and splendor of her native blue grass show no finer pastures than Texas blue gives us upon the average good lands of Georgia and no plant has been given the Southern or cotton States that promises them more good H P Jones Herndon Oa April 19 1889 42Special ircular No jy New Series f QUESTIONS FOR JUNE CROP REPORT L889 RETURNABLE JUNE 1st 1889 Department of Agriculture Atlanta Ga May 15 1889 Deah SirPlease answer the following questions and mail promptly office by liwfirst da f June ay Id reach thia AN AVERAGE CROP or AVERAGE CONDITION or anything with which comparison is made is always taken as 100 Thus if the corn crop at any time is 10 per cent better than last year or 10 per cent better than an average it should be reported as 110 in each case and if 10 per cent below these standards it should be 90 Never reporWlO per cent better or 10 per cent worse but 110 or 90 as the case may be Avoid vague comparisons such as as some better hardly so good above an average etc In making up your answers let them apply to the whole county in which you reside as far in every direction as your knowledge may extend not simply toyour oum farm If a crop about which questions are asked is not grown in your county use the character X If you have not sufficient data to make an approximate estimate leave the space blank Very respectfully J T HENDERSON Commissionr of Agriculture I Fur what county do yon report County II Your name III Your postnice1 432 DEPARTMENT OK AGRICULTURE GEORGIA 1 CORNCondition Compared with an average percenl J OATSYield ior prospective yield If not harvested compared with an averageper cenl 3 To what extent injured by rust percenl 4 WHEATYield or prospective yield compared with an average per cenl 5 To what extent injured by rust per Cent 6 COTTONStand June 1 compared with a perfect standper cent 7 i condition compared with an average percenl 8 SUGAR CANEStand compared with a perfect stand per cent 9 Condition compared with an average percent 10 POTATOES IrishYield or prospective yield compared with an average per cent 11 POTATOES SweetAcreage compared with an average per cent 12 RICECondition compared with an averagi percent 13 PEANUTSAcreage compared with an average percent ll MM ONS Acreage compared with last year p i m 15 Condition compared with an average parent li PI V BPSPercentage cl a mil crop I nl 17 APPLESPercentage of a full crop percent is PEARSPercentage of a full crop prl t 19 GRAPES Percentage of a full crop percent 14QUESTIONS FOR JUNE CROP REPORT Please write very plainly and in very few words See the style in which these were printed i May Crop Report REMARKS OR PRACTICAL INQUIRIES Sign name hereCIRCULAR No 117 I New Series CROP REPORT FOR THE MONTH OF JUNE SHOWING THE ACREAGE AND CONDITION OF GROWING CROPS THE FIRST OF JUNE AND OTHER MATTERS RELATING TO AGRICULTURE IN GEORGIA ComnaissioKier ATLANTA GEORGIA Constitution Job Office 1889Circular No 117 New Series CROP REPORT FOR THE MONTH OF JUNE U Returned to the Department of Agriculture June 1 1889 State of Georgia Department of Agriculture Atlanta Ga June 8 1889 GENERAL REMARKS A careful reading of the Notes from Corresponmdents will give a more satisfactory idea of the general condition of the crop on the first of June than any general summary of a few words only It is found impracticable to print in full all that may be written by each correspondent therefore only running extracts are given which cover all the features of the condition thus avoiding much needless repetition THE WEATHER CONDITIONS The first day of May found the farms just commencing to suffer from dry weather A large part of the cotton crop had been planted about 87 per cent of the whole contemplated areawhile less than 60 per cent was up leaving 40 per cent of the whole area of the iropincluding 13 per cent not then plantedwithout any plants up The commencement of the drought varied in different sections from April 1 to April 23 and in some cases even earlier the average being about the middle of April causing the latter half of April the time during which the bulk of the crop is usually planted to be too dry to germinate the seeds This drought continued interrupted by a few light showers in some sections until May 27 28 29 30 when pretty heavy general rains occurred All over North Middle and South west Georgia the rains were abundant during these four days but up to June 1 many counties in East and Southeast Georgia were still needing rain the showers having been very light 49DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA COEN The condition of this crop has fallen from 99 on May 1 to 90 owing to continued unfavorable weather particularly the want of rain Insects particularly the bud worm have been unusually de structive to stands in bottom lands The fields however are in good condition as to culture and the plant is generally represented as having a health color though small OATS The prospect has steadily and rapidly declined since last report the present showing a reduction to 69 as compared with an average condition against 98 one month ago At the latter time the crop was at its crisis and the weather since has been almost continuously dry The small area that was sown in the fall has contributed materially to prevent an almost total failure of the crop It is unquestionably the true policy for farmers to sow a considerable area in the fall not winter reserving plenty of seed to resow if need be in Feb ruary It seems that the fall crop is destroyed by winter freezing no oftener than the spring crop by drouth while a successful fall crop will as a rule greatly exceed if it does not double the yield of a springsown crop Many who clim to have sown in the fall in fact sowed as late as November and December In this connection attention is directed to the remarkable results secured by Mr James Battle as reported by Mr James A Shivers elsewhere in this bulle tin under the head Who can beat it It may be remarked that such a crop cannot truly be called a volunteer crop as that term is properly applied only to a crop of grain which springs from selfsown seed without any plowing or other preparation of the ground There are exceedingly fine specimens of oats now in the Department Hall the seed of whieh were sown last August in DeKalb county To be reasonably secure against serious injury from winter freezes oats should be sown early enough in the fall to enable the plants to become strong and to develop a vigorous root system WHEAT The wheat crop is unusually good being 93 compared with an average and these figures are probably below the real facts COTTON The condition of the cotton crop was critical though not alarming oven on the first of May as has been intimated Since that date the 50JUNE CHOP RKPORT1889 5 only redeeming circumstances have been the absence of any sudden and overpowering disaster such as flood or frost and the opportu nity afforded farmers to get entirely clear of grass where it was pos sible to plow The dry weather cold winds and low temperature gen erally have retarded germination and growth and encouraged insect depredations It is not too much to say that the cotton prospect on June 1 was lower than it has been on the same date within at least ten years AH of North Georgia and particularly in Middle Geor gia there is universal complaint of poor stands and a lousy and un thrifty condition of the plants In extreme Southwest Georgia the crop is much better than elsewhere The fact that the crops are clean and the soil generally in mellow condition together with the recent rains that have fallen over the greater part of the State en courage the hope that even yet the belated crops will spring forward and yield abundant harvests FEUIT An unprecedented yield of fruit is well nigh assured as no hereto fore known disaster can occur to destroy the crop excepting possibly continued and excessive rains throughout the period of ripening We have already the first fruits of the coming abundance 51DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA oo GC O Oh O n t El w o o Q O x o c ssduio 3 5 1 C 5 C 30 a o c Cy tiZ z siij i L Q 1X l X s S 5 9dpidv a ca j tc i SOIfMMJ J O C o cc paxedmoo nopipuo 3i oo ac oc X MIMA Si 1L poiuduioD ooiojy X Tl 1 C X cr 5 SSeusab in ita pgjudiuoo oSuiv 8 3 C CN o 2 9A13 III V11A pajttdmoo uojiipuo t s y s X cc DQ c 5 X riMtAli We qilAV pojudmoD faSB9J0v X 1 X x j oniurui WB qiA piBdmoo ppiA OAiixlojd ao ppiA T 1 X l i i X r x i X MTitUOAi III qiA predraoo uoiijpuo i X X X 5 X 51 ri x o o KiMiAi in q 11 puuilmi uoiipuoD t x i ri X t s s X r pUiqs LMjlld li qjjM punduiit I autif puuis x i x i U isiu Aq psanCui luill 3 S S CM Mi nit ijia pojudmoo M 8At0dS0Jd JO PlMA 3 CN CM 3S T Q 50 c jbiu iq poanlui tuiixj 3 3 77 X i in qiiu pgjBdraoo i 9Af309dsoJd jo piA 1 EC 3 1 X c MoliMAU III qiiw iultimo uojlipuo 3 x s I z c 3 7 z i 3 C S z 8 2 X X 7 C X X X X 52JUNE CROP REPORT1889 NOTES FROM CORRESPONDENTS NORTH GEORGIA Banks May extremely dry cool and windy Light frost on 23rd Bad stands Good season today 30 Oat crop very shortW M A Chattooga Cotton looking well Oats damaged by drouth but a good rain would bring them out yet Wheat goodD W R Nice rain 26th inst No rust on stalk of wheat and filling wellW F T Cherokee All sorts of weather in May pretty heavy frost hail 21st Good season on 30th Rust on leaf of wheatJ J A S Gobb Oats injured by drouth wheat by rustJ Y A Dade Oats far below averagetoo dry but rain in a few days would probably raise them to an average Corn looks well though smallG A R B Cabbages money crop fineMrs J W B Peach crop best for yearsW S F Dawson Cool and dry four weeks Honey crop best for two yearsJ C S Extremely dry Good prospect of rain at this writingA J L Corn is small and stands below average Cotton very poor stand Wheat low and heads short P J C Fannin Farmers well up with the times Most of them are alliance men and are making more and spending less Hurrah farmers will gain the day by and byS H J All crops in fine conditionW J W Iloyd Spring oats cut off by drought Wheat heads short and af fected by rust Cotton seed failed to germinate well especially on clay soils Peaches and grapes never better Applesand pears failed tosetmuch fruit FC Forsyth Rust hasnot struckoatsasyetbutonaccountof dry weather many will never be harvested Wheat not injured Cotton poor stand especially on red landT L S Franklin Good rains on 29th and 30th Bud worms killing all the young corn on bottoms1 R S Stands of cotton very imperfect Fine rains on 29th Oats will be nearly a failure A W Crops generally well worked and with a good rain we will beall rightJ B McW Oilrner Best wheat and rye for years Too dry for oats and grasses A good rain this 80thN L O Gordon Good season on 30th June 1st slight frost but no damage Wheat good Bad stands of cottonO H D Very dry The great need of this county is more grass and pasturageA F H Wheat has rust on blade but for this would be 50 per cent better than for last few yearsJ G B Owinnett Inperfect stands of cotton The last day the date of this report bades a slight frost tonightR D W Oats heading too low If yestersdays rain makes them high enough the yield will probably be 100T R Ow ing to dry cool weather a very bad stand of cotton Will some one explain why this bug is worse on cotton in stubble land than in any otherM P K No bug enclosed Comk Habersham Weather cold and windy Frost this a m June 1stS J B Good rain on 29th Outlook for oats and wheat very promisingH IT Hall The pea crop an important one in this section will be 100 per cent What would you do for apple trees when the leaves are turning yellow and dropping off Answer Better cultivation and fertilization with ashes and lime 538 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA Comr Poorest stand of cotton I ever saw but farmers are pushing then work The Alliance is doing much goodW F W Ilaralson Rain last night and is raining now 30thH T R Hart Abundant rains on 29th and 30th Jackson Exceedingly dry up to 20th Good rains 29th and 30thT S J Lumpkin Very dry and cool Upland corn good worms bad on bottoms Full fruit cropF V M Madison Farmers very gloomy Bad stands of cotton Wheat injured and oats nearly ruined by droughtJ T P Murray Thoroughly good seasons on 29th and 30th H H Pickens All of last night 29th and this morning a pouring rain has washed the land doing much good as well as some damage Prospect encouragingB T R Polk A month of dry weather has ruined the oat crop and the young clover and the stand of cotton is poorCorrespondent Rabun Oat crop not forward enough to give a prospective yield On the 4th and 23rd we had killing frosts F A B Towns Wheat has a full stand though low and heads short Two dry for oatsW R McC Walker Cotton stands inferior Oats almost gone but the flue rains today 29th will help them Too dry to plant sweet potatoesA I L White Frost on 2nd of May The least rain and the most wind I ever sawJ B W More corn planted than usual This county is looking upF L D Whitfleld Dry cold weather damaged cotton Good rain May 30th Light frost this morning No reliable laborW C R Fruit crop perfect oats a little short corn and cotton fineP H Oats heading very low but the good rains of the 29th and 30th will improve them very much Clover and grass almost a failure Peaches good apples light cropJ F G MIDDLE CiEOROTA Baldwin Stands of cotton no better now than on 1st of May Cut worms very destructive to cotton and gardens through May Fall oats very good spring oats very poor Corn is looking wellII L W Bibb Condition of all crops low for want of rain Have just had fine seasons Fall and January oats are good and largely increased acreage Landlords sow in the fall tenants in the spring Results the first make good crops the last failW D H J Butts Poor stands of cotton great deal planted over and not up yet Corn looks well considering the long drouth oats a failure Good rains yesterday 30 Wheat isgoodHC T Campbell A light season of rain yesterday 30 but cold enough to day to sit by fire Wheat is good oats ruined no grassJ S D Cotton and corn look well considering the dry weatherR E W Wheat better than in four or five years Generally the poorest stands of cotton I ever saw Apple trees dying with blight on the fruit limbs Will the Agricultural Department move to GriffinH N C Ans No the Agricultural Experiment Station only has been located at Griffin of whose Board of Directors the Commis sioner of Agriculture is exofficio PresidentComr Carroll Farms well advancedeight or ten days ahead Cotton has died from cold winds Oats very lowT N R Clarke Terracing is the rule on nearly every farm 54JUNE CROP REPORT1889 9 in this section Drouth broken May 20R T P Clayton We are hav ing fine rains the first to wet the ground thoroughly for more than two months Very sorry stands of cotton Fruit crop the best for years A P A Columbia Stands of cotton very imperfect No rain in five weeksJ Q S Coivcta Weather dry cold mornings no prospect of rain Crops well worked Corn small good color Fall sown oats good Tell farmers to plant largely of amber cane to feed to hogs horses and cows M T S No rains of consequence hot days and cool nights Crops suf fering though in good conditionT B P DeKalb The dry May cut short oats and Irish potatoes and caused many to plant cotton over the second time W H C Douglas Our county was visited by a fine rain on the 29th and 80th Oats injured badlyJ G M A long drouth now ended by fine rains Farmers well up For cholera in hogs boil Jerusa lem oak and give the tea to them More mules and horses died in this section this spring than ever before known Disease before unknown much like colic but of longer durationB 8 S P filbert Spring oats nearly an entire failure Cotton is eight or ten days late This morning June 1 the thermometor is down to 44 and some frost was seen yester day Cotton prospect quite gloomyJno D B filbert Very dry until 29th and 30th when we had good rainsD M C Oats nearly a failure Crops well worked Good seasons now and if we can get stands of cotton the outlook is favorableI D G Cold May has retarded the growth of all crops Late planted cotton not yet upJ L T layette Oat crop materially injured also wheat to some extent Corn and cotton doing well Fine rain in last day or two A greatdeal of bottom land in this country is turned out for want of sufficient drainage Would it not be a good idea to urge the owners of such lands to set them in Bermuda grassQ C G YesBermuda grass for summer and burr clover for winter would give an all the year round pasture or productive meadow as may be desired Comb Never heard so much complaint of bud worm Do you know of any remedy J G P Ans Do not plant the land in corn more than two years in succession Burn all stalks and weeds as soon as dry enough in early winter As soon as the corn comes up in spring scrape away the soil from each plant A very practical farmer uses ordinary steeltoothed garden rakes for this purpose Corn planted on corn or weed land is always most troubled by bud or wire worms Burning the corn stalks and weeds destroys the insect before it completes its transportation into an egg laying mothComk Green Crops unusually clean Weather very cold to day C M S Hancock The outlook is anything but encourag ingJ T Few potato slips put out Cotton about half a stand upH L M Heard Good rains May 30th Very cool this morningJ B W Henry General rains have fallen Corn small but healthy Cotton small and keeps coming up A great many hired hands have quit and gone to work by the dayJ M McD Cotton planted shallow and on high beds is not doing well Many places not half a stand upF H S Jones Dry weather alone has injured crops Crops small but clean Corn looks10 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA well but cotton sickly About onefourth the cotton is yet to conic up li T R Just had a good season the first in six weeksJ W B Lin coln Frost on 21st inst Xo fanner has a good stand of cotton and the plant is smaller than ever known at this date ant some correspondent furnish a remedy for bud wormfJ M P See answer to J G P Fay ette CoComb McDuffie Xo rain since April 15th until the 26th of May and that only onefourth of an inch Cut worms and bad seed re quired first planting to be planted over and not over onefourth of the crop up As a whole the crop is the poorest for ten years Spring oats a complete failure Farmers are gloomy NTo cotton seed in the country to replantA E 8 Meriwelher May 29th a line rainy day General prospect good for all crops except oatsB S C Fall oats are fineP M McC Monroe Corn irregular but good color Replanted cotton not up Had frost May 3 4 and 5 Where partial showers have fallen crops growing finelyK C T Morgan Cotton very uneven some places looking well while others not up Crop remarkably clean to date Let the farmeis turn over the best of their stubble lands and harrow smooth for a crop of crab grass I have done so for several years and find that my hay crop generally pays me better than the grainJ T X Later plantings of cotton not yet up Worms bad on bottom landJ H G Newton Frost on 23d gave all vegetation a sickly appearance A fine season last night Corn and field peas good color and good stands T A W Cot ton is not at all up yet and is much affected by drougth and cold Oats damaged by drougth Corn is doing well Crops all clean L F L Oglethorpe Good rains 29th and 30th High winds and coldJ T H Since making my report we have had a frost June 1 the latest ever known here It nipped cotton more or less in every field In low places the stand is destroyed and some are planting over today The damage to cot ton is estimated at ten per centR T P Crops generally clean Splendid rain May 20thJ J G Pike Good deal of cotton not up The fine rains of the last few days will bring it up The Alliance all over the coun try purpose to boycott jute baggingE W 11 Stands of cotton are poor Corn is looking finely Spanish peanuts doing well and more planted than ever beforeJ W McC Putnam We have just had fine rains and hope to have tine stands in a few daysO W It Rockdale Wheat is better than for years Oats are shortW L P Frost on morning of 23d Oats badly damaged Wheat pretty fair crop Fine rainsJ S A A great many acres of spring oats will not get high enough to cut Wheat injured some by rustP H W Spalding Kail outs good but not as fine as they would have been with more rainS F G Taliaferro Stands of cotton poorer and plant smaller than I have ever seen at thisdate Great demand for seed Corn small but clean A moderate rain fell on 29th and 30th of MayI X S May has been the most unfavorable known for years Too cool and dry Xever knew the farming prospect so discouraging at this seasonL L V Fall oats good spring oats a failureS J F lal bot Much cotton not up Corn is well worked and has not lost anything 56JUNE CROP REPORT1889 11 Fall oats good spring a failure Fine rainsS A F Bud worms very destructive pasturage dried up farmers gloomyD T O Troup Ex cessive drought terminated in a good rain on 28th of May Nearly two inches in less than twentyfour hours Spring oats are almost a failure H H Upson Very dry for five weeks Good rains on 30th of May T J M Walton Dry weather has given no clean crops Good rains 29th and 30thJ E N Warren No rain in May until yesterday One third of cotton not up The prospect for a cotton crop very dimD W R Good rain on 29th after six weeks drought Good deal of cotton not yet upT L M Rain general in county yesterday Cotton and corn poor things look brighter this morningJ A S Wilkes An excessive number of windy days Probably never was a pooorer stand of cotton Rain hardly in time to save spring oatsJ T V SOUTHWEST GEORGIA Baker Cotton and corn are small owing to continued dry weather and ten days late Crops in very fine condition as to cultureR J Fall oats pretty good winter and spring a failure Corn and cotton are small all they need is rain No prospect of rain at this writing May 27thW L C Berrien A four weeks drought just ended by a copious shower Cotton bad stand but in fine condition and looking wellJ J P Late oats a failure corn two weeks late forward cotton fine Rain today E C P Finest peach crop ever known apples full crop pears below a full crop We are in a destructive droughtH T P Brooks Good rains after a seven weeks drought R I D Calhoun Corn small but looks well cotton is in better condition than usual Farmers well up labor plentifulF P G C hattahoochee Good rain yesterday May 30thW P F Crops of all kinds in good condition Rain badly needed large per cent of cotton not up Outlook rather gloomyW A W Clay Cotton and corn both small Fall oats good spring oats badly injuredT E S All crops need rain had none since MayW T C Colquitt Seven weeks drought broken by a fine season on 30thF J W Crawford Good rain May30th Corn small oats half crop wheat rusted cotton little and louzyJ W D Peach crop will be full but the fruit small on account of overfullness and dry weather Honey crop very fineJ W 8 Decatur Fine rains May 30th and all crops are in a growing conditionC L P Booty Cotton bad stand and louzyS P O Dougherty Oat crop everywhere ruined and corn has suffered fearfully from want of rain It will require good seasons from now on to secure anything like a full crop of cotton Nice rain on May 29th but need moreJ S D Early No rain form the flrsttill 29th of May Good rains since Crops are clean and ground in good condition but everything smallD M W Houston A drought of one month ended May 29th From onethird to onehalf thecotton seed have not come upW J A Irwin A six weeks drought on us Corn is far behind same date last year Cotton badly behind a great deal not planted yetbad stands when planted 5712 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA J P Bee No rain from April 24th to May 19th and none since Melons three to lour weeks lateR P J Lowndes Six weeks without a drop of rain Corn small but looks well Crops clean Farmers trading but littleJ R T Macon Fine seasons since 29th ult Nights too cool Farmers well up We all should plant our stubble lands in peas and sow the same in wheat and oats in the fallJ B M Marion Dry cold weather has ruined spring oats and prevented cotton from coming up and that that came up is more unthrifty than I ever saw cotton Abundant rains recentlyG W C M Mitchell Nothing comparatively has been done in setting out potato slips Melon area 5 or 20 per cent larger but the yield will be less per acre A most gracious rain last night and this morningJ B T Muscogee Just had a shower of rain the first in 45 days Corn small cotton that is up and has been worked is doing well C O In a radius of r0 miles there is much cotton not up and that which is up is very small Corn also is very small But we had good rains yes terday and crops will soon catch upL F H Randolph Cotton not a good stand and corn somewhat injured Rains are good at this wrltting R T C A several weeks drought has injured all crops more or less except fruitH W K Stewart Stands of cotton better than was reported for May but still very bad in some sections Corn small but holding up very well in colorG W H Terrell Cotton stands bad Fine rains on 29th and 30th Thermometer this morning 42 degrees Cotton louzyJ T A All fall oats are line but spring are poor We have poor stands of cottonH C H Ihomas Just had a good rain the first in 1 weeksE L N Webster No rain since the first of May till night of 28th Crops well worked and free from grass Corn small but healthy and growing Wheat good fall oats fair yield spring oats a failure J P W Wilcox Some have not been able to get a stand of cotton Never saw better fruit prospects D P McC Worth Six weeks without rain Oats cut short corn very small and cotton louzy and poor stand Crops well cultivatedW A II Everything suffering for rain none since 1st of May Not more than 75 per cent of a stand of cotton Fruit generally falling off Parched corn cures all sorts of hog cholera for me every timeW W P BAST GEORGIA Bullock Many acres of cotton still in the ground I have been told by a genlteman cl seventy years that common gourd seed placed in a mole run will kill them or cause them to leave the fieldJ A M Bud worms very bad on corn poor stands of cotton all crops small Very dry C A S Burke On account of the existing drouth potatoes can hardly be reckoned as part of the growing crop at this dateJ B J Dodge Cotton not doing well Fine rain on the 30th and everything revived Crops clean and very promisingD W B Emanuel All crops unusually clear of grass About ten per cent of cotton not yet planted Peaches the finest crop for years Apples almost a failure caused by blight or insect in 58JUNE CHOP REPORT1889 13 budW R K Very dry and farmers are cleaning their crops nicely E W L Olascock Six weeks drouth Poor stands of cotton and good portion not plantedS K Jefferson Poorest stands of cotton in years Corn small for the season but stands good Fruit crop excellentS M C Twentyfive per cent of cotton not up and will not come up until it rains Rains this week very partialH L B In my last report May I said the cotton crop was the poorest I ever saw it has not improved to this time Not a potato slip set out yetThos H Not a season of rain since April 14th About half stand of cotton Almost no field peas planted Prospects quite gloomyA E T Laurens May 81 A few showers this week the first general rain since April 15 Now so cold it is doubtful if cotton comes up before it is again too dry Corn good stand small but healthyJ T C Montgomery Corn very small No rain in portions of the county for six weeks Onehalf the cotton is not yet upG M T McL Cotton doing badly owing to drought Corn is suffering greatly Gardens burned upT F W Pulaski No rain for five weeks Now moderate seasons but cold enough today for fire Fall oats a fair crop spring oats poor as they are nine times out of tenS W B Richmond No rain from April 25th to May 27th when we had 075 inches hail and rain Prospects good for rain Frequent showersA W R Framers up with work and wishing for rain Day hands have been put to it to get work Cotton very backward corn very promisingJ M Mc N Screven In the midst of a disastrous drought of seven weeks Cotton not more than half up and dying Corn very bad stand on account of bud worms and rather late to replant Gardens literally dried up and Irish potatoes a total failure Spring oats almost total failureE B G Tatnall Drought of forty daysJ S L Tefair No rain since May 1st Light shower on 29th and another today 30 Very poor stands of cotton Corn very small and turning yellow Fruit is shriveling and falling Prospects very gloomy W F W Twiggs Six weeks drought Some cotton yet to paint and much not yet germinatedF D W Washington Very dry but crops clean and in good conditionJ C H Wilkinson No general rain since April 28th until May 29th hence poor stands of cotton Corn small but in good condition and fine stands Pears injured by blight Jas A M SOUTHEAST GEORGIA Bryan The severest drougth I ever saw in the spring Prospects for all crops is discouragingP W W Camden All crops Will suffer from drougth if we dont get rain soonJ K Charlton All crops two weeks late caused by six weeks droughtA D Clinch The cold winds cold nights and drought has injured all crops except cane The drought helped melonsL C M No rain since April 15th except very light showers Cotton twenty days late Some complaint of grasshoppers in cornM T Coffee June 1 The drought through April and May injured oats twen tyfive per cent Corn in good condition Crops all late but look well 5914 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA Farmers should plant chufas and peanuts as soon as oats are harvested Plant on dark nights for a good yieldJ B P To day May 30 is the first rain since April 14 Crops clean growth somewhat retardedJ B Eehoh Grasshoppers have appeared in great numbers and are eating the corn and cottonJ T JSffingham May 30 Very dry since May 1st until yesterday when light rains fellA F R Worms have been more destructive this season than I have ever known destroying stands of all plants All crops backward and suffering for rainC A J 8 No rain since 8th of April and all crops are sufferingO E S Olynn Going on seven weeks drought which has cut off all crops Home high and sandy lands are a total failureJ K F Liberty Very little rain since March Crops that are up and have been well cultivated are growing finely A great deal of seed still in the ground Your crop report for May is full of instructive matterJ A M K Farmers much discouraged on account of failure to get stands of cotton J D Pierce Crop stands poor on account of dry weather Bain much needed J H G Ware Very dry now and for a long time1 M 8 Wayne Crops are all at least thii to days late on account of cold and excessively dry weatherW H 1 A FEW INQUIRIES Is there any remedy for lice on cotton if so what is it i W D Webster county Answer There is no remedy that can be applied by the farmer that would not cost more than the probable value of the damages inflicted by lice Preventive measures are 1 Not planting too early on land subject to lice 2 Liberal fertilizing part in drill with seed and good culture The hot sun generally comes to our relief before the cotton is permanently injured GRUB WORMS What will prevent grub worms from destroying young plants B F C Bandolph Co Ans No preventive has been discovered so far as known The protec tion and encouragement of insectiverous birds most of the songsters as the natural enemies of nearly all insects is the only remedy The grubs make beetles after living in the earth four or five years For every beetle destroyed you prevent not less than one hundred grubs A young jay bird it is said will consume twenty average sized grubs every day to say noth ing of those consumed by the parents Save the birds and the birds will save your gardens fields and orchards FERTILIZER FOR COTTON PINE STRAW AND CANE BAGASSE 1 What is the best fertilizer for cotton 2 Is there any substitute for carbon hydrogen and oxygen that we can raise on a farm GOJULY CROP REPORT1889 15 The amount of crop so grown compared with that grown with the com plete fertilizer gives an exact measure of the fertility of the soil Such analyses of soil by plants are absolutely true and are to be relied upon Do you wish an example of this I will borrow one from the experi ment field of Vincennes Compare and reflect upon these five proofs Crops grown per Bushels per acre in 1864 acre Complete fertilizer50 Complete fertilizer without lime48 Complete fertilizer without potash36 Complete fertilizer without phosphate31 Complete fertilizer without nitrogenous matter17 Soil without fertilizer14 This experiment is now 1887 continued without change since it was first begun in 1864 and still shows the same marked contrasts Q I acknowledge that your method is ingenious and practical but it seems to me very slow and very complicated I doubt farmers ever being willing to devote time to such experiments which to be of practical use must be done in a series of six or seven at the same time and receive no benefit from them for at least five or six months and even a year for some A A moments reflection will give you a more just appreciation of the method What objection can you raise against a method of investigation based on experiments in growing crops Its slowness But do you not see that thanks to the ideas I open to you every thing around you helps you to foresee what the result will be If lucerne succeeds on one part of your soil and grows badly or not at all on another part this proves after what I have told you about the superior function of potash for lucerne that the subsoil of one part of your land contains the potash that is lacking on the other spot where lucerne failed On another spot where peas and beans flourish lucerne partly fails This contrast shows that the upper soil which the roots of peas and beans do not pass through is provided with potash and the subsoil where lucerne roots grow best is lacking in potash On the fourth square where wheat is sown with but little fertilizer and lodging is quick there is certain proof the soil contains nitrogenous matter These first experiments greatly simplify experimental cultures or give the opportunity to suppress two or three terms of the fertilizer But in spite of their usefulness they are not sufficiently exact to serve as a practical guide Small experimental plots must be kept continually and systematically How can three or four little squares of two or three yards each interfere with the cultivation of the regular crop Agriculture like a battle requires decision judgment and unfiagging attention to the minutest details What would you think of a mariner who did not daily observe the variations of the barometer the deviations of the compass and who would neglect to change the position of the ves sel by observation of the stars You would think him a very poor sea 8516 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA let no other animals run on it in summer If intended for hay of course no stock will be allowed to run on it after harvesting the oats The first year one or two light crops will be available the chief returns will occur in the second year when two crops may be cut for hay one in May and one in July according to seasons and then the clover must be permitted to make a crop of seed It is said that in the South after one full crop of seed has been permitted to mature and fall to the ground the land will not require reseeding afterwards For hay clover should not be cut while wet with dew or rain Cut for an hour or two in the morning after 9 oclock spreading as thinly as may be in two or three hours turn over the clover lightly with forks or a tedder Before dew falls in the afternoon let it be hauled to the barn or if not sufficiently cured put in small cocks four feet high to remain until next afternoon then open and haul to the barn Do not try to handle cured clover hay while dry It is best not to let it cure so dry at one exposure to the sun that the leaves will fall off It is said that clover hay is sufficiently cured when the fleshy stems will not exude moisture when twisted between the finger and thumb I do not advise that a crop of clover be either turned under or permitted to decay on the soil for the purpose of enriching the land if the farmer can possibly utilize it for stock food It does not pay to manure land with such valuable stock food Feed the clover to stock and apply the manure to the land EXPERIMENT FIELDS Lecture Delivered by Prof George Ville by Invitation from the Royal Agricultural Society at Brussels Continued from May Crop Report The more extended my studies and as my relations with the agricultural world increase the more convinced I am that it is due to the use of Exper iment Fields if the ideas with which we are now occupied have become simple and so evidently practical that all the agricultural world can receive the benefits of science They never lead those who study them into error and their proofs are so plain that they always end in triumphing over the most systematic opposition from those who doubt their usefulness If gentlemen you find I have become in a measure an authority on these subjects believe me and multiply experiment fields which the Ital ians rightly call proof fields give every primary school one of its own and have all model farms and experiment stations well suppled with them A few rods of soil are sufficient for primary schools For this purpose I particularly advise parallel cultures of wheat and Irish potatoes The fields of a station should respond to higher claims and act as instructors to a large scope of country Four parallel cultures of wheat beets Irish potatoes and peas show in a striking manner the absolute necessity of varying the composition of the 62JUNE CROP RKPORT18811 17 fertilizer for each one of these crops not only as to the number of sub stances used but the relative proportions of each one This throws into bold relief the fruitful yet ill understood idea even among scientific men of the dominantsthe necessity of varying the composition of the fertilizer according to the nature of the plant These plants give practical proofs of this necessity and not only this but they also give valuabe indications of the resources of the soil in relation to character of fertilizer employed for the principle cultures of the country An experiment field of this impor tance not only awakes the curiosity of the people and provokes discussion but induces them to make experiments of their own which are continually in comparison with those of the station There is nothing to be feared from discussion or comparison of experiments Is not life an endless dis cussiona strife without ceasing When a discussion is about the facts of an experiment they are constantly produced as witnesses inducing a con tinuation of experiment and gradually bringing about the desirable union of science and practi e And all this is the fruitful results of experiment fields Have you made every effort in your power for the benefit of your agri cultural interest I would have you realize the grand truth that agricul tural interests are superior to industrial interests and never forget that they are the foundation of all other industries I regret not having with me the statistics I hoped to bring to show you how true is the popular belief that agriculture is the life o the people In inviting you gentlemen to study for yourselves new truths of the science of today I call on science to aid me and by use of one of its most recent conquests one apparently without any relation to the soil I hope to dem onstrate clearly to you the predominance of agricultural over industrial interests For many years it has been the general belief that as natural phenomena affect our different senses in different ways they must arise from seperate and independent causes But a more attentive analysis has ended by showing that under this apparent diversity there are in reality but two terms as the true source of all these phonomenamatter and movement which are never lost yet always changing Now it is by help of this abstract idea that I will establish the preeminance of agricultural interests over industrial interests Here are my proofs When two bodies combine there is always production of heat More than this the quantity of heat disengaged is constant and invariable in relation to the weight of the bodies put in motion If you try to undo the combination and bring the elements back again to their original form you must restore to them the exact quantity of heat they threw off On the other side heat having power to produce movement and the movement power in its turn to change itself into mechanial effort the result is that a knowledge of the quantity of heat emitted or absorbed serves as an exact measure of the amount of effort the work of combination or of decomposi tion produced I burn this blade of wheat There is an emission of heat Why Because the wheat had absorbed and rendered latent in its substance 6318 DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTUREGEORGIA the heat and light of the sun without which absorption it would have been powerless to reduce the carbonic acid of the air and appropriate its carbon Vegetation is in fact the chosen instrument for the absorption and storing up of the light and heat of the sun This first point admitted what mechanical effort does nature put forth in annually utilizing an acre of soil The equivalent of 15 days steam power But how much latent power estimated in steam power does the crop grown on an acre contain of which the sun had paid all the costs The equivalent of a 3000 steam power What becomes of the 3000 steam power It passes into a state of heat and movement and under this new form serves to nourish our organs so that we may have the use of our functions and exercise our faculties Another part serves for the production of animal food for animals could not live without the heat they receive from their food Even the decay of vegetable matter assists in the har monious exchange established between our planet anil the rest of the universe by throwing off in decomposition heat which modifies the losses the earth sustains in this respect Now if a capital invested in a 3000 steam power is sufficient to utilize an acre of soil tell me what industry with such a small capital can give such results This result cannot be denied The conclusion is forced No other interest can compare with agricultural interest Mankind has in the past commanded dead forces We are now learning to command life by better regulating and governing the influences which affect the conditions of individuals and even of nations So soon as it is demonstrated that you can regulate at will the fertility of the soil and the products springing from it the marketable amount of food product will be increased to unexpected quantities If you double the harvests of a coun try what a change comes to the life of its people They live better public faith is good and the moral standard is raised Agriculture then regains her supremacy The greatest service man can render his fellow beings is to contribute to the general progress Agriculture affects all our interests and is in its turn affected by the political conditions of a country Economic legisla tion taxes duties costs and facilities of transportation etc are all condi tions influencing agriculture for good or for evil But above all these con ditions is one taking the lead of all others and that is the act of creation involved in the growth of a plant What is to be gained by facility of transportation if you are ignorant of the conditions assuring abundance of harvest and cheapness of production There are no two methocs of accomplishing this there is but one And that is to spread broadcast through the country practical and correct ideas upon the nature of the agents which vegetation sets at work and cause the people to clearly understand the truth so poorly understood that it takes good fertilizers to make profitable crops Nothing can rival Experiment Fields in accomplishing this object An Experiment Field is the most eloquent of professorswithout passion or prejudice It is the disin 04JUNE CROP RfiPORT4889 19 terested organ of nature in its fullest activityteaching practical rules for regulating the nature and amount of harvest In urging you to multiply these modest creations I call upon you to consult them whether on a large or small scale make them a guide to the people I believe I thus place at your service the most fruitful idea science has conceived for forty years and thus continue in this way the main object of my life WHO CAN BEAT IT On the 22nd of May Mr James Battle had a tine field of oats harvested the best I have seen the heds being long and well filled The field on which the crop was grown was seeded to oats five years ago After cutting the oats each year he planted it in peas and gives them two plowings After the peas are gathered he turns his stock on the field until January or February The volunteer oats have made good crops four successive years without sowing a seed He lives only a mile from me and I have seen the field in all its stages He says he will make twenty to twentyfive bushels per acre James A Shivers Warrenton Ga TALL OAT GRASS The following letter and the reply of the Commissioner is interesting as illustrating how the merits of a plant may force themselves on the observa tion of farmers Hon J 1 Henderson I enclose a head of grass which I would be pleased to learn if it is known to the Department of Agriculture as it astonishes all who see it This grass was brought to this country in about the year 1850 by a tourist who found it growing wild on an island in the Pacific Ocean It is perennial and evergreen can be grazed the year round forms a strong turf the roots run down to a depth of two feet it resists the severest droughts and remains green during the coldest weather the stems grow to the height of five feet in moderate upland soils when the seed are plowed under as wheat and oats a crop of seed will be produced the following year it has heavy foliage and is much relished by stock etc If desired I will send a bunch for examination and will gladly answer all inquiries I D Hudgins Sugar Hill Hall Co Ga Answer The grass is what is commonly known as tall oat grass the botanical name of it being Arrhenatherum avenaceum It is widely distri buted over the world having been cultivated for centuries in Europe and was brought to this country in New England about one hundred years ago The history you give of that described by you is doubtless correct but its first introduction into this country and even into the South dates far back of 1850 It is one of our best perennial grasses Your description of its habits etc is very accurate agreeing with that in the books as well 6520 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA as with my own observation You can buy the seed of any of our secdmen at about 22o per bushel of eleven pounds It is sometimes called ever green grass because it continues green even after the seeds have ripened and fallen out Seed may be sown in March or April and the grass mown the same season It is a valuable grass and I am glad you have discovered its value without knowing what it is You and your neighbors need not hesitate to cultivate the tall oat grass PEAR BLIGHT BY JOHN P CAMPBELL Ill D PROFESSOR OK BIOLOGY IN THE UNIVERSITY OF GEORGIA If it is possible to draw any general conclusions from the statements of a small number of prominent fruit growers it may be said that up to the present time at least pear blight has not been so prevalent and the losses due to it not so great as in former seasons Mr J D Husted Vineyard Ga writes I have about 400 trees in an orchard three to five years old with no appearance of the disease as yet Mr W WThompson Smithville Ga writes I have some four or rive thousand of the Le Conte and Keifler pear tree and about two thous and in bearing this seasoil up to this time no blight on any of them Mr T E Blackshear Thomasville Ga writes This spring the trees were three weeks late in bearing but they put out the largest bloom ever known and seemed perfectly healthy until the fruit set when the spurs having the fruit began to turn black and die It began in my orchard on one tree and spread all over that tree and then all over the orchard and it is still spreading but not so fast as it was two or three weeks ago If this goes no farther and I am inclined to believe the worst is over I shall have a pretty fair crop of fruit Mr G H Miller Rome Ga writes We have had no blight on our place since we came to Rome Hon Felix Corput Cave Spring Ga writes Every Bartlett tree on my place has been more or less affected Have lost about two out of five The Duchess Winter Nelis Lawrence and Flemish Beauty right along side of them have shown no sign of blight Of the Le Contes have had blight on three out of twentyfive trees none of them has died Mr L L Varnedoe Thomasville Ga writes The loss is considerable in some orchards It commences here and there and progresses more or less over the orchard on bearing trees It is a hundred times worse on the Bartlett and Howell and similar pears than it is on the Le Conte and Keif fer I am not discouraged in pear growing however From the foregoing and other communications of a similar nature it seems evident that the loss for the present year is not very extensive although percentages cannot well be given It can be very positively stated however that the almost absolute certainty of its appearance even though 6611NE CROP REPORT1889 21 in a mild form has made pear culture much less general than otherwise it would lie The phenomena of pear blight are only too familiar to fruit growers Isolated leaves may turn black while the branch remains healthy but more commonly the leaves near the tip of the branch blight first and then it runs down toward the main trunk the leaves turning black and the bark shrivelling A thick fluid exudes from the parts affected If not checked this may extend over the whole tree the usual result being death The two questions of absorbing interest to fruitgrowers are 1st What is the cause of the disease 2d How can it be cured A survey of the literature shows that various theories have been and are still held as to the cause of pear blight It began to attract attention dur ing the last century and much has since been written about it Its earliest appearance so far as known to me was in New York State in 1794 It was then described as the work of an insect borer It 1843 it was stated that it is due to an insect but also to the overpowering rays of the sun and to surfeit due to over manuring or too much pruning Many still believe these to be causes of the disease while others regard themonly as favor ing conditions Blight is specially apt to develop when an early spring is followed by a sudden cold and this fact has led many to believe that the real cause is the freezing or stagnation of sap This is the view most com monly held by Georgia fruit growers and it seems to be supported by many facts While many of the popular theories contain valuable truths it cannot be said that any one of them is in any sense an explanation of the rationale of the disease The insect theory is not supported by the facts The idea that sap is frozen cannot be sustained because pear trees blight wftere there is no frost In fact the view that any direct chemical changes in sap cause the disease must be given up because it furnishes no explanation of the fact that it begins at the tips of the young branches and progresses so slowly toward the main trunk It was not until July 1880 that the solution of the problem was under taken with modern methods and appliances and in accordance with mod ern scientific ideas At this time Prof T J Burrill of Ubana 111 began a careful study inoculating the bark of healthy trees with pieces of diseased bark In this way he succeeded in producing the disease in a large num ber of healthy trees Making a microscopic examination of the diseased portions of the tree and the gummy exudation he found constantly present large numbers of minute organisms which he regarded as the cause of the disease These belong to the class of Bacteria and resemble in many respects the germs which cause various diseases of animals Prof Burrills work was not very convincing Many points were left open and many objections were not answered He did not gain many converts and his work was not generally accepted but to him must be given the credit for having taken the first steps leading to the true solution of the problem Prof J C Arthur in the reports of the New York Experiment Station has published several articles which confirm the views of Prof Burrill His work was done with great caiv and accuracy and carries conviction with it The full details of his work cannot be given in the space which this article must occupy but the points which he established are briefly as follows 6722 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 1st He filtered the exudation through a tine filter and then could not produce blight by inoculating healthy trees The unfiltered exudation always produced it The only thing which could have been kept back by the filter is the germs and this gives almost positive proof that the dis ease is not due to a soluble poison but to a germ To be still more certain he cultivated the germs in various culture media and found that the sixth culture would produce the disease 2d This germ somewhat resembles the ordinary Bacterium lermo but the two are not identical for Bacterium Termo injected into the trees pro duces no blight There is then a specific germ to which blight is due 3d Prof Burrill did not show how the bacteria entered the tree but Prof Arthur succeeded in showing that it was at the tips of the young branches on the delicate surface tissues of expanding buds After entering the tree there is a latent period of about month before the disease becomes conspicuous Prof Arthurs work is generally accepted by scientific men It is thor oughly reasonable and inaccord with what we know of the action of germs in producing disease so that the problem must be regarded as practically solved As to remedies it must be admitted that but little can be said Certain conditions should be observed Especially should the trees not be forced by high cultivation Many remedies have been tried Sulphur lime car bolic acid and other things have been recommended but they are of no value because they cannot reach the seat of the trouble What the future may show as to the possibility of preventive inoculation it is impossible to say So far as I know this has not yet been attempted Our present knowledge justifies but one method of treatmentthe prompt removal of every blighted limb a considerable distance below the diseased point Split ting the bark some distance farther is also recommended The removed part should be carefully burned since experiments show that the germs may remain alive a long time and thus cause the disease in a following season Athens Ga May 31 1889 68CIRCULAR No 118 I New Series CROP REPORT FOR THE MONTH OF JULY 1889 SHOWING THE ACREAGE AND CONDITION OF GROWING CROPS THE FIRST OF JULY AND OTHER MATTERS RELATING TO AGRICULTURE IN GEORGIA AND FINAL REPORT OF INSPECTIONS ANALYSES AND STATISTICS OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS FOR THE SEASON OF 188889 Commissioiiei ATLANTA GEORGIA Constitution Job Office 1889 Circular No 118 New Series CROP REPORT FOR THE MONTH OF JULY 1889 Returned to the Department of Agriculture July 1 1889 State of Georgia Department op Agriculture Atlanta Ga July 8 1889 j THE WEATHER No general seasons covering simultaneously the entire State had occurred at date July 1 although heavy and frequent rains had fallen in most of the counties during the last week or ten days of June and in some sections the seasons have been continuously good since the spring drouth was broken about the last of May The rainfall throughout the month was abundant but not equally dis tributed In some counties in East and Southeast Georgia the crops were still suffering on account of dry and cool weather CORN The general condition of the corn crop has improved two points since June 1 rising from 90 to 92 the condition being lowest in East Georgia In some counties correspondents report the crop as unusually fine while in othersnotably in Baker countythe crop is reported as injured very seriously by drouth The crop on the whole is in good condition having been well cultivated and the seasons were good The low figures refer rather to lateness of the crop than to any im paired vigor or other irremedial defect COTTON The word spotted expresses most graphically the condition of the cotton crop throughout the State The range between the ex 73DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA tremes of size of the plants is even greater than it was a month ago The weather has been fairly favorable to the healthy growth and development of the plants that were up and growing on the first day of June But a very considerable part of the seed sown were still in the ground at the latter date and some farmers were not through chopping out the late cotton on the first of Juy In some coun ties the condition of the crop is entirely satisfactory some corres pondents being enthusiastic in their reports while others say that a full yield is impossible even with perfect conditions in the future It is difficult to indicate in figures the exact condition of the crop or even an approximation to it The best that can be done is to give the average of several hundred reports ranging all the way from 60 in Monroe and Screven 62 in Brooks 65 in Baldwin Dawson Screven etc to 90 in Banks Pickens and Clay 100 in Forsyth Dooly Lowndes Muscogee and Worth and 110 in Terrell The low condition refers first to defective stands and next to small size A very defective stand after June 1 is practically without remedy small size of plants or backwardness of growth can only be overcome by continuously good conditions of seasons including a late fall Compared with the crop of 1888 the condition and prospect of the present crop is five points lower at this date The table shows at a glance the comparative condition of the leading crops compared with that of June 1 1889 and July 1 1888CONSOLIDATED CROP REPORT FOR JULY 1889By Sections Wheat Oats Clover and Grass Compared with an average pronpect 0 condition and 5 3 u B o3 a 5 u 5 SECTIONS a A 1 a o3 t B 3 1 a g S3 a CO OS ft a o s ft 3 S a aj t S3 P O o 2 t en 22 p g o o 2 6 0 0 0 a 0 0 0 u 0 CO J O O cs 0 Ph 0 t CO 90 87 a 53 0 03 il3 82 90 3 0 S 89 89 f 0 A 0 03 Ph 103 109 ra OJ ft 81 74 OJ ft C3 5 91 88 8 8 8 73 15 10 83 86 79 80 96 98 79 88 85 97 100 89 7 66 10 75 89 93 88 77 77 92 85 113 100 103 85 7 74 11 85 79 85 81 73 66 82 86 116 73 91 81 9 87 88 91 77 86 78 105 79 93 Average for the State July 1 Average for the State July 1 Average for the State June 1 89 8 7f 11f 83 83 92 90 81 79 87 85 110 81 97 fi 4 fl 8f isr 94 88 91 92 91 95 98 88 33 62 92 94 91 89 90 78 1 90 89 100 79 97 d t1 o Si C o wDEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA NOTES FROM CORRESPONDENTS NORTH GEOBGIA Banks Fine rains crops well worked and the outlook is promising in every respectW J B Chattooga Heavy rains oats ripe but not cut W F T Cherokee Drouth in April and May plenty of rain in June but it has been too cool especially of nights for cottonM S P Cobb Cold spring caused bad stands of cotton Oats injured by drouthJ Y A Dade No wheat threshed yet but it will average about ten bushels per acre Wet weather has rotted early peachesG A R B Dawson Something like black rust on cotton is doing much damage Plenty of rain and corn looks wellJ C S Wheat injured by rust corn small but looks well Cotton bad stand and smallP J C Fannin Fine sea sons thus far and crops are looking wellS H Jr Floyd Ground wet and crops growing fastN C L Owing to the dry spring the low bot toms have all been planted in corn causing an unusually large areaJ P McC Abundant rains and all crops are growing rapidlyJ L J For syth Very few oats harvested and none threshed The average yield per acre will be about sixteen bushelsT L S Franklin Been dry but a good rain on the 28th and crops are now looking wellJ B D McW Gilmer Corn is very small for the seasonL T Gordon Neither wheat nor oats have yet been threshed therefore can only estimate the yieldJ G B E Crops have materially improved during the month Heavy rains and overflowsO H D Gwinnett Too much rain now for crops to do well Grass is abundant all over the fieldsM P K Drouth lice and cold have injured cotton badly and it will require good seasons and a late fall to make an average cropT R Habersham Plenty of rain since May 29th Cotton poor stand on account of drouth Coin fifteen days late but has good color The best fruit crop ever knownA H Haralson Heavy recent rains have injured bottom land crops Oats fine cotton beginning to improve upland corn goodJ W B Farm ers somewhat behind with their work on account of too much rain during the last weekH T R Hart Crops in good condition and a good sea son on the 28thB B P Jackson Good rains on 27th and 28thJ J Madison Corn prospect is the best for several yearsJ F P Murray The June rains have greatly improved the crops of corn oats and cotton on uplandH H Paulding Wheat damaged by rust Not a good stand for cotton and it is damaged by lice Heavy rain this morningP P MeB Pickens Abundance of rain Wheat and oats injured ten per cent by rust Cotton is two weeks late but the stands are good and the crop is pulling to the frontB T R Polk Rains almost continuous for a week retarding work in the cotton and injuring oats Corn never looked betterJ O W The cold nights and dry weather then heavy rains all together make the crops unpromising Cotton is small and sorryS M 76JULY CROP REPORTIf H B Rabun Grapes killed by frost and melons late Clover and grass parched Too dryE S Towns Needing rain very cool morn ings 24th and 25th Corn is small but well workedJ N G Wheat short stalked and short heads but well filled Oats pretty goodM J B Union Corn looks very bad owing to cold spring and bud worms All other crops are goodE F P White The prospect was never better for a good corn cropF L D A good season last night and today J B W WhUfteld Drought has cut off hay oats etc Scuppernong grapes sound other kinds have rottedW C R MIDDLE GEORGIA Baldivin A part of the county has not had a good rain since the first of April Stand of cotton very badH C V Good rains in places have improved cropsZ S B Bibb Weather is now favorable for all crops B T R Crops free of weeds and grass but need rainW IX H J No complaint as to corn and very little as to cotton and both crops are very clean The peach apple melon and grape crops are the best for yearsB L J Butts Corn is good and early cotton where it has been worked is also goodT G P Campbell Cotton has blight again somewhat ear lier than last year Some call it rust it should be analyzedJ J B Cot ton injured by rain The plant is small and looks unhealthyH N C Grass grass grass If the rains continue much longer cotton is gone Oats nearly ruined by wet weatherJ J S Seasons good through June and farmers hopefulJ S D Toomuch rain Cotton stands poor plants small and fields grassy Corn looks wellF H S Clayton Corn pros pect is very flattering Cotton is not so goodW P J Fine rains and corn growing rapidlyA P A Columbia Cotton is four weeks late S C L Late rains have caused a marked improvement in all crops and they are generally clean and growing rapidlyJ Q S Coiueta It is raining now July 1 and has been too wet to plow for many days The grass is spreading itself Crops growing fastW A S Excessive rains have fallen during the month of JuneW F S Corn is fine cotton smallF A P DeKalb In consequence of very wet June the skill of our farmers is seriously taxed to keep their crops moderately free from grass The corn crop where kept clean is as promising as I have seen in many years Wheat and oat crops good Cotton small and backward except that planted in March and early in AprilP L H Douglas Good seasons to date and crops well workedW H N Elbert Sea sons goodJ D G Fayette The prospect for corn and cotton is good and farmers are well up with workT D H Plenty of grass from late rains but the outlook for corn and cotton is favorableI G W Fulton Good seasons so far and the prospects are good for large crops More grass sown than usualG M F Greene A splendid rain fell yesterday Crops in fine condition and promising wellJ M G Seasons favorable Cotton three weeks late Corn fineA N A Too much rain Cotton grassy M 8 Hancock Rains have been partial Some localities8 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA without rain until yesterday since AprilH N M Good rains yester day and everything is now getting on wellJ W C Heard Crops have become grassy quicker than I ever saw them Poor stands of cotton Farmers are arranging to make hay of all grass that comesJ B W Henry Seasons are good Cotton a little late First blooms on the 20th J A C W Lincoln We have had fine rains and all crops are flourish ing although there are some complaints of grassJ M D McDuffie Cotton and corn are two weeks behind last year with inferior stands of cotton No chance for a full csop of cottonA E S Meriwether Oats ruined by drouth Cotton is in good condition but the stand is defective J W Monroe Frost on the last of May and first of June Rains very partialK C T Morgan The cool spring has caused the cotton to be three weeks late The rains have been fine lately Grass plenty and if rains continue cotton will be still laterG D P Cotton small and clean about three weeks late Some places very poor standsG S H Newton Prospect good for full crops of corn peas and sweet potatoes Cotton small but is now growing finely and we are having good rainsT H W Cot ton has not recovered from the effects of the cold unfavorable springthe poorest prospect for yearsL F L Oglethorpe Rainy weather and plenty of grassJ T H Plenty of rain Weather favorable Some crops grassyC A S Pike Crop prospects never better Everything including fruit is goodJ A W M The heavy rains for the last ten days are putting farmers behind Corn is fineE W R Putnam Weather fine and grass enough to keep all labor busyJ T D Rock dale Seasons are good Corn is fine Cotton small but healthy and growingJ S A Crops generally well worked andlooking well although smallP H W Spalding The poor stand of cotton is the great draw backS F G Talbot Good rains and crops are greatly improved Farmers are cheerfulW H E Taliaferro Fine growing seasons Cotton stands still poorL L V Splendid seasons and crops in good condition Cotton is irregular but promising Never saw better crops of cornS J F Troup Cotton very spottedH H C Walton Fine seasons and all crops doing well Cotton is smaller than usual and the stand is not goodJ M G Warren Condition of crops good Cotton twenty days late Corn is goodJ A S Cotton small and stand bad Big rain yesterdayD W R Wilkes Working will be much later this year on account of backwardness of cottonJ T W SOUTHWEST GEORGIA Baker Good rains since 21st Cotton is late but doing well Corn cut oft by drouthR J Berrien Frequent showers in past few days orn and cotton growing nicely Melon crop short but prices better than last yearJ E W Com and cotton doing wellE C P Copious rains make the prospect very fair Crops are cleanJ R F Fine rains since the last of May and crops are crawling up towards an average and I hope aboveJ J P Brooks Rains are now general Corn looking well 78JULY CROP REPORT1889 9 Good stands of cotton Fall oats the bestJ W H Clay Too early to make an accurate estimate of sweet potatoes and caneT M K Colquitt Crops in good condition Rains plentifulG C L Decatur Since the late rains crops of all kinds have greatly improved The prospect is not badC I M Early The indications are that we will have catterpillars D M W Lee Splendid rain yesterday which was greatly needed R P J Lowndes Never had a more promising crop Corn cotton sugar cane and sweet potatoes very fineJ A D Marion Seasons in June were very favorable to crops Corn prospect fine early cotton flour ishing late cotton poor prospectG W C M There is no reason why we may not have a full crop with favorable seasons henceforwardM T E Miller General rains have greatly revived all cropsJ S C Mitch ell Spring oats almost a failure The spring has been so dry that but a small area has yet been planted in sweet potatoesJ B T Muscogee The crops are doing finely now plenty of rain in most places L F H Schley Splendid rains throughout the county June 27thD W R Stewart All crops are a little late but the plants are healthyG W A Thomas Too much rain for last ten days Crop prospects are good but later than an averageD H H Rain almost every dayE L N Worth Seasons are good and all crops are growing finely W W P EAST GEORGIA Bullock Crops much improved in some sections In the northern part of county there was not enough rain to bring up cotton in time to mature C A S Heavy and general rains 27thJ A M Burke All crops are improving rapidly since the rains set inJ B J Dodge Prospects for a full crop were never betterE W L Emanuel Rains have been partial some places very dry Crops unusually cleanW R K Jeffer son Fine rains in the last several days the first in about ten weeksH L B The long drought has almost ruined corn Not a good season since April 15A E T Laurens Crops of all kinds greatly improved Gen eral rains Good prospect for a full average by August 1stT J B Pu laski Cotton is small but in fine condition and good seasons may make the prospect goodJ P B Corn small but looks well Cotton bad but with good seasons an average crop will be madeM A S Richmond Farmers have their crops well worked and they would grow nicely if we could get showers of rainM McN Tatnall While the rains have not been general the greater part of the county has had good seasons Crops improvingJ S L Telfair Good rains in most places Very dry in portions of the countyW F W Twiggs Recent rains greatly im proved cropsH S W The seasons in June have been propitious and all crops have greatly improvedF D W Washington Crops clean and in good condition Recent rains have helped wonderfullyH N H Wilkinson Good seasons since the 22d of June Crops in good condition but smallJ A M 7910 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA SOUTHEAST GEORGIA Charlton Corn cotton cane and potatoes improving and if not too much rain expect average yieldsA G G Fine rains for the last two weeks Crops much improvedA B Coffee Corn and cotton crops are clean and are looking fine Plenty of rain since June 15thJ B P Eehols We are now having good rains and crops improvingG W P Effingham Weather remarkably cool and dry up to June 20thF R T Glynn Fine showers the last week in June helping crops wonderfully J R D Liberty An abundance of rain in last ten days and corn has improved Cotton will never catch up as most of it is just coming upJ O D Ware It was dry a long time but the late rains seem to make up for it Everything looks as well as we could askJ M 8 Wayne It is surprising to see the improvement in all crops since the rains commenced which was on June 1stW H R REMEDY FOR HOG AND CHICKEN CHOLERA I observe that many are wanting a remedy for hog and chicken cholera or hog cholera boil garlic and mix meal and some salt into a slop and give to all the hogs every two weeks and you will have no cholera For chicken cholera use an iron trough and keep some rusty irons in it and you will have no chicken cholera Do not use a wooden trough Fair Play Ga JWStakk TALL OAT GRASS I see in the Report for June a letter about the Tall Oat Grass How will it do for pasture Will it have to be seeded every year and will it spread all over a mans farm Which will be the better Bermuda or Tall Oat Grass When is the time to sow and how much seed per acre and how should land be prepared I want to put in 25 or 30 acres of grass Gatesville Ga C J McDonald Answer The Tall Oat Grass is one of the best grasses we have either for pasturing or hayespecially on light or gravelly soil It is perennialthat is to say it comes every year from the same old roots It is an excellent winter pasture grass and may be cut and fed green during the summer or converted into hay affording two or three cuttings It should be cut the instant it comes info bloom It is not liable to spread and give trouble but is not so good asummerpasturegrassas Bermuda Itis however better for hay and for green soiling as it grows very tall aa its name implies Sow two bushels of seed per acre in September or Octo ber and it will be ready for hay next summer The land should be well plowed and harrowed smooth and the seed evenly distributed on the freshly harrowed surface No covering is necessary If the land is not pretty good apply about 150 to 200 pounds of ammoniated guano with the seed It is very convenient to sow all grass seeds by wetting them and then stir in the quantity of guano desired It is very well to mix Orchard Grass seed with the Tall Oat say one bushel of each per acre if for pasture alone but if for hay sow the Tall Oat by itself 80JULY CROP REPORT1889 11 SCHOOL OF CHEMICAL FERTILIZERS BY PROF GEORE VILLE To more forcibly impress upon the practical farmer the necessity of com bining a fertilizerto suit the needs both of the plant grown and nature of the soil in which the plant grows Prof Ville has issued a series of ques tions and answers bearing directly on the subject The value of lime in an assimilable form to all crops is a point insisted upon it being generally taken for granted that field crops either do not require lime or find it for themselves in some way Question Have each one of the four terms of the complete chemical fertilizer an equal value to all plants Answer Yery far from that each term is superior to the three other terms for certain plants and becomes the regulator of the amount of crop grown Q Does this superior and regulating function show itself in the absence of the other terms of the fertilizer A Yes and no Yes if the soil is naturally provided with the elements in which the fertilizer is lacking no if the soil itself is lacking these ele ments Q That is to say that the superior function ceases in the absence of the other terms of the fertilizer A Exactly so Q The degree of value and importance of each term of the complete chemical fertilizer is subordinate to the nature of the plants to which it is applied A Yes and to express this remarkable effect I have called and we will continue to call dominant that one of the four substances whose function is superior to the three other terms in relation to the plant grown Q For what plants does nitrogenous matter act as dominant A For wheat and all cereals generally consequently for barley oats and rye and rape beets hemp etc Q What plants does potash in its term influence chiefly A Peas beans clover santoin vetches lucerne flax Irish potatoes etc Q On what plants does phosphate of lime act by preference A Corn artichokes turnips sugar cane Q And lime A It does not seem to exercise a markedly effect upon any plant but is a necessity to ait plants Q What conclusions do you draw from these indications A That we must practically reduce as much as possible the amount of the subordinate elements and on the contrary force the amount of the elements acting with a superior function 8112 DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTUREGEORGIA Q Can you prove these indications by an example which practical agri culture has proved true A Nothing is easier Practical experience has taught us that by use of the following fertilizer COMPLETE FERTILIZER NO 2 Per Acre Superphosphate of Lime 352 pounds Chloride of Potassium 80 176 pounds Sulphate of Ammonia 83 pounds Nitrate of Soda 264 pounds Sulphate of Lime 140 pounds 1056 pounds in which the amount of nitrogen represented by Sulphate of Ammonia and Nitrate of Soda is 64 pounds we make 41804 pounds of beets per acre Increase the amount of phosphate of lime potash and sulphate of lime and the crop does not change But on the contrary increase the amount of nitrogen from 64 pounds to 88 pounds and the crop changes from 41804 pounds to 45280 pounds Increase the amount of nitrogen to 114 pounds all the other terms of the fertilizer remaining the same and the crop goes to 52500 lbs of roots Q But all expenses calculated is there a profit in increasing the amount of nitrogen A A considerable profit Q Can you give further proof of the same character A With fertilizer containing 64 pounds of nitrogen we grow as I said 41804 pounds of beets and 52500 pounds when the nitrogen is increased to 114 pounds so with an increase of 50 pounds of nitrogen worth 930 we grow 10794 pounds more of beets worth 1988 Q Is what you say of beets equally true of all other plants A Perfectly true Here is another proof of it with the following fer tilizer Per Acre Superphosphate352 pounds Nitrate of Potash176 pounds Nitrogen 24 lbs Sulphate of Lime352 pounds in which the nitrogen is 24 pounds were grown at Gaudeloupe 35200 pounds of striped sugar cane By increasing the amount of superphosphate from 352 pounds to 528 pounds the crop was raised to 74608 pounds instead of 35200 pounds Now the 176 pounds of superphosphate which produced this excess of crop was worth 256 while the excess represented at least 6400 worth of cane Q Nitrogenous matter being the preponderant element for cereals would there be a gain in using it in large quantities 82JULY CROP REPORT1889 13 A A very evident advantage provided a certain limit is not passed for it would then become very injurious Q How could it become injurious A By causing such exuberant growth that in a rainy season would make the grain lodge producing a great increase of straw and but little grain Q After what you have said it is very important to know the proper quantity of chemical fertilizer to be used What fertilizer must be used for wheat A Complete Fertilizer No 1 Per Acre Superphosphate of Lime 352 pounds Chloride of Potassium 80 176 pounds Sulphate of Ammonia 342 pounds Sulphate of Lime 192 pounds Q Is this fertilizer suited to beets A You will be certain to have a good crop from it but it would be bet ter to use Complete Fertilizer No 2 especially adapted to beet culture Q And for Irish potatoes A LTse Complete Fertilizer No 3 Per Acre Superphosphate of Lime352 pounds Nitrate of Potash 264 pounds Sulphate of Lime264 pounds Q And for corn the staple crop of the South A Corn requires an increase of phosphate Use Complete Fertilizer No 5 Per Acre Superphosphate of Lime528 pounds Nitrate of Potash176 pounds Sulphate of Lime352 pounds As it is difficult to keep a series of tables in the mind during conversa tion I have collected all the formula which thirty years of practical expe rience have proved most valuable in one chapter for your convenience and to show their use either for isolated culture for a rotation of crops or for association with barnyard manure Q Thanks still please answer one or two questions How much does the use of chemical fertilizers increase costs and what profit is gained by them A Taking the average of a culture for four years including the follow ing crops 1st year Irish potatoes 2d year wheat 3d year clover 4th year wheat The annual cost is 1440 to 1600 per acre and the profit from 1600 to 2400 per acre Q Are these formuhe applicable to all soils A Generally yes To beginners in the use of these formula I would 8314 DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTUREGEORGIA advise the use of them as they are But later when familiar with the laws regulating the growth of plants it is better to take in consideration the na ture of the soil whether supplied with phosphate of lime potash lime and nitrogenous matters for if the soil is well provided with any one of these substances you can without inconvenience reduce the amount of fertil izer per acre or suppress entirely one or more of the terms of the fertilizer Q How can you know what the soil contains or in what it is lacking A Nothing is easier Chemical analysis of the soil we recognize as use less to the farmer The four substances which determine the degree of fertility of the soil are found to be in different conditions if soluble they are active insoluble they are inactive Chemistry having failed to make these distinctions it furnishes no guide to the practical farmer I do not advise the use of chemistry but the use of little experiment plats a method open to all who till the soil If the question is whether the soil is provided with nitrogenous matter sow a handful of wheat on a small square where you have already spread mineral fertilizer Mineral fertilizer has no action on wheat without the help of nitrogen If then the wheat on this little square is successful it is a proof the soil is sufficiently provided with nitrogenous matter This must be a true and well proven fact since there was no nitrogen in the fertilizer If on the contrary you wish to know whether the three elements of the mineral fertilizer phosphate of lime potash and lime are in a soluble form sow peas or beans without using any fertilizer and your question is answered If the peas flourish you know the soil contains the necessary minerals These two little experiments are sufficient soil analysis to act as guide to a practical worker Q What you have just said gives proofs of the presence or absence in the soil of all the minerals together but there are cases where the soil may be well provided with phosphate of lime and lacking in assimilable potash How are you to find this A This can easily be found by use of experiments analogous to the pre ceding ones and equally simple Make five little separate cultures in wheat The first with the complete fertilizer The second with a fertilizer without nitrogen The third with a fertilizer without phosphate of lime The fourth with a fertilizer without potash The fifth with a fertilizer without sulphate of lime The comparison of these five will at once show in what the soil is lack gASSunafyUSeetheCOmpletefertilJzer realizes all the conditions the life of the plant requires you know that the fertilizer containing but a part of the substances of which the complete fertilizer is composed cannot equal it in effect except the soil supplies the term left out of the fertilizer 84JULY CROP REPORT1889 15 The amount of crop so grown compared with that grown with the com plete fertilizer gives an exact measure of the fertility of the soil Such analyses of soil by plants are absolutely true and are to be relied upon Do you wish an example of this I will borrow one from the experi ment field of Vincennes Compare and reflect upon these five proofs Crops grown per Bushels per acre in 1854 acre Complete fertilizer50 Complete fertilizer without lime48 Complete fertilizer without potash36 Complete fertilizer without phosphate31 Complete fertilizer without nitrogenous matter17 Soil without fertilizer14 This experiment is now 1887 continued without change since it was first begun in 1864 and still shows the same marked contrasts Q I acknowledge that your method is ingenious and practical but it seems to me very slow and very complicated I doubt farmers ever being willing to devote time to such experiments which to be of practical use must be done in a series of six or seven at the same time and receive no benefit from them for at least five or six months and even a year for some A A moments reflection will give you a more just appreciation of the method What objection can you raise against a method of investigation based on experiments in growing crops Its slowness But do you not see that thanks to the ideas I open to you every thing around you helps you to foresee what the result will be If lucerne succeeds on one part of your soil and grows badly or not at all on another part this proves after what I have told you about the superior function of potash for lucerne that the subsoil of one part of your land contains the potash that is lacking on the other spot where lucerne failed On another spot where peas and beans nourish lucerne partly fails This contrast shows that the upper soil which the roots of peas and beans do not pass through is provided with potash and the subsoil where lucerne roots grow best is lacking in potash On the fourth square where wheat is sown with but little fertilizer and lodging is quick there is certain proof the soil contains nitrogenous matter These first experiments greatly simplify experimental cultures or give the opportunity to suppress two or three terms of the fertilizer But in spite of their usefulness they are not sufficiently exact to serve as a practical guide Small experimental plots must be kept continually and systematically How can three or four little squares of two or three yards each interfere with the cultivation of the regular crop Agriculture like a battle requires decision judgment and unflagging attention to the minutest details What would you think of a mariner who did not daily observe the variations of the barometer the deviations of the compass and who would neglect to change the position of the ves sel by observation of the stars You would think him a very poor sea 8516 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA man and you would be right The more I try to disentangle the various interests connected with agriculture the more convinced I am that experi mental fields will revolutionize the agriculture of the present day and to our profit The effect of an experiment field is irresistiblein face of the contrasts which it presents practical men instinctively feel they see a power work ing formerly illunderstood or misapplied They understand that instead of cumbersome barnyard manure there is a great advantage gained in the use of a few simple substances of a constant nature which they can regu late in both quantity and character according to the nature of their soil and can also increase the value of barnyard manure by associating these wellknown substances with its bulk If you are afraid of a little trouble dont think of being a farmer Agri culture is not called one of the fine arts because it is in perpetual combat Good judgment is a first requisite in agriculture and good judgment tells you that to grow full crops with economy you must first know the natural fertility of your soil No efforts should be spared in gaining this knowledge which is the base on which to work chance work ends in fail ure You are fortunate when a dearly bought experience gives you the means of repairing the evil As a last argument study the table of experiments I have shown you and tell me if nature has ever spoken more clearly and forcibly to men devoted to practical agriculture 86FERTILIZER REPORT ANALYSES COMMERCIAL VALUES AND STATISTICS OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS AND CHEMICALS Inspected Analyzed and Admitted to Sale in Georgia Baring the Season of 188889 Department of Agriculture Atlanta Ga July 10 1889 EXPLANATION OF THE TABLES OF ANALYSES The tables commencing on a succeeding page give the analyses and the calculated Relative Commercial Values of all fertilizers and chemicals inspected analyzed and admitted to sale in this State during the season of 188889 RELATIVE COMMERCIAL VALUES Extract from Circular No 115 The estimation of Relative Commercial Values of fertilizers has been the uniform practice of the Department since the first fertilizer bulletin was published in June 1885 Circular No 12 Old Series It was not the intention of the Commissioner to indicate by the publication of these values the absolute prices at which fertilizers should be sold to the farmer but simply to enable the farmer to compare the commercial quality and probable agricultural value of the different brands with each other The idea was well expressed in the following extract from Circular No 9 New Series issued July 24th 1880 If each fertilizer contained but one valuable ingredient the percentages of that ingredient would correctly indicate the comparative value of the 8718 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA fertilizers But as the large majority of the brands contain two or more ingredients differing widely in agricultural and commercial value and in the percentages in which they enter into the composition it is found very convenient to add together the calculated commercial value in dollars and cents of each ingredient as a basis of comparison and a guide to the pur chaser By the usual correspondence and otherwise the Commissioner has ascertained that there has been a material advance in the cost of materials of which commercial fertilizers are manufactured due probably to the unusually large consumption of fertilizers the past year This advance makes it proper to raise the valuations on which are the basis of the calcu lations of Relative Commercial Values in the following tables For the season of 18878S the following were the valuations of elements Available Phosphoric Acid 6 cents per pound Ammonia14 cents per pound Potash K2 O5 cents per pound For the present season the following has been fixed by the Commissioner as the valuations Available Phosphoric Acid 7 cents per pound Ammonia15 cents per pound Potash K2 O 5 cents per pound This is an increase of one cent per pound in the valuation each of availa ble phosphoric acid and ammonia as compared with last season potash remaining the same and will account for the higher relative commercial values of brands of fertilizers which show no higher analysis than they did last season The effect on relative values of this change in the valuations of elements is thus illustrated A fertilizer containing 10 per cent of available phosphoric acid and 3 per cent of ammonia would have been rated last season at 2040 per ton while the same fertilizer having pre cisely the same analysis will be rated at 2300 per ton the present season FINAL REPORT OF THE CHEMIST Athens Ga June 29 1889 Hon J T Henderson Commissioner of Agriculture Dear SirI have the honor to submit the following report of the work of the laboratory in connection with the analyses of Commercial Fertilizers for the year ending July 1st 1889 There have been analysed in all448S samples of which 420 were regular samples from the Inspectors and 66 were special for farmers and others The samples were classified as follows Acid Phosphates 73 Acid Phosphates with Ammonia 7 Acid Phosphates with Potash50 Acid Phosphates with Ammonia and Potash330 Chemicals26 Total 486 I am glad to be able to testify to the general good character of the goods examined and to Jcommend the skill and faithfulness with which the Inspectors generally have apparently performed their duties It also givesANALYSES OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS188889 19 me peculiar pleasure to bear witness to the courtesy and great assistance which you personally and the gentlemen of your office have shown and given me in my efforts to briug the results of the analyses promptly to the attention of the public In addition to the fertilizers examined I have also analysed 12 samples of mineral waters 3 samples of muck and 8 samples of minerals and ores I have the honor to be Very Respectfully H C White State Chemist 89TABLES of Analyses and Relative Commercial Values of Commercial Fertilizers Chemicals Etc Inspected Analyzed and Admitted to Sale in Georgia During the Season of 188889 TABLE IAmmoniated Superphosphates of Lime Phosphoric Acid NAME OF BRAND Ammoniated Dissolved Bone Adairs Ammouiated Dissolved Bone Ashepoo Fertilizer Ammouiated Dissolved Bone Ammoniated Dissolved Bone Americus Guano o Atlanta Ammouiated Superphosphate Ammoniated Dissolved Bone Ammoniated Dissolved Bone Ammoniated Dissolved Bone Aurora Ammoniated Phospho Ammoniated Dissolved Bone Ammoniated Sol Patapseo Guano Ammoniated Alkaline Phosphate fAmericus Guano Albany Fer Co Stand Ammoniated Guano Atlantic Soluble Guano Alliance Ammoniated Dissolved Bone Ashley Soluble Guano Augusta High Grade Guano Ammoniated Soluble Speeial Phosphate Ashley Soluble Guano Amerieus Brand Albany Guano Atlanta Ammoniated Superphosphate Ammoniated Dissolved Bone B B B Ammoniated Dissolved Bone Ammoniated Dissd Bone Horse Shoe Brand Alkaline Guano iAurora Ammoniated Phospho 1125 1000 looo 1250 850 1000 1050 1000 1000 1350 875 1400 1485 1200 1 175 1075 1010 1 125 1050 725 1020 185 140 315 105 215 240 205 220 240 225 0 25 1 140 200 250 125 125 250 275 15U 2 ill 1125 215 1560 210 0 20 1050 1015 1250 1310 1000 1100 220 250 125 050 5 40 210 175 Ml 815 715 820 s in 075 890 815 845 860 710 885 810 600 850 685 710 2211 715 I 15 660 751 830 5 25 7111 600 1000 11110 671 130 200 2 115 215 2N0 225 1 200 llill 175 250 180 210 115 100 300 330 120 250 175 275 1080 1015 1020 113 1120 1010 1065 1075 1005 1025 1170 1005 1020 101 1010 0S5 10 40 1050 yc5 1220 25 215 IOC 1S5 10 15 2211 115 215 111 380 2mi 115 II 15 225 07 120 1020 340 1010 275 215 270 280 300 220 230 250 270 23E 210 210 210 220 270 270 200 220 200 255 501 200 240 240 210 215 200 2KO 2 01 280 2 o g 225 iii 210 125 130 110 2 50 200 200 220 150 100 180 125 185 221 121 150 225 ti 75 2502 2156 2152 25212 2201 2291 2505 2417 2251 2271 220S 22 02 23 19 1271 2286 22on 2401 3650 KOK WHOM INSPECTED 125 2300 140 2281 225 2221 110 2151 211 2317 2S5 21 Id 120 2085 100 2142 2152119 Baldwin Fertilizer Co Savannah Adair liros Co Atlanta Ga Ashepoo Phsphate Co Charleston Jno Merryman Co Baltimore B II Legg Bro Marietta Ga Americus Guano Co Americus Atlanta Guano Co Atlanta Ga Savannah Guano Co Savannah Listers Agl Chem Wks Bait Baldwin Fertilizer Co Savannah H C Fisher Gen Man Newnan Iatapsco Guano Co Baltimore Patapseo Guano Co Baltimore Chesapeake Guano Co Baltimore Bradley Fertilizer Co Boston Albany Fertilizer Co Albany Atlantic Phos Co Charleston S C Hammond Hull Co Savannah Ashley Phosphate Co Charleston Augusta Guano Co Augusta The Crocker Fer hem Co Buffalo N Y Ashley Phos Co Charleston S C Bradley Fertilizer Co Boston Muse it Brown Albany Ga The Atlanta Guano Co Atlanta Mallett tt Nutt Jackson Ga II S Miller A Co Baltimore Rounsaville Bro Rome Ga kc Guano Co Baltimore II Fisher GenI Mgr Newnan BY WHOM AND WHERE MANU FACTURED Baldwin Fertilizer Co Port Royal Adair Bros h Co Atlanta Ga Ashepoo Phos Co Charleston S C Jno Merryman v Co Barren I X Y B R Lei Bro Marietta Ga Americus Guano Co Amerieus Ga Atlanta Guano Co Atlanta Ga Savannah Guano Co Savannah Ga Listers Agl Chem Wks Baltimore Baldwin Fertilizer Co It RoyalS 0 Coweta Fertilizer Co Newnan Ga Patapseo Guano Co Baltimore Md Patapseo Guano Co Baltimore Md Chesapeake Guano Co Baltimore Md Bradley Fertilizer Co Boston Mass Albany Fertilizer Co Albany Ga Atlantic Phos Co Charleston s c Hammond Hull t Co Savannah Ga Ashley Phos Co Charleston8 C Augusta Guano Co Augusta Ga The Crocker Fer A Chem Co Buff alo X Y Ashley Phos Co Charleston S C Bradley Fertilizer Co Boston Mass Muse A Brown Albany Oi Atlanta Guano Co Atlanta Ga Mallett Nutt Jackson Ga II s Miller Co Baltimore Md Northwestn fertilizer Co Chicago Chesapeake Guano Co Baltimore Coweta Fertilizer Co Newnan Ga O K 5 a H o a d H a I c H Z cAmmoniated Dissolved Bone Buffalo Bone Gnano Bates Georgia Standard High Grade Bowkers Cotton Fertilizer Bradleys Patent Guano Bone Compound Bakers Standard Guano Bone Compound Beef Blood and Bone Fertilizer Bakers Cotton Grower Bone Fertilizer Barrys Granger Barrys Chemicals Bales Guano Bradleys Ammoniated Dissolved Bone Burke Co Fertilizer Bone Compound Colgate Manure Cherokee Ammoniated Bone a airo Guano Crown Guano Cottonseed Meal Mixture bClarks Soluble Guano Cotton Fertilizer Ammoniated to Cumberland Bone Super Bhos of Lime 11 Cumberland Bone Super Phos of Lime hattahoochee Guano Cotton Food Clarks Ammoniated Caswells Eagle Caswells Eagle Carolina Fertilizer Cotton and Corn Compound Crescent Bone Fertilizer Complete Fertilizer Cotton Maker Chesapeake A D Bone Complete Cotton Fertilizer Crown Guano Claytons Standard Fertilizer Capitol Cotton Fertilizer Chatham Guano Coweta High Grade Guano Chesapeake Guano Chesapeake Guano Champion Farmers Amoniated Choice Cotton Seed Compound Dobbs Ammoniated Cotton Fertilizer Davy Crockett Guano Durham Ammoniated Fertilizer 1010 230 P50 10 10 130 810 910 190 840 1400 225 715 960 17 850 720 190 935 1250 210 710 1250 085 800 650 225 11511 150H 211 780 350 180 77 845 52 720 850 170 950 1200 110 751 1250 27ft 800 82U 101 810 1250 125 785 1250 210 685 1110 2 31 685 1525 135 710 070 275 600 1015 125 810 1175 10U 760 13 00 2 in 630 1200 205 880 13 80 2 25 740 850 11X1 650 1600 185 785 750 28C 9 50 875 265 1010 1151 2111 S05 1440 2il 855 1180 175 700 1150 275 820 750 375 935 1000 211 600 1000 211 600 1275 301 775 975 211 750 1160 221 610 ion 185 800 1150 375 690 1075 171 950 1350 295 500 1175 2 71 675 875 lftl 615 900 20 675 1350 15 745 1010 22 710 1000 120 585 0 85 1035 205 1015 2011 1040 265 1010 315 1165 140 1075 300 1010 2 Hi 1040 4 75 1125 250 1030 195 970 330 1050 175 1125 3 1085 210 1010 220 1030 2 55 1040 325 1010 3 65 1050 3 21 1030 460 11 OH 205 1015 2 20 980 400 1030 131 1010 276 1010 260 910 225 1010 171 1120 235 1245 2 05 1010 195 1050 310 1010 1 81 loou 175 1110 43C 1030 431 1030 235 1010 26ft 10 15 501 1110 21ft 1015 29ft 085 165 1115 ft 2ft 10 25 361 1035 26 875 33ft 1010 36 1105 321 10311 420 1005 2 3ft 250 2404 2 85 315 2891 260 lftl 2380 245 17 2321 2 70 181 26 21 240 120 2345 215 210 2269 220 11 ft 2231 220 2 50 2485 220 7 10 2812 221 200 2218 310 150 2250 2 10 110 2355 50 075 2344 250 190 2351 III 175 2379 225 110 2241 210 220 2261 220 285 24 15 270 220 2172 255 225 2474 220 2 HI 2281 280 2 80 2492 230 105 2297 23ft liftd 2269 2111 lfifi 2289 2 51 2 01 2224 215 150 2200 All 131 2328 35 25C 2608 225 22C 2300 240 125 23 15 225 160 2249 215 201 2245 2k 17ft 2329 01 10 2142 20C 101 2142 23 251 2351 295 2 7 2576 221 175 238 250 301 2171 25ft 20C 2344 21 2K 2401 255 lM 2360 24ft 17 2354 2K 19 2045 301 2IH 2514 235 lM 2412 25 225 2417 235 210 2322 Jno Merryman Co Baltimore Adnir Bros Co Atlanta Ga W II Bates Sec Griffin Ga Jno D Weld Savannah Ga Bradley Fertilizer Co Boston Baldwin Fertilizer Co Savannah Chem Co of Canton Baltimore W H M Gouldlng Baltimore S W Travers Co Richmond D A Baker RoystonGa Bono Fertilizer Co Baltimore Georgia Chem Works Augusta Georgia Chem Works Augusta J A Bale Rome Ga Bradley Fertilizer Co Boston Wilkins Neelv Jones Waynbro W H M Gbulding Baltimore Chem Co of Canton Baltimore Hartshorne Huger Savannah Raisin Fertilizer Co Baltimore Treadwell Abbott Co Atlanta Georgia Chem Works Augusta Maddox Rucker Co Atlanta Navassa Guano Co Wilmington Chas Ellis Savannah Chas Ellis Savannah LaGrange Mills LaGrange Ga Savannah Guano Co Savannah Baldwin Fertilizer Co Savannah Baldwin Fertilizer Co Savannah Baldwin Fertilizer Co Savannah Bradley Fertilizer Co Boston Ashley Phosphate Co Charleston Hammond Hull Co Savannah Sholtze Bros Chattanooga Tenn Chesapeake Guano Co Baltimore Chesapeake Guano Co Baltimore Commercial Guano Co Savannah Treadwell Abbott Co Atlanta Middle Ga Fer Co Lovejoy Ga S W Travers Co Richmond Va Commercial Guano Co Savannah H C Fisher Genl Mgr Newnan Chesapeake Guano Co Baltimore Chesapeake Guano Co Baltimore B R Legg Co Marietta Ga Filbert County Fer Co Elberton The Raisin Fer Co Baltimore las M Smith Smithsonia I Durham Fer Co Durham N C 1 mi Merryman Co Barren 1 N Y Furmn Farm Imp Co East Point Ga Griffin Fertilizer Co Griffin Ga Bowker FertzerCoFlizabethportNJ Bradley Fertilizer Co Bnst n Mass Baldwin Fer Co Port Royal S C Chem Co of Canton Baltimon Md W II M Goulding Baltimore Md S W Travers Co Richmond Va 1 A Baker Royston Ga Bono Fertilizer Co Baltimore Md ForJS Berry Augusta Ga For E Berry Augusta Ga J A Bale Rome Ga Bradley Fertilizer Co Boston Mass WnsbroOilMillsFer Co Waynsb W H M Goulding Baltimore Chem Co of Canton Baltimore Md Commercial Guano Co Savantah Ga Raisin Fertilizer Co Baltimore Md For Treadwell Abbott Co Atlauta Georgia Chem Works Augusta Ga Southern Phosphate Co Atlanta Ga Navassa Guano Co Wilmington N C For Chas Kllis Savannah Ga For Chas Ellis New York LaGrange Mills LaGrange Ga Savannah Guano Co Savannah Ga Baldwin Fertilizer Co Pt Royal S C Baldwin Fertilizer Co Pt Royal S C Baldwin Fertilizer Co Pt Royal S C Bradley Fertilizer Co Boston Mass A sh lev Phosphate Co Charleston S C Hammond Hull Co Pt Royal S C Sholtze Bros Chattanooga Tenn Chesapeake Guano Co Baltimore Chesapeake Guano Co Baltimore Commercial Guano Co Savannah Mfd lorTreadwl AbottCo Ctrtn Middle Ga Fertilizer Co Lovejoy Ga S W Travers Co Richmond Va Commercial Guano Co Savannah Coweta Fertilizer Co Newnan Ga Chesapeake Guano Co Baltimore Chesapeake Guano Co Baltimore Standd Guano Chem Mfg CoN O Elbert eo Fertilizer Co Elberton The Raisin Fertilizer lo Baltimore James M Smith Smithsonia Durham Fertilizer Co Durham N CTABLE I Continued NAME OF BRAND Durham Bull Ammonuted Fertilizer a Dixie Guano aEmpire Guano Eddystone Soluble Guano E Frank Joes Ammoniated Bone Hup Pho Eddystone Guano Edisto Ammoniated Fertilizer Excellent Georgia Standard Guano cExcelsior Guano Eagle Ammoniated Bone Super Phosphate Eagle Ammoniated Super Phosphate Exeellenza Soluble Phosphate Etiwan Guano Etiwan Ammoniated Super Phosphate Eutau Fertilizer Eagle Guano jE Frank Coes Amind Dissolved Bone iF F Browns Ammd Dissolved Bone Farmers Ammoniated Dissolved Bone Forest City Ammoniated Dissolved Bone Furmaufl High Grade Guano Farmers Standard Phosphate Farmers Favorite Farmers Friend Farmers Best Farmers Alliance Farmers Alliance Standard Farmers Alliance Guano Farmers Friend Fertilizer Farmers Ammoniated Dissolved Bone Gossypium Phospho Ga State Standard Ammoniated Super Phos Georgia Stale Grange Fertilizer aGiant Guano yeorgia Test Guano 1000 1528 1525 1060 950 875 1450 1010 1600 1020 1070 1325 1000 07 1125 147 1010 IfII 1450 1425 1100 lioo 13 in 1100 780 1050 1050 107 1200 1425 1250 950 1350 1525 1050 Phosphoric Acid 150 135 1 1 230 255 190 215 185 180 O8 111 325 190 400 250 280 230 231 220 111 150 230 225 350 300 250 150 2 50 211 110 240 130 240 015 710 71 820 75 455 900 350 785 711 1000 000 610 650 700 850 0 50 720 810 810 800 710 910 800 895 820 010 550 000 920 075 815 800 705 745 8 405 320 330 250 325 520 120 62E 225 325 230 420 400 425 380 160 085 1020 1030 1035 1070 1080 975 1020 975 1010 1035 1230 1120 1010 1075 1080 1010 1035 2901010 2051015 210 1020 2 a FOR WHOM INSPECTED 210 345 2311 2 Id 1040 10 1140 1010 200 10 355 11 100 475 125 130 3 205 160 33010 295 10 225 270 2 220 305 270 300 210 215 200 2Hi 210 220 2 ill 260 271 235 2211 215 245 265 240 250 210 210 200 240 210 245 220 305 285 245 275 220 175 2278 220 210 100 185 210 150 180 100 220 1 on 185 200 1 50 1511 125 250 160 120 265 270 235 185 160 165 150 185 080 120 130 200 275 200 2472 2485 2258 2112 2285 2478 2125 22011 2201 24 82 2243 2271 22S5 2 I2 2340 2404 2231 2186 2428 2521 2432 2551 2201 232S 2315 2319 2145 221111 221ill 25 22 257N 2303 2111 2484 1802296 Durham Fer Co Durham N C Raisin Fertilizer Co Baltimore Raisin Fertilizer Co Baltimore Atlanta Guano Co Atlanta Ga Jno Merryman Co Baltimore John M Green Atlanta Edisto Phosphate Co Charleston Wileox Gibbs Guano Co Savh Savannah Guano Co Savannah T D Caswell Augusta Ga Bradley Fer Co Boston Mass Jno E Long Co Baltimore Etiwan Phosphate Co Charleston Eliwan Phosphate Co Charleston Ashepoo Phsphate Co Charleston Bradley Fer Co Boston Mass Jno Merryman Co Bltimr Md Savannah Guano Co Savannah Hammond Hull Co Savannah Hammond Hull Co Savannah Adair Bros Co Atlanta Ga G Ober Sons Co Baltimore W J Pollard Augusta Bryson Merritt Fillingum Si loam Ga Middle Ga Oil Fer Co Lovejoy H 8 Miller Co Baltimore Md Durham Fer Co Durham N C Chesapeake Guano Co Baltimore Read Fertilizer Co New York Hammond Hull Co Savannah Geo W Seott Mig Co Atlanta Hammond Hull Co Savannah Baldwin Fertilizer Co Savannah Raisin Fertilizer Co Baltimore John Merryman Co Baltimore BY WHOM AND WHERE MANU FACTURED Durham Fertilizer Co Durham N C Raisin FertilizerCo Baltimore Md Raisin Fertilizer Co Baltimore Md Atlanta Guano Co Atlanta Ga E Frank Coe Barren Island N Y Clarks Cove Guano Co New Bedford Edisto Phosphate Co Charleston S C Wileox Gibbs Guano Co Savh Ga Savannah Guano Co Savannah T D Caswell Augusta Ga Bradley Fertilizer Co Boston Mass Jno II Long Co Baltimore Md Etiwan Phosphate Co Charleston Etiwan Phosphate Co Charleston Ashepoo Phosphate Co Charleston Bradley Fertilizer Co Boston Mass John Merryman Co Barren Island Savannah Guano Co Savannah Ga Port Roval Fert Co Port Royal S C Hammond Hull Co Pt RovalS C Furman Farm Impt Co EastPt Ga G Ober Sons Co Baltimore Md Bradley Fertilizer Co New Bedford Bryson Merritt Fillingum Siloam Ga Middle Ga Fertilizer Co Lovejoy Ga II S Miller Co Baltimore Md Durham Fertilizer Co Durham N C Chesapeake Guano Co Baltimore Read Fertilizer Co New York Hammond Hull Co Savannah Ga George W Scott Mfg Co Atlanta Ga Hammond Hull Co Pt Royal S C Baldwin Fertilizer Co Savannah Ga Raisin Fertilizer Co Baltimore Md John Merryman Co Barren Island so H s2 H C w o f fd IS I IS o pd Georgia Pacific Guano Gem of Athens Good Luck Guano Gem Guano Game Guano Good Luck Guano Gilt Edge Guano Gairdner Arnolds High Grade Formula Gouldings Bone Compound Garret fc Zellars Ammd Dissolved Bone Hometend Guano Home Compound Hardees Cotton Boll Ammd Super Phos Hopes Ammoniated Guano II S Miller Gos Standard Phos II s Miller Gos Harvest Queen H II Cos Pure Animal Bone Veg Fert Harvest Queen Home Mixture Guano High Grade Guano Hart Countv Fertilizer Harle Cos Raw Bone Super Phosphate Hightower Cos Damascus Amd Dis Bone Harmony Phosphate co Hammock Cotton Grower c H S Miller Cos Amd Bone Super Phos Hunts Favorite Guano Harle Cos Raw Bone Super Phos Hansel 18 Georgia State Standard Guano Imperial Guano I X L Guano Jacksons High Giade Guano Jonahs Gourd Guano 1 E Jackson Sons Ammd Dis Bone Jarrel HaireCos Fertilizers J J Sparks Bone Soil Food Jack Thompson Ammoniated Diss Bone Jacksons High Grade J S Wood Bro Ammoniated Diss Bone J H Jones Sons Standard Kramers Patent Kramers Ammoniated Dissolved Bong King Cotton Guano Koton Guano ttKing Guano oLion Guano Lowes Georgia Formula L C Dissolved Bone with Am and Potash L R Ammoniated Guano L W IXL Ammoniated Super Phosphate 1111 220 350 730 1080 245 150 2397 950 200 510 075 1185 220 225 2544 1210 1 zo 800 S5 1085 210 105 2254 10 50 250 050 400 1050 280 075 223 1150 250 550 330 880 210 173 2037 1110 215 800 180 1040 220 125 2241 1175 125 075 310 1015 250 150 2321 1101 100 800 275 1075 250 17n 2430 830 110 780 300 1080 255 140 2417 050 2 75 850 31V 1210 2 IP 130 2483 9 50 135 820 200 1020 240 2148 12 15 110 715 270 985 210 240 2339 1375 220 840 270 1110 250 250 2554 800 185 885 200 1145 210 120 2353 915 110 885 390 1275 305 320 3020 910 115 8si 3S5 1205 245 275 2781 1020 155 755 155 910 710 0 10 4014 11 00 250 750 390 1140 245 175 2300 950 135 870 195 1005 290 275 20 30 8 25 oso 070 245 915 275 220 2320 850 1 25 575 390 905 210 100 2141 11 20 125 700 320 1020 250 215 23 98 11 00 2 0 775 250 1025 2 10 320 233 1350 080 1035 085 1120 210 200 23 AS 1050 150 725 275 1000 275 180 2105 13 110 1000 045 1105 220 350 2557 1100 175 070 340 1011 280 215 2109 9 50 275 850 300 1210 215 130 2483 980 275 850 300 1210 215 130 2483 1010 185 010 390 1001 220 100 2220 1550 210 700 310 10 11 205 155 2304 975 110 710 295 1005 250 200 2357 810 085 040 340 S8I1 251 255 2377 1050 2 30 720 290 1011 2211 101 2234 850 105 810 290 1101 241 101 2420 1055 130 700 120 891 211 290 2100 1350 200 800 210 10lt 223 31C 2399 1195 150 735 3111 1045 275 28C 2308 1025 140 050 390 104C 230 185 2331 107 121 8011 205 1005 213 201 2330 1390 201 1005 105 1111 305 130 2599 101C 230 951 085 1035 235 250 2404 101C 125 570 345 915 a 35 215 2201 1101 221 950 130 108I 20 151 2202 1525 130 705 331 l o 275 211 2181 1525 135 710 S20 1031 271 22 2172 llfil 215 650 355 1005 21C 17 2212 1075 211 70 38C 1081 233 12 2512 135C 215 901 11C 1011 225 175 2204 1450 200 710 330 1040 245 145 2330 John M Green Atlanta Ga McGinty Hunnicutt Athens Ga Thomas D C Ruth Baltimore Chesapeake Guano Co Haltimore Baltimore Guano Co Baltimore Thos D C Ruth Baltimore G A T R Ramspeck Dcatr Ga Gairdner Arnold Klberton Ga W H M Gaulding Baltimore G W Seott Mfg Co Atlanta Ga Adair Bros Co Atlanta Thomasville Guo Co Thomasvle Hammord Hull Co Savannah R V Bmven Hawkinsville Ga Jewell Smith Gainesville Jewell Smith GaiLesville Hammond Hull Co Savannah Listers Agl Chem Wks Bltimre Columbus Fer Co Columbus Ga Muse Brown Albany Ga P S McMullen Hartwell Ga Austin Roylston Atlanta Ga Hammond Hull cfc Co Savannah II S Miller Co Baltimore Mil N H Holmes Montgomery Ala H S Miller Co Baltimore H C Fisher Gen Mgr Newnan G W Scott Mfg Co Atlanta Ga G W Scott Mfg Co Atlanta Ga Waltn County Guo Co Sol Circle J S Wood Bro Savannah Ga Almond Co Jackson Ga Butler Turner Camilla Ga savannah Guano Co Savannah S H Stokely Co Crawford Ga G Ober Soi s Co Baltimore Hammond Hull Co Savannah H P Almond Monticello Ga J S Wood Bro Savannah J H Jones Son Elberton Ga Bradley Fertilizer Co Boston Jno Merryman Co Baltimore Rawls Perry Cuthbert Ga Rome Oil Mills Fer Co Rome Raisin Fertilizer Co Baltimore Raisin Fertilizer Co Baltimore Georgia Chem Works Augusta Langston Woodson Atlanta Lorentz Rittler Baltimore Langston Woodson Atlanta Clarks Cove Guano New Bedfd Mass McGinty Hunnicutt Athens Ga Thomas 1 C Ruth Baltimore Md Chesapeake Guano Co Baltimore Baltimore Guano Co Baltimore Md Thomas D C Ruth Baltimore Md G A T R Ramspeck Dccatur Ga Gairdner Arnold Elberton Ga WA II M Gaulding Baltimore G W Scott Mfg Co Atlanta Ga Michigan Carbon Wks Detroit Mich Tbomasville Guano Co Thomasville Hammond Hull A Co Pt Royal S C R V Boweu Hawkinsville Ga H S Miller Co Newark N J II S Miller Co Newark N J Hammond Hull Co Pt Royal S C Listers Agl Chem Wks Baltimore Columbus Fert Co Columbus Ga Muse fc Brown Albanv Ga P S McMullen Hartwell Ga stand OnA Chem Mfg CoNO Hammond Hull 3 Co It Royal s C H S Miller Co Baltimore Md N H Holmes Montgomery Ala II S Miller Co Baltimore Md Coweta Fertilizer Co Newnan Ga George W Scott Mfg Co Atlanta Ga George W Scott Mfg Co Atlanta Ga Walton County Guano Co Sol Circle The Raisin Fer Co Baltimore Md Almond Co Jackson Ga Butler Turner Camilla Ga Savannah Guano Co Savannah Ga S H Stokely Co Crawford G Ober Sons Co Baltimore Md Port Royal Fer Co Port Royal S C H P Almond Monticello Ga Raisin Fertilizer Co Baltimore Md Gairlner Arnold Klberton Ga Bradley Fertilizer Co Boston Mass Jno Merrvman Co Baltimore Rawls Perry Cuthbert Ga Rome Oil Mills Fer Co Rome Ga Raisin Fertilizer Co Baltimore Md Raisin Fertilizer Co Baltimore Md Georgia Chem Works Augusta Ga Langston Woodson Cleveland O Lorentz Rittler Baltimore Md Bowker Fertilizer Co Boston Mass Kj CO M w c i a c w w H M K J mHmwnBHBMflTABLE rContinued NAME OF BKAND Lanes Our own LookwoodsCotton Grower Littles Ammoniated Dissolved Bone Middle Georgia High Grade Ammoniated Miles I X I Animd Bone Super Phos Montgomerys Raw Bone Super Phosphate Matchless it ton Grower Matchless Cotton Grower Marietta High Grade Guano Mandevtlle Ammoniated Dissolved Bone Mannings High Grade Guano Melon Kaiser Mastodon Ammoiiiated Soluble Phos Nassau Guano Oglethorpe Ammoniaterl Dissolved Bout Old Dominion Guano Olympic Guano Our Own Guano Old Reliable Our Ammoniated Dissolved Bone oliers A ASpecial Preparation oriole Fertilizer Ocmulgee Guano Owl Brand Guano hPotent Pacific Guano Port Royal Cotton Fertilizer Pomona Guano Phertiston Guano Peruvian Ammoniated Dissolved Bone Plow Brand Kaw Bone Super Phosphate Planters Soluble Guano Powhatton Kaw Bone Ammd Super Phos APure Gold Guano P D Fertilizer Potato Special f F Ammoniated Fertiliser 118 1200 960 1150 140 1100 1150 1050 925 1400 915 1000 1060 1250 1110 1150 1020 1600 650 950 1150 1020 1160 1525 11 100 1050 650 1050 875 1010 1850 915 1020 1030 810 Phosphoric Acid 7 850 1000 850 850 810 621 77 875 ii 300 2 275 105 51 200 200 275 610 280 251 085 250 225 140 090 185 185 250 1 225 250 175 210 100 160 320 115 1 2 in 200 205 25ii 100 125 225 751 715 800 s10 550 015 8211 835 785 850 810 75 i 11 805 085 700 815 880 640 890 500 720 700 715 650 865 Nll 190 lOln 160 1160 360 1210 360 1210 2so 1090 290 915 280 1055 160 1035 505 1115 255 1005 430 1115 180 230 195 980 1040 1015 195 1121 800 1020 305 llio 225 1010 315 1165 III 10111 300 360 195 Ion 220 295 235 335 120 570 330 330 480 325 135 1050 960 1000 1085 980 1110 1115 075 10101 1070 1050 100U 1145 975 1000 1110 235 2 215 215 210 210 21H 211 215 240 23 410 280 860 260 335 2511 215 240 220 200 260 200 240 280 240 230 245 225 252 225 235 235 245 475 200 FOR WHOM INSPKCTFD BY WHOM AND WHERE MANU FACTURED 010 2171 2551 2483 2483 2256 2011 2347 2279 2396 2237 215s 2752 2506 2398 2581 27 is 21 no 220l 2150 2259 2255 2864 2170 23 19 192 2521 2461 2610 2221 2501 2270 2881 2458 2550 3325 2404 225 180 130 100 100 150 2no 100 110 1511 150 210 155 250 285 15 150 100 185 185 2 in 170 110 280 250 210 510 135 250 125 150 150 150 510 210 Hammond Hull Co Savannah Clarence Angler Atlanta Ga G W Scott Mfg Co Atlanta ieo W Scott Mfg Co Atlanta Geo W Miles Mllford Conn Montgomery A Co Rome Ga Read Co New York Or tfc Hunter Athens Ga Marietta Guano Co Marietta Ga Langston v Woodson Atlanti V J Maiming Powder Springs B lriwiti Fertilizer Co Savanna GeorgiaChem Works Augusta John I Weld SavannahGa Hammond Hull Co Savannah Madlox Rocker fc Co Atlanta 1 o Jelks Co Hawkinsville Ga Savannah Guano Co Savannah Hammond Hull Co Savannah II C Fisher Gen Mgr Newnan GOber Sons Co Baltimore Chesapeake Guano Co Baltimore K J Myior Hawkinsville Ga Davie v Whittle Petersburg Ya MaiMox Ranker it Co Atlanta Hammond Hull Co Savannah Commercial Guano Co Savannah Christian Talliaferro Atlanta K J Taylor Hawkinsville Ga Walton v Whann Co Charleston Adair Bros Co Atlanta Ga Lorentz Kitter Baltimore W 1 Manning Powdr Springs Ga Ashepoo Phos Co Charleston S C Baldwin Fertilizer Co Savannah Augusta Guano Co Augusta Ga Port Royal Eer Co Port Royal S C MId for Clarence Angler Agusta Ga Geo WScott Mfg Co Atlanta Ga Geo W Scott MFg Co Atlanta Ga Geo W Miles Miltord Conn Northwestern Eer Co Chicago III Read A Co New York MId forOrr A Hunter Athens Ga Marietta Guano Co Marietta Ga Iiowker Fer Co Elizabethport X I w J Manning Powder Springs Ga Baldwin Fer Co Port Royal S C Georgia chem Works Augusta Ga Bowker Fer Co Elizabethport N 1 Hammond Hull Co Pt Royal8 C Southern Phosphate Co Atlanta Ga J O Jelks A Co Hawkinsville Ga Savannah Guano Co Savannah Ga 1orl Royal Fer Co Port Royal S C Ttoweta Fer Co Newnan Ga G OberSl Sous Co Baltimore Md Chesapeake Guano Co Baltimore Mil J W lolhill Hawkinsville Ga Davie Whittle Petersburg Ya Southern Phosphate Co Atlanta Ga Hammond Hull Co Pt Royal S C Commercial Guano Co Savannah Ga Wright Craighill Lvnchburg Va 1 W lolhill Hawkinsville Ga Walton Whann Co Wllmgton Del Adair Bros it Co Atlanta Ga Lorentz Rittler Baltimore Mil W J Manning Powder Springs Ga Ashepoo Phos Co Charleston s c Baldwin Eer Co Port Royal S C Augusta Guano Co Augusta Ga V H H a ir a W I cPlow Brand Raw Bone Super Phosphate Pure Dissolved Bone Peidmont Guano Planters Pride Guano Plow Boys Brand Plow Boys Brand Plow Brand Raw Hone Super Phos Patapseo Ammoniated Dissolved Bone Patapsco Ammoniated Sol Phosphate Royal Ammoniated Boue Super Phos Rabbit Foot Guano Roughtons Pet Guano Reliance Ammoniated Bone Super Phos Roekdale Standard Guano Raw Dissolved Bone rfR D Creechs Complete Fertilizer Standard Superphosphate Southern Ammoniated Dissolved Bone Sternes Ammoniated Raw Bone Super Phos Samana Guano Soluble Pacific Guano Sea Fowl Guano nSouth American Guano aSoluble Sea Island Guano 0 Standard Guano 01 Star Brand Guano Southern State Standard Soluble Ammoniated Super Phos of Lime Samson Guano Scotts Animal Ammoniated Guano standard Ammoniated Soluble Guano Soluble Navassa Guano So Ca Ammoniated Dissolved Bone Sea Gull Guano S G S Ammoniated Dissolved Bone Special Compound for Tobacco Stonewall Brand Solid South Guano Standard Ammoniated Guano Sunny South Guano Stonewall Brand Sterling Guano Soluble Guano Stonewall Guano Treadwell Abbott Co A D Bone Tift Cos Ammoniated Phosphate The Boss Guano Truck Farmers Special Tift Cos High Grade Amd Super Phos 1000 910 850 875 1020 1210 950 1150 1200 1270 1240 1245 980 850 850 1050 1410 1250 11HI 1220 07 1125 1420 1 12H 1600 1000 1500 1000 8 1050 10 10 675 600 S5II 1310 1400 830 850 1010 121 12 25 1210 1175 1150 1200 1100 980 1225 850 3S5 810 210 220 185 150 420 180 275 210 2 225 2 Ill 210 500 230 2 105 135 100 250 125 160 1611 185 150 200 200 085 190 201 300 300 2 10 610 310 6110 720 710 780 485 775 010 830 1000 1000 700 715 600 720 750 750 815 780 615 1000 710 710 785 650 755 660 650 715 800 710 840 S 10 410 770 425 330 240 310 505 225 150 230 110 105 350 370 620 290 250 310 195 230 410 225 420 420 090 1000 225 185 2 35 160 1 225 285 175 275 180 125 125 0S5 100 S00 700 5S 715 680 685 1010 700 690 765 650 565 645 675 1020 10S0 1025 1050 950 1040 1070 1000 1060 1060 1110 1105 1050 10 85 1220 1010 1000 1000 1010 1010 1025 1225 1130 11 225 1010 3651015 235 10111 400 255 530 320 310 520 525 2 20 1060 905 1045 1120 1020 1160 1135 1220 2111 1010 320 415 215 330 325 165 380 385 290 325 345 425 230 1020 075 0110 1010 10 10 1165 1080 1075 1115 075 910 1070 905 255 380 225 200 250 280 255 220 255 260 210 210 210 230 220 220 325 275 200 330 2S5 2 250 250 215 215 210 260 275 220 2 45 250 2 15 280 220 250 240 215 40 240 250 235 230 200 2 50 250 235 420 265 210 175 110 325 2 75 175 150 160 120 150 160 200 230 10O 150 260 220 2 Ml 160 200 210 210 150 115 135 210 225 130 210 220 100 200 150 Walton Whann Co Charleston Baugh Sons Baltimore Md Marietta Guano Co Marietta Ga Marietta Guano Co Marietta Ga Rodgers Worsham Co Macon Rodgers Worsham Co Macon Walton Whann Co Charleston Patapsco Guano Co Baltimore Patapsco Guano Co Baltimore Bradley Fertilizer Co Boston Gray Bros Augusta Ga R E Roughton Augusta Ga Walton Whann Co Charleston Conyers Oil Fer Co Couyers H S Miller Co Baltimor Md Savannah Guano Co Savannah Listrs Agl Chem Wks Bltimrc Maddox Ruckcr Co Atlaata St nd Guo Chem Mfg Co N O Maddox Kucker Co Atlanta J O Matthewson Co Augusta Bradley Fer Co Boston Mass Raisin Fertilizer Co Baltimore Raisin Fertilizer Co Baltimore Savannah Guano Co Savannah Allison Addison Richmond Va Savannah Guano Co Savannah G Obcr Sons Co Baltimore Wight Wesloskey Albany Ga Ceo W Seott Mfg Co Atlanta C M Soria Prest New Orleans Navassa Guano Co Wilmington Hammond Hull Co Savannah Georgia Chem Works Augusta Hammond Hull Co Savannah 250 2450 G Ober Sons Co Baltimore 270 2418 Jas G Tinsley Co Richmd Va 100 2170 Marietta Guano Co Atlanta 250 25il Albanv Fertilizer Co Albany Ga 110 2271 G A T R Ramspeck Decatur 305 2469 las G Tinsley Co Richmd Va 230 2566 Clarence Angier Atlanta Ga 160 2362 Wando Phosphate Co Charleston 10 2215 Chesapeake Guano Co Baltimore 210 2457 Treadwell Abbott fc Co Atlanta 220 2335 N A Tift Co Albany Ga 225 2204 Macon Oil Fer Co Macon Ga 365 3123 Wilcox Gibbs Guano Co Savh 215 2277 N A F Tift Co Albany Ga 2403 2652 2285 2210 2105 2571 2438 2210 2409 2384 2334 2337 2300 2439 25 2251 2525 2560 2114 2684 2150 2740 2512 2542 2209 21SI 21 2171 231 2253 251 2338 24 58 2630 2518 Walton Whann Co Wilmgton Del Baugh Sons Co Baltimore Md Marietta Guano Co Atlanta Ga Marietta Guano Co Atlanta la Rodgers Worsham Co Macon Ga Rodgers Worsham Co Macon Ga Walton Whann Co Wilmingtn Del Potapco Guano Co Baltimore Md Potapsco Guano Co Baltimore Md Bradley Fertilizer Co Boston Mass Mfd for Gray Bros Augusta Ga Mfd for R K Roughton AugustaGa Walton Whann Co Wilmigtn Del Conyers Oil and Fert Co Conyers Ga H S Miller Co Baltimore Md Savannah Guano Co Savannah Ga Listers Agl Chem Wks Baltimore Southern Phosphate Co Atlanta Ga Stand Guano Chem Mfg Co N O Southern Phosphate Co Atlanta Ga 1 O Matthewson Co Augusta Ga Bradiev Fertilizer Co Boston Moss Raisin Fertilizer Co Baltimore Md Raisin Fertilizer Co Baltimore Md Savannah Guano Co Savannah Ga Allison Addison Richmond Va Savannah Guano Co Savannah Ga G Ober Sons Co Baltimore Md Wight Wesloskv Albany Ga George W Scott Mfg Co Atlanta Ga Stand Guano Chem Mfg Co N O Navassa Guano Co Wilmington N C Pt Roval FerrzCo Port Royal S C Patapsco Guano Co Baltimore Md Mfd for Smith Gallaher Smith Sa vannah Ga G Ober Sons Co Baltimore Md James G TinsleyCo Richmond Va Marietta Guano Co Atlanta Albany Fertilizer Co Albany Ga G A iT K Ramspeck Decatur Ga Jas G Tinsley A Co Richmond Va Mfg for Clarence Angier Augnsta Wando Phosphate Co Charlestn S C Chesapeake Guano Co Baltimore Mfd for Treadwell Abbott CoBalte N A F Tift Co Albany Ga Macon Oil and Fert Co Macon Ga Wilcox Gibbs Guano Co Savh Ga N A F Tift Co Albany Ga H co W co C n c o N BMHHBHniTABLE IContinued NAME OF BRAND The Complete Cotton Fertilizei Tennessee Super Phos Vegetable Fertilizer Vamadoes Dissolved Ammouiated Bone Vegetable Bone Super Phos Walton Whann Dis Bone with AmnPot Walton Guano Wilcox Gibbs Co Manipulated Guano W T Lane Bro Amd Dissolved Bone co Yows Ammoniated Dissolved Bone OS Zells Economizer Zells Economizer Zells Electric Guano Zells Ammouiated Super Phosphate 9 920 1320 L125 1000 9 Ill 920 13 no 1500 1020 1155 1175 1450 1300 Phosphoric Acid 250 220 085 150 290 250 200 135 2 1211 325 275 300 251 7 701 850 9511 410 055 700 615 4511 700 850 750 711 680 605 300 290 230 590 320 360 410 005 310 230 200 315 ii 395 1120 1140 I INO looo 1000 1025 1055 1010 10 1010 1015 Kllll 1000 B FOR WHOM INSPECTED 240 200 355 2 30 112 200 260 280 285 215 220 280 211 250 225 150 275 150 550 1 100 225 250 175 150 165 150 150 S 2513 23 10 2992 2210 3121 2201 2315 2542 2109 23 32 2224 22711 2101 2300 Commercial Guano Co Savannah National Fertilizer Co Nashville Baldwin Fertilizer Co Savannah Chem Co of Canton Baltimore The Cracker Fer Chem Co Buffalo N Y Walton k Whann Co Charleston Walton Guano Co Social Circle Wilcox Gibbs Guano Co Savn Hammond Hull k Co Savannah Edisto Phosphate Co Charleston The Zell Guano Co Baltimore The Zell Guano Co Baltimore The Zell Guano Co Baltimore The Zell Guano Co Baltimore BY WHOM AND WHERE MANU FACTURED Commercial Guano Co Savannah Ga National Fer Co Nashville Tenn Baldwin Fer Co Port Royal S C Chem Co of Canton Baltimore Md The Cracker Fer and Chem CoBuffalo Walton Whann Co Wilmingtn Del Walton Guano Co Social Circle Ga Willeox Gibbs Guano Co Savh Ga Hammond Hall Co Pt Royal S C Mid for K D Tow Co Avalon The Zell Guano Co Baltimore The Zell Guano Co Baltimore The Zell Guano Co Baltimore Tin Zell Guano Co Baltimore W zl 13 O Q a f a to C w oTABLE II Acid Phosphate Dissolved Bones Natural Guanos Chemicals Etc NAME OK BKANH Phosphoric Acid 0 SS o c G 3 o x 1 o 3 o fl 3 n O tt F CL u Acid Phosphate Acid Phosphate Ashepoo Bone Ash Acid Phosphate Alkaline Phosphate Acid Phosphate Acid Phosphate Avalon Acid Phosphate Americus Dissolved Bone Adairs Acid Phosphate Ashepoo Bone Ash Acid Phosphate Plain Ashepoo Dissolved Bone Acid Phosphate Atlantic Dissolved Bone Phos Atlanta Soluble Bone Ashepoo Acid Phosphate Acid Phosphate Atlantic Acid Phosphate Acid Phosphate Acid Phosphate Atlantic Acid Phosphate for wheat aB R Lcggs High tirade Acid Phos Barrys Acid Phosphate Barrys Bi Phosphate Baltimore Dissolved Bone Bone t Potash Boyds Standard Acid Phos Bradleys Palmetto Acid Phosphate Bradlevs Palmetto Acid Phoshpate Bowkers Dissolved Bone Phosphate 735 1375 1310 1375 1485 50 1390 1111 1330 1000 1410 1600 1000 1350 1120 1125 1230 1320 1050 1350 1450 1650 1015 1010 1010 1155 1350 1000 1050 1000 1200 175 210 175 065 065 175 085 240 295 220 300 135 230 120 075 085 1 145 135 210 110 055 210 165 100 275 240 275 125 175 220 1210 1050 930 1310 950 1060 1150 875 1010 1350 900 860 1100 1310 1010 1220 975 950 8 800 1115 755 1110 1195 1150 9 750 8 1200 1220 560 300 420 325 305 3511 2 60 465 435 39H 190 275 550 320 310 500 330 385 4 3 310 300 135 350 220 270 130 4 470 310 290 1510 1470 1255 1615 1300 1320 1615 L310 1400 1540 11 1410 1420 1620 1510 1550 1360 1425 1255 1110 1415 1210 1460 1415 1420 1110 1225 1350 1510 1510 600 1160 0S5 125 160 2114 2183 1917 2261 2045 2103 200 185 150 050 225 220 L55 1 255 2 420 100 FOR WHOM INSPECTED BY WHOM AND WHERE MANU FACTURED 2260 2034 1960 2156 1830 1974 1988 2268 2114 2171 2054 2045 1982 1774 1981 1849 2044 2161 2213 2174 2135 1990 2114 2114 150J1774 Berkcly Phos Co Charleston S C Georgia Chem Works Augusta Ashepoo Phos Co Charleston Georgia Chem Works Augusta Slingluff t Co Baltimore Md C M Soria Prest New Orleans Slingluff Co Baltimore R D Yovv Avalon Ga Americus Guano Co Americus Adair Bros 1 Co Atlanta Ga Ashepoo Phos Co Charleston Navassa Guo Co Wilmgton N C Ashepoo Phos Co Charleston National Per Co Nashville Ienu Atlantic Phos Co Charleston S C Atlanta Guano Co Atlanta Ga Ashepoo Phos Co Oharton S C Navassa Guo Co Wilmton N C Atlantic Phos Co Chrlestn S C Ashley Phos Co Charleston S C Wando Phos Co Charleston S C Atlantic Phos Co Chrlestn S C Geo W Scott Mfg Co Atlanta E Barry Augusta Ga E Barrv Augusta Ga Slinglufl Co Baltimore Baldwin Fer Co Savannah G Ober Sons Co Baltimore Bradley Fer Co Boston Mass Bradley Fer Co Boston Mass Jno D Weld Savannah Ga Berkcly Phosphate CoCharlestonSC Georgia Chem Works Augusta Ga Ashepoo Phosphate Co Charleston Georgia Chem Works Augusta Ga Slingluff Co Baltimore Md Standard Guano Chem Mfg Co New Orleans La Slingluff Co Baltimore Md Mid for R D Yow Co Avalon Ga Americus Guano Co Americus Ga Mfd for Adair Bros a o harleston Ashepoo Phosphate Co Charleston Navassa Guano Co Wilmington N C Ashepoo Phosphate Co Charleston Natinal Fertilizer Co NashvilleTenn Atlantic Phos Co Charleston S C Atlanta Guano Co Atlanta Ga Aslicpoo PhosCo Charleston S C Navassa Guano CoWilmington N C Atlantic Phos Co Charleston S C Ashley Phosphate Co Charleston SC Wando Phosphate Co CharlestonSC Atlantic Phos Co Charleston S C George WScott Mfg Co AtlantaGa Mfd for E Barry Augusta Ga Mfd for E Barrv Augusta Ga Slingluff Co Baltimore Md Baldwin Fertilizer Co Pt Royal S C G Ober Sons Co Baltimore Md Bradley Fertilizer Co Boston Mass Bradley Fertilizer Co Boston Mass Howker Fertilizer Co Charlestons F W c a c w a F 3 IS 73 H ts wTABLE No 11Continued NAME OF BRAND Phosphoric Acid Bales Acid Phosphate Bates Acid Phosphate Colquitt Ga Standard Guano Crown Acid Phosphate Cerealite Top Dressing Chemicals Carib Guano iCottou Boll Acid Phosphate Chatham Acid Phosphate oc Clifton Acid Phosphate Dissolved Bone with Ammon m a Iotasb Dissolved Bone with Ammonia Potash Delcons Dissolved Bone Phosphate Dobbs Chemicals Diamond Soluble Hone Dissolved Hone Phosphate A Potash Dissolved Hone Phosphate So Ca I tissolved Bone Dissolved So Ca Hone Dissolved Bone Phosphate of Lime Eagle Acid Phosphate Eutau Acid Phosphate Eagle Acid Phosphate English Dissolved Hone English Acid Phosphate Edisto Dissolved Bone Etiwan Dissolved Bone Edisto Acid Phosphate Ezells Dissolved Bone Etiwan Acid Phosphate Eutau Acid Phosphate FurmansSol Bone with Am and Potash Furmans Acid Phosphate 1050 1150 1050 50 1700 1150 I He 1100 1020 1220 1211 1150 1221 13511 10 HI 1 150 785 1010 1200 1050 1100 112 1075 1350 875 1000 12 45 1015 1310 150 135 250 i820 050 3 IE 2 10 215 300 310 215 225 265 2 31 1 20 200 315 180 210 225 100 095 240 130 130 410 2 105 251 805 1210 810 1150 13 45 1120 1215 1010 1000 1125 910 1011 850 0 45 875 900 711 775 330 1001 1125 1150 1225 950 1010 1120 050 12 50 820 175 1150 Hi 395 250 27 390 195 2 10 215 38 32 110 2 430 505 51 07 685 300 300 230 210 200 475 3 05 3 90 400 170 200 315 o H 1205 1005 1000 152 10 20 1510 1410 1210 1215 1410 1235 1410 1135 13 1380 141 1385 1310 1320 1301 1355 1301 1425 1425 13 15 1510 1350 1420 1111 I465 0 51 740 150 130 130 iio FOR WHOM INSPECTED BY WHOM AND WHERE BAKU FACTORED 12018 07 2217 210 00 237 2551 125 150 125 2645 22 ON 2114 1974 2200 2211 1074 22 01 1071 2044 1925 1932 1081 1939 2000 1073 1005 189 1904 1995 1005 250 2001 2111 125 2015 150 2188 275 2270 12051 1 A Hale Rome Ga W A Dates 8ec Griffin Ga T J Lowe Mapleton la Walton i Whann Co Charleston Boy kin Ca mier Co Baltimore Baugh a Sons Baltimore Md las GTinsleyiCo Riehmd Va Hammond Hull Co Savannah Hartshorn i Huger Savannah Clifton Cliem Phos Co Atlanta Wando Phosphate Co Charleston Wando Phosphate Co Charleston Commercial Guano Co Savanal Iltisin Fertilizer t o Baltimore Walton A Whann Co Charleston Ca Chemical Works AugustaGa G Ober t Sons Co Baltimore Md As li poo Phos Co Chariest on S C Chemical Co of Canton Halo Pacific Guano harloston Ashley Phosphate Co Charleston Ashley Phosphate Co Charleston T I Caswell Augusta Ca Savannah Guano Co Savannah M G t 1 I Mclntyre Savannah Edisto Phosphate Co Charleston Etiwan Phosphate Co Charleston Edisto Phos Co Charleston S C Ashepoo Phos CO Charleston Etiwan Phos Co Charleston S C Ashepoo Phos CoCharestouSC Adair Bros 1 Co Atlanta Ga Adair Bros Co Atlanta Ga i A Bale Home Ga Griffin Fertilizer Co GlifflnGa T 1 Lowe Mapleton Ca Mfd for Treadwell Abbott Co At lanta Boykin armor a Co Baltimore Md Baugh a Sons Baltimore Md impd by lames G Tinslcv a Co Richmond Va Hammond Hull A Co Savannah Ca Commercial Guano Co SavannahGa Clifton ciicni a Phos Co Atlanta Wando Phosphate Co Charleston Wando Phosphate Co Charleston Commercial Guano Co SavannahGa Raisin Fertilizer Co Baltimore Md altoo a Whann Co Wilmington Del Georgia Chemical Works Augusta G Ober A Sons Co Baltimore Md Ashley Phosphate Co Charleston Se Chemical Co of Canton Baltimore Pacific Guano Co Charleston S c Ashley Phosphate Co Charleston SC Ashepoo Phos Co Charleston S C T 1 Caswell Augusta Ca Impd bySavh Guano Co Savannah Impd by M G a D I Mclntyre Sa vannah Ca Edisto Phosphate Co Charleston S C Etiwan Phosphate Co Charleston Edisto Phosphate Co Charleston Ashepoo Phos Co Charleston s c Etiwan Phosphate Co Charleston Ashepoo Phosphate Co Charleston Fnrnian Farm Impt Co East PL Ca Furman Farm Impt Co East Pi Ca W H ft c F H e ft I en ft cFarish Furman Formula cGeorgia State Standard Acid Phosphate fiGeorgia State Standard Acid Phosphate Ground Bone Georgia State Grange Bone Phosphate Ground Bone Gays Bone Phosphate Georgia State Standard Acid Phosphate tG round Bone Georgia State Grange Acid Phosphate Home Fertilizer Chemicals High Grade Acid Phosphate H C H Cotton Plant Bone Heaths Soluble Bone Kainit Kainit Kainit Kainit Kainit Kainit Kainit Kainit Kramers Dissolved Bone Kainit cD Kainit 50 Kainit Kainit Kainit Kainit L W Acid Phosphate Langston Woodons Acid Phosphate Lesters Plain Dissolved Bone L AC Fertilizer Lockwoods Acid Phosphate L W Acid Phosphate Muriate Magnolia Acid Phosphate Marietta High Grade Acid Phosphate Nassau Dissolved Bone Phosphate Nassau Dissolved Bone with Potash Oglethorpe Dissolved Bone Phosphate aOur Dissolved Bone Phosphate Oglethorpe Acid Phosphate Oriole Dissolved Bone O K Dissolved Bone a Potash Oglethorpe Acid Phosphate Oglethorpe Dissolved Bone Phosphate cOglethorpe Aeid Phosphate cOglethorpe Dissolved Bone Phosphate 1300 15C0 1700 1375 803 1Z10 sJio 1510 1200 Vuii 520 450 930 750 140 070 050 2655 000 2615 085 090 15 135 siJ5 Li00 150 1250 815 1000 950 1500 1300 1155 1200 1300 1200 1050 1150 1375 1200 1270 17 0 1700 1500 1500 200 190 150 080 310 130 310 135 415 210 223 250 315 235 150 250 050 050 070 070 40 1250 1345 1150 1110 1110 1125 1120 850 990 1150 1160 1000 1220 850 815 260 275 1185 1510 1020 320 370 3 i55 20 360 1610 uiiio 1510 lilfj I48j 1410 1210 195 980 1075 1110 1100 075 1120 1000 720 950 1345 1345 1250 1250 330 320 350 210 205 360 505 350 400 310 475 390 410 690 205 275 2 75 260 200 1405 1320 1470 1510 1210 1515 1210 1485 1425 1510 1410 1450 1510 1410 1410 11 55 1020 1620 1510 1510 1 15 L50 420 T4S 1919 2114 2208 1010 L50 200 128 1175 1265 1250 1210 1200 1320 1300 1220 1150 1075 1280 1320 1375 1320 160 1 010 175 5210 020 110 175 2002 2114 loisi 3230 2072 2124 1894 1285 1175 1265 1250 1210 1260 1320 1360 1007 1220 1150 1075 1280 1320 1375 1320 2008 2058 2114 2339 2124 1809 5210 2099 1995 2114 2099 2030 2114 1974 21 04 225 220S 2208 2114 2114 Adair Bros A Co Atlanta Ga Hammond Hull A Co Savannah Hammond Hull A Co Savannah H S Miller Co Baltimore Md Baldwin Fertilizer Co Savannah H S Miller A Co Baltimore Baldwin Fer Co Savannah Ga Hammond Hull A Co Savannah Listers Agl Client Wks Bait Baldwin Fer Co Savannah Boykin Carmer A Co Balimore Jno Merryman A Co Baltimore Grav Bros Angustn Ga Adair Bros A Co Atlanta Ga Edisto Phos Co Charleston S C Commercial Guano Co Savannah Savannah Guano Co Savannah Hammond Hull a Co Savannah Baldwin Fertilizer Co Savannah Bntler Stephens Savannah Ashley Phos Co Charleston S C Pacific Guano Co Charleston S C Clifton Chem A Phos Co Atlanta Jno D Weld Savannah Ga Wilcox A Gibbs Guano Co Savh Slingluff 4 Co Baltimore Gaructt Stubbs A Co Savannah Elbert County Fer Co Klberton X a A V Tift A Co Albany Ga Pacific Guano Co Chariest n S C AshepooPhos Co Chrlestn S C Berkely Phos Co Charleston Listers Agl A Chem Wks Nwrk Langston A YVoodson Atlanta Ga Clarence Angier Atlanta Ga Ashepoo Phos Co Charleston Savannah Guano Co Savannah Orr A Hunter Athens Ga Marietta Guano Co Marietta Ga Jno D Weld Savannah Ga Jno D Weld Savannah Ga Hammond Hull a Co Savannah Hartshorne A Huger Savannah Hammond Hull A Co Savannah Chesapeake Guano Co Baltimore Orr A Hunter Athens Ga HammondHull a Co Savannah Hammond Hull A Co Savannah Hammond Hull a Co Savannah Hammond Hull A Co Savannah Furman Farm Impt Co East Pt Ga Hammond Hull A Co Savannah Ga Hammond Hull Co Savannah H S Miller A Co Baltimore Md Baldwin Fer Co Port Royal S C II S Miller A Co Baltimore Baldwin Fer Co Port Royal S C Hammond Hull A Co Pt Royal S C Listers Agl A Chem Wks Baltimore Baldwin Fer Co Port Royal S C Bovkin Carmer A Co Baltimore M1 Jno Merryman A Co Baltimore Mfd for Gray Bros Augusta Ga Furman Farm Impt Co East Pt Ga Impd Edisto Phos Co Chrlestn S C Impd Commercial Guano Co Savh Impd Savannah Guano Co Savanah Impd Hammond Hull Co Savah Impd by Baldwin Fertilizer Co Impd Mabbett A Williams Savannah Impd by Ashley Phos CoCharlton Impd by Pacific Guano Co Churlton Clifton Chem A Phos Co Atlanta Impd bv Jno D Weld Savannah Impd by Wilcx A Gibs Guo Co Svh Impd by Slingluff a Co Baltimore Impd bv Garnett Stubbs a CoSavh Impd bv Elbert Fer Co Elberton Ga Impd bv X A A F Tift a Co Albany Impd bv Pacific Guo Co Charleston Ashepoo Phosphate Co Charleston Berkely Phos Co Charleston S O Listers Agl A Chem Wks Newk N 1 Cleveland Dryer Co Cleveland O Mfd for Clarence Angier Augusta Ashepoo Phos Co Charleston S C Impd by Savannah Guano Co Savh Mfd for Orr A Hunter Athens Ga Marietta Guano Co Marietta Ga Bowker Fer Co Charleston S C Bovvker Fer Co Charleston S C Hammond Hull A Co Pt Royal S C Commercial Guano Co Savannah Ga Hammond Hull A Co Pt Royal s I Chesapeake Guano Co Baltimore Mfd for Orr a Hunter Athens la Hammond Hull A Co Savannah Hammond Hull A Co Savannah Hammond Hull A Co Savannah Hammond Hull A Co Savannah M l CO W CO C J O W IS TABLE IL Continued NAME OF BRAND Pure Acid Phosphate Pomona Acid Phosphate Port Royal Dissolved Bone Phosphate tPure Ground Bone Port Royal Acid Phosphate Plain Dissolved Bone Potash Acid Phosphate P D Acid Phosphate Pioneer Acid Phosphate Penamans Patent Formula Piedmont Acid Phosphate Port Royal Dissolved Bone cPort Royal Acid Phosphate iPortBoyal Dissolved Bone 3 fcPort Royal Acid Phosphate Rainbow Phosphate Raisins Acid Phosphate Rainbow Soluble Bone slingluffs Dissolved Bone Slingluffs Dissolved Bone Sunny South Acid Phots Standard Acid Phosphate Southern Acid Phosphate Scotts High Grade Acid Phosphate Soluble Borje dSt Julian Ravenels High Grade Acid Phos Stono Acid Phosphate Stono Acid Phosphate Sterling Acid Phosphate SunnySouth Acid Phosphate Standard Acid Phosphate Stono Dissolved Bone Truckers Choice rfVanDyke A Henleys Staud High Grade Acid Phosphate Wando Acid Phosphate Walton Acid Phosphate XX Acid Phosphate Plwsphoric Acid 1475 1110 850 1300 1000 11Oo 1110 1180 350 1115 1560 1560 1700 1700 1125 1020 1125 875 1220 1500 1055 1460 1020 1120 1015 750 925 1340 1300 1000 1250 825 1015 10 1050 1115 125 310 105 1910 280 020 185 095 185 050 350 070 070 050 050 450 280 180 105 215 100 210 100 105 110 210 310 285 105 300 2 215 250 210 250 065 1120 112 1205 1010 122 780 950 1075 000 820 1250 1250 1345 1345 625 1050 900 1180 1210 1115 945 1120 1000 1005 1110 500 250 1210 1010 1125 1215 100 1110 1150 1100 1050 380 390 345 345 360 540 370 235 000 505 200 260 275 275 305 4 156 236 200 395 490 350 500 360 350 640 1005 300 400 305 400 410 350 375 420 405 1500 1515 1550 13S 1585 1320 1320 1310 000 1325 1510 1510 1620 1620 1020 1475 1065 1415 1410 1510 1435 1470 1560 142 1460 1140 1255 1510 1410 1430 1615 510 1460 1526 1580 1455 130 lies 120 115 150 160 160 220 200 S5 3 FOR WHOM INSPECTED BY WHOM AND WHERE MANU FACTTJBED 2100 2121 2170 125 2tn 130 175 150 015 200 1897 2219 1998 2008 1994 220 2055 2114 2114 226s 22CS 1043 2065 2226 2341 2319 2114 2009 2058 2184 1993 2044 1771 1907 2129 1974 2002 2261 1304 2044 2135 2212 2037 vvncox Gibbs Guano Co Savhj Wileox t Gibus Guano Co Savannah Hartshorne A Huger Savannah Commercial Guano Co Savannah Hammond Hull A Co Savannah Hammond Hull A Co Port Royal B R Legg a Bro Marietta Ga Stand Guano A Chem Mf g Co N O Hammond Hull t Co Savannahl Hammond Hull a Co Pt Roval S Listers Agl Chem Wks Bait Listers AgL t Chem Wks Baltimore Lorentz Rittler Baltimore Md Lorentz Rittler Baltimore Md Ashepoo Phos Co Charleston Ashepoo Phos Co Charleston S C Ashepoo Phos Co Charlestonj Ashepoo Phos Co Charleston S C Baltimore Pulverizing Co Bait Baltimore Pulverizing Co Baltimore Marietta Guano Co Marietta Ga Marietta Guano Co Marietta Ga Hammond Hull t Co Savannah Hammond Hull Co Savannah Hammond Hull Co Savannah Hammond Hull A Co Savannah Hammond Hull A Co Savannah Hammond Hull A Co Savannah Hammond Hull Co Savannah Hammond Hull S Co Savannah Aincricus Guo Co Amerieus Ga Amerlcus Guano Co Americus Ga Raisin Fertilizer Co Baltimore Raisin Fertilizer Co Baltimore Md Atlanta fluano Co Atlanta Ga Atlanta Guano Co East Point Ga Boykin Carmer 4 Co Baltimore Boykin farmer A Co Baltimore Atlanta Guano Co East Point Ga Walton a Whann Co Charlestons Southern Phos Co Atlanta Ga George V Scott MfgCo Atlanta Ga Columbus Fertilizer CoColumbusGa George W Scott MfgCo AtlantaGa Stono Phosphate Co Jharleston S C stono Phosphate Co Charleston S C Mfd for clarence Anier AugustaGa OAaTK Ramspeck Decatur Ga Wando Phosphate CoCharlestonSC Stono Phosphate Co Charleston S C Baltimore Pulverizing Co Baltimore Boykin Carmer A Co Baltimore Boykin Carmer Co Baltimore Atlanta Guano Co Atlanta Ga Walton a Whann Co Charleston Maddox Rueker a Co Atlanta Geo W Scott MfgCo Atlanta Calumbua Fer Co Columbus Geo W Scott Mfg Co Atlanta E H Frost Co Charleston S c E H Frost A Co Charleston S C Clarence Angler Atlanta Ga G A A T R Ramspeck Dcatr Ga Wando Phosphate Co Charleston Stono PhosphateCo Charleston Baltimore Pulverizing Co Bait Geo W Scott Mfg Co Atlanta Wando Phos Co Charleston Walton Guano Co Social Circle Walton A Whann Co Charleston George W Scott MfgCo Atlanta Ga Wando Phos Co Charleston 8 C Walton Guano Co Social Circle Ga Walton A Whann Co Charleston S c ble Thoutrh nrSfcSfv it iS k P er atS UJ notbee acidulated The whole of the phosphoric acid is therefore reported as Insolu DuplicaIf BrSus fn mmin2 arYa1ble as Jod jhan phosphoric acid from other sources A good finely ground bone meal is worth about J40 ealflresoM f rfiL istances fertilizers manufactured by the same formala and actually sacked from the sam5 bulkbeing in every respect identi fnroelnSSIre IZItZlt tH tebleS by leerS ete PreflXed to the the having the Lme letter SB 13 SS H C o SB o IT d SB SI I c SBANALYSES OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERSIE 31 STATISTICS OF INSPECTION During the season of 188889 commencing October 1 1888 and ending September 30 1889 there have been inspected analyzed and admitted to sale in Georgia to date of this report 20286936 tons of commercial fer tilizers and chemicals The seas n practically closed about the first of May only one or two inspections of small amounts occurring after that date The inspectors at Savannah Augusta and Toccoa may be called Station Inspectors their work being confined almost exclusively to the points at which they are stationed The remaining three inspectors may be called Traveling Inspectors since they are assigned to the duty of inspecting the products of the interior factories of the State and those shipments that enter the State at points at which no inspectors are sta tioned The following table exhibits the number of tons inspected by each inspec tor A F Woolley Inspector at Savannah6365839 tons R Ridgely Inspector at Augusta5434950 tons M D Irwin Inspector at Toccoa1230776 tons J L Anderson Inspector at Hawkinsville1956550 tons S R Murphey Inspector at Hamilton3256633 tons W B Jones Inspector at LaGrange2042188 tons T0tal20286936 tons The number of distinct inspections made by each inspector and the aver age amount of each inspection are as follows A F Woolley R Ridgely M D Irwin J L Anderson S R Murphey W B Jones Total and general average32 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA COMPARATIVE TRADE IN FERTILIZERS The following table shows the number of tons inspected for each of the last fourteen seasons There were inspected during the season of 18756 5531600 tons There were inspected during the season of 18767 7582400 tons There were inspected during the season of 187789317800 tons There were inspected during the season of 187898504900 tons There were inspected during the season of 18798011958300 tons There were inspected during the season of 1880115240400 tons There were inspected during the season of 1881212542700 tons There were inspected during the season of 1882312537700 tons There were inspected during the season of 1883415184Q00 tons There were inspected during the season of 18845 17015300 tons There were inspected during the season of 1885616070500 tons There were inspected during the season of 1886716607808 tons There were inspected during the season of 1887820800739 tons There were inspected during the season of 1888920286936 tons AMMONIATED AND NONAMMONIATED FERTILIZERS OR ACID PHOSPHATES Of the whole amount of fertilizers placed upon the market during the past season 15456268 tons were Ammoniated Superphosphates and 4215168 tons were Acid Phosphates or Dissolved Bones It is well to remark that those brands which contain not less than eight per cent of available phos phoric acid and two per cent of ammonia are classed as Ammoniated Superphosphates and those containing less than two per cent of ammonia and not less than ten per cent of available phosphoric acid are classsed as Acid Phosphates or Dissolved Bones This classification is made without regard to the name of the brand as will be seen by reference to the tables The fertilizing materials which do not belong to either of the foregoing are classed as Chemicals and Compounds other than Ammoniated Super phosphates and Dissolved Bones Of this class there were 615550 tons inspected and analyzed and are included in table No II The number of tons of Acid Phosphates or Dissolved Bones inspected in Georgia during the past fourteen seasons is as follows For the season of 187566 499 tons For the season of 18767jo 842 tons For the season of 1877815332 tons For the season of 18789 10 91 tons For the season of 187980 i8906 tons For the season of 1880122 036 tons For the season of 1881220602 tons For the season of 1882331017 tons For the season of 1883439154 tons For the season of 1884535012 tons For the season of 1885637451 tons For the season of 1886740899 tons For the season of 18878 67978 tons For the season of 18889 42051 tons 102ANALYSES OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS188889 Of the whole quantity inspected the percentage of Acid Phosphate for each season is as follows For 18756n16 Per cent For 187671282 per cent For 18778 1962 Per cent For 187891222 Per cent For 187980n63 Per cent For 1880115n Per ceut For 188121642 Per cent For 18823 2473 Per cent For 188342578 Per cent For 188452055 percent For 18856 2334 Per eent For 188672462 Per cent For 188783074 per cent For 188892070 Per cent The following averages for the past fourteen seasons will be found inter GStlll0 GENERAL AVERAGES OF ALL FERTILIZERS For the season of 18745 For the season of 18756 For the season of 18767 For the season of 18778 For the season of 18789 For the season of 187980 For the season of 18801 For the season of 18812 For the season of 18823 For the season of 18834 For the season of 18845 For the season of 18856 For the season of 18867 For the season of 18878 For the season of 18889 Available Phosphoric Acid 923 1094 1087 1143 1195 1024 1096 1088 1103 1082 1113 1101 1139 1166 1148 Ammonia 255 253 252 279 270 258 253 248 253 247 224 243 245 246 280 Potash 517 249 275 223 166 133 141 147 150 155 144 165 194 212 194 These are the general averages of all fertilizers inc udmg Acid 1 hos vhates for the seasons named It is proper to remark that the averages ol Ammonia and Mash are of those brands only which are shown by analy sis to contain these elements and not of the whole number of brands ana lyzed 10334 DEPARTMENT OP AURICtXITtTRlGEoRGlA AVERAGES OF AMMONIATED FEBTILIZEBS For the season of 18745 For the season of 18756 For the season of 18767 For the season of 18778 For the season of 18789 For the season of 187980 For the season of 18801 For the season of 18812 For the season of 18823 For the season of 18834 For the season of 18845 For the season of 18856 For the season of 18867 For the season of 18878 i Available Phosphoric Ammonia Acid 873 1036 1051 1083 1152 953 1030 1020 1022 978 1135 1015 1030 1047 For the season of 18889 jq 30 284 29S 273 279 270 259 253 24S 253 247 229 243 245 246 280 Potash 531 279 243 225 164 135 145 258 148 157 151 164 190 214 190 104ANALYSES OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS188889 AVERAGE OF NONAMMONIATKD FERTIUZKKS 35 For the season of 18745 For the season of 18756 For the season of 18767 For the season of 18778 For the season of 18789 For the season of 187980 For the season of 18801 For the season of 18812 For the season of 18823 For the season of 18834 For the season of 18845 For the season of 18856 For the season of 18867 For the season of 18878 For the season of 18889 Available Phosphoric Acid 1105 1199 1168 1310 1320 1244 1260 124S 1255 1259 1287 1262 1345 1381 1396 Potash 385 464 454 216 163 128 130 105 156 148 130 168 185 207 181 The number of brands inspected analyzed and placed upon the market for each season since the organization of the Department is as follows For the season of 187450 brands For the season of 18756101 brand For the season of 18767125 brands For the season of 18778127 brands For the season of 18789162 brands For the season of 187980I82 brands For the season of 18801226 brands For the season of 18812270 brands For the season of 18823354 bralld For the season of 18834336 brands For the season of 18845369 brans For the season of 18856345 bnmd For the season of 18867322 brands For the season of 18878337 brands For the season of 188893o5 brands These are exclusive of chemicals and other preparations for making or composting manures at homes 10536 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA The number of brands of ammoniated and nonammoniated fertilizers for each season is as follows For the season of 18745 For the season of 18756 For the season of 18767 For the season of 18778 For the season of 18789 For the season of 187980 For the season of 18801 For the season of 18812 For the season of 18823 For the season of 18834 For the season of 18845 For the season of 18856 For the season of 18867 For the season of 18878 For the season of 18889 Am oniated Nonammo niated 86 24 68 33 85 40 90 37 119 43 135 47 163 66 187 83 239 115 210 126 229 140 215 130 206 116 242 135 254 101 106ANALYSES OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS188889 37 RECEIPTS AND EXPENDITURES INCIDENT TO THE INSPEC TION OF FERTILIZERSSEASON OF 188889 KECEIPTS Fees on 20286936 tons at fifty cents per ton10143419 EXPENSES OF INSPECTION 2179200 Inspectors Tags at 2 per thousand 435840 Express charges on tags and samples drayage tele grams postage stationery bottles wax etc 39651 Traveling expenses of Inspectors 132436 Net amount of fees actually paid into the Treasury 9535542 10143469 10143469 Total amount of fees actually paid into Treasury 9535542 Drawn from Treasury on account of salaries Salaries of six Inspectors to Sept 30 1889 900000 Salary of Chemist to Sept 30 1889 300000 Total salaries1200000 Net balance in Treasury8335542 9535542 9535542 The net balance in the treasury for the season of 187778 was 3590577 For the season of 187879 3126767 For the season of 187980 4643847 For the season of 1880 81 6406028 For the season of 188182 5025132 For the season of 188283 5081090 For the season of 188384 6213392 For the season of 188485 7018375 For the season of 188586 6536137 For the season ol 188687 6810735 For the season of 188788 8527044 For the season of 188889 8335542 Decrease compared with 188788 191502 Total net results in twelve years71314666 107Special Circular No 79 l New Series I QUESTIONS FOR AUGUST CROP REPORT 1889 To be Returned to the Commissioner by August 1 1889 What is the condition and prospects of 1 Cotton compared with an average V per cent ncr cent 2 Corn compared with an averagev percent 3 Rice compared with an average r nor OCIlt 4 Sugarcane compared with an average 6 Sweet potatoes compared with an averagePer R What are the profits of the melon crop compared with last yearpercent 7 Give date of first appearance of cotton caterpillars 9 Period of excessive wet weather From July 10 Period of drouth to July From Julyto July NAME POSTOFFICE COUNTY Date of making this Report SEE OVER 1082 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA Questions in regard to the results of the No Fence Law to be an swered by correspondents in those counties or districts in which the law is of force What has been the effect of the operation of the No Fence Law 1 On the acreage in farm crops 2 on the quality of live stock 3 on the quantity and quality of butter anil milk produced 4 on the quantity and quality of beef and pork products 5 on the gen eral prosperity of farmers tranquility of neighborhoods and docility of stock County NAME POSTOFFICE 109CIRCULAR No 119 I New Series i CROP REPORT FOR THE MONTH OF AUGUST 1889 SHOWING The Acreage and Condition of Growing Crops the first of August and Statistical and other Reports of the Results of the Operation of the No Fence Law of 1872 in those counties which have adopted the same Corcnaissioiier ATLANTA GEOEGIA Constitution Job Office 1889Circular No 119 New Series CROP REPORT FOR THE MONTH OF AUGUST 1889 Returned to the Department of Agriculture August 1 1889 State op Georgia Department op Agriculture j Atlanta Ga August 9 1889 j THE WEATHER The seasons since July 1 have been all that could be desired in nearly every section of the State In some counties rains have been excessive but only a few cases of actual injury to crops havefbeen reported COTTON The condition of the cotton crop has steadily advanced since the date of July 1 and has become more nearly uniform in the different stctions of the State The condition in those counties in which it was lowest a month ago has very greatly improved while in those reporting very high condition then the reports are more sober and the estimates somewhat lower It is generally true that both high and low conditions are somewhat exaggerated by hopes on the one hand and apprehensions on the other One month ago the general average condition for the entire State was 83 the average now August 1 is 907 points higher On August 11888 the condition was 89one point lower The improvement in the condition of the cotton crop is due of course to the general prevalence of good seasonsplenty of rain and sun heat with warm nights The rains are now excessive and it is apprehended that a severe drouth will occur during August which would prove very damaging owing to the succulent condition of the plants CORN AND OTHER CROPS The corn crop promises the largest yield within ten years past The drouths that occurred in April and May have been relieved by copious 1134 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA general rains in good time to enable the crop to recover Farmers are enthusiastic over the bright promises of a rich harvest The same remarks will apply with moreor less force to all the minor crops cultivated A glance at the tabular report which follows will show that every crop without exception has made a material advance in condition Corn from 92 to 101 rice from 90 to 94 sugarcane from 87 to 94 sweet potatoes from 79 to 92 Melons have not yielded as large profits as last year the reports showing 91 as compared with those of the same date in 1888 PEACHES AND GEAPES The promised yield of these two fruit crops of one and two months ago has been even more than realized especially of peaches The yield both in quantity and quality has probably never been equalled in the history of the State and the profits have been exceedingly satisfactory Consolidated Crop Report for August 1889By Sections Condition and pros pect compared with SS an average d a SUCTIONS o c g o o c j c u u K E rs 11 liv 2 91 inr 95 95 92 91 inn inn it 86 111 89 98 i 93 ST s 88 99 101 91 II 95 il 98 IL Average tor the State 90 91 July 11889 83 89 92 95 99 86 ST 99 79 95 Average for the State 81 114AUGUST CROP REPORT1889 THE RESULTS OF THE OPERATION OF THE NO FENCE LAW OF 187280 The Act establishing the Department of Agriculture approved February 2811 The said Commissioner shall give attention to the subject of fencing and shall report at such times as he may deem proper upon said subject as efn pursuance of the above provision Hon Thomas P Jones first Com missioner of Agriculture made an effort in September 1875 to ascertain the annual cost of fencing crops and the annual cost of fencing stock His report for that month Circular 18 Old Series says The answers to the question what is the annual cost of fencing crops in vour county are made on such varied bases that no definite results can be derived from them The same is true of the answers to the question as to the cost of fencing stock The conclusions drawn from a careful study of all the answers are that such is the diversity of circumstances and in terests in Georgia that a general law requiring either the fencing of crops or stock is unwise In the mountain region of North and the wire grass region of South Georgia fencing stock would be not only a hardship but absolutely impracticable the cultivated area being very small compared with the stock range and yet the nocks not sufficiently large to require the constant care of herdsmen In the farming and planting regions ot orth Middle and Southwest Georgia on the contrary the present law requiring crops to be fenced is equally a hardship and with the present system ol labor almost impracticable The relations of cultivated and pasture areas in the latter sections are the reverse of those in the former and hence a law applicable to one is inapplicable if not unjust to the other How then is the question to be met Very plainly by leaving the question of fenc ing crops or fencing stock to be determined by the freeholders of each C The same question was discussed in the May Crop Report of 1870 In the June Crop Report for 1882 I pursued the subject still further and published the Fence Laws of force for the information of farmers t is well known that many counties and parts of counties nave adopted the provisions of the Act of 1872 and in this year of prosperity and plenty 1 have deemed it a fitting time to collate such statistics and tacts as wi 1 exhibit the results of the operation of the law and ascertain to what extent thev have been satisfactory It is not my intention to give my own views or any mere theories on the subject 11 is made under our wise legislation the privilege of the citizens of each county to decide for themselves x he her their condition and circumstances will justify the adoption of the law The logic of facts is worth more than that of theories It is a significant fact that almost without exception the no fence law has given general satisfacl ion where it has been adopted For the purpose of eliciting official information as to what counties have adopted the law I first issued circulars asking the necessary questions to the Ordinaries of the several counties Mostof these replied and Uieir answers are incorporated with the notes on the subject from Crop Correspondents To the usual questions to correspondents there were appended the fWhat has been theeffect of the operation of the no fence law 1 On the acreage ill farm crops 2 on the quality ot live stock rf on tne SSSiSSftiSlrfEutteriiid milk produced 4 on the quantity and 115DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA quality of beef and pork products 5 on the general prosperity of farmers tranquility of neighborhoods and docility of stock It will be observed that in many instances the answers refer to the sev eral divisions of the above question by the numerals prefixed List of Counties which have adopted the No Fence Law or rejected the same and of those in which no elections have been held with notes of results NORTH GEORGIA Adopted by entire county Hart and Jackson Adopted by certain districts Banks Bartow Cherokee Cobb Dawson Floyd Forsyth Gwinnett Hall Madison Milton and PauldingTotal 12 Rejected by vote Haralson 813th district only MadisonTotal 2 No elections held Oatoosa Chattooga Dade Faunin Floyd Gilmer Gordon Habersham Lumpkin Murray Pickens Polk Rabun Towns Union Walker White and Whitfield Total 18 MIDDLE GEORGIA Adopted by entire county Bibb Butts Campbell Clarke Clayton Columbia Coweta Elbert Fayette Greene Hancock Henry Jasper Jones Lincoln McDuffie Meriwetber Monroe Morgan Newton Oconee Oglethorpe Pike Putnam Rockdale Bpalding Talbot Taliaferro Troup Walton Warren and WilkesTotal 32 Adopted by certain districts Baldwin Carroll DeKalb Douglas Fulton Harris Heard and UpsonTotal 8 Rejected by vote Taliaferro afterwards adopted by special legislative enactment No elections heldTotal 0 SOUTHWEST GEORGIA Adopted by entire county Houston Lee and MuscogeeTotal 3 Adopted by certain districts Chattahoochee Crawford Dougherty Macon Marion Quitman RandolphSchleyStewart Sumter and Taylor JL O till j II No elections held Baker Berrien Brooks Calhoun Clay Colquitt Decatur Dooly Early Irwin Lowndes Miller Mitchell Terrell Thomas Webster Wilcox andWorthTotal 18 EAST GEORGIA Adopted by entire county RichmondTotal 1 Adopted by certain districts Burke Pulaski Screven Twiggs Wash ington and WilkinsonTotal 6 Rejected by vote Four districts in Washington adopted by three districts No elections held Bulloch Dodge Emauuel Glascock Jefferson John son Laurens Montgomery Tatnall and Tel fairTotal 10 SOUTHEAST GEORGIA Adopted by entire county NoneTotal 0 Adopted by certain districts NoneTotal 0 Rejected by vote ChathamTotal 1 No elections held Appling Bryan Camden Charlton Clinch Coffee Echols Eftingham Glynn Liberty Mclntosh Pierce Ware and Wayne Total 14 116AUGUST CROP REPORT1889 RECAPITULATIONENTIRE STATE Adopted by entire county in 37 Counties Adopted by certain districts in 36 Rejected by vote 3 No elections held 61 Total 137 By Legislative Act REPLIES TO QUESTIONS ADDRESSED TO ORDINARIES AND CROP CORRESPONDENTS NORTH GEORGIA Banks No election Bartow One district adopted the no fence law in 1888 and it gives general satisfactionOrdy Catoosa No election Chattooga No election This is not a no fence law county I wish it wasW F T Cherokee Three districts in 1887 SatisfactoryOrdy Cobb Ten districts at various times Gives satisfactionOrdy Dade No election Dawson District No 1016 in 1888 Satisfaction in that dis trictOrdy Only went into effect last February Farmers generally well pleased Stock in good condition Five per cent more land in culti vation Prospects of farmers hopeful No trouble existsJ C S Fan nin No election Floyd Only oneno fencedistrict in the county and the law has just gone into operation P McC Forsyth Five districts Gives general satisfactionOrdy 1 There has been an increase in acre age in the no fence districts 2 A decided improvement 3 Increase in quantity and of a great deal better quality 4 No falling off in quantity and quality decidedly improved pork will likely fall off some though stock hogs improved 5 Get along better without fences perfectly peacable in neighborhoods In stock law districts stock very docileT S L Frank lin Eight districts from 1887 to 1889 General satisfactionOrdy There has been some increase in acreage Cows are 50 per cent better and more of them Milk and butter good and in excess of demand No material change in pork but the quantity and quality of beef has improved 50 per cent Peace and quietude reigns and stock are all sleek and fatJ B D McW A portion of the districts in this county have no fence Opera tion of no fence law very good Acreage in farm crops very much improved Quality of live stock as well as quality and quantiny of milk and butter much improved Beef better Hogs not quite so numerons but better I think the farmers are generally in better condition the tranquility of neighborhoods better and the stock more easily managedA W Gilmer No election Gordon I regret very much to be compelled to say that we stick to fence and poor stockA R Gwinnett Seven districts 1884 to 1887 Does not give general satisfaction Those who voted for it would not have it repealedOrdy More land in cultivation Live stock 50 1178 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA per cent better milk and butter 75 per cent better more and better beefM P K Habersham No election The people are almost unani mously opposed to tbe no fence lawOrdy Hall Four districts in 1884 to 1887 Entire satisfactionOrdy Not satisfactory to renters but a saving to landlords Stock have improved both in numbers and condi tionW F W A R 8 gives substantially the same statements as the foregoing Haralson Election held in 813th district and defeated Ordy Hart Entire county in 1884 Gives general satisfactionOrdy There was some dissatisfaction at first but I think the people are now gen erally content and there has been a great improvement in all respects B B P Jackson Entire county General satisfactionOrdy I do not see that the working of the no fence lawin this county has materially reduced the average in farm crops On the whole I think the adoption of the law has had a tendency to improve stock of all kinds Milk and but ter increase in quantity and is far superior in quality The quality of beef and pork is also superior but the quantity I believe is lessened A ma jority of the farmers are prospering in a greater degree under this system than before its adoption very little ill feeling has sprung from the opera tions of this law roguish and unruly stock are quickly gotten rid ofG M D M C B I and J J substantially agree and concur in above statement Pumpkin No election Madison Election held in some districts and the law defeatedOrdy Milton All except one district General satisfactionOrdy The nofence law has worked a great improvement One hundred per cent improvement in quantity and quality of butter and milk and quality of live stock and the general condition of farmers is fifty per cent better and the docility of stock one hundred per cent better than under the old lawJ H S Murray No election Paulding Five districts Partial satisfactionOrdy Itisgiving general satisfaction There is less depredation and strife in the nofence districts than there is in the fence districts Pewer hogs but as much meat less cows but more milk with less trouble and expense than it would be to keep good fences in the most of our county There are some sections that it is possibly best as it isP P MoB Pickens No election My age is seventy years and I hope to see such a law in force Next to a dog law it is most important to farmers It costs more to build and keep up a fence than it does to buy the farmB F P Polk No election Pabun No election Towns No election Union No election Walker No election White No election I think such a law is greatly neededF R D Whitfield No election Alas Alas No stock lawW C R MIDDLE GEORGIA Baldwin Two districts 188485 Gives satisfactionOrdy Every body is pleased with it in the two districts that have adopted itH V Bibb Adopted by Act of Legislature Gives satisfactionOrdy The acreage in farm crops has increased the quantity as well as tbe qual 118AUGUST CHOP REPORT1889 ity of milk and butter has improved fifty per cent the quality of beef and pork has increased one hundred per cent and the quantity has decreased fifty per cent The general prosperity of farmers seems greater than for many yearsB L J 1 Acreage increased S per cent 2 Much im proved hut not as many neat cattle by onehalf 3 Less milk and but ter of superior quality and largely increased per cow 4 No beeves raised for market as much pork as formerly and better 5 Better con dition more money and timber saved No trouble about impounding stock If taken up they are sent home without cost to owner unless he is obstreperous and contrary Slock all gentle Many cows broke to the halter something never heard of beforeW D A J Bulls Entire county in 1S82 Gives satisfaction No legislation since the war pertaining to agriculture approaches it in valueOkdy It has had good eflect Onetenth more land in cultivation 2 25 per cent better 3 50 per cent better and quality good deal better 4 More and better hogs more and finer beet 5 Farmers are more prosperous and we have no dis turbance about stock and the cow and hog are becoming as one family and as great pets in many instances as the house cat and dogH C T Campbell Entire county 1881 Gives satisfactionOrdy An increase of ten per cent in area cultivated The quality of live stock is better the quality of both butter and milk better but decrease in quantity Less beef but of better quality Stock easily managed Everybody I think satisfied and those who opposed the law are now in favor of itJ J S It has added 25 per cent to the prosperity of farmers and greatly to the tranquility of neighborhoods and to the docility of livestockR J T Very little effect on the acreage in farm crops for while many spots hve been cultivated that could not have been profitably fenced there has been probably as large an area of farming lands devoted to pasturage Stock generally of much better quality More milk and butter and of better quality Better quality of beef though less in quantity and about same as to pork No marked change in prosperity and tranquility of neighbors A few cases of selfishness when by consent stock are allowed to run out in winter Stock more docileJ J 15 Many valuable acres are now cultivated that otherwise would not be if we were deprived of the no fence law The improvement in livestock has been beyond the expecta tion of nearly every body Butter and milk has been almost doubled and of quite a superior quality Beef more plentiful and much cheaper The interest in pork more closely looked after and the quantity and quality increased It has been t he grandest law that was ever given the agricultural worldF H S The report of J S D substantially agrees with the above Carroll Ten districts in 188678 Generally pleasedOkdy The effect of the no fence law is wonderfully good 1 On theacreagein farm crops cannot be estimated 2 The quality of livestock slightly im proved 3 On the quantity and quality of butter and milk produced 4 Beef and pork products 25 per cent better 5 The general prosperity of farmers much better than for years Tranquility of neighborhoods better 11910 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEOKG1A L X R The effect has been wonderful Everything more and better It is the thing for farmers It works no hardship on any one 8 C C The people generally well pleased Improvement of milk butter and quality of cattle has been 25 per cent Dont think hogs have improved In fact I think we have lost as much in hogs as we have gained in cattle owing to want of pasturesM R R Clarke Entire county1883 Uni versal satisfactionOedy Clayton Entire county188 Some little dissatisfaction where landlords are too close with tenants in regard to pasturesOrdy 1 It has had a good effect 2 Has been increased 3 Both have been increased 4 Think it better 5 While there are some complaints though they are few and it may work a hardship to some yet considering everything I think it tends to the general good of the farmer Great improvement in stock butter milk etc We never had such good beef and butter before nor were they ever so cheapW P J Co lumbia Entire county1S8U A portion well satisfied Movement on foot to repealOrdy 1 The acreage remains the same 2 An improve ment in livestock 3 Quality of butter better but quantity about the same 4 Quality better quantity less 5 I think upon the whole the stock law is a benefit M I B Cowela Entire county1881 General satisfactionOrdy The no fence law has been worth thousands of dollars and has greatly improved the morals and neighborly feelings of the entire countyW F 8 The above is substantially concurred in by W A S DeKalb All but one district General satisfactionOrdy It has reduced all stock and exterminated sheep No increase in acreage Some improvement in the quantity and quality of milk and butter Some improvement in pork but none in beef owing to want of pasture Gen eral prosperity not so great as before the lawW H C Douglas Four districts188889 Cant saynever repealedOrdy It has given satis faction beyond all expectation Some strong fence men already say it is the best law ever passed Some increase in acreage but not much improvement in stock yet Have not had time No fence should have commenced with emancipationW H N Elbert Entire county 1886 Gives satisfactionOrdy All your questions may be answered favorably I can see a general improvement in the prosperity of the farm ers Less repairing of old fences and more time to enriching and improving the land Have heard of but little discord among neighbors Stock generally of better grade and decidedly more docile and gentleJ I B Fajjette Whole county1884 Does not give entire satisfactionOkdv 1 Acreage is slightly increased and farmers have selected the best portions to cultivate 2 Stock better 3 Quality and quantity both better 4 No increase in quantity quality better 5 The prosperity of the farmer would be better if there were not so many trusts and middlemen The tranquility of neighbors good No fuss about stock destroying crops Stock more docile than formerly J G P cant saythat it has increased the area in crops but there has been some improvement in quality of stock especially in cows and hogs and in quantity and quality of milk 120AUGUST CHOP KEPORT1889 11 and butter and quality of beef Stock very docile and perfect harmony between neighbors Fulton All but three districts in 1882 General satisfactionOedy 1 Falling oft of ten per cent 2 Much better 3 Increase of fifteen per cent 4 Less quantity better quality 5 Home dissatisfaction but all are in better circumstances than heretofore Stock are better eared for and we are all happyG M F Greene Entire county1883 So far as I know it gives satisfactionOrdy The people are generally satisfied with the stock law but would choose to have their farms fenced for their own use There is no increase in acreage of crops from that cause that I know of Better livestock more milk and butter but it would be strange if in this age of progress all these things should not be better than only a few years agoJ W S It has been beneficial I believe there are more fine stock more milk and butter as good beef and as many hogs and much less trouble with stock than beforeA N A Hancock Entire county1884 Has never been repealedObdy Twentyfive per cent increase in acreage and in quality of livestock 50 per cent increase in quantity of butter and milk 10 per cent increase in quantity and quality of beef and pork and 33 per cent increase in general prosperity tranquility of neighborhoods and docility of stockJ W C Harris All but one district Gives general satisfactionOrdy The stock law has been in force in this district since January 1 1888 In this immediate section about 25 per cent of the land is in cultivation the balance mostly in original forest with abundant rail timber The result of the no fence law is fewer stock and no perceptible improvement in the quality rather the reverse if anything especially in the line of hogs No perceptible improvement in the condition of farmers Stock generally easily controlled and therefore but little disturbance from depredation of stock Pasture fences all newJ B P Heard East side of the river 1883 district No 9391888 Very good satisfactionOrdy Henry Whole county18823 Entire satisfactionOrdy The effect has been good 10 percent largerarea planted Quality of livestock 10 percent better Quan tity and quality of milk and butter improved 20 percent The quantity and quality of beef much improved Pork not so good Farmers prosperous Stock easily controlledJ N C W Many farms have been greatly improved by moving the old fences and planting crops in their stead We have better stock both cows and hogs but not so many The milk cows have better care and of course we have more and better butterJ R C Jasper Entire county1883 Popular with land holdersOrdy Jones Entire county1887 Does not give satisfaction Some stock law men violate it by permitting their stock to graze on unimproved lands rasulting in depredationsOrdy Cant perceive any difference in quan tity or quality of butter and milk pork and beef Neighborhood and indi vidual animosities arise over the same No effect on docility of stock so far as we can seeR T R Lincoln Entire county1882 Gives pretty general satisfaction Of course there are a few who always opposed it Ordy I little difference in acreage in cultivation Fewer live stock and 12112 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA about the same in quality No difference in quantity and quality of but ter and beef A falling off in pork The stock law has affected the pros perity of farmers but little but the tranquility a great deal Formerly a continuous row was going on in every neighborhood now comparatively few There was much more stealing and killing of mischievous stock under the old dispensation There is a great saving of labor now in fence making giving more time to other farm improvements and making ma nureA A C Lincoln I cant say that no fence law has had any appreciable effect in either increasing or diminishing the acreage in culti vation and while it has had a marked effect in the improvement of cattle which are less in number yet better in quality and also a decided im provement in milk and butter both quantity and quality Other stock sheep and hogs have decreased in numbers and quality they being ani mals which require more range It has not as yet added much to the prosperity of the farmers nor to the promotion of tranquility in neighbor hoods but in some neighborhoods has been promotive of strife and con tention As the people become more accustomed to the change I believe it will be altogether advantageous to the majority in every wayJ M D AfcDuffle Entire county1885 With good many it gives satisfaction very little said about itOrdv Some 20 per cent increase in acreage of farm crops and about the same per cent in the quality of live stock quality and quantity of butter much increased We have better beef and as much of it as under the old plan But very little litigation about tres pass of stock except by a few prejudiced parties against the law that let their prejudices overrule their common senseA E S Meriwether Entire county1881 Many people who opposed it are now its warmest advocates We are now aunit for no fenceOrdy Increase in acreage very considerable Live stock have greatly improved in quality We get more and better butter better beef and I think more pork than before the law Farmers still have troubles on account of stock We like the lawR M McC There was perhaps an increase of 10 per cent in acre age and but for the stock law at least 25 per cent of land now in cultiva tion would have been abandoned Number of stock less but of superior quality producing more and better butter I must say in all candor that it is a grjeat source of bitterness between neighbors and engenders animosi ties that time can never healJ LI W Monroe Entire county1876 Perfect satisfaction our people would not have it repealedOrdy Mor jld n Whole county1882 Entire satisfactionOrdy Newton Whole countyat different times General satisfactionOrdy I think from observation an increase in acreage in this and the adjoining districts has been from 5 to 7 per cent Decided improvement in quality of stock and for my immediate neighborhood which you know is thickly settled a friendly rivalry of who has the best milkers and can make the most but ter per cow and raise the finest porkers at the least expense exists A decided improvement and increase in our domestic supply of beet and pork A general feeling full of hope that our crops will fill up the bill for 122AUGUST CROP REPORT1889 13 ourhomesupplies Peace and quiet reigns and our Alliance flourishing Very little trouble now with unruly stockT A W Oconee I think that it has been a benefit in all respects live stock have been improved the product of milk and butter has been increased at least 25per cent In other respects theeonditions are about the same as before the law went into effectR L D Oglethorpe Entire county1S84 Pretty general satisfaction except in sparsely settled parts ORDY 1 The acreage in farm crops increased 2 Quality decidedly improved S The quantity of butter and milk greatly increased and the quality much improved 4 Amount of beef and pork greater and of better quality 5 Nothing better calculated to promote prosperity peace and tranquility in neighborhoods Stock under better control The stock law will certainly be of lasting benefit to Oglethorpe countyC A S Pike Entire county1882 Never hear any com plaints All appear satisfied More milk and butter and better beef and I think more and better porkOrdy Putnam Entire county1880 Great satisfactionOrdy Acreage about the same but better land is planted Live stock in much better condition than under the old system Milk and butter improved in quantity and quality Everything except grain does better where farmers turn their stock out in winterO W B Pooldale Entire county1882 Well pleased without auy exceptions Ordy It has increased the acreage in farm crops increased the quality of stock very much increased the quantity and improved the quality of butter and milk in fact it has been a perfect Godsend to the farmers of Rockdale P H W Spalding Entire county1882 Full satisfaction Okdy laliaferro Whole county Voted down once by the people then passed by the legislature in 1882 Does not give general satisfaction and would probably be defeated again if voted on by the people Many say the stock law has done more harm than freeing the negroesOrdy Talbot Entire county1883 Hear of no dissatisfactionOrdy In crease of 10 per cent in acreage in crops quality of stock 10 per cent bet ter quantity of butter 20 per cent greater quantity of beef 10 per cent greater Not a man would now vote to put the fences backW H E Increased acreage 5 quality of live stock 50 better quantity and quality of butter and milk 50 greater quantity and quality of beef and pork 25 increase It would be difficult to estimate the benefits We are at peace and harmonygreatly attributable to absence of quarrels and dissensions incident to stock running at largeD G O Troup Entire county 1881 With few exceptions people are satisfiedOrdy Upson In part of four districts188687 Both whites and blacks well pleased Ordy The no fence law has had no effect in any wayA J Y Walton Entire county1886 I think it gives satisfactionOrdy Warren Entire county General satisfaction where it is enforced Not enforced in southern party of the countyOrdy Very little effect on acreage in cultivation as yet Stock have improved also butter both in quantity and quality and beef and pork in quality I hear of no trouble Peace reigns wherever the law is in forceJ L M Nochange in acre 123 14 DEPAKTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA age in farm crops Has caused us to get better and improved stock Have improved our butter and milk 30 per cent Have lessened our cattle and increased our hogs both show great improvement and have some for market all the year round We are more prosperous and satisfied with the law Our stock is easy to control as they are handled more and very docile About onehalf of our county is well timbered pine timber and that portion keep up fences and stock run out the neighbors understanding each other and all is quiet and harmonious1 A 8 WUkes Entire county1883 Gives satisfactionOrdy SOUTHWEST GEORGIA Baker Noelection Berrien Noelection Brooks No electionOrdy You wouldconfer a favor on nearly every intelligent farmer in this county if you would agitate and advise the Legislature to pass some law by which we could abolish fences The negro vote is solid in favor of fencesT W J Calhoun No election Chattahoochee Two districts188687 Jives satisfactionOrdy The planters are generally pleased though there is some dissatisfaction Butter and milk are more abundant stock better cared for There is quite as much if not more beef and pork raised and it is of better qualityJ H W Clay No election Colquitt No election Crawford Half the county1887 Not satisfactory to all Quite a number who favored it are not pleased with its workingsOrdy 1 Increase in acreage of farm crops 2 Improvement in live stock 3 Both butter and milk improved in quantity and quality 4 Cholera and cowboys 51 think a good return in allJ W S 1 Moving out old fences and cultivating the hedge rows has added greatly to the yield and beauty of the farm 2 Quality of live stock improving 3 Butter im proving in quantity and quality 4 Beef and pork much better 5 Much better than under the old system1 W D Decatur Noelection Dooly No election Dougherty West of Flint River1886 About equally divided as to satisfactinOrdy Early Noelection Hous ton Entire county1883 It gives satisfactionOrdy The law has worked well in all respects and farmers as a rule are well pleasedW O A lrwin No election Lee Entire county18S7 Much opposition at first among the poorer classes but not much nowOrdy Lowndes No election Macon Five districts188888 General satisfaction Some discussionOrdy We have seven districts in the county and five have the stock law and their people are well pleased or at least a majority of them are satisfied In these districts there is a marked im provement in stock more and better butter more ana better beef more and better hogsJ B M Marion Two districts188687 Univer sal satisfaction in those districtsOrdy 1 Difference scarcely per ceptible A little more corn and long forage crops 2 Stock havebetter attention and quality is being improved 3 Fully as much butter and milk from fewer cows on better pastures and better feed 4 Beef and pork fully as plentiful and fattened better both cheap and abundant 5 124AUGUST CROP RElOKT1889 15 No disturbance between farmers who are holding their own and barely making both ends meet Stock are more easily managed Breeds im provedG W C M Miller No election Mitchell No election Ordy Muscogee The no fence law works very well No movement yet to improve stock though most of the scrub stock have been sold with that view There is a spirit ot hog raising as it pays better to raise pork than cattle and cheaper to raise mules than to buy It dont pay at present prices of wool to raise sheep if they have to be penned in the winterC O Quitman Two districts188788 Generally satisfied Ordy Randolph Three districts188679 Generally satisfied Ordy Sehley One district1887 Generally satisfiedOrdy Stewart All except 747th district Gives perfect satisfactionOrdy 1 Some increase dont know the exact per centage 2 Stock improving very rapidly by introduction of imported breeds 8 Improved very much in proportion of milch cows the cows being much better attended than formerly 4 Quality improved but not so much in quantity 5 Almost beyond description there being hardly ever any depredations by stock therefore no cause for disturbances in the communitiesG vV A Hurater The law has been adopted in the town districts only Some favor some oppose In the whole county a majority are opposed to it Ordy Taylor Three districts18878 General satisfactionOrdy I see no radical change as yet the law having only recently gone into effect Those districts that have the law seem well pleased with itJ T A Terrell Never will be adopted in this countyOrdy Thomas Ut terly impracticableOrdy We have not yet adopted it but some of the people are advocating it The poor man is against it as it gives less stock and it runs our native labor out of the countyP L C Webster No election Wilcox No part and I hope it never will Only rich men who are too closefisted to pay for rails and town dudes are in favor of no fence Hard on poor farmers in the way of raising stockClerk Ordy Worth No election EAST GEORGIA Bulloch No election Burke One district1888 Gives satisfaction Ordy Bodge No election Emanuel No election Olaseock No election Jefferson No election Johnson No election Laurens No election Montgomery No election PUaski One district1885 Satis factoryOrdy It is the most important and beneficial law ever enacted by the Legislature in the interest of the farmersJ L A Richmond Entire county1884 Satisfactory in some portions of the countyOrdy 1 Acreage has been increased 2 Live stock has been improved 3 The quantity has gradually increased and the quality stead ily improved 5 The people are friendly and everything tranquil There is no trouble with stock All kinds of stock docileJ W R Screven In 37th 38th and 260th by Legislative Act1881 Does not five general satisfaction but has caused considerable contentionOrdy o far the law does not give general satisfaction It has not advanced the interests of farmers nor improved the condition and it has been a great hardship on the poor I hope the law will be repealedE B G Tatnall 125Kf if DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA No election Telfair No election Tiviggs Five districts18878 Gives great satisfactionOkdy There has been a slight increase in acreage of crops finer and better stock less butter and milk but better less beef and more pork On the whole the law has increased the general prosperity tranquility etcH S W No increase in acreage in farm crops slight improvement in quality of live stock quantity of butter and milk diminished but quality improved improvement in pork butdecrease as to beef condition of farmers slightly improved neighborhood harmo nious stock more docile because the mischievous have been sold or killed Washington Adopted in three districts188586 and defeated in four Gives general satisfaction in those districts which have adopted itOkdy Wilkinson In 327th 352nd and 353rd188687 Generally satisfactory to those who wanted it also to some who did not but very unsatisfactory to someOkdy Three districts adopted the stock law and a great many who voted for it are tired of it now Acreage in farm crops less than before Less cattle and hogs and no improvement in stock generally No county can raise pork and have a stock law Less butter and milk though some have plenty and to spare Less beef and pork every year since the adoption of the law Not so prosperous and more law suits and hard feelings among neighbors than ever before But little stock to be docileJ A M SOUTHEAST GEORGIA No elections have been held in the following counties Appling Bryan Camden Charlton Clinch Coffee Echols Efflngham Glynn Liberty Mclntosh Pierce Ware and Wayne An election held in Chatham coun ty in July 1889 resulted in a defeat of the law J O D of Liberty county says We are cursed and ever expect to be with the burden of fencing our crops against the depredations of cattle that are worth only 7 per head J R of Camden county says With the present lights before us I think Camden would vote no fence now were the matter submitted to ballot J B of Coffee county writes Thefence orno fence question has not been agitated in this county Do not think the no fence move will suit the people here A F B of Efflngham The 4no fence law has not been voted on here and a large majority of the people are opposed to the law SCHOOL OF CHEMICAL FERTILIZERS Formation and Substance of PlantsFertility or Sterility of SoilsBarnyard Manure and Chemical Fertilizers Complete Chemical Fertilizer i As the object of agriculture is to produce and multiply the most useful plants and animals her position is of the highest order in the economy of society for her duty is to supply all our wants to feed us to clothe us and even to provide the animals we use in daily labor We will now speak of the growth of plants manner of their formation and the means of cultivating them profitably In the first phase of their existence they find in the seed planted the substance necessary for their growth later they draw it from other sources and it is from this point we will follow them through their evolution Question From whence come the substances that form plants Answer We have already told you entirely from the seed during 126AUGUST CHOP REPORT1889 17 germination later from air water and soil Plants drawn from the air through their leaves and from the soil through their roots Q Can air satisfy all the needs for the formation of a plant A No never it must have help from the elements which the soil con tains and which the soil alone can give Q Is the soil then always provided with substances which vegetation must seek there A On the contrary it is often wanting in them While the composi tion of the air is always the same the soil varies continually changing its properties and fertility Q Can you grow tine crops from a soil which you only cultivate and prepare mechanically according to the old method A No in this way crops fall off very rapidly and the soil gradually loses its fertility Q Crops then exhaust the soil A That is a fact demonstrated by universal experience Q What difference is there between a soil naturally sterile and one ex hausted by cultivation A None both produce poor crops because both are deficient in the substances without which plants cannot thrive naturally sterile soils having never possessed them and exhausted soils having lost them by too long continued cultivation Q What must you do to retain the fertility of the soil A Give back to it under certain forms the elements which the crops have taken from it and without which I repeat there cannot be an en during productivness Q And what must be done to make a soil fertile which is not naturally so A Enrich it with the same substances which you give an exhausted soil In other words you must manure the soil Q How do you generally manure the soil A By spreading animal litter and excrement otherwise called barnyard manure Q Why does barnyard manure act upon the soil A Because it contains nitrogenous matter phosphate of lime potash and lime which are the prime agents of fertility and the most important part of all crops Q Dues barnyard manure contain but these four substances A It contains at Uast ten others which we need not speak about because plants always find them in the air and in the soil Q Then sterile soils are wanting in nitrogenous matter phosphate of lime potash and lime A Just SO Q Then you can always make a fertile soil by use of these four sub stances A Yes you can always grow a good crop by use of them Q Is it necessary that these four substances should be in the form of barnyard manure to be efficacious A It is not necessary Mixing them in the form of a chemical product gives them tiie same properties Practically a chemical fertilizer is more effective than barnyard manure and that is easy to understand In barn yard manure the four fertilizing substances are mixed with different mat ters which detract from its good etiects while the chemical fertilizer is formed only of active parts which the plants absorb more rapidly and more certainly so to remind you that its efficacy is always certain I give you the name of complete Chemical Fertilizer The complete chemical letlilizer formed extensively of chemical products is to barnyard manure 127l 18 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA what the metal is to the mineral what quinine is to the hark of the Cin chona The mineral contains the metal mixed with earthy malters cin chona contains quinine mixed with woody parts which are useless The chemical fertilizer is barnyard manure deprived of all useless matter Q Then to grow good crops it is absolutely necessary that the soil con tains nitrogenous matter phosphate of lime potash and lime that is to say the four substances of which the complete fertilizer is formed A Emphatically yes Q If the soil is wanting in one of these four substances what happens A Iu spite of the presence of the three others vegetation lanquishes and your crops are poor Q How do you know it is caused by the absence of one of these four substances A Nothing is easier Choose a piece of poor soil like that used at the Experiment Farm at Vincennes for example There the ground was cul tivated for several years without barnyard manure until the crops went down to almost nothing It was then laid off into seven plats of thirty feet square each divided by a path three feet wide around each plat The first plat received nothing the crop was almost nothing The second plat received potash the crop not much better The third received phosphate of lime crop not much better The same poverty from the fourth and fifth which received only lime and nitrogenous matter separately The sixth received a mixture of nitrogenous matter phosphate of lime potash and lime that is to say complete fertilizer vegetation is splendid and there is nothing to be desired as to abundance and quality of crop But that is not all the seventh plat received a mixture of phosphate of lime potash and lime that is to say complete fertilizer with exclusion of one of the four terms nitrogenous matter The yield was as inferior as when the different terms had been used alone The preeminence of the complete fertilizer fully proves that its efiect is essentially due to the collective action arising from the association of the four substances composing it To make discussion easier I will call min eral fertilizer the union of phosphate of lime potash and lime that is to say the complete fertilizer minus nitrogenous matter Q If it is true that the complete fertilizer is only efficacious because it contains the four substances whose combination gives the conditions which plant life imperiously demands then the mineral fertilizer lacking in nitrogenous matter must beinftrior iu value A Practically that is so for the majority of plants There are how ever certain plants upon which the mineral fertilizer produces quite as much effect as the complete fertilizer Q What plants are these A Peas beans clover lucerne sugarcane etc are among the most prominent of these Q These plants then contain no nitrogen A On the contrary they contain a great deal of it A crop of lucerne for example contains two or three times more than a crop of wheat Q Where do these plants get this nitrogen A From the air 85 per cent of which is nitrogen Q Why put nitrogen in the fertilizer it air contains such large quanti ties of it A Because the greater number of plants have not the faculty of drawing it from the air From this point of view we can divide them into two groups The first comprehending plants which draw their nitrogen from the air and the second those which take it in preference from the soil The organization of vegetation shows this fact which obliges us in practical agriculture to 128AUGUST CROP REPORT1889 19 distinguish the plants to which we must give complete fertilizer from those to which mineral fertilizer is sufficient for attaining full development Q Have the plants which require nitrogenous fertilizer the faculty of also drawing nitrogen from the air A Yes but in small quantities and on express condition that the soil is provided with nitrogenous matter sufficient to insure their full develop ment Q Do we know what part the air and soil contribute in furnishing nitrogen to our principal crops A Here are the most reliable tables on this point Nitrogen Drawn from Nitrogen Drawn from the Air the Soil Clover All None Barley80 per cent 20 er cent Rye 80 per cent 20 per cent Wheat50 per cent 50 per cent Beets60 per cent 40 per cent Bape 70 per cent 30 per cent Q How can you prove that this is so and that clover and peas for exam ple take no nitrogen from the soil and draw it all from the air A This can be proved in two different ways by experiment in the lab oratory and by culture in open air We first speak of experiments in the laboratory because everything there is clear and simple Earth burned in a porcelain oven to destroy all the nitrogenous matter the earth contained add to this soil phosphate of lime potash and lime and not a trace of nitrogenous matter This earth was moistened with distilled water which is perfectly pure and then clover sowed on it The success was perfect and the crop analyzed contained much nitrogen which could come from no source but the air since the soil contained none of it Proofs drawn from practice are not less decisive When you cultivate soil without manure the crops deteriorate rapidly If you cultivate wheat every alternate year the crop is better Alternate wheat with beans which contains a great deal of nitrogen and the crop of wheat does not change Alternating with beans is almost as favorable as a fallow year Why Because beans draw their nitrogen from the air while wheat takes it from the soil Fertilizers are said to be assimilable when plants can absorb them and plants do not absorb them except the fertilizing substances are soluble For this reason it is generally recognized that barnyard manure does not pro duce its full effect except when there is sufficient moisture to cause its decomposition in the soil Q So it can happen then that substances containing nitrogen phos phate of lime potash and lime can be without effect on vegetation A I can demonstrate this to you by an example in regard to nitrogenous matter For a long time horn parings and scraps of wool were used by farmers but it is found that large scraps of horn parings are almost with out effect because they are very difficult of decomposition and their nitro gen does not take a soluble form so fine horn parings are used as they are more easily decomposed Another striking example Leather which is skin rendered insoluble and unalterable by tanning Nitrogen is assimila ble in the skin and is not assimilable in leather The skin is a good fertil izer and the leather is useless Q Is it the same with phosphate of lime potash and lime as with nitrogen A The good effect of these three substances is entirely dependent upon their solubility There are a large number of substances containing phos 129Klti 20 DEPARTMENT UF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA phate of lime potash and lime which cannot act as fertilizer because they are not assimilable by plants For example There are large deposits of phosphate of lime which cannot be used until alter they are treated with sulphuric acid to make them assimilable The same fact in regard to granites and porphyries forming chains of mountains and which cannot be used as fertilizer although they contain much potash and lime because these two substances are in an insoluble form and consequently without action on plants Q One can then find a soil rich in nitrogen phosphate of lime potasii and lime and yet sterile A That is readily found as a large part of natural soils contain these elements in an insoluble form and have no more influence upon crops than sand clay or gravel Q If these elements of fertility are in the soil in a nonassimilable form will they always be useless A No for by the combined action of light heat air drought and frost these elements undergo a slow decomposition passing into a semisoluble state but not sufficiently so o produce good crops This explains the use fulness of a fallow The elements of fertility become soluble during the fallow year and are beneficial to the crops ol the following year Q What are the commercial produces containing assimilable nitrogen which agriculture can make use of A Sulphate of airmonia nitrate of soda nit rate of potash and nitro genous and animal matter such as night soil blood and dried flesh horns hoofs scraps of wool etc Q What is the per cent of nitrogen in the substances A Sulphate of ammoniahas 20 per cent nitrate of soda lo per cent nitrate of potash 14 percent I say nothing of animal matter because so much fraud is used there is no fixing the value of these products Q Can you use sulphate ol ammonia and nitrates inditlereutly as a source of ammonia A This is possible but experience advises reserving nitrates for beets and Irish potatoes and sulphate of ammonia for rape and cereals Q Can you use nitrate of soda and nitrate of potash indifferently A No because soda has no action on vegetation whereas potash has very great action Nitrate of soda is useful only through the nitrogen it contains while nitrate of potash is uselul also through the potasii Q If equally rich in nitrogen has animal matter the same value as sul phate of ammonia and nitrate of soda A No because during decomposition apart of their nitrogen goes off into the air in the form of nitrogenous gas with which the atmosphere is superabundantly provided Q Under what form is the nitrogenous part of animal matter absorbed by plants A In the form of nitrate or of salts of ammonia Q What proportion of nitrogen is lost during the decomposition of ani mal matter A Thirty per cent of the whole nitrogen Q What commercial product contains phosphate of lime A Ground bone refiners boneblack and superphosphate of lime or acid phosphate Q How much phosphate of lime does ground bone contain A About 60 per cent Q How much phosphate of lime does the boneblack from refineries contain A Its richness varies from 45 to 60 per cent Q What is meant by phosphate of time 130AUGUST CHOP REPORT1889 21 arid which has the power of ren A A phosphate treated by sulphuric deQnflow much soluble phosphate in the commercial acid phosphate t UrXr whPaetrformdoe8 phosphate of lime produce its tat effects A That of acid phosphate generally called superphos 1 ate o lnm Q What commercial product contains potash which can be used in trie aSSSlSSSSrilt of nitre or simply nitre and cho qu have you not put nitrate of potash among the most efficacious Wet conUins both 14 per cent of nitrogen and 47 per cent of potash and the union adds greatly to the effect of both O Are there no other sources of potash than from nitre A ThereTs potash froin decomposing chloride of potassium by nitrate ot soda potash from ashes and from refineries of different origin n What i the character of refined potash I A n is white vy soluble in water attracting moisture from the air which it absorbs in great quantities Q What Is the richness of pure potash i A It contains from 50 to 52 per cent of real potash Q Which is better to use nitrate of potash or pure potash I A Nitrate of potash and chloride ot potassium Q Is the nitrogen of nitrate of potash ever injurious I Q fouavTthere are plants upon which the mineral fertilizer is ntftSKS all their nitrogen from the alQ What matter contains lime in an assimilable form and can be used in Ifiptrhnonrlf lime or in other word plaster and chalk Q To which do you give preference A To plaster or sulphate ot lime Q Why A Because it is more soluble nfihatnf Q Do commercial fertilizers owe their good effects to the four substances which compose the complete fertilizer Q What advantage is to be gained by using chemical fertilizer in prefer eT I htewTouBeing entirely soluble they are surer and more nromntiv ibBMbed by vegetation Their composition being of invariable nX thef cino be adulterated without grave charges being incurred by The rnanufact rer which is a protection to the farmer There is also advanCfte be gained by associating chemicals with barnyard manure accoS to the nature of the plant on which the manure is used 131Special Circudar No 80 New Series j Questions for September Crop Report fiTo be returned to the Office of the Depart ment of Agriculture by Sept 1st 1889 What is the condition and prospect of 1 Cotton compared to an average 2 Corn compared to an average i Rice compared to an average 4 Sugar Cane compared to an average 5 Sweet Potatoes comp to an average 6 Tobacco compared to an average 7 What casualties have affected the cotton crop 8 Number of stock hogs compared to last year 9 Condition of stock hogs compared with an average NoteIf you desire a reply to any practical interest to farmers put your inquiry m as few w sible in a separate envelope The inquiry and be published if of sufficient general interest per cent per cent per cent per cent per cent per cent per cent per cent question of ords as pos answer will NAME POST OFFICE COUNTY DATEmCircular No 120 New Series CROP REPORT FOR THE MONTH OF SEPTEMBER 1889 Returned to the Department op Agriculture September 11889 State op Georgia Department op Agriculture Atlanta Ga Sept 9 1889 THE WEATHER Reports of excessive rains throughout August come from all sec tions the disastrous results of which cannot be safely estimated at this time This is especially true as regards cotton as the vigorous growth of the weed is apt to be misleading COTTON The condition of the cotton crop is reported the same as August 1st but in all sections too much rain resulting in rust is reported and in many sections the caterpillar has made his appearance As com pared with an average the condition is roported at 90 for the State which is five points better than the same date last year The rapid increase of the caterpillar and the unfavorable condition of the weather favor the opinion that the next few weeks will make a change necessary in the estimates hitherto made of the present crop CORN AND OTHER CROPS The reports of corn and other provision crops are very gratifying The condition of the first named crop having been moved up another point while other crops have held their own The average for the State is Corn 102 rice 93 sugar cane 95 sweet potatoes 93 tobacco 95 STOCK HOGS The number of stock hogs as compared with last year is reported at 94 and their condition as compared with an average at 98 While this shows a falling off of 2 points in numbers as compared with reports at same date last year their condition is reported as 4 points 1332 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA better and with larger amount of feed stuffs produced it is hoped the meat product will be largely increased and the farmers of the State will pitch the next crop with full cribs and well stocked smoke houses Consolidated Crop Keport for September 1889By Sections Condition and prospect compared with an uverage Stock Hogs i3 3 c a SECTIONS a o o o 99 a u 0 10 2 a 0 z 98 r c 0 Oh 911 c 5 0 0 97 c X 91 s 0 C 192 93 llrl 111 ill 1 99 10 SS 111 92 11 11 Nil 98 9 88 ili 94 95 Ml 94 X7 95 88 97 94 92 94 100 88 97 91 in 11 95 9 95 94 98 111 94 94 9 sr 86 17 92 93 9i 94 REMARKS OF CORRESPONDENTS RockdaleIt is generally conceded that the prospect for both corn and cotton has been very flattering But fears are now entertained and are freely expressed by the farmers that the present excessive wet weather will be very disastrous to both corn and cotton as it is rotting in the field to some extent The caterpillar has also made its appearance in this local ity three weeks earlier than I have ever known it If they attack the crop generally as is the case sometimes the disaster cannot be computed J B lv GreeneI have been giving some attention to the cotton crop 1 have noticed reports from exchanges and from the farmers and must say the farmers are the most hopeful people I ever saw even when adversity is laughing in their face The farmers do not desire to do wrong but there is weakness and a charity and a pride which often makes them commit 134SEPTEMBER CHOP REPORT1889 a great folly when reporting the status of crops Hence there is a great diversity of opinion differing in statements and in estimates of crops Ihey do not estimate the effects of seasons and the time it takes to mature a crop and the quantity of fruit If it is full of forms and a few bolls they think it is all right I have been in a few counties and there is generally a fine weed with but little fruit Late cotton will be minus instead of plus Admitting that we will have a late fall mark my prediction the crop wili scarcely exceed the last if it is as good The papers must disabuse the public mind or there will be a great sacrifice of the crop R J D WaltonCaterpillars made their appearance in our county the 20th of August in many placesscattered from one extreme of the eounty to the other The prospects are if the season for their spread continues the crop will be cut off onethird as most of the crop here is very late J B N PierceWill you kindly answer the following question What com mercial ingredients mixed together will make the best fertilizer for the following crops on light sandy soil clay 18 to 24 inches under the surface Southeast Georgia Wiregrass land Cotton corn sweet pota toes Irish potatoes sugarcane Grasses Crab Crowfoot Hungarian Johnson orchard oats oat grass crimson clover The farmers can manu facture a better fertilizer at home for less money if they could only find out what to put together to give the best results We need a higher grade of fertilizer at about the same price we pay now for an inferior grade We need here an abundance of potash but seldom ever get more than two per cent If you will kindly give me the information desired you will confer a great favor J M S I have before suggested the following formula as adapted to the needs of cotton 1250 pounds acid phosphate 500 pounds cotton seed meal and 2o0 pounds kainit As you suggest that your lands are deficient in potash I would suggest the following changes 1100 pounds acid phos phate 500 pounds cotton seed meal 800 pounds kainit and 100 pounds muriate of potash Apply from 800 to 500 pounds per acre This formula would cost about 20 per ton for ingredients and would analyze about 8 per cent available phosphoric acid 2 per cent of ammonia and 45 per cent of potash For corn and sugarcane I would suggest the following 1000 pounds acid phosphate 700 pounds cotton seed meal and 300 pounds of muriate of potash which would analyze about 75 per cent of available phosphoric acid 28 of ammonia and 75 of potash costing about 24 per ton for ingre dients s For potatoes both Irish and sweet the following formula is suggested 800 pounds acid phosphate 700 pounds cotton seed meal and 500 pounds muriate of potash which would analyze about 6 per cent available phos phoric acid 28 per cent ammonia and 18 per cent of potash costing about 2670 per ton For grasses or meadow I would suggest the formula recommended by M Ville the eminent French agricultural scientist Acid phosphate 176 pounds muriate of potash 88 pounds sulphate of ammonia 171 pounds sulphate of lime or plaster 92 pounds making in all 527 pounds all of which he suggests be applied to one acre I have calculated the cost of these formula at about what a farmer near Atlanta would have to pay buying in comparatively small quantities Of course location near to or remote from the markets in which they are sold and the quantities in which material is bought would affect the cost No arbitrary formula can be given for any particular plant or soil and the quantities of the different elements should be increased or modified as the practical observations of the farmer in the study of his soils suggest 1354 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA ChattahoocheeWhat is a good average yield of grapes to the vine in this State What do you think of 300 pounds to the vine which when sold brought fifteen 1500 dollars W h C There is no data from which to obtain the average yield of grapes per vine in this State The crop gathered by W F C is remarkable and illus trates the adaptability of Georgias soil and climate to the cultivation ot that luscious fruit NO GLANDERS IN GREENE COUNTY Atlanta Ga Aug 81st 1889 Hon J T Henderson Commissioner Agriculture SibObedient to your instructions I proceeded to Greensboro Ga on the 29th to investigate reports of a contagious disease among the horses and mules of Greene county On the morning of the 30th I met most of the prominent men of Greensboro and soon learned that there was great excitement about the stock Farmers were afraid to bring their stock into the town and either left them at home or tied them in the woods near by and walked into town Farmers were afraid of each others stock and in many ways there were tokens of grfcat alarm 1 proceeded at once to in vestigate first such cases as were pronounced glanders I examined a oood many in the town and a number outside but failed to find one case of glanders A great deal of i he stock showed a mild form of influenza which I consider due to their exposure to so much rain and neglect in caring for them at such time This is a disease that readily yields to treat ment The characteristic symptoms of this disease is light fever cough and discharge from the nose with swelling of the submaxillary glands As above stated I proceeded to the ones that were considered the worst failing to find anything of a serious nature there I unhesitatingly say there is no cause whatever for the alarm and excitement Your obedient servant J N Cook V S SOMETHING ABOUT GLANDERS BY DE J N COOK V S Hon J T Henderson Commissioner Agriculture Dear SibIn view of the widespread interest and excitement caused from the knowledge that Glanders and Farcey had been found in some parts of the State it may not be out of place to give a few thoughts and suggestions that may be of some use to the citizens generally of he Stale Equine Glanders and Farcey are probably the most widely diffused of all the plagues that affect our domesticated animals It can be found m every State in the Union It is not a disease omnion to a warm climate It is unknown in India and was unknown in Mexico until it was intro duced there by the horses of the United States Army in L847 Great Britain and Europe suffer great loss from its ravages Glanders and Farcey though a malignant and fatal disease need not cause either excitement or alarm if the owners of livestock will use a little precaution and common sense Horses and mules are subject to 136SEPTEMBER CROP REPORT1889 5 many diseases that are accompanied with a discharge from the nostrils such as catarrh nasal gleet influenza strangles or any affection of the nasal sinuses and glan lers In all of these there is a discharge from one or both nostrils and a swelling of the glands under the lower jaw Submaxillary To the ordinary observer the symptoms in all will present about the same appearance Most of these diseases are contagious or infectious but very harmless if properly cared for Prevention is better than cure When an animal shows the first symptoms of a discharge from the nose he should be kept separate from all others and well cared for With ordinary care catarrh influenza and strangles will run their course in from one to three weeks Nasal gleet is very rarely met with If affected with glanders the discharge will continue If proper attention is paid to the ventilation drainage and general cleanliness of the stable Glanders and Farcey would be un known in this climate unless brought by contagion The recentcases that have been found in the State evidently have been brought about by con tagion But in the counties of Southwestern Georgia the disease may be effectually stamped out by the destruction of the few that are affected and the burning and disinfecting of the premises In Pike county there is nothing to be feared the disease has evidently run out and by thorough disinfecting will not again appear The recent scare in Greenesboro was wholly groundless There may have been at some time some of the dis ease there or in the surrounding country but it has wholly disappeared and as far as the writer has seen there is not a healthier lot of horses and mules in the State of Georgia than are found in Greene county so far as glanders are concerned In conclusion when your horse or mule is taken sick just treat him like one of the family and wait patiently a few days for developments If in a few days the symptoms should be suspicious just wait a few days longer and you will probably find your fears are groundless If not examine him carefully and be fully assured of the fact that it is glanders and then have him quietly destroyed J N Cook V S SCHOOL OF CHEMICAL FERTILIZERS BY PROF GEORGES VIJEE QuestionFrom what source is the profit in agriculture derived AnswerFrom abundant fertilizing Q Why A Because the fertilizer is the foundation of the cropno fertilizer no cropscant fertilizer scant crop Q I can understand that the fertilizer influences the crop but I do not see that the fertilizer can be the source of profit for if it increases the amount of crop it also increases the cost A To make this point clear to you we will calculate the cost of a crop of wheat of 18 bushels per acre the average wheat production in France The cost of cultivation is divided into two categories fixed costs and variable costs Fixd costs comprehend rent of land cultivation feed etc general expenses and seed Whether the harvest is much or little it ought always to cover these costs It should always pay rent taxes cultivation and cost of seed 137DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA Now these costs being always invariable the larger the number of bushels grown per acre the less the cost of production per bushel Q I begin to understand but before going further tell me what are called general expenses A These are cost of overseeing interest on capital invested in building and machinery and on money advanced for cultivation taxes and all expenses not already enumerated such as threshing feed etc Q I understand You say the larger the number of bushels grown per acre the less the cost of growth per bushel Will you put down the figures of costs you have mentioned A Certainly Expenses per acre Rent 3 75 General costs 4 Oil Labor and plowing 3 50 Seed 3 71 Total14 95 Q 1495to produce how much A Eighteen bushels of grain and 1760 pounds of straw per acre Q What is the cost of producing a bushel A Eightyone cents per bushel if there were no other costs but there are others Q What are they A The cost of fertilizing and of harvesting which we call variable ex penses because each one must fertilize as he best can Threshing the grain and freighting for market are less in proportion for a large crop than for a small one Q I understand but continue the account A To the 1495 for fixed costs we must add Fertilizer 0 00 Harvesting and threshing 2 72 Total8 72 which makes Fixed costs14 95 Variable costs 8 72 23 67 2367 instead of 1495 But 4 representing the value of the straw must be deducted bringing the total to 1967 and the cost per bushel to 108 Q I understand but it yet seems to me curious that by paying more for fertilizers the cost of production per bushel is less A That is easy to explain if you understand us clearly We have said that the fertilizer makes the crop is not that true And a field on which you spread twenty wagon loads of manure produces more than the field you give ten wagon loads of manure Now let us calculate With s worth of manure you grow eighteen bushels of wheat per acrewith 9 worth of fertilizer added to fixed cost you have thirtysix bushels instead of eighteen bushels You did not pay any more tax in producing thirty six bushels plow more or increase fixed expenses in any way In other wordsincrease of crop eighteen bushels increased cost of fertilizer 9 this brings the cost of production per bushel from 108 to 96 cents Q You have not given additional cost of harvesting and threshing with increase of crop A Because the increase of straw covers this and adds to the profit as you will see by comparing the two accounts 138SEPTEMBER CROP REPORT1889 If you spend 6 in fertilizing per acre you have for fixed costs Rent 3 75 General costs 4 00 Work of cultivation 3 50 Seed g 72 Fertilizer 6 00 Harvesting and threshing 2 72 Total23 67 Less straw 4 00 19 67 to produce eighteen bushels making the cost per bushel 108 But spend 1580 per acre in fertilizing and the cost of production is Fixed costs 14 95 Variable costsmanure15 80 Harvesting 4 8020 60 35 55 Deduct value of straw 7 60 Total27 95 nuSJng thlrtysix bushels per acre brings the price of production from 108 to 96 cents Q Is this the only way of making agriculture profitable A There is no other way than manuring according to quality 01 land and character of crop grown on it Q But suppose one has no manure A Then use chemical fertilizers either alone or associated with barn yard manure Q What is the profit in using chemical fertilizers alone or associated with barn yard manure A From 16 to 24 per acre Q What do you consider the best method of preparing the soil before fertilizing A It is everywhere recognized that deep plowing is one of the essential conditions of success in agriculture and that too shallow plowing brings the gravest trouble We cannot do better than by publishing the excellent remarks by Prof Schattenman upon this subject The plowing in the Lower Rhine and almost all the provinces is gen erally only two to three inches deep The plow ought to go at least 6 to 8 inches deep to give plants a loose bed of soil Mineral substances are found to be in the soil in proportion to the depth of soil worked conse quently their quantity will be doubled by deeper plowing and rotation of crops more profitable Most advocates of shallow plowing are afraid of bringing sterile soil to the surface That is an error for the use of a sub soil plow stirs the subsoil without bringing it to the surface but allows ready passage of roots through the surface soil Experience has proved that deep plowing is exempt from the drawbacks shallow cultivation is subject to A loose arable soil of only two or three inches is not sufficient for the development of the roots of a plant or for protection against excess of moisture or drouth The natural tendency of plant growth is to equal development in the soil as above the surface such equal development is not possible where the soil 1398 DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTUREGEORGIA is broken only two or three inches deep Tobacco rape beans lucerne beets carrots cotton and all other tap rooted plants require a deep soil as well as the cereals which are generally supposed to grow near the surface whereas the roots grow equally deep in the soil if they find rich loose earth Plants growing after shallow plowing cannot reach a natural development and suffer cruelly from the sudden changes of the season If rains are excessive the plants are drowned and the water running over the surface of the fields carries soluble fertilizing matter with it When good weather follows the soil saturated with water becomes compact as it dries confin ing the roots and in that way stopping their growth If drouth is severe plants in a shallow soil are suffering from want of moisture and remain stunted or die v Plants grown on a soil plowed six or eight inches deep and followed by a subsoil plow push their roots deep into the ground attain full growth and are protected from excessive drouth Loose soil to this depth easily absorbs water during continued rains and filters it through the earth like drainage carrying neither soil nor fertilizer with it When the rams cease the surface dries without making a compact soil and the moisture rises to the surface at each stirring of the soil During long continued drouth the roots which have gone deep into the ground find sufficient moisture there for continued growth Q After plowing the soil to required depth what is the best way of using chemical fertilizers A Harrow until a smooth surface is made spread the fertilizer broad cast and harrow until well mixed with the loose soil One of the peculiar advantages the chemical fertilizer has over the barnyard manure is the use of it broadcast in eary spring over cereals that have gone through a hard winter Eightyeight to 176 pounds of sulphate of ammonia or ld2 to 176 pounds of nitrate of soda mixed with 220 pounds of plaster spread broadcast in March will show a great change in wheat in two or three daysused in this way chemical fertilizers act like magic But some precautions must be observed Later than the middle of March might be dangerous Used in April or May makes extraordinary orowth of straw but the grain is malformed and inferior in quality When the fall is wet and grain is sowed late from want of time fertil izer can be used broadcast after all the grain is well up Barnyard manure can not be used in this way I prefer the use ot 16 pounds of acid phosphate mixed with 176 pounds of plaster for broadcast ing when the grain is up late in the fall to the use of sulphate of ammonia and plaster 140Special Circitlah No 81 New Series j Questions for Crop Report October 1889 To Be Returned to the Department by the First Day of October Prom present indications what will be the total yield in your County com pared with an average total yield of the following crops 1 Cotton per cent 2 Damage by Caterpillar per cent 3 Corn per cent 4 Sugar Cane per cent 5 Rice per cent 6 Sweet Potatoes per cent 7 Tobacco per cent 8 Prospect for Pork compared with last year per cent If any effort has been made to poison or otherwise destroy the Caterpillar in your county give account in general remarks of methods adopted and state which gave most satisfactory results Your Name P O County OverGeneral Remarks Under this head correspondents may submit such inquiries as are of a prac tical nature n regard to agriculture etc If of sufficient general interest both inquiry and answer will appear in the next Crop Report also any suggestions they think calculated to benefit the agricultural interests wvO Special Circular No 82 State of Georgia DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Atlanta Ga Nov 20 1889 Tti Manufacturers and Dealers in Guanos Chemicals for Fertilizers Etc The Commissioner of Agriculture is constrained by reason of inquiries made as to his construction of Section 1653 a of the Code of Georgia to issue this circular to all interested Whatever construction may bave been placed on See 1553 a of the Code the Commissioner holds that the requirement all fertilizers or chemicals for manufac turing or composting the same must be literally construed The foot note on pane 331 of the Code announces as the opinion of the three eminent compilers that The law on this subject may be somewhat confused but as the compilers have no authority to change or construe law they can only give the Acts as they are leaving their construction with questions of repeal in doubtful cases to be decided by the Courts With the Section of the Code and foot note before us 1 decide that all fer tilizers or chemicals tor manufacturing or composting the same offered for sale or distribution in this State must be inspected as required by the law 1NO T HENDERSON CommissionerCircular No 121 New Series CROP REPORT FOR THE MONTH OF OCTOBER 1889 Returned to the Department of Agriculture October 1 1889 State of Georgia Department op Agriculture Atlanta Ga Oct 8 1889 THE WEATHER Our reports from correspondents show excessive rains about the 23d of September doing much damage to the crops of cotton and corn on lowlands Since that time the weather has been pro pitious for gathering crops From many counties come the report that labor is scarce and cotton remains in the field unpicked caus ing injury to the staple A reference to our consolidated report will give the condition of the various crops now on 1st Sept 1889 and on 1st Oct 1888 COTTON For this crop the general average for North Georgia 90 Middle Georgia 90 Southeast Georgia 84 East Georgia 86 and Southwest Georgia 85 Average for the State October 1 188987 September 1 188990 October 1 1888 75 The loss of three points from 1st September to the 1st of October is due to caterpillars in some sections to heavy rains and rust in others The damage by caterpillars was heavy in those sections where they appeared the latter part of August This Department issued to the press of the State an effective way for destroying these pests and where it was adopted the loss was slight CORN From all sections the reports for this crop are most encouraging and there will be no lack of seed for the sower or bread for the eater A comparative statement for this crop shows North Georgia 101 Middle Georgia 108 Southwest Georgia 102 East Georgia 102 Southeast Georgia 96 Total for the State October 1 1889 102 September 1 1889 102 October 1 1888 88 It will be observed that the average for the State is 14 points higher than on October 1 1888 1412 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA SUGAR DANE Id North Georgia the general average is 99 middle Georgia 100 Southwest Georgia 89 Bast Georgia 98 Southwest Georgia 92 For State October 1 1889 95 October I 1888 98 RICE Southwest Georgia 90 East Georgia 94 Southeast Georgia 94 For the StateOctober 1 1889 93 October 1 1888 82 SWEET POTATOES This crop shows a fulling off of 5 per cent as compared with October 1 1888 due to unpropitious seasons TOBACCO The cultivation of this crop is being steadily increased with gen erally satisfactory results We report for North Georgia 94 Middle Georgia 99 Southwest Georgia 102 and for the State 97 PROSPECT FOR PORK The answers to our inquiries on this important subject reveals a gratifying increase in interest with a larger supply by 7 per cent than at the corresponding period of 1888 One drawback is the report of the prevalence of cholera in some sections For answer to the inquiry as to the treatment of the disease we respectfully refer to our answer to W A G Bartowwhich accom panies this report On the subject of bagging in answer to correspondents the Com missioner begs to state that the recent unfriendly action taken by the Liverpool Cotton Exchange and the consequent failure of our home exchanges to endorse the recent agreement of the New Orleans Cotton Exchange Convention with the Commissioners of Agricul ture and the Presidents of the various Alliances of the Southern States leaves the matter just as it was before that conference Every effort is being made to adjust this vexed question in a satis factory manner to all parties at interest 142OCTOBER CROP REPORT188l Consolidated Crop Report for Cctober 1889By Sections Condition and prospect compared tc an average 3 1 1 S a SECTIONS U P o o Q ui T OJ o a 2 P a O d 0 be a a j c 3 ai o p o o E 5 CO c O 90 Q 11 o W 101 p 99 3 61 94 Ph 95 90 7 108 100 94 99 98 85 s 10 89 90 85 93 96 8fi X 111 98 94 89 102 94 M S7 8 9 in 92 95 94 93 88 90 97 100 97 PI in 9f 9i 93 9f Average for State October l Isnn i 8f 98 82 95 90 NOTES FKOM CORRESPONDENTS NORTH GEORGIA Banka Summer and fall too wet for cotton and corn on bottom lands An early frost would be disastrousW M A Excessive rains caused heavy growth in weed Rust on cotton in low landW J B Dade Crops generally good None below an average Hogs in good condition J B S Cotton better than usual Corn very fine The number of hogs very large but cholera has appeared in some sections Better methods are being adopted More attention to stock raising G A R B Dawson Cotton is so latewe cannot give a reasonable estimate of the yieldJ C S With a favor able fall we will gather a good crop of cotton Corn will fall short of our former estimate but will be above an averageP J C Forsyth Though late the prospect for a good cotton crop is encouraging Corn is as good as the land can produce Some cholera among hogsT L S Gordon Rust in cotton Many stalks stripped of leaves and opening prematurely Cotton lateO H D Owinnett Last year I put up some of my Irish potatoes with my sweet potatoes Found them this spring all right Planted from them and had earlier larger and nicer potatoes than any of my neighbors who used Northern seed Brother Alliancemen take the hintT R Thegreat freshet Monday Sep 23 did great damage to corn and cotton on low lands especially to corn too soon to estimate amount 143DEPARTMENT OF AGKlCULTU RKGEORGI A of damageT M P Haralaon Heavy and continued rains with rust and worms have greatly damaged the cotton crop Corn good except in overflowed bottoms Hogs in good condition and almost a full supply 1 W B Milton We have the caterpillar but do not think they have materially injured the cottonJ H S Union The wet weather has damaged corn on bottom lands On other lands the crop is above an aver ageH L C Walker Cotton too late to make a full crop No cater pillarsF M Y Whitfield No damages from caterpillars in cotton but rust has in some sections injured the cotton to some extent Cotton is late openingP H Have heard of no caterpillars Excessive rains have damaged corn and cotton MIDDLE GEORGIA Baldwin If farmers will take a sweep or cultivator and plant their oats in cotton the first of October by picking the cotton over ahead of the plows they will find it will beat late planting with deep breaking 1 have tried it and have always been successfulH C V Advise everybody to plant chufas They are the best food crop for hogs ever planted Iknow whereof I speak and farmers who want to plant them can get the information of meR F W Bibb The damage in this section by caterpillar has been very small I have heard some say that they were benefited by them as they ate the leaves off in cotton that would not otherwise have opened B G J Jackson The boll worm has done considerable damage to cotton in our county as well as the caterpillar also too much rain in August H C F Campbell There has been no material damage by caterpillars as only a small section of the county has been infected with them No effort was made to destroy themJ J S There is a great amount of rotten com If my own crop is a fair sample I am in the bounds of reason in saying that fully J is rottenR J T The excessive rains which com menced the 20th of June and continued through September having caused rust and the shedding of the entire August crop which was the heaviest ever known in this section leaving only the July crop If we can have a few weeks of fair weather the crop will be gathered and perhaps marketed sooner than ever known Corn good with excellent quality The late freshet in the Chattahoochee has knocked down the yield a few points The fact that the farmers have bought much less on credit this year than formerly will place them in better condition notwithstanding the crop of cotton is short provided they procure a good price which seems favorable at present I I B Coweta Dry and cool weather until 23rd then a good rain which was needed to enable rye barley and oat sowing About onethird of cotton crop late but well fruited but may be too late to make lull crop Farmers as a general rule are marketing their cotton as Cast as picked are using both cotton and jute baggingperhaps four to one in favor ot jute Large quantities of native grass hay has been saved no better hay on earth and farmers are learning the value of native urass for hay The farmers are settling their debts with their first cotton and will make some clear money from this crop but alas there stands old debts with mouths open to swallow all the farmer has and demands new prom ises for the next cropT B P Douglas The recent rains have damaged cotton to some extent also low land corn Better prospect for pork this season than for yearsB H P Elbert The cotton crop i at least 15 days later in opening than last year If an early frost should come the crop would be cut short of the present report owing to so many miniatured bolls on the stalk The corn and pea crop was never better where they have not been overflowed and have been well workedJ 1 B Fayetle The caterpillar has ate the leaves from cotton on a great many farms Late cotton is injured but cant say to what extent There has been no attempt 144OCTOBER CROP REPORT1889 at poisoning in this county so far as I know The crop is two to three weeks late injured some by rust yet will be an average oneJ G P Greene The cotton crop looks very promising but it takes three and onefifth pounds of the average seed cotton to yield one of lint Alliance men are standing square by cotton bagging The crop is being rapidly marketed Weather fineC M S Jones From additional observation am more strongly convinced that if cotton was given more distance in the drill the yield would be greater and lint heavier on same lands and that early planting always is the surest crop The whole harvest outlook today is good in old JonesR T R Lincoln The drought of Sep tember has caused the young cotton to blight badly which will reduce my estimate for September 1st ten points and unless frost is delayed until November 1st the young cotton will not make half a cropJ M D McDuffie Reform needed The want of intelligent direction seems now to be the greatest drawback to our section on the farm The old forty acres to the mule still the rule and four or five acres to the bale We can never prosper on that line Suggestion leave oft the poorest halt of the forty to rest and recuperate put the better half in good condition Concentrate Manure liberally Cultivate by continual light stirring of the soil One trial will convince you unless you are joined to your idol H McC Mon roe Much rain has made big cotton stalks but leaves and stalk is not lint and thereby I fear some are over estimating the cotton crop Dry weather in the spring caused the seed to rot in the ground and a good deal had to be planted over and the worms are injuring that materially Some fields are now leaflessK C T Madison The harm of caterpillars has been more than balanced by the good in eating off the leaves of rank cotton thereby facilitating opening H G Oglethorpe The late planted and and replanted will not make over fifty per cent and this constitutes about onehalt of the cotton crop The early planted on account of bad stands and an excess of rain during August and September will scarcely reach an average A full crop of cotton has never been known to be made when there was an excess of rain duriugJAugust and SeptemberJ T H De Kalb The Alliance has downed jute and the gins that use jute there is one man in the county who bought jute bagging and he wont get twenty bags to gin though he commonly gins 200 You see the farmers mean what they say W H C Rockdale One or two farmers used Pans green on their cotton for caterpillars with success I think the unknown pea is the same that we had here before the war and was then known as cow pea It is a good bearer and a rapid grower will be good tor forage or to improve the soil P H W Talbot Caterpillars made their appear ance about 20th of August on my farm in considerable numbers Webbing up soon afterwards Commenced to hatch out the 10th September lhe 11th I commenced to destroy them with Paris green using the powder 1 first tried to poison two rows at a time riding between the rows with a pole across the mule with oblong sacks at each end I found that it was unsafe the powder would necessarily be inhaled I then lengthened the pole so as to reach across two rows poisoning the second row from me and only one at a time and found it quite safe 1 used about two pounds of the powder to the acre as the cotton was large Three days after the worms were all dead and up to date have not returned The cotton adja cent not poisoned is entirely stripped Cost about seventyfive cents per acre Used whilst dew was on and late in eveningD G O Newton I have not seen a better crop of corn in this county in thirtyfive years according to number of acres in cultivation The prospect now is very little will be purchased by farmers another year The prospect for a pea rop corn field is fine The Spanish peanuts is fine also The potato rop promises a fine yield as the digging for present table use shows 145UKPAKTMENT OF AGRICULTU RKGEORG 1 A some line specimens Cotton is opening very rapidly and should it con tinue fair weather will be very nearly allgathered by 1st to 10th of November Oat stubble turned and harrowed last of August and Septem ber has fine stands and look well More has been done on this line than usual More hay tins season than usually saved No fence law is improving the stock Fewer in number and better care the result and now the gen eral ruleT A W Warren I find the English sparrow not a pest In the spring and summer they took possession of my garden All worms that came on my cabbage and collards were taken off by them They went to work early in the morning taking row by row destroying all worms Have now disappeared and have not seen one for thirty nays Hope they will come to see me again next spring A 8 Wilkes No caterpillars to hurt and hence no remedy applied and would have been none had they been in force Never having suffered not prepared to apply remedy Think in moderation would have rather helped this year to get rid of dense foliage and thus let in the tine sun we have hadto prevail for first time since June Have no reason to change views expressed month ago on excessive growth in the late cotton Now generally conceded that hopes based on that part ot the crop will fall far short Much of the month was very fine weather few storms A few cloudy days at different times One day and into night a steady but general rainMonday and no wind to hurt I had a few American imperial oats U 8 Dpt and a rust proof claimed black oats Ground plowed and peas put in third furrow after the oats Some oats came up after plowing ami are now ripe Never tried such a thing before First sown March 8th and cut July Pith Oround broken last July and second crop now ripeJ T W SOUTHWEST GEORGIA Dooley Cotton injured 15 per cent by rust and drought Sweet pota toes damaged by dry fall Corn goodAs P O Dougherty No effort made to destroy caterpillars Injured crop badly Heavy rains Septem ber 23 damaged the staple Labor unreliable and flocking to towns saw mills turpentine farms and other public works Difficult to get hands to gather cotton Price from 50c to 75c per hundred for picking Heavy rains and want of labor together causes loss of pea crop J L O Early Caterpillars appeared late Confined to isolated sections Try dry lime sprinkled lightly through the pile of unshucked corn to cheek weavils RHL Houston Nogcneraleffortmadetodestroy caterpillar W J A Macon Cotton remains in field cannot get hands to pick We must adopt the intensive system I make two bales to the acre Two vears ago I made only half bale to the acre Plant less manure better Now is the time to sow oats and ryeJ B M Marion Seveneighths of cotton open twothirds is picked Cholera among hogs G W C M Mitchell Farmers well up with gathering cotton Grade unusually good Prices good Farmers generally in fine spirits nearer out of debt than for vears past stock in good conditionJ B T SOUTHEAST GEORGIA Effingham Plant more food crops and less cotton join the Alliance fight monopolies and when you put your surplus on the market price it and hold until you get your priceF R T Liberty Farmers in this sec tion have pretty generally harvested the corn crop which was housed in good condition Plenty of it has been made for home consumption and some to spare They are now devoting their attention to sowing oats Col Reddings ideas of oat sowing which were published not long since meets with the hearty approval of the farmers here Thanks Colonel we are always glad to hear from youJ O D Jr From the wild goose corn two packages seed we get 257 large earsbut with us not desirable grain 146OCTOBER CROP REPORT1881 Though large and deep grain it is light and husky large soft cob Our own corn planted by my grandfather and selected every year is the best and most solid grain of any and all kinds tested in fifteen yearsand equally productive except some of the smaller kinds Blunds prolific Brazilian flower corn c The cotton seed I gave to a young and enthusiastic farm er he reports great success I will obtain a full report from him and send later Garden seeds some did remarkably well some fairly and others not so well on account of dry and then wet seasons Upon the whole the seeds were an improvement and stimulated better efforts for home comfort and success Work boots or shoes dressed frequently with India rubber melted and strained one part to four parts of Neats foot oil and a little tallow added will become waterproof keep black and soft and last twice or three times as longwith this dressing two pair boots last me over two yearswet with dew every morning and on my feet from early dawn till after dark J A M Ware We do not raise tobacco as a crop but I have raised as good as the best in any State and we should raise it as a money crop We should also add flax buckwheat and ryeall do well I have raised all of them and as tine as 1 did in New Jersey The Span ish peanut obtained through your Department did wonders the largest yield of almost anything I every saw Theyare the thing for us J M 8 INQUIRIES AND ANSWERS DadeGive best method of keeping Irish potatoes through the winter G W S AnaIn gathering do not expose the potato to the sun Dry in the shade House in a dry place protected from cold See note from Gwinnett T Ramsden BabtowGive best period for sowing orchard grass red top and tim othy and best remedy for hog cholera and treatment W A C AnsOpinions are various We would advise fall sowing early enough to get the grass well set before freezing weather Hog cholera hog fever stye fever is the result of a neglect says Dr Stetson of sanitary laws massing large numbers want of good pure water and good ventilation The treatment recommended by the American Farmer Use carbolic acid as a disinfectant give 2 oz castor oil after it has operated give two or three times a day 20 grains nitrate soda 18 grains nitrate potash mix in a little milk or gruel give powdered charcoal in the water the hog drinks Common soda one tablespoonful to the hog mixed with bran mash given three times a day has been found an excellent remedy DebGive best and cheapest plan to inclose pasture lands in stock law counties AnsThe low price of barbed wire makes it the least expensive fence we know of though it is not so secure for keeping hogs as many of the patent picket fences TaylobShould not the tare be taken off of cotton when first sold We answer this fully in a paper which will accompany this report COLQUITT How can lands be best improved or kept well supplied with vegetable matter Would it be best to turn under grass and weeds on lands on which wheat and oats have been sown now or next winter F J W Ans Unquestionably grass and clover is the best and cheapest way The latest scientific experiments declare in favor of winter or spring turning The writer favors early fall plowing T 1478 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA HancockOught not all farmers to be Allianeemeu I think so J T AnaYes HarrisWould like to have the opinion of some one who has tried the unknown pea I planted some in June between hills of corn on old land They had but one plowing and yet it was the finest crop T ever saw work and land considered J B P Morgan Can no remedy be found for boll worm J F N AnsWe know of no remedy Can any of our correspondents offer oneCommissioner NewtonThe cotton crop is later than usual and consequently the ravages by worms have been very disastrous We have but little top crop I hope you will join me in insisting that farmers sell no cotton after October 1st without the due allowance specified at New Orleans to cover the question of actual tare L F L Campbell Give best commercial fertilizer for wheat on pine woods land AnsThe formula of the best authority in the world M Ville for wheat is Acid phosphate 666 lbs nitrate of potash 333 lbs sulphate of ammonia 416 lbs sulphate of lime 585 lbs2000 lbs These materials however will be difficult and costly for the average farmer to procure The same valuable elements however in the same proportion will be found in the following formula more accessible to Georgia farmers Acid phosphate 066 lbs cotton seed meal 500 lbs sulphate of ammonia 534 lbs nitrate of potash 300 lbs These materials may be obtained from large dealers in fertilizing materials at any of the commericial centers and would cost about 4000 a ton to make the above fertilizer If the farmer prefers to use the wellknown materials kainit acid phosphate and cotton seed meal the following formula may be substituted Cotton seed meal 1000 lbs acid phosphate 500 lbs kainit 500 It would however be necessary to use a double ration of this formula to get the same amounts of valuable elements as given in the two formulas above Ville directs the application of 1000 lbs to the acre of formula No 1 the same amount of No 2 should be used and double the quantity or 2000 lbs to the acre of No 3 It should of course be remembered that where such heavy manuring is done the acreage should be reduced in proportion farmers will find it pays in the reduced cost of cultivation and the increased yield Of course you may apply in such quantities as may seem best to meet the demands of your soil What kind of rough feed can a farmer raise the most of per acre regard less of quality and what is the cheapest rough feed all things considered F H S AnsJohnson grass is said to yield the heaviest crops of hay per acre of any of the grasses We refer you to an address made by Maj W H Warren of Augusta at the recent Agricultural Convention at Cedartown on this subject which will be both profitable and instructive Will it pay the farmers to sell cotton seed at twentysix cents per bushel or keep them for composting J j S AnsWe hesitate to advise the sale of cotton seed If they coutd be exchanged for cotton seed meal at the rate of 1000 lbs of meal for 2000 lbs of seed or sold at the price you indicate and the money obtained used in the purchase of the meal it might do But as a general proposition we would advise against the sale of cotton seed 148OOTOBKR CROP REPORT1889 ABOUT SUGAR CANE An Open Letter to the Sugar Cane Growers of Georgia General Phil Cook of Lee county having made inquiry of this depart ment as to the best method of sugar making suitable on small farms and with inexpensive apparatus or such as is in common use I have collated the following points which will serve as a reply to him and perhaps be of service to otuers interested in the subject I shall say nothing about the cutting of the cane other than to remark that the cane should be cut as closely to the ground as possible and that the cane should be worked up as soon as possible at least within twenty four hours after cutting Neither shall I say anything about the mills for grinding the pans and kettles for evaporating etc as it is supposed that each farmer who has cane to work up has already his own special outfit Where it is desired to make sugar from the juice rather than syrup it is of great importance to clarify or desecate the juice In order to accomplish this object the following is the best method of procedure The juice as it flows from the mill should be passed at once through wire gauze or coarse cloth to separate pieces of cane and other mechanical impurities and allowed to run either into a large tank capable of holding the whole of the juice or into kettles The juice should not remain exposed to the air for more than twenty or thirty minutes after being pressed as fermentation will be sure to set in and reduce the yield of sugar The clarification of the juice could be best effected by those who have some means of heating the juice in a large tank by means of a steam coil and steam as the heat then could be easily regulated But for those not having these appliances large kettles could be made to answer the purpose The juice having been run into the vessel of whatever nature heat is at once applied and the tem perature raised till the liquid is as hot as the hand will bear when a solu tion of milk of lime is poured in and thoroughly incorporated with the juice The heat should now be raised almost to the boiling point but not allowed to come to a boil The htat ought now to be shut off and the thick scum which has risen to the top should be skimmed oft the juice ought then to be drawn off into the evaporating pans The solution of lime should have been previously prepared and is made as follows From one to foui pounds of lime for every 500 gallons of juice to be treated is slaked with hot water stirred allowed to stand a few minutes poured off through a cloth a quantity of boiling water is again poured on allowed to stand and poured oft Water of ordinary temperature is now added and stirred up If the correct proportions of lime and water have been used the mixture will be of the consistency of a thin cream and may be set aside for use It is proper for me to remark here however that this solution of lime should not be used by one who has had no experience with it or who does not know how to tell when enough has been added For if an excess be used the user will be worse off than if he had used none To those interested who can visit this department the chemist will take pleasure in showing a method by which the amount of lime to be added may be regulated at will After the juice has been clarified the next point is the concentration or evaporation of the juice This should be proceeded with in the same man ner as for making syrup the only difference being that when it is desired to make sugar it is a rather nice point to settle just when to stop the boiling and draw oft the syrup The best test however is that when the liquid has reached that degree of concentration that a drop of it placed between the thumb and forefinger and pressed may be drawn into a thread which has a granular appearance it is an indication that the evaporation is com plete and the syrup ready to be transferred to the cooler The coolers 14910 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA should be large shallow vessels as the sugar begins to erystalize out the liquid ought to be stirred to make the granulation uniform A valuable hint is to add a small quantity of granulated sugar to the syrup as it cools which will hasten the process of erystalization so that by putting a little sugar to the first syrup run into the cooler and allowing some sugar to adhere to the bottom and sides of the cooler when it is emptied in order to be refilled will very much aid in the process The next step is to separate the sugar from the molasses This may be done by allowing it to drain in any convenient vessel as a barrel or hogs head perforated at the bottom and provided with movable plugs or with false bottoms made of slats covered with coarse sacking for straining off the molasses In conclusion I would draw the attention of sugar growers to the dif fusion process of making sugar an innovation which is bound to revolu tionize the old methods of making sugar inasmuch as it obtains nearly double the weight of sugar from the same weight of cane that the old process does Farmers would do well to investigate this new process and clubs of them who intend io increase their sugar acreage ought combine together and put up a plant the machinery for which is expensive and quite beyond the reach of individuals or they might assure capitalists of a sufficient crop of cane in the neighborhood to induce them to erect aplant J T Henderson Commissioner of Agriculture SCHOOL OF CHEMICAL FERTILIZERS Prof George Vilie QuestionYou have said the source of profit in agriculture is derived from abundant fertilizing Will you now say what are the causes of loss and failure in farming either on a large or small scale Answer There are four principal causes of loss which arc not dependent upon the market QWhat are they AFirst Insufficiency of manure 2 Faulty cultivation of the soil 3 The exclusive use of manure produced on the farm 4 Bad management of forces To these four causes must be added a fifth viz The determina tion of the period when the capital invested must be freed again QWith which crops can the investment be quickest freed AWhen cultivated crops are grown the capital must be rapidly freed but when invested in live stock time must be given for increase of stock which gains every day and requires longer engagement of capital QSince you have shown the cause of failures will you point out the methods of avoiding them beginning with the most economical methods of sufficient manuring A One of the most economical and profitable methods of manuring is by the use of clover and chemical fertilizers combined QHow do you make a combination of clover and chemical fertilizer profitable ABefore answering this question I must explain to you that the point I start from in farming is the fact that the sun radiates in the course of a year an average per acre of the equivalent of a 2000000 horse power Now the surface utilizes but 3200 I have sought to make use of a part of this excessive power to reduce the cost of cultivation to cheapen fertiliza tion and to raise the product of the crop QHow can you do this 150OCTOBEE CKol REPOET1889 11 AI call sideration the process by which we gain these three ends either separately or all together QHow does sideration reduce the cost of production cheapen fertiliza tion and raise the product of the crop A1st By the growth with the cereals of another plain which smothers weeds and reduces the cost of hand labor This is sideration by crowding out The first effect of clover sown in a cereal is to smother weeds QThen you do not think it profitable to keep the old method of sum merfallow followed by cereals in fall AA method whichgivesyou an acre of weeds or uncultivated growths cannot be profitable when by no extra labor the same acre would be cov ered with a heavy growth of clover for either hay or pasture at your will QWill you continue the explanation of what you have called sidera tion A2nd By growing clover instead of dead fallow manured with In complete Fertilizer No 5 composed of Per Acre Superphosphate of limei2 lbs 375 Chloride of potassium 17 lbs 288 Sulphate of lime352 lbs 64 880 lbs 727 and turned under results in transforming Incomplete Fertilizer No 6 into Complete Fertilizer No 1 which is the fertilizer par excellence for cereals This is sideration by fertilization or in other words by changing the fallow into a manure pit QHow much nitrogen does clover thus fertilized supply to cereals per acre AFrom 220 to 230 lbs per acre QI understand nitrogen is expensive and mineral fertilizers much cheaper Do you use chemical fertilizers on meadows whether kept for hay or for pasture ACertainly Meadows sutler as much from insufficiency of manure as do the cereals QDo you think meadows pay for money spent in fertilizers AA careful study of the parallel I draw between the old method of fallow and what I call sideral fallow will it appears to me give you a clear and concise answer to your question Question Triennial Fallow Dead Fallow Meadow Wheat 3320 pounds Oats or Spring Wheat Hay per Acre 1 In the triennial fallow the mea dow and stock are impediments imposed on the culture to supply manure Meadow and stock make nothing Sidereal Fallow Clover Manured Chemically Pasture Chemically Manured Wheat Oats or Spring Wheat Crop 528 pounds Wheat per Acre 1 In the sidereal fallow the mea dow changed to pasture and ma nured with chemical fertilizer becomes a fall culture which gives at least 24 to 32 per acre 15112 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 2 In the triennial fallow the hay and aftermath must be harvested the hay must be dried and carried to the farm representing at least 8 per acre 3 In the triennial fallow if hay is sold it must be hauled to the rail road Hauling 3326 pounds of hay five miles distance costs at least 240 per acre 4 In the triennial fallow the crop to be carried to the railroad is 3321 pounds per acre 5 In the triennial fallow the ground requires three plowings and many harrowings 6 In the triennial fallow the dead fallow produces nothing 7 In the triennial fallow it costs forty cents a ton to spread the ma nure 8 In the triennial system the fal low is an impediment and produces nothing 9 I n the triennial fallow the ma nure originating from the soil keeps it from exhausting but does not en rich it 10 Barnyard manure is not as rich in sidereal manure in regard to nitrogen BARNYARD MANURE Nitrogen 416 percent 100 IJh Or170 K O500 2 0 1000 11 In the triennial fallow only 17600 lbs can be produced per acre for three years use equal to 5886 lbs per acre per annum represented Pounds Nitrogen72 Ph O 30 K 088 Oa O176 12 The barnyard manure spread on the soil costs 300 to 375 per ton 2 In the sidereal fallow there is no harvesting and the meadow pays more than the cultivated fields 3 In the sidereal fallow the ani mals walk themselves to the rail road 4 In the sidereal fallow7 the crop to be carried by railroads is 1056 pounds because the weight is 528 pounds per head of two fat cattle 5 In the sidereal fallow the ground needs but one plowing a saving of at least 480 per acre i In the sidereal fallow the ground brings 35200 pounds of clover con taining 220 pounds of nitrogen worth from 2400 to 3200 per acre 7 In the sidereal fallow there is no cost in hauling and spreading fertilizer 8 In the sidereal system the fal low is a source of manure equiva lent in mass to 35200 pounds of ani mal manure 9 In the sidereal fallow the min erals of the fertilizer being imported in the form of chemical fertilizer and the nitrogen coming from the air the soil is enriched every year in Sidereal manure is richer in nitrogen than barnyard manure and equally so in regard to minerals SIDEREAL MANURE Clover grown with Chem Fertilizr Nitrogen546 per cent 100 Ph Or130 K 0500 CaO960 11 In the sidereal fallow 35200 lbs to 44000 lbs for three years or in round numbers 14666 lbs per acre per annum Pounds Nitrogen 224 Ph Oa53 K 0198 Ca 0440 12 The sidereal fallow costs hardly 100 to 150 per ton spread on the soil not to include the excess of limegiven the soil besides the quan tity absorbed by the clover 162OCTOBER CROP REPORT188 18 13 In the triennial fallow only 18 to 19 bushels of wheat per acre is produced 14 In the triennial fallow after two crops of wheat the land has not gained either in nitrogen or phos phate it has gained a little in potash and lime 15 In the triennial fallow dry sea sons are real calamities stock feed is short and the preparation of the dead fallow is expensive 13 In the sidereal fallow 48 to 52 bushels of wheat is grown per acre 14 In the sidereal fallow after two crops of wheat the soil is enriched in nitrogen potash phosphate and lime 15 In the sidereal fallow during dry seasons the clover furnishes abundant resources for stock feed and taking off the second crop of clover with judgment replaces the loss of first crop QYou have given formula of fertilizer for clover to be turned for wheat growing Do you use the same for meadows kept in grass for pasture ANo For pasture of meadow use HOMOGENOUS FEBTILIZEB NUMBER ONK Per Acre Superphosphate of lime170 lbs Chloride of potassium 88 lbs Sulphate of Ammonia171 lbs Sulphate of lime92 lbs 527 lbs QIs this amount of fertilizer to be given yearly AYes This is but a moderate amount of fertilizer yearlyto make 1056 pounds live weight per acre With rich pasture the cost of cultivation is reduced to almost nothing the animals make the crop they help somewhat to fertilize the ground again but still to maintain full pas ture you must repair the losses of the ground in the sale of cattle QYou wish to separate the meadow from the cultivated fields AYes Let us break up the traditions of the past by beginning to divide the meadow from the cultivated fields Make each one indepen dent of the other QAre not the cattle pastured on the meadow to furnish means for the cultivated fields AThe meadow is not to be kept for the production of manure In stead of making it a source of fertilizer fertilize it heavily but instead of using it for hay give it up as pasture for cattle make a fall culture for the purpose of producing meat with little trouble and almost no manual labor at a profit of from 2400 to 3200 per acre QDoes sidereal fallow add to the fertility of the soil AThe lime contained in the clover crop as an excess of lime remains in the soil one crop of wheat does not take all the minerals of the chemi cal fertilizer they increase the original fertility of the soil Conclusion Progressive fertility a certain profit a small amount of manual labor simplification of work this is the object and result It is the men who work the meadow it is the animal or either the sun that works the pasture Grass is in fact for the animal what fuel is to the locomotivethe soursce of its activity and of its functions CONTINUED 16814 DEPARTMENT OF AGRIOU 1TUREGEORGIA GEORGIA EXPERIMENT STATION HISTORY Bulletin No October 1889 Bulletin No 1 issued froui the office of Dr W L Jones Director at Athens Ga in October 1888 gave a short history of the establishment of the Georgia Agricultural Experiment Station under the Act of Congress approved March 2 1887 and known as the Hatch Act On the 29th of December 1888 the Governor of Georgia approved an Act of the General Assembly thereof providing for the appointment of a Board of Di rectors and the permanent location and organization of the Georgia Ex periment Station In pursuance of the foregoing law the Governor appointed the following excepting the two first named who are exofficio members BOARD OP DIRECTORS Hon 1 T Henderson Commissioner of Agriculture exofficio President Atlanta Ga W E Boggs I D Chancellor University of Georgia exofficio Athens Georgia H C White Ph D Professor of Chemistry Agricultural and Mechani cal College Athens Ga PRACTICAL karmeks First District G M Ryals Savannah Second District J M Rushin Boston Third District Wright Brady Americus Fourth District J H Mobley Hamilton Fifth District W L Peek Conyers Sixth District Eden Taylor Forsyth Seventh District Felix Corput Cave Springs Eighth District J B Park Jr Greensboro Ninth District J N Twitty Jefferson Tenth District P J Berckmans Augusta FIRST QUARTERLY MEETING BOARD OF DIRECTORS On the 4th day of February 1889 the Board met in pursuance of the call of the Governor at the Capitol in Atlanta President Henderson in the chair elected James B Park Jr Secretary and adopted rules and regulations for their own government Provision was made for advertising for bids for the location of the Experiment Station and Farm in pursuance of the law After attending to minor matters the Board adjourned to April 9 Upon the reassembling of the Board on April 9th and 10th bids from several competing committees in response to the advertisements for proposals were opened and discussed The Board after hearing from the friends and advocates of the several proposed locations finally determined to visit and inspect each locality in a body These visits consumed the time to and including April 13th when the Board met in Athens Ga postponed all further action in the matter of location and adjourned to meet in Atlanta May 7 1889 ADJOURNED MEETING BOARD OF DIRECTORS On the 7th day of May the Board convened according to previous ad journment of the First Quarterly meeting at the capitol in Atlanta for the purpose of opening the bids and locating the Experiment Station and Ex perimental Farm In accordance with a resolution passed by the Board at 154OCTOBER CROP REPORT1889 16 this session the proceedings of said quarterly meeting are set forth in full substantially as follows Atlanta Ga May 7 1889 The Board of Directors met according to adjournment The full Board were present On motion of Mr Peek press reporters were excluded for the present The report of Mr White chairman of committee on organi zation was read and laid on the table A motion by Mr Corput that the Board proceed to select a location for the Farm was adopted On motion of Mr Corput the usual parliamentary rules were adopted the President was permitted to record his vote on all questions and it was ordered that on questions affecting the location of the Station or Farm or their separa tion each member be required to announce his vote on the call of the roll the same to be recorded on the minutes On further motion of Mr Corput the Board resolved to disallow the call of the previous question Reso lution by Mr Brady Resolved That it is the sense of this Board of Directors of the Georgia Experiment Station that the Station and Farm shall be located at one and the same place Adopted by the following vote YeasRushin Brady Mobley Taylor Corput Park and Twitty7 NaysBoggs White Ryals Peek and Berckmans5 AFTEBNOON SESSION The bids for the location of the Station and Barm were opened and read including explanatory letters from R E Park and from citizens of Monroe county and others On motion of Mr Park it was resolved that the majority rule shall govern in the selection of the location of the Station FIRST BALLOT Hatton farm Bibb countyRuskin Corput 2 Fair Ground Bibb countyBrady1 Proctor farm Monroe countyTaylor1 Bates farm Spalding countyBoggs Peek and Twitty4 500 Acre farm Coweta countyMobley Henderson2 Penfield Greene countyPark1 Clarke countyBerckmans White2 SECOND BALLOT Holton farmRuskin Corput2 PenfleldBrady Park2 500 Acre farmMobley Henderson2 Proctor farm Taylor1 Clarke countyBerckmans1 THIRD BALLOT Bates farmBoggs White Ryals Peek and Twitty5 Holton farmRuskin Brady Taylor and Corput4 500 Acre farmMobley Henderson2 Clarke countyBerckmans Park2 FOURTH BALLOT Bates farmBoggs White Ryals Mobley Peek Twitty Berckmans and Henderson8 Holton farmRuskin Taylor Corput and Park4 Proctor farmBrady1 On motion of Mr Corput the selection of the Bates farm in Spalding county was made unanimous On motion of Mr Peek the Board then adjourned to convene imme diately in regular Second Quarterly meeting 15516 DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTUREGEORGIA Atlanta Ga May 7 1889 Full Board present in regular Second Quarterly meeting On motion of Mr Twitty a committee of three members was appointed to notify the Governor that the Board had selected the Bates farm in Spalding county as the location of the Station and Farm The Committee consisted of Twitty Boggs and Ruskin On motion of Mr Ryals the report of the Committee on Organization Mr White chairman was taken from the table and read On motion of Mr Corput it was declared to be inadvisable at the present meeting to elect a Superintendent and the Committee on Organization were required to discharge the duties of Superintendent until the further order of the Board On motion of Mr Corput it was provided that the offices of Agricul turists and Dairyman be consolidated and that the person elected to said office be paid a salary of fifteen hundred dollars per annum and be required to keep an account of his actions Recess until 8 p m Kimball House 8 p m Full Board present On motion of Mr Peek the action of the Board in fixing the salary of the Agriculturist and Dairyman at fifteen hundred dollars was reconsidered Mr Peek then moved to fix the salary at two thousand dollars per annum Yeas and nays ordered Yeas Ryals Peek and Berckrnans3 Nays Hoggs Rushin Brady Mobley Taylor Corput Park Twitty and Henderson9 Mr White was excused from voting On motion of Mr Corput it was resolved that in the absence of the proper laboratory buildings at the place selected for the Station the Board accept the offer of the Trustees of the University of Georgia to carry on the scien tific experiments for the year commencing July 1 1889 for the sum of five thousand five hundred dollars The motion of Mr Taylor that the Board elect a Secretary lor the Station and Farm at a salary of six hundred dollars per annum was adopted by substitute offered by Mr Park that the office of Horticulturist and Secretary of the Station and Farm be consolidated and that the salary be fixed at fifteen hundred dollars per annum On motion of Mr Corput the question of printing was referred to the Committee on Organization to be reported on at the next regular meeting and the said Committee be allowed traveling and necessary clerical expenses On motion of Mr Boggs the following appropriation of funds as reported by the Committee on Organization were adopted Repairs 751 00 Printing and Stationery 1000 00 Traveling Expenses 200 00 Secretary 200 00 Farm supplies and labor 2000 00 Chemical and other laboratory supplies 700 00 Scientific experiments 5500 00 Agriculturist and Dairyman salary 1500 00 Horticulturist and Secretary of the station and farm 1500 00 Traveling and clerical expenses 1000 00 14350 00 On motion of Mr Boggs the details of drawing moneys under the con trol of this board were left to the committee on organization and the Gov ernor was requested to pay over to the person named by said committee all moneys received from the general government belonging to this board or which may hereafter come into his hands On further motion by the same the chairman of said committee was des ignated as the proper officer to exercise for this board the franking privi lege 166OCTOBER CROP REPORT1880 17 On motion of Mr White the Secretary was instructed to perfect all arrangements for the execution of proper titles to the iarm Recess until 9 p m Atlanta Ga May 8 9 a m Full board present On motion of Mr Corput the Secretary toin structed to request of the citizens of Spalding county to execute ttles to the uronertv and turn over the same within the next thirty days SS That the Secretary be instructed to transmit an exact copy of theedings of this meeting to the Atlanta daily papers for publcaun orovided thev accept it as an item of news and publish it without cost to thhTboard and that all other papers desiring to do so be al owed to copy thesame for publication and that the board have the same incorporated in Us Quarterly Bulletin The following resolution by Mr Ruskin was adoptedI That His Excellency the Governor be requested to have the titles to the propertydonated by the citizens of Spalding county examined and passed motioTMpXhe Board resolved to proceed to ballot for an Agriculturist and provided that his salary do commence when his servtoes all be actually required Before ballotingon motion of Mr Corput t was Lotoed That the present election of officers be for one year with the understanding that should such officer prove unsuited or incompetent to the performance of the duties assigned him he will be subject to removal Dy aWrity vote of this Board on thirty days notice beinggiven of their action in the premises The Board then proceeded to ballot and on the X4rired to act as accountant until the Horticulturist shall have been elected oTno ion of Mr Ryals the Committee on Organization were requested to make arrangenxentsto expend the balance of the money required to be eXitlofoiToSuMt was resolved that the members of this Board who are members of the General Assembly be requested to so amend the Calvin A S to give more latitude in regard to the number of days the Board may sit and also as to their necessary expenses On motion of Mr Brady the Board adjourned to meet in Griffin Ga on the first Tuesday in August at 10 oclock a m THIRD QUABTERLY MEETING OF THE BOARD At the third quarterly meeting held at the Station Griffin Ga August 2nd alter thefaction of sorSe necessary PZtion Mr nroceeded to elect a Horticulturist and a Director of the btation Mr Gustave Speth was elected Horticulturist and Mr R J Redding Director After some further business the Board adjourned f The fegoing history of the Acts of the Board of Directors is extracted from thTrmnutes kept by the Secretary including a substantially complete transcript of the proceedings of the meeting held May 7th and 8th in accwdance wth thS order of the Board The action of the last meeting culminated Trthe election of a Horticulturist and Director which com gSSSSSZui reported at the Station for duty September 1st The Director assumed the active discharge of his duties leember 20th the Agriculturist Mr J M Kimbrough having been in nosession and control of the Farm since July 1st P The Station as at present organized is the successor to the Station as it existed af Athens Ga and in accordance with the law of its creation is 15718 UKlAKTMJfiJST OF Ai KlOU L TU UKGEUKG IA still connected with the State College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts The Act of December 29 1888 placed the Station under the control of a Board of Directors which resulted in a change of location from Athens to Griffin and a partial reorganization of the Station Staff So short a period has elapsed since the present location was selected and the present Station organization was effected that no report of results can be reasonably expected Under the direction of the board therefore this Bulletin is confined mainly to a simple narrative of the events that have led to the present status It may be proper howeverto add a short description of the Station Farm and an outline of future work The tract comprises 130 acres of gently rolling red and gray soil the latter predominating underlaid by a strong red clay It is a typical Middle Georgia farm rather below than above the average of that section in fertility Of the sixty acres of cleared land on the place about fifteen acres have been brought up to a considerable degree of productiveness by the liberal use of ordinary commercial fertili zers and the usual home manures while the remainder is what would be called rather thin unproductive laud capable of producing about ten hush els of corn or one fourth of a bale of cotton per acre without manure in a good year Two bold springs are on the farm one of which affords an ample supply of water for a roughly constructed fish pond while the other has heretofore supplied the farm residence and barns with plenty of water by meaus of a hydraulic ram The residence on the farm is commodious and in good repair Besides these the improvements on the farm amount to little or nothing the fences and outbuildings being in a dilapidated condition and unsuited and totally inadequate for the pur poses of an Experiment Station Two neat cottage residences one each for the Agriculturist and Horticulturist are under contract and their completion is expected by the middle of December The greater part of the arable land being occupied by the now maturing crops of the late owner the lateness of the season will prevent the inauguration of any expensive series of fall experiments but a vigorous start will be made in the spring The absence of suitable bams will also prevent any but the most crude feeding experiments this season Experiments in horticulture will neces sarily be limited at present to the preparation of soil and the propagating and planting of trees vines etc for future operation and observations It is the desire of the Station to combine the cordial relations which may have already been established with the farmers of the State and their active and hearty cooperation is invoked to the end that the work of developing the true principles and economies of agriculture may be advanced as rapidly as possible The regular Bulletins of the Station which will be published quarterly and occasionally oftener will be sent free to any applicant It is proposed as soon as may be practicable to secure the services of several of the most intelligent farmers in the different sections of the State to duplicate field tests under the direction of the Station It will be the aim of the Station to enter as promptly as possible on the work of practical experimentation in the field orchard garden and dairy and to conduct such investigations in the breeding and feeding of stock as will aid the farmers of Georgia in their efforts to establish a more profitable and prosperous system of farming Those questions which seem to demand immediate attention will be first considered the aim being to make the Station at once instructive and profitable to the agriculture of the State The object will not be to make money by the experiments that will be conducted on the Farm but to find out the best way to do every kind of farm work the best methods of drain ing plowing composting fertilizing feeding and dairying The Station I SBOCTOBER CKOl KEfOKT1B89 19 officers do not profess to know everything but their aim will be to add to knowledge already attained by instituting and conducting experiments with such facilities and such precautions against error as will insure the greatest accuracy and reliabilityin the shortest time These results and con clusions will be published for the information and guidance of those who are engaged in the business of farming for a livelihood The farmers of Georgia are invited to communicate freely with the Sta tion Suggestions of experiments to be conducted for the general good of all are invited and will be gladly received and carefully considered All specimens samples of grasses and plants and communications of an official character should be addressed to R J Redding Director Georgia Experiment Station Griffin Ga 169XKW SIKIKS CIRCILAK No 128 PROCEEDINGS OF THE Fourteenth Annual Meeting OF THE EORGIA MATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY HELD IN THE City of Griffin July 31st and August 1st 1889 CHARTERED Jul 14 1876 ORGANIZED August 16 1876 Reorganized Under New Charter Aug 1 1882 Published Jointly by the Society and the State Department of Agriculture ATLANTA GA W 1 Campbell State Printer Constitution Job Office 1888CONSTITUTION Article 1 The name of this Association shall be the Georgia State Horticultural Society Article 2 Its object shall be the advancement of the sciences of Pomo logy Floriculture Arboriculture and Kitchen Vegetable growing Article 3 Its members shall consist of annual and honorary members who shall be elected by ballot at the annual or semiannual session of the Society The annual fee shall be 200 Article 4 The meetings shall be held at such times and places as may be designated by the Society and special meetings may be convened at any time on the call of the President Article 5 Its officers shall consist of a President one VicePresident from each Congressional District of the State a Secretary and a Treasurer The President Secretary and Treasurer to be elected by ballot at the regu lar annual meeting and to serve until their successors are elected and inaugurated The VicePresidents all to be elected by ballot at this meet ing those representing districts having odd numbers to serve one year and those representing the districts having even numbers to serve two yearsonehalf to be elected each year thereafter to serve two years Article 6 This Constitution may be amended at any annual meeting by a twothirds vote of the members present 163BYLAWS 1st The President shall preside at all meetings of the Society call meet ings of the Executive Committee and under its direction have a general superintendence of the affairs of the Society and direction of the expendi tures of money He shall appoint all committees unless otherwise ordered 2nd In case of death or inability of the President his official duties shall devolve upon such one of the VicePresidents as may be elected by ballot 3rd The VicePresidents shall by correspondence and personal inter course with the fruit growers and horticulturists of the various counties of their respective districts endeavor to organize local societies They shall appoint four members of their Congressional District and with their aid prepare and forward to the Secretary before or at every annual meeting of the Society such reports as have immediate connection with the condition of fruits progress in their culture new seedling fruits or any other topic relating to horticultural progress in their respective districts These reports to be condensed by the Secretary for publication 4th The Secretary shall attend to all the correspondence of the Society and with the aid of a reporter keep a record of the transactions of the meet ings and prepare these for publication subject to the approval of the Presi dent He shall file and preserve all papers and books belonging to the Society 5th The Treasurer shall receive and keep an accurate account of all moneys belonging to the Society disburse the same on the written orders of the President which he shall retain and file as vouchers He shall make an annual report to the Society of the receipts and disbursements which with the vouchers shall be referred to a special auditing committee appointed at the annual meeting Before entering upon his duties he shall give bond to the Society in the sum of one thousand dollars for the faithful performance of his duties such bond to be approved by the Executive Committee 6th The Executive Committee shall consist of the President VicePresi dents Secretary and Treasurer They shall subject to the direction of the Society manage all its affairs 7th The following Standing Committees shall be appointed by the Presi dent immediately after his election or so soon thereafter as practicable A Standing Fruit Committee consisting of five members It shall be the duty of this committee to report annually on native and foreign fruits to examine and before the close of the session report on all newseedling 164GEOEGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY 5 fruits that may be exhibited and to make an ad interim report on those that were exhibited in an unripe condition at the meeting of the Society but had subsequently attained a state of maturity and on such other seed lings as may have been submitted to their inspection during the Societys vacation 8th A Standing Committee on Synonyms consisting of live members shall be appointed annually It shall be their duty to report annually to the Society at its regular meeting 9th Standing Committees to consist of two or more members each shall be appointed annually upon the following subjects viz Meteorology inits relation to Horticulture Entomology and Ornithology in their relations to Horticulture Ornamental and Useful Trees and Plants Ornamental Gardening Kitchen Vegetables Wine Making Packing and Shipping Fruits and Vegetables 10th A Standing Committee on Transportation to consist of five mem bers 11th Special Committees shall be appointed by the President immedi ately after the organization of the annual meeting on Peaches on exhibi tion during the session on Apples Pears and Miscellaneous Fruits on Grapes and Wines on Vegetables It shall be the duty of these committees to make a full and careful report upon each and every individual collection on exhibition noting their condition and special merits if any also any particular methods of cultivation by which improvements are made evi dent 12th No medal diploma or money shall be awarded by this Society as a testimonial of excellence for any fruit plant flower or vegetable offered for exhibition The verdict of the Special Committee shall be the highest commendation of the Society 13th Vacancies occurring in committees shall be filled by the chairman of each and in case of his death or inability to serve his place shall be supplied by the President of the Society 14th No person shall be a member or be allowed to participate in the deliberations of the Society who shall not have paid his fee in full before or at the beginning of the session of the Society 15th Honorary members shall consist of persons of distinguished merit in horticulture or natural science and nonresidents of Georgia They shall be entitled to all the privileges of the Society without the payment of annual fees except on questions of finance 16th These ByLaws may be altered by a twothirds vote of the mem bers present 165OFFICERS President P J BERCKMANS Augusta Ga VicePresidents 1st Congressional DistrictD J 0 Le HARDYSavannah 2nd Congressional DistrictH H SANFORDThomasville 3rd Congressional DistrictS H RUMPHMarshallville 4th Congressional DistrictDr H H CARYLaGrange 5th Congressional DistrictDr SAMUEL HAPEHapeville 6th Congressional DistrictA J WILLIAMS Tobler 7th Congressional DistrictCol GEO H WARINGCement 8th Congressional DistrictDr W L JONESAthens 9th Congressional DistrictJNO G JUSTICEMarcus 10th Congressional DistrictDr J P H BROWNAugusta Secretary and Treasurer T L KINSEYSavannah STANDING COMMITTEES ON NEW FRUITS L A BerckmansAugusta H H Sanford Thomasville A J WilliamsTobler J D HustedPomona B R AnthonyMacon ON SYNONYMS Dr Samuel HapeHapeville David MilneMacon G H MillerRome W K NelsonAugusta W W ThompsonSmithville 167DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA ON WINE John KellerMarshallville J C BucherAtlanta Felix CorputCave Spring Geo H WaringJ Dr Neil MclnmsAugusta OX ORNAMENTAL AND USEFUL TREES f Jw6ddingGriffin Mrs W E BrownFort Vallev wTHMillerRome W D Beatie Chas Deckner Atlanta Atlanta ON PACKING AND SHIPPING FRUIT Samuel H RumphMarshallville F EmeryAUanta F E BlackshearThomasville i t TerettFort Valley S M WaymanPomona ON METEOROLOGY Prof J i NewmanAuburn Ala Prof W L JonesAlLeus ON ENTOMOLOGY Prof J E WillettMawm Dr John P Campbell AUanta ON VEGETABLES Mrs J W BryanDillon Augusta John B JamesFort yn w eClnerAtnta W F QuartermanThomasville ON TRANSPORTATION OF FRUITS AND VEGETABLES Dr H H CaryLaGrange H I eryAtlanfa W E Brown Geo Uhl Fort Valley Augusta L L arnadoe Thomasville 168ROLL OF MEMBERS OF THE GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIEIY 1889 Allen N LPowersville Adams J AReynold Anthony E RvMacon Berokmans P J Augusta Berckmans L AAugusta Berekmans P J A JrAugusta Berckmans Robt CAugusta Brown E EDalton Barnes W H H Milledgeville Barnes M AMilledgeville Bochelle Dr L B Thomasville Blackshear T EThomasville Badger G MQuitman Bunch G A M DClarks Hill Berden T JPowersville Beatie W DAtlanta Burr S B Thomasville Buclier J CAtlanta Baldwin D F Marshallville Bryan Mrs J W Dillon Bryan Howard Dillon Brown W E Fort Valley Brown Mrs W EFort Valley Bunch J W Augusta Blair Z H Jacksonville Fla Benedict Mrs MaryAtlanta Brown Dr J P HAugusta Carey Dr H H LaGrange Corput FelixCave Spring Conner W OCave Spring Clyett J H M Powersville Clyett O A Powersville Chum W WPowersville Clayton JasAuburn Ala Cureton F SMoreland Cureton JasMoreland Camp E NMoreland Camp G EMoreland Campbell Jno PAthens Carter Mrs L WMetcalf Corbin Chas DGriffin Denmark R JQuitman Denmark EQuitman Deckner Chas Atlanta Douglass Thos LMarshallville 16910 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA Edwards J MMilledgeville Emery H FAtlanta Everett J AFort Valley Everett Miss LilaFort Valley Freeman E L CMilledgeville Frederick E JReynolds Frederick J VMarshallville Frederick F JMarshallville Frederick D BMarshallville Jarrior J CMarshallville Farrior Mrs J CMarshallville Fleming J LAugusta Fambrough J MBoston Fitzgerald J R Illaha Hape Dr SamuelHapeville Hape Miss Belle RHapeville Hopkins M HLouisville Hunter ELouisville Hamilton W BThomasville Heath N R M Thomasville Hall Jas LThomasville Howell A B Chattanooga Tenn Hansel W AAtlanta Hays O Smithville Hays Mrs OSmithville Hays Miss Clara Smithville Hansell A HThomasville Hasselkus H W Griffin Hunt Jno J Griffin Holladay Miss Mary Griffin Iverson R CSenoia Justice Jno G Marcus Johnson R P Smithville Jenney R SThomasville James Jno BFort Vallev Jones G FFort Valley Jones HFort Valley Jones W CAugusta Keller JnoMarshallville Keller Mrs JnoMarshallville Kinsey T LSavannah Long HL Leesburg LowMO McDonough LeHardy Dr J C Savannah Moody A QBoston Myers E HMarietta McKennon R WThomasville McKennon R NThomasville Miller G H Kome Middleton W SClarks Hill S C McComb M HMilledgeville Moore B FMarshallville Milne DavidMacoll Mclnnes Dr NeilAugusta McDonald R MSumter INewman J SAuburn Ala NellIe K LThomasville 170GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY 11 Nelson W R Aueufa Niles CO Marshallville Oetter Rudolph Vineyard Parker E A Barnesville Pitman WR Milledgeville Patterson Jno 5ttlJ Pye J CPleasant Hill Phelps Rev LymanS5fof Klil Parnell J HWest Point Quarterman W FThomasville Reives D WCave Spring Reives F M Clarkson Rieoel S DThomasville Rike A D Thomasville Ruffin G T Reynolds Rooks O PSt Augustine 1 la Rogers D LRmir Redding R J rin Redding Mrs R J Griffin Rumph S HMarsha vi e Rumph L AMarshal vi le Rumph L A JrMarsha vie Rumph E WMarshallville Reese W M Thomasvi le Stafford J ABarnesville Sanford H HThomasville Stone B W Thomasville Scott Mrs W MAtlanta Snow M FFort Valley Starnes H NMarietta Searcey W E HrIn Stafford W CBarnesville Spangler S RSunny Side Smith S O kenia Thompson W WSmithvi le Thompson O L gmithvil e Thompson Mrs O LSmithvil e Taylor ESmithvi le Thomas Jno G Milledgeville Turk T M Milledgeville Tison E HLakeland Ha Uhl Geo WAugusta Underwood A WAtlanta Vann Chas RThomasville Varnadoe L LThomasville Varnadoe L A Thomasville Varney F M Senoia VanDyke A GSunny Side VanDyke CMSunny Side Wider B FAlbany Waring Geo H Cement Williams J CThomaston Williams Miss MaggieThomaston Williams Miss N LTobler Williams W FWarm Springs Williams W JGoggansville Williams A JTobler 17112 DEPARTMENT OE AGRICULTUREGEORGIA Willingham T HByron Warren W EPowersville Watkins J B Thomasville WillettProf J E Mflrnn Whidby W GAtlanta Warren T DBvron Warder W M Qg Wayman S M Pomona Waymau Mrs S M Pomona Walker J WAugusta Young I 8Moreland HONORARY MEMBERS Wilder Hon M PBoston Mass Cray ton Hon B FAnderson S C Furnass Hon R WBiwnville Neb Gray Prof AsaCambridge Mass Green Mrs C C Clayton Ala Meehan ThomasPhiladelphia Pa Quinn P TNewark N J Sims Col R MCharleston S C Thurber Prof George New York Hexamer Dr F MNew York Deceased 172PROCEEDINGS Griffin Ga July 31 1889 The Fourteenth Annual Session of the Georgia Horticultural So ciety was called to order by President Berckmans at 1115 a m in the court house at Griffin Prayer was offered by Eev Dr Bradley alter which Mayor J A Stewart introduced Hon Frank Flynt who in behalf of the city welcomed the convention in a neat and effective address suggest ing with pardonable pride that while the city of Griffin was fully sensible of the honor conferred by her selection as the present place of meeting yet the choice was by no means inappropriate since in this great centre of fruit growing and shipping much was to be learned as well as taught here the infusion and dissemination of horticultural knowledge must needs become an easy and a natural process for the delicate blush on the cheek of the maiden peach and the tender aroma of the juicy grape would lend especial inspiration to the assemblys deliberations Mr Flynt then introduced Col J J Hunt as spokesman for the local Horticultural Society who again extended the freedom and hospitalities of the city enlarging upon the importance of the work of the society and its value as an educator and developer Col B J Redding of Atlanta responded for the society in his usual happy vein contrasting the condition of affairs horticulturally at the time of his first visit to Griffin in 1802 with the present status every hillside the county over embossed with orchard or vineyard and kindly nature furnishing every element of soil climate and ele vation requisite for a perfect fruit growing region A recess of ten minutes was then ordered to perfect the roll After roll call the regular order of business was suspended and Dr H H Cary introduced the following resolutions Resolved That the officers and members of the Spalding County Horticul tural Society he invited to occupy seats on the floor of this convention during its session Resolved That the Mayor and City Council of the City of Griffin be invited to seats on the floor of this Convention during its session 17314 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA Resolved That the officers and members of Spalding County Agricultural Society be tendered seats in this Convention during its session Resolved That all the members of Spalding County Fanners Alliance be in vited to seats in this Convention Resolved East but not least that the ladies of the city of Griffin and vicinity be cordially and urgently invited to honor us by their presence during the ses sions of this Convention These resolutions were unanimously adopted President Berckmans then delivered his annual address as follows PRESIDENT BERCKMANS ADDRESS Ladies and Gentlemen and Members of the Georgia State Horticultural Society When soliciting the aid of several of our leading members in the preparation of papers to be presented at this session my request was in many instances met with the reply that although desirous to contribute to the success of the Society every hour at their command had to be devoted to preparing their fruit for mar ket The wonderful yield with which our State has been blessed brought in its train the all absorbing problem of its successful utilization and left no leisure for the preparation of elaborate essays A my friends pleas to be excused from their literary contributions are worthy of consideration so must I beg your indulgence if I do not come prepared with an elaborate address because of similar demands upon my time and labor connected with the occupation of a fruit grower In again being permitted to be associated with you in our endeavors to elevate the pursuit which has brought untold benefits to our people it is a most pleasant service to greet you and be assured from the magnitude and intelligence of this audience that the great aims of our organization will receive that watchful care which has become emblematical of your past work A few topics which I desire at the start to present to you will doubtless receive at your hands the thoughtful consideration due their importance in the first place T would remindyou of the necessity for employing IMPROVED METHODS OF HUSBANDRY These must ever keep pace with the increase of population A few years since the country surrounding and in the immediate neighborhood of the great cities of the North and East was devoted to agriculture Staple commodities such as corn wheat oats grasses etc were raised generally and diversified farming was meas urably profitable As the country filled up and cities expanded the density of population caused an appreciation in the value of farming lands and they became too costly to yield a profitable return or adequate interest on their value cultivated in heavy staple crops in the stereotyped slipshod manner of the past The agri culturist was forced Westward to find cheaper lands and in this was successful building up the great granary of the West while he that remained wrought out his salvation by turning his attention to a pursuit susceptible of higher develop ment and yielding a greater return per acre for skillful and intelligent manipula tionHorticulture In this way New Jersey was made the great kitchen garden of the continent and its thrift and prosperity today stand as a monument to the results of improved methods of husbandry Lands have there appreciated fifty per cent for purely agricultural purposes which a short time since were considered agriculturally worthless Fruit and especially that sheetanchor of the horticulturist the peach has redeemed them and given them their present value and her prosperity to the State Here in our own midst I am proud to say that the city of Griffin furnishes a notable corroborative example A few years ago in no wise differing from many 174 GEORGIA STATE HOKTICU LTTJBAL SOCIETY 15 other country towns in the great cotton belt of Georgia the change in adecadehae been marvelous not only in the increase in the quantity of horticultural products but in their quality and comparative value as well and your own well tilled pocket books and lengthy bank accounts arc practical witnessses to the immeasurable benefit of the changed order of things Changes in agricultural products become compulsory when tbe cost of production is greater than in more favorably situated sections and you at least gentlemen have no cause for regret that you abandoned to Mississippi and Texas the cultivation of your share of cotton and substituted in its stead the peach and the grape to which your climate and soil are so well adapted I would also call your attention to the importance of PREVENTING UNDUE CONSUMPTION of any single commodity of value Wo have a natural tendency to waste recklessly that which we possess in abundance without thought or consideration of the future or of posterity This profligacy we must learn to overcome and take heed for the morrow As an example I noticed the following clipping from the New York Sun a few days since NO MORE TWNING IN SUSSEX COUNTY Belvedere NJ July 11Alexander Hunt proprietorof the largest tannery at Swartswood Sussex County lias failed and the sheriff will close out the business This puts an end to the tanning business in Sussex County Forty years ago every township had its tannery and some had several The scarcity of bark in the County is oneof the chief causes of the decline of the industry The lesson that this teaches is so plain that he who runs may read Small industries are the lifeblood of any community and the greater their number and diversity the greater the prosperity of the localities in which they are situated This city and Marshallville as well are especially adapted to the introduction of light industries run in connection with fruit growing and establishments for the evaporation of fruit of all kinds canning factories manufactories of fruit crates and baskets are samples of industries that could and should flourish in your midst to the common advantage of all and with profit to yourselves You have here in Griffin a crate factory atid it should be duplicated in every fruit center in the State But bear in mind that as surely as these enterprises and industries will rise and flourish to a greater or less extent in every community just so surely will you run short in course of time of the crude material necessary for their operation through profligacy and waste unless forewarned you adopt a systematic plan for preserv ing in sufficient quantities your natural products now being recklessly destroyed on every farm Otherwise like the New Jersey tannery you will be forced be fore you suspect it to suspend operations from scarcity of bark TESTING NEW FRUITS opens up a sphere of work of infinite value to the grower As a rule large fruit growers experiment in this way to a greater or less extent but many of you have neither the leisure means or opportunity to conduct a series of experiments and tests successfully and to your aid in this branch of our calling come the Experi mental Stations In Alabama Prof Newman is doing most valuable work not only for his own State but for ours as well and for the countryT at large The State of Georgia will soon have located here in your midst a station which I trust for value will prove in course of time second to none in the land and that the science of selection will soon be brought down to exactness and not remain an empirical process as at present CORRECT NOMENCLATURE of fruits is of prime importance and should receive the strictest attention It is absolutely necessary that fruit growers should know what variety they purchase on making a selection A fruit should have only one name and that well known so that the possibility of imposition and deception would be reduced and subsequent 17516 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA diBsappointment prevented I cannot dwell too strongly on this point You have had a year to decide on the impolicy of shipping other than well known varieties We should proceed very carefully in the matter of cataloguing new fruits and allowing them to be incautiously introduced PEACE YELLOWS Of late years so much has been said about a fungoid growth alleged to exist among the peach trees of this section that the matter reached the ear of the gov ernment at Washington and a special agent was sent to investigate the rumor and determine if the dreaded Yellows had in fact crossed Mason and Dixons line and invaded the regions of the Sunny South A lengthy and elaborate report in the form of a large volume followed his labors To many of his statements I at the time excepted and differed with him in his conclusions Since its publica tion discoveries have been made by one of your members that will effectually disprove its existence or at least show that if it exists it is not the disease socalled Yellows that has been investigated We may safely conclude that our conn try is not cursed with genuine Yellowsa most inveterate and deadly pestwhich has so far confined its operations with strict partiality to that portion of the American continent north of the Ohio and Potomac rivers Should it be proved however at any time that Yellows does exist among us immediate steps must be taken to eradicate it or the results will he eminently disastrous SHIPPING Probably more important than producing is the art or method of successfully shipping fruit Disasters attending a want of judgment in this particular are many and fatal It is not enough to knowwhat to ship but when how and where A glutted market forces the retention of truit possibly already overripe and de cay and loss follow immediately Many of the losses and much of the damage experienced by the shipper are charged to the commission merchant and he is inevitably saddled with the blame and very frequently unjustly He cannot always forestall a glut and he can never prevent injudicious packing and selection of fruit And while a great point is gained by the selection of a trustworthy broker a still more adequate measure of precaution is the avoidance of immature shipments Green knotty indigestible bilious looking fruit is frequently seized by the health officer and is as dangerous as if overripe ami certain loss follows to the individual shipper as well as a general depreciation of the market for others The bad influence of unripe inedible fruit upon the market cannot be overesti mated and it should be scrupulously avoided Another disadvantage experienced by the shipper is the irregularity in fruit packages and the frequent arbitrary changes required by the commission mer chants in make size and shape Years ago the Georgia standard onethird bushel crate was adopted at the suggestion of northern commission merchants it soon became the standard crate for all sections Afterwards it wa arbitrarily pronounced undesirable and even worthless The cry ofburn them wont up from all sides ami fruit growers stood amazed It was the same crate It trans ported fruit just as successfully as it did the previous season and yet the order for its abandonment and destruction went forth It was indeed inexplicable one of the great mercantile phenomena that occasionally obtrude themselves So the crate was changedand at immense lossand the Petersburg 24 quart crate was adopted Even now there is no absolute uniformity and the question naturally arises How long will we stick to what we have How long before some new form will be adopted and how long will even the new form last This gentle men is for you to decide Shall we always vacillate in this way or shall we after mature deliberation decide upon the best most economic and convenient form and stick to it You must settle the question for yourselves Another point of supreme importance to the fruit grower is the protection of 176GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY 17 i JSECT TOROUS BIRDS The increase in insects has of late years been remarkable This is not only true apparently due to more particular and systematic entomological investigation but actually by practical experience is proved to be the lamentable fact by reason of the reckless cruel and impolitic extermination of many of our insectivorous birds Prof J A Lintner N Y State Entomologist at the Boston meeting of the American Pomological Society in September 1887 stated that it may be safely com dialed that the number of fruit insects in the United States comprised at least one thousand species and the total number of species regarded as injurious from preying upon material serviceable to man as 15000 With such a state of affairs however the fact confronts us that a constant and relentless warfare must be waged with them or they will obtain the upper hand and absolutely overwhelm us As an auxilary in such a campaign our best friend and most valuable ally is the insectivorous bird How far he assists us and what countless myriads of insects he annually destroys will perhaps never be generally appreciated While many of our common and well known varieties are omnivorous and occasionally attack and destroy fruit and grain all are largely insectivorous some almost wholly so and consequently of more or less value to the husbandman according to their respective habits It may add point to my remarks and possi bly stagger your credulity when I assure you that ornithologists are greatly divided as to whether even your presumed enemy of oldthe crowis really more destructive than beneficial With such an illustration the moral easily follows that every variety of insect destroying bird should not only bo tolerated but fostered encouraged and cared for and if occasionally the crimson cheek of a luscious berry sutlers the offender has already well earned his reward by his labor and should be suffered to enjoy his petty larceny undisturbed So important is this matter that it would be well if our legislature was properly memorialized to take action to prevent the wanton and reckless destruction of valuable insectivorous birds IX CONCLUSION it may not be amiss to refer to the beneficial results accruing to every community from the pursuit of horticulture by its citizens Ignorance and stupidity can make no headway in this most delicate branch of husbandry Keen perception systematic methods and intelligence are absolutely necessary for success and to these must be subjoined a certain amount of healthy moral stamina A wholly bad or brutal man can never pursue this calling Its very nature is antipathetic Hence it is that horticulture proves an important factor in attracting a class of settlers of higher intelligence energy and character than are generally found in any other rural occupation and that community most exclusively devoting itself to this calling is found to advance more rapidly in everything tending to elevate refine ennoble and enrich its citizens and render life enjoyable It has been said that we live to be happy To be consistent in this we should select the straight roads and such as we can follow with the greatest ease to lead ii safely to the end My conviction is that the happiest man is he whose heart is pure his mind cultivatedwhose head is strong and arms capable of earning a living One may then be said to be independent while others depend in a man ner upon him Such is the true horticulturist Fruits flowers and vegetables are a necessity which increases daily and must be supplied or its dearth disturbs the even tenor of the denizens of our cities As a useful and indispensible citizen he cannot therefore be parted with as readily as could many others whose influ ence upon the general welfare is questionable I entertain the hope that the work of this society will so impress its value upon capitalists as to induce them to invest their surplus means in agricultural enter prises where advanced methods of cultivation can be pursued by men of intelli gence educated in horticulture While such investments may not at the start yield the financial returns resulting sometimes from stock speculations they wdll 17718 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA seldom fail to pay a fair interest on the amount invested while their chief value will consist in awaking by their success the undeveloped resources which are so abundant in this great State To the public spirited citizen blessed with ample means no better opportunity is offered to redeem our hard working producing class from the depressing effects now operating against their avocation by bringing to its aid improved methods of cultivation lessening the cost of production and increasing pecuniary returns True science must if closely applied to our pursuit prove the union from which our individual welfare as well as that of our State must spring At the conclusion of the Presidents address Dr H H Cary moved that the chair appoint a committre of five to whom the address be referred for such action and recommendation as they may deem necessary Carried Committee Dr H H Cary Dr J P IT Brown Prof J S Newman Col R J Redding and Judge J J Hunt The Committees on Exhibits were then announced as follows COMMITTEES ON EXHIBITS On PeachesDr H H Gary L L Varnadoe H F Emery Wm Warder J G Justice On Apples Pears and Miscellaneous FruitsG H Miller J C Bucher R J Redding Dr Neil Mclnnis E A Parker On GrapesDr J P H Brown Dr G A Bunch W A Hansel J D Boyd John Keller On WinesGeorge H Waring Dr Samuel Hape W E Brown Prof J S Newman James L Fleming On Plants and FlowersMrs A W Underwood Miss Belle R Hape Mrs S M Wayman Miss L J Everette P J A Berckmans On VegetablesW K Nelson L A Rumph W W Thompson Chas Deckner H W Hasselkus The President then stated that the different committees would be expected to report at the morning session on Thursday and after reading the order of exercises for the afternoon adjournment was taken to 330 p m AFTERNOON SESSION Griffin Ga July 31 1889 The Convention reassembled at 345 p m after an enjoyable in spection in a neighboring warehouse of the largest and finest display of fruit ever before collected in one place in Georgia An essay on Pear Blight by Prof John P Campbell of Athens was read as follows PEAR BLIGHT It has been said time and again that science is only trained and organized com monsense But it must be admitted that a perusal of many socalled scientific 178GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY 19 productions would lead one to think thai this is frequently forgotten and especially is this true when the application of science to practical matters is considered The final end and aim of science is to make man the master of his surroundings to enable him not merely to adjust himself to existing conditions but also to control those conditions and the more he can subdue the forces of nature and turn them to his own advantage so much the more successful will he be The march of science is then onward Her watchword is progress But she must be diligently pursued and only yields her rewards to faithful study In the nature ofithings the pursuit of science for its own sake cannot be in dulged in by many The requisite patience perseverance carefulness courage and honesty arc possessed by but few even where the inclination exists The company ot active workers then must be small while those for whose benefit their work is carrried on are almost without number The true policy of science is to discover all that site can regardless of its practical value and then whenever the opportunity presents itself to scatter broadcast the truths which she has discovered and which may be of use to others The disease Pear Blight is a matter to which the foregoing fully applies To say anything of the importance of the subject would he wholly superfluous in my present surroundings We have to do with a disease which annually causes great loss which appears With almost unerring certainty and for which a remedy is most earnestly desired It has been known for many years and yet only very recently have we begun to get an idea what the real nature of the disease is Rem edies have been sought for in vain Empiricism suggested many things and while some appeared to have more or less value by far the greater number seemed utterly worthless At last the question has been made the subject of purely scien tilie study and we are now in a position to say at least that we know the cause and the conditions that are especially favorable and we have also a good idea of what is to be done in the way of applying remedies In this paper I wish to consider as fully as I can in a brief time the question of pear blight calling attention first to the phenomena of the disease itself and then giving a brief historical resume of the theories which have been held as to its nature I wish then to take up the later scientific work which has been done upon the subject and show how clearly it supports the modern theory of the dis ease The question of prevention and cure will lastly receive consideration To this audience I need say but little concerning the phenomena of pear blight Most of you I am certain have suffered by it and you are all probably acquainted with even its minute details It has been known in this country for many years and but little has been added to our knowledge so far as it could be observed with the naked eye since it was first known The blackened leaves are what usually first attract attention and these are found generally in the young growth at the tips of young shoots Sometimes blighted leaves are found on healthy branches but far more frequently the branch is affected as well the bark becoming dark colored and shriveled A thick gummy exudation is often found passing from the bark and this dries up on the bark or leaves forming a glistening appearance like a varnish Usually the blight begins at the tips of young branches and progresses towards the main trunk It seems most apt to attack the branches bearing fruit for on the same tree those shoots that bear only leaves may be perfectly healthy The microscopic examination of blighted twigs shows that in the young shoots at any rate the disease goes clear through and affects everything except the epi dermis In the older limbs the chlorophyll containing parenchyma is the chief seat of the disease The inner bark often is not affeetedbut it frequently happens that the cambium is perfectly healthy when all outside of it is badly diseased Under such conditions a new layer of bark may result and the tree may survive The leaves completely degenerate and theymay be found frequently on healthy limbs Examining carefully the cells of the diseased portions we find that starch has entirely disappeared and that the cell contents are used up in forming the thick 17920 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA exudation Some process of fermentation is going on but at the present time carbon dioxide is the only product that has been detected with certainty It has been said that butyric acid is formed but careful tests fail to prove it The same is true of alcohol which cannot be shown to be present except possibly in ex tremely minute quantities So far as our present knowledge goes the process seems to lie a viscous fermentation but this is a question in regard to which lttle is known and which can only be studied with great difficulty It would not be easy to And a better case than the present une to demonstrate the great fondness of the human mind for speculation regardless of its value There have been theories proposed without number and each in the judgment of the author is abundantly sufficient to explain all phenomena Sonic ol these have been of the vaguest character imaginable going little farther than the originator others have been worked out with care have had at least a partial basis of fact and have been sufficiently elaborate to attract some little attention Examination of a large number of articles upon the subject shows that the disease was accounted for in many ways differing in detail but mainly along two or three different lines Even at the present day there is by no means a genera eonsension of opinion among horticulturists but those win have made a scientific study of the disease are thoroughly well agreed i will indicate only a few of the more important theories and endeavor to show why they are insufficient The earliest attempt t an explanation of which lam aware was made by Coxe in 1817 He stated that the hot rays of the sun acted through the moist atmosphere deranging the activities of tin tree Before this view had time to be generally accepted or denied an insect was discovered which diverted the minds of people generally away from the sunstroke theory A small brown beetle was found penetrating branches and causing death beyond the point of puncture The insect was supposed to emit a poison which passed up and down the limb carrying death and destruction wherever it went To be sure the insect was very rarely found but this was believed to be due to its great timidity and its disposition to retreat to some hiding place on the firs appearance of danger The theory is still held by many that sap is frozen the idea being that in autumn and winter the unripe wood is damaged by cold the sap being rendered poisonous and in the following spring distributed over the tree The idea that pear blight is due to a fungus was once very extensively held but this was based upon observations so sadly erroneous that it need hardly be consid ered Several observers notably Mr Hull of Illinois Dr Hunt of Philadelphia and Mr Salisbury of Ohio have asserted that the disease is due to a fungus which the latter has gone so far as to describe and name So many excellent observers have tried to repeat these observations without success that we must regard them as deserving of no confidence It is true that a fungus is often found in connection with the disease but it never appears until after the disease has made some headway and cannot be in any way regarded as its cause The three theories first mentioned have many adherents and were regarded as explaining after a fashion all the phenomena of the disease It would have been comparatively easy to show that none of them were sufficient for in the case of the first and third at any rate it would have been possible to artificially pro duce the conditions which were supposed to cause blight In the light of our pres ent knowledge we are safe in saying that the experiments would have been unsuc cessful The insect theory never had a sufficient foundation in fact to attract very much attention and was only held because it was most in accord with the knowledge of plant disease of that time that the disease should be caused by an insect To be sure the pear blight beetle xyleborus pyri is often found on blighted limbs where it deposits its eggs but scarcely any one now believes that this is in any way con cerned in producing the disease The view that sap is frozen is hardly tenable 180GEORGIA STATE HORTICFLTURAL SOCIETY 21 either for the reason that blight may cause great loss in regions where there is little or no frost In many theories of the disease we find a disposition to regard favoring condi tions as causes For example it has been stated that blight is especially bad dur ing a season when thunder storms are abundant In consequence of this there are those who will explain the whole thing away with the sweeping statement that it is due to atmospheric electricity Similarly it is stated with much truth that it is especially injurious in an orchard that is highly cultivated and there are many who will say that high fertilization and cultivation cause the disease It must be apparent how far these come from being a true explanation and how unsatisfactory these vague speculations are to one accustomed to going to the bottom of things The full value of a thorough explanation of the disease may not have been apparent to the fruit grower but certain it is that no one of the theories mentioned gives any idea of how to approach the disease how or when or where to apply remedies or even whether any remedies are practicable In fact the horticulturist was just as well off without them as with them Empiricism has often furnished remedies which are valuable hut in the case with which we are now dealing no remedy lias ever been discovered even by the merest accident Up to the year 1880 all that was known of pear blight was the phenomena of the disease and some of the attending conditions which especially favored it During that year Prof Burrill of Illinois showed that a minute organism or germ was constantly present in the diseased tissues of the tree and his endeavor was to prove that this germ is the actual cause of the disease How thoroughly he did this we will see later Certainly Prof Burrill was the first to discover the germ and must receive credit for this But as in many other cases we will find that he was clearly anticipated by many years in part at least if not in all So far back as 1845 a Mr Kagan in Indianasueoceded in producing blight in healthy trees which were inoculated from diseased ones and a Mr Gookins in commenting upon this gave an explanation which was as full as the state of knowledge at that time would justify lie slated that he regarded pear blight as an epidemic and believed that the atmosphere was the medium by which it was carried about What the principle in the atmosphere was that produced the disease he did not know but he was sure of its existence from its effect We must remember that at this time the agency of germs in producing disease was a thing not dreamed of Prof Burrill dearly showed that a bacterium is present He found it in the tissues of the tree as well as in the sap and the exudation lie found it also in the healthy part of the tree sometimes several feet in advance of the disease This germ to which Prof Burrill gave the name Micrococeus Amylovorus is one of the smallest of all known germs A magnifying power of two or three hundred diameters is necessary to enable one to even see them while for accurate study immersion lenses of the highest power are necessary It has been measured but its size is so minute that figures convey but little idea It is oval in form measuring 1 to I micro units in length and about half of that in breadth A micro unit is 001 millimetres or 000039 inches It is colorless usually occurs singly often in pairs rarely in groups of four but never in chains These may be grown in artificial culture media and show certain peculiarities which enable them to be recognized with certainty This point will have to be considered later but it will suffice now to say that these bacteria growing in a fluid medium tend to mass together forming little patches of scum on he surface These patches have perfectly definite outlines and an uneven and wrinkled surface which is very distinctive It has been much debated whether the germs of many diseases really cause these diseases or are simply attending circumstances For many cases the question was very positively settled before the germ of plear bight was even discovered The present state of our knowledge is euch that we can say that a disease is caused by a germ 1st When we always find the germ present 2nd When the germ inserted into a healthy animal or plant causes the identical disease For pear blight 18122 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA Prof Burrill has full established the first point since he has shown that wherever the disease exists the germ is found both in the diseased tissues and in the exuda tion The second lie has only settled in part and that not very conclusively He cut pieces of diseased bark which he inserted under the bark of healthy trees as in the process of budding He inoculated other trees by merely puncturing the bark with a knife or even a needle which had been dipped in the exudation from a diseased tree He experimented on a considerable number of trees and found that 63per centofthose inoculated took the disease and died Of the trees not inoculated less than 2 per cent took the disease at all He tried applying the virus to leaves on both the upper and under surfaces and he also applied the virus to the outside of the bark but obtained no result of any value by this method Prof Burrill then must be credited with having shown 1st That a germ is always present in pear blight 2nd That in a great many cases blight will be produeedby inoculating a healthy tree with a virus containing the germ together with other substances of very doubtful nature 3rd This virus must in some way get inside of the tissues of the tree The second is the weak point for there Prof Burrill has only made a partial case He showed that the virus from a diseased tree will produce the disease in a healthy one but he left it undecided as to what element of the virus this is due To be sure with our present idea of germ diseases we would say withoutmuch hesitation that the germ produced the disease but those that believe that the sap is poisoned can find in the actual work of Prof Burrill just as strong a confirmation of their views This question was settled in 1885 when Prof Arthur of the New York Agricultu ral Experimental Station applied himself to it He undertook first to decide what element in the virus caused the disease and for this purpose he began by trying the effect of filtering the virus through an excessively fine filter If the disease is due to a soluble poison whatever its origin the fluid after filtering ought to he able to produce the disease just as well as before But the experiment did not bear this out Several trials were made the uniform result of which was that blight was never produced by filtered virus whereas the same fluid unriltered produced it quickly Blight then must be due to a solid substance contained in the virus and this germ is the only thing that it can be But to make this thoroughly convincing it is extremely desirable that the pure germ freed from whatever other substance may be present in the virus be inserted into the healthy tree Until this is done the proof is not likely to be entirely sat isfactory to those strongly adhering to the view that the sap is poisoned This point has been thoroughly appreciated by Prof Arthur and alter patient and careful work it has been fully met It has been already stated that the pear blight bacterium will grow in artificial culture media Prof Arthur found that an infusion of cornmeal was the best medium and in this be made many culture A large vessel of the cornmeal infusion was inoculated with but a drop of virus and in a few days it was swarming witli the bacteria A drop of this was now added to fresh fluid with the same result and this was repeated a number of times the final result being a fluid containing large quantities of the bacteria but with any poisonous matter which may have been introduced into the first culture so largely diluted that it must be ineffective Prof Arthur then tried inoculating healthy trees with the pure germ obtained in this way and ho succeeded in pro ducing the disease with absolute certainty thereby proving as satisfactorily as We can prove anything that the disease is and must he due to the germ in question There is but one point that can be urged against this by the advocates of the poison theory The successive cultures of bacteria would certainly dilute to a minimum any poison present in the original virus but it is quite within the range of possibility for the bacteria in their subsequent growth to form anew a quantity of poison which might be the real agent in producing the disease But here again we have the same experimental proofs as before and indeed additional evidence that this is not so We know that many bacteria during their growth do not give rise to poisons and all of these belong to the same general class and are recog 182GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY 23 nized by the same chemical reactions A careful examination of the culture of pear blight bacteria shows that no poison is present and this is confirmed by the fact that when the bacteria are filtered off the fluid cannot produce blight The work of Prof Arthur is conclusive He has gone to the root of the matter and has satisfied every condition The statements which he makes are thoroughly reasonable Thev are not the visionary utterances of a speculative mind but for every statement made he has experimental proof Many persons are unable to believe that so small a germ can produce such tremendous effects but it must be remembered that they are numbered not by hundreds but by millions The case as it has been made out by Prof Arthur is strikingly in accord with what is known of the action of germs introducing diseases of the animal body His inferences are perfectly legitimate and unless it can be shown that he is inaccurate in his statement of the facts the theory must stand and it is exceedingly improbable that any great errors will be found This indeed is the only explanation that has ever been advanced having any claims to completeness To be sure it does not explain the last details We are still ignorant of many of the chemical processes which go on in the course of the disease We do not know how it passes from cell to cell and there are also facts in the life history of the germ that we have yet to find out but we are many steps nearer an explanation now than we were before Prof Burrill discovered the germ and we have the satisfaction of knowing that we are on the right track It has been stated that many of the early theories did not properly discriminate between causes and favoring conditions We are now enabled to say that what ever favors the growth of the germ favors the disease and observations made on artificial cultures are of considerable value in this connection Attempts have been made to grow these germs in many of the substances commonly used as culture media It has been stated that cornineal infusion answered well but gelatine which is very generally used as a medium does not answer at all A number of experi ments with different substances lead to the general statement that the pear blight bacterium will only grow in the presence of considerable moisture a fact of great significance when we consider different varieties of pears and their relative lia bility to blight The point has been raised whether or not the pear blight germ is a specific for that disease This point can be settled in several ways but in none more conclusively than by its action towards organic acids Many bacteria are killed or at least rendered much less active by very weak acid but the pear blight bacterium growing in a cornmcal infusion is scarcely affected at all by 2 per cent of malic acid the acid found in pears Prof Arthur inoculated unripe pears with mixtures of several bacteria and found that the pear blight bacterium was the ony form which could live at all under those circumstances We conclude then that there is one definite germ which causes the disease There are yet two important points which must be answered before we can say that we understand the disease We must endeavor to find how the germ gets into the tree and where it comes from In speaking of the phenomena of the dis ease attention was called to the fact that it begins at the tips of young branches and progresses towards the old growth It is especially apt to attack twigs bearing blossoms but not these alone There is strong evidence that flowers and to a less extent delicate surfaces of expanding buds furnish the point of entrance for the germs Almost anv surface which is delicate and covered with nectar serves to answer and this has been observed so many times that it must be regarded as settled After entering the tree a month or more may elapse before the disease attracts attention In regard to the origin of the germ we can only point with a good deal ot prob ability to an answer In regard to its ultimate origin of course we can say noth ing it has been stated that bacteria grow in different substances and suitable conditions are found in or near every orchard Bacteria in limbs removed from trees retain their vitality for a long time while those which drop to the ground in exudation find there a medium in which they can live from one season to the 18324 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA next Indeed to settle this point experiments have been made in which soil was soaked in water and the extract tried as a culture fluid It was found to answer very well for the germ grew very rapidly and to all appearance perfectly normally The germ thus cultivated produces the disease with certainty I have now endeavored to place before you in a cursory way the principal fact which have been established in regard to the disease pear blight No explanation has ever been given which accounted for so many of the facts as the idea that there is a specitic germ which causes the disease We do not thoroughly under stand it in all its details but wo now look upon it not as an isolated mystery but as a special case of a very general class of phenomena I do not know what may be the attitude of most of this audience toward this theory but I hope I have been able to convice you that this is the only theory which in the light of positive knowledge can longer be held But an understanding of the disease is of no value to the horticulturist unless it furnishes him with some means to counteract it and here science must lend all the aid possible to the fruitgrower Unfortunately it is not possible to prescribe a single remedy and predict with certainty that its application will cure the dis ease but if we take into consideration all the facts with which we are acquainted we can see how it is possible to greatly lessen its violence and ultimately stamp it out altogether It is admitted by every one that some varieties ot pear are much more suscept ible to blight than others The Bartlettand theSeckel are probably extremes for they may stand side by side the one badly blighted and the other exempt A study of the life history of the germ has given some idea of why this is for we know that the germ grows best in the presence of bonsiderable moisture and we also know that water is present in very different amount in different varieties of pear This point has not been fully worked out yet and no positive statement can be made but it seems pretty certain that th6 fruit which blights most readily is the one in which water is most abundant The first precaution which should be observed therefore is to plant only those trees which are proven by experience not to blight readily and so far as I can learn the LeConte and Keiffer seem to be most nearly exempt with perhaps the Duchesse and Flemish Beauty not far behind Testimony is almost unanimous that the LeConte is not by any means exempt but that it has blighted to a greater or less extent for at least the past ten years This point I do not discuss further but leave it for discussion later believing that the experience of practical fruit growers is worth vastly more than that of one who has hut limited opportunities for actual observation 2nd Observation has shown that in a highly cultivated orchard the blight is apt to be especially destructive The reason for this is commonly believed to be be cause the flow of sap is greater under these conditions and stagnation is apt to take place But our knowledge of the life history of the germ shows us another reason We found that when the exudation drops from the trees to the ground the soil furnishes a medium to keep the germ alive and is it not evident that the richer the soil the greater will be their growth and development The second precaution then should be to cultivate orchards just as little as possible and fertil ize them no more than is absolutely necessary 3rd The germ of pear blight is to be found inside the blighted limbs All of its work is done under the protection of the bark and this seems to show with the greatest clearness that it is useless to afply any remedies to the outside of the tree No amount of spraying can possibly do any good when it is out of the question for the wash to reach the seat of the disease When once the germ has taken hold of the tree the only thing possible is to cut off the diseased limb so far in advance of the blight that only sound tissue shall be left But it must be remembered that these germs in this diseased limb retain their vitality for a long time and may pro duce fhe disease in a following season hence the precaution i very necessary that all limbs should be very thoroughly burned as soon as removed 184GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY 4th Certain germicides have been used upon artificial cultures of the pear blight bacteria with more or less success Of course this does not indicate that the same thing applied to the bark of the tree would overcome the disease The experi ments are not useless however for we can be certain mat the ground around every infected tree contains germs to which such remedies should be applied Probabh the best application for this purpose is a weak solution of copper sulphate The best strength is yet to be determined though it is likely that a one per cent solu tion will be sufficient The foregoing are the only means of fighting the disease which we arc at present justified in using There arc other socalled remedies which have been accident ally discovered but most of these probably have very little real value Then is one apparent exception to this however which deserves mention Fruit growers are pretty well agreed that splitting the bark from the smaller branches clear to the ground renders a tree almost proof against the blight What the explanation of this may be is not clear for it is probably connected with a point in regard to which we arc totally ignorantthe passage of the disease from one cell to the next The escape of carbondioxide and of theexudation would of course be facilitated by this procedure but we must wait for more light before we can say anything positive upon the matter It must not be supposed that the efforts of one horticulturist here and another there will be sufficient to overcome a disease of this nature This would be a waste of time and labor for the work of a whole community may be rendered fruitless by the laziness or indifference of one man The only way in which any thing canbe accomplished i by the active cooperation of hose interested In this way I believe it is perfectlypossible with our present knowledge to entirely stamp out the disease Legislation may be necessary to insure this but it can lie done There is just one more point to which I wish to refer before closing ana that is a matter oftheoretical rather than practical interest It is as you know possible to practice preventive inoculation in the case of many diseases of animals This is done by growing a germ in a culture medium which weakens it and then inserting it into a healthy animal The disease is produced in a very mild form the animal soon recovers and is usually protected against all subsequent attacks It mav be found possible to practice something of the same kind in the case of pear blight although no experiments have yet been made in that direction The subject which I have attempted to present is a large one and I have not been able to give it as exhaustive treatment as I should have liked I have been obliged to omit many things entirely of more or less importance and to give very brief treatment to other matters which merited more time but I hope I have been full enough to be intelligible If I have made any statements that will prove suggestive furnishing themes for discussion in which points may be brought out that will be of actual benefit to the progress of horticulture in our State I shall feel that I have abundantly accomplished my object At the conclusion of the essay the President announced the sub ject open for discussion and comment Mr L L Varnadoe There is no question as to the fact that the richer the ground and the older the tree the more subject it is to blight Young trees are comparatively exempt and this holds good to a certain extent as to trees on poor soil High fertilization pro duces blight in my opinion by causing a too exuberant flow of sap The tree at first appears healthier and more vigorous but is subse quently affected by blight which appears at the start on the spur 18526 BEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTTRKGEORGIA I buds and then gets in its work by ringing the branch and causing its destruction It is noticeable however that the branch is invaria bly killed from the ring outwardstowards the end of the limb the affection never extending from the ringed point inwards towards the trunk Last year trees blighted badly This year they are green but spotted with dead branches My conviction is that if LeOontes were planted on poor thin landland that would not pro duce more than fifteen or twenty bushels of corn to the acrethey would never blight The President How would this affect the yield Would it not be seriously diminished Mr Varnadoe The yield would of course be less but the fruit would be of better quality not so large but richer in color an all important feature it is the same with Keiffers Untrimmed trees I have noticed are more liable to blight than when pruned The President Have you ever examined closely enough to decide as to the presence of an insect which might possibly be respon sible for the damage Mr Varnadoe On freshly blighted limbs 1 have sometimes found a quickmotioned cautious little black bug about the size of a flea It is alert and active and hard to examine on account of its restlessness It deposits eggs in about two weeks It may or may not have something to do with the disease My experience is not sufficiently extended to enable me to decide Prof Campbell wrote for one of them but I was unable to procure him a specimen The President Would not inoculation be worthy of a trial as suggested by Prof Campbell Mr Varnadoe I think so It can certainly do no serious harm tested to a limited extent Our trees are not very great suffer ers from blight We seem especially favored The LeConte is not killed by the blight we have but only injured The greatest injury appears to be the shedding of the leaves I once saw in Baker county the entire orchard of W W Fleming affected by blight that is the species of blight we have around Thomasvilleand it overcame it entirely no permanently injurious effects being discov erable What distance were the trees in this orchard Dr Sami Hape planted Mr Varnadoe Oh as to distance there is no question that the 186GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY closer the trees are planted the worse they blight I saw recently in the Atlanta Constitution a communication from a Mr Northrup on splitting the bark to the ground He claimed that it was an abso lute preventive Said he had followed it twenty years consecutively and omitting it one year was attacked by blight What does the President think of this The President Bark splitting is an old practice It was first presented to the public in 1859 by the Gardeners Monthly of Phila delphia It was based upon the theory that the contraction of veg etable tissue caused blight and that a rupture of the tissue by split ting the bark was a remedy Contraction of vegetable tissue is however a mere mechanical action and is in no way related to blight Mr Vahnadoe Yes the trees get what we term hide bound 1 once had a hide bound Buchesse benefited by splitting Sec Kinsey I had hide bound trees which were split therefor and blighted with delightful unanimity and concord just the same The President Previous to the year 1885 everything in regard to blight was merest guesswork In Boston at a meeting of the American Pomological Society so late as 1873 the questic n came up and the Committee to which it was referred gave it up admitting their inability to penetrate to the root of the matter I was on the committee Sec Kinsey Have you seen LeContes blight like other pears Mr Varnadoe Mr Varnadoe No they are only affected by twigblight which destroys the limb not the tree The President What remedies do you employ Mr Varnadoe None The President Dont you think it about time to do so Mr Varnadoe Yes but unfortunately we have none The Government Eeport is meager in the extreme The fellow simply says he will come back next spring and tell us what to do and mean while leaves us alone in our glory Mr Hunnicutt In what respect does pear blight differ from apple blight The President swer Prof Willett Our able entomologist Prof Willett must an I have made no investigation and cannot say 187 28 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA Mr Eunnicutt I have destroyed apple blight by seeding three years in oats and stopping all fertilization I also grazed colts in the orchard I believe I first reported blight on LeConte when the Thomasville growers claimed for it entire exemption Mr Yarnadoe has not yet got far enough in his alphabet By the time he gets to baker he will be better prepared to talk out in meeting Blight on my LeContes began just as it appears to be doing with him but it extended I tried cutting around the limb and cutting back using the knife freely but all to no avail I fear his experience will ulti mately parallel mine Dr Hape Apple blight up to the present time is a true twig blight affecting the limb from the point of attack outwards thereby littering from pear blight which will ultimately proceed down the tree towards the trunk killing it Apple blight so far has proved comparatively harmless but may progress as pear blight has done and prove in course of time a veritable scourge Blight is a peculiar affection anyway It operates in so many distinct and different ways I have known blighted trees like some consumptives last for twenty years and again have seen them stricken down almost in a night We should be ceaseless in our endeavors to sift the subject to the bottom We should persevere until we thoroughly understand it if possible Blight however in my own immediate locality appears to be less this year than ever before and seems gradually disappear ing I have noticed that old and heavily laden trees appear more liable than others Mr Yarnadoe Pear blight with us never reaches the body of the tree It attacks and destroys the twigs only We are not afraid of if Dr Hape My experience differs It goes inwards and down wards as well as outwards with me and is very destructive Mr Yarnadoe Moreover the heavily loaded trees with us are more exempt Dr Hape That certainly must be the Thomasville blight Ours is not so generously discriminating Col B J Bedding There is no difference at all between apple and pear blight so far as either their cause or effect is concerned Quince blight is also identical The only difference is that of intensity either in locality or individual trees But I think we are makiug decided progress and should be congratulated on having succeeded 188GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY 2J iii persuading such men as Mr Varnadoe to even admit the existence of LeConte pear blight Sec Kinsey In justice to Mr Varnadoe I would state that LeConte blight was admitted last year in Thomasville Mr Varnadoe I dont admit the plagued thing yet We have a species of twigblight as explained before comparatively harmless killing the attacked twigs outwards but never communicating to the trunk or destroying the tree It was fully ventilated at Barnesville and decided to be twigblight not genuine pear blight It was after wards sent on to Washington with the same result Thats the kind of blight weve gotthats the Thomasville blight The President There are three different and successive phases of this disease Leaf Twig and Zymotic Blight I much fear our friend Varnadoe is but at the beginning of the performance and that it will run the complete gamut on him Mr Varnadoe I saw in Thomasville six years ago Clapps Favorite blight and wither in a night and the man dont live today in South Georgia who ever saw a LeConte do that Mr Heath My trees were affected in Thomas county and the third year came very near dying but there are no signs of blight to be found among them this year Sec Kinsey Have you ever split the limbs to look for larva Mr Varnadoe Mr Varnadoe No but I can prove they never go back of the ring first formed If thoy do they dont hurt the tree At least they dont hurt the LeConte I dont believe you can kill a LeConte anyway I once saw one struck by lightning ten years ago on the place of an old friend of mine Mr Quarterman wdiose son is present with us today to corroborate my statement I give you my word gentlemen so far from killing that tree it actually seemed for several years to revivify it and give it a new lease though the cotton stalks were scorched for fifteen feet all around it Laughter It is true for the last few years it has not done so well and seems somewhat more feeble and used up though I believe it still holds its own How is itMr Quarterman Mr Quarterman I regret to state Mr Varnadoe that the tree is now dead Mr Varnadoe Dead is it Well gentlemen it seems you now have direct proof that it takes even lightning ten years to kill a LeConte Applause and laughter 189 30 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA An essay on Geraniums by Mrs Rosa A Hanbirv of Atlanta was here read of which the following is a resume GERANIUMS This plant with its varied lines is found in more than six hundred wild forms or natural species natives of the country about the Cape of Good Hope We are told they were imported into England in 1701 and 1714 The flowers of the plant scientifically known by this name are regular consisting of five equal sepals five equal petals ten stamensfive alternate ones being longer than the others Gera nium Robertainum and Geranium Maculatum are familiar examples of the true Geranium Formerly all plants bearing any similarity to the above were termed Geraniums even by our best botanists but later there was found such a vast differ ence in the great variety of them that they gave us the names of the many varied beautiful and artistically pencilled fragrant plants of Pelargoniums Under this head we have storksbill from Pelargos a stork referring to the beak like formation of the seed pod A few occur in Australia one in the Canary Islands and one in Asia Minor The greater number of them cultivated in greenhouses and gardens are hybrids which are produced in this genus with great facility All the species are natives of Good Hope unless otherwise mentioned The fancy Pelargoniums strictly greenhouse varieties arc descendants of P Grandifloni introduced in 1704 but they are too tender for outdoor borders One of the hybrids thus produced was called Lady Washington which gave the whole class the name of Lady Washington Geraniums Some divisions of this class have the distinc tive appellation of French Pelargoniums because they were produced by the French Hybridists As specimen plants for greenhouses or conservatories these have decided merits P Inquinans Scarlet Pelargoniums one of the parents of that large class now known as bedding scarlet or zonal Geraniums and formerly very generally called Fish and Horseshoe Geraniums We have them in immense variety double and single embracing every shade of scarlet crimson rose car mine violet white etc This species has a splendid habit dwarf and compact The flowers are of good form and substance has large reniform or distinctly zoned leaves soft to the touch and exhaling when bruised an aromatic fishy odor P Zonale or Horseshoe Geranium named from dark discolored zones on the sur face of the leaves is a smaller species than the preceding and has the leaves more strongly marked The petals of the flower are narrower and of a deep carmine color A variety of this P Marginatul is the well known silver leafed Geranium and all the tricolors originated from the above species Cross fertilization for the past thirty years has given us the great variety named in Florists catalogues Perhaps however the most highly prized are the Rose scented Capitatum Apple scented P Odoratum Nutmeg P Odoratissimum Balm scented P Viti Folia and the large number of varieties known as Peppermint Pennyroyal and many other kinds whose magnificent leaves have been arranged and scented by the Giver of every good and perfect gift Seedling plants of the Pelargoniums are almost sure to he of great variety and as many produce seeds freely it is at once one of the easiest and most satisfactory plants to experiment with in this way Those who wish to try cross fertilizing can use no better subject for this purpose The parent should be selected with refer ence to the qualities desired in the seedling These being fixed upon watch the future seedbearing flowers and as the buds begin to open take a pair of small scissors and cut out the stamens in order to prevent fertilization by its own pollen The second day after the bloom opens its own stigma will be in proper condition to receive the pollen from another plant and this can be placed on it with a small camel hair pencil If any particular quality is dessired to be produced it must not be expected except as a result of several generations This is as it is termed breeding in and in Thus we may witness variations in this plant as remark able as those already produced both in foliage and flowers 190GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY 31 To properly pot plants seems a simple matter but many eases of siekly or imperfect plants are directly traceable to faulty potting One source of this is in potting too high that is potting so full of earth that when water is supplied the most of it will run off and very little of it be absorbed by the earth Suppose we examine a pot in which the soil comes to the to After watering you will find the bottom dry and the new and tender roots perishing for the want of moisture Always have a good under drainage and the earth at least one inch below the rim of the pot then when enough water is applied to till the unoccupied space enough will doubtless soak in to nourish the plant When good earth is used it will rarely need any special fertilizer but the best soil is well rotted chip dirt or rich earth from fence corners where leaves and other vegetable matter has decayed making a rich black loamy soil This with one part sand will make a most excellent soil Do not water too often but thoroughly when you attempt it give them a good soaking to the bottom of the pot and remember that plants like our dear little children need good food and drink and the kindly hand to guide them If wo furnish these our plants will prosper and doubly repay us for our trouble otherwise they will wither and die Too much water and excessive shade will make sickly plants Stir the soil often and care for them and they will reward you for your kindness with their beauty and loveliness In training Geraniums cut off the tops of young plants encouraging them to send up several branches from the base of the plant The Geranium will make a straggly awkward plant always if left to itself but judicious pruning will make it grow into good shape If grown as a standard the stem should be tied to a stake for it is easily broken by a wind when topheavy Geraniums that are to be merely kept over for another season may be allowed to remain out as long as the weather will permit and sometimes this is quite late Last fall my plants here remained uninjured until the first of November or a little later but that was quite unusual Oftentimes we have a few sharp frosts from the first to the fifth of October and after that perhaps a fortnight of milder weather By watching the temperature and giving the plants protection when cold threatens they may be allowed to remain some time after frost has arrived However when a freeze is imminent the plants should be lifted and taken in Strong plants that have made considerable rootgrowth may be kept over very well by tying them three or four in a bundle and hanging them up in a cellar where they will be secure from the frost through the winter and where there is sufficient moisture in the atmosphere to prevent drying out A cellar containing a furnace keeping the air constantly dry is not suitable and even one with a cement bottom is less desfr ble than one with soil or gravel bottom Small plants and all those varieties that have a small rootgrowth such as all thosewith variegated foliage do not keep well by this method as they dry out Except for those that are very strong I advise placing the plants in boxes of soil in the cellar and allowing only sufficient moist ure to prevent drying out A short paper followed Mrs Hanburys essay by Mrs R F Green of Decatur on the INTRODUCTION OF THE SCUPPERNONG INTO GEORGIA My knowledge of the history of the introduction of the scuppernong grape into Georgia is entirely traditional but trustworthy I received it from my fatherin law the late W G Green of Mt Zion Hancock county who died in 1879 at 78 years of age Mrs Elizabeth Springer came from North Carolina in 1790 bringing with her among other seeds and fruits a scuppernong vine It was transplanted in her garden in Sparta where Col Clinch now resides and flourished until a few years ago During her life the vine attained immense proportions and year after year was distributed to all parts of the State 19132 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA DISTRICT REPORTS The Reports from the different Congressional Districts were read adopted and ordered spread upon the minutes in the following order Xo Report FIRST CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT SECOND CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT Thomasviixk Ga July 28 1889 lo the Georgia State Horticultural Society In making this my annual report for tlie Second District of Georgia I can but say the fruit crop in all its branches has been simply enormous Apples I believe are not as good as other crops hut they are above an average Peaches never were bo plentiful principly seedlings but my taste tells me that quality in all classes of fruit is rather poor The blight has made its appearance in all parts of the county and in fact all the country and did much damage to the old varieties of pears Bartletts Ducliesse Howell Buerre d Anjou have suffered badly others not quite so bad LeContes were at one time supposed to be badly damaged but they pulled through with a heavy crop at this time Seem to be ready for another crop Many of them are full of bloomswhile the trees are loaded with a crop of mature friiit Keiffers have stood square up with no disease until now they are all giving way with heavy crops of fruit That is their worst failingthey always take on more than they can carry Upon the whole our fruit growers are proud of tJieir success As to the fruit though the returns are meager but we could not expect anything else umler the circumstances Field crops are good health is good ami prospects for South Georgia as good as we could wish No new fruit this season worth notice Yours respectfully 11 II San ford V P 2nd Dist THIRD CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT M ishauviiif Ga July 81 1889 To the Georgia State Horticultural Society It gratifies me exceedingly to report a full and perfect crop of nearly all varie ties of fruits this season We have realized our fondest hopes in regard to an abundant perfect and profitable peach crop It has been of uniform size and almost entirely free from rot and insects also highly colored and well flavored In packing varieties that are inclined to rot badly such as Early Alexander Hales Early fcc we could scarcely find a specked peach in hundreds of baskets The continued rains in some localities during the months of June and July seem ed not to produce any damaging effects The Georgia Peach has established a lasting reputation in New York and other cities this season being quoted higher in the daily prices current than those shipped from any other State Not only from perfect fruit have these good prices been obtained but from the manner iii which it has been handled and shirped The most satisfactory way we have found to ship in large quantities has been through refrigerator cars and so far as we have been able to learn those who did not use them realized but little profit Owing to the large amount of money made on fruits shipped from this section the business is on a boom and there will be more young trees planted in orchards than ever before in a single season 192GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY 33 The apple crop the most abundant for years and our home markets will he well supplied with thousands of bushels of Shockley Apples this winter in conclusion can pronounce this the largest most perfect and profitable fruit crop ever grown in this section Respectfully submitted Samuel H Rcmpii Chairman Fruit Committee FOURTH CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT 7Vwj a rr LaGrange Ga July 31 1889 Jo the Georgia Mate Horticultural Society pSESaffirteB0 make the foirwing report op the Fourth Con The products of the earth I may say of almost every variety of fruits have been IreshM 1ti11 llt a exception in the section where thB ll f 8eej U Egle PemmonI allude to the wild variety All he small frmts were good The apple crop not so abundant in parts of the dis trict as in some years but fairly good The peach crop is unprecedented both rtiniqrnttyepearcropsgoodandxtakegreatp S ng ha the blight winch has for years given us so much anxiety and occasioned vear PveSnZfaiS WP8 But very little has been noticed this IZof H si l f I T llt 8 nei of vears thretened the destruc on ofthe Shockley apple have been much less during the present year And I uTtotncTn I r V010 1S r17 ll disPstion n the part of our people togreallv to this tihT Fin n nK V oultlvftIg m f the desirable fruits suiti rolledn HJInallybteforeclog this paper I feel almost irresistahly im paled to mention one fact which though not entirely germane to this subject still its relation to agriculture and horticulture makes it I trust admissible J 1 allude to the subject of hillside terracing The writers own lands it is be heVeforeeaBV1wfntfieTethe T terraCed in the State ald h 1 hstood all lhn V I ght agalSt SUch terraees for the last decade and washing having been entirely preventedthe writer can conscientiously recom mend such system to all having rolling lands All of which is respectfully submitted H H Cast Vice President FIFTH CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT T tT n a TI Hapeville Ga July 31 1889 To the Georgia State Horticultural Society The crop of strawberries and raspberries was exceedingly promising durino the early part of the season After blooming profusely and setting a heavv crop the May drouths set in hut little or comparatively no rain felling during the entire lS8HThe teCt WaS t0 CUt the crP offfrom third to one half ofthL W frrPbCTry rP W1Ch has been dually fine The average of this fruit is constantly increasing and the demand greater than the supply It remunerative prices The peaeh erop has been immense and quality of fruit fine JeSthrkf WUh Vaiying SUCOess but in most dances at remu nerative prices The apple crop is not up to the average Pears below aver age or very light crop with exception of the LeConte which owing to thelvora ttat rarelV rnftUdf f l C WaS nlv average l varieties tZZlffww 5EKT P m mt SUCh aS 9n c and were fine sPec imens of that fru t Nothing new in fruits worthy of notice except some seedling peaches winch will require further tests in order to fully establish their reputation in this vS0 SaVhat tbUS fer Pear bHght has not raSed with Cce n this vicinity and new hopes are inspired that this dread disease may soon cease 19334 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA its ravages The grape crop is fine and comparatively free from rot Prices are ruling very low in the home market but shippers we understand are realizing remunerative prices Thus far no new grapes have come to our knowledge though a few doubtless have been fruited for the first time in this locality Increased ship ping facilities are having a marked effect on grape growing and the acreage of this popular fruit is being greatly extended The entire outlook for fruitgrowing in this district is nattering m the extreme and a more healthv tone pervades the entire district in this regard So that more trees vines c will probably be planted during the coming season than ever before Trusting that our expectations of a brighter future will be realized and that the great fruit interests of the entire State wlil receive a new impetus we feel that u more prosperous era now awaits us Sam l Uape VicePresident Fifth Con Dist SIXTH CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT Tobleb Ga Inly 31 1889 To the Georgia State Horticultural Society While this is a very remarkable fruit year it is uniform so far as ascertained and I dont know that I have anything to report from this that is not applicable to the surrounding districts u j The apple and pear crop is rather short but all other fruits are m great abund ance this vear Fruit trees vines and plants as a rule set too much inut which together with the drouth that prevailed through the growing season caused much of it to be inferior in size and some kinds inferior in quality Owing to the fact that winter lingered in the lap of spring the earliest fruits were two weeks and the later fruits one week later in ripening than usual It is a notable fact that there is very little damage to stone fruits this year by the Curculio The tender varieties of plums nectarines and apricots which have oenerallv been almost or complete failures from the ravages of this insect bore heavy crops of perfect specimens it being somewhat difficult to find a wormy one Some individuals give as a reason for this the fact that there has been a very short crop of the stone fruits for a series of years and therefore the Curculio is to a great measure perished out which may be true but it will be remembered that the period of oviposition was unusually windy and cold and it is likely the insect remained in winter quarters much of this time Respectfully submitted A J Williams VicePres Sixth Congressional District SEVENTH CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT Cement Ga July 30 1889 To the Georgia State Horticultural Society The fruit crop generally with the exception of apples has been unpreeedentedly abundant and quality exceptionally fine Very little rot and no blight ith this I send Mrs Bryans report from Lookout Mountain Dade county Ga Respectfully Geo H Warikii VicePres Seventh Congressional District LOOKOUT MOUNTAIN Dillon Ga July 30 1889 To the Georgia State Horticultural Society Strawberries raspberries gooseberries in perfection this year Seekel pears are overcrop fine also the crop of Bartletts very fine UConU trees ladden with 194GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY 35 fruit Summer apples onefourth crop Winter apples much injured in the springonly a tenth of a crop will mature Vegetables have been abundant and made with but half the usual labor owing to the continued rains Grape crop with very little rot Mrs J W Bryan Brampton Cliff No Report No Report EIGHTH CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT NINTH CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT TENTH CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT Augusta Ia July 31 1889 To the Georgia State Horticultural Society The Fruit Committee for the Tenth Congressional District beg leave to report that small fruits were about an average Strawberries were cut short by the early spring drouth so were blackberries The prices ruled fair and wereremunera tive Grapes about an average Apples were hardly up to an average some few varieties showed rot on the tree for instance the lied Astraehan and Red June Among early varieties the Red Margaret for a certain bearer freedom from disease and length of life stands at the head of the list Pears are a full average The peach crop has been an extraordinarily fine one Shy bearing varie ties this year were loaded with fruit to their utmost capacity The fruit was unusually tine and quite free from rot and Curculio The prices averaged low par ticularly for the fruit of common seedling varieties but large fine fruit well selected commanded a paying price Every variety of plums bore enormously Be Garadeuc which is a shy bearer produced an immense crop free from rot and Curculio The Japanese plums showed up to great advantage with full crop of extra fine fruit The area planted in melons was not as large as last year and the drouth in April and May injured the early planting Crop an average and prices low from the fact of their coming in competition with peaches and other fruit The above is respectfully submitted J P H Bkown Chairman Fruit Com for Tenth District The President Apropos of Dr Browns reference to curculio I would like to ask Prof Willett if he has noticed that it is less in number this year than usual and why Prof Willett It is less this year as you say both in number and in point of damage and it is due to the small fruit crop of last season there being little left to rot on the ground and form a breed ing place for it We shall probably bear more from the gentleman next year on account of the present seasons heavy yield of fruit and the splendid chance given him to propagate 195 36 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA CATALOGUE Atfer the President had read the programme for the remainder of the session and announced the Question Box open the discussion of the Catalogue commenced VicePresident Hape calling the list APPLES Hileys EurekaMr S H Kumph Bears a good crop but I dont think much of the fruit Its present rating is sufficient Kansas QueenDr Hape Does Prof Newman know anything about this apple With me it is not only showy but does so well I would like to know something more about it Prof Newman I have no experience with it LawverMr G II Miller Only second rate in quality Mr S M VVayman Is not a good keeper Mr Miller I only know it in the north I have no experience with it here in Georgia Mr Wayman I do not consider it worth retaining and move to strike from list So ordered NantahaleeDr Hape How about this President Berckmans I do not think it very desirable The catalogue describes it properly it is unreliable and apt to drop Left as at present Yellow TransparentDr Hape Has anyone any experience with this Mr Miller It is quite acid Pipens with Early Harvest bears transportation no better and in fact is no better in any respect No new apples being announced for trial the next head was taken up PEACHES AlexanderMr Wayman I would like to see this peach reduced to one star for the middle region President Berckmans I am compelled to oppose this Mr Wayman My reason is this our catalogue is handled by inexperienced persons who depend on it for guidance in their selec tions Older growers have their own individual experience to fall 196GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY 37 back on but the beginner would undoubtedly be misled in reference to this peach by the notevery profitable Has it been found so We are cutting down our orchards of Alexanders in middle Georgia by thousands of trees at a time and thousands of dollars are annually lost on this peach The commission merchants urge us not to ship them Occasionally thej prove remunerative but very seldom They are hard and knotty half ripe on the outside by the feeble sun of early summer and wholly green within They are scarcely better than no peach at all President Berckmans There are good reasons for your stand in this matter but they will not apply wholly to our section To begin with Alexander ripened later this year than usual which accounts in great measure for the disasters overtaking its shipment In North Carolina the season was unusually early and we were thus thrown in competition with the fruit from that section The market was overstocked with green and unsalable fruit and loss followed But last year and in all normal seasons my Alexanders averaged 8 per bushel This year there was little or no profit Nevertheless next year it may prove to be the only remunerative variety and may pay handsomely Varieties differ in different years and we cannot always foresee results I shall indeed regret to see Alexander cut down for the middle region Dr Hape I never knew Alexander as perfect as it has been with me this year It is generally very liable to rot but is doing better Occasionally we suffer accidental loss from it Quality very good however appears overstrained to me it is only comparatively good Retained as at present BeatricePresident Berckmans Had no showing this year crowded out HoneyPresident Berckmans A disappointment to everybody fit only forFlorida and should be striken No motion to that effect and hence no action LaGrangeDr Hape Who fruits this peach It is only single starred and deserves a better rating No reply and peach list finished without further comment NECTAE1NES APEICOTS POMEGEANATES and NUTS were called over successively without remark or comment 19738 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA PEARS Doyenne BoussockDr Hape This is down as a slow bearer Is it correct Mr E P Johnson Yes for it takes a long time to come inta bearing It is not misrepresented QarberMv Johnson Should have two stars for middle region and I so move Seconded and carried KeifferMr Varnadoe I would like two stars for the coast for this pear Ordered LawrencePresident Berckmans Succeeds admirably on the coast around Savannah Sec Kinsey I have trees fourteen years old and have yet to eat their first fruit One star for coast is enough for me One star for coast ordered LeConteMr Varnadoe I would like two stars for middle region and think I ask no more than its just dues So ordered OnondagaDr Hape Want this pear double starred for middle region Ordered Smiths HybridMr Johnson It is the worst blighter I know Hardly deserves its present place in the catalogue I regard it as anything but promising President Berckmans In this connection I would state that you have on exhibition here a number of pears of the Oriental type to which Snviths Hybrid as its name indicates belongs Some of them Madame Von Seibold for example are unfit for the table but showy and excellent for canning purposes We can safely J think add this pear to our list and also Damio and Mikado So ordered PLUMS President Berckmans Before commencing this head I would state that the nomenclature of many fruits especially of Japanese plums is so mixed that we had better proceed cautiously and look well into the matter of synonyms as we go Mr Johnson I move to wipe out synonymsaltogether and thus simplify our catalogue 1 J 198GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY 39 President Berckmans That would be impossible as we could not describe with sufficient accuracy without them Prof Newman Before the regular list is called there are three plums I would like to call attention to and have entered Sattie Mine and Missouri Sattie is somwhat similar to Marianna in growth only more vigorous it grows better also from cuttings and is freer from borer and suckers It is in every way a better plum compact in growth with the bole of the tree as smooth as glass The Brill is another good plum ripening earlier President Berckmans Is not this synonymous with DeCara deuc Prof Newman Possibly but it has the flavor of a good cling stone peach It is similar to Hendrix but of a different flavor President Berckmans That is just like DeCaradeuc Prof Newman Now the Missouri is like Columbiaboth being late bloomers Indian Chief helps to prolong the season it being a little later than Newman s and a little larger But I am interfering with the call of the list Let us start it in regular order The Chair proceeded with the list as requsted BradshawDr Hape This did well with me this season President Berckmans It strikes me that we had better re classify our plums in the catalogue separating the different types and making the explanations more explicit In the first place there is the division of Japan and Native Of the latter there are three classes 1 Chickasaw type of which Wild Goose Marianna and Robinson are examples 2 Americana peach leaved type of which Miner and Kanavha are examples and 3 Sloe type Prunus Umbellata all worthless With these distinctions kept in view our labor will be simplified MariannaMr G H Miller I would like to see this plum dropped from the list It is worthless President Berckmans I fully agreewith thegentleman in this Dr Hape It is a disappointment every year President Berckmans I had several good opportunities for observing and comparing it with Wild Goose It is a fine tree for shade a good grower has no disease free from rootknot But as 1940 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA for its fruit it is not as large or as good or as prolific as Wild Goose It is simply healthyits only recommendation Prof Newman We ought to drop inferior varieties ripening at the same time with those of better quality Hattie for instance proves more valuable I move we drop Marianna Ordered MinerPresident Bkrckmans of the Peachleaf type or section fine appearance Wild GooseProf Newman Ships well and is a good sample Pruit large of good quality and I bought five years ago Wild Goose on peach stock and find them subject to borer while those on plum roots are exempt Has any one tried Wild Goose on Marianna or other plum stock President Berckmans Wild Goose grows well from cuttings and ought to be all the better on that account if your experience with borer on peach stock is borne out by that of others There should be no need of working it on any stock at all Wild Goose is a short lived tree at best though I have some twenty years old still sound and bearing good crops It has a disposition to die back to the ground but usually new shoots spring up and thus the tree may be renewed without much trouble Sec Kinsey That is identically my experience Prof Newman Well mine differs when they died with me they died all overso to speak Mr Johnson Has any one tried the experiment of mixing Wild Goose with other varieties on account of its being imperfectly stami nate With us it is uncertain on account of its apparent imperfect fertilization No reply to this question Prof Newman Has Sec Kinsey ever been afflicted with aphis or black plant louse Sec Kinsey No Mr Iverson I have shipped Wild Goose largely and canfind no complaint to make against the returns It has paid well and I dont think its rating excessive In Coweta we want nothing better The average price I received this season was 3 per crate of twenty four quarts President Bkrckmans Fifteen years ago when I started ship ping to New York upon the receipt of my first shipment I was wired 200GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY 41 not to send any more A few days subsequent was wired to send all I could and since then it has grown steadily in favor the average price for fifteen years being 8 per bushel Year before last and this year the crop was poor but I dont want anything better taking it year in and year out Prof Newman What is the exact stage at which you ship them President Berckmans When they commence fairly to color up If gathered and packed at that stage they will be thoroughly ripe by the time they reach their destination and are sold I do not ship them green but just as they begin to color This secures flavor as well as firmness Robinson will not ripen so well after picking but Wild Goose does It brings the best net returns of any fruit 1 know Prof Newman I now move that Miner Missouri and Hattie be added to the list as promising Ordered The Convention then adjourned to meet at 8 a m on Thursday Griffin Ga Thursday Aug 1 1889 The Convention reassembled at 835 a m Mr A Q Moody of Thomasville offered the following EESOLUTION Resolved That the catalogue of the State Horticultural Society be so amended that in the classification of fruits the counties of Decatur Thomas Brooks Lowndes Echols Charlton Miller Mitchell Colquitt Baker Berrien Clinch Ware Early and Pierce be taken from the Middle Region and that they shall constitute a new region in said classification to be known as the Southern Region I think continued Mr Moody that this change is imperative and that the productions of the above named counties differ as much from those of the middle region as they do from the productions of the coast tier of counties which are affected by the salt air and hence should be classed by themselves I dont believe said Sec Kinsey that there is enough differ ence in the products of these counties to warrant a classification distinct from the coast to which division it might be well to attach them and I suggest this change Mr Moody These counties really border on the semitropical region and it is therefore evident that they should not properly be classed with the middle region of Georgia yet for the reason previ 20142 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA ously stated I think they should form a region separate and distinct from the saltwater counties and so adhere to my original resolution Dr Cary Are you not straining a point in claiming the tier of counties you mention to border on a semitropical climate Do bananas for instance mature with you in the open air Sec Kinsey I have seen them fruit in one of the public squares in Savannah President Berckmans Our third division is styled in the cata logue lower or coast region How would lower and coast region do instead and include in this division the counties named in Mr Moodys resolution That would be a better classification than at present and yet avoid the introduction of a fourth division Dr Hape I am in favor of the resolution and move its adop tion Sec Kinsey That will involve a complete reorganization of the catalogue The President l I am of the opinion that the resolution is well taken on account of the undoubted influence the sea atmosphere has upon those localities within its reach It exercises a distinct and specific effect in the tier of coast counties and produces results entirely different from those observed in localities in the same lati tude and with the same soil that are not exposed to its action The counties mentioned in the resolution are unaffected by the sea air and depend solely upon their geographical position for their fruit Dr Hape I think it due in courtesy to the representatives from the counties in question to consult their interest refer the whole matter to a committee from that territory with power to reorganize the catalogue by inserting the division asked for if they see fit and classify the different fruits for that division appropriately I there fore move as an amendment that the matter be referred to a com mittee as stated from those counties Mr Moody accept the amendment and thank the gentleman for it The motion as amended was put and carried and a committee consisting ol Messrs Moody Varnadoe McKinnon and such others as this committee may select was appointed Note This committee made their report subsequently creating the Southern Eegion but it was not formally drawn off and was turned over to the reporter simply in the form of a copy of the cata 202GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY 4j logue with each fruit carefully marked for the new region and has thus been incorporated in the Catalogue of Fruits which see Prof J E Willett of Macon Entomologist of the Society was introduced and read a most interesting and instructive twin essay on Insectivora and Peach Yellows as follows IXSKCT IMMIGRANTS AND THEIR PARASITES Originally animals were confined more or less to particular countries or areas on the globe from which areas they have diffused more or less widely through various agencies mans influence being probably the most potent Wewill illus trate The turkey the buffalo the rattlesnake aiid the mockingbird were found hv man first in North Armerica Franklin proposed the rattlesnake as the coatof arms of the United States One species of elephant the zebra the camelopard one rhinoceros the hippopotamus and the ostrich are peculiar to Africa Another species of elephant the tiger another rhinoceros and the paradise bird are found in Asia Nearly every quadruped in Australia is pouched or belongs to our opos sum family the kangaroo being the monarch of that family The jaguar the condor the sloth the longtailed monkeys and the hummingbird characterize South America scarcely extending into North America Many of these have crossed to other continents through the agency of man I may mention the turkey the canary bird the English rabbit in Australia and the European sparrow in the United States So powerful is the influence of man that lie has gathered around him a little family of dogs eats poultry horses cows sheep goats and unwillingly rats mice fleas roaches and some troublesome parasite which accompany him to all climes So long has this domestic relation prevailed that it is now quite impossible to say where our domestic animals originated Hie tiny brethren of the animal kingdom the insects are included in this law of local origin and of subsequent diffusion The English pea weevil is American and as we derived that choice pea from Kurope so Europe got its deadly enemy the pea weevil from America The grape phylloxera also is American but made little impression on our American grapes which have been so recently reclaimed from the sturdy wild vines but when the little American was carried in American vine cuttings to the vineyards of France the French vines sweet ened and elevated and ennobled but enfeebled by the civilization of many cen turies succumbed to the multitudinous progeny of the American invader Half of the vineyards of France have been abandoned to this little insect from beyond the seas So the Colorado potato beetle for centuries a harmless insect feeding on the horsenettle and other solanaceous plants in the west and kept in check by the limited supply of plant food began to increase when the cultivated potato was carried by man into its terrritory and we know the rest Abundance of food has set the beetle on its travels eastward It has swept across the United States nearly driving the potato out of cultivation The farmers of no country have had so persistent a battle with an insect enemy as have the farmers of the United States with the Colorado potato beetle I have in my scrapbook a cable gram clipped from a newspaper some year ago It reads thus Dublin A Colorado potato beetle was found on the wharf here today This estray had crossed the Atlantic in some steamship I have no information as to its history in Europe after this official announcement of its arrival On the other hand we have many noxious insects from other lands I will mention three The bollworm which sometimes attacks the cotton plant but is a constant feeder on Indian corn tomatoes beans etc is a cosmopolite It is known throughout the civilized world and its tastes are as various as are it homes The cottonworm confines itself with singular loyalty almost to one 2044 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA plant The bollworm however samples nearly every plant which man culti vates and fattens on a dozen or more The white cabbage butterfly pieris rapa of Europe came to Canada in some cabbage heads about 1859 It may have been since introduced at some ports of the United States I first noticed its olivegreen pubescent larva in Macon about 1876 It is now abundant in every State east of the Mississippi and in some States west The third European insect immigrant is the orchard scolyins rugulosis a new enemy of the peach tree in this country It came from Europe quite recently and threatens to be a very destructive pest I will speak of it more particularly further on Secondly immigrant insects are specially noxious in the countries to which they are carried This arises from two causes mainly First the greater abundance of food and secondly the absence of natural enemies The first point I have alluded to in the history of the Colorado potatobeetle On the arid plains of Colorado this beetle found scant nutriment in the stunted solanaceous plants and it simply held its own without increase of numbers But when the white settlers brought to the plains their cherished potato and by cul ture and irrigation developed an abundant luxuriance of juicy herbage the beetle turned from its dry nettles to this more toothsome pasture and honored the royal fare by an abundant progeny which speedily spread over all the Northern potato fields The greater abundance of potatoes at the North and possibly our warmer climate has saved us from the incursions of doryphora decenlineata We have feeding on the horsenettles a brother doryphora juncta distinguished by eight longitudinal black lines instead of ten on the creamcolored wings two pairs of lines on the Colorado being merged into one pair in the Georgia beetle I have known the latter to take to the potato in one instance only Should the horse nettle become scarce we might have a native potatobeetle at the South as destruc tive as its Western brother The abundance of food will explain the ravages of many insects when first introduced into a new country The want of natural enemies also contributes much to the rapid increase of immigrant insects Every class of animals has its carnivora and herbivora The lion the hawk the shark are familiar examples of the former and the bison the dove and the carp examples of the latter The same is true of insects Every one is familiar with the strong flight of the musquitohawk as it chases gnats and flies and musquitoes in the twilight and with the business air of hornet and wasp as they hunt innocent flies and caterpillars of various kinds in their feeding places A little study of insects reveals the strong line of separation between the carnivora and herbivora and the great number of families of both classes And this con stant struggle between the two constitutes a wise balance in the kingdom of nature If the carnivorous insects were destroyed the herbivorous would sweep all plant life from the globe On the contrary if the herbivorous insects were removed the carnivorous would soon perish for want of food and plants would attain a lux uriance and redundancy scarcely witnessed in the geological ages Again to come more closely to our point every species of insect has its natural foodplant Our cottonworm seems to be confined at the South at least to one plantthe cotton plant Our tomatoworm feeds almost exclusively on the solanaceous order of plants including the tomato Irish potato pepper tobacco solanum jasminoides etc And so generally each herbivorous insect confines itself to a limited vege table diet The carnivorous insects likewise have their choice of food in the great ranks of insects Hence all our noxious insects have certain insect enemies These natural enemies keep them in check The entomologist in studying the habits of an insect does not complete his work until he has studied just as care fully the carnivorous insects which infest it and limit its increase As an illustra tion I will refer to Prof Comstocks report on the cotton insects He devotes 137 pages to the history habits etc of the cottonworm and no less than seventyseven pages to its natural enemies Hence our white cabbage butterfly pieris rapce in coming from England in 1859 left behind its English natural enemies and its multiplication and destruction to cabbage were alarming to our gardeners But 204GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY 45 it has found enemies here Some American carnivorous insects have found its juices to their tastes and have greatly reduced its numbers The orchard scotytun to be mentioned more particularly hereafter has come from Europe without its fatal tram of enemies and is hence so destructive to our peach trees 3 This suggests the introduction by man of its proper insect enemies of any immigrant noxious insect For instance let government bring to America from Europe the natural enemies of the cabbage butterfly and the orchard scnlytus just mentioned and these last will be brought into reasonable check as in Europe Ihe same is true on a larger scale of the sparrow plague in America and the rabbit plague of Australia The former were imported to America between 1851 and 1881 as destroyers of caterpillars The fact is they live on grain and seeds eat few insects and drive away insectivorous birds they have occupied more or less 35 to 40 States and Territories They are fairly in check in Europe be cause they are not coddled as they are here and are left to the tender mercies of hawks owls etc We must disown them here give them no house room and cultivate sparrow hawks screech owls jays etc The European rabbit was intro duced into Australia about 1860 for sporting purposes It fouifd no natural enemies no wildcats foxes dogs hawks owls etc and its increase has been one of t he events of history No less than 20000000 acres of land devoted to sheep in Australia and 500000 acres in New Zealand have been more or less abandoned Ihe Government with all its laws bounties and premiums has made little head way against this insignificant rodent We may learn a valuable lesson about the Blight of insects from an incident in Utah In the neighborhood of Beaver City about the year 1878 the native hare had become an intolerable nuisance until hunts on a large scale were organized for their destruction At various periods since up to 1887 they have become very scarce from the prevalence of grubs in their heads somewhat like what we call wolves in cattle rabbits and squirrels Ihe Australians might take a hint from this and introduce a few thousands of the flies called vestrulm into the rabbit territory Thev would beat all the parch ment laws and bounties and wire fences The introduction of friendly insects by Government has been successfully tried recently in California The scale insects are serious hindrances to the culture of the orange in both California and Florida A new scale called the fluted scale cottony cushion scale ribbed scale and by entomologists icerya purchasi was introduced into California on some acacia plants about 1868 or 1869 from Austra lia It prefers as food plants the acacia and citrus families and its ravages in the orange groves have been fearful Some growers are cutting down their orange groves and great anxiety is felt in the infected districts Prof Rilev has been studying the insect since 1886 and has instituted manv ingenious and expensive experiments for its destruction and control In August 1888 an agent was sent to Australia to bring back with him some of the native parasites of the icerya One parasitic fly had been shipped by friends in Australia before Mr Koebela the agent made several shipments of small ladybirds coceinellids and parasitic flies One lot of 12000 pupa by the steamer December 1888 were thoroughly smashed at the customhouse only about four individuals remaining alive Another large lot came by the March steamer and were in fine condition They were hatched under a tent and then given the run of the orange groves At last accounts they were doing their duty as well as they could have done had thev completed their lives in Australia under the rule of Victoria Queen of Great Btain and Empress of India instead of the presidency of Benjamin Harrison This is an instructive incident as showing what may be done in controlling noxious insects under the direction of scientific research This concludes what I have their Parasites to say on the subject of Immigrant Insects and 2054 DKPAKTM KXT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA PEACH YELLOWS I need nut top to say that the subject of Peach Yellows will attract the atten tion of all peachgrowers This disease has pervaded New England the Middle States Delaware and Maryland and the Western States to Michigan inclusive It began so far as known in the neighborhood of Philadelphia about 1806 and speedily spread to the adjoining States It is sometimes very virulent and if there were no periods of relaxation the peach would have ceased to he one of our cultivated fruits in the infected districts long since The Department of Agriculture at Washington instituted an investigation of the Peach Yellows in 1887 Mr Erwin F Smith B So being appointed special aent The Department has recently published his preliminary report Bulletin No 9 of the Botanical Division This contain over 200 pages of conscientious patient and entertaining statistics on the history distribution characteristics losses favorable conditions and restrictive legislation of this disease The second report on the causes of Yellows will be looked for eagerly The Bulletin contains maps and thirtysix elegant plates some colored and most of them from photographs Mr Smith gives cuts of peach twigs sent from Georgia from the neighborhood of Griffin of what were called Peach Yellows and seems somewhat inclined to think the twigs show genuine Yellows A personal investigation by MrSmith will set at rest the question whether we have Peach Yellows in Georgia or not As the subject has been previously before this body 1 will recapitulate what has been reported At the meeting uf the Society in Barnesville in 1888 Col J C Harman of Tenniile Ga presented some twigs of the LeConie pear which were dying apparently from blight The LeConte had not blighted then and great interest was excited on this vexed question The writer was not present at the meeting In September following Mr Harman wrote me giving the above facts and forwarding twigs of the LeConte pear the apple and the peach He wrote that about the 20th September be had found small black beetles issuing from the holes at the base of the dead pear and apple limbs The peach was unaffected These beetles seemed to have been living as larva between the wood and bark of the tw7igs and maturing had cut their way out through the hark The beetles resembled much the pearblight beetle xyleborus pyri 1 sent specimens to Prof C V Riley who pronounced them the scolytux rugulosus which was introduced from Europe in 1877 and had been very destructive to orchards especially those of the peach All this was published in the proceedings of the Association for 1883 I received the specimens from Mr Harman while on a visit to Greene county Ga and on examining peach orchards there found the beetles in holes in many peach trees which were dying of what was called Yellows The same facts I verified in peach orchards in Jones count The next summer 1 found the beetles in peach and apple trees which were dying in Greene county This year 1 find them in dying peach trees in Bibb county The same appearance in peach trees I found common this summer on a trip from Macon to Atlanta I had no opportunity to examine for beetles 1 am happy to add that the scolytus has been found by me in a suspected tree in an orchard near Griffin from which twigs were sent to Washington City The striking peculiarity in all the cases which I have examined fully is that the leaves of the affected trees are in close bunches at the ends of the limbs A limb which unobstructed would have grown to two feet will be two to four inches long and yet every leaf will be present crowded together in this small space As the larva in mining under the bark enlarged their holes laterally several holes occurring along the same limb of last years growth would cut off the sap more and more until the limb was practically girdled and died The appearance is that of being stunted The figures of twigs from Griffin seem to me to be typical scohtuskilled twigs There is no appearance of premature growth in fruit or twigs no secondary shoots no growth in the fall as described in true Yellows by Mr Smith The damage is sudden and fatal This is the only Yellows I have seen in Georgia I would fain hope that there is no other but there may be Time will develop 206GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY 47 The remedy for the scolytus sis the disease develops itself The sum of the above is that the s the burning of all affected trees in June Peach Yellows lias not been certainly recog nized much south of Washington City although it has prevailed in Delaware nearly a century When it has traveled it has gone north to Massachusetts and New i ork and west to Ohio and Michigan If propagated in peach trees there has been the same chance to come south as to go north and west And vet there has seemed to be a charmed lino not far south of Masons and Dixons which it has not crossed It may be a climatic line It would seem that we should have been without alarm in Georgia This quiet was disturbed in the meeting at Barnesville m 1883 by supposed blight in the LeConte pear The blight proved to bo a small beetle determined by Prof Riley to be scolytus ruqulosus which had appeared in the United States from Europe in 1877 This beetle was found in the peach tree in 1888 and has been slowly spreading in Middle Georgia since that time The yellowing of the leaves and the dying of the trees at various points has caused repeated alarms since The alarm at Washington City has sprung from one of these panics here But the characteristic bunching of the leaves isunmistakable and the beetles or their holes at the upper base of the spurs are easily found in July to September Any one can convince himself by examining suspected trees at this season It needs no science It is patent to everybody As the beetle spreads slowly from orchard to orchard every one can free himself from it by burnine infected trees as early as the month of June At the conclusion of his essay Prof Willett exhibited a map from Mr Smiths official report and continued The map of the United States distinctly outlines the region of territory so far affected by Yellows The peach region of Georgia is indicated by a round red spot extending from Macon upwards some hundred miles or so Griffin is located somewhere near the center but the compiler seems to be altogether ignorant of the existence of Marshallville and the succulent glories of the Elberta The Yellows district is clearly lined from Washington City North and West through Michigan leaving our own territory far to the South and safely removed from danger as yet Had we only possessed this map in 1883 at the time of the big scare we could have felt secure as we should now do with all the light we have at present thrown upon the subject It has taken a century to spread the Yellows over its present area and this should greatly reassure us Our climate seems to keep it off Mr Smith doesnt call the specimens from Georgia Peach Yellows though he contradicts himself by labeling a cut Peach YellowsGeorgia I saw yesterdayat Mr Husteds near this city a dead tree which he said had been affected by Yellows Upon a close examination the holes in the bark proved to be the work of the Scolytus whereupon he at once brightened up and became convinced that it was a case not of Yellows but Scolytus Jf exhibit specimens from this tree where the holes appear above the buds You will notice that the most characteristic feature is the bunching 20748 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA of the leaves on tne affected twig as I prove by exhibiting specimens taken from my home place at Macon No beetles are in these now but they are burrowed away in the ground as larvse and will appear hereafter I trust that all who are interested will examine these specimens and be satisfied that their scare is for naught There is no genuine Peach Yellows in Georgia Tho President Prof Willetts essays are instructive and his conclusion not only valid but valuable I here wish to state that I have had recently published an answer to a letter from Dr Watkins in which I acknowledged my former ground untenable I have known Mr Husted many years He is an able painstaking con scientious horticulturist and should know Peach Yellows if he saw it His admission in this instance means much 1 have seen Yellows in many States but never a genuine case in Georgia Some time since I prepared an article for the Atlanta Constitution at Mr Gradys request In it I stated that a fruitgrower near Augusta minutely described to me the appearance of many of his peach trees which tallied with what I had formerly seen of Yellows and with the infor mation at hand at the time I pronounced his case Yellows I there fore reported that there was genuine Yellows in the State I now gladly retract that statement and assert that I am convinced by Prof Willett that there exists todaj no genuine Yellows in Georgia You can see in Prof Smiths report by comparing two cuts exactly how Scolytus differs from Yellows Our minds should be set at rest at once and I hope forever on this point Dr Hape I would like to ask if genuine Yellows shows the presence of an insect Prof Willett Only as a secondary effect never as a cause The insects found in trees killed by Yellows have had nothing to do with the killing and are a different insect working dissimilarly The mode of destruction is this the buds spiral around the twig in a screwlike manner after a fixed law well known to botonists If the beetle deposits its eggs the larva works out on both sides ringing the twig around so that the continuity of the fibre is broken When the twig is thus girdled death is certain though it may take more or less time according to circumstances This is the operation of the Scolytus Yellows on the other hand requires several years to get in its work The fruit is at first prematurely ripened with reddish spots 208GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY 49 It is hardly noticeable the first year Next year the foliage is affected spurs shoot out long and straight The growth is hastened and stimulated rather than diminished or stunted through the summer into the fall The twigs do not die like those attacked by Scolytus but the third year the tree itself worn out and exhausted by its hectic effort dies The difference you perceive is marked Col R J Reddino I move that the thanks of the Society be iormally tendered Prof Willed for his excellent exposition of this most important matter Unanimously carried was here read bj Mrs A short paper on Unfermented Wines W M Scott of Atlanta as follows UNFERM KXTEI VJ N K This name has been challenged as incorrect the term being a paradox since being unfermented the liquor it is claimed is not wine It must be admitted that this criticism is correct Research shows the word wine in almost every lan guage meaning perhaps invariably the fermented juice of grapes though the Wris yearS aPPhed U alsoto the fermented juice pf other fruits and Unfermented wine is often called nectar by those who arc punctilious and to whom even the name of wine is offensive Usage however is the law of language and universal use has given a definite meaning to the term unfermented wine and we must be content to use the article without demanding any papers or pedigree to establish its claim to respectability It is its own reason for teinga good thing or years there was a saying in regard to certain parts of this country that there was an exact ratio between the size of the peach orchards and the cemeteries The lords of the soil having plenty of leisure and peach brandy laid themselvesout at an ear y point in their history leaving widows to remarry endow other husbands with the brandy cellars who in their turn fell victims to the ahundance I was not a little alarmed upon reading in one of our local papers of a recent date an article commending the making of peach brandy as a home industry to the farmers as a fine use to make of this years abundant crop It will be a sorry day for this country when plenty of fruit means plenty of brandy Sanctifying brandy by the name homemade is a delusion that has made many a drunkard the tact that a boy s mother made the brandy does not lessen its evil powers and only induces an indifference to the danger If on the other hand the use of unfermented wine could be made general it would satisfy the social instinct that makes all humanity love a social glass and while doing a positive good would avert a positive evil I have prepared several copies of my recipe and if by scattering them a few housekeepers can be induced to make this beverage I shall teeltnat 1 have done a good deed in a naughty world The preparation of the wine is perfectly simple Remove the grapes from the stems using any juicy variety though the Concord is perhaps the best Weigh into a preserving kettle twentyfive pounds and add half a teacup of water to pre vent scorching Scald until well burst and strain through a jelly bao If they scald too long too much tannic acid is obtained which will make the wine astrin gent and the color will be darkened Add to the juice four pounds of white sugar coffee or granulated boi just long enough to skim and bottle as soon as possible the bottles should be small as the wine will not keep long after being opened and should be hot when filled New corks should be used and as soon as all the 20950 DEPARTMENT OK AGRICULTUREGEORGIA bottles are tilted should be trimmed off and glazed with sealing wax This meas ure will make about twelve quails but is not very sweet There is not much rule in tin proportions of juice and sugar Some recipes call for a much larger quan tity of sugar than thisat least a third moremaking a very sweet wine Like all canned goods this wine should be kept in a dark place and be allowed to stand perfectly still after being once put away The soul of the careful house wife need not be troubled by dust or cobwebs on wine bottles or fruit jars as they are indications of excellence and safety This wine has been in use in the North for years especially for sacramental purposes and in thousands of homes where fermented wine would not be tolerated and answers uses for comfort and pleasure that leaves no need for any other Drank as it comes from the bottle ifris invigorating and agreeable or shaken up with ice after the similitude of a sherry colder and furnished with an alluring straw it could be taken by the very elect with delight But it reaches its ultimate when brewed into a punch half and half apollinaris water and wine with lemon and sugar The hospitable could dispense this cup with as much satisfaction as could be derived from any flowing bowl and have at the same time a conscience void of offence for it is that delectable thing a cup that cheers but not ine briates An essayon Japan Ilums by Mr L A Berck mans of Augusta followed JAPAN PLUMS Some years since it was repeatedly stated by persons who had long resided in Japan that the onlv valuable native fruit found there was the persimmon This seemed plausible especially as mention is made of but few native fruits by trav elers who had given descriptions of the products of Japan Until 1882 Japan plums other than the ornamental and double flowering varieties were unknown in America the advent of the Kelsey plum being the first knowledge that a dis tinct race of valuable plums existed in that country From what can be learned the Kelsey plum and other varieties of that class have long been known in Japan It is therefore exceedingly strange that such careful botanical explorers as Dr Von Siebold Robert Fortune Thomas Hogg and others failed to make mention of a class of fruits which would attract atten tion in any country It has been stated by some horticultural writers that the peculiar shape which most of the Japanese plums assume is due to a modification arising from climatic influences the varieties which are now introduced in America being only well known European and American sorts formerly imported into Japan but which have undergone this peculiar modification of shape by many years cultivation in that country Admitting that certain fruits are sometimes slightly changed in form color quality and season of maturity by climatic as well as soil and local influ ences we could not readily believe that any fruit could become so far modified as to make a Green Gage assume the form of a Kelsey or the Washington to be transformed into the Ogon simply by the influences above referred to Other writers concede that there is an entirely distinct race of plums in Japan whose botanical characteristics differ from both the European and the several American types We readily adopt these views having fruited the Japan plums for several years past It is however a potent fact that many socalled Japan varieties exported to America within the past three or four years are nothing but European varieties under Japanese names About 1871 when General Horace Capron went to Japan to assume duties some what similar to those connected with his former office as United States Commis sioner of Agriculture a large quantity of fruit trees grape vines and small fruits were purchased in this country and sent to the Experimental Station at Tokio 210GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY ol 1 uese fruits wore thence disseminated throughout the Japanese empire and when twelve yea sincejin enterprising horticultural speculator found a first trees of the Japan persimmon which he the ere a larger field was opened for the collecting of other fruits from that lountry I eeuniary gam being in sight a number of firms soon sprang nre and there began a new source of industry which at this date has ready sale iii California carried there a lar faraway conn into existence attained great proportions We are indebted to these importin firms for a bcrof valuable plums persimmons and oranges ami also for the most con fusing nomenclature that has ever been brought before the horticultural world and which will take years to rectify As with the persimmon local names seemto be mainly used hence a collector will send a number of plums to California which he has gathered m one district while another collector operating in a different locality sends the same varieties to his firm but under different focal names and thereby adds Ins quota of synonyms and unpronouneable names to the already per plexed and bewildered American fruitgrower A remedy must be found for this indiscriminate and wholesale abuse of names which is assuming the shape of an imposition upon the fruit tree planting public tor example as to the loos way in which some of these Japanese exporting firms lack mi names when the local ones are unknown we submit the following Maid en s Blush Golden Heart Red Republican Peerless King Cole Rising Sun Karly Bird etc There are two very distinct types of Japan plums but what to name these is a puzzle because of the confusion which exists in the names under which thev are received SBCTIOM 1 AllilroT PLUMB if these four varieties arc known here or at least there are supposed to be four varieties In 18 i 8 we received from Japan among a large lot of plants two plum trees trained after the fashion of the Japanese They were not above three feet ugh had been potgrown each branch tied downwards with a thin strip of whale bone and from their appearance were evidently a score of vears old being minia lure trees Trees grafted from these made a rapid growth and in February produced a profusion of most beautiful semidouble dark rosecolored flowers Owing to the absence of severe spring frosts and partial protection of the tree trom the surrounding shrubbery an abundant crop of fruit was produced four years since Fruit medium oblong skin yellow smooth flesh yellow juicy sub acid with apricot flavor of second quality clingstone ripened at Augusta end of May Foliage long broad at base wood slender bright green Habit compact after the tree is three or four years old Information received subsequently gave us the impression that the name of this variety was V lrgata under which it was partially described by Dr Von Siebold but we are m doubt whether this name is correct or not At all events this variety isunsuited as a fruitbearing tree to sections outside the orangeproducing zone but is a valuable ornamental varietv as it is one of our earliest spring ars ago we received from California a second variety of this type unde of Botankio No 2 This is quite similar in growth with the forego bloomers Four year the name ing but produces single white flowers No fruit has been produced Among a late importation were included two varieties numbered 8 and 9 which may upon further trial prove identical with the two varieties already mentioned 1 he name Botankio being that of a distinct fruitbearing variety we are there fore unable to give the correct name to be applied to the apricot plum type SECTION 2KELSEY TYPE As this was the first and most remarkable variety of any value introduced and there being several others which partake of its general characteristics we mav perhaps be permitted to give the above classification J Kelsey What the true Japanese name may be of this variety is rather difficult 211DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE GEORGIA to determine According to Mr II II Berger this is the Botankio while Japanese catalogues give it the following names Botankin Togari Sinomo Hattankio This plum was first imported from Japan in 1X71 by the late John Kelsey of Berkely Gala whose name has been given to this variety Until 188 nothing was known of this fruit outside of Mr Kelseys grounds when its won derful size and excellent quality attracted the attention of fruit growers We received grafts of it in the spring of 1884 and had a few June budded trees to fruit in 188 The following points of excellence were claimed by the Pacific Rural Press all of which we can endorse after several years trial The only drawback that we can note is its early blooming Some years it was simultaneous with the Wild Goose and others a week earlier From the Pacific Rural Press April 23 1883 1 Its wonderful productiveness is unsurpassed by any other plum either native or foreign 2 It comes into bearing at the age of two or three years blooms appearing fre quently on yearling trees 3 The fruit is of very large size being from seven to nine inches in circumfer ence and specimens weighing six and a half ounces each it has a remarkably small pit 4 It is very attractive in appearance being of a rich yellow nearly overspread with a bright red with a lovely bloom It i heartshaped It ripens from first to last of September It is of excellent quality melting rich and juicy its large size renders the paring of the fruit as practicable as the peach which is quite a novelty and it excels all other plums for canning As a dried fruit it is destined to take the lead equal to if not surpassing the best dried prunes Experiments esulted in yielding 19 pounds of dried fruit to 100 pounds of fresh fruit In texture it is firm and meaty and it possesses superior qualities for shipping to long distances it remains solid longer than any other variety Upon highly cultivated sandy loam rich in plant food the fruit is predisposed to decay but upon clay soil the fruit remains quite sound and colors up much more Trees planted in poultry yards where the soil is not disturbed and receives no other cultivation except to have the weeds cut down seem to give the best results so far as the fruit being freefrom decay and insect depredations Its reg ular season of maturity in Georgia is difficult to determine In 1887 fruit did not mature until October 1st in 1889 it ripened in July This year the crop was phe nomenal and fruit began to ripen the latter part of July and continued for eight weeks Perfectly green specimens are now on the trees Some specimens weighed six and three quarter ounces As to its shipping qualities On July 30th we shipped a case containing forty plums to the Paris Exposition where they arrived on August 14th in perfect condition only four specimens being slightly specked Their wonderful size and quality attracted universal attention BotankioOblong with pointed apex one and threequarter inches long by one and onehalf broad yellow ground overspread with purplish red purple cheek flesh deep orange firm sugary and subacid near the skin clingstone middle of July or a week earlier than Ghakot which it resembles but is smaller as a rule quality very good tree vigorous grower and prolific ChabotHeartshaped greenish yellow ground nearly covered with carmine and over spread with minute dots Flesh orange yellow very firm subacid or even acid quality good clingstone a very good keeping variety end of July HattankioTwo varieties were received under that name one is greenish yel low becoming deep yellow at maturity smooth skin tough flesh yellow very juicy slightly subacid and of good flavor clingstone heartshape with sharp apex Matures June 12th The otherlarge yellow round skin thick tlcsh deep yellow or light orange solid sugary a little coarse with green gage flavor quality very good middle of July clingstone Some specimens of this variety affect the pointed form supposed to be the SliiroSinomo This note was added October 1st 212GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY 53 Masu Round with pointed and curbed apex orangeyellow ground covered with light red and a bluish bloom flesh yellow melting juicy subacid second quality nearly freestone maturity end of June UraBeniMedium size heartshape bright carmine red with bluish bloom flesh line grained livin subacid second quality cling a very showy fruit Ma turity June 20th SatsumaThis will likely prove to be one of the most valuable of all the Japan plums vet introduced Fruit large skin dark purplish red mottled with bluish bloom shape globular flesh firm juicy dark red well flavored quality good pit very small Maturity in Georgia two to three week before the Kelsey tree a thrifty grower SECTION BOTAN TVlK Mr II H Berger gave to this group the name of Nagate and says there are two varietiesthe large red round called Botan and the more eggshaped called Ogon There is evidently an error in this as these fruits are just the reverse as to shape OaonRound golden yellow at maturity medium to large flesh yellow firm sweet good quality freestone Matures June 15th Botan In this there will be much difficulty in arriving at a correct nomencla ture Two quite distinct varieties are grown here st Sweet Kuiioi Medium size round or slightly oblong skin green nearly covered with dull purple bloom flesh yellowish Arm sweet or slightly subacid adheres slightly to the stone quality very good Maturity June 20th id Yellow FUfhed Botan Large round with pointed apex bright red or light vermilion smooth flesh yellow melting very juicy sweet and with much aroma quality best elingstone matures June 20 This variety with Ogon seems to be well adapted to the Middle States where the Kelsey type is nothardv The Yellow Fleshed Botan has already been deemed worthy of a new name it being advertised as Abundance with the usual addition of extra price BurbinkThis was introduced in February of this year and a very fair crop of fruit was produced In general appearance it resembles the Yellow Fleshed Botan Color cherry red mottled yellow shape more globular flesh flavor and quality are identical but it matures three to four weeks later The tree is of very vigorous growth slightly differing in the foliage Hurbank A7 2As catalogued by Mr Luther Burbank of Santa Rosa Cal is of medium size shape regular and globular yellow nearly overspread with pur plish carmine flesh yellow very juicy molting tine grained rich flavor nearly freestone quality best end of June to beginning of July It is to be noted that the period of maturity of all the above mentioned plums is from two to four weeks earlier in Middle Georgia than in California PRUNUS SIMON SIMoxs CHINESE APRICOT PLUM A remarkable fruit indeed This was introduced eighteen years ago from China by Mr Eugene Simon then French Consul in China and first disseminated from the old nurseries of Simon Bros at Metz Plantieres AlsaceLorraine The tree is of attractive erect and compact habit flowers very small and seem to be defective in pollen fruit large flattened two and onehalf to two and threequar ter inches broad by one and threequarters to two inches through and very much resembles a tomato flesh yellow tine grained and exceedingly Arm juicy acid and combining the most remarkable flavors of pear apple pine apple and muskmelon quality best begins to ripen June 15th and lasts until July 15th a shy bearer On the conclusion of the essay it was announced open for comment and discussion Dr Iiape Several of the varieties mentioned in the interesting 21354 DKlARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA paper just read have fruited this season as far up as Atlanta among them Ogon and Primus Simoni As this is the first year they have fruited we cannot decide definitely as to their value I had some Satsuma which fruited but did not mature Am now fruiting Kelsey It bloomed early but set little fruit In this connection I agree with the essayist as to the importance of enlightening nurserymen on the subject of the impositions of importers in the matter of synonyms Their shameless impostures are an outrage to both dealer and pur chaser and work serious injury to both They should not be permitted Mr Milleb In Rome this season we fruited five of the varieties mentioned In Mr L A Berckmans whose descriptions bythe way are singularly accurate Kelsey however has a tendency to drop off and ripens unevenlyChabof Botankio and Satsuma also The quality of the last named is good which is best I cannot say as one season is not enough to determine the question Dr J P H Brown ot Augusta was introduced and read an instructive paper on synonyms as follows THE IMPORTANCE OE CORRECT SYNONYMY IN NAMING FRUIT IN ORDER TO PREVENT IMPOSITION In the early history of fruit culture there was little attention paid to nomencla ture and classificationin fact little was required and even now with our thous ands of varieties of fruits and our scientific pomology the nomenclature synonymy and classification have been allowed to remain in a condition calculated to embar rass anil confuse Science has been applied to the development and culture of our fruits and no snail amount of empiricism to their nomenclature We have many varieties of apples pears peaches and other fruits that are known by a half dozen different names which maybe taken advantage of to deceive the purchaser 1 know of instances where nursery agents have sold trees under one of these aliase to persons and left them under the impression that they were getting some new and wonderful variety when in fact it proved to be the same that they already had in cultivation Time is money When one waits three five or ten years for a tree to bear and then finds it i not what lie bargained for and wholly different from what he expected it is a great pecuniary loss to say nothing of the vexation and mortification attendant upon blasted hopes Since the United States have established commercial relations with Japan and the botanical and pomological wonders of that great country have become known to us we have imported many of her marvelous fruits and added them to our list In turn the wideawake and progressive Japanese have sought many of our varieties of fruit which after receiving a Japanese christening have been returned to us by enterprising speculators and sold under a Japanese name as a new variety As an instance I may cite the Tillotson peach which was introduced into Japan from this country and now it is sent back with a Japanese name as something new to be sold at three times the cost of the original The area of the earths surface adapted to fruit culture is widely extended and embraces many nationalities with different languages The soil and climate of out own country are so varied and diversified as In admit of the introduction of most 214GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY 55 foreign varieties Hence come new names and more confusion Every season increases our catalogues and adds to the vocabulary of fruitof varieties new andoftenerof varieties old but rechristened Now there is no question if more attention was paid to correct synonymy and nomenclature here would he less room for these little irregular transactions and certainly less complaint from purchasers Botanical science has adopted a Latin nomenclature which is read with the same meaning by the scientific of all nationalities In my opinion poniological science needs a nomenclature in the same language the Iat in name of the fruit followed by its common name It is to bo hoped that our committee on synonyms will take this subject in hand and evolve something that will be a credit to themselves and a credit to our Society Dr SAMUEt Hapk of Atlanta then read an essay on Peach Culture which was most favorably received by the members present PEACH CULTURE The present season has been almost unprecedented in the history of peach cul ture Not only has the yield of this luscious fruit been greater than for many years but the perfection attained in the different varieties of the peach when ripe has been phenomenal The fruit has been comparatively free from rot and dis ease and each variety at maturity has shown almost perfect specimens of its kind even to the beautiful coloring from the most delicate tints of flesh and carmine to the deep red often intensified to a dark purple in beautiful graduated colors in the Alexander and the other earliest varieties The Elberta the acknowledged queen of midsummer varieties with her golden countenance and blushing red cheeks synonomous of health beauty and wealth the pride of Georgia and daughter of the South has been and still is a most beautiful picture to contem plate A season thai has given us such perfect fruit and in such abundance cer tainly affords opportunities for study research and intelligent experiments rarely to he found This unexpected crop coining upon us as it has like a heavy responsibility in its handling and commercial importance lias doubtless diverted many from even attempting to make experiments and observations with a view to important les sons that will guide us in our future work Xo large fruit in cultivation presents to our mind such a wide range for thought and observation in its different phases as the peach from its first appearance above the earth until its ripe rich lus cious fruit has matured The poetical peach blow is so shaded graded and varied as to almost lose its identity as the beautiful flower that will sooner or later gladden our hearts in the production of the rich juicy and enjoyable fruit which will refresh our bodies and gladden our hearts This capricious fruit anomalous peculiar and exacting tender and sensitive the child of the East thousands of miles from her native land is nevertheless so pleased with her home in this beau tiful sunny Southland that occasionally she smiles on her new home and rewards with rich gifts her ardent admirers We are free to admit however that not all the conditions necessary to success ful peach culture can always be complied withclimatic influence has much to do with this question The crop that escapes the frosts of winter and spring is often a failure from the result of rain and hot weather during the earlier stages of growth This is especially so with the earlier varieties A great disappointment therefore often awaits the cultivator vho after escaping the cold spring frosts sees in prospective a heavy crop of fruit If however at maturity the conditions are such as to induce disease and decay no fruit comparatively will ripen The present season was most favorable to the production of ripe wellmatured fruit and in our imme diate section could hardly have been improved upon The time of ripening of such varieties as the Alexander is too early to produce a perfect fruit as to quality 215DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA The natural warmth necessary to penetrate to the seed and ripen up the entire flesh of those very early peaches is not furnished by nature Consequently we see a peach ripened only on its surface green at the seed and interior of the peach A comparatively flawless fruit crowded as it were for time is eompeUd to put in its appearance on schedule time in the market at a great sacrifice of quality and often to the great disappointment and disgust of the purchaser The last part of the crop remaining perhaps two orthree weeks longer than tlnse flrst to color up i a great improvement on the first fruit gathered The liability of this variety todecay induces many cultivators to hurry it up and it is gathered entirely toogreen The long continued drouth during the early spring with a pure clear unclouded atmos phere of unusually even temperature was decidedly unfavorable to the production of fungus growth and as the fruit approached maturity the germs of disease had not yet attacked it so that comparative freedom from decay was the rule The lesson hereto learn is that all artificial means used tocombat fungus growth as spraying etc should he commenced during the earlier stages of growth such and kept up until the fruit commences to mature The confirmation of this idea finds an apt illustration in the bagging of grapes The earlier the work is done the more success attends the operation The great liability to decay in some varieties of peaches should either induce us to plant very sparingly of them or if possible find out some remedy to prevent such results Locality and culture often have much to do with the decay in the peach very rich moist soils are especially favorable to such results A dry moderately rich warm sandy soil on the contrary is best adapted to the production of the perfect peach The long continued disappointments of peachgrowers in not being able to secure a crop of fruit induced many to speculate as to the cause With nothin else in view and a desire to give some reason for these repeated failures those dis appointed cultivators directed their attention to budded fruit ami proclaimed to the world that all their troubles were brought about by the budded trees and seedlings were the only kind that would insure success As this question was dis cussed at length at a former meeting we will not take up your valuable time by more than a passing notice and call attention to the fact that the present season shows most conclusively that budded trees are as heavily laden with fruit as any seedling could possibly be and certainly will not disappoint the grower in the quality ami appearance of the fruit And the lesson taught is that it is climatic Jiillueneo which regulates the size of the crop and not budded or seedling trees By this nothing is meant or intended by which fruitgrowers should he deterred from still experimenting with seedlings We may yet secure a peach more desir able than anything we have For instance a freestone of better quality but as early as the Alexander or any of the very early peaches Such a peach would sweep the market and prove a profitable venture if such a thing be possible The theory advanced previously in this paper with regard to both the time and warmth necessary to produce a fine quality of peach would in my opinion render it an impossibility to produce a medium sized freestone to ripen as early as the Alexander Beatriceor Rivers This may he a mistake and if so it will be most gracefully acknowledged when the lucky man comes up with his peach The peach has always been sidered and admitted as being short lived The present season has we think shown that this need not necessarily be so Trees die as often from actual starvation as any other cause In proof of this theory atten tion is called to the fact that frequently a large proportion of a peach tree is dead yet the remaining portion to all appearances green vigorous and loaded with fruit Had disease or the gradual approach of old age affected the tree we should have witnessed a sickly feeble but certain decline with imperfect specimens of fruit immature and unlit for use The contrary was true The limbs yet alive were green vigorous and foliage healthy The other limbs were dead dead to a line defined and plainly discernable indicating that the tree was dying because 216GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY the nourishment necessary to its support had been withhelddying by inches from actual starvation The remedy would be a liberal application of fertilizers containing a large per cent of potash and the pruning off of branches atfected so as to shorten in and not allow the roots to be overtaxed to support a larger amount of wood than would naturally be required of them Whether or not it would be more profitable to fertilize older trees prune and cultivate them or to renew orchards by planting young trees and by a system of renewal always keep a young and vigorous orchard of trees must be determined by the cultivator The comparative failure of the peach crop for a series of years has greatly discouraged many growers The present heavy crop however indicates conclusively that climatic influence and not disease has been the cause of these disappointments That these causes may not in the near future continue to produce failures is a probability Some hundreds of years back history tells us the River Seine at Paris was dry for two years in succes sion This large and navigable stream flows on now in its natural channels and with its full sweeping currents would not give the citizen of today the remotest idea of the once dry river of centuries ago That climatic changes constantly occur is selfevident With these facts before us it is not at all improbable but a number of fruitful years may succeed each other and peach culture he as much of a certainty as the ordinary field crops in cultivation Even with the partial success attending the growing of peaches heretofore it is not an unprofitable crop The prices generally where a partial crop only is real ized are satisfactory and even now with the immense crop of the present year fine well selected fruit coamis a remunerative price In the Atlanta market today well selected fruit will bring 1 per bushel culls seedling clings etc about onefourth that price As to shipping peaches to Northern markets where skill in handling and judicious methods of shipping have been employed barring accidents satisfactory prices have almost always been obtained The details of such shipments will no doubt be discussed before this Society and much valuhle information given not now in my possession It is certainly most gratifying to know that intelligent peachgrowing will pay and while this fact is patent to us all we must still acknowledge the fact of the com parative infancy of the business One of the most important lessons taught by the present heavy crop of fruit is in the selection of such varieties as are best adapted to shipment When all varieties fruit and mature it is easily determined as to bearing qualities thechar acter of the fruit for table and shipping qualities The earliest peaches doubtless decay more rapidly than the later varieties and may if successfully shipped give satisfactory returns but the midsummer varieties from their better quality of fruit attractive appearance and good shipping qualities will doubtless give as satisfactory or better returns in the end It is certainly an unwise policy to stake all on any one variety A succession of fruit beginning with the earliest and extending through the season will on the average be attended with more satis factory results than if you plant most of your trees of a single variety Tne present season gives all needed information on this subject and if well considered will enable the grower to avoid serious errors That certain sections are better adapted to peachgrowing or attended with more certain and satisfactory results than others must lie admitted The com paratively even temperature warm soil and dry atmosphere of certain localities render them peculiarly fitted to the successful culture of the peach The winter of 1889 with its cool yet even temperature followed by a dry spring free from lute frosts was all that could he desired as to climate as the sequel proved This would indicate precisely under what conditions the peach can be grown with success The extreme South with her warm wet winters and freedom from frost during the period when the tree demands rest is not adapted to peachgrowing It would appearfrom the large crop grown in almost all sections South during the 21768 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA present season that climate and not soil is what governs peach Culture The peach will succeed in almost any well drained soil where the climate is suitable ami extremes in temperature do not exist It has been the purpose of this paper to call attention to the lessons of the day as it were and not dwell on methods of planting culture or shipping It is hoped therefore that the hints thrown out and the theories advanced may not be without sufficient merit to direct the attention of this Society to such subjects as are ger main to advanced methods of culture and which will enable all to derive atleast some benefit from the thoughts suggested Continuing Dr JELape presented in tabular form a memorandum of temperature and rainfall at Atlanta during the first six months of the year which in view of the present phenomenal peach crop would seem to indicate the meteorological conditions suitable for an abundant yield MEMORANDUM OF TEMPERATURE AND RAINFALL As just stated the temperature during the winter and spring of 188 in the vicin ity of Atlanta was peculiarly adapted to the healthy development growth and maturity of the peach It may not be uninteresting to give the temperature and rainfall during the months of January February March April May and June as kindlyfurnished by the Signal Service April May line 639 528 249 254 316 503 From this it will be seen that during the three first months of the year the average mean temperature was 433 maximum 73 minimum 20 and the average rainfall 472 inches Mr Chables Deckner I would like to ask Dr Ilape if the soil for peach trees can be made too rich Dr Hape Yes the soil can be made too rich in nitrogen for the best results inducing a heavy growth of wood at the expense of fruit A paper on Landscape Gardening was read by Mr Chas Deckner of Atlanta as ollows LANDSCAPE GARDENING FOR THE RURAL DISTRICTS While much time and means are expended in the cities on ornamental garden ing it is sadly neglected among our rural population in so much that many do not 218OKORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY 59 know the term landscape gardening nor its meaning Landscape gardening is ornamental gardening or tlie art of imitating natures beauties A good land scape gardener knows best how to bring the various features of the beauties of nature to bear on bis particular purpose to convert a rocky knoll or a washedoff red hillside into an attractive lawn dotted with groups of deciduous and evergreen trees and shrubs It is not wisdom to invest all our spare means in the drawing room or parlor to manifest our appreciation for refinement and culture but to work handinhahd with the great Creator to bring out the beauties of nature on some spot near our sacred home and call it our pleasure ground is true elevation of character But is the complaint pleasure grounds are too expensive for the poor and mid dleman and the services of a landscape gardener are costly To this 1 would reply that nine men and women out of every ten have sufficient taste for natural beauty to arrange for the improvement of some spot near their dwelling Have you ever viewed the grounds near your home to see how much they could be improved and beautified7 How if those unsightly rocks lying promiscuously around your premises were piled and tilled in with rich earth planted with foliage plants and vines to partly conceal from sight and partly hide from view by shrub bery How if those large graceful shadetrees whose roots lay bare by longcontin ued washing oil of the soil were covered with rich soil and converted into an ever green lawn 1 f the little stream now running through yonder ravine was conducted by means of a ditch around the hillside to feed a lake on the flat near the house and supply the water demands If the walks and drives that lead from the road to the house now washed out and in an almost impassable condition changed from time to time to avoid the gullies were tilled up laid off with straight or curved edges and graveled over so that water cannot wash If summerhouses were con structed or other rustic works out of poles limbs or other rough material partly covered with vines and climbers all would add much to the beautifying of your home and could be done with but little expense at your leisure hours Then again then is a large number of native trees shrubs and vines whose variety of foliage and habit of growth tastefully arranged will contrast and have an attractive appearance 1erlnips our supplies of native evergreens are not sufficient to produce the desired variety and contrast to relieve the gloom and monotony of the winter months while a liberal supply will always produce a cheering effect during those months An open lawn is the most interesting and elevating feature of the pleasure ground and while all locations are susceptible of a lawn the secret of success is in the preparation and keeping of it and then is no reason why every home in the South should not be in possession of one or more In all locations and conditions the soil must be deep rich and the surface brought tea uniform level when this is done the main point is to select the most suitable grass for the soil and location The old Kentucky blue grass is first last and always the choice for the lawns if conditions and location favor The soil is to be deep heavy rich and partly shaded Under the above conditions a permanent lawn can be secured with the blue grass If the soil is sandy it will require more shade but never can we make a success of blue grass on sandy soil under the direct rays of an August sun If the soil is sandy and no shade we will have to substitute Bermuda grass which of course loses its beauty in winter I noticed that all lawns about New Orleans are of coca grass or as we call it nut grass and where closely trimmed has a good effect But in winter it is like the Bermuda a dead sight and since it is so dangerous a grass it can never be recommended Terracing hillsides becomes necessary where hillsides are steep and while they are objectionable especially where the terrace banks are straight where they are winding their appearance becomes more natural but in all cases their monotony should be broken up by planting shrubbery irregularly along them Summer houses and all rustic structures are very important in landscape scene 21900 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA ries Also old trees logs and stumps tastefully covered with vines and somewhat concealed add to the picturesque character of the landscape without which much of the beauty and contrasting effect is lost The most interest ing object I ever saw was a rude constructed summer house covered with a scup pernong vine Planting shade trees should not he overlooked Perhaps the most skill in landscape gardening is required in the tasteful arrangement of shrubs and shade trees and no precise rule can be laid down it is like arranging a bouquet of lowers where taste only is required We have a great variety of beautiful forest trees which if properly arranged in netting out will produce a charming effect For light foliage we have the swamp maple waboo poplar or tulip tree beech etc Then for a darker foliage the oak varieties among the most beautiful of which are the willow oak water and live oak The elm family belongs to this class of trees For dark foliage trees we have the oak blackjack ehinaberry tree and others Then for peculiar effect we have the sweetgum and the willow family which are very interesting A garden will not be complete without an intermixture of evergreens which however should be sparingly employed and the whole structure of the garden should be so arranged as to produce a proper relief of light and shade as the painter who paints a picture Artificial lakes are not so easily constructed but whore a supply of pure water is procurable it is one of the richest objects in tin garden Curved walks and rives possess greater beauties than straight because they have a moro natural appearance Yet great care should be taken not to locate a curveI walk or drive where a straight one is more practical Thus it will b seen that much can be done to beautify our homes with compar atively little expense and much could be added to the attraction of rural life At the conclusion of this essay Mr J D IIusteo of Vineyard a veteran fruit grower President of the Middle Georgia Horticultural Society and a wellknown member of the State Horticultural Society was announced for an essay but excused himself by reason of a severe injury which had recently temporarily disabled him and from which he had barely recovered sufficiently to join the deliberations of the body The President in receiving his excuse took advantage of the apportunity to officially congratulate Mr Husted on hisconvalesconse in the name of the Society and to personally wish him a speedy and complete recovery as the State and the Society could illy spare the active labors of so valued a member ELECTION OF OFFICERS Dr J P II Brown was called to the chair President Berck MANS retiring On motion of Mr W E Brown the Secretary was ordered to cast the ballot of the Society for Prosper J Berckmans for President Unanimously carried and Mr Berckmans elected for the fourteenth consecutive time The presiding officer was similarly instructed to cast the ballot of I lie Society for T L Kinsev or Secretary which was duly done 220GEORGIA STATE BORTICULTURAL SOCIETY 61 Mr Brown moved that Committees be appointed from the Firstr Third Fifth Seventh and Ninth Congressional Districts to nominate VicePresidents to fill the places of those retiring Carried The Committees after consultation reported and on motion the vacancies in the districts were filled by the election respectively of the following First District Dr 1 C LkUakhv Savannah Third District Samuel II Rumph Marshallville Fifth District Dr Samuel Hape Atlanta Seventh District George ii Waring Cement Ninth District J f Justice Marcus Captain W A Hansell of Atlanta offered the following resolu tion which was unanimously adopted Resolved That the thanks of this Coven tion are tendered to Mrs H WHas selkus and her assistants for the charming entertainment given the members of this Conventions the evening of the 31st ult and they are assured of the pleas ure given thereby to the members of the Convention whose privilege it was to be in attendance At this point the chair appointed Messrs Hape Brown and Varnadoe a committee to notify Mr Berckmans of his reelection as President and escort him to his seat On resuming the chair President Berckmans briefly thanked the members of the Society for their continued expression of confidence and their appreciation of his services as evinced by his reelection for the fourteenth consecutive time to the position of presiding officer He hoped always to meet their good will and esteem if not by his abilities at least by his devotion to their interests and to the pursuit which was their mutual calling and occupation Mr A Q Moody of Thomas county reported orally from the special committee appointed to decide the queslion of separating certain counties in the lower portion of the State from the middle region and forming a new division of them that the committee had determined that it was expedient to construct of the counties of Thomas Brooks Lowndes Echols Charlton Miller Mitchell Col quitt Baker Berrien Clinch Ware Early and Pierce a new division to be known as the Southern Region and that they had carefully revised the catalogue for these counties and starred each fruit as well as they could A marked copy of the catalogue in conformity with the report was submitted The report was adopted 22162 DEPA RTM ENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA Mr S M Wavmax of Pomona was introduced and delivered a short though highly interesting addreses epitomized as follows on TRANSPORTATION AS IT WAS AS IT IS AND AS IT SHOULD BE First Transportation as II Was consisted in high prices higher charges and fre quent calls for freight from the middlemen over anil above the returns The high prices were all right viewed from our standpoint but the extortionate freight rates and disgustingly inadequate facilities for shipping more than overbalanced them and rendered the last mentioned liability a catastrophe as frequent as it was unwel come Second Transportation as It Is is certainly a great improvement though much is left to be desired Our facilities are better though sadly imperfect still Great inequality exists in rates in spite of all that Railroad Commissi State and National can do As an instance of the discrimination practiced with a freight rate of 326 per cwt direct from Griffin to New York the same package can be shipped out of the way to Cincinnati and there strike a rate of si00 per ewt to Xew York showing the preference given to Western shippers for distances equal if not greater Where has the long and short haul clause of the National Com mission gone when this is permitted I paid on a shipment from Newnan to Griffin 59 and on the same shipment from Griffin to Petersburg a 35 So much for discriminations At the same time we have good routes ottered us East and West and rates and schedules are fairly reasonable with the exception of the discriminations jus referred to hut they lack oversight While we have a living rate the delays iii forwarding are disastrous and oftentimes fatal A little intel ligent supervision could easily correct it all and give a fairly g1 service but the routes dont get it they lack oversight Third As for Transportation as It Should Be What is the remedy for the present evil Why combination Without it we can do nothing Individuals are impotent hut collectively they become a power that can insist on and obtain what it requires At the same time bear this in mind We must meet the roads not as enemies hut as friends anil secure from one what we cannot from another And this must he done not by dogged demand hut by reason and logic showing them that they subserve not only our interests hut their own by helping u to increased facilities and that in building up an industry they lay the foundation for a future source of revenue steady and permanent even if their concessions appear to amount to a present sacrifice They will reap as they sow and they can he made to appreciate this if the matter is properly presented It has been thought in the past that the refrigerator system would not do and that the ventilator system was the only secure and reliable method of transporta tion This erroneous impression is gradually being overcome The world moves and the wheels of progress revolve The refrigerator ear has undoubtedly proved successful although commission men are dividedsome wanting it and others not My object is not especially to champion this mode of shipment but to point out all the difficulties in the way of its adoption so that the truth may appear One of the great objections to it is the necessity for great quantities of ice If our fruit crop was an assured thing every year this problem could be readily solved but we are not often blessed with so bountiful a yield as that of the pres ent season and ice factories cannot be run for a casual crop The only reliable course is to work for a plan by which ventilator ears can be held in reserve to be utilized when ice fails As for the prevalent idea that fruit from refrigerator cars will not keep my commission merchant assures me that so far from this being true it can be kept twentyfour hours longer than that from a ventilator car and I believe him to be correct in what he says as he could have no object in deceiving me The necessity for rapid transit is apparent so when ice and refrigerator cars fail we must be prepared to use ventilator ears and rush through as quickly as pos 222GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY 63 Califor unequal immeneed the ections some sible The necessity for combination ia equally apparent Recently the uia fruit growers were being mined In the same unjusl discrimination rates and inadequate facilities that confront us today They bore it until patienci ceased to be a virtue ami then assembled 74i strong organized set forth their grievances reasoned with the railroads and as a result secured a permanent re duction in rates quick and reliable schedules and ample facilities This was effected by combination good temper and logical reasoning What the Californians have dune we can do Florida has rapid transit Some years ago the Plant System i experiment with one ear and is now running daily trains in nine times ten East Georgia has the advantage of the Coast Line route and ocean steamers to New York While this gives them a very low rate 49c they suffer the disad vantage of handling and breaking bulk at Savannah What is wanted is an all rail rapid route East Georgia has it partially and West igin should not be left behind One year ago last duly there was organized in this county Spalding the Middle Georgia Shipping Union A good route was secured to Chicago and the West but we failed in getting what we wanted to the East Attempts have been made but so far have resulted in nothing thoroughly satisfactory A meet ing was arranged in May last with Mr Haas in Atlantaand rates and a schedule decided upon of 55 hours time to New York fr Atlanta and a tariff of HI cents per cwt This would have been all right but the fruit crop proved so phe nomenal that there was a dearth of ears and ice ami finally ventilator cars had to be resorted to and even they proved inadequate for the handling oi the crop We should prepare now for next year Can we afford to put up with less than California We need the same or an equally good service unimpeded by water melon cars and held hack fornothing Rumph and the big growers are all rjght Theyve got a little monarchy of their own They know what to do can yet what they want and can take care of themselves But the smaller growers are more ignorant and helpless How can we assist them Arrangements have been made partly to that end with an Atlanta merchant to forward small shipments but there still exist in the way the difficulties of packing sizing grading and uniformity To overcome all this we must organizeform a species of Exchange and send our small shipments to some focal point as Macon Griffin or Atlanta to be thence forwarded 1 f a ventilator car is started from Macon on the way freight loaded from the stations as it passes and transferred in Atlanta with each shippers name on his own packages and each consigned to a good man who will attend to his business and return thereceipts to the individual shippers and if a similar plan is adopted daily on each of the roads throughout the fruit growing sections of the State we have perhaps come as near to solving the problem as is at present pos sible The matter of consumption is all important One town cant devour the fruit crop of the South We ought to work for cheaper rates a living profit and a fair returnnot big money for small shipments but big money for big shipments We mustnt pile everything into one town We should learnto scatter our shipments from Philadelphia to Chicago Often second rate towns pay the best If we care fully ma out our programme before hand there is no reason under the existing state of things why our returns should not always be moderately satisfactory President Berckmans Transportation as It Should Be concerns you all most vitally and I trust you will not hesitate to question 80 able an expositor of the subject as Mr Wayman closely and thor oughly 22304 DEPAKTM ENT OP AGRICULTUREGEORGIA Mr R C Iverson Has this organization a salaried committee on transportation If it had something definite and tangible would soon bo effected This is the vital point if we cant get rid of this Old Man of the SeaFreight Extortionwe will naturally become discouraged If we can fruit raising will grow until it far surpases the cotton crop in importance So far things have gone badly A little is sometimes shipped but no returns show up The freights devour it all It strikes me that by proper effort the railroads could be induced to see that their interest and ultimate profit consist in fostering and encouraging this industry Cant we induce the roads of this section to send out circulars like the Illinois roads do to the fruit and vegetable growers along their lines No matter what your truck brings we will divide Kith you That is the true way to stimulate business As a result up there every man shoves forward what he has and the roads are loaded down with business in what would otherwise be a dull season for there is no contingent expense to fear and anything that is made is net profit For this purpose it would seem well to me to create a committee to be paid for their services to publish monthly bulletins of prices and advice during the shipping season It is perfectly practicable and the result would be Sec Kinsey Where will the funds for such a purpose come from President Berckmans This Society is aware that a standing committee on transportation reports to it annually but there are many difficulties almost insuperable that must arise and block the way to a satisfactory solution of this question Not from this Society should the necessary funds come for the purpose of carrying out the plan suggested but from the great Empire State of Georgia which to its eternal shame be it said does not extend either aid or recogni tion to our industry On the other hand Kansas Minnesota and other Western commonwealths make the most liberal appropriations to the fruit growers in their respective sections and the result is what might he expectedrapid development permanent industry and almost universal prosperity Unless our State comes to our rescue in this matter much of our labor must necessarily be lost Money is the requisite factor in this kind of work Our own means are too limited to do more than pay for stationery and other abso lutely necessary expenses Your Secretary Mr Kinsey has labored 224GKOUUl rlCULTURAL SO long and faithfully year in and year out without reward or the expec tatio generously and invariably refusingit win ted and for his disinteres onions labors I honor him and I feel that you do likewise But until the State helps us on we can do no more than we lm id must depend upon private parties or our n as individuals to gradually work out the problei Mr Iverson 1 imiv that a commit to lorialize I Mr Miller They should do more than memorialize they should urge it heart and soul The it Previous attempts have always failed let us hope that this will be more successful The motion was seconded and i ippointment of the ttitii11ii i od As subsequently appointed they areas follows Hon A 1 Williams of Upson Dr EL H Gary of Troup Col Geo II Wariiiu of Bartow COMMITTEE REPOKTS On motion the order of business was here suspended to enable Dr the Committee on Transportation to make out of the regular order his annual report as germane to the subject just discussed REPORT OF COMMITTEE OX TRANSPORTATION Your comti that on the question of transportation very largely depends the success of the business of fruitgrowing But by proper and judicious management tl and shippers can fully control this important ps business and to make certain suggi d statements bject 1st From experience and observation during the present season we conclude that the first important object of the shipper is to get his fruit from the tree to the market in the time and best condition possible Then how this may be done is thi estion This we think can be done only through sharp close competition between quick refrigerator transportation companies and to induce and bring about this competition it is absolutely necessary that each shipping point will furnish a sufficient volume of shipments to induce the quick transit companies to send their agents to bid for the business and offer the quickest time and best service at the lowest rates At shipping points furnishing only a limited amount of business transportation companies have no inducements to offer but from those points shipping from fifty to several hundred carloads during one season the sharpest competition exists From the best information obtained only three points in Georgia have enjoyed these shipping facilities by refrigerator cars for peaches and plums vi Port Valley Marshallville and Griffin and returns from sales of fruit from these points will show much larger and more satisfactory results than from shipments in the usual old way viz Ventilated cars by express These statements apply more particularly to peaches andplums Other fruits 22566 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA and vegetables when gathered at the proper time and sire carefully and properly packed seem to require less promptness But we deem it our duty to urge the importance of combining and producing any kind of fruits and vegetables in such quantities as will induce and demand the best and must satisfactory trans portation facilities We deem it improper to recommend any one or more transportation conpanies but leave it to each individual shipper or combination of shippers to negotiate with the railroad companies offering for this service H H Cakv Cbmn II F Emery W E Brown G KOKOK Im L L V AKNAHOK The reports of the other Standing Committees followed in their regular order Dr 11 H Cary chairman of the Committee on Peaches reported as follows REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON PEACHES To the Georgia State Horticultural Society Your committee beg leave to submit the following report It is the opinion of your committee that this exhibit of peaches is the largest in quantity and finest in quality ever exhibited in the State We find on exhibition as follows S M Wayman Griftin plate cling and 1 plate Elberta the latter good Hapeville Nursery1 plate seedling appearance good P 1 Berckmans Augusta twentysix varieties as followsRichies Cling Crawfords Late Zoe Weeping Van Burens Dwarf Dull Cling Oriole Elberta White Pine Apple Clin Berenice Albert Sidney Stevens Rareripe Indian Blood Purple Leaf Columbia Robert Red Heath Lemon Cling Crofts Golden Shelbv Susquehannah Pauline Heath White Juno Coosa Nectarine Charles Corbin Griffin Ga1 plate Finley good 1 plate Georgia seedling John 11 Parnell West Point Ga6 plates Stonewall Jackson 2 plates Amelia 5 plates Ward Free 7 plates Elberta 2 plates Berenice 1 plate Early Louise 7 plates Family Favorite 2 plates Oriole 2 plates Garden Seedling 2 plates Late Rareripe 5 plates Susquehannah 2 plates Princess of Wales 4 plates Jersey Seed ling 1 plate Parnell 2 plates Lord Palmerston 2 plates Marys Choice 8 plates B E Lee 2 plates Stump the World 2 plates Lemon Cling 2 plates Stevens Rareripe 2 plates General Green 2 plate Early York 1 plate Boggys Mam moth 4 plates Sylphidc plates Browns Cling 69 plates Seedlings lames Pope Griffin1 plate Seedling John Keller Marshallville3 plates Elberta very fine J B Watkins Thomasville1 plate Ladys Blush 1 plate unknown W James Williamson Gogginsville1 plate Old Mixon Cling 1 plate Lemon Cling 2 plates Seedling R Getter Vineyard1 plate Crawfords Late 1 plate Elberta Mrs Ed Doe Griffin1 plate Elberta extra large Wm Waddell1 basket Elberta T A Manley Jr Griffin1 plate unknown Henry Golhouse Griffin1 plate Crawford Late 3 plates Elberta A F Rice Grisw oldville1 plate Tharp G T Jones1 plate Alabama new not ripe 1 plate Crawford Late 1 plate Stump the World I plate Columbia 1 plate Indian Blood 1 plate Muscogee 1 226GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY 67 plate Lemon Cling 1 plate Picquettes Late 1 plate Old M to be Seedlings W VV Thompson Sinithville4 plates Victor I plate Bu I W Paramore Thomasville2 plates unknown Alabama Experiment Station J S Newman Director on Free 3 plates said ke 1 plate Globe plate Duggars Uolden I plate Foster 1 plate Crawfords Late 1 plate Tuskena 1 plate Annie Wylie 1 plate Seedling Cling 1 plate Seedling Free worthy of trial 2 plates Crawfords Early 1 plate Museogee 1 plate Indian Blood 1 plate Hudsons November 1 plate Stevens Rareripe 1 plate Columbia 1 plate Raisin 1 plate Huffs Yellow 1 plate Pace 1 plate Goods October Cling 2 plates Cora 1 plate Picquetes Late 1 plate Nixs White 2 plates StevensOctober 1 plate Elberta Wm Warder Griffin1 plate Crawfords Late 1 plate Elberta I plate Annie Wylie 1 plate Stonewall lacksin 1 plate Stump the World 1 plate Susque hannah 1 plate Lemon Cling 1 plate Picquetes Late L NJohnson Griffin1 plate Seedling T W llynt Griffin 1 plate Columbia 1 plate Seedling Runph Marshallville1 plate Flewellen Lplate July Cling 1 plate Samuel H Indian Bl ling Cli Elberta Cling 2 plates Elberta from original tree 21 years old Blood 5 plates General Lee 1 plate Old Mixon Cling 1 plate Elberta Seed ing 1 plate Elberta Seedling Eree 1 plate Yellow Seedling Cling 8 plates a 1 plate Columbia 2 plates Lula 2plates Stump the World 1 plate Sugar plate Suga this tree is the parent of all the Elbertas and is still vigorous and healthy 1 plate Old Mixon Free 1 plate Crawfords Late 1 plate Lemon Cling 1 plate Golden Beauty I plate Duchess I plate Chinese Cling It will be seen by the preceding list that an immense number of seedlings are on exhibition many of which we find possessing considerable merit and we think deserving of further trial One seedling in particular No 22 of Mr 1arncHs col lection we consider as particularly worthy being well colored fair size and excep tionally tine flavor Many of the exhibits have been in cold storage for twenty days ami although gathered when fully ripe are now in fair condition The practice of brushing fruit while probably an improvement in a commercial sense your committee thinks is to be condemned in an exhibition because distinct ive features should all be left for observation H H Cauy Cbmn L L Varnadoe H P Emery J G 1 trsTicE Wm Wardek Committee Mr G H Miller of Home chairman of the Committee on Apples Pears and Miscellaneous Fruits reported as follows REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON APPLES PEARS AND MISCELLA NEOUS FRUITS Mr President and Gentlemen of ihr Georgia State Horticultural Society Your committee appointed to examine the Apples Pears and Miscellaneous Fruits on exhibition beg to report as follow Henry Golhouse Griffin Ga2 plates Siberian Crab Oliver Slaton Griffin Ga1 plate winter no name John Keller Marshallville Ga3 plates 1 Simmons Red I Horse I Carters Blue 227DEPARTMENT OF AGRK 1GEORGIA II Dr K II Cary I Ben Da 1 Equ Ras T W I Gsi I r 1 Ben i I J H Dr II J T O H K P I E L Griffin G W K Hor te 1 I Keiff R Oetter Vim A i V Favorite P S Heath Bro Thom i oi Le Keiffer Jas Williamson i Keifl H T Patterson Pon LeConte p F W Flviit Griffin Ga Rushmores Bonchr ricultural Experiment Station Auburn Ala if pears 1 plate of nte I of C of B Superfln 1 of 1 Easter 1 of 1 H fclcCliett Powersville Ga4 plates LeConte pears Samuel Rumph Marshallville Ga5plates pears lofSeekel 1 ofKeiffer 1 of LeConte 1 of Duchesse 1 of Bai W N Thomson Smith es of Garber pe L L Varnadoe Thomasville Ga 11 plates of pears 6 LeConte 2 Howell 1 Duchesse 1 Bartlett 1 Kei A V Prevat Thomasville Ga 3 plates LeConte J Dwelling Thomasville Ga 1 plate LeConte W B Hambleton Thomasville Ga2 plates LeConte 1 Keiffer L W Carter Montcoff Ga 3 plates LeConte R 1 Denmark Quitman Ga 1 plate LeConte R L Hobbs Griffin Ga2 plates Rushmores James Pope Griffin Ga1 plate Seekel O Hays Smithville Ga I plates 3 LeConte 1 unknown R P Johnson Smithville Ga3 plates 1 Duchesse 1 LeConte 1 SanI pear W Freeman Vineyard Ga1 plate Duchesse 228GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY 1 Bartlett 2 Kei Dr Samuel Hape Hapeville G is pears 1 Buerre Boi Howell Flemish Beauty I Seckel 1 LeConte H N W K Nel ta Ga 11 11 Sanford Thomasville Howell 1 Duche h Hybrid Henry Golhouse Griffin Ga 1 plate Kej H W Hasselkus Griffin Ga Seckel 1 Duchesse 1 LeConte 1 Keiffer List of pears exhibited by 1 1 Berckmans27 varieti ral Farragul Garbers LeConte China 1404 Keiffer Chancellor 1 lling Van Mons Sandwich Esland MontCharlet BClairgeau Flemish Beauty Duchesse Mad Von Siebold Mannings Elizabeth Louise Bonne de Jersey DuPauvre Seckel Hebe B dAnjou Daimio Nabors Onondaga Lawrence Howell St MichaelB Su perfln Henry Golhouse Griffin Ga 1 plate Kelsey 1 plate Lombard John Keller Marshallville Ga 1 plate Kefsey Captain Kell Sunny Side Ga1 plate K II W Hasselkus Griffin Ga1 plate Cumberland James Williamson Gogginsville Ga2 latis 1 Prune 1 unknown Experiment Station Auburn Ala4 plates 1 Hughes 1 Newnan 1 1 Columbia 111 McCliett Powersville Ga2 plates I Damson unknown 1 Milier Macon Ga3 plate I Newnan 1 Cumberland 1 Kelsev W Waddell Griffin Ga plate Kelsey A i VanDyke Sunny Side Ga plate Cumberland S M Wayman Pomona Ga3 plates 1 Kelsey 1 Cumberland H Miller Son Rome Ga8 plates 1 Kelsey I Botankio Shropshire 1 Chabot 1 Satsuma 1 Weaver 1 Golden Beauty H X Starnes Marietta Ga1 plate Egg Plums 1 II Parnell Wot Point Ga2 plates 1 Wayland 1 Golden Beauty 11 Sanford Thomasville Ga1 plate Kelsey Mi 1 Reed 1 Lombard 1 II 4 plates 1 Cumberland 1 llattie 1 Shippers W K Nelson Augusta Ga Pride 1 Shyleys lied Samuel Rumph Marshallville Ga 2 plates Kelsey W li Hambleton Thomasville Ga 1 plate Kelsey Richard Ray Griffin Ga1 plate Cumberland It I Johnson Smithville Ga 2 plates Kelsey M Padget Griffin Ga1 plate Prune P J Berckmans AugustaGa10 varieties Robinson Imperial Gage Botan kio Chabot Kelsey Miner Kanawha Paris Belle Cumberland Reed MISCKllA N KOTJfi FRUITS KTl P 1 Berckmans Augusta Ga plate earlv bearing walnut 1 plate Celestial pepper H W Hasselkus Griffin Ga1 plate white fig Horace Johnson Griffin Ga1 plate almonds W B Hambleton Thomasville Ga1 plate Japan chestnut 1 plate pome granate II II Sanford Thomasville Ga1 plate mammoth chestnut 1 plate banana Capt Mabry Griffin Ga1 plate pomegranates Samuel Rumph Marshallville Ga 2 plates pomegranates 1 plate sweet plate subacid 22970 DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTUREGEORGIA ill NCES Oliver Slaton Griffin Ga 1 plate quince R Oetter Vineyard Cm 1 plate Apple quince H H Sanford Thomasville Ga plate Chinese quince Samuel Rumph Marshallville Ga 1 plate Chinese quince L L Varnadoe Thomasville Ga1 plate Chinese quince PER61M MONS W K Nelson Augusta Ga I plate Japan persimmon II II Sanford Thomasville Ga2 plates 1 Among 1 Kurokume Hayes Smithville Ga1 plate no name SPECIAL MENTION P J Berckmans a line collection of the newer varieties of Japan plums also very line specimens of pears Mr Samuel Rumph shows a line collection of apples embracing many beautiful specimens L L Varnedoe exhibits some extra large specimens of the LeConte and Eeiffer S M Wayman exhibits magnificent specimens of plum Respectfully submitted g h Miller N Kl I Mo Ms K A Parker 1 C Broil br Dr 1 I II Bkown of Augusta chairman of the Committee on Grapes reported as follows REPORT OF COMMITTEE OX GRAPES 7b the Georgia State Horticultural Society The Committee on Grapes beg leave to submit the following report A G VanDyke Vineyard Ga makes a very creditable exhibit of eleven varie ties namely Niagara Empire State Delaware Catawba ves Worden Salem Perkins Concord Clinton and Isabella H W Hasselkus Griffin Ga displays twenty varieties namely Montefiore Nortons Virginia Diana Brighton Isabella Agawam Wilder ves Concord Cynthiana Sultana Noah Prentiss Niagara Moores Early Martha Catawba Goethe Barry and Taylors A P Kiei Griswoldville Ga bason exhibition fifty varieties namelv Wal ler Duchess Ann Arbor August Giant Jefferson Brighton Peter Wylie lona Empire State Hayes Concord Moores Early Jessica Woodruffs Red Centen nial Delaware Eugenia Allens Hybrid Hartford Oneida Vergennes Secretary Excelsior Naomi Eumekn Barry Wyoming Red Cottage Amber Queen Norfolk Elvira Niagara Montefiore Lindley Norton Beauty Ariadne Pauline Mary Wylie Waverly Black Eagle Triumph Berckmans Lady Washington Ulsters Prolific Griers No 1 Prentiss Isabella and Worden This exhibitor displays six seedling varieties one of these which he has named Superb is a black grape of fine bunch and most excellent flavor D Milne Maeon Ga exhibits twentysix varieties namelv Delaware Wilder Concord Hartford Mrs McClure Ilumboldt Peter Wylie Elvira Black July ady Washington Warren Garnet Norton Black Eagle Blue Favorite Per kins Essex Catawba Brighton Pauline Diana Maxatawney Agawam Noah Lady and Niagara William Waddell Griffin Ga makes display of Muscat of Alexandria Mary Worden Empire State and Catawba 230GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY E R Anthony Macon Ga makes a fine display of one hundred varieties namely Agawam Amber Antoinette Bacchus Balsiegar Barry Beauty Belinda Berckmans Black July Black Pearl Bland Blue Favorite Brighton Cambridge Catawba Champion Clinton Concord Cdnqueror Cottage Creveling Croton Cynthiana Delaware Duchess Diana Hamburg Early Victor El Dorado Elsin burg Eva Excelsior Faith Far West Pocklington Reisling Eartford Harvard Humboldt Herbert Hermann Highland Iona Isabella Ives Jefferson Jessica Kcuka Lady Lady Washington Linden Lindley Long Martha Masons Seed ling Maxatawney Montefiore Moores Early Neosho New Haven Niagara Noah Norton North Carolina Andover Peabody Pearl Perkins Peter Wylie Pizarro Poughkeepsie Red Prentiss Racine Telegraph Transparent Triumph Uhland Vergennes Victoria Worden Wilder Wilding Warren RogersNo 37 Salem Griens Golden Progress Sangindorfer St Genevieve linger No 2 Bur chard Blue Dyer Brocton Mrs Wylie Secretary Woffords Winter Cumber land Diana and Seedling No 1 Henry Golhouse Vineyard Ga exhibits Ives Lindley Hartford Catawba Elvira Pocklington Noah Highland Bacchus Concord White Concord Ricketts No 7 and No 8 Reisling and two varieties net known Oliver Slater Griffin Ga exhibits plate Nortons Virginia and 1 plate variety unknown W Warder Griffin Ga exhibits ten varieties namely Concord ves Pock lington Antoinette Salem Hayes Lady Washington Duchess Niagara and Martha J C Bucher Decatur Ga has on exhibition Black Eagle Prentiss Triumph Champion Empire State Concord Lutie Senasqua Irving Black Defiance Lady Washington Duchess Pearl Amber Griens Golden Maxatawney Perkins Ries ling Goethe Delaware Iona Ives and Berckmansand three seedlings that prom ise well Madison Means Griffin Ga displays three varieties namely Agawam Salem and Concord H N Starnes Marietta Ga has on exhibition twentytwo varieties Essex Wilder Delaware Lady Washington Amber Niagara Brighton Lady Elvira Black Eagle Cynthiana Triumph Martha Lindley Concord Duchess Goethe Berckmans Pocklington Prentiss Catawba and Jefferson grapes not so ripe as others but the display is a most creditable one Dr Samuel Hape Hapeville Ga exhibits Duchess and Niagara and a black seedling of the scuppernong which he calls Eden One peculiarity of this seed lingit grows in clusters W K Nelson Augusta Gaexhibits six varieties namely Hartford Delaware Salem Ives Catawba and Brighton P 1 Berckmans Augusta Ga has on exhibition Uhland Highland Maxa tawney Alvey Harry Brighton Louisiana Hartford Eldorado Pocklington Humboldt Noah Niagara St Anthony Long Jefferson Rulander Concord Can ada Excelsior Wordens Black July Monroe Martha Emily Isabella Mrs Mc Clure Warren Lenoir Delaware Wilder Nortons Virginia Berckmans Lady Washington Allens Hybrid Bacchus and Ives Rudolph Getter Vineyard Ga makes a tine display of Elvira Duchess Barry Highland Malaga Seedling Black Eagle Perkins Mrs McClure Humboldt Burkhardt Sultana Salem Bacchus Niagara Concord Chasselas Catawba Berckmans Ives Jefferson Isabella Riesling N C Seedling Peter Wylie and Vergennes H W Hasselkus Griffin Ga exhibits Montefiore Nortons Virginia Diana Brighton Isabella Agawam Wilder Ives Concord Cynthiana Noah Niagara Prentiss Sultana a seedless variety Moores Early Martha Catawba Rogers No 5 Barry and Taylor W E H Searcy Griffin Ga has an exhibit of thirteen varieties viz Niagara Catawba Eaton Secretary Empire State Pocklington Hayes Highland Triumph Muscat Zinfandel Jefferson Duchess 231DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTUREGEORGIA G H M Her cV San R im Ga m ike an i 0f twenl Early A btntc s Wayman Pomona G Pocklm m I s A J Sutherland Pomona Q tossa S l Black Muscat and Em L L Stanley Griffin Ga displ one not named Taken as a whole the e V nadeata nlei in of tllr marked pro I i in the State in development ol stry In Agricultural Experiment Station of Alaba irn under the direction of Prof JS Newman m t varj namely sabella Othello Early Dawn Peter Wvlie Walter Noah Gynthiana Jefferson Champion Louisiana Griers X 1 Griens Men Concord Brandt Hartford Brighton Elvira Maxatawnev Naomi Miles Canada Hermann ves Triumph Nortons Virginia Niagara Martha Wyoming Red Pearl Iona Lindley Wilder Duchess Delaware Berckmans Goethe Moores Early Catawba Lad Washington Perkins VVorden Agawam Mariarma Beauty Irving Te This exhibil pre sents samples of bunches thai were b 0f the am variety inbagge I thus clearly showing the advantages of enveloping The exhibit reflects great credit upon the Director and your committee thinks that it verv conclu sively demonstra mportance of Experimental Stations i P II Brown John K eller W A Hansbll J D BOTD A Ir mii Col Civ II Waring of Bartow county chairman ol the Colit tee mi Wines reported as follows REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON WINES To tht Georgia Strife Horticultural Society We find the following named wines on exhibition One bottle of mixed Cord and ves by Miss Lizzie Williams of Tobler this shows carefiindhng but sen to have been injured by access of air I wo bottles ot eider wine by 1 J Po of Monticello This is a pleasant innocent beverage but not wine Two bolt mixed Concord and ves by Mr E A Parker This was considered tbc best ripe wine on exhibition though it bore evidence of the use of a small excess ol sugar in making it Captain 1 Mel Cell Sy Side exhibits two bottle of sweet port Mr Hasselkus of Griffin Ga exhibits one bottle of Goethe one of claret two Ll ot sweet port ami two f SWeel Concord The Concord bore the AmerieaTlMe WM l11v suit the average Mr Rudolph Oetter Griffin Ga exhibits one bottle of claret and one of Mis 1 l n Wh3lenelther of these were ripe the latter showed evidence of skillful handling and promise of excellence when ripe All of which is respectfully submitted H Waring Chmn W C Brown Sam del 11 aim I S N iw MAN 282GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY Mr Wm K Nelson oi Augusta chairman o Vegetables reported as follows f the C ommittee on REPORT OP THE COMMITTEI OX VEGETABLES 7b the Georgia State Horticultural Society The committee on ask to mal owing report The exhibits are much more numerous than on any former year and there an main specimens of greal excellence We find the following exhibits O Hayes Smithville Squ Ras Beck Grifln li Lvorv Ball Tomato Peach Tomato Vegetable R E McDonaldthree varieties tomato N II Wilson Pike county Landreths Double Tomato Wm Warder 3 Egg Plants very line varities tomato IT P Slaton Griffin Bonnet Squash Wart Squash Sweet Bell Pepper Lee PatrickTomato very line Henry Golhouse GriffinJapan Pie Squash Banana Melon Jumbo Watermel on SilverSkin Onion Husk Tomato Alabama Experimental Farm Portysix varieties tomatoes eggplant 1 II White GrriffinThree varieties tomato Charles Corbin Griffin Two varieties tomato 1 N Bell Griffin Two varieties tomato X B DruryThree varieties tomato P 1 BerckmansOrnamental Pepper Celestial W G Whidby Atlanta Vegetable Pear W W Hasselkus PotatoesWhite Elephant R A McDonald Squash M O BowdinYellow Pear Tomato Red Elephant Lyon Hudson GriffinWhite Bush Squash i plates tomatoes good one vari ety corn R Oetter VineyardEgg Plant very fine A G VanDyke SunnysideEleven varieties tomato all tine 1 plate cucum bers five varieties cabbage ten varieties onion raised from seed very tine six varieties heets Pie Plant fine Cherry Pepper Sweet Corn special mention L LStanley Mammoth Chili Squash i wo varieties pepper Quill Melon B C Randall GriffinButterhean King of the Garden Respectfully submitted Wm K Nelson Chmn 1 A lieMiii iivKiKs Deckn rr II W II ASSKIK i s Mr P 1 A Berckmans Jr of Augusta Secretary of the Com mittee on Plants and Flowers reported as follows REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON PLANTS AM FLOWERS To tin Georgia State Horticultural Society Your Committee on Plants and Flowers respectfully beg leave to submit the following report We find the space allotted to this exhibit tastefully and elaborately decorated and arranged evincing artistic taste in the ladies composing the committee oi which Mrs Win Warder is the able chairman As a Whole the articles con tributed show careful cultivation and are creditable to the skill of the following ladies who are the main exhibitors viz Mrs Wm Warder Mrs McKee Mrs74 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA Robert Thompson Mrs Ellis Misses Dismuke Theo Burr Aliee Golhouse T C Roberts and the Nelms House Conspicuous among the contributions is the dis play of Miss T C Roberts Respectfully submitted Miss Belle Rogers Hapk M ks A W Underwood Mrs 8 M Wayman Miss Iha Everett P J A Berck i n 1 k Secy The Standing Committee on Now Fruits reported as follows REPORT OF STANDING COMMITTEE ON NEW FRUITS To the Georgia State Horticultural Society Your committee beg to report as follows We have carefully examined the new fruits on exhibition and find some prom ising varieties GRAPES Moores Diamond amber colored being medium in size bunches small and com pact not sufficiently ripe to report upon quality Newton Labrusca good wine grape bunches large open berrv medium blue black J Above two varieties exhibited by E II Anthony Macon Ga Superb originated by A I Rice is a most promising new grape and deserves further trial PEACH KS Anita a new seedling from the Experimental Station at Auburn Ala similar to Stump the World but larger and ripens some days later qualitv best JAPAN PLUMS There are several varieties upon exhibition Kelsev Chabot and Botankio For description of these we would refer to the paper upon Japan plums presented at the morion session L A Berckmans E H Anthony H II San ford J D H rsiKii A J Williams Dr Samuel Hape of Atlanta chairman of the Committe on Synonyms reported as follows REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON SYNONYMS To the Georgia State Horticultural Society The eommitt1 synonyms beg leave to submit the following report Your committee labor under the disadvantage of not being able to coiand the cooperation of thy membership of this Society in getting desired information as to the extent to which both ignorance and cupidity contribute towards confusing the public as to synonym For instance some unprincipled nurserymen and dealers taking advantage of the recent interest taken in Japanese fruits are importing under names given in Japan to the identical fruits that were sent from this country to Japan some years ago and which are familiar to all fruitgrowers here We find such a well known peach as the Early Tillotson sent back to its native heath under the na and title of Ton Pa burdened however with the 234GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY 75 weight of a silver label price 50 cents cash or on time approved security The Abundance purporting tobea new plum is nothing more nor less than the fellow Flesh Botan This label costs the modest sum of one dollar to you Another very modest swindle comes to us in the shape of the Jumbo strawberry which is nothing more nor less than the Sharpless These are a few instances coming to our knowledge but we have no doubt of the existence of many other similar cases eqvally as flagrant and marked The indecent haste to foist upon the public new fruits whether meritorious or not in order to create sufficient interest to sell them at high prices induces the resurrection of some old fruits under a new name and a patient but credulous public cannot be too guarded in order to avoid disappointment and loss In conclusion your committee desire and invite the cooperation of all the mem bers of the Georgia State Horticultural Society Sah EL Hapk Chinn After hearing and adopting above reports the Convention adjourned to 230 p m lit reconvening Sec Klnsey read his annual report as follows T R EAS1 B E RS HERO RT T L Kinsey Treasurer in account with Georgia State Horticultural Society 1888 June 30 to balance119 03 August 15 to annual dues for 1888 271 00 889 03 Cr July 1st to paid postal cards and printing6 00 24th rubber stain 2 50 postage 4 00 J L Gow printing 5 75 October 10th to paid U Starnes reporting 25 00 23d exp on proceedings 90 Fretwell Nichols printing 3 50 wrappers and stamps 12 00 November 21st Agl Dept printing proceedings 113 50 1889 June 29th to paid postal cards and printing same 4 50 printing passes 4 00 envelopes and stamps 6 00187 05 To balance 201 38 E O E T L KlNSEY Treasurer Savannah Ga July 1 1889 QUESTION BOX This was now opened as follows Question 1 What is the best paying crop f Mr Moody Does he mean to confine his inquiry altogether to horticultural products The President Such questions as these are impractical and 235DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTUREGEORGIA any attempt at answering them would be mere guess work We had better pass it by Q 2 Is there any pro merchants and thereby protect their Mr Brown The best way is to ship only to reliable merchants There do exist such menall of them are not equally depraved or even wholly had Besides money is not recovered by abuse We should find out beforehand who can be depended on ami ship to them and to them only Mr Iveeson As an instance of the rascally methods 1 the lass of men complained of I will state that a short while since I made an orange shipment from Florida It was a tine lot and 1 expected it to net me handsomely Judge of my surprise when in course of time 1 received an account sales stating that the shipment had turned out very badly ami had only brought 65 for which they sent me a check kindly declining to take out any commissions on account of my ill luck 1 went afterwards to the city where the fruit was sold looked into the matter and discovered the outrageous swindle that had been perpetrated on me I recovered on that lot 81365 which the fruit had brought by going boldly to the scoundrels bearding them in their den and forcing them to disgorge It might be very properly made a part of the duty of our Committee on Ship ping and Packing to ascertain to whom we might safely ship How may Experiment Stations beat promote 1 interests of fruit growers The President Prof Newman of the Alabama Experiment Station must answer Prof Newman I can at least tell what our Station is doing To begin with we test the different varieties of each kind of fruit in turn as to their adaptability to our soil and climate and ascertain as tar as possible to what precise soil and climate each fruit is suited We devote some time to different methods of culture as applied to all kinds of fruit including specific fertilization for each Through the land owners in different parts of the State we seek to make inquiry as to the soil best adapted to the different varieties and if I went into a half detail even of our operation 1 would consume more time than we have to spare or you would permit me to waste The President As practical an answer as any querist could get or wish 2tiiGEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY Q 4 How rapes practical and what is the best me tli Prof Newman have experimented considerably to ascertain what varietie enefited by sacking and whether or not on a commercial scale it is profitable Last year I sacked 7000 bunch this yeai Perkins among others is not benefited bysacki It is show and sells well when barely turned but is not tit to eat until tally ripened It is n ible to sack Z either The stem dies and the berries tail off or take soli rot The cost is not very great I have most of my sacking done by boysgirlscould perhaps do it still bettorand I pay them five cts per 100 The cost per pound depends of course altogether on the size of the hunches It has varied with me from to f of a cent per pound yes and in Montgomery bring 4J to 5 cts unsacked while sacked they net 10 is more benefited by the process than any of the others for the reason that it colors up two weeks before it is ripe or edible and in that condition is generally sent to market causing the variety to be rated unduly low as to quality whereas if sacked and allowed to hang a month before marketing it Is wei and justly so for it becomes perfectly delicious Sacking especially pays the amateur who has abundance of time to attend to the process It is a protection against spiders wasps bees and other insects and causes the berries to ripen up uniformly and retards their ripening Some varieties cannot be perfected at all except by bag ging Duchess for example will invariably rot outside of the sack but is perfect inside All of my Hartfords rot outside but if sacked are preserved Black Eagle is another example it is a fine grape when sacked 1 have experimented with 50 varieties and as time passes will be in a better position to pronounce decidedly as to the relative benefit of sacking upon them Mr B II Myers Do you use the common paper two and three pound bag Prof Newman I use two pound bags for most of the varieties but for large bunching kinds like Niagara or Irving I use a six pound bag The proper time for sacking is early in the season when the berries are about the size of number one shot The earlier the better The mistake most growers make is in waiting too long before sacking A small boy can put on 1400 or 1500 in a day Mr Myers I have sacked all of my grapes for the last few 23778 DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTUREGEORGIA years and find with every variety I havo the Delaware not excepted that it pays unquestionably as by so doing I can keep my grapes until the seasons glut is over and market them at leisure I find however that it costs a little more on an average than stated by Prof Newman and if his boys can put on 1500 sacks a day they are livelier than ours In this connection I would call attention to a leak that if stopped might materially benefit the purchasers of paper bags This season while putting on my sacks I happened to count a bundle of fiftythey are put up that number in a bundleand found it fell several sacks short Thinking this might be accidental I had the remaining sacks some 8000 in packages of fifty counted and every package fell short This must have been an intentional swindle on the part of the house I bought from as their counting machine may run over accidentally but it never counts under except when stopped intentionally The loss was a small one so far as 1 was concerned but if that firm is in the habit of treating all their customers to a short count on every package shipped they must swindle the public out of a good round sum in the course of a year and J merely call attention to it here that others may be on their guard next season Q 5 Would it be advantageous to graft grape cuttings on wild roots to avoid the ravages of Phylloxera Mr H N Starnes Is Phylloxera definitely proved to exist among us And even if it does and it should prove necessary to guard against it it would prove a difficult matter to obtain a suffi ciency of wild root stock to graft on Why would not almost any variety of Cordifolia as Clinton or Elvira both extensively cultivated and known to be Phylloxera proof serve better than the wild grape Prof Newman We have Phylloxera without question though up to 1879 I had no experience with it That year however with Prof Eiley I discovered it on a vine in Atlanta made a minute examination and found almost the entire vineyard affected Lindley especially seemed to be the point of attack and was almost destroyed It has never been of serious trouble however and gives little or no inconvenience on sandy soils Q 6 Is the use of London Purple for Curculio effective f Note The following is the full text of above inquiry with querists remarks thereon by mail 238GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY Glen St Mary Fla July 26 1889 1 wish to new the experience of the different memhers of the Society in relation to the use of London purple for plum curculio Has it proven effective and devoid of bad results to the trees How many applications should be made and whai strength should it be applied I have fully demonstrated to my own satisfaction thai it will not do to apply ii after the trees get into full foliage as some have claimed that it may I have used it at the rate of one pound London purple to 150 gallons water and taken off every leaf on the tree I have also used it at the rate of one pound to 200 gallons and with the same effect every leaf shedding Now as some parties have promul gated that the application of London purple every two or three weeks during the season at the rate of one pound to fifty gallons water can be safely made il seems to me that such advice would if followed kill every tree that was so treated I have killed two or three tree with London purple at the rate of one pound to 150 gallons and with only two applications made while in full foliage If applied as soon as the bloom has shed will London purple kill the curculio without injury to the tree and should a second application he made in ten days or two weeks and what strength Hope tins matter will receive discussion and call out the experience of others Sincerely yours G L Takkr Prof Newman I tried London Purple last year for Black Aphis one pound to LOO gallons water though not as strong as one pound to 50 gallons and experienced no ill effects I suppose Mr Taber must have failed to stir the mixture thoroughly which might account for the damage as it is only a mechanical suspension and not a chemical compound We used the stuff on quite a number of trees and none of them were injured Mr Miller I have used Paris Green in the proportion of one to 100 without harm and it is even stronger than London Purple Prof Newman I do not believe moreover that London Purple will destroy Curculio as it is only effective against leaffeeders like the Aphis The President London Purple in water is simply a mechanical suspension and our querist must certainly have failed to stir it prop erly and render the mixture thoroughly uniform in strength through out as suggested by Prof Newman Col Eedding We have found in the Department of Agriculture in testing Paris Green etc with reference to its effectiveness upon caterpillars in cotton that we cannot tnake a general rule for mixing the stuff as it does not seem to be manufactured of uniform strength and hence produces mixtures of varied intensity We were compelled to experiment witli and test separately each shipment before we could determine how much to dilute it This may be the cause of Mr Tabers disasters This ended the Question Box 289DEPA KTM ENT OF Dr 11 II Gary Since our last 111 y have only one death in our mi that of Dr S M J f Thomas1 li J was ay Consequently I have not had lime to ions and beg that the matter be per nr President Tl y will i to your Dr ted our Dr 11 aim next offered the two followi solutions each of which wa in turn adopti RESOLUTION OP THANKS TO THE PRESS iorts of our roo irned to the gallant Rev S S Sv Mao o Harry the tion tn W E II S ie South and to W G Wl Atlanta Journaland tha utj towards reports ol is bod i we SPECIAL RESOLUTION OF THANKS TO RAILROADS Resolved Thai HV dered to the following lines of railroads and ever and aceommodal officials Central Railroad of Georgia and its connections Savannah Floridaand Western Railway Georgia Railroad and Western and Atlantic Railroad for uni form courtesies extended Resolved That a copy of this resolution be furnished each road bv the Secretary of tlii body Sec KlNSEY 1 seriously doubt it next year we will succeed in obtaining passes for our members from the roads This year General Manager Belknap of the Central was hardly pursuaded as an initial 2WGEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY 81 step to obtaining them from other roads to issue them himself He brought up the action of the watermelon men but finally conceded the point and gave the passes The railroads ought to be more thoroughly impressed with the fact that in assisting these gatherings of fruit growers they are not indulging a junketing party or pro moting a pleasure excursion but helping earnest hardworking men to encourage foster and build up an industry that means millions of dollars to the country and tens of thousands to the railroads Our Society doesnt assemble annually for fun or politics but it means business we meet to both learn and teach and if the roads could but be convinced of it we are the best and most valuable freight solicitors they have I trust they may yet learn to view us in our true lightnot as deadbeats but as men who give a substantial quid pro quo NEXT PLACE OF MEETING Having arrived at this head in the regular order of business the President announced that nominations were in order Mr John B James of Port Valley put in nomination that city and offered its hospitality to the Society Mr W E Brown of Fort Valley stated that the citizens of Houston county including Fort Valley Marshallville and Perry thought they had in their qommunity a fruit center sufficient to interest the members and would give them a warm welcome if they saw fit to accept their offer and could point with pride to the vast strides their section had made in fruit culture since the Convention was last held there There being no other nominations it was unanimously decided to meet next year in Fort Valley PUBLICATION OF PROCEEDINGS Dr Cary I move that a committee be appointed whose busi ness it shall be to take charge of the publication of our proceedings Prof Newman I have observed that Committees are of very little value and think that the Secretary can better attend to the matter Dr Cary I think a Committee would be more satisfactory Sec Kinsey The publication of our proceedings last year cost S196 of which sum the Agricultural Department paid 8250 and we 24182 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA paid 11350 The same arrangement can probably be made again On motion tbe Secretary was instructed to attend to the publica tion COMPLETION OF CATALOGUE The catalogue which had only been partially finished was again taken up GRAPES BrightonMr Miller Should have one star for mountains Prof Newman Is rated as highly as Delaware for middle region which is a great error It is subject to mildew and rot and though of good quality is not desirable should be cut down to one star for middle region Dr Hape There are a good many on exhibition here would like to hear from some one else Mr Miller It certainly promises well in the mountains Given one star in mountains and reduced to one for middle region HartfordMr Miller Ought to have one star stricken for mountains as it drops badly as soon as ripe One star ordered stricken for mountains Moores EarlyMr Miller Should have one star for moun tains Ordered NiagaraDr Gary I have seen Felix Corputs specimens and think highly of them Mr Miller Deserves two stars for mountains Prof Newman I think it also deserves two stars for middle region Dr J P H Brown Condemned as worthless around Augusta The President When the Niagara was first presented to the American Pomological Society in Rochester some years since it was considered too poor to rate at all and its quality has not increased since but as a showy market grape it is certainly valuable when it can be kept free of rot Dr Hape Rots badly with me in Fulton butif sacked is good Mr J D Hosted Docs well in Spalding county and should have at least one star for middle region Two stars ordered for mountains one for middle region with note Profitable as a white market grape 242GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY 83 WardenMr Miller Would like one star for mountains Ordered ElviraMr Miller I move one star for mountains Ordered Missouri RieslingProt Newman It is paradoxical to give this grape two stars for middle region and append the note Promis ing well It is an oversight and I move to strike this phrase and insert Free from rot Ordered EdenRotundifoliaDr IIape This matures so late that I cannot exhibit ripe specimens but it is good in quality bunches well extraordinarily even for a grape of the Muscadine type and I would like one star for middle region Ordered Bergmans Mr Starnes A good grape earlier than Delaware larger of as good quality a vigorous grower never mildews and has not tho tendency of the Delaware to kill itself bearing I would like one star for mountains Dr Hape Would suggest in the note that in place of Better than Delaware tho words Better grower than Delaware be substi tuted as it is not supeiior to the latter in quality Carried and one star given for mountains DuchessMr Starnes Am surprised that we treat this excellent grape so shabbily in tho catalogue It is a vigorous grower of first quality meaty solid and delicious of elegant appearance compact plump and transparent Its bunches pack like corncobs in a basket and keep like winter apples It has no apparent disease never mildews leaf folder never attacks it while it sews up Jefferson tight and fast in the next row Duchess has only one fault it must bo sacked that is absolutely necessary to perfect it unsacked it inva riably rots Would like one star for mountains Dr Hape It is the best grape I know You cant say too much for it so far as I am concerned Its strong point is its keeping quality I have known it shipped from San Francisco to Pough keepsie and as good when it reached its destination as tho day it was gathered It is a glorious little grape but must be sacked to save it Prof Newman It rots very badly with mothe worst rotter in fact of all my varieties and I dont think deserves any special encomium The President Has too much foreign blood Mr Starnes I grant that it rots badly when unsacked but a 24384 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGI A not the grape with as many good points as Duchess possesses deserves to have some pains taken with it Prof Newman has shown that sack ing is not a difficult or expensive process and it will be found that this grape if sacked will amply repay time trouble and cost and will hang on the vines until frost enabling us to market it at our leisure after all other varieties even Goethe are gone though it comes in with Concord I wouldnt exchange it for every other variety I have The President Do you wish your motion for one star put Mr Starnes No I am content to wait until its own merits bring it forward GoetheMr Starnes Would like one star stricken for moun tains It is somewhat of a rotter mildews badly colors up unevenly of poor quality and the most straggling buncher I know Its only recommendation is its lateness Mr Myers That is my experience precisely If it were for its being a late variety I would not think of cultivating it The President I have seen Goethe in Atlanta and in mountain region firstclass I do not regard it so unfavorably Mr Miller One star is enough for it in the mountainsall it is entitled to Dr Hape It is a splendid grape with me near Atlanta when bagged of pretty color and nice in every way Prof Newman It is a desirable grape on account of its lateness but doesnt ripen uniformly unless bagged One star ordered stricken for mountains Dr Hape In this connection why not state in catalogue what grapes must be sacked and apply to Niagara Empire State Lady Washington Duchess and Goethe The President We would scarcely have room on each page and the matter is apt to be thoroughly ventilated in the discussions MerimackProf Newman Pated above its merits Bunches small and my experience with it has been altogether unsatisfactory Not so good as other varieties ripening at same time with it The President We have now a larger list to select from than we had fifteen years ago and any variety not holding its own should bo immediately reduced in rating or remorselessly discarded if necessary 244GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY 85 Prof Newman I certainly want only one star for Merimack and if I alone were concerned would leavo it out altogether The President Its rating was given at Macon some years ago on account of the magnificent bunches exhibited by Mr Anthony Reduced to one star for both mountains and middle region and for the words One of the best of Rogers Hybrids the phrase Suitable for amateur culture substituted Prof Newman What is tho source from which all of the Rogers Hybrids get their rough taste Tho President From the Wild Fox grape of Massachusetts It does not come from the foreign blood introduced Rogers worked systematically and has greatly improved his hybrids 1 had expected Mr Phelps of Sanford Fla to lecture on the subject of cross fertili zation at this meeting and am greatly disappointed that he is not here Dr Hape Would seedlings from Rogers go back to the Fox type Tho President Not necessarily seedlings of Wilder for instance exhibited at Chicago showed no great variation from the parent BertrandDr Hape How about this The President Judge Jones of Burke county originated but has not yet disseminated it It is one of the best of grapes and I sincerely hope it will not bo lost It is too good to lose Dr Hape Incidentally I would remark that we should care fully define for beginners what grapes are suitable for market and what for the table only Tho President The catalogue does that very clearly in the third column under the head of Use SalemDr Hape This has been more or less successful for ten years but is uncertain Has a peculiar flavor which is not sprightly but sickly 1 dont like it Tho President Berry large but bunches small and straggling Too many male flowers WilderMr Miller I move to strike one star for tho moun tain region It bunches straggling and is not gaining in favor a remark I wTould also like to strike Prof Newman We could also spare one star from middle region 24586 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA Mr Starnes Certainly should be reduced for mountains for it not only is straggling in bunch but mildews badly Ordered reduced to one star for both mountains and middle region and the clause gaining in favor stricken IrvingProf Newman My experience with it is quite satis factory Quality good and I would like to have it rated Dr Hape SNot as good in quality as Triumph and more liable to crack I dont consider it equal to the latter Prof Newman It certainly deserves one star for middle region Ordered Peter WylieThe President Eots less than Duchess and no finer grape grows Should strike promising well and leave only best quality Ordered Lady WashingtonThe President I would call attention to an evident error in the catalogue In the note on this grape the word strong should bo strong grower It is a good grape and should be properly described Dr Hape Mildews with me Change as suggested ordered NEW GRAPES Early VictorThe President One of the best of theLabrusea bettcr than Telegraph not a strong grower but a heavy bearer Bunches small but finer and earlier than Moores Early earlier than Hartford and fully as early as Champion and infinitely better Prof Newman I move it be listed as promising well So ordered Canada The President Early as Moores very compact and promising a delicate table grape blue medium in size Prof Newman My experience coincides precisely with your description Would like to see it also added to list as promising Ordered The President Would it not be well to append a list of the best shipping grapes Prof Newman Very necessary 1 have long felt the need of it parties have frequently come to me for information on this point Dr Hape I move our President be requested to add the list be suggests Carried 246GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY 87 STRAWBERRIES BelmontFrof Newman This berry should be better rated It is only down as promising well The President It deserves more Prof Newman I move one star for middle region Ordered HoffmanThe President The berry of all others for the coast I have seen this year near Savannah berries grown by Major C S Hardee at the Isle of Hope that were simply marveloussuperior to any I have ever seen Commission men in New York say it is superior to Nunans and earlier It is also valuable in the middle regionearlier by two weeks than any other Prof Newman Earlier even than Canada The President I have not the latter but it is certainly superior to Nunans Sec Kinsey I want two stars for Hoffman for coast Would also like best early shipper substituted for promising well Ordered The President The introducer of HoffmanNoisette of Charlestonhas originated a new berry superior even to his former achievement They are simply phenomenal I couldnt have believed that anything would surpass Hoffman but this berry certainly does I have seen berries in England that required three bites but Noisette certainly equals them His new development is certainly won derful Monarch of the WestThe President This is rated too high Dr Hape Out of cultivation too soft 1 move to strike Ordered Manchester Dr Hape No good Move to strike also Ordered NunansThe President Superseded by Hoffman Sec Kinsey A good shipper and should not be stricken Dr Hape Only of benefit to the coast and even there as our President has stated is superseded by Hoffman The President Ripens only on one side Sec Kinsey Shows up prettily in a basket The President When the ripe side is up On vote retained as at present Triomphe de GandDr Hape Move to strike is worthless Who wants such an endorsement as it has Pine when it does not burn I move to strike Ordered 247 88 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA BubachPresident Berckmans Like Sharpless dark color CanadaProf Newman Have fruited it four years It is the earliest of berries belongs to the scarlet type is a good berry and bore two crops this year The President Have you fruited Clouds Prof Newman No but Im solid on Canada I cant com pare it with Hoffman as I have never fruited the latter but as an early berry with me it stands unrivaled Prince of BerriesThe President I would like to see this intro duced It is of superior quality Prof Newman I could never get any satisfaction from it though I planted it largely in Alabama Cumberland TriumphDr Hape This ought to bo on our list as it is growing in favor ParryDr Hape Ought also to be listed This Prince of Berries and Bubach should be put on as promising well Ordered Mt VernonUr B T Moore This is a good late berry on deep moist soil I have entered some today on exhibition Should be listed as promising well on deep moist soil Ordered RASPBPRRIES SouheganMr Miller Should have one star for mountains Not so large as Gregg but is not affected by drouth as the hitter is Ordered SchaffersProf Newman Rated too high not productive and wont ship Unattractive and while very large is poor in quality though it grows well from cuttings I move to strike one star Dr Hape Hoes well with me is large and productive and though not of first quality is a strong grower Mr Bucher Cooks well and bears exceptionally Is extraordinarily large and sells finely I regard it as unfit to eat Retained as at 1 would like to have added to our The President Prof Newman present OhioMr S M Wayman list the Ohio President Berckmans Is it the Ohio Everbearing 3ou refer to Mr Bucher No I have it and it is a fine berry Later than Tyler and though not of as good flavor is more productive 248GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY 89 Mr Miller In Ohio a berry of that name was noticeably dry and used only for drying and evaporating Prof Newman Tyler should be on the list it is the earliest raspberry we have Sometimes called Doolittle is a small black productive berry and should go on with one star for middle region Ordered TurnerProf Newman Berries on bushes yet quality fine Already double starred for middle region but does well in mountains also and should have one star for that section Dr Hape Doesnt sucker One star ordered for mountains Golden QueenThe President Thisshould come off Prof Newman The best berry in the whole world The President Burns badly which is my objection to it Its quality is excellent and I would like to eat it if I could get it but I cant Retained Prof Newman I have also tried Thompsons Early Prolific and Early Pride The quality of the first is good it is also prolific as its name implies blackbfrries Passed without comment MULBERRIES StubbsThePresident The best o its classa marvel of productivenesscontinues in bearing one month Has no Multicaulis blood in it This concluded the catalogue MISCELLANEOUS Mr Hunnicutt I move to reconsider the motion already passed appointing a committee to memorialize the Legislature on the subject of State aid Seconded and carried Mr Hunnicutt I now move to appoint a committee of seven for the purposes set forth in the resolution as first adopted Sec Kinsey Where largo committees are appointed I have noticed invariably that little was accomplished What is everybodys business is nobodys business A smaller committee will prove very much more efficient and I move to amend by substituting three for seven 24990 DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTUREGEORGIA Amendment seconded put and carried and motion as amended adopted The President reserved his appointment stating however that the Secretary was sure to go to Atlanta and do the heaviest part of the work The President stated that it had always been customary at the conclusion of the Societys meetings to present to the officials of the Railways and Express Company a handsome box of fruit as a slight testimony of appreciation This courtesy he felt sure the Society did not intend to overlook It was unanimously agreed that all of the exhibits should b devoted to this purpose and the following members volunteered to take charge of and deliver same Messrs Newman Parnell Hape Bucher L A Berckmans Thompson Miller and Cary President Berckmans after returning graceful acknowledgment to the Society for the courtesy and patience exhibited during the deliberations of the body pronounced the Fourteenth Annual Session adjourned P J BEBCKMANS T L Kinsey President Secretary 250GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY 91 CATALOGUE OF FRUITS PLAN OP CATALOGUE To enable the Society to publish a full and reliable catalogue of fruits which are successfully cultivated in Georgia and in view of the vast differences which the climatic influence of the several sections of our State has upon the same fruit cul tivated upon the mountains or near the seacoast it has been deemed advisable to divide the State into four distinct sections 1 The Upper or Mounttin lireion embracing that section of Georgia between the 34th and 35th degrees of latitude N 2 The Middle Region between 32d and 34th degrees and including the south western portion of the 82d degree except the counties named for Southern Region 3 The Southern Region comprising the counties of Baker Berrien Brooks Charlton Clinch Colquitt Early Echols Lowndes Miller Mitchell Pierce Thomas and Ware 4 The Lower or Coast Region comprising the counties of Chatham Bryan Lib erty Mclntosh Glynn and Camden The explanations of the columns will be found under each class of fruits The varieties named in the several lists are of recognized good quality inferior or rejected varieties being omitted Synonyms are given in a few instances only where it was deemed necessary these are placed under the adopted name in italics One indicates that the varieties succeed well in tHe region named at the head of the column Two indicate the varieties most highly recommended No indicates no report or that the variety is not sufficiently tested A dash indicates that the variety is unsuited APPLES Explanation of Columns Column 1stName of varieties Column 2dSeason of maturity Column 3dThe particular use for which it is best adapted Columns 4 5 6 and 7The regions for which the varieties are recommended Column 8thRemarks Explanation of Abbreviations Column 2dSeasoisS summer A autumn W winter E early L late E S early summer L W late winter etc Column 3dUseK designates varieties recommended only for the kitchen or cooking purposes D for drying C for those specially intended for cider M those most valued for market Varieties not marked may be considered as table or des sert sorts 25192 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA APPLES NAME Astrachan Red Ben Davis syn New York Pippin Buncombe syns Meigs Red Winter Pearmain Red Fall Pippin Black Warrior Carters Blue syn Lady Fitzpatrick Carolina Greening syns Green Crank Southern Greening Green Cheese Cannon Pearmain Carolina Watson Cullasaga Ohattahoochee Disharoon Early Harvest Elgin Pippin Equinetelee syns Baehel or Buckingham etc Etowah syn Coopers Red Fall Pippin Family Farrars Summer syn Rob insons Superb Ferdinand Grimes Golden Pippin Gravenstein Homony syns Summei Queen of Kentucky Sops of Wine Hileys Eureka Horse Hocketts Sweet Horn Julian Jewetts Best Kansas Queen Kittageskee Kentucky Red 8treaksjm Bradfords Best Lanier May Pippin Mamma ES LW W LW S EW W A ES A A W A A EW ES S LW S LW LW S s s LA A A ES A M P M M M M M ir2 rl I s I 3 iOQ M REMARKS Profitable early market very prolific Second quality excellent keeper of bloom buds Excellent In some soils liable to blight Excellent fine keeper prolific Large sugary very fine splendid grower Excellent Second quality fine keeper Very large prolific profitable market Requires strong clay soil Excellent and fine keeper Good quality fine grower Universal favorite Large and very good to borer Very good needs strong soil subject Very good fine keeper Large and very good prolific Excellent and profitable summer apple Very good lasts from July to October Large good quality Very good in Mountain Region Good in Middle and Western portion of State Excellent prolific Late keeper lific lasts two months Superior for cooking and drying pro Proliflc and good keeper Good keeper open grower fruit Productive excellent for cider showy Very large very good stout grower Very showy Very prolific small very good Fine grower Showy fall apple good quality region Very early reliable in Middle or Westn Very good fine tree 252GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY APPLESContinued 93 NAME Mangum Maverick s Sweet Mitchells Cider Moultries syn Indian Wi nter Mrs Bryan Neverfails syn Rawles Janet Nickajack syns Summer our Berry Wonder etc Nantahalee syn Yellow June Ocouee Greening Palmer or Pear Apple Romanite Red June syn Carolina Red June Rhodes Orange Simmons Red Shockley Sauta Summer Cheese Summer Queen Stevensons Winter Striped June syn Early Red Maryret of the Soth Sweet Bough syn Sweet Harvest Taunton Tetofski Webbs Winter Whites Winter Pearmain Wallace Howard Wine Sap Yates Yopps Favorite Yellow Transparent W w s LW A A W S A E LW ES ES S LW LW S s LW ES A W W W A LW LW S E s s j REMARKS Excellent prolific subject to moth Very good good keeper unreliable Promising well late summer Good and late keeper Showy and excellent Excellent in some sections of Middle Region unreliable apt to drop he fore attaining full size soils Very good apt to rot at core in some Excellent Medium very good prolific gion Good quality excellent in Mountain Re Early prolific very good bears very young profitable for market Excellent summer fruit Matures fruit from June to October Reliable in every section profitable Very good late keeper even on coast Large prolific excelt forcookgdryg Prolific and good market apple Unsurpassed in quality bearing and keeping Excellent fine grower and prolific Very good early sweet Large showy good quality fine for Dwarf excellent market open Good grower Good Very showy and excellent Quality very good Small very good prolific and bears Very good young desirable variety Promising well for trial LEADING VARIETIES OF APPLES FOR MARKET ORCHARDS SummerAstrachan Red June Early Harvest Family Striped June Horse Julian Homony AutumnBuncombe Carters Blue Equinetelee Taunton WinterBen Davis Chattahoochee Greening Etowah Hocketts Sweet Mangum Nickajack Romanite Shockley Stevensons Winter Yates Sauta Black Warrior 25394 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA PEACHES 1st Name of variety 2d Classfreestone or cling Season 5th Use Remaining columns denote the Explanation of Columns stone 3d Color of flesh 4th region etc AbbreviationsGlassF freestone C clingstone FleshW white Y yel low Rred SeasonE early V E very early M medium L late V L very late Very early ripens from end of May to June 20th early from June 20th to July 5th j medium from July 5th to August 10th late from August 10th to October 1st very late from October 1st to November 10th UseF for family use only M the most valuable for market D the most desirable for drying Varieties not marked may be considered good for home use NAME Alex syn Amsden Amelia syn Stro mans Carolina F AustinC BeatriceF Bustians October C Baldwins Late F tChinese Cling C R E LeeC ChurchF Columbia syns In dian Pace etc F Crawfords Early F Crawfords Late F DarbyC Demmings Septbr C Duff Yellow C Early Tillotson F Eatons Golden C ElbertaF Fruitland F FlewellenC Fleitas St Johnsyn H4ay Beauty F Foster F Grosse Mignonno F Great Eastern F Goodes October C General Taylor C BalesE Honey syn Chi nese Honey F Heath White syn White English IC W V W W v w w w w Y Y Y W Y Y R Y Y W R Y Y W W R R W W W VE E VL VE VL VL E E L M E M VL L E VE L M L E VE VE M M VL VE VE E X M F M M M M 31 MD M M M M I M 1 M M o REMARKS 254 Quality very good bright color very profitable Very large very good Excellent October cling Excellent below medium size fine color requires rich soil and thing An excellent very late cling Good late freestone Excellent and large subject to rot Earlier than its parent Chinese Cling Very good September freestone Excellent for all purposes riety Very good and standard market va Variable rots in some seasons An excellent October cling later Similar to Lemon cling ripens month Very large early second quality Very desirable Superior cling for preserving Very large and handsome Good for its season Good early cling of Indian type variety Verygood early excellent market Earlier than Early rawford Good but too tender for market Very large variable in quality Very good late Indian cling Very good early cling Variable apt to rot in some localities able for Florida Very sweet blooms very early suit lExeellent for preserving and marketGEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY 05 PEACHESContinued NAME 5 o o Q c o 09 3 CD 03 M L M M VE M M M L M M VE L VE M M M VL VL M VE eh t M V M M M M M M MD F M M F F M c ih M 3 5 o 0 3 5 Z m cd M a O 3 C r Z CD X CO 83 O REMARKS Indian Blood Cling LaGrango Late Admiral Lemon Cling syn Pineapple Louise Rivers Mountain Rose Newington Cling Old Mixon Freestoe Old Mixon Cligstoe Picquets Late Robinson Stump the World Susquehunnah Snow Scotts Oftober Tinsleys Oct Cling Thurber 0 P P c F P P C P c r V V F F F 0 U F 0 R W W Y W w w w Y w w w Y W w Y W Y W W Y Very juicy and good Large pure white good Very goodtoo tender for market Superior Cling Very good ripens 1 wk after Beatrice Superior to Early York Whitefleshed Columbia Good Good freestone of Indian type Excellent market variety Excellent market variety Adapted to Florida only Best free stone of its season Ol best quality large size too tender for market Seedling of Chinese Cling Worthy of further trial Superior market variety Very large superiorto LateCrawfod Pure white good for preserving Good late cling Good late cling Very large best quality Lemon cling June tSeveral improved seedlings of Chinese Cling have been introduced less liable to decay than the original JThe following new varieties originated by Mr Rivers of England are all inferior in quality to the Mountain Rose which ripens at same season viz Early Alfred Early Albert Early Silver Magdala Dr Hogg Prince of Wales LEADING MARKET VARIETIES IN ORDER OF MATURITY Alexander Beatrice Louise Hales Early Tillotson Fleitas St John Tuskena General Taylor Mountain Rose Foster Early Crawford Gen Lee Chinese ling Old Mixon Free Susquchanna Elberta Stump the World Columbia Lemon Cling Museogee Indian Blood Cling Picquets Church White Heath Cling Eatons Golden Baldwins Austin Darby Bustians LEADING VARIETIES FOR SHIPPING TO NORTHERN AND WESTERN MARKETS Alexander Fleitas St John Tillotson Crawfords Early Crawfords Late Elberta Stump the World Susquchanna 255 96 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA FOR FAMILY C8B Add to aboveEarly Rivers Bales Yellow St John Amelia Mountain Rose General Taylor Cling Duff Cling General Lee Stonewall Jackson Chinese Cling Thurber Lemon Cling Columbia Old Mixon Cling Piequets Osceola Baldwins Late Heath White Demmings September Cling Eatons Golden Bustians October Austins Late Tinsleys October Explanations aud abbreviations same as Peaches c o c o m i 60 be be Q NAME B a a u 0 bC a M REMARKS t o a Q w as az 0 3 T3 3 a 3 O C os 0 S a GQ 0 F y M Downton P R M Early Newington c R E Early Scarlet F R E Early Violet F R E Reports from every section F R M state this fruit to be un Golden Cling C M reliable o win g to attacks R M of the curculio Hunts Tawny P R M New White F W E Red Roman C R M 0 YR M Victoria F W M APRICOTS Explanations and abbreviations same as Peaches Breda Early Golden Hemskirke Large Early Large Red Moorpark Orange Peach Kaisha St Ambrose Royal Turkey Y Y R YR R Y Y Y Y YR YR Y Trees are liable to be kill ed by spring frost Only desirable for city gar dens or where protect ed by surroundingbuild ings 266GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY 97 NAME Large Sweet Acid Dwarf be X REMARKS The climate of Mountain Region is too cold to grow this plant Suitable for pot culture 3STT7TS Pecan Madeira or English Walnut Cobnuts and Filberts Japan Chestnuts Very prolific and desirable Succeeds well in Middle Georgia Promising well 29798 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE G EORGIA Explanation of Columns1st Name of variety 2d Season 3d Use 4th Stock upon which the variety succeeds best remainder the region in which the vari eties are recommended AbbreviationsSeason and Use same as those for Apples StockQ quince S pear stock Where not marked the varieties thrive equally upon quince or pear s e 0 c St 2 S St o 3 NAME s 5 REMARKS 0 0 M 3 e to u c r M o 7 S S Bartlett S 5KB Good everywhere but subject to blight Belle Lucrative s s Good for family use Buerre Bose A s Variable as to soil Buerre Clairgeau A s B Apt to lose its foliage Buerre dAnjou S M D ink Very good S Good Buerre Easter w s Si A late keeper Buerre Giffard ES D Very early poor grower Buerre Langelier A Very fine in Mountain Region Buerre Superfln S M Excellent but rots at the core S standard only Clapps Favorite s M s ft Very good and fine color matures rapidly Good for canning Doyenne dEte ES Good very early but small Doyenne Boussock S s Slow bearer Duchesse dAngleme S M Q Most profitable of all on quince Flemish Beauty s M s Good but liable to rot at core Oriental type good S M Very good Keiffer A I s M M 5KB Productive and valuable as a late pear Lawrence s M s Large and fine fine grower best on Louise Bonne deJery s Variable as to quality standard LeConte synChinese Pear s M s Valued in South Georgia very good for s Good for canning table and market Mine Von Siebold s Good for canning s M s ft Vigorous grower good quality Osbands Summer ES Ott s Small but excellent and productive Petite Marguerite VE ft ft Seedling of Doyenne dEte and better St Michael Archagel s ft ft 5KB Fine grower good fruit s M Q ft 5KB Slow bearer fruit best quality Stevens Genessee s Smiths Hylril Promising well Oriental type Winter Nellis w ft Best keeper BEST VARIETIES FOR MARKET IN OIVDER OF MATURITY On Quince Buerre Giffard St Michael Archangel Buerre Superfin Howell Duchesse dAngouleme Seckel Buerre dAnjou On StandardDoyenne dEte Clapps Favorite Bartlett Belle Lucrative Le Conte Flemish Beauty Buerre Clairgeau Lawrence Keiffer Buerre Easter and Winter Nellis Oriental TypeDamio Mikado Garbers Mme Von Siebold Very productive and valuable for canning and evaporating 298GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY 99 e3IjT7SNative Types Explanation of Columns1st name of variety 2nd color 3rd class whether free or clingstone 4th season remainder region in which the varieties are recom mended AbbreviationsCqforR red Y yellow 15 blue G green P purple Season As for peaches GlassC clingstone F freestone N A M E Type Americana or Peach Leaved Harpers R Kanawhaj R Minerj R Type Chicasa Cumberland Hattie Missouri Newmans Robinson Wild Goose Supposed Cross DeCaradeuc Type OrientalSec 1 Japanese Botan yellow fleshed syn Abundance Botan white fleshed Botan kio Burbank Chabot Hattankio Kelsey Masu Ogon Satsuma or Blood ShiroSinomo Ura Beni Sec 2Chinese Simoni Sec 3Persian Pissardi or Persian Purple Plum Type European Bradshaw Coes Golden Drop Columbia Damson syn Black YR R R YR YR YR Y GP R Y R O Y C IS c IS c It 0 It c is c w as X C M C E C R V M Y c M P F M B F E REMARKS Very late prolific Promising well tree must ripen upon the Prolific and of good quality Promising well Promising well Excellent quality showy and prolific Sweet early and prolific Sugary very good Resembles Yellow Fleshed Botan but later A showy and good fruit end of July Early good quality long Very large best quality prolific Very showy but of second quality Large yellow earliest of all good quality Large deep purple flesh blood red very good Yellow gage flavor good Red long early Excellent flavor but shy bearer Very early second quality a good cook ng fruit foliage bright purple The curculio prevents this class of plume from being raised to any extent Where 299100 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA PLUMSContinued NAME 0 O CO f 0 C f m c M a c c c o So So M e 1 REMARKS o O Duanes Purple Green Gage Imperial Gage Mogul syn Morocco Monroe Orleans Smiths Red Gage Washington P G G P B G P P Y Y c F K C C F F F F M M M M M M M M M special care is taken to destroy the insects the varieties marked are recommended 300GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY IH JtTL1I7E GEAPES Explanation of Columns1st Name 2d Variety 3d Season 4th Use re maining columns for regions etc AbbreviationsColorW white B blue or black R red PB pale blue SeasonE early maturing from beginning to end of July M medium maturing from end of Julyto August 15th L late maturing after middle of August VL very late maturing after middle of September DieM market T table W wine NAME Type Labrusca or Fox Grape Brighton Canada Catawba Concord Delaware Diana Early Victor Empire State Hartford Ives Maxatawney Moores Niagara Perkins Prentiss Worden Type JEstivalis Sum mer Grape Black July syn Dev ereux Bertrand Lenoir Long syn Cngham Nortons Virginia Warren syn Herbe mont Type Cordifolia Frost Grape Clinton Type Riparia River side Grape Elvira Missouri Riesling Noah R B K B PK PR B W B B W B W R W 15 W w w PBl M B L PB T T W M W TW TM T M W M T M M M T M TW T W W w w w w T W W REMARKS Very good quality good bearer Promising well Less liable to rot than formerly re gaining its old standard Among our best varieties Rest tabl varty reliable slow grwr Good quality good bearer shipper Promising well Promising Good early variety for market Prolific and no rot Good variety shy bearer An early shipper Profitable as a white market grape Good bearer no rot second quality Suitable for amateur culture Larger than Concord Excellent shy bearer while young Promising Rots in Middle Region excellent for wine Good but nol productive Good for wine Apt to rot excellent quality Good for red wine Reliable in the upper Middle Region Free from rot Better than Elvira for white wine 301102 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA NATIVE GRAPES Continued N ME o 00 0 So 3 a 3 d m a Z M s o I it O REMARKS Type Rohmdifolia Muscadine Scuppernong Tenderpulp Thomas Eden Hybrid Varieties Berekmans Duchess Giethe syn Rogers No A Lady Washington Liiid ley syn Rogers Merimack syn Rogers No 19 Triumph Wilder syn Rogers No 4 Irving Peter Wylie B W B PB B R W GW W R B R W B W w VL L L E L M E L M M M M M M M M w w WT TW TW T T T T T T M T T T T The latest of the type Most certain bearer good wine grape Pulps dissolving An excellent early variety Promising well Vigorous better grwr than Delwre First quality but liable to rot requires sacking Good late requires sacking Strong grower Good Suitable for amateur culture Good White showy Good Promising well Best quality LEADING VARIETIES FOR SHIPPING IN ORDER OF MATURITY Moores Brighton Ives Delaware Niagara Concord Perkins Diana BEST VARIETIES For WINE A Nortons Virginia Lenoir Clinton Concord Ives Thomas WhiteDela ware Elvira Premiss Warren Noah Scuppernong MOJGEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY 103 STEAWBEHEIES Explanation of Columns1st name 2d sex 3d origin 4th use 6th season Remaining columns for regions etc AbbreviationsSeeP pistillate all others are hermaphrodite OriginF foreign A American UseF family M market SeasonE early V E very early L late NAME o f Z a z I C 0 a o a r c S a c a J3 J 3 72 C Z 1 REMARKS Bclmont Charles Downing Crescent Galceron Hoflman Mt Vernon Nunans Parry Prince of Berries Sharpless Wilsons Albany 11 P II 11 H A A A 1 M E L VE BL Promising well Promising well Good variable as to soils Pistillate must be cultivated in alternate rows with other varieties Promising well Best early shipper Promising well on deep moist soil Worthless in Middle Region valuable for immediate coast Promising well Promising well Size large and quality good Best every report favorable 803104 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE GEORGIA KlSPBEEEIES NAME S Class ICap Vari etics Gregg Main moth Cluster Schafters Souhegan Tyler Class IIA merican Red Varieties Cuthbert or Queen of the Market Turner Class IIIHybrid of Foreign and American Red Caroline Golden Queen Florence M c REMARKS Rest of the black caps One of the best for midseason Late productive good shipper Very early Rest and most reliable Good Good yellow productive Promising well Promising well BLCKBEBEIES Kittatinny Wilsons Early Early Harvest ILTJIJBEIEBtXES Downings Hicks Stubbs MJt M Good flavor acid moderate bearer Inferior fruit very prolific recommended for Large very good poultry and hogs Arnoisrxr s Sultana Hardshell Blossoms are liable to be killed by spring frostReports are unfavorable from the Middle and Mountain Regions 304GEORGIA STATK HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY 105 FIGS Explanation of Columns1st name 2nd size 3rd color 4th season re maining columns for regions etc AbbreviationsSizeS small L large M medium ColorW white or yel low G green B brown or reddish P purple or blue V violet SeasonE early M middle season E and L early and late z c NAM B PS 5 REMARK i S3 ED t P u o 1 r 0J T3 r r o 32 a h Angelique Syn Early Lemon S W E i Small good early Brunswick Syns Madonna Consple L P EL 85 Very large and desirable Black Genoa M 1 M j Black Tschia M P Ai Good Celestial S V E Small prolific and desirable Brown Turkey M B EL ass Best of all for middle region Brown Smyrna M B M Very good and prolific Green Ischia Syns cc White Ischia Green Italian M G ML 33 Very good Lemon M V M M Good Violet Round M w M Nerii S w L Good Marseilles 1 w M Rather dry but prolific CHERRIES Explanations and abbreviations same as Pigs except color R dark red or nearly black Y yellow Y R yellow red R red A amber D NAME Belle de Choisy Belle Magniflque Blk Heart Werders Black Tartarian Black Eagle Carnation CoesTransparent Earlys Richmond May Duke English Morello E i ri i0 a K 5 r a p 33 M 6 7 M s 3 t V 1 R M R M L D R E L 1 R M L D R o M R M XJ S AY M g 1 R M s L R E M R M W REMARKS Very early Cherries are uncertain in middle region ex cept in a few localities where good crops are sometimes produced the Morello class being most desirable Trees should all be grown on Mahaleb stock 305LOB DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA CHERRIESContinued NAM E 3 if 0 St a c it 0 M if UK MARKS n X C3 J o 3 T3 o O 7 A 7 U Napoleon L R M L AR E Rcine Hortense L R M Si Governor Wood L R M Baumans May L j E S Yellow Spanish L R M QTTI3STCES NAM E So 3 if i K z J if X OQ REMARKS Angers Chinese Orange or apple Portugal Raes Mammoth Fine quality ngSucceeds best in Southwest Georgia good forpreservMost generally cultivated Large and fine Quinces need strong cl They are unproductive in gray landGEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY 107 Diospyros Kaki It U almost impossible to give an accurate nomenclature owing to the confusion which exists m the collections imported from Japan These collections seldom con tain more than twelve varieties yet when the trees bear fruit the same name is often found to apply to several distinct varieties or one variety has several names The best and most distinct varieties have been included in this list and with such svno nyms added thereto as have been ascertained after several years trial and while no claim is laid to strict accuracy the aim has been to reach tins as nearly as possible Mountain RehT Mil Begion8 ll11 occasionally in the The fruit is usually of a bright orange red or vermilion the color being more or less intense according to variety and begins to color when half grown hut should be allowed to hang upon the tree until just before frosl isexpeettd or in the case of early ripening varieties until fully soft f gathered before a frosl there is a slight stringency next to the skin but this disappears after being kept in the house for a few days or weeks If allowed to he slightly touched by frost he flavor is much im proved but it will then not keep many days It is therefore desirable to gather the frefrost If JjftendedI for keeping ami then some varieties will keepuntil Jan uary or February I he llesh is soft rich and sweet and with a slight apricot flavor The fruit should he eaten with a spoon Some varieties are apt to overbear and should have the fruit thinned so soon as Bet in April Trees are propagated mainly by grafting upon the collar of the roots and upon the are mVkTl If T sizv hi1 ana quality tail as the largest proportion frni HS n Wl lntl11 Pi 0 Produce small and worthless edible fruit relmblht can therefore be placed upon seedlings so far as yielding 4mon9Eound flattened deeply ribbed dark orange red 3 inches hv 2 aver age weight i ounces although specimens weighing 16 ounces have been produced very sweet and is edible while still solid maturity fro end of September to Novem ber nearly always seedless Bachiya Syn Tomato Imperial CostOblong and with blunt apex diameter 22by 32 inches long average weight 5 ounces light orange yellow keeps verv late row1 eatmg condition until November or December trees upright and rapid ByatomeSynonyms Pound DaiDai Muru Tanenashi Seedless etc Laree globular deep orange red average 3 inches in diameter weight 8 to lo ounces keeps late nearly always seedless Perhaps the best of all KurokumeVery large round somewhat flattened by 3incbes average weight 10 ounces keeps late nearly always seedless s MazeUiSynonjrn Miyotan Round or lightly oblong slightly ribbed orange red average weight b ounces very prolific and of dwarf growth keeps late O KameSynonyms Oblong Hyakume Mikado etc Large 21 bv 31 inches oblong deep red nearly always seedless keeps late good grower JWThe smallest of the list nearly globularaverage 2 inches pulp quite dark very sweet and rich very productive matures during October growth dwarf kee slate wlth a vpry sharp apex 2 inches by 3 long very prolific MinokakiLarge oblong sharply jointed late quality excellent 307NEW SERIES 1 Circular No 123 Rules and Regulations SPECIAL INSTRUCTIONS TO INSPECTORS FOR THE Inspection of Fertilizers IN GEORGIA Prescribed by J T HENDERSON Commissioner of Agriculture FOR THE SEASON OF 188990 Atlanta Georgia W J Campbell State Printer Constitution Job Office 1889RULES AND REGULATIONS Season ok is89o New Series Circular No 123 J Department of Agriculture Atlanta November 13 1889 The Commissioner prescribes the following Rules and Regulations for the Inspection of Fertilizers hereby abrogating all previous Rules and Regulations I Every package of fertilizer or chemical for manufacturing the same or for composting intended for sale or distribution within the State of Georgia shall have the manufacturers guaranteed analysis placed upon or securely attached to each package by the manufacturer If the fertil izer is in bags it shall be distinctly branded stamped or printed upon each sack If in barrels it may be either branded stamped or printed upon the head of each barrel or distinctly printed upon good paper and securely pasted upon the head of each barrel or upon a shipping or other tag and securely attached to the head of each barrel In every case it must be distinct This manufacturers guaranteed analysis shall show the following determinations viz Moisture at 212 per cent Insoluble Phosphoric Acidpercent Available Phosphoric Acidper cent Ammonia actual and potentialper cent Potash K2Oper cent If nitrogen in the form of nitrate is claimed the fact must bestated in the Request for Inspection II To facilitate the transaction of business any manufacturer dealer agent or other person who procures the inspection of a fertilizer after it is inspected and has the inspectors tag attached in compliance with law may proceed to make sales thereof before the official analysis is completed Provided he gives a written obligation to cancel all sales in case the fertil izer is condemned by the Commissioner of Agriculture This obligation is embraced in the Request for Inspection which must also set forth the guaranteed analysis according to the form therein prescribed and The Commissioner has uniformly held that if the guaranteed analysis shall include sueh of these five ingredients as the fertilizer or chemical is claimed to contain it will be a sub stantial compliance with the law aud the Rules and Regulations Some judicial decisions seem to indicate that this paragraph must be literally complied withthat the full list of ingredients must appear in the Guaranteed Analysis even if one or more of them is not con tained in the goods As a matter of prudence it would be well for manufacturers to comply literally with the law in this respect The Commissioner will not change his ruling on this point until constrained to do so by express judicial opinion or Legislative enactment 309RULES AND REGULATIONS188990 addressed to the proper inspector The Request for Inspection must be made out and signed in duplicate and one copy sent to the Commissioner of Agriculture by the person requesting the inspection III Inspectors shall not furnish any tag or device to be attached to any fertilizer or permit it to be offered for sale or distribution unless the man ufacturers guaranteed analysis is plainly placed upon each parcel or pack age before offering the same for sale or distribution claiming in the case of any Ammoniated Superphosphate that it contains at least eight per cent of available Phosphoric Acid and two per cent of Ammonia and of any Acid Phosphate or Dissolved Bone that it contains at least ten per cent of available Phosphoric Acid Neither shall any such tag or device be furnished or applied to any fertilizer that is in a damaged or unmer chantable condition IV If a fertilizer be offered for inspection and sale branded as an Ammoniated Superphosphate Ammoniated Dissolved Bone Ammoni ated Guano or other words implying that the same is an Ammoniated Superphosphate the guaranteed analysis must claim that it contains not less than two per centum of Ammonia otherwise it will not be admitted to inspection or sale under such brand If it is desired to offer an acid phosphate or dissolved bone containing in addition to ten per centum of available phosphoric acid a quantity less than two per centum of ammo nia the presence of the ammonia may be indicated by adding after the name in parenthesis the words With Ammonia V Inspectors after collecting inspection fees and taking samples shall have applied under their personal supervision unless absolutely impracti cable Inspectors tags one to each package of fertilizer before the same is offered for sale or distribution Inspectors tags will have printed upon each the words and figures Inspected188990Georgia also a fac simile of the signature of the Commissioner of Agriculture Whenever it is tound to be absolutely impracticable for Inspectors to personally super vise the application of tags they may be delivered to the order of the per son procuring the inspection In such cases inspectors must avail them selves of all practicable means to satisfy themselves that the tags so delivered have been properly applied to the goods on the inspection of which they were issued Tags brought over from any previous season cannot be applied to new goods nor can they be redeemed by this Department VI The Inspectors tag when attached or applied in compliance with law is a recognition that the fertilizer to which it is attached has the con sent of the Commissioner of Agriculture to go to sale under the conditions prescribed in Rules I and II above recited VII All inspections must be made within the limits of this State All fertilizers manufactured in this State for sale or distribution in this State must be inspected and tagged and the fees paid before leaving the mill or factory All fertilizers entering the State at Augusta Savannah or Toccoa in tended for sale and shipped on through bills of lading to points in the inte rior must be inspected and tagged before leaving said cities For the pur 3104 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA pose of such inspection and in accordance with an agreement made with the railroads leading into the interior of the State from the said cities cars loaded with fertilizers will be detained long enough to permit a thorough inspection and the application of tags under the personal supervision of an Inspector VIII The following appointment of Inspectors have been made tor the season 188990 and during the active business season they will be located as indicated and should be addressed accordingly F D Wimberley Savannah Randolph Ridgely Augusta M D Irwin Toccoa W B Jones Atlanta J L Anderson Atlanta S R Murphey Atlanta Whenever it may become necessary to facilitate the business of inspect ing fertilizers and transportation of the same the Inspector or Inspectors on duty at one point may perform any official duty at any point in the State Inspections can be made at other points in Georgia than those named above when necessary but if in such cases the fertilizers shall have come into the State at any port or station where there is an Inspector and shall have escaped inspection through no fault of the Inspector at such station the necessary expenses of the Inspector in going to make such inspections and returning to his published post of duty must be paid by the parties procuring such inspections IX In all cases of inspection in bulk at factory or elsewhere the manufac turer or his agent will be required to keep and furnish the inspector a state ment showing disposition made of such goods date of shipment and to whom consigned and said statement must be forwarded to this office by the inspector with information as to number of inspection and report represent ing it that it may be filed with the same No additional inspection of same brand or brands for same person shall be made until such statement has been furnished the inspector X In all cases in making inspections samples must be taken by the Inspector in person He must provide such samplers as will penetrate to the centre of the package and samples must be taken from a sufficient number to fairly represent the wholenot less than onetenth of the pack age in lots Of ten tons or over and not less than onefifth of the pack ages in lots of less than ten tons XL 1 Manufacturers and dealers in fertilizers before making each ship ment of fertilizers into Georgia for sale or distribution are required to give timely notice to the Commissioner of Agriculture directly and also to the Inspector at the port or place where the same is to enter the State by re quest for inspection of such shipment giving the name of the vessel or rail road on which shipped the name of each distinct brand and the number of tons of each the number and kinds of packages and their weight and the name and place of the consignee Fertilizers sold by dealers outside this State direct to farmers or consumers in this State and consigned 311RULES AND REGULATIONS188990 directly to the purchasers and without the intervention of an agent within the State are not subject to inspection In such cases the manufacturer or shipper must give notice of shipments stating these facts 2 The shipper or his agent at the point where the cars are loaded must accompany the shipping instructions to the forwarding agent with a sep arate request for inspection for each car load This request will be attached to the freight bill of the car to which it refers The shipper must also mail to the Commissioner at Atlanta Ga a consolidated request for inspection covering the entire shipment and stating the brands number of tons of each and destination 3 Cars must be so loaded as to permit access to every bag of fertilizers without moving auy This may be done in cars of small tonnage capacity by placing the bags on end with the lugs up In cars of larger capacity it may be done by placing the bags in tiers on each side the car leaving an alley way in the middle the lug ends to the middle This is an import ant detai and its observance will save time and labor to the Inspector and the taggers and extra expense to the shipper 4 On arrival at Augusta Savannah or Toccoa the train conductor will deliver the requests for inspection to the Agent appointed to receive them who will at once notify the inspector at his post and deliver to him such requests The cars containing fertilizers will be detained long enough at Augusta Savannah or Toccoa to permit the Inspector to take samples and the shippers agent to attach tags In all cases shippers must arrange t have tags attached to sacks or packages as soon as inspection is made at ports of entry namely Augusta Savannah and Toccoa 5 Shippers or the parties liable for the inspection fees must make satis factory arrangements with the Inspector for the prompt payment of the said fees either remitting by mail or authorizing the Inspector to draw sight drafts 6 Shipments by sea through the ports of Charleston Port Royal or other ports outside this State and thence by railroad into Georgia should con form to the same details as if the shipments originated at Charleston Port Royal or other railroad points The shipper himself or his agent must furnish the railroad forwarding agent with the requests for inspection for each car etc 7 Manufacturers are earnestly enjoined to faithfully comply with the Rules and Regulations as contained in this Circular and the foregoing details Such compliance will save embarrassment delay and extra expense in case cars loaded with fertilizers should pass through Augusta Savannah or Toccoa without inspection through no fault of the Inspector XII As far as possible all fertilizers must be inspected at the port of entry or place where they come into the State Inspectors are required to be vigilant and see that none escapes Dealers in the interior of the State to whom fertilizers coming into the State at points where there are no inspectors are consigned must give timely notice to the Commissioner of Agriculture and to the Inspector at Atlanta and must be prepared to fur nish the Inspector with the necessary guaranty and give all required obli gations and to pay to him the inspection fee by the time the fertilizer 8126 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA arrives All persons in Georgia who expect to deal in fertilizers or have fertilizers shipped to them during the coming season for sale or distribu tion will please take due notice pnd make all necessary arrangements to meet the requirements of law promptly when the fertilizer reaches the State and thus save delay and embarrassment The law must be enforced and parties interested will gieatly obligeby taking such timely steps as will insure its easy execution without annoyance to themselves or others XIII An Act To protect more effectually the planters of Georgia from imposition in the sale of fertilizers etc approved February 26th 1875 provides in section I That from and after the passage of this Act it shall not be lawful to sell or offer for sale any fertilizer manufactured in this State or to bring into the State for sale and distribution any fertilizer man ufactured beyond the limits of the State unless before offering for sale or the sale or distribution of the same there shall be an inspection andan analysis made of it etc Section III of the same Act provides for the punishment according to section 4310 of the Code of 1882 of any person selling fertilizers without inspection An Act to render more efficient and economical the inspection and analysis of fertilizers etc approved February 26th 1877 provides that u Any manufacturer dealer or other person offering any fertilizer or chemical for manufacturing the same for sale or distribution in this State without having a brand tag or such other device as the Commissioner of Agriculture may require showing the analysis thereof shall be guilty of a misdemeanor and on conviction of the same shall be punished as pre scribed in section 4310 of the Revised Code of 1873 Section VI of the above cited Act approved February 28th 1874 requires the Inspectors to prosecute violators of these laws The law will be rigidly enforced and the Inspectors held to a strict per formance of their duties XIV The season for inspecting fertilizers will be from October 1st to September 30th XV The method of analysis recommended by the Convention of Agri cultural Chemists held at Washington D C on the 28th of July 1880 with such modifications as were adopted by the Atlanta Convention of May loth 1884 and subsequent conventions of the same Association will continue to be employed by the Chemist of the Department in the analy sis of all commercial fertilizers SPECIAL INSTRUCTIONS TO INSPECTORS OF FERTILIZERS It is of the utmost importance to the planters and people of Georgiato yourself and the Department of Agriculturethat your duties be well and faithfully performed You are placed as sentinels to see that the interests of the farmers of Georgia are well guarded in their purchase of commer cial fertilizers that they are protected from imposition in every purchase that they make and that the laws defining your duties and the regula tions of the Department are rigidly executed in every case You are in your official acts to render full justice to all parties The strict execution 313RULES AND REGULATIONS188990 of the law and full protection from imposition to all fanners will not work injustice to any manufacturer or dealer In the discharge of your duty in addition to the foregoing Rules and Regulations you are to be governed by the following special instructions giving some details which could not be well set forth elsewhere viz 1 Fertilizers purchased outside of the State by a consumer or farmer in Georgia for his own use and not for sale or distribution shall be permit ted to pass without inspection if the purchaser desires it provided it be sent directly to said purchaser addressed or consigned to him personally and not directed to or passing through the hands of a commission mer chant or third party You must as far as practicable report all such ship ments to the Commissioner of Agriculture giving the names of brands the names and places of consignees and the number of tons and enter the some in your official record 2 You must not inspect any fertilizer till the person or firm desiring inspection has a Paid you in cash the inspection fee of 10 cents per ton for every ton to be inspected For which you must sign and deliver a printed receipt accord ing to blanks furnished you b Placed the exact name in full of the fertilizer to be inspected and the guaranteed analysis of the same upon each package e Tendered you a Request for Inspection on the blanks furnished for that purpose embracing an obligation to cancel and make null all sales which may be made of said fertilizer before the official analysis thereof is made if after being analyzed the Commissioner of Agriculture shall in pursuance of law prohibit its sale The request must also contain the guaranteed analysis corresponding to that placed upon the package You must not inspect any fertilizer if the minimum percentage of any of the valuable ingredients named in the guaranteed analysis is less than that required by law viz 8 per cent of available phosphoric acid and 2 per cent of ammonia in ammoniated superphosphates or 10 per cent of avail able phosphoric acid in acid phosphates or dissolved bones Natural guano and fertilizers that have not been treated with sulphuric acid are not sub ject to this standard 3 You must require in each bulk inspection the names of each brand proposed to be shipped from such bulk and in every case you must report the names of brands and numbers with which the goods therein reported are identical in composition 4 In all cases of bulk inspections you must require of the manufacturer or his agent a statement showing the disposition made or to be made of goods represented by such inspection date of shipment and to whom con signed and on receipt of such statement you shall forward the same to this office stating number of inspection and report representing it that it may be filed with the same an 1 you shall make no additional inspection of the same brands until such statement has been furnished you 5 Immediately after taking samples of any brand of fertilizer in the manner described in Rule IX of the Rules and Regulations they must be thoroughly mixed but not triturated or ground in a mortar or otherwise Whensamples are forwarded to the Department for analysis they must be in the same mechanical condition in which they are offered for sale to the planters of the State After the samples are thus thoroughly mixed you will from the mixture All two glass bottles securely seal them with wax stamp your official seal upon the wax and then carefully and correctly label themone with a label showing the inspection number name of the fertilizer inspected the place at for whom inspected and the date of 814DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA inspection and the other with a label showing the number of inspection You must then deliver both in person to the Commissioner or carefully box and ship them to him by express 6 You must make an inspection Report of each inspection of each brand of fertilizers on forms to be furnished you In cases where the same brand is loaded in more than one car of the same train or section of a train the whole being included in the same shipment the several car loads must be included in one consolidated report to which vou must attach all the Requests 7 You are required to keep in a book a full and accurate record or minute of every official act performed by you embracing in the record of each inspection the number and date of inspection name of the fertilizer or chemical by whom and where manufactured person requesting and place to whom consigned and where where inspected number of tons inspected amount of fees received number of tags delivered how and when sample was forwarded the inspection number of identical brands samples taken from same bulk and such other facts as may be necessary to a complete history of the inspection 8 You are required to make a full and complete report on the first day of each month of the work done during the previous month on blanks fur nished you for this purpose This report must show the actual state of your business on the last day of the month to which it refers 9 You are required to make daily deposits of inspection fees in the State Depository must convenient to the credit of the State Treasury reserving such amount upon notice of the Commissioner as may be required to pay for tags and other necessary expenses 10 You must remain constantly at your post of duty unless express leave of absence be granted you by the Commissioner Report promptly to the Commissioner any violation of law The book of records or minutes is the property of the Department and must be neatly and correctly kept It must be filed in the Department with your final report made at the end of the fertilizer season Blanks will be furnished you for making all your records entries and reports and stationery for official correspondence Inspectors tags will be supplied to you on your requisitions freight pre paid and you must retain the cost of the same and all charges from fees received and pay the amount to this office at the end of each month The Act of February 261877 requires you to pay over to the Comptroller General on the first day of each month all moneys received for inspection fees during the preceding month This must be done in whatever manner the ComptrollerGeneral may prescribe and you must satisfy the Commis sioner that this duty has been performed before a salary certificate will be issued to you You are specially required to guard against any misappropriation of Inspectors tags or any violation or evasion of the law or any attempts to do so using every possible effort to see that tags are applied only to the particular lot of fertilizer on the inspection of which they were issued and make full reports to the Department of Agriculture You will be required to render a strict account of all tags issued to you and held liable to the treasury for the amount of fees represented by any tags not satisfactorily accounted for Any information you may need will be given at any time Instructions will be given promptly in any case in which you may desire them or about which you are in doubt Inspectors will be held to a strict performance of all duties required of them by the law and the rules regulations and instructions defining their duties No neglect or irregularities in the discharge of their duties will be tolerated and perfect sobriety at all times is strictly enjoined J T HENDERSON Commissioner of Agriculture 315Special Circular No 83 New Series QUESTIONS FOR SUPPLEMENTAL REPORT OF CROPS ETC IN THE STATE OF GEORGIA FOR THE YEAR 1889 RETURNABLE TO THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Dec 15th 188 Department of Agriculture Atlanta Ga Dec 3 1889 Correspondents are requested to answer the accompanying questions and return to this office on Dec 15th Let your answers apply to the county for which you report and not to your own place or immediate section In your answers we beg that you will exercise special care after careful inquiry that your reports may be accurate Very respectfully JOHN T HENDERSON Com of Agriculture I For what county do you reportCounty II Your name 1 III Your Postoffice V Will you serve as reporter next year 1712 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA Give the product the present year of the following crops in your county in comparison with an average crop 1 Cotton Per cent 2 Corn Per cent 3 Wheat Per cent 4 Oats Per cent 5 Sugar canePer cent 6SorghumPercent 7RicePercent 8 Sweet potatoesPer eent 9 Field peasPercent 10 Ground peasPr nt 11 Clover hayPercent 12 Other hay give namePer wllt Give average yield per acre for the present year In your county of 13 CottonLbs lint 14CornBushclB 15 WheatBushels 16 OatsBushels 17 Sugar caneGallons 18 SorghumGallonj 19RiceBushels 20 Sweet potatoesBushels 31 Field peasBu8hels 23 Ground peasBuehels 172QUESTIONS FOR UROP REPORT 3 23 Clover hayTons 21 Other hay give nameTons Give average price Dec 15th of 2f Cotton per poundCents 26 Corn per bushelCents 27 Wheat per bushelCents 28 Oats per bushelCents 29 Sugar cane syrup per gallonCents 30 Sorghum syrup per gallonCents 31 Rough rice per bushelCents 32 Sweet potatoes per bushelCents 3 Hay per ton8 Give the average yield in your county one year with another for a period of ten 10 years of the following crops I CottonLbs lint 35 CornBushels W WheatBushels 37 OatsBushels 38 Sugar cane syrupGallons 39 Sorghnm syrupGallons 40 RiceBushels ifrough 41 Sweet potatoesBushels 42 Clover hayTon cured 43 Other hay give nameTons cured 1734 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA MISCELLANEOUS 44 Acreage sown in wheat this compared with last fallPer cent 45 Acreage in fall oats compared with last yearPer cent 46 Amount of homeraised pork produced compared with last yearPer cent 47 No of stock hogs all sizes compared with last yearPer cent 48 Percent of a full farm supply of pork producedPercent 49 No sheep compared with last yearPer cent 50 Condition of farmers compared with last yearPer cent 51 Indebtedness of farmers compared with last yearPercent 52 Price of farm lands compared with this time last yearPer cent 53 Give amount of farm supplies purchased in comparison with last yearPer cent 54 Give average cash price per lb for bacon in your county this yearCents 55 Average time price for bacon payable Nov 1Cents 56 Average cash price of corn per bushel in your county this yearCents 57 Average time price for corn payable Nov 1 58 What per centage of present cotton crop has been covered with cotton bagging Per cent 59 Give date of first killing frost 60 What diseases if any have prevailed among stock this year 61 Report such facts as may be of interest new crops fertilizers remedies for diseases in stock etc 62 Give results of experiments with seed furnished you by this Department Give report of interest manifested in your county in 63 Cultivation of the grasses and disposition to stock raising 64 Forestry 65 Fruit growingEspecially grapeand the varieties best suited to this State flThe answers to questions from No 59 to 46 inclusive may be made on separate sheets of paper 174Special Circular Xo 83 Statk of Georgia DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Atlanta Dec 11 1889 Manufacturers and Deale Manufacturing the same hi Fertilizers or Chemicals for Composting or Special circular No 82 from this Department of date November 20 1889 is hereby rescinded The laws requiring the inspection of fertilizers were passed for the protection of fanners and are to be construed with reference to that object When chemicals are sold or distributed to Planters to be inanu facturedlnto fertilizers they are required to be inspected before being thus sold or distributed but whore sold to those engaged in the manufacture of fertil izers for sale the chemicals so sold are not required to le inspected The man ufacturer of fertilizers to be sold to farmers or other consumers is required to have such fertilizers inspected before offering them for sale and the chemicals used by such manufacturers are not required to be separately inspected T 1 HENDERSON CommissionerSpecial Circular No 84 Jtate of Scovgia Department of Agriculture 1 vda cdec ft 184 To Manufacturers and Dealers in Fertilizers and Che nicals for Manufactur ing or Composting the Same The following is a true extract from the minutes of this Department BV THK COMMISSIOXBR ORDKRKI1 That Cotton Seed Meal offered for sale as a fertilizer is required to be inspected before being so offered Every package before being offered for sale shall have the guar anteed analysis placed upon it or if in sacks or bags the analysis shall be distinctly branded or stamped upon each sack JNO T HENDERSON Commission Circular No 124 1 Aew Herieis f SUPPLEMENTAL REPORT1889 RETURNED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE DECEM BER 31 1889 COTTON The yield in comparison with an average crop is in North Georgia 70 in Middle Georgia 95 in Southwest Georgia 96 in East Georgia 94 in Southeast Georgia 87 and in the whole State 88 The average yield per acre in North Georgia is 150 pounds lint cotton in Middle Georgia 179 in Southwest Georgia 149 in East Georgia 159 in Southeast Georgia 168 and for the State 161 The average price of cotton on December 15 was in North Georgia 934 Middle Georgia 926 f Southwest Georgia 950 East Georgia 925 Southeast Georgia 912 for the State 929 The fall was unusually fine for picking the cotton In North Georgia the yield is much below the average due to excessive rains in July and August and to an early frost In some localities the crop was badly damaged by cater P1 arS OTHER CROPS All sections report excellent corn crops the average for the State being 103 Oats average for the State 80 Wheat 83 Sugar cane syrup 94 Sorghum 96 Rice 91 Sweet potatoes 84 Field peas 84 Ground peas 92 Clover hay 96 Other hay 101 REMARKS In Notes from Correspondents it will be observed that nearly all report good results from experiments with garden seed furnished by this depart ment Peerless cotton was specially satisfactory while the Unknown Pea 8162 DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTUREGEORGIA was a favorite without exception We would gladly continue the free distri bution of these and other seed which have been proven valuable but find we will be unable to do so and at the same time distribute several varie ties of grass seed clover and lucerne which we think decidedly impor tant just now and which we hope to be able to distribute in a very short time I regret that this distribution will necessarily be in limited quanti ties The Notes also demonstrate the fact of an increased and increas ing interest in the subjects of grass culture fruit growing stock raising and forestry On all of these subjects we urge careful thought and invite suggestions They are vitally important Especially is this true of for estry All over the State our grand forests are swept away for lumber for turpentine for charcoal for building for countless purposes What are we doing or intend to do to replae them The culture of grass and stockraising demand immediate attention When it is considered that the factories have not been able to supply the demand for cotton bagging the established and irrefutable fact that fiftythree per cent of the cotton produced this season in Georgia has been wrapped in cotton bagging is significant It speaks in unmistakable words this factfarmers will not longer be dominated by trusts and combinations That by their own united efforts they will throw off the yoke of serfdom and assert and main tain their manhood We hail this as the dawn of a better day The difference in cash and time prices for bacon and corn has been lessened Another significant fact is developed in the indebtedness and con dition of farmers for while the indebtedness is shown to be ten per cent less the condition of the farmers is ten per cent improved In real im provement this fact is very encouraging In its moral effect it is incalcu lable YIELD COMPARED TO AN AVERAGE OP Sections e o o O c u o o 3 o a O 90 78 81 80 70 80 c c o S3 w 3 OS 97 96 93 96 87 94 S a J3 b u 0 as 94 100 95 91 100 96 6 CD O a o Ph 43 CD CD is OS 93 88 85 77 80 84 CO a CD cS 74 92 85 98 71 84 m C3 CD H a o u O 96 95 99 91 79 92 A w o 5 a n u O North Georgia Middle Georgia Southwest Georgia Southeast Georgia 70 95 96 94 87 105 109 106 104 94 83 81 89 78 90 94 88 91 92 90 100 92 107 93 113 88 I 103 83 96 101 37SUPPLE METAL REPORT1889 YIELD PER ACRE PRESENT YEAR OP s CO CO co XI a f CO 1 3 f en 1 CO CD O 1 co co CO 1 CO I 3 A CO 3 CO 3 C mS CO C3 r 1 2 Ph w 3 3 O frH iH Sections I 0 1 c s 1 co as so 13 1 CD 71 2 3 Eh CD r n J3 o O 0 o 3 OB o 02 M 10 26 O North Georgia 150 17 7 17 74 196 135 Middle Georgia 179 13 7 13 157 80 79 8 37 260 196 Southwest Georgia 149 9 6 11 213 64 19 12J V 27 East Georgia Southeast Georgia 159 10 7 15 233 165 20 94 y 89 260 lM 168 10 14 283 25 21 125 98 9 8 26 31 Eor State 161 lij 6 14 221 96 232 160 AVERAGE PRICE DECEMBER 15 0F Sections North Georgia Middle Georgia Southwest Georgia East Georgia Southeast Georgia Eor State 931 926 950 925 912 929 87 103 102 117 56 102 48 37 30 81 41 3 O Eh W 1350 1356 1600 1530 1459 AVERAGE YIELD ONE YEAR WITH ANOTHER OF TEN YEARS FOR A PERIOD A si 3 CD a s u e Sections s a 02 CD 02 s 3 St O Ph 43 OS w H si ca I 3 U X CO CCS M CD o t CD 0 o O 188 161 1 o Q 17 10 Hi 7 6 6 c 16 15 12 3 m 151 197 O 02 68 75 54 P3 30 I 73 78 127 L8 200 o 200 207 160 166 161 9 10 11 5 6 16 16 15 218 377 236 158 89 1 16 21 123 166 114 200 190 203 318DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA O o a O t3 JSOJJ Suil5l ISJJ JO 9BQ SuiSSuq uojoo qji P9J3AO0 doj UOJJO JO 11130 J0J aoj ajqBCrdujoo o aaud siujx siqj ujoo jo aoud qssa aSiuaAy Si iaq nieAOjj eiqriCBd uooBq jo 9iuj jboa siqj uowq o qsBO punodaad eniad 9Sbia pojBduioo JB9A SB qjA pasBqaand B9iddn JB9C SB qiA pOIBdlUOO lSpUB UUBJ JO 80UJ jb9 sb qA paaBd U105 saaiujuj jo ssaupaqaptij MB8A SB qIAV paauduioa sianiJBj jo aopipuog UB9iC ISBi qjiAV pojBdmoo daaqsjo oj paonpojd 5Jod jo ddns my b jo juao jaj JB3A sb qiiu pajBd moo sazis jb sSoq ijaojs jo ofj juaA sb qiAi pajBdmoo jod pasiBjomojj BJ 5B qiA pajBduioo sbo m aSBaaay lBJ SB qjiM pajBdtuoaiBaq ui aSsajov 02 j d r C O O O n O O r CC lMN Tt CO t os oa os oo 100 r cc oo co cc Cj cc m r OS X I M O CC M 00 O W X 1 I CC 1 OS ih t CC o X M Irfai oo HS i 1 I CC CM 1 i O I t c t I Tf CO OS oo x os oo co os l W CO CO ii N CO CO O O CC l OS CO i OS OS OS 0 s o he ejjO o 819SUPPLEMENTAL REPORT1889 NOTES FROM CORRESPONDENTS NORTH GEORGIA Barlow Co All vegetable seed proved good and are valuable Of the cotton seed the Peerless is best results satisfactory Mammoth Prolific good but too late for our sectionH H Milam Sec Banks Co All gar den seed a success Mammoth cotton seed mature late but in lower part of State would do well The small cotton seed Peerless variety are very fineW A B Catoosa Co The seed sent us had special attention We report Wild Goose corn has no great merit Champion Bean does not equal Valentine Nothing better than Southern Curled mustard Brunswick cabbage not desirable Drumhead lettuce very fine Of watermelons Kolb Gem is superior to Rattlesnake Mammoth Prolific cotton seed ma tures too late to be good for this section The cultivation of the grasses and disposition to stock raising is on the increase Little attention is given to fruit growingJ B H Cherokee Co Our farmers are less in debt than last year although our money cropcottonwas cut short by an early frost Our people talk much of stockraising and grass culture We can not succeed until talk is made to give place to actionJ J A S Cobb Co Ot the seed sent our club Lost Mountain some are very valuable others fairly good while others do not suit this climate Those giving the best results were the vegetable seed all were good Of cotton seed we found the Peerless superior Wild Goose corn a failureS A O Sec Dade Co Wild Goose corn did well so did the Beans cotton seed a failure due to extra early frost Little interest in grape cul ture more in apples the Ben Davis and Virginia Buff being favor ites But little interest in the question of forestryW S T Dawson Co In the spring we usually lose some milk cattle with mur rain also hogs with cholera The stock law is a preventive of cholera the disease being 75 per cent less with hogs that are kept up The Con cord grape is best suited to this climate Seeds sent from your department Peerless cotton did well Prolific did not do well All garden seeds a success Farmers in worse condition than last year caused by short cotton cropJ C S Iloyd Co Cotton seed meal acid phosphate and kanit properly mixed costing 2000 per ton give better results than any guano costing 3000 per ton I would advise farmers to plant sorghum The seed and stalk is very fine for feeding to hogs and cattle ami the number of gallons capable of being made from an acre is immense Much more attention is being given to grape culture both for shipping and wine makingJ P McC The Mammoth Prolific cotton did not do well Fear I had it too much shaded A neighbor tried Peerless with fine results T N P Gordon Co Pork better fattened than usual owing to low prices of corn The amount of debt left over from last year and the debt of this year must remain unpaid as the cotton crop cut ott by an early frost will little more than pay the taxes consequently farmers are in a 3206 DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTUREGEORGIA worse condition than for twenty years past A very small area has been put in oats the fall sowings for several years having been a failureN B H Gwinnett Co All seeds furnished by the department gave satis factory results More interest is being manifested in the grasses and stock raising than ever beforeI M P Hnbersham Co All garden seeds a success except cabbage which were only ordinary Cotton seed and Wild Goose corn a splendid success Cantaloupes and watermelons a failure Where can I get ten bushels Mammoth Prolific cotton seed M W We direct you to J J McLarrity Brownsville Ga In some sections this variety has had marked success Comsnr To cure chickens of cholera give them Epsom salts keep in coop and let them have no watjr feed very moderately Seed sent us did generally well8 J B Pauldinq Co Cotton seed furnished us had a poor chance bad stand unpropitious seasons Wild Goose corn not adapted to our wants All garden seeds did wellP P McB Pickens Co Notwithstanding short cotton crop our farmers are in good average conditionhopeful indus trious sober and not inclined to go in debt All things considered our people are on safe ground If the Legislature could be induced to aid in sheep husbandry by the passage ot a dog law they would commend them selves to a great number of good people Not enough cotton bagging to supply onefourth of the demand We are making progress in the culture of the grapeB F R Whitfield Co We report 10 per cent increase of interest in grasses and stock raisingW C R All the seed sent our club are reported as excellent especially the Wild Goose Corn and Unknown Pea The department is doing a grand work in disseminating new varie ties of seed Please send us balance of or continuation of Prof Villes lectureS D N Thanks for your words of cheer The paper of Prof Ville will accompany this reportCommissioner REPORT OF SEED FURNISHED BY GEORGIA DEPARTMENT TO MRS I W BRYAN Early Valentine BeansA success with me and five parties to whom I distributed them Bliss American PeaFine Giant Curled MustardVery good White Velvet OkraMuch preferred to green okra French Breakfast RadishEarly and good Unknown PeaWas planted at the same time with Clay and Whip poorwill peas They made splendid vines and quantities of pods but did not mature thoroughly Must be planted by May 1st and then they would be the finest pea I have ever seen for both pea and vine especially for orchards All the farmers who tried them with me give same report Wild Goose CornDid not find it so well suited to our soil as some Other varieties 321hUPPLEMENTAL REPORT1889 FRUIT GROWING MBS I W BRYAN DILLON DADE COUNTY GA The Georgia State Horticultural Society gives such full details of the fruits of every variety suited to each section of our State that extracts from it would cover the whole ground better than we your reporters could hope to do Winter and summer apples all do well on Lookout and are with Irish potatoes the money crop of this table land Pears grow equally well with apples and are being more extensively planted Peaches of all varieties thrive with us The small fruits all do well here and Gooseberries are now becoming a market crop Grapes do better here than in any other section of the State but are after the seventh year liable to rot MIDDLE GEORGIA Baldwin Co Cotton has commanded a better price than for several years More mortgages have been cancelled than for two years Much land has been sown to wheat and oats More corn made this year than since 1883R L W Carroll Co I give a remedy for botts in horses A gal cold water put in 4 oz green tansy Stew down to 3 pints Give 1 pint every hour until the three pints are taken One hour after last dose give one pint of Curriers oilJ N R Clayton Co All seeds tested gave satisfaction Peerless seed yielded 35 lbs lint to 100 of seed cotton Mam moth Prolific yielded 30 lbs Have gathered 1500 lbs from an acre planted with Peerless seed and will get 500 or 600 moreJ J H Colum bia Co Peerless cotton seed furnished by the Department did well You can rely on them as being firstclass Wild Goose corn has no advantage over common corn There is a strong disposition to raise stock horses mules and cattleJ Q S Greene Co Seeds which gave successful results White Bush Squash Early Green Cluster Cucumber ExEarly Valentine Bean Other seeds failed Think Rattlesnake Watermelon will do better the second yearJ L C Harris Co The farmers of this county are beginning to take interest in stock raising and fruit growing and are using all lawful means to get out and stay out of debtW D C Heard Co Interest reviving in grasses stockraising and fruitgrowing J R W Henri Co I am free from debt My cribs and fodderhouse full Turnips and potatoes in plenty Money to run tenants and croppers and pay hands Cotton stored at home covered with Scotch bagging Seven big hogs to kill yet Come down with your entire office and see your humble servantT H S The department rejoices in your pros perity and thanks you for your kind offer and hospitalityCome Lin coln Co This has been a prosperous year for farmers in this county The grain crops have been generally good A surplus of corn the flrst time 3228 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA since 1883 More attention is paid to hay and stock Seeds furnished us generally satisfactoryJ M D I have about forty varieties of grapes and find the Martha Clinton Iona Baccbus and Blands Madeira to be hardy not needing any remedies against rot The Agawam Delaware and Catawba are the best of my grapes but need bagging to insure a crop I have tried the sulphate of copper remedies but find them too much trouble We can keep the rot of by closer trimming and by bagging I like the Iona better than any other grape It is as well flavored as the Delaware and never rots The Herbemout or Warren is one ot the best and every body ought to have it but subject to rot Most of my neighbors are satisfied to keep only the Scuppernong because it is hardy and very little troubleN A C McUuffie Co Greater interest is manifested in stockraising and grasses than ever known here before The Scuppernong grape is by far the best grape in this section never fails produces well not subject to rot or fall offAE S Many thanks for your words of cheer contained in your P S Com in this county more interest is being felt in truit growing than at any time in its history Our lands are well adapted to the grape I preler the old standards Delaware and Concord which attain perfectionH M C Newton Co The cause of so much late cotton was excessive rains leaching out all the fertilizers in early summer and there was nothing to push to early maturity Fertilizers should be divided into at least two applications three would be better the last when the layby working is given l F L Seeds furnished by the department generally good In spring give stock powders to all stock horses and cattle chickens alsoT A W Pike Co All seeds furnished us proved good and made satisfactory returnsE W R Boekdale Co Many thanks for seed All did well Stock raising increasing But little attention to grass or cloverJ F R Warren Co Condition of farmers 30 per cent improved Indebtedness 40 per cent decreased Supply of hogs ample Cattle in good condition More mules and horses raised in the county than ever before Am working five home raised mules one neighbor seven and another six Difficult to find a farm on which there is not a mule or horse colt and a fine Jersey bullJ A S EAST GEORGIA Bullock Co We report as a club very favorably on experiments with seeds sent by the Department of Agriculture especially Wild Goose Corn Peerless cotton and Unknown peaW W W Lime boiled with corn is said to be a cure for cholera Wild Goose corn good Peerless seed stood seasons better than any variety plantedC A S Jefferson Co All seed did well except Wild Goose corn Cotton seed very fine Our committee reported in favor of the Peerless over Mammoth Prolific S M Laurens Co But little cholera owing to use of charcoal soda and turpentine as a preventive Our farmers generally are preparing to raise stock Teljair Co Peerless cotton very prolific Wild goose corn top 323SUPPLEMENTAL REPORT1889 soft for this climate Nearly all vegetable seed did well There is more interest in grasses and stock raising and a decided inclination to fruit cul ture Unknown pea best bearer I ever saw Most vegetable seed good J T C Wilkinson Co In district where stock law prevails cholera has decreased Nearly all garden seed proved goodJ A M SOUTHEAST GEORGIA Clinch Co All seed furnished by your department did well We culti vate the native grasses and make peavine hay and corn forage Very little improvement or increase of interest in the questipn of stockraising The Scuppernong grape succeeds so well here and is such a favorite it receives more attention than all other varieties combined But little in terest in fruit cultureL O M EffingJiam Co The Wild Goose corn fur nished by the Department is very productive but too soft for this climate The Unknown pea is a good and hardy varietylarger somewhat than the Claybank Some interest is manifested in saving hay chiefly peavine and Spanish peanutwhich latter seems well adapted to our soil and climate There is also some interest manifested in stockraising especially with ref erence to cows Liberty Co Experiment with cotton seed sent us was made by a young progressive farmer who was enthusiastic over it Owing to so many farms being cultivated or butchered by freedmen and produce sold at crossroad stores averages are low and prices varied The negro is becoming worthlessa dead weightJ A M K SOUTHWEST GEORGIA Baker Co My average of cotton for years has been a bale to two acres good farmers make that much easily But there are so many negro ten ants who prepare and cultivate their crops imperfectly that the average is greatly reduced This is the case with all cultivated crops Much more attention is being given to stockraising none to forestryand only native grasses are grown Fruit culture is largely on the increase The Warren grape is best for this climateR J Clay Co The Mammoth Prolific cot ton did well but hard to pick The Peerless is all right We have grown it for several years but And the seed you sent better than ours The Un known pea is something newsuperior to any field pea we have The Wild Goose corn is in some respects a good variety but too soft inviting weavils All the garden seeds proved to be of the very bestT F K Berrien Co Garden seed furnished by the Department all did well As a fertilizer for crops I recommend the use of German kanitE C P De catur Co Garden seed a success The Peerless cotton seed is all its name suggests matures wellboll good size very prolificfine lint Wild Goose corn did not do well for me but some of our farmers report favora bly on it Am satisfied the Rattlesnake variety of watermelon is a good oneW B McD Farmers are making preparations for 1890 As a fer tilizer very little will be used except cotton seed meal and acid phosphate More attention is being paid to stockraising Peerless cotton seed and 82410 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA Wild Goose corn both did wellE L P Lee Co Garden seed did well Yild Goose corn too soft subject to weavils All cotton seed did well More interest is being manifested in pastures and haymaking since the adoption of the stock law Much interest in fruit growing especially watermelons which are rapidly taking the place of cotton From 800 to 1000 acres at least will be planted in them this next season Miller Co Hog cholera is the usual disease among hogs hereknow no remedy As a preventive use tar freely on hogs feed with slops a little coperas once a week keep lice off worms out and corn in and cholera will be lessW S Webster Co Interest is increasing in stockraising Much interest in fruits grasses etcG W D A WORD TO FARMERS A few days more and the year 1889 will be numbered among the cen turies that are gone In many respects it has been a memorable year Throughout the cotton belt proper the peculiar staple cotton has exceeded the expectation of the planter besides the prices therefor have been more remunerative than for many previous years The extent of the corn crop every where within the limits of Georgia has gladdened the heart of the husbandman and caused a feelirg of secu rity and contentment around the hearths of the mountaineer as well as in the lordly mansions of the lowlands In addition to this general state of prosperity and satisfaction it is a boast of almost every one that in conse quence of a more calculating farm economy these magnificent crops have been produced at a less expense than at almost any previous period of our history It cannot be successfully denied that the organization known as the Farmers Alliance has been largely if not entirely instrumental in effecting this muchneeded reformation It is claimed by many myself among the number that to that organiza tion is mainly due the remunerative prices that have obtained for their peculiar staple throughout the entire season Too much praise cannot be bestowed upon the wise counsels that have pervaded that brotherhood from the date of its introduction into our midst down to this the last month of the expiring year Render unto Ciesar therefore the things that are Csesars After the holidays we would now inquire and thev those of us at least who have passed the period of adolescence know will be short then what Another year of toil and economy cheerfully endured it is hoped will be begun It should not will not be forgotten that past improvidence has created debts that here there and everywhere are hanging over the hitherto uncalculating farmers This can all be wiped out in a few years if the same rigid system of econ omy and the same industry and perseverance be continued that has characterized the last twelve or twentyfour months of farm life The 325SUPPLEMENTAL REPORT1889 11 holidays being over what next Having provided themselves with well selected varieties of oats the farmer should begin without delay to seed down his land Do not fear the seasons In the experience of many the most successful oat cfoDS ever made have been when the plowman ran his first furrow after Christmas It is surely true from the capitol of your State to the seaboard This is said on the presumption that they have not been sown in the previous fall Try it and be convinced but put them in as deep as can be done with an ordinary turning plow Very few farmers now in Georgia but have a surplus of arable lands What should be done with it Nothing can be imagined that will more readily resuscitate tired and exhausted lands than the peavine Have you poorly paid farmer at best supplied yourself with the necessary quantity of seed peas with which to seed down and both rest and enrich your tired lands If you have not the seed lose no time to buy if you have the money If you havent got them and if you can neither buy or beg it may be going too far to say steal but anyway never be caught without tin m again They answer a twofold purpose first they are splendid for provender next they enrich the land For heavens sake it you are a farmer and without peas get them net them without delay Begin the work of soil recuperation The pea vine is to the South what clover is to Kentucky It is not only food for man and beast but it is food for your famished lands This is said now because it will be May before the next bulletin is issued which is about the month for the planting of peas In the olden times the Red Ripper and the Clay were the preferred variety They are food still Recently a pea called the Unknown is admitted every where and by almost everybody to be one of the best of all the varieties but if you can not get any of these take the Whippoorwill take anything but get the peas and seed down and rest your overworked and famished fields Of course all undulating fields if not already should be speedily terraced AN OPEN LETTER From Commissioner J T Henderson to the Farmers of Georgia Owing to the phenominal warm weather that has prevailed throughout the present season with only one exception many inquiries are being made and great interest is felt by almost every one as to the best method of pre serving their fresh meat Several state that the large surplus of corn with which the country was blessed has already been consumed and that far mers are now drawing on the reserve crop so necessary with which to make another crop The hogs I am told are almost without exception not only fat but very fat and the question is how to manage it without loss and thus saye the crib from further depletion Not anticipating a 32612 DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTUREGEORGIA remote possibility of such a state of things I of course am to a large extent unprepared for it I have appealed to many who I supposed equal by reason of experience to such an emergency but thus far have been unable to get anything better than the recipe given belovv In presenting this recipe I am aware of the inadequacy of the country to supply the bar rels that will at once be in demand should the recipe for pickling be gen erally adopted I do not know how things may stand now but before and during the war scarcely a farmer from Macon southward in this State but what had large troughs dug mainly out of cypress logs and devoted almost exclusively to curing and pickling pork The presumption is that many through that section of the State have them still on hand If so the work of pickling to that extent will be rendered easy Barrels may be obtained to a certain extent from Macon northward and where the barrels cannot be obtained may not boxes be improvised in a very few days and made both air and water tight so that the pickling process may be begun Unless something of this kind can be done I see but little chance to pre vent the loss of meat and further inroads on the corn crib This would be a calamity indeed I would state right here that the sides middlings of the hog being free from bone might be put up differently from joints which will surely spoil unless pickled according to the recipe given or some better plan I have the fullest confidence in the efficacy of the subjoined recipe First salt the meat down heavily while warm and let it stay for twelve hours Then knock off the salt and pack in barrels and to every hundred pounds of pork pour over a liquid made as iollows Dissolve 8 pounds of salt 1 quart of molasses 4 ounces of saltpetre 4 ounces of soda 4 ounces cayenne pepper in 8 gallons of water and boil the compound skimming until the scum ceases to rise Let the liquid cool before using Weight down the meat so as to keep submerged Again there are some who prefer the icecure particularly parties who live on railroads and can get an abundant supply of ice To such I would recommend an abundant use of ice until the animal heat had been thor oughly extracted from the joints of the animal After which apply salt petre freely also salt in such quantities as good judgment would dictate If the ground is sufficiently cold I would by all means advise putting the meat particularly the joints in direct contact with the cold ground In this way I am quite sure the per centage of loss cannot be very great and I hope no loss at all To show the abnormal condition of things while I write my mail brings me a package of wheat sown this fall which is ten inches high another a small bundle of oats thoroughly headed out which were sown in August All of which is so phenomiual as to excite alarm Still another suggestion which strikes me with force is render your sides into lard and then you are safe beyond all preadventure Ice can be had at thirty cents per hundred in lots of 1000 pounds at the 327SUPPLEMENTAL REPORT1889 13 Atlanta Ice Factory It is presumed that no factory would think of extort ing under such peculiar circumstances Ice factories can be found in At lanta Augusta Savannah Macon Rome Athens Columbus and doubt less at other points in the State J T HENDERSON Commissioner of Agriculture SCHOOL OF CHEMICAL FERTILIZERS BY PROF GEORGE VILLE QuestionYou have given a general comparison between the old trien nial fallow and the sidereal fallow Will you give a comparison between your farm and a well known farm now in cultivation AnswerEasily The celebrated farm of Beckelbrom furnishes the comparison This farm has 165 acres in wheat and 250 acres in meadow 500 acres Products from a farm of 500 acres Uncertain Triennial System Intensive Triennial System 165 acres in wheat 18 bu 165 acres in wheat 45 bu per acre at 123 per bu 3653 10 per acre 7425 bu at 122 tons of straw at 700 123 per bu 9132 75 per ton 853 00 400 tons of straw at 700 250 acres of meadow 400 per ton 2800 00 tons of hay at 800 per 250 acres of meadow1000 ton 3200 00 tons of hay at 800 per ton 8000 00 19932 75 The hay is transformed by the stock Wheat and straw 11932 75 Meat at 18 00 for 730 13140 days13140 75 7707 10 25072 75 Q Can you give practical proof of the value of mineral fertilizer No 6 to clover A Certainly and from experiments of twentyfour years standing at Vincennes As I have already told you the ground used for experiments had been cultivated for several years without barnyard manure until the cropS went down to almost nothing In the spring of 1884 clover had been sowed on all the squares of the strip where wheat was growing The wheat was harvested on the 15th of July Now notice my statement The handsomest and thickest clover on the 5th of August three weeks after the wheat was cut was on plat No 6 which had not received since the foundation of Vincennes that is to say for twentyfour years any fer tilizer but one of phosphate potash and lime This square was incom parably superior to the squares that received the complete fertilizer TtW 32814 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA clover was detestable on the square that received nitrogenous matter with out minerals and did not live through the winter The clover was also worthless on the square that received complete fertilizer without potash those that received no fertilizer were bare Q I understand your method of fertilizing clover to be followed by wheat or pasture for production of meat give the soil what you consider sufficient manure Will you now show how faulty cultivation is one of the four principal causes of losses in farming A Yes readily from a crop grown on my farm near Paris where the fertilization was sufficient but the cultivation faulty ten thousand five hundred and sixtysix pounds of dry matter represented the crop but the straw not saleable from the quantity of other growths mixed with it The wheat only twentysix bushels per acre a little above the average The cost of growing this wheat is COST OP GROWING WHEAT NEAR PARIS PER ACRE Rent of land10 00 Preparation of land 16 00 Fertilizer 16 00 Harvesting and threshing 6 40 Transportation 2 00 Interest 4 00 General and taxes 4 00 Unforeseen expenses 1 20 S59 60 Twentysix bushels cost 229 per bushel If on the contrary the land is well prepared and free of weeds and other growths Fixed expenses as preceding 59 60 Deduct 2600 pounds of straw12 00 47 60 If we make 45 bushels per acre it costs1 05 per bushel If we make 50 bushels per acre it costs 95 If we make 58 bushels per acre it costs 82 Consequently for not having prepared the land properly in spite of the use ofI may say rather on account of the use of a powerlul fertilizerwe lose heavily for the crop is stifled by other growths Q Can you compare the cultivated crop on your farm where you employed boh powerful fertilizers and proper cultivation with meadow fertilized for the production of meat A Yes the figures of the tables below are true from actual practice on the same farm near Paris 329SUPPLEMENTAL REPORT1889 15 Products from cultivated crop compared with crop from meadow Cultivated Crop Rent of land10 00 Preparation of land Fertilizer Harvesting and Threshing Transportation Interest General Expenses and Taxes Unforeseen expenses 16 00 16 OD 6 40 2 00 4 00 s 4 00 1 20 Meadow Rent of land 10 01 Fertilizer 6 General Expenses 4 Interest 40 00 00 24 40 45 hit of wheat 2040 lbs of straw 59 00 Product 55 35 Increase of live weight nt 18 12 00 cents per day for 202 days 52 52 Cost 24 40 67 35 Cost59 35 28 16 7 75 Q Your practical experience of sideration on a large scale shows your method of stock raising to be most profitable Have you other methods or terms of sideration which you have not yet explained A Yes but I must first remind you sideration is founded upon direct assimilation of nitrogen from the air with continued use of the minerals phosphate potash and lime in the form of chemical fertilizer The two terms used in cultivating by sideration 1st Sideration by crowding out or smothering Aveeds 2nd Sideration by fertilization I have as you know already explained The third term is Forage Sideration or cultivating with the cereals a forage plant whose dominant is not nitrogen thus adding to the value of the straw without injuring the product of the grain This Forage Sideration also acts as a sideration for smothering or crowd ing out The fourth term Double Sideration is especially intended for the bene fit of spring crops The method is to sow lupins immediately after turn ing under clover Fertilizer per acre The Clover Siderated880 lbs incomplete fertilizer No 6 440 His incomplete fertilizei No 6 This double sideration keeps the ground perfectly free of weeds and stores up an enormous amount of ammonia in the soil These four terms express only a variation in application but do not in any way change the principle They on the contrary are a general proof of the value of sideration but only on condition that none of the clover grasses or forage so grown are exported aao same r year J Lupins siderated on clover 16 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA Q I think I understand your application of the principle of sideration Will you now give your reason for the third cause of loss in farming by Exclusive use of manure produced on the Farm A Yes My reason for saying Exclusive use of manure in Farming is ruinous is founded on the stubborn and unalterable factthat stable manure cannot supply the soil with any other elements of fertility than those which the nirnals returned to the soil from the food they ate Ani mals require phosphate for their bony structure Q Will you continue by illustration A Suppose a soil is lacking in phosphate yet you use barnyard manure alone You cannot supply phosphate from this It phosphate is wanting all the other elements of fertility receive an irremediable injury from this we must have phosphate for the nitrogen potash and lime of the manure to show their full activity Q How can you show animals require phosphate for their bony struc tuie A This fact is proved for twenty years by comparing Britany with Normandy You in this case use manure containing but little phos phate while the animal requires a good deal his bony frame is reduced and angular thus speaking his needs as plainly as the clearest language Q Will you give an example of effect from a soil lacking in lime A Yes from the Department of Aveyron where you see side by side feldspathic soils lacking in lime and calcareous soils superabundantly pro vided with lime On feldspathic soils the animals are dwarfed men them selves are small in statue and angular in form their pronunciation is in credible all this is from want of lime On calcareous soils the people are tall their frames stronger and characters firmer The conclusion from this is that lime must be brought to feldspathic soils and phosphate and potash brought to calcareous soils How can manure produced on a soil deficient in lime remedy conditions more powerful than yourself Q It seems from what you say there are hygienic laws for soils as well as for human beings What is the best method of studying the hygienic laws for the the soil A By the use of experiment plats growing different plants and judging the condition of the soil by the growth of the plants CAPT WARREN OF RICHMOND ON GRASS CUL TURE In order that we may more fully appreciate the supreme importance of the grasses over any other production with which an agriculturist has to deal it would doubtless be interesting to refresh our minds with a few facts of which many of you are familiar In the report of the Department of Agriculture of the United States for 1887 and 1888 we find statistics that justify the following statements 331SUPPLEMENTAL REPORTit 1 The amount of hay produced in the United States and Territories for the year 1880 including only hay cut on farms and exclusive of hay cut on public lands and lands of nonresidents was fortyone million seven hun dred and ninetysix thousand four hundred and ninetynine ions the value of which at the average value in the United States 846 per ton was 35343769900 There was in the year 1888 in the United States and Territories domestic animals not including swine one hundred and seven million eight hun dred and seventyfour thousand one hundred aud ninetyfive necessary to their support not including grain but the equivalent to hay either hay forage or grass would be two hundred and fifteen million seven hundred and fortyeight thousand three hundred and ninety tons which taking as a basis 846 per ton we have in money value 91261568970 Let us consider the annual product of grass and forage crops The esti mated value of domestic animals not including swine in 1888 for the United States and Territories was2 142 497 060 Taking the position that they will reproduce their value every three years and we have the annual product irom this source alone 742 744 112 The estimated value of Wool was 77100000 I 5tter wxooo Cheese 32000000 Milk 15600000 Which will give us the annual production from this source the grand total of1199714112 In Georgia there are domestic animals not including swine one million six hundred and thirtyeight thousand two hundred and fortyseven The value of hay or forage necessary to their support at average value of hay in the State1300 per tonis 4259447200 which is 938371900 more than the value of the entire cotton crop of the State The foregoing figures represent the actual consumption by horses mules cattle and sheep and does not include swine which are large consumers ot grass If your imagination can estimate that portion of the grass and forage in the country at large and in the State not consumed but goes to decay and returns to mother earth you may then begin to realize the pos sibilities of the great and material interests involved in the subject before us I have as briefly as possible stated a few facts that in the consideration of this subject you may be properly impressed with its importancefear ing however to give you the whole truth at one time lest you should be come incredulous I desire however to impress upon you how greatly do the material interests and prosperity of any country depend upon the growth of grass If Georgia could prosper and become so prominent among the States where her best efforts for generations have been made to suppress and ex terminate this great factor of wealth imagine if you can what she might have or yet can accomplish with her best efforts put forth to nurture de velop and increase the production of a plant that already under adverse conditions and in the face of constant warfare upon it insists upon adding to your wealth annually over 900000000 more than the great cotton crop of your great empire State 33218 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA There are so many conditions that enter into the cultivation of the rrasseland foragecrops that no fixed rules can be made so that after all onesown judgment and selfreliance must be the main dependence for s ccessTs applies to all vocations and emphatically to his one There are many grases suited to our soil and climate and many forage crops of great value I do not profess t be familiar with or have accurate knovvl pi lire of anv great variety f either fn the selection of a single plant from the list of all the grasses y avor ite is Sorghum Halapense said to be a native oi the Island of Jamaica and there i lie Green Valley Grass at first called in this country GuUeaGS but now becoming more generally known as John son Grass so called by reason of a Mr Johnson having introduced it and madeprominent the name in Alabama as Governor Mans Introduced it h South Carolina hence in that State it bore the local name o Means Grass It is suited to the climate is a rapid grower yields well making ttwto four cuttings in a season and above all other consderaUons niakesamostexcelleit and nutritious hay not sururpased by any hay brought to this State from the more pretentious haygrowing sectous of atlwp I regard Winter Vetch as standing at the head of the list Itf feeding value can hardly be equaled by any plant with whch IXnlrmsapartof my crop growing with the Johnson Grass which together with its excellence ol quality adds variety and quantity to thevield There are some other varieties in my meadows but the two first named Johnson Grass and Vetch are my specialties and upon which 1 mainly depend for the crop produced Vetch grows during the winter and is cutely in May wfien the Johnson Grass takeshe field and will hold it until frost then in turn giving way to the Vetch again so vou will observe by this combination the process is much like the inter est account accumulating winter and summer including nights and Sun dTae grasses and forage crops suited to the soil and climate of Georgia abound in number and variety to meet the necessities of all sections tor ha forage or pasture hence to their successlu growth the cond ions of soil climate etc must be consulted and proper judgment used in selection In the list of forage plants that are available in the climate of this State are Vetch Lucerne Field Pea Indian Corn Oat Red Clover Crimson Clover Alsike and White Clover Millet of eight varieties etc And in the list of grasses you have Johnson grass Bermuda Crab and Crowfoot grases Orchard grass Meadow Oat graoS Italian Rye grass Blue Grass Timothy and Herds Grass And while all of the above named are not suited to all sections any one of them can be raised with success in some portion of the State For general information regarding grasses and forage crops I can with nleasure refer you to a pamphlet on the cultivation of grasses and forage Kat the South byMr C W Howard published by Jas P Harmon sinceAthenwritinag of this manual by Mr Howard there have been some developments not then known but with very few exceptions what he as so well stated stands good today and will be interesting and in tructive reading to any one seeking knowledge on this subject The application of labor and the machinery necessary for baymaking on any extended scale is a matter of much importance and would enter largely into consideration in this discussion if the subject was hay making A subject that may be worthy of your attention on some future occasion 3336A A400 SI v 16 FOR DUE DATE INFORMATION CHECK MY ACCOUNT IN GIL httpsgilugaedu Returned MAY 0 7 2010UNIVERSITY OF 5E9RG1liAtliSirSi I 3 ElDfi D3Tlb 4054