PUBLICATIONS
OF THE
GEORGIA STATE
W
otz tse tear isss
VOLUME XIV
J T HENDERSON COMMISSIONER
THE GENERALUBRARY
THE UNIVERSITY OF GEORGIA
STATE LIBRARY GIFT 1938
X
ATLANTA GA
CONSTITUTION BOOK AND JOB OFFICE
W J CAMPBELL STATE PRINTER
1889
THE GENERAL LIBRARY
THE UNIVERSITY OF GEORGIA
ATHENS GEORGIAun
intro
mmmny
T03
iV
C0R1
VOLUME XIV
tioofTDVOlUr the Utle lmports embraces 11 of the publica
theyel of Agriculture of every character issuedur
Jti endof the but
j stemad0Pted at the inauguration of the DeDartrnpiif
ZdS thr 7 l PUbliCation dtag questions senuoe
pondents the replies to which constitute the basis of the crop reports are
filed in the office for binding at the end of the year
thesnetldthadPted exPainsay apparent want of uniformity in
the style and mechanical execution and in the quality of the paper
For the convenience of indexing each publication is doublTZaed the
usual margmal figures denoting the page of the Circular while fheconsec
u ive pagmg for the volume and to which the figures in the nl X
will be found on the lower margin of the pages
ERRATA
istssssss size r f
AMffg f949CONTENTS OF VOL XIV
CIRCULARS
Circular No 101Amendment of Rules and Regulations 1
102Analyses of Fertilizers
103Analyses of Fertilizers
104Crop Report for May 43
105Crop Report for June 7
106Crop Report for July j
107Crop Report for August
108Crop Report for September1
109Crop Report for October7
110Rules and Regulations for Inspectionlj
IllProceedings of State Horticultural Society Appendix
112Amendment of Rules and Regulations 201
113Supplemental Crop Report 23
Biennial Report of CommissionerAppendix
Special Circular No 69Questions for May Crop Report 39
70Questions for June Crop Report
71Questions for July Crop Report
72Questions for August Crop Report129
73Questions for September Crop Report 159
74Questions for October Crop Report176
THE GENERAL LIBRARY
THE UNIVERSITY OF GE9R6IA
STATE LIBRARY IFfJ
E
THE GENERAL LIBRARY
THE UNIVERSITY OF GEORGIA
ATHENS GEORGIAGENERAL INDEX
NOTEThe consecutive paging to whicli this index refers will be found
on the lower margin of the pages
Address of Commissioner at Waycross
Analyses of Fertilizers
Appendix 3
A Short Talk to the Farmers of Georgia
August Crop Report
27
137
207
131
Bagging Question The
Biennial Report for 188788
Buckwheat
See Appendix
173
81
c
Cash and Credit
Chemical Fertilizers The Doctrine of
Cholera Hog
178
235
219
lii
204
181 224
82
Commercial Values Relative Theory of
Composts Formulas for 61
125 126 127
Condition of Farmers
Cotton Caterpillars
Cotton Seed in various Forms i Composts
Crop Report for May
Crop Report for June
Irop Report for July
Crop Report for August
Crop Report for September
Crop Report for October 161
Crop Report Supplemental 177
17
205
136
17
43
75
109
131
D
Distribution of Seeds
203
36
Errata
Experiment Station The Georgia 4 192X

k

GENERAL INDEX v
F
Farmers Alliance50 218
Farmers of Georgia A Short Talk to 207
Fertilizers Analyses of3 137
Formulas for Composts I7
G
Georgia Experiment Station229
H
Hog Cholera 82
Holland Pasturage and Dairying in 69
Homemade Fertilizers and Composts I7
Horticultural Society Proceedings of235
How Inspections are Made in Georgia10 34
I
Immigration Movement The 5
Immigration to GeorgiaI25
Inspection of Fertilizers Rules and Regulations for3 10 193
J
Johnson Grass 218
July Crop Report 19
June Crop Report 75
M
Market Values of Elements of Fertilizers 5
May Crop Report 43
Melon Crop Comparative Profits of for three years 134
O
October Crop ReportI77
P
Pasturage and Dairying in Holland 69
Potash on Light Soils222
Proceedings of State Horticultural SocietySee Appendix235
R
Relative Commercial Values5 19 26 31 137
Report Biennial of CommissionerSee Appendix235
Report Final of Chemist139
Rescue GrassI70
Rules and Regulation for Inspection of Fertilizers3 10 193 201
Rust in CottonI75
682 GENERAL INDEX
S
Schatzman Prof
September Crop Report 69
Special Instructions to Inspectors iq oq
Standard of Fertilizers
State Horticultural Society Proceedings oflsee Appendix 235
Statistics of Fertilizers 77
Sugar Cane Syrup in Rockdale county 223
T
Tables of Analyses
Theory of Relative Commercial Values of
tJX
V
Villes George Lecture on Chemical Fertilizers 166 181 224
W
Wheat Best for Georgia
176New Series j
Circular No 101 j DEpARTMENT 0F AGRICULTURE
Atlanta Ga Jan 10 1888
Satisfactory arrangements have been made with the authorities of the
Richmond Danville Railroad providing for the detention of cars
loaded with fertilizers at Toccoa for the purpose of inspecting and taggng
It is therefore ordered that Paragraph 2 of Rule VI Rules and
Regulations for the season of t8878 Circular No 98 Dec r887
be amended so as to include the City of Toccoa so that the amended
section will read as follows
All fertilizers entering the State at Augusta Savannah or Toccoa
intended for sale and shipped on through bills of lading to points in the
interior must be inspected and tagged before leaving said cities of
Augusta Savannah and Toccoa For the purpose of such inspection
and in accordance with an agreement made with the railroads leading
into the interior of the State from the said cities cars loaded with fertil
izers will be detained long enough to permit a thorough inspection and
tne application of tags under the personal supervision of an inspector
The explanatory directions contained in Circular No 99 New
Series will apply to Toccoa also
2 Mr A F Woollev Inspector will be stationed at Toccoa
and all original requests for inspection of fertilizers entering the State
at Toccoa sdould be addressed to him accordingly
3 This amended Rule shall take effect and be opperated on and after
I T Henderson
Jan 18 1888
Commissioner
Circular No 102
New Series j
SEASON OK 188788
Analyses and Commercial Values
OF
Commercial Fertilizers
AND
CHEMICALS
INSPECTED ANALYZED AND ADMITTED TO SALE IN GEORGIA
DURING THE SEASON OF 188788 TO THE 23d JANUARY 1888
UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF
THE COMMISSIONER OF AGRICULTURE
OP THE STATE OF GEORGIA
ATLANTA GA
CONSTITUTION PUBLISHING CO
1888HCircular No 102
New Series
ANALYSES AND COMMERCIAL VALUES OF COM
CIAL FERTILIZERS AND CHEMICALS
Inspected Analyzed and Admitted to Sale in Georgia During the
Season of 188788 to January 23 1888
Department of Agriculture
Atlanta Ga January 24 1888
EXPLANATION OF THE TABLES OF ANALYSES
The tables commencing on a succeeding page give the analyses and the calcula
ted Relative Commercial Values of all fertilizers and Chemicals inspected
analyzed and admitted to sale in this State during the season of 188788 to Jan
uary 23
RELATIVE commercial values
The estimation of Relative Commercial Values of fertilizers has been the
uniform practice of the Department since the first fertilizer bulletin was published
in June 1875 Circular No 12 Old Series It was not the intention of the
Commissioner to indicate by the publication of these values the absolute prices at
which fertilizers should be sold to the farmer but simply to enable the farmer to
compare the commercial quality and probable agricultural value of the different
brands with each other The idea was well expressed in the following extract
from Circular No 9 New Series issued July 24th 1880
If each fertilixer contained but one valuable ingredient the percentages of
that ingredient would correctly indicate the comparative value of the fertilizers
But as a large majority of the brands contain two or more ingredients differing
widely in agricultural and commercial value and in the percentages in which
they enter into the composition it is found very convenient to add together the
calculated commercial value in dollars and cents of each ingredient as a basis of
comparison and a guide to the purchaser
Early in each season by correspondance and otherwise the Commissioner
ascertains the cash prices at which the different materials which enter into the
manufacture of fertilizers may be purchased at the port of Savannah as well as
the prices of standard acid phosphates and manipulated fertilizers From these
prices the commercial or market values of the three valuable elements ammonia
phosphoric acid and potash are deducedmaking a fair allowance for cost of
manipulation and handling and the Belative Commercial Values in the table
are based on these elemental values and approximate the cash value of a single ton of
the fertilizers in Savannah Ga In the course of trade and sharp competition
especially near theclose ot the business seasonthe ruling prices of fertilizers
often vary considerably from those of the opening of the season But itis im
practicable to change the prices of elements fixed at the commencement of the
season as explained without confusion and conflict between the successive fertili
zer bulletins of the same season As a consequence of the competition of trade
and the reduction of prices of fertilizers in the course of the same season such
prices will sometime be materially lower than the published Relative Commer
cial Values as occurred towards the close of the season of 187778
The usual correspondence and inquiry has resulted in fixing the following ai
the estimated cash market values of the three elements as they are found in a
single ton of average fertilizer bagged and delivered on board cars at Savannah
Available Phosphoric Acid6 cents per pound
Ammonia14
Potash K O5
The Relative Commercial Values in the tables which follow are calculated on
the basis of these elemental values which will be maintained throughout the
present seasonTABLES of Analyses and Relative Commercial Values of Commercial Fertilizers Chemicals Etc Inspected Analysed
and Admitted to Sale in Georgia During the Season of 188788 to January 28 1888
TABLE IAmmoniated Superphosphate of Lime
W

SI
s
w
C

2
o
t
H
C
c
K
HAME OF BRAND
Ammoniated Dissolved Bone
Ammoniated Dissolved Bone
Oi Ashepoo Fertilizer
Ammoniated Soluble Phos
aAmmoniated Dissolved Bone
Ammoniated Dissolved Bone
Atlanta Ammoniated Superphosphate
Adairs Ammoniated Dissolved Bone
Bates Georgia Standard Guano
Bradleys Patent Fertilizer
Bowkers Cotton Fertilizer
Buffalo Bone Guano
5 Baldwin Cos Am Dissolved Bone
eClarke Soluble Guano
Chappells Champion Superphosphate
Crown Guano
Capitol Cotton Fertilizer
7 ntton Food Guano
Cairo Guano
Doubly Am Truck Farmers Special
Dixie Guano
Davy Crockett Guano
f Empire Guano
Eddystone Guano
Excellent Georgia Standard Guano
aE Frank Coes Am Bone Superphosphate
dExeelsior Guano
Phosphoric Acid J3 08 a3 o u
OJ 3 ofl
aj O v
0J rs
3 a 3 0J O a S
O 1225 a 210 7 15 o H 985 a 215
270 210 1994
12 fiO 225 815 190 1005 245 27o 2167
1250 185 950 180 11 30 280 22o 2365
015 215 7 15 335 10 50 2 20 150 2024
915 2 25 850 190 1040 250 215 2168
11 75 250 810 225 1035 255 220 2176
910 230 7 75 325 11 00 240 210 2202
10 50 07 10 25 200 12 25 255 2184
8 75 100 850 230 1080 22o iiti 2036
1250 250 820 245 1065 250 130 2108
875 225 810 265 1075 225 240 2160
1210 130 705 285 990 240 380 2240
1550 210 8 55 220 1075 240 2 10 2172
1000 280 815 270 1085 250 140 2202
920 210 820 1 95 1015 270 280 2254
845 3 40 630 340 10 20 260 225 2177
8 50 125 580 425 1005 27b 300 2276
14 n 210 730 2 80 1010 240 200 2084
10 80 230 500 560 1060 280 230 2286
970 100 720 295 1015 705 380 3572
10 80 2 30 500 560 1060 280 230 2286
825 110 875 1 70 1045 260 125 2107
10 80 230 500 560 1060 280 230 22 86
is on 320 fi 30 395 1026 2 50 200 2130
950 1 00 8 00 240 10 40 215 151 2000
915 225 850 190 1040 2o0 215 2163
1420 210 730 280 1010 240 200 2085
FOR WHOM INSPECTED
Patapsco Guano Co Baltimore
Baldwin Fertilizer Co Savannah
RobertsonTaylor WilliamsCh n
Atlanta Guano Co Atlanta Ga
Jno Merryman it Co Baltimore
Jno Merryman Co Baltimore
Atlanta Guano Co Atlanta Ga
Adair Bros Co Atlanta Ga
Grillin Fertilizer Co Griffin Ga
Bradley Fertilizer Co Boston
Juo D Weld Savannah Ga
Adair Bros Co Atlanta
Baldwin Fertilizer Co Savannah
Southern Phos Co Atlanta
P S Chappell Son Baltimore
Treadwell Abbott Co Atlanta
S W Travers Co Richmond
Savannah Guano Co Savannah
Raisin Fertilizer Co Baltimore
Wilcox Gibbs Guano Co Savh
Raisin Fertilizer Co Baltimore
J M Smith Pleasant Hill Ga
Raisin Fertilizer Co Baltimore
J M Green Atlanta Ga
Wilcox Gibbs Guano Co Savh
Tno Merryman Co
Savannah Guano Co Savannah
BY WHOM AND WHERE MANU
FACTURED
Patapsco Guano Co Baltimore
Baldwin Fertilizer Co Port Royal
Ashepoo Phos Co Charleston S C
Atlanta Guano Co Atlanta Ga
Jno Merryman Co Barren I N Y
Jno Merryman Co Barren I N Y
Atlanta Guano Co Atlanta
Michigan Carbon Wks Detroit Mich
Griffin Fertilizer Co Griffin Ga
Bradley Eertilizer Co Boston Maps
llowker Fertilizer Co Elizabethport
Furman Farm Impt Co East Point
Baldwin Fertilizer Co Port Royal
Southern Phospate Co Atlanta
P S Chappell Son Baltimore
Walton Whann Co Charleston
S W Travers Co Richmond Va
Savannah Guano Co Savannah
Raisin Fertilizer Co Baltimore
Wilcox it Gibbs Guano Co Savannah
Raisin Fertilizer Co Baltimore
J M Smith Pleasant Hill Ga
Raisin Fertilizer Co Baltimore
Clark Cove Guano Co New Bedford
Wilcox Gibbs Guano Co Savannah
K Frank Coe Barren I N Y
Savannah Guano Co SavannahFarmers Ammoniated Dissolved Bone
Furmans High Grade Guano
Giant Guano
Georgia Test Guano
Gossypium Phospho
Gairdner Arnolds High Grade Fertilizer
Mieorgia State Grange Fertilizer
cGeorgia State Stand Am Superphosphate
Golden Grain Guano
Hope Guano
Home Mixture
Hopes Ammoniated Dissolved Bone
HHit CosPure Anl BHigh Grade eg Fer
Homestead Guano
Imperial Guano
Jonahs Gourd Guano
Jackson High Grade Ammd Fertilizer
King Guano
Lowes Georgia Formula
Mastodon Ammd Sol Phosphate
Navassa Ammd Cotton Fertilizer
Nassau Guano
cOglethorpe Ammoniated Diss Bone
Olympic Guano
dOur Own Guano
11475
11020
1080
1150
1250
25
1550
1500
1220
1080
1120
750
1210
1020
820
1050
1125
1080
950
1150
1210
1150
1500
1020
1420
140
075
280
218
180
125
210
250
125
230
160
1
225
065
210
105
105
230
225 1005
2S0ll000
950
870
5u0
755
685
870
855
820
695
500
960
695
725
1035
8 05
8 86
890
500
ePort Royal Cotton Fertilizer
ePotent Pacific Guano
Plow Brand Raw Bone Superphosphate
Powhattan Raw Bone
Patapsco Ammoniated Sol Phosphate
Reliance Ammoniated Superphosphate
Rockdale Standard Guano
Southern Ammoniated Dissolved Bone
Soluble Animoaiated Superphos of Lime
Slingluffi Dissolved Bone
Special Cotton Fertilizer
Standard Ammoniated Bone
Soluble Sea Island Guano
South American Guano
Sea Fowl Guano
1500
1000
850
1250
1125
910
1120
1225
1015
925
785
1350
1080
1080
1120
188
280
5 CO
255
345
190
220
155
290
560
070
335
190
185
260
151
156
1115
1150
10 60
1010
1030
10 60
1075
9
935
10 60
1030
1010
915
12 20
10 65
1040
1045
6O1IO6O
210 1215
Truck Fanners Special
Wilcox Gibbs Manipulated Guano
Zells Ammoniated Bone Superphosphate
1025
1250
1325
305
220
250
125
210
250
280
350
320
275
300
075
220
375
2
120
200
230
230
220
125
1
215
50
750
820
810
730
820
815
681
720
705
680
760
780
880
1220
730
750
500
500
850
810
620
750
210
330
330
155
240
280
151
270
340
280
380
400
250
255
200
200
310
280
560
560
210
265
340
260
1210
1080
1080
975
1050
1010
9
1085
10 25
1000
1085
1080
1010
1035
1080
1480
1040
1030
1060
1060
1060
10 75
960
980
216
275
280
230
305
225
240
210
245
280
295
305
670
260
235
2J
280
280
250
250
23
270
210
250
240
210
250
255
220
245
215
225
200
235
250
220
275
280
280
200
2202160
275 2365
230 2286
2802156
21012300
175 207
210
250
375
230
310
230
610
L80
320
325
2
185
210
230
160
250
195
200
2172
2385
2213
2286
2372
2296
3584
2192
2116
2366
2363
2286
5343
2348
5184
2212
2385
2155
2084
Hammond Hull t Co Savannah Pt RoyalFertilizer CoPt Royal ftC
Adair Bros Co Atlanta Ga rman Fairo Impt Co Eastloint
Raisin Fertilizer Co Baltimore fSS MSd
Geo W Scott Co Atlanta G
Flberton Ga
Port Royal
Pt HoyalSC
450
2
250
250
140
2
210
080
210
1
215
235
Jno Merrvman Co Baltimore
Geo W Scott Co Atlanta Ga
Gairdner Arnold Elberton
Baldwin Fertiliser Co Savannah
Harrfmond Hull Co Savannah
Adair Bros Co Atlanta Ga
Raisin Fertilizer Co Baltimore
Columbus Fert Co Columbus
R V Bowen Hawkinsville
Hammond Hull Co Savannah
Adair Bros Co Atlanta Ga
Atlsnta Guano Co Atlanta Ga
Butler Turner Camilla
Almond Moon Jackson
Raisin Fertilizer Co Baltimore
Georgia Chemical Works Augusta
Georgia Chemical Works Augusta
Pope Fleming Augusta
Jno I Weld Savannah
Hammond Hull A Co Savannah
J O Jelks A Co Hawkinsville
Savannah Guano Co Savannah
Gairdner A Arnold
Hhldwin Fertilizer Co
Hammond Hull Co
335
160
230
230
100
260
215
2385
2142
2164
2026
2068
2108
201
2017
2189
2404
2199
2166
2286
2286
2100
2930
2183
2007
Hammond Hull it Co Savannah
Southern Phos Co Atlanta
Walton Whann Co Wilmington
Loreutz it Rittler Baltimore
Patapsco Guano Co Baltimore
Walton Whann Co Wilmington
Convers Oil Fer Co Conyers
Southern Phosphate Co Atlanta
G Ober Sons Co Baltimore
Bovkin Carmer t Co Baltimore
P S Chappell Son Baltimore
Savannah Guano Co Savaunah
Raisin Fertilizer Co Baltimore
Raisin Fertilizer Co Baltimore
Bradley Fertilizer Co BostonMass
Wilcox Gibbs Guano Co Savh
Wilcox Gibbs Guano Co Savh
Zell Guano Co Baltimore
Furman Farm Impt Co East Point
Raisin Fertilizer Co Baltimore
Columbus Fertilizer Co Columbus
R V Bowen Hawkinsville
Hammond Hull t Co Port Royal
Michigan Carbon Wks Detroit Mich
Atlanta Guano Co Atlanta
Bntler Turner Camilla Ga
Almond it Moon Jackson Ga
Raisin Fertilizer Co Baltimore Md
Georgia Chemical Works AugustaGa
Georgia Chemical Works Augusta
Navassa Guano Co Wilmington N U
Bowker Fer Co Elizabethport N J
Hammond Hull Co Port Royal
J O Jelks Co Hawkinsville Ga
Savannah Guano Co Savannah Ga
Hammond Hull it Co Pt Royal SC
Southern Phosphate Co Atlanta
Walton Whann it Co Wilmingt nNC
Loreutz it Rittler Baltimore Md
Patapsco Guano Co Baltimore Md
Walton Whann itCoWilmgton Del
Conycrs Oil it Fer Co Conyers Ga
Southern Phosphate Co Atlanta Ga
G Ober it Sons Co Baltimore Md
Boykin Carmer Co Baltimore Md
P S Chappell it Son Baltimore Md
Savannah Guano Co Savannah Ga
Raisin Fertilizer Co Baltimore Md
Raisin Fertilizer Co Baltimore Md
Bradley Fertilizer Co Boston
Wilcox it Gibbs Guano Co Savannah
Wilcox Gibbs Guano Co Savannah
Zcll Guano Co Baltimore Md
ble
t Rawboue or bone m
eal contains no reverted acid proper
as it has not been acidulated
S
Duplicate Bkands
larc sold under different names Such brands are indicated in
to thmtabl Wng identical are sacked and shipped from the same bulk
theforegoing tables by letters a
The whole of the phosphoric acid is therefore sported as InBolti
A good finely ground bone meal is worth about S40
1 front the same bulkbeing in every respect identi
prefixed to the same those having the same letter

F
4
jj
hi
j
o
d
a
c

g
5
fed
o
II

fed
fed
H
N
HITABLE IT
Acid Phosphate Dissolved Bones Natural Guanos Chemicals Etc
NAME OF BRAND
Atlantic Acid Phosnhate
Ailantic Dissolved S Bone
Ashepoo Dissolved Bone
Atlanta Soluble Bone
Acid Phosphate
Acid Phosphate without Potash
Acid Phosphate with Potash
c Acid Phosphate
Atlanta Soluble Bone
ftAdars Acid Phosphate
Bone and Potash
Bates Acid Phwphats
Bowkers Dissolved Bone Phosphate
Bales Phosphate Guano
Branuons Soluble Guano
Chatham Acid Phosphate
Charleston Acid Phosphate
Dissolved So a Bone Phosphate
DeLeons Dissolved Bone Phosphate
Dissolved Bone Phosphate of Lime
Diamond Soluble Bone
Etiwan Acid Phosphate
Edisto Acidulated Rock
Etiwan Dissolved Bine
Eutaw Acid Phosphate
Furmans Ammouiated Soluble Bone
Wurmans Acid Phosphate
Farish Furmans Formula
Georgia State Grange Acid Phosphate
Georgia State Staudard Acid Phosphate
Phosphoric Acid
1350 150
1340 125
1400 025
1250
950
1350
1520
1550
1250
1250
17
1120
1310
1020
915
1350
1050
1220
1510
1410
1350
1550
1500
1050
1025
1150
1250
1120
1325
1450
1050
12 20
1470
150 1210
185 850
110
090
200
250
125
0
085
150
080
125
140
305
185
1
235
275
135
050
100
055
080
125
oo
0
275
445
250
lGO
1495
1470
16 a
250l460
7701680
12VI 390 1640
11 75 330 15 05
1250 200 II 50
1080
1150
1140
1325
10 50
8 55
9 25
10 55
9 50
11 71
11 65
10
1110
10 75
1380
11 10
10 50
8 50
1150
9 45
1115
1200
375 14 V
370 1520
250
305
315
250
435
170
315
1350
1575
1355
1170
1175
1490
1420
1515
300114 65
435l1490
3401450
355 14 30
240 1620
310 14 20
2401310
295 11 45
370 1520
315 1260
300 1415
2101410
CJ
3

rf


a
w a

FOR WHOM INSPECTED
100
155
375
L80
1794
1704
1956
1752
1944
1908
1961
1740
1740
1824
1995
1890
1806
280
115
175
180
310
BY WHOM AND WHERE MANU
FACTURED
Baldwin Fertilizer Co Savannah
Griffin Fertilizer Co Griffin Ga
Jno D Weld Savannah Ga
Atlantic Phos Co Charleston SC
Atlantic Phos Co Charleston SC
Robertson Taylor Williams
Charleston 8 C
Atlanta Guano Co Atlanta Ga
Hartshorne Huger Savannah
Georgia Chemical Works Augusta
Georgia chemical Works Augusta
Clifton Chem Phos Co Atlanta
Atlanta Guano Co Atlanta Ga
Adair Bros k Co Atlanla Ga
200 1884 J A Bale Rome Ga
25o 2099 National Fertilizer Co Nashville
1788 Commercial Guano Co Savannah
1984 Stono Phos Co Charleston S C
1818 G Ober Sous Co Baltimore
1758 Hartshorne ifc Huger Savannah
1788 J O Mathewson Co Augusta
1740 Walton Whann Co Wimgtn Dei
18311 Etiwan Phosphate Co Charleston
1944 Edisto Phosphate Co Charleston
1704 Etiwan Phosphate Co Charleston
I1A1 Ashepoo Phosphate Co Charleston
1848 Adair Bros Co Atlanta Ga
1824 Adair Bros Co Atlanta Ga
1820 Adair Bros Co Atlanta Ga
1098 Baldwin Fertilizer Co Savannah
1692 Hammond Hull Co Savannah
Atlantic PhosphteCo Charleston S C
Atlantic PhosphteCo Chaileston S C
Ashepoo Phosphate Co Charleston
Atlanta Guano Co Atlanta Ga
Impd by Hartshorne it Huger Savan
nah Ga
Georgia Chemical Works Augusta Ga
Georgia Chemical Works Augusta
Clifton Chemical Phos Co Atlanta
Atlanta Guano Co Atlanta Ga
Furman Farm Impt Co EastPt Ga
Baldwin Fertilizer Co Pt Royal S C
Griffin Fertilizer Co Griffin Ga
Bowker Fertilizer Co Elizabethport
J A Bale Rome Ga
National Fertilizer Co Nashville
Commercial Guano Co Savannah
Stono Phosphate Co Charli ston S C
G Ober Sons Co Baltimore Md
Commercial Guano Co Savannah Ga
Pacific Guano Co Charleston S C
Etiwan Phosphate Co Charleston
Etiwan Phosphate Co Charleston
Edisto Phosphate Co Charleston SC
Etiwan Phosphate Co Charleston
Ashepoo phosph te Co Charleston
Furman Farm Impt Co East Pt Ga
lurnian Farm Impt Co East Pt Ga
Jurman Farm Impt Co East Pt Ga
Baldwin Fertilizer Co Pt Royal S C
Hammond Hull Co Pt Royal Sc

H
tag
C

W
Q
d
d
Jo
M
I

c
w
Georgia State Standard Acid Phosphate
dGeorgia State Standard Diss Bone Phos
Home Fertilizer Chemicals
High Grade Acid Phosphate
Heaths Soluble Bone
1300
1300
Kainit
Kainit
Kainit
Kainit
Kainit
Kainit
1050
920
Merrymans High Grade Acid Phosphate
aMagnolia Acid Phosphate
Navassa Acid Phosphate
Oglethorpe Acid Phosphate
dOglethorpe Acid Phosphate
dOglethorpe Dissolved Bone Phosphate
Port Royal Dissolved Bone
Pure Dissolved So Ca Bone
Pure English Acid Phosphate
oPatapsco Guano Co Acid Phosphate
Pure Raw Ground Bone
dPort Royal Acid Phosphate
dPort Royal Dissolved Bone Phosphate
Rainbow Soluble Phosphate
Soluble Bone
cStono Acid Phosphate
Sunny South Acid Phosphate
Southern Acid Phosphate
Slingluff8 High Grade Acid Phosphate
Wando Acid Phosphate
Wilcox Gibbs Cos Superphosphate
X X Acid Phosphate
085
105
100
1150
1175
950
1015
1520
1375
1350
1300
1300
1275
1550
1280
1520
1300
1300
925
1350
1050
1275
250
OIO
130
0S5
085
085
0
150
065
090
2215
085
085
300
120
305
250
10 55
1175
1075
11 15
1150
11 50
1120
1035
1250
11
270
270
1420
1420
305
375
5 40
1275
395
3
245
305
270
270
365
400
260
1275 335
1165 250
1820 075
1051 125
1350 175
1150
1150
805
1210
950
1115
1050
875
1105
700
1180
270
270
370
300
470
325
365
510
405
7
280
1415
1385
1510
14
1460
300
1275
1245
1340
1350
1280
1310
475
075
155
155
155
1704
01
2817
1848
1830
1275
1215
1340
1350
1280
1310
1740
1961
1739
1776
1704
1704
1782
1722
1812
1961
375
280
Hammond Hull Co Savannah
Hammond Hull Co Savannah
Boykin Carmer Co Baltimore
Savannah Guano Co Savannah
Adair Bros Co Atlanta Ga
Jno Merryman Co Baltimore
Pelzer Rogers Co Charleston
Savannah Guano Co Savannah
Baldwin Fertilizer Co Savannah
Wilcox Gibbs Guano Co Savh
Adair Bros Co Atlanta Ga
Jno Merryman Co Baltimore
Georgia Chemical Works Augusta
Navassa Guano Co Wilmington
Hammond Hull Co Savannah
Hammond Hull Co Savannah
Hammond Hull Co Savannah
Hammond Hull Co Savannah
Cheml Co of Canton Baltimore
Wilcox Gibbs Guano Co Savh
Patapsco Guano Co Baltimore
B R Legg Marietta Ga
1704 Hammond Hull Co Savannah
17 01 Hammond Hull Co Savannah
2060 Atlanta Guano Co Atlanta Ga
1812 Columbus Fertilizer Co Columbus
1984 Stono Phosphate Co Charleston
1728 Jno M Green Atlanta Ga
275
1698
1704
1812
2051
1752
Southern Phosphate Co Atlanta
Slingluff Co Baltimore
Wando Phosphate Co Charleston
Wilcox Gibbs Guano Co Savh
Walton Whann Co Wilmington
Hammond Hull Co Pt Royal SC
Hammond Hull Co Pt Royal S C
Boykin Carmer Co Baltimore Md
Savannah Guano Co Savannah Ga
Furman Farm Impt Co East Point
Impd bv Jno Merryman Co
Pelzer Rogers Co Charleston S C
Impd by Savannah Guano Co
Impd bv Baldwin Fertilizer Co
Impd by Wilcox Gibbs Guano Co
Impd by Furman Farm Impt Co
East Point
Jno Merryman Co Barren Island
Georgia Chemical Works Augusta
Navassa Guano Co Wilmington N C
Hammond Hull Co Pt Royal
Hammond Hull Co Pt Royal
Hammond Hull Co Pt Royal
Hammond Hull Co Pt Royal
Chemical Co of Canton Baltimore
Impd by Wilcox Gibbs Guano Co
Patapsco Guano Co Baltimore Md
Sterns Fer Chem Mfg Co N 0La
Hammond Hull Co Pt Royal S C
Hammond Hull Co Pt Royal SC
Atlanta Guano Co Atlanta Ga
Columbus Fertilizer Co ColumbusGa
Stono Phosphate Co Charleston S C
Clarks Cove Guano Co New Bedford
Mass
Southern Phosphate Co Atlanta Ga
Slingluff Co Baltimore Md
Wando Phosphate Co Charleston SC
Wilcox Gibbs Guano Co Savannah
Walton Whann Co WilmingtonDel

k
gq
fed
00
c
a
c
fed
w
a
M
f
fed
W
N
fed
W
ooHOW INSPECTIONS ARE MADE IN GEORGIA
For the batter information of all concerned the Rules and Regulations for
th Iapectioa of Fertilizer for the Season of 188788 are appended as originally
publihe im Circular No 98 and amended by Circular No 101 with Explanatory
Diretiom ai published in Circular No 99
RULES AND REGULATIONS
Season ok i887s
New Skrim 1
Circular N 98 j
Department of Agriculture
Atlanta December 1 1887
The CMiaioer pretences the following Rules and Regulations for the
lnpctioa of Fertilizers for the season of 188788
I Eyery package of fertilizer or chemical for manufacturing the same or for
competing mtned for ale or dissribution within the State f Georgia shall
hay th maaufacturer guaranteed analyiis placed upon or securlv attached to
eaeh package by the Manufacturer If the fertilizer is in bag it shall be dis
tinctly branded tampd or printed upon each sack If in barrels it may b
either brned tamped or printed upon the head of each barrel or distinctly
painted upo goo paper and seeurely pasted upon the head of each barrel or
apon a hipping or other tag and securely attached to the head of each barrel in
yry cas it b iitini This manufacturers guaranteed anlysi shall show
th following etermidation yiz
Moitore at J12
T per cent
iMolubl Fkopkric Acid cent
Availabl Fkpkoric Acid cent
Amaoia atal and potential
Fotask KO P
i J per can t
nJZtTTT the W hJl include such
HalLiuVr wH T 11 r Ch6miCal iS laimed to ntota t wi bstan
toSTSttti t I Und Reslations So jndicial decisions eem
to indicat tkat tai aratraph must be literally complied withthat the full list of irnmxH
rr Aertocruared Auiiysis ven if ne m mre f zt
uif Mtter011 would be well for manufacturers to comply literally
wtththlawltkirepeot The Commissioner will not change his ruling on th s point
until onStranetd so b7 express judicial opinion or Legislative enactment
10ANALYSES OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS188788 9
If nitrogen in the form of nitrate i claimed the fact must be stated in th
Reqnest for inspection
II To facilitate the transacts of businss any manufacturer dealer agent or
other person who procure the inspection of a fertilizer after t inspected and
has hYnp ctors tag attached in complinc with law may proceed to make sale
J I the official analysis is completed Provided he gires a written obli
lat nI ac al lu es in L the fertilizer is condemned by the Commoner
ff AerTcu e This obligation is embraced in the Request for Inspection
whitm also set forth th guaranteed analysis according to the form therein
criWanraddrled to proper Inspector Th
mut b made out and signed in duplicate and one copy sent to the Commissioner
of Agriculture by the prson requesting the inspection
Ill Inspectors shall not furnish any tag or device to b attached to any fertil
izer tpermit it to be offered for sale or distribution unless th manufacturer
granteed analysis i pWnly piaced upon each parcel or PJt
the same for sale or distribution claiming in th case of any Ammoniated Super
locate that it contains at least ight per cent of available Phosphoric Acid
Ed Lo per cent of Ammonia and of any Acid Phosphetor
that it contain at least ten per cent of available Phosphoric Acid Neither sum
Iny ucl tag or device be furnished or applied to any fertilizer that s in a dam
aged or unmerchantable condition
IV Inspectors after collecting inspection fees and taking sample shall have
ftD Jed uX th ir pronal supervision when practicablef Inpector tags one
S ach package of fertilizer before the same is effred fer sale or distribution
Insp 2 tag will have printed upon each th wrds and figure
IRSnGeorlia also a foe rimile of the signature of the Commoner of Ag
It Whenever it i found to be impracticable for Inspector to personal T
supervise the application of tag they may be delivered to the order of the person
pro uringtheipection In such cae Inspectors mut ava 1 themelve o all
Tractcabl mean to aatifr themelve that the tag so dlivred have ben prop
erly applied to good that hav been regularly inpected during the seasoning
Tag brought over from any prviou seaon cannot be applied to new good
nor cam they be redeemed by thi Departmet
V The Inptor tag when attached or applied in compliance with law ia
recognition that the fertilizer to which it is attached has th conertof the Com
misLer of Agriculture to go t ale nndr th conditon preserbd in Rule
and II above recited
VI All inspections must be made within the limits ef this State
All fertilizer manufactured in thi State fer ale or distribution in this State
J1 be iUted and tagged and the fee paid before leaving the mill or factory
All fertilizer entering th State at Augusta Savannah or Toccoa intended for
sale and nipped on through bill of lading to point in the interior mut be
npeted and tegged before leaving said citie of Augusta Savannah and Toccoa
Fe purpose of such inspection and in accordance with an agreement mad
with the rUroads leading into the interior of the State from the said cities car
loadea with fertilizer wifl be detained long enough to permit a thorough inspec
tion and the application of tags under the pronal supervision of an inspector
1110
DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
of TS 88 Thpflf T enlS f inSpeCtrS haVe been made fOT t season
nspecto TL p rm P T g 6aCh Dame the CaI ffice of such
dX the r T Mm PlaCJ Wi b6 the PStoffice address ad Post of duty
during the active business season y
LOCATION
J W MurpheyColumbus
i H PateBrunswick
Randolph RidgeleyWaynesbo o f
A P Woolley Kir AuSusta
W B Jones La
M D Irwin
mgston
P O ADDRESS
Savannah
Toccoa
onGeranSeAtlanta
Atlanta
point may perform any official duty at any point in the State
whtTeisnarvCanbute fmale Ge1 thaD thSe named ove
at 1 pot or station h f6 8ha haVe Come the State
anv port or station where there is an Inspector the necessary expenses of the
l7zirt7ke 7h inspections and cris
uuiy must be paid by the parties procuring such inspections
VIII In all cases o inspections in bulk at the factory the manufacturer hi
agent 0r the person shipping the fertile will be requir d to rep rt to t e Com
rnssoner of Agriculture on the first tenth and twentieth of each non h the sh
Drand number of tons the name and address of consignee date of shipment
nam of Inspector who inspected the bulk from which shipments were made nd
he inspection number of the inspection covering said bulk The olZTof tht
xendto enable the inspector to hJ thr
packageanflZ f fl mplers as will penetrate to the center of the
package and samples must be taken from a sufficient number to fairly represent
not 711 eZTn netenth f the Packae in ts of ten tons or over and
not less than onefifth of the packages in lots of less than ten tons
fertilizers before making each shipment of
Agriculture directly and tTZ
he same s to enter the State in writing of each shipment giving tne name of
the vessel or railroad on which shipped the name of each d stinct brlnd ad the
name and place of the consignee and accompany this information by a request
for mspecton accordance with blank forms to be furnished bv the rlT
nnfalVf bn0tiCebetimeyt bth the rnuZtlXTlZ
It will facihtate business and result in advantage to those who give such Ely
nlaL1 t T P0S8ible a f6rtiliZerS mU8t be insPected at the port of entry or
X Manufacturers and dealers
fertilizers into Georgia for sale or distributionANALYSES OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS188788
11
nearest the point where they enter the State and must be prepared to furnish the
Inspector with the necessary guaranty and give all required obligations and to
pay to him the inspection fee by the time the fertilizer arrives All persons in
Georgia who expect to deal in fertilizers or have fertilizers shipped to them
during the coming season for sale or distribution will please take due notice and
make all necessary arrangements to meet the requirements of law promptly
when the fertilizer reaches the State and thus save delay and embarrassment
The law must be enforced and parties interested will greatly oblige by taking
such timely steps as will insure its easy execution without annoyance to them
selves or others
XII An act To protect more effectually the planters of Georgia from impo
sition in the sale of fertilizers etc approved February 26th 1875 provides in
section I That from and after the passage of this act it shall not be lawful to
sell or offer for sale any fertilizer manufactured in this State or to bring into the
State for sale and distribution any fertilizer manufactured beyond the limits of the
State unless before offering for sale or the sale or distribution ot the same there
shall be an inspection and an analysis made of it etc Section III of the same
Act provides for the punishment according to section 4310 of the Code ol 1882 of
any person selling fertilizers without inspection
An Act to render more efficient and economical the inspection and analysis ot
fertilizers etc approved February 26th 1877 provides that Any manufacturer
dealer or other person offering any fertilizer or chemical for manufacturing the
same for sale or distribution in this State without having a brand tag or such
other device as the Commissioner of Agriculture may require showing the analy
sis thereof shall be guilty of a misdemeanor and on conviction of the same shall
be punished as prescribed in section 4310 of the Revised Code of 1873
Section VI of the above cited Act approved February 28 1874 requires the
Inspectors to prosecute violators of the laws
The law will be rigidly enforced and the Inspectors held to a strict performance
of their duties
XIII The season for inspecting fertilizers will be from October 1st to Septem
ber 30th
XIV The method of analysis recommended by the recent Convention ot Agri
cultural Chemists held at Washington D C on the 28th of July 1880 with such
modifications as were adopted by the Atlanta Convention of May 15th 1884 and
eubsequent conventions of the same Association will continue to be employed by
the Chemist of the Department in the analysis of all commercial fertilizers
SPECIAL INSTRUCTIONS TO INSPECTORS OF FERTILIZERS
It is of the utmost importance to the planters and peopleof Georgiato yourself
and the Department of Agriculturethat your duties be well and faithfully per
formed You are placed as a sentinel to see that the interests of the farmers of
Georgia are well guarded in their purchase of commercial fertilizers that they are
protected from imposition in every purchase that they make and that the laws
defining your duties and the regulations of the Department are rigidly exeouted
in every case You are in your official acts to render full justee to a11 parties
The strict execution of the law and full protection from imposition to all farmers
will not work injustice to any manufacturer or dealer
1312
DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
In the discharge of your duty in addition to the foregoing Rules and Regula
tions you are to be governed by the following pecial instructions giving some
details which could not be well get forth elsewhtre viz
1 Fertilizers purchased outside of the State by a consumer or farmer in Geor
gia for his own ue and not for sale or distributibution shall be permitted to pass
without inspection if the purchaser desire it provided it is sent directly to aid
purchaser addresed or consigned to him perionally and not directed to or pass
ing through the hands of a commission merchant or third party You must as
far as practicable report all such hipments to the Commissioner of Agriculture
giving the names of brands the names and place of consignees and the number
of tons and enter the same in your official record
2 You must not inspect any fertilizer till the prson or firm desiring insnec
pon has y
a Paid you in cash the inspection fee of 50 cents per ton for every ton to be
i2TflnilYylhyoumutisn and a m
b P ace the exact name in full ot the fertilizer to be inspected and the guar
anteed analysis ot the same upon each package
c Tendered you a Request for Inspection on the blank furnished for that
purpose embracing an obligation io cancel and make null aU sales which may be
made of said fertilizer before th official analysis thereof is made if after being
analyzed the Commissioner of Agriculture shall in pursuance flaw prohibit its
sale The request must also cntain the guaranteed analysis corresponding
to that placed upon the package
You must not inspect any fertilizer if the minimum percentage of any of the
valuable ingredient named in the guaranteed analysis less than that required
by law viz 8 per eent of available phosphoric acid and 2 per cent of ammonia
in ammomted superphosphate or 10 per cent of available phosphoric acid in
acid phosphate or disolved bone Natural guano and fertilizers that have not
been treated with sulphuric acid are not subject to this standard
8 You must require in each bulk inspection the names of each brand proposed
to be shipped from such bulk and in every case you must report the names of
brands and number with which the goods therein reported are identical in com
position
4 Immediately after taking samples of any brand of fertilizer i the manner
described in Rue IX of the Rules and Regulations they must be tLrougkly miZ
but not triturated or ground in a mortar or otherwise When samples are for
warded to the department for analyi they must be in the same mechanical con
dxhon n whch they are offered for ale to the planters in the State After the
samples are thu thoroughly mixed you will from th mixture fill two glass bot
ties common quinine bottles securely seal them with wax stamp your official
seal upon the wax and then carefully and correctly label themone with a label
showing the inspection number name of the fertilizer inspected the place at for
whom inspected and th date of inspection and the other with a label showing
the number ef inspection You must then deliver both in person to the Commis
sioner or carefully box and ship them to him by express
5 You are required to keep in a book a full and accurate record or minute of
every official act performed by you embracing in the record of each inspection ihe
number and date of mention name of the fertilizer er chemical by whom and
where manufactured person requesting and place to whom cnigned and
where where mspected number of ton inspected amount of fees received
14ANALYSES OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS1887S
13
JiIfLoTd dg fe prvi btok fuW ou for
and stationary for officialcorresponderce rpnuisitions freight prepaid
General may prescribe and you must sate ite Commoner
satisfactorily accounted for aTlv rime Instructions will
rjrarbobJ
are in doubt o tp reauired of them by
Inspectors will be held to a stnct performance of a1 dute s requ
the law and the rules dutfes11tolerated and
neglect or irregularities in the discharge of their duties wii
perfect sobriety at all times is strictly enjoined HENDERSoN
Commissioner of Agriculture
1514
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUKEGEORG1
A
New Series
Circular JVo 99
Department of Agriculture
Atlanta Ga December 20 1887
It has been found desirable and necessary to formulate and nnMil
nformation of all concerned detailed directLs for shP nglrtiH e nt Geo
ga and pouring the inspection of the same in accordance wi h law and 1
Rules and Regulations of this Department e
obse10 eXPlanatOTy direCtinS therrf0re Pibed and will b9
1 In case of shipments by railroad into tho tjtt
HPm iK i0Ilp atoootA avakib
Tor rs i itrKrsas re
vg nj tw b d in of wb1
bags on end with the lues up In nnr r uJL Capacty b Pacing the
inB the tag n i 1512 t
to pi h Lpectnt S rreiTi08 AUB St
same details as if the shipments oririnSl T should confo to the
railroad points The sh pTrtnTff or f Port M or other
railroada t Ztl
compliance will save embarrassment del fZZT S
with fertilizers should nass th a 7 I ePense in case cars loaded
inspection through no fauTof oT WithUl
16ANALYSES OF COMMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS188788 15
HOMEMADE FERTILIZERS AND COMPOSTS
The Commissioner has frequent inquiries for the hest formulae for making com
posts on the farm To meet these inquiries an article which originally appeared
in Circular 38 of this Department issued Fehruary 16 1883 is here reproduced
in part with some additional suggestions
FORMULAE FOR COMPOSTS
If the stable manure and cotton seed have been protected from waste by expos
ure to rain and sun the following formula isecommended
Stable Manure650 Pds
Green Cotton Seed50
Superphosphate00
Making a ton of2000 Pounds
If the compost is intended for use on soils particulary deficient in potash the
proportion of cotton seed and stable manure may be reduced 50 pounds each and
100 pounds of Kainit used instead The formula would then be
Stable Manure600 pounds
Cotton Seed green600 pounds
Supephosphate700 pounds
KainitOOpounds
Making a ton of2000 pounds
These ingredients may be varied in proportions to adapt the resulting composts
to different soils or crops but either of the above will be found to give satisfactory
results in every class of soils and on all of our cultivated crops
To the above it may be added that if the quantity of stable manure available
for composting is either relatively greater or less than the proportions indicated
in the above formula the proportions may be disregarded without detriment to
the value of the practical results
The point to be kept in view is to preserve approximately the relative propor
tioning of the three elements ammonia phosphoric acid and potash This may be
substantially accomplished by preserving the relative quantities of cotton seed
acid phosphate and kanit as given in the second formula This would give about
one per cent of ammonia and threefourths of one per cent of potash for every
five per cent of phosphoric acid The addition of stable or lot manure in what
ever quantities would not materially alter these relative percentages but would
simply reduce each in about the same ratio and to the extent of such addition
If decorticated cotton seed the kernels of the seed be used instead of the whol
seed use half the quantity
If the meal be used reduce the quantity to onethird of the weight of cotton seed
in the formulae given These substitutions in the quantities suggested will not
materially alter the relative proportions of the three elements but will make a
more concsntrated fertilizer
If the proportion of stable manure be greater or less than stated in the formulae
Increase or diminish the quantity applied per acre accordingly
Farmers can save much of the immediate profits on sales of fertilizers if they
will club together and buy from first hands in twentyton lots and upwards the
ingredients required towit acid phosphate cottonseed meal and potash salts If
purchased in bulk that is unsacked the saving will be one dollar per ton on16
DEPAETMENT OP AGRICULTUEEGEOEGIA
account of sacks There is no mystery whatever in mixing or manipulating fer
tilizers A farmer can mix the ingredients substantially as well as the manu
facturer A single ton of acid phosphate containing 13 to 14 per cent available
phosphoric acid should not cost delivered at any depot in Georgia more than
1400 cash and freight from Savannah Charleston or Port Koyal In larger lota
the price would be proportionately less A single ton of cotton seed meal can be
purchased at the oil mill for 20 to 22 or less and carload lots for still lower
prices Kainit is worth by the single ton at the ports 12 to 14 etc
Suppose the following
Acid phosphate 1400 pounds900 at ports
Cotton seed meal 450 pounds S40 at mill
Kainit 150 pounds 100 at ports
Total 2000 pounds1540
Now add freight from Savannah and the cost will rum up from 18 to 20 per
ton Such a fertilizer would analyze about
Available phosphoric acid900 per cent
Ammonia j gQ 1
Potashj 00
18Circular No 103 1
New Seeies j
ANALYSES AND COMMERCIAL VALUES OF COMMER
CIAL FERTILIZERS AND CHEMICALS
Inspected Analyzed and Admitted to Sale in Georgia During the
Season of 188788fo February 22 1888
Department of Agriculture
Atlanta Ga February 28 1888
EXPLANATION OF THE TABLES ANALYSES
The tables commencing on a succeeding page give the analyses and the calcula
ted Relative Commercial Values of all fertilizers and Chemicals inspected
analyzed and admitted to sale in this State during the season of 188788 to Jan
uary 23
RELATIVE commercial values
The estimation of Relative Commercial Values of fertilizers has been the
uniform practice of the Department since the first fertilizer bulletin was published
in June 1885 Circular No 12 Old Series It was not the intention of the
Commissioner to indicate by the publication of these values the absolute price at
whch fertilizers should be sold to the farmer but simply to enable the farmer to
compare the commercial quality and probable agricultural value of the different
brands with each other The idea was well expressed in the following extract
from Circular No 9 New Series issued July 24th 1880
If each fertilizer contained but one vluable ingredient the percentages of
that ingredient would correctly indicate the comparative value of the fertilizers
But as a large majority of the brands contain two or more ingredients differing
widely in agricultural and commercial value and in the percentages which
they enter into the composition it is found very convenient to add together the
calculated commercial value in dollars and cents of each ingredient as a basis of
comparison and a guide to the purchaser
Early in each season by correspondence and otherwise the Commissioner
ascertains the cash prices at which the different materials which enter into the
manufacture of fertilizers may be purchased at the port of Savannah as well as
the prices of standard acid phosphates and manipulated fertilizers Prom these
prices the commercial or market values of the three valuable elements ammonia
Phosphoric acid and potash are deducedmaking a fair allowance for cost of
manipulation and handling and the Relative Commercial Values in the table
are based on these elemental values and approximate the cash value of a single ton of
CONCLUDKD ON PAGE 8
19TABLES of Analyses and Relative Commercial Values of Commercial Fertilizers Chemicals Etc Inspected Analyzed
and Admitted to Sale in Georgia During the Season of 188788 to February 22 1888
TABLE IAmmoniated Superphosphate of Lime
NAME OP BRAND
Ammoniated Dissolved Bone
Ammoniated Dissolved Bone
Ashepoo Fertilizer
Ammoniated Soluble Plios
oAmmoniated Dissolved Hone
Ammoniated Dissolved Bone
Atlanta Ammoniated Superphosphate
Adairs Ammoniated Dissolved Bone
Acme Fertilizer
Ammoniated Dissolved Bone Phos
Americufi Guano
aAlkaline Guano
tfAcme Ammoniated Dissolved Bone
eAurora Ammoniated Phospho
Bates Georgia Standard Guano
Bradleys Patent Fertilizer
Bowkers Cotton Fertilizer
Buffalo Bone iliano
Baldwin Cos Am Dissolved Bone
Bradleys Ammoniated Dissolved Bone
eClarke Soluble Guano
Chappells Champion Superphosphate
Crown Guano
Capitol Cotton Fertilizer
Cotton Food Guano
Cairo Guano
Cotton Fertilizer Ammoniated
1225
1250
1250
II1
915
11
910
1050
1250
1210
1410
1020
II 11
920
875
1250
75
1210
1550
1300
looo
920
845
850
1 120
1080
1350
Phosphoric Acid
210
225
185
215
2 2
250
2
07S
1 50
175
065
185
100
105
100
250
225
130
210
150
280
210
3 40
125
211
230
175
715
16
950
71
850
810
7
1025
815
8 25
8 35
605
760
8 50
850
820
810
7 05
855
810
81
820
GS0
580
730
500
G50
270
190
180
335
190
225
325
200
310
32
17
505
205
165
23
24
2G5
285
220
320
270
195
340
425
280
500
355
1005
1130
1050
1040
1035
11 00
1225
11 25
1150
1010
1110
1025
101
1080
1005
1071
90
1075
1130
1085
1015
1020
1005
1010
1000
10 05
215
245
280
2 20
250
255
240
255
310
225
235
225
211
230
225
250
225
240
240
240
250
270
200
2M
280
220
BY WHOM AND WHERE MANU
FACTURED
210
275
225
150
215
220
210
330
260
185
225
1
245
110
180
240
380
2 10
150
140
280
225
3IK
201
230
1994
2167
2365
2020
2163
2176
2202
2184
2548
2270
2155
2187
207
2i o
21131
2108
2100
2210
2172
2178
2112
2254
217
2276
2084
2286
16611987
Patapsco Guano Co Baltimore
Baldwin Fertilizer Co Savannah
Robertson Taylor Williams
Charleston
Atlanta Guano Co Atlanta Ga
Jno Merryman it Co Baltimore
Inn Merryman A Co Baltimore
Atlanta Guano Co Atlanta Ga
Adair Bros Co Atlanta Ga
Acme Fert Co Wilmington NC
G Ober it Sons Co Baltimore
Williams Clark Co New York
Chesapeake Guano Co Baltimore
M T II Mclntyre Savannah
II C Fisher Secy Newnan Ga
Griffin Fertilizer Co Griffin Ga
Bradley Fertilizer Co Boston
Jno D Weld Savannah Ga
Adair Bros Co Atlanta
Baldwin Fertilizer Co Savannah
Bradley Fertilizer Co Boston
Maddox Ruker Co Atlanta
P S Chappell Son Baltimore
Treadwell Abbott it Co Atlanta
S W Travers Co Richmond
Savannah Guano Co Savannah
Kaisin Fertilizer Co Baltimore
Xavassa Gno Co WilmgtonNC
Patapsco Guano Co Baltimore
Baldwin Fertilizer Co Port Royal
Ashepoo Phos Co Charleston S C
Atlanta Guano Co Atlanta Ga
lno Merryman it o Barren I N Y
Jno Merryman it Co Barren I N Y
Atlanta Guano Co Atlanta
Michigan Carbon Wks Detroit Mich
Acme Fert Co Wilmington N C
G Ober it Sons Co Baltimore Md
Williams Clark Co New York
Chesapeake Guano Co BaltimoreMd
M T D 1 Mclntyre SavannahGa
Coweta Fertilizer Co Newnan Ga
Griffin Fertilizer Co Griffin Ga
Bradley Eertilizer Co Boston Mass
Bowker Fertilizer Co Klizahethport
Furman Farm Impt Co East Point
Baldwin Fertilizer Co Port Royal
Bradley Fertilizer Co Boston
Southern Phospate Co Atlanta
P S Chappell Son Baltimore
Walton whann Co Charleston
S W Travers Co Richmond Va
Savannah Guano Co Savannah
Raisin Fertilizer Co Baltimore
Xavassa Guano Co Wilmington N C
hi

H
O
US

tl
d
I
o
c
w
oCherokee Ammoiiiated Bone
Chesapeake Guano
Cumberland Bone Superphos Lime
Coweta High Grade Guano
Cotton Seed Compound
Doubly Am Truck Farmers Special
Dixie Guano
Davy Crockett Guano
Empire Guano
Eddvstone Guano
Excellent Georgia Standard Guano
6E Frank Coes Am Bone Superphosphate
gExcelsior Guano
Eutaw Fertilizer
Farmers Ammoniated Dissolved Bone
Furmans High Grade Guano
Farmers Favorite Guano
AForest Citv Ammoniated Dissolved Bone
iForest City Ammoniated Dissolved Bone
Giant Guano
Georgia Test Guano
Gossypium Phospho
Gairdner Arnolds High Grade Fertilizer
dGeorgia state Grange Fertilizer
Georgia State Stand Am Superphosphate
j Golden Grain Guano
Georgia Cotton Compound
Georgia Pacific Guano
AGeorgia State Standard Amd Superphos
Hope Guano
Home Mixture
Hopes Ammoniated Dissolved Bone
HH Cos Pure Anl BHigh Grade Veg Fj
Homestead Guano
Harvest Queen Guano
Harmons Standard Amd Dis Bone
Imperial Guano
Jonahs Gourd Guano
Jackson High Grade Ammd Fertilizer
cJ T Hunts Favorite
J S Wood Bro Ammoniated Dis Bone
King Guano
Lowes Georgia Formula
L K Ammoniated Bone
Listers Standard Phosphate
Listers Ammoniated Dissolved Bone
Melon Raiser
asMascott A D Bone
Mastodon Ammd Sol Phosphate
Navassa Ammd Cotton Fertilizer
1020
1350
11
10
1050
070
10 80
825
1080
1500
950
915
1120
107
1475
1020
1210
1250
1180
1080
1150
1250
025
1550
1500
1220
1210
1380
1250
10
1120
750
1210
1020
1050
1550
820
1050
1125
920
1220
1080
950
1485
1175
11
1250
1410
1150
1210
L30
200
2 10
080
075
loo
2 30
110
2
320
100
225
210
100
140
075
240
165
22
230
215
130
125
210
250
125
125
255
165
230
160
180
225
066
25
065
210
105
105
105
200
23
225
350
230
250
235
100
230
305
060
5 70
755
9 05
8 55
720
500
8 75
500
630
S00
850
730
910
9 50
870
9 00
8 511
905i
5u0
755
685
870
8 55
820
6 95
880
640
850
500
960
6 95
725
1035
820
780
805
885
890
850
605
500
1005
730
885
875
765
760
1000
750
110
525
281
215
250
295
500
1 70
560
305
210
190
280
250
165
280
210
255
105
560
255
345
190
220
155
200
215
440
255
500
070
335
190
185
270
250
260
155
156
165
440
560
210
390
150
210
245
265
210
330
1070
1095
1035
11 20
1085
1015
1060
1015
1000
1025
10 10
1040
1010
1100
11151
1150
1110
10 85
1010
10 00
1010
1030
10 00
1075
975
985
1075
10 80
1085
1060
10 30
1010
915
12 20
1090
1030
10 65
1040
1045
1015
10 45
1060
1215
1120
1035
1085
1010
1025
1210
1080
200 225 2237 Commercial Guano Co Savannah
250 185 2199 Chesapeake Guano Co Baltimore
220 230 2088 Charles Ellis Savannah Ga
220 255 2215 H C Fisher Secy Nevvnan Ga
215 280 2184 T M Swift Prest Elberton Ga
705 380 3572 Wilcox Gibbs Guano Co Savh
280 230 2286 Raisin Fertilizer Co Baltimore
200 125 2107 1 M Smith Pleasant Hill Ga
280 230 22 86 Raisin Fertilizer Co Baltimore
2 50 200 2130 J M Green Atlanta Ga
215 150 2000 Wilcox Gibbs Guano Co Sav h
250 215 2103 Fno Mcrrvman Co Baltimore
240 200 2081 Savannah Guano Co Savannah
240 185 2219 Ashepoo Phos Co Charleston
215 220 21 60 Hammond Hull Co Savannah
275 275 2425 Adair Bros Co Atlanta Ga
200 200 2320 Bradlev Fertilizer Co Boston
235 310 2300 Hammond Hull CoSavannah
215 330 2114 Hammond Hull Co Savannah
280 2302280 Raisin Fertilizer Co Baltimore
230 280 2130 Jno Merrvman A Co Baltimore
305 210 2300 Geo W Scott Co Atlanta Ga
225 175 2077 Gairdner Arnold Elberton
240 210 2172 Baldwin Fertilizer Co Savannah
210 250 2008 Hammond Hull Co Savannah
245 375 2243 Adair Bros Co Atlanta Ga
240 245 2207 G Ober Sons Co Baltimore
200 200 2224 Jno M Green Atlanta
235 340 2300 Hammond Hull Co Savannah
280 230 2286 Raisin Fertilizer Co Baltimore
295 310 2372 Columbus Fert Co Columbus
305 230 2296 R V Bowen Hawkinsville
070 010 3584 Hammond Hull Co Savannah
2602192 Adair Bros Co Atlanta Ga
210 300 2196 Dwight L Roherts Savannah
220 180 2032 Savannah Guano Co Savannah
235 180 2116 Atlanta Guano Co Atlanta Ga
285 320 2300 Butler Turner Camilla
280 325 2363 Almond Moon Jackson
230 245 207 H C Fisher Secy Newnan Ga
2E0 225 2103 J S Wood Bro Savannah
280 230 2286 Raisin Fertilizer Co Baltimore
250 185 2362 Georgia ChemicanVorks Augusta
225 285 2259 Lorentz Ritter Baltimore
320 250 2388 Dwight L Roberts Savannah
200 175 2205 Dwight L Roberts Savannah
305 275 2509 Baldwin Fertilizer Co Savannah
240 175 2077 M T D J Mclntyre Savannah
250 210 2348 Georgia Chemical Works Augusta
235 2302184 Pope Fleming Augusta
Commercial Guano Co SavannahGa
Chesapeake Guano Co Baltimore
For Charles Ellis New York
Coweta Fertilizer Co Newnan
Elbert County Fertilizer Co Elberton
Wilcox Gibbs Guano Co Savannah
Raisin Fertilizer Co Baltimore
J M Smith Pleasant Hill Ga
Raisin Fertilizer Co Baltimore
Clark Cove Guano Co New Bedford
Wilcox Gibbs Guano Co Savannah
E Frank Coe Barren I N Y
Savannah Guano Co Savannah
Ashepoo Phos Co Charleston SC
Pt Royal Fertilizer Co Pt Royal S C
Furman Farm Impt Co East Point
Bradley Fertilizer Co Boston Mass
Hammond Hull Co Pt Royal SC
Hammond Hull Co Pt Royal S
Raisin Fertilizer Co Baltimore
Iiio Merryman Co Barren Island
Geo W Scott Co Atlanta Ga
Gairdner Arnold Elberton Ga
Baldwin Fertilizer Co Port Royal
Hammond Hull Co Pt RoyalSC
Furman Farm Impt Co East Point
G Ober Sons Co Baltimore Md
Clarks Cove Guano Co N Bedford
Hammond Hull Co Pt Royal SC
Raisin Fertilizer Co Baltimore
Columbus Fertilizer Co Columbus
R V Bowen Hawkinsville
Hammond Hull Co Port Royal
Michigan Carbon Wks Detroit Mich
Listers Agl and Chem Wks Newark
Savannah Guano Co Savannah Ga
Atlanta Guano Co Atlanta
Butler Turner Camilla Ga
Almond Moon Jackson Ga
Coweta Fertilizer Co Newnan Ga
Raisin Fertilizer Co Baltimore Md
Raisin Fertilizer Co Baltimore Md
Georgia Chemical Works AugustaGa
Lorentz Ritter Baltimore Md
Listers Agl and Chem Wks Newark
Listers Agl and Chem Wks Newark
Baldwin Fertilizer Co Pt Royal S C
M T D J McTyre Savannah Ga
Georgia Chemical Works Augusta
Navassa Guano Co Wilmington N C

Ml
oo
00
o
O
o
w
Q

W
H
NTABLE IContinued
NAME OF BRAND
Phosphoric Acid
v S
6
2 0 o w
7 50 330
8 20 155
810 240
730 280
750 375
8 50 300
8 50 235
9 05 105
8 20 155
815 270
li 85 340
720 280
703 380
851 225
0 85 225
1181 400
7fid 250
B 05 505
850 300
820 210
780 255
880 200
1220 200
7 80 310
7 50 280
5 00 500
5111 500
S 51 210
810 265
li 50 385
7 85 205
0 20 340
7 50 260
720 200
o
3
t3
p
a
oS
03 u


O a
i s
a
Cu M
FOR WHOM INSPECTED
BY WHOM AND WHKRF MANU
FACTURED
o
a

a
o

a
H
a
I
c
o

Nassau Guano
jOglethorpe Ammoniated
Olympic Guano
Diss Bone
qQut Own Guano
Owl Brand Guauo
fcOld Dominion Guano
ZiOglethorpe Ammoniated Dissolved Bone
iOglethorpe Ammoniated Dissolved Bone
jPort Royal Cotton Fertilizer
ePotent Pacific Guano
Plow Brand Raw Bone Superphosphate
Powhattan Raw Bone
to Patapsco Ammoniated Sol Phosphate
Planters Soluble Bone
Plow Boys Brand
Reliance Ammoniated Superphosphate
Roekdale Standard Guano
aStonewall Guauo
fcSamana Guano
Star Brand Guano
Southern Ammoniated Dissolved Bone
Soluble Ammoniated Superphos of Lime
Slingluffs Dissolved Bone
Special Cotton Fertilizer
Standard Ammoniated Bone
Soluble Sea Island Guano
South American Guano
Sea Fowl Guano
Truck Fanners Special
Yurnadoes Dissolved Ammoniated Bone
Wando Soluble Guauo
Wilcox Gibbs Manipulated Guano
Zells Economizer Phosphate
Zells Ammoniated Bone Superphosphate
1150
1500
1020
1120
1350
1320
1250
1180
1500
1000
850
1250
1125
1230
72
910
1120
1020
1320
1225
1225
1015
025
785
1350
1080
1080
1120
1025
1375
1225
1250
1320
1325
220
250
125
210
125
250
165
225
250
280
350
320
275
225
080
300
075
185
250
150
220
275
275
120
200
230
230
220
125
215
180
175
215
215
1080 270
075 210
1051 250
1010 240
11 25 225
11 50 270
1085 235
1010 215
9 75 210
10 85 250
1025 255
1000 220
108 245
1075 235
1210 225
1080 215
1010 225
11 10 225
11 50 270
1030 220
1035 200
1080 235
1420 250
1040 220
030 275
10 60 280
1060 280
1060 260
1075 450
035 260
1080 230
960 275
1010 225
980 225
160
250
195
200
2
225
340
330
250
140
220
210
080
225
325
210
175
225
225
160
215
235
Walton Whanu it Co WilmingtnDel
Lorentz Rittler Baltimore Md
Patapsco Guano Co Baltimore Md
Adair Bros Co Atlanta Ga
Rogers Worsham Co Maeou Ga
Walton Whaun CoWilmgton Del
Conyers Oil Fer Co Conyers Ga
Chesapeake Guano Co Baltimore
Southern Phos Co Atlanta Ga
Allison it Addison Richmond Va
Southern Phosphate Co Atlanta Ga
G Ober Sons Co Baltimore Md
Bovkin Carmer it Co Baltimore Md
P S Chappell Son Baltimore Md
Savannah iuano Co Savannah Ga
Raisn Fertilizer Co Baltimore Md
IlaiMii Fertilizer Co Baltimore Md
Bradley Fertilizer Co Boston
Wilcox Gibbs Guano Co Savannah
Chemical Co of Canton Baltimore
Wando Phos o iharleston S C
Wilcox Gibbs Guauo Co Savannah
The Zell Guano Co Baltimore Md
The Zell Guano Co Baltimore Md
t Rawboue or bone meal contains no reverted acid proper as it has not been acidulated The whole of the phosphoric acid is therefore reported as Insolu
ble though practically it is much more available as plant food than phosphoric acid from other sources A good finely ground bone meal is worth about 10
DUP1ICATE Brands In some instances fertilizers manufactured by the same formula and actually sacked from the same bulkbeing in every respect identi
calare sold under different names Such brands are indicated in the foregoing tables by letters a b c etc prefixed to the same those having the same letter
in the same table being identical are sacked and shipped from the same bulk
335
160
230
230
100
380
2212
2008
2155
2081
2255
2361
2300
2144
Jno D Weld Savannah
Hammond Hull Co Savannah
J 0 Jelks Co Hawkinsville
Savannah Guano Co Savannah
Davie Whittle Petersburg Va
Maddox Rocker Co Atlanta
Hammond Hull Co Savannah
Hammond Hull Co Savannah
20081 Hammond Hull Co Savannah
2142
2164
2026
2068
2173
240
2108
2017
2187
2361
2012
2017
2180
2404
2199
2166
2286
2286
2100
2030
Bowker Fer Co Elizabethport N J
Hammond Hull Co Port Royal
J O Jelks Co Hawkinsville Ga
Savaunah Guano Co Savannah Ga
Daivie it Whittle Petersburg Va
Southern Phos Co Charleston S C
Hammond Hull Co Pt Royal SC
Hammond Hull Co Pt Roval SC
Hammond Hull Co Pt Roval SC
250 2220
155 2091
2602182
155 1997
22012011
Maddox Rucker Co Atlantai Southern Phosphate Co Atlanta
Walton Whann Co Wilmington
Lorentz Rittler Baltimore
Patapsco Guano Co Baltimore
Adair Bros Co Atlanta
Rogers Worsham Co Macon
Walton Whann Co Wilmington
Conyers Oil Fer Co Conyers
Chesapeake Guano Co Baltimore
Maddox Rucker it Co Atlanta
Allison A Addison RichmondVa
Maddox Rucker Co Atlanta
G Ober it Sons Co Baltimore
Boykin Carmer Co Baltimore
P S Chappell Son Baltimore
Savannah Guano Co Savannah
Raisin Fertilizer Co Baltimore
Raisin Fertilizer Co Baltimore
Bradley Fertilizer Co BostonMass
Wilcox Gibbs Guano Co Savh
Chemical Co of Canton Balmore
Wando Phosphate Co Charleston
Wilcox it Gibbs Guano Co Savh
The Zell Guano Co Baltimore
The Zell Guano Co BaltimoreTABLE IlAcm Phosphate Dissolve Bones Natural Guanos ChemicaEtc
NAME OK BRAND
Ashephoo Dis Bone with Am and Potash
Acid Phospnate
Ashepoo Bone Ash
Ashepoo Acid Phosphate
Avalon High Grade Acid Phosphate
Atlantic Acid Phosphate
Acid Phosphate
Atlantic Dissolved S C Bone
Ashepoo Dissolved Bone
Atlanta Soluble Bone
Acid Phosphate
Acid Phosphate without Potash
aAcid Phophate with Potash
Acid Pnosphate
Atlanta Soluble Bone
bAdairs Acid Phosphate
Bone and Potash
Bone and Potash
Bates Acid Phosphate
Bowkers Dissolved Bone Phosphate
Bales Phosphate Guano
Brannonsjioluble Guano
Chatham Acid Phosphate
cCharleston Acid Phosphate
Dissolved So Ca Bone Phosphate
Del ns Dissolved Bone Phosphate
Dissolved Bone Phosphate of Lime
Diamond Soluble Bone
DSolved Bone

Phosphoric Acid
1425
1500
1420
1250
1156
1350
1020
1340
1400
11250
950
1350
1520
1550
1250
1250
250
120
000
055
200
150
110
125
025
150
l
25
20
15
10
01
05
10
0
1470J 160 1630
101 250U4 60
850 770 1080
850
S0I
10 10
10 25
1020
10 50
y50
1220
J75
360
405
285
440
445
360
250
110 1250
000 1175
2001250
25010
125 1150
1250 125
1735 075
1120 085
1310 l0
1020
915
1350
1050
1220
1510
1410
1350
1475
oso
125
140
305
185
155
235
1060
1140
1325
10 50
8 55
9 25
10 55
950
11 70
11 65
10 55
275 1110
390
330
210
375
370
310
210
250
305
16 40
15 05
14 50
1455
1520
1370
1350
15 75
l 55
210
210
190
200
i
240
155
S2
v a
1874
1674
I8SS
1772
1752
1949
1812
1764
1956
1752
1944
1968
1961
1740
I
1746
1824
FOR WHOM INSPECTED
Ashepoo Phos Co Charleston
Navassa Guano Co Wilmington
Ashepoo Phos Co Charleston
Ashepoo Phos Co Charleston
Jno Merriman cv Co Baltimore
Atlantic Phos Co Charleston SC
Atlantic Phos Co Charleston S C
Atlantic Phos Co Charleston bt
Robertson Taylor Williams
Charleston S C
Atlanta Guano Co Atlanta Ga
Hartshorne Huger Savannah
BY WHOM AND WHERE MANU
FACTURED
3151170
250 1175
4351490
470 14 20
315 1515
300 14 65
43511490
3401460
06512 15 3951610
325
375
200
255
1969
199
1890
1806
1884
2000
1788
1984
1818
175S
1788
1740
1932
Georgia Chemical Works Augusta
Georgia Chemical Works Augusta
Clifton Cheni Phos Co Atlanta
Atlanta Guano Co Atlanta Ga
Adair Bros Co Atlania Ga
Baldwin Fertilizer Co Savannah
Baldwin Fertilizer Co Savannah
Griffin Fertilizer Co Griffin Ga
Jno D Weld Savannah Ga
J A Bale Rome Ga
National Fertilizer Co Nashville
Commercial Guano Co Savannah
Stono Phos Co Charleston S G
G Ober Sous Co Baltimore
Hartshorne Huger Savannah
J O Mathewson Co Augusta
Walton Whann Co WimgtnDel
Edisto Phos Co Charleston S C
Ashepoo Phos Charleston 8 C
Navassa Guano Co Wilmington NC
Ashepoo Phos Co Charleston g C
Ashepoo Phos Co Charleston SO
Jno Merrvman Co B Island N Y
Atlantic Phos Co Charleston S C
Atlantic Phos Co Charleston S C
A tlantie Phosphte Co Chai leston C
Ashepoo Phosphate Co Charleston
Atlanta Guano Co Atlanta Ga
Impd by Hartshorne Huger Savan
nah Ga
Georgia Chemical Works Augusta Ga
Georgia Chemical Works Augusta
Clifton Chemical Phos Co Atlanta
Atlanta Guano Co Atlanta Ga
Furman Farm Impt Co East Ft Ga
Baldwin Fertilizer Co Port Royal SC
Baldwin Fertilizer Co Pt Royal b C
Griffin Fertilizer Co Griffin Ga
Bowker Fertilizer Co Elizabethport
X J
J A Bale Rome Ga
Nationaf Fertilizer Co Nashville
Commercial Guano Co Savannah
Stono Phosphate Co Charleston SC
G Ober Sons Co Baltimore Md
Commercial Guano Co Savannah Ga
Pacific Guano Co Charleston C
Etiwan Phosphate Co Charleston
Edisto Phosphate Co Charleston

f
t
CO
SI
CO
o
4
a
O
a
4
si
3
N
W
coTABLE IfContinued
NAME OF MR AND
Dissolved Bone
Dissolved Bone
Etiwan Acid Phosphate
Edisto Acidulated Rock
Etiwan Dissolved Bone
Eutaw Acid Phosphate
Finmans Ammouiated Soluble Bone
oFurmans Acid Ihosphate
Farish Furmaus Formula
Pltosphoric Add
c

a
j
D
a

K
905
1150
1550
1500
1050
1025
1150
1250
1120
1325
1450
2S5
10E
13c
150
485
1215
1075
1380
Georgia State Grange Acid Phosphate
Georgia State Standard Acid Phosphate
to dGeorgia State Standard Acid Phosphate 13 00
dGeorgia State Standard Diss Bone Phos 13 00
Home Fertilizer Chemicals
High Grade Acid Phosphate
Heaths Soluble Bone
Kainit
Kainit
Kainit
Kainit
Kainit
Kainit
Kainit
Kainit
Kainit
Marietta Guano Co High Grade AcidTrios
Merrymans High Grade Acid Phosphate
aMagnolia Acid Phosphate
Navassa Acid Phosphate
Oglethorpe Acid Phosphate
dOglethorpe Acid Phosphate
dOglethorpe Dissolved Bone Phosphate
Pomona Acid Phosphate
Potash Acid Phosphate
Pioneer Acid Ihosphate
Port Royal Dissolved Bone
1050
020
100 11 10
1155 111511
080 850
125 1 50
0951 045
08011115
275 1200
085 1150
085 11 50
105 1175
100 950
770
450
355
240
310
240
295
370
31
300
210
270
270

a


2
fT3




c c
H
as
c
an 1
FOR WHOM INSPECTED
365
575
12
1605
14 30
1620
1420
13 10
11 45
1520
1260
14 15
1410
1420
1420
1540
1275
310
2511
090
130
08
085
08
185
150
2 15
090
340
395
330
24
305
270
270
405
2011
530
365
14 55
I I 50
1505
13 20
1480
1420
14
1505
1165
1215
1485
105
330
iiS
765 675
1836
1998
1831
1944
1704
1747
1848
1824
1822
1698
1692
1704
1704
1
1848
30011830
175
1 SO
310
1275
1245
1340
1350
1280
1310
1260
1285
1205
155
1
320
165
1275
1215
1340
1350
1280
1310
1200
1285
1265
1746
1740
1961
1730
1770
1701
1704
1806
1718
1659
1782
Ashley Phos Co Charleston S C
Atlantic Phos Co Charleston S C
Etiwan Phosphate Co Charleston
Edisto Phosphate Co Charleston
Etiwan Phosphate Co Charleston
Ashepoo Phosphate Co Charleston
Adair Bios Co Atlanta Ga
Adair Bros Co Atlanta Ga
Adair Bros Co Atlanta Ga
Baldwin Fertilizer Co Savannah
Hammond Hull Co Savannah
Hammond Hull Co Savannah
Hammond Hull Co Savannah
Boykin Carmer Co Baltimore
Savannah Guano Co Savannah
Adair Bros Co Atlanta Ga
dm Merryman Co Baltimore
Pelzer Rogers Co Charleston
Savannah Guano Co Savannah
Baldwin Fertilizer Co Savannah
Wilcox Gibbs Guano Co Savh
Adair Bros Co Atlanta Ga
BY WHOM AND WHERE MANU
FACTURED
Edisto Phos Co Charleston S C
Atlantic Phos Co CharlestonSC
Commercial Guano Co Savannah
Marietta Guano Co Marietta Ga
Jno Merryman Co Baltimore
Georgia Chemical Works Augusta
Navassa Guano Co Wilmington
Hammond Hull Co Savannah
Hammond Hull Co Savannah
Hammond Hull Co Savannah
M A Lowry Dawson Ga
Lorentz Ritter Baltimore Md
Ashley Phos Co Charleston S C
Hammond Hull Co Savannah
Ashley Phos Co Charleston S C
Atlantic Phos Co Charleston S C
Etiwan Phosphate Co Charleston
Edisto Phosphate Co Charleston SC
Etiwan Phos Co Charleston S C
Ashepoo Phosph ite Co Charleston
Furman Farm Impt Co East Pt Ga
Furman Farm Impt Co East Pt Ga
Furman Farm Impt Co East Pt Ga
Baldwin Fertilizer Co Pt Royal S C
Hammond Hull fc Co Pt Roval SC
Hammond Hull Co Pt Royal SC
Hammond HulUfc Co Pt Royal S C
Boykin Carmer Co Baltimore Md
Savannah Guano Co Savannah Ga
Furman Farm Impt Co East Point
Impd by Jno Merryman Co
Pelzer Rogers Co Charleston S C
Impd by Savannah Guano Co
Impd by Baldwin Fertilizer Co
Impd by Wilcox Gibbs Guano Co
Impd by Furman Farm Impt Co
East Point
Edisto Phos Co Charleston s C
Atlantic Phos Co Charleston S C
Commercial Guano Co Savannah G
Marietta Guano Co Marietta Ga
Jno Merryman Co Barren Island
Georgia Chemical Works Augusta
Navassa Guano Co Wilmington N C
Hammond Hull Co Pt Royal
Hammond Hull Co Pt Royal
Hammond Hull Co Pt Royal
Commercial Guano Co Savannah Ga
Loreutz Rittlcr Baltimore Md
Ashley Phos Co Charleston S C
Hammond Hull Co Pt Royal
O
Ed

H
O

Q
W
M
O
d
d
to
w
I
c
w
oPure Dissolved So Ca Bone
Pure English Acid Phosphate
oPatapsco Guano Co Acid Phosphate
Pure Raw Ground Bone
dPort Royal Acid Phosphate
dPort Royal Dissolved Bone Phosphate
Rainbow Soluble Phosphate
Soluble Bone
cStono Acid Phosphate
Sunny South Acid Phosphate
Southern Acid Phosphate
Slingluffs High Grade Acid Phosphate
Wando Acid Phosphate
Wilcox Gibbs Cos Superphosphate
X X Acid Phosphate
1550
1280
1520
t3l66
1300
925
1350
1050
1275
1275
1166
1220
1050
1350
150
0G5
090
2215
085
085
300
120
305
250
335
250
075
125
175
10 35
12 50
1175
1150
1150
805
1210
950
1115
10 50
875
1105
700
1180
400
260
330
270
270
370
300
170
325
365
510
405
780
280
1435
1510
1505
1420
1420
11 75
1510
1420
1440
1415
13 85
1510
1480
1460
100
155
275
1722
1812
1961
ffoi
1704
2065
1812
1084
1728
1698
1704
1812
2051
1752
Cheml Co of Canton Baltimore
Wilcox Gibbs Guano Co Savh
Patapsco Guano Co Baltimore
B R Legg Marietta Ga
Hammond Hull Co Savannah
Hammond Hull Co Savannah
Atlanta Guano Co Atlanta Ga
Columbus Fertilizer Co Columbus
Stono Phosphate Co Charleston
Jno M Green Atlanta Ga
Maddox Rucker Co Atlanta
Slingluff Co Baltimore
Wando Phosphate Co Charleston
Wilcox A Gibbs Guano Co Savh
Walton Whann Co Wilmington
Chemical Co of Canton Baltimore
Impd by Wilcox Gibbs Guano Co
Patapsco Guano Co Baltimore Md
Sterns Fer Chem Mfg Co N 0La
Hammond Hull Co Pt Roval S C
Hammond Hull Co Pt Royal SC
Atlanta Guano Co Atlanta Ga
Columbus Fertilizer Co ColumbusGa
Stono Phosphate Co Charleston S C
Clarks Cove Guano Co New Bedford
Mass
50 uthern Phosphate Co Atlanta Ga
51 iugluff Co Baltimore Md
Wando Phosphate Co Charleston SC
Wilcox Gibbs Guano Co Savannah
Walton Whann Co WilmingtonDel

ft
Kt
CO
fet
Ul
c
8
1st
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o
lt

t
W
tSJ
at
w8 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
the fertilizers in Savannah Ga In the course of trade and sharp competition
especially near the close of the business seasonthe rulling prices of fertilizers
often vary considerably from those of the opening of the season But it is im
practicable to chauge the prices of elements fixed at the commencement of the
season as explained without confusion and conflict between the successive fertili
zer bulletins of the same season As a consequence of the competition of trade
and the reduction of prices of fertilizers in the course of the same season such
prices will sometimes be materially lower than the published Relative Commer
cial Values as occurred towards the clase of the season of 188687
Throughout the season of 188687 the valuations of the three elements which
from the basis of the calculated commercial values were as follows
Available Phosphoric Acid 7 cents per pound
Ammonia16 cents per pound
Potash K Oj 5 cents per pcund
The usual correspondence and inquiry has resulted in fixing the following as
the estimated cash market values of the three elements as they are found in a
single ton of average fertilizer bagged and delivered on board cars at Savannah
and the same are the basis of the calculations of Relative Commercial Values in
in the tables which follow and will be maintained throughout the season of
188788
Available Phosphoric Acid6 cents per pound
Ammonia14 cents per pound
Potash K 05 cents per pound
It will be seen that this is a reduction in the valuation of elements as compared
with the basis of last season amounting to in available phosphoric acid one and
onehalf cents ammonia two cents potash remaining the same This reduction
will account for the lower Relative Commercial Values of many fnmiliar brands
as compared with last year
For instance An acid phosphate containing twelve per cent available phos
phoric acid at a valuation of seven and onehalf cents per pound for this element
would have been rated last season at 1800 per ton while at six cents the same
would be rated at 1440 per ton A fertilizer containing 10 per cent of availa
ble phosphoric acid and 3 per cent of ammonia would have been rated last sea
son at 2460 per ton the present season the same fertilizer having precisely
the same composition and the same agricultural value would be rated at 2040
26ADDRESS
OF
HON JOHN T HENDERSON
COMMISSIONER OF AGRICULTURE
Before the Convention of the State Agricultural So
ciety at Waycross Ga Feb 14 15 ii
Mr President and Gentlemen of the Convention
Those of you who were present at the Convention of the Society
which was held in Americus just one year ago will remember that a
resolution was then passed according to the Commissioner of Agri
culture onehalf hour of the programme time of each semiannual
session for the purpose of reporting the work of the Department
for the preceding six months Under this resolution I had the
honor to make my first appearance before you at Canton in August
last I then opened my address with an expression of my thanks
for the privilege thus accorded to me and my appreciation of the
important and intimate relation which the Department of Agriculture
bears to the State Agricultural Society I now desire to repeat and
emphasize what I then said This Society was first and foremost in
the conception of the idea and the expression of the conviction that
the farmers of Georgia should have a permanent representation at
the capital and a department of the State government especially
charged with the development of agriculture the protection of its
interests and the promotion of its aims and ends The Society itself
is a freeandeasy body of representative farmers elected and com
missioned by farmers alone bound by no party traditions free from
partizan politics not held together by the cohesive power of per diem
Some have thought that perhaps a little per diem might be beneficial
in prolonging the session and keeping you together longer
Your Society is a popular representative body and I undertake to
say in the face of adverse criticism that you more directly and
27A DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
correctly represent the views and wishes of the intelligent farmers of
Georgia and that you better understand the condition and wants of
the agricultural masses than any body of men that assembles within
the limits of the State
Your influence is farreaching and potent for good or for evil ac
cording as you shall on the one hand be controlled by Wisdom
Justice and Moderation and guided by an eye single to the good of
your calling or on the other hand be beguiled by the selfish schem
ing of designing politicians
It is but natural that those who have been prominent for ability
and devotion to the interests of the farmers of Georgia and for their
constant and active participation in the semiannual conventions of
the society should become widely known and popular among the
great masses of the voting farmers of the State It is proper and
often expedient that such men be put forward in the councils of State
or of the Nation as the exponents of the farmers faith and of the
farmers demands Of course the charge will be made by politicians
that your society is manipulated by politicians Strange that men
should seek to degrade your dignity and destroy your influence by
the stultifying charge that you are no better than they are
Of those men who may be said to owe their prominence or ad
vancement to high official position to a reputation for ability states
manship and devotion to the interests of our agriculture achieved
in their connection with the State Agricultural Society of Georgia
none has betrayed the confidence reposed in him by the society and
the farmers of Georgia You can point with pride to at least one
illustrious individual now in the highest office within the gift of the
people of Georgia who is an able and fearless exponent of your rights
and promoter of your interests and who so long held the gavel on
this platform
The present Chief Magistrate of the State although not personally
identified with the society is known to be warmly and especially
concerned for the promotion of the prosperity and advancement of
the farmers of Georgia He has repeatedly advised with me in re
gard to your interests and the best means for promoting them As
a result of one of such conferences the Interstate Convention of
Farmers was called and held so successful and I trust fruitful a
session in Atlanta on the 16th day of August last
You have here among you now men who have manfully ably and
successfully upheld your cause in the Legislature of the State and
28ADDRESS TO STATE AGRICULTURAL CONVENTION
other responsible official positions All honor to them for their
fidelity to your cause
I proceed now to give a rapid review of the work of the Depart
ment since the last August meeting of this Convention At the last
Convention the following resolution was passed
Resolved That the prices fixed by the Commissioner of Agricul
ture of Georgia for calculating the relative commercial values of the
different fertilizers are too high and that the said Commissioner be
requested to lower the prices by which he calculates said values
Your Secretary was directed to furnish the Commissioner with a
copy of the said resolution
It is perhaps proper at this time to respond to the inquiry
and in doing so it may be well to take the r solution for a text and
give a general glance at the history of Relative Commercial Values
of commercial fertilizers in Georgia In the early years of the De
partments connection with the system of inspecting fertilizers the
practice was inaugurated of publishing in the circulars of analysis
of fertilizers the cash price credit price and the commercial
value of every brand as for as practicable to ascertain the same
In circular No 12 June 24 1875 which was the first fertilizer cir
cular ever issued by the Department the prices of the elements as
fixed by Commissioner Janes were
Ammonia
Available phosphoric acid
Insoluble phosphoric acid
Potash
You observe that the phrae commercial value simply was
used instead of relative commercial value You will also notice
that insoluble phosphoric acid was then valued at 4 cents per
pound In the midst of the general inexperience in the use of com
mercial fertilizers and ignorance of the agricultural relations and
commercial values of the different elements of fertilizers that then
prevailed the citing of only a few instances of want of proper cor
respondence between the selling prices of fertilizers and the com
mercial values or actual cost prces of the elements which entered
into their composition is required to show the importance of some
system of valuations by means of which the farmer might compare
one fertilizer with another For instance take the first brand in the
first table of circular No 12 alluded to published in 1875 It is a
fertilizer called Atlanta Cotton Compound made by Snowden
Peters Baltimore Its analysis was Available 907 per cent In
29
I82C per pound
15JjC
4c
6c DElARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
iEORGIA
soluble 453 Ammonia 204just within the present standard Its
Commercial Value as calculated was 4064 itsCash Price
5500 its Time Price 1 000 Here the cash price is nearly
1500 more than the estimated value Other cases G E Whites
Ammoniated Dissolved Bone has a commercial value of 4037
Cash Price 5800 Time Price 6500
Barrys Fertilizer commercal value 3586 cash price 6000
Barrys Compound Biphosphate commercial value 2150 cash
price 4500 Dicksons Diamond A commercial value 3739
cash price 6000
These are only a few of a great many cases showing an excess of
from fifty to one hundred per cent in the cash price ove r the com
mercial value as calculated by the Department of Agriculture On
the other hand we find Grange Mixture commercial value
4701 cash price 4750 nearly the same
Pratts National Soluble Bone commercial value 48 24 cash
price 4000 or 775 less Palmetto Acid Phosphate commer
cial value 3804 cash price 3300 A few other cases might be
cited in which the cash price was less than the calculated com
mercial value
These cases are given to show how wildly discordant were the
selling prices of fertilizers in those days and the intimated commer
cial values It would be interesting to inquire into the causes of
this variance but it does not serve my present purpose
Taking the whole table the average commercial values of all fer
tilizers for the season of 18745 was 3668 the average cash values
was 5038a difference 1370 per ton A careful examination
will show that the relative commercial values and actual cash selling
prices rapidly approached each other chiefly by a decrease in the
selling prices partly by an increase in the quality and a consequent
increase in their real value
In 1876 the values of the elements was not changed The Com
missioner stated in Circular No 26 June 30 1876 Though thee
valuations are too high they answer for a comparison of the differ
ent brands as well as for a comparison of the quality of the same
brands during the two seasons 18745 and 18756 In examining
the table of analyses I find a considerable reduction in cash prices
and an increase in the number of brands that were sold for less than
their calculated commercial values I observe however an in
rease in the commercial values the average for the season of 18756c
being 4483 an average increase of 615 per ton in quality com
30ADDRESS TO STATE AGRICULTURAL CONVENTION
pared with the previous year and at the same time there was a de
crease of 373 per ton in the average cash prices
For the season of 18767 the valuation of elements was changed
as follows
Available Phosphoric Acid 12 cents per lb
Ammonia iscents per lb
Potash 8 cents per lb
This was a reduction of cen for ammonia and 3 cents for avail
able phosphoric acidand an increase of If cents for potash and in
soluble pnosphoric acid was no longer valued at all The table of
analyses as given in Circular No 42 July 14 1877 shows a slight
increase in the average commercial value notwithstanding the re
duction in the prices of elements the elimination of insoluble
phosphoric acid and a reduction in the selling price
There were no changes made in the valuations of elements between
18767 and 18812 when the prices were fixed as follows
Available Phosphoric Acid 12i cents
Ammonia 2h cents
Potah 6 cents
In 18823 ammonia was reduced to 20 cents and phosphoric acid
to 10 cents In 18834 ammonia was reduced to 18 cents and potash
to 5 cents per pound In 18845 no change In 18856 ammonia
was reduced to 16 cents and phosphoric acid to 1 cents per pound
potash remaining the same In 18867 no change was made The
present season I have fixed the valuation of the elements as follows
Ammonia 14 cents
Av Phosphoric Acid g cenfs
Potash 5 cents
It will be remembered that the Department especially since I
have been in charge of it has uniformly sought to impress the idea
that the calculation and publication of the commercial values was
not intended to indicate the exact price at which fertilizers should
be sold
In order to still further prevent misapprehension I prefixed the
word relative to the old phrase commercial value and made the
following note in Circular No 25 new series February 201881
These Relative Commercial Values are a means of comparing
the real agricultural values of fertilizers one with another It is
more convenient to compare the aggregate values of all valuable
ingredients in fertilizers in dollars and cents than otherwise They
31
THE GENERAL LIBRARY I I THE GENERAL library
THE UNIVERSITY OF GEORGIA UNIVERSITY OF GEORG
ATHENS GEORGIA L STATE LIBRARY GIFT 1938b DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
represent approximately the true value of the several fertilizers at
Savannah To illustrate Suppose two pieces of doth are offered
a customer by a merchant If both pieces are all wool and ayard
wide and the wool and weaving are of the same quality in each
the weight of a yard of each piece of cloth would be a safe guide to
its relative value In like manner if a farmer has offered to him
two different brands of acid phosphateeach containing no element
of value except phosphoric acidhe could easily determine the rel
ative agricultural value of the two if he knows the analysis of each
In such a case he would not need any further guide to enable him
to decide which of the two would be the Cheaper at the prices demand
ed Now to return to the cloth If one piece contains 10 per cent
of good wool worth forty cents a pound 20 per cent of shoddy wool
worth 8 cents a pound and 70 per cent of cotton worth 10 cents
per pound while the other piece has 20 per cent of good wool 15
per cent of shoddy wool and 65 per cent of cotton the purchaser
would be puzzled to know the relative value of the two pieces of
cloth
So of two fertilizers which contain very different relative percentages
of the three valuable elements phosphoric acid ammonia and potash
and these possessing very different commercial and agricultural values
If in the case of the mixed cloth you calculate the separate value
of each quality of wool and of the cotton in a yard of each kind of
cloth at its respective value and add the whole together you have
then a very accurate idea of the comparative value of each kind and
at the same time an approximate idea of what each ought to be sold
for So likewise he will be able to compare one complex fertilizer
with another and determine which is the better or cheaper at the
prices demanded
So much for the practical value of the custom of calculating Rel
ative Commercial Values Now for the objections It is my cus
tom to ascertain by correspondence and observation of the markets
the market prices of the staple sources of ammonia phosphoric acid
and potash This investigation is made in the early part of each
season and before any analyses of fertilizers are published With
such information as I am thus able to gather I find by calculation
and comparison the value per pound of each of the three elements
Having once adopted the scale of prices and upon this scale based
the calculated commercial values in the first circular which usually
appears in January It is impracticable and inexpedient to change
the scale or to endeavor to raise or lower the valuation according as
32ADDRESS TO STATE AGRICULTURAL CONVENTION
flu tuation may occur in the prices during the remainder of the sea
son Hence it will sometimes happen that the calculated commer
cial values will be higher or lower than the real selling prices of the
fertilizers
It may happen towards the close of the active business season
that sharp competition of trade and the anxiety to get rid of heavy
stocks on hand will result in a severe cutting of prices This occured
in the spring of 1887 and the unusual discrepancy between com
mercial values as calculated and published and the ruling prices of
a number of brands gave occasion to the resolution of inquiry
which your body adopted last August I hope that I have succeeded
in explaining the confusion and contradiction to the satisfaction of
this Convention I have not given this somewhat lengthy review
of the subject solely for the purpose of meeting the inquiry involved
in the resolution This I have done I trust in the last page or
two But as intimated I have thought it a good occasion to review
the whole subject for the purpose of making clear and plain to every
farmer the object and use of relative commercial values
I will now rapidly mention the changes that have been made in
some details of the inspective system which have become necessary
and at the same time practicable
Prior to the present season it had been the uniform practice to
send inspectors to Charleston and Port Royal S C for the purpose
of inspecting fertilizers intended for shipment into Georgia for sale
My predecessor went so far as to send inspectors to the factories in
Baltimore New York and Rhode Island as well as to Richmond and
Norfolk Va With the exception of a few trips to Wilmington N
C I have limited outside inspections to Charleston and Port Royal
8 C and for the last two years without exception This practice
was not forbidden by any provision of the inspection laws of Georgia
and was considered necessary in view of the impracticability of
stopping trains in transitu at Augusta for the purpose of inspecting
their contents and the utter impossibility with the limited num
ber of inspectors at command of following each car to its destination
in the interior of the State Hardly a doubt of the legality of inspec
tions made outside the State had entered my mind nor did I con
sider such inspections less reliable and protective than if made in
the State I was aware however that many purchasers of guano
looked upon them with suspicion and disfavor For this reason I
was extremely anxious to confine the work of inspection to the
limits of the State So long as the work continued to be done out
338 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
side the State without formal objection or an adverse ruling of the
courts on its legality it was impracticable to prevail on the rail
road authorities to permit the stoppage and sidetracking of cars
loaded with fertilizers at Augusta and Savannah
As already intimated I had no doubt of the legality of inspection
outside the State and I believed they were just as effective in pro
tecting the purchasers of fertilizers from spurious goods as inspections
made within the State Finally the Supreme Court came to my
relief and decided in a case regularly brought before them at the
instance of Hammond Hull Co of Savannah that the general
laws of the State do not authorize officials in Georgia to perform their
functions outside of its limits that the inspection law does not
confer such authority and hence such inspections are illegal I
had some months before been advised of the ruling of the court
below in the case and had taken the precaution to lay the question
before the AttorneyGeneral for his opinion pending the considera
tion of the case by the Supreme Court That opinion was decidedly
adverse to the legality of such inspections and I then considered it
as a foregone conclusion that the Supreme Court would confirm the
opinion of the law officer of the State and the ruling of the Supe
rior Court I therefore began early in the fall to make arrange
ments to comply with the law as it would doubtless be interpreted
by the Supreme Court I called a meeting of the South Carolina
manufacturers of fertilizers at Charleston which was promptly and
fully attended and submitted to them apian of inspecting their
goods which I thought would be free from legal objections and at
the same time practicable and effective The manufacturers prompt
ly accepted the plan and it was put in operation at once A short
trial however convinced me that it was not practicable At this
juncture early in November the Supreme Court rendered its decis
ion as already in substance set forth I then determined to secure
the consent of the railroad authorities to permit the stoppage of all
trains loaded with fertilizers at Augusta for the purpose of inspec
tion Under the circumstances I had no difficulty in securing their
consent and full cooperation I subsequently made the same
arrangement at Savannah regarding trains loaded with fertilizers
coming into the State over the Savannah and Charleston Railroad
In a very short time I found that it would be necessary to inspect
at some one point the large and increasing amounts of fertilizers
that were entering the State by way of the Richmond and Danville
Railroad In preceding years under the old plan much of this was
34ADDRESS TO STATE AGRICULTURAL CONVENTION 9
inspected at Charleston and shipped as now by way of Seneca City
and Toccoa Shipments by this route from points further north had
been permitted to go to their destination beiore inspection Adding
now to these the shipments from Charleston that came uninspected
made it utterly impracticable to follow up each car to its final desti
nation I therefore appealed to the authorities of R D Railroad
to permit all fertilizer cars to be sidetracked or delayed at Toccoa
long enough to permit inspection and their consent was cheerfully
given I accordingly permanently located an inspector at Toccoa
The situation is now as briefly follows I have one active inspector
constantly on duty at Augusta two at Savannah and one at Toccoa
while two have their offices at Atlanta and are constantly employed
in hunting up and running down stray shipments that enter
the State by way of the E T V G and the W A railroads
and by way of the railroads entering the State at West Point and
Columbus Georgia and occasional shipments up the Chattahoochee
River
Each car load of fertilizers entering at Savannah Augusta or Toc
coa must have a request for inspection attached to the waybill
of such car On arrival of a train at either of the points named the
cars containing fertilizers are stopped and if necessary sidetracked
and the requests for inspection are turned over to the inspector
who is always at hand or within easy reach
No car is allowed to pass without inspection unless loaded with
chemicals or ingredients for manipulating and subsequent in
spection and consigned to some factory within the State or loaded
with fertilizers and consigned directly to a farmer who has purchased
the same outside the State If a car containing fertilizers subject
to inspection is not accompanied by a formal request for inspection
it is sidetracked and detained until such request is received At the
request of the inspector the railroad agent opens each car and the
inspector takes sample in person of the contents and an inspectors
tag is at once attached to each sack The car is then closed and re
sealed by the agent with a special carlock seal furnished by the
Department and is permitted to proceed to its destination
To the two inspectors who have their headquarters in Atlanta is
assigned the arduous task of traveling over the State from one ex
tremity to the other and inspecting each carload of fertilizers that
comes into the State at unguarded points It is indeed an arduous
work and demands the utmost efforts of these two officers to accom
plish it It is impossible to be in two different places at the same
3510
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
time though near each other while their services are not unfre
quently in requisition at several places often distant one hundred
miles from each other at the same time
Under the plan of inspection as now pursued every car load of
fertilizers is inspected and with a few possible exceptions the tugs
applied at the same time These exceptions may sometimes occur
when one of the interioror traveling inspectors runs short of tags
while away from his office when in such a case the tags will be sent
forward by express to the consignee
With the force of inspectors at my command which is limited by
law to six and only one chemist I consider our system of inspection
to be as nearly perfect as could be reasonably expected Even before
the present plan was put into operation I am satisfied that our in
spection system was more effective in protecting our farmers than
that of any other State
It should be remarked that the system as now executed involves
a very great increase of labor on the part of the inspectors on aecount
of the necessity of personally inspecting every car load when form
erly large bulk lots had been inspected It also adds greatly to the
labors of my fertilizer clerk by greatly increasing the number of re
ports records samples labels etc
DISTRIBUTION OF SEEDS
During the fall of 1887 I distributed only a few garden seeds I
am now preparing and shipping chiefly to organized clubs through
out the State the following varieties and qualities of seeds
Peas American Wonder12 bus 3000 packages
Beans Improved Valentine10 3000
Cabbage Early Winingstadt
47 lbs 3000
Buncombe
Onions White47 3 000
Collards True Ga White47 3000
Tomatoes Livingstons Perfection47 3000
Cucumbers Kivia and Boston Pickling 47 3000
Mustard So Giant curled47 3000
Beets Eclipse94 3000
Okra White Velvet94 3 000
Turnips Early White Dutch94 3000
Pumpkins Cheese94 3000
Watermelon Jones Jumbo100 3500
36ADDRESS TO STATE AGRICULTURAL CONVENTION
11
Cantaloupe Nutmeg94 lbs 3000 packages
Kaffir Corn 5 bush 640
Spanish Peanuts25 800
Corn Tennessee White20 2560
Cotton Jones Improved Early Prolific
Herlong 125 2500
Tobacco Sterling 5 lbs 400
Big Havana5 400
Yellow Oronoco 5 400
Total 197 bushels and 867 pounds divided into 50200 packages
I am more and more impressed with the value of the judicious
purchase and distribution of seeds It is one of the features of the
Department work which impresses its value at once on individuals
It is not my idea to send out seeds simply as a gratuity or to turn
my office into a free seed store With some few exceptions the
seed selected are of choice new or improved varieties that are not
yet generally sold in the seed stores
The chiefbenefit is expected from the introduction and distribu
tion of new species as well as varieties of field seeds
I flatter myself that in this respect the Department has done a
very valuable work for the farmers in the last four or five years It
is especially gratifying to note the appreciation shown by farmers
all over the State of the great value of Spanish peanuts not to
mention Kaffir corn both of which were brought to their notice by
distribution of the seed and the publication of results by this De
partment
The supplemental report of the Department published early in
January is especially rich in reports of results of seeds tested
If my time were not so limited and were I not fearful of weary
ing your patience I might touch upon other subjects of general or
special interest but I forbear
I thank you for your patient hearing on this occasion and for the
uniform encouragement and generous support you as a society have
given me in the discharge of my duties lam quite sure my head and
heart are entirely enlisted in the effort to aid you in every means in
my power
3731Special Circular No 69
New Series
QUESTIONS FOR MAY CROP REPORT 1
RETURNABLE MAY 1st 1888
Department of Agriculture
Atlanta Ga April 18 1
Dear SiEPlease answer the following questions and mail promptly so as to reach this
office by the first day of May
AN AVERAGE CROP or AVERAGE CONDITION or anything
with which comparison is made is always taken as 100 Thus if the
corn crop at any time is 10 per cent better than last year or 10 per cent
better than an average it should be reported as 110 m each case and if
10 per cent below these standards it should be 90 Never report 10
Per cent better or 10 per cent worse but 110 or 90 as the case
maybe Avoid vague comparisons such as some better hardly so
good above an average etc
in making up your answers let them apply to the whole county in which you reside or as
fa ta every direction as your knowledge may extend not simply to your oumfarm
fa crop about which questions are asked is not grown in your county use the character X
If you Ze not sufficient data to make an approximate estimate lea the space blank
11 juu u Very respectfully
1 T HENDERSON
Commissioner of Agriculture
County
I For what county do you report
II Your name
III Your postoffice
39DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORCUA
CORN
Acreage compared to that of last year
2 Condition and prospect compared to an average of 5 year
per cent
per cent
OATR
3 Acreage compared to that of last yearpercent
4 Condition and prospect compared to an average of 5 yearsper cent
5 What percent of the crop now standing was sown last fallper cent
WHEAT
G Acreage compared to that of last year
7 Condition and prospect compared to an average
per cent
per cent
COTTON
8 Acreage compared to that of last year
9 Condition and prospect compared to an average of 5 years
10 How much earlier orlater than usual Earlierdays Later
11 What per cent of the crop is up
12 What is the stand compared to a good stand
per cent
percent
days
per cent
per cent
SUGAR CANE
13 Acreage compared to that of last year
14 Stand compared to an average of five years
percent
per cent
RICE
15 Acreage in low land rice compared to that of last year
40
per centQUESTIONS FOR MAY CBP REPORT
SQRGHUM
16 Acreage compared to that of last yearper cent
CLOVER AND GRASSES
17 Acreage in clover and grasses compared to that of last yearper cent
18 Condition and prospects compared to au average of five yearsper cent
FRUIT
19 What per cent of full crop of peaches has escaped frostper cent
20 What per cent of a full crop of apples has set per cent
21 What per cent of a full crop of pears has setpercent
22 What is the grape prospect compared to an averageper cent
STOCK
23 Condition of sheep compared to lust yearper cent
21 Condition of work stock compared to last yearper cent
25 Number of hogs of all ages compared to last yearpercent
26 What diseases if any have affected stock this spring
SUPPLIES
27 What is the cash price per bushel for corn May 1stcents
28 What is the credit price per bushel at the same datecents
29 What percent of a full supply of corn is now on handpercent
3J What per cent of a full supply of hay is now on handper cent
41DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
REMARKS
Sign name here
42CIRCULAR No 104
New Series
CROP REPORT
FOR THE MONTH OF MAY 1888
SHOWING
THE ACREAGE AND CONDITION OF GROWING CROPS
THE FIRST OF MAY AND OTHER MATTERS
RELATING TO AGRICULTURE IN GEORGIA
Comraissioaer
ATLANTA GEORGIA
Constitution Publishing Company
1887
mCircular No 104
New Series
CROP REPORT
FOE THE MONTH OF MAY 1888
Returned to the Department op Agriculture May 1 1888
Department op Agriculture
Atlanta Ga May 8 1888
GENERAL REMARKS
The areas condition and prospect of crops and the general con
dition of the farming interests of Georgia as herein given are
based on reports from correspondents in nearly every county re
turned to this office about May 1
Returns from counties having inferior mail facilities were gen
erally made out and mailed during the last few days of April
There have been no reports of changes in the weather condition
however and this report therefore may be accepted as represent
ing the general condition of the crops on the 1st day of May and
even later in the month
THE WEATHER CONDITIONS
The rains during March and the early days of April were very
heavy and damaging in their effect on the soil arresting and
seriously delaying the work of preparation and planting of corn
and leaving the land in bad condition for plowing After the
heavy rains ceased dry weather set in and continued throughout
the month of April Much of the land that had been prepared
for planting required replowing Very soon the soil became so
454 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
hard from the heavy rains and succeeding drouth that it was
almost impossible to properly prepare it and where planting
was practicable the want of moisture has prevented germination
A careful reading of the Notes from Correspondbnts will give
a better idea of the general condition of the crops than can be
imparted in a few general comments
CORN
An increase of one per cent in the State at large is reported as
compared with the acreage last year every section showing a
small increase excepting Southwest Georgia On account of the
heavy rains in March succeeded by dry weather in April the
condition of the plant is four per cent below an average there
being but little difference in the condition throughout the State
The stand is fully equal to an average and the crop needs only
genial sunshine and rains to bring it up to a full average condi
tion
OATS
A very small reduction in acreage is reported as compared with
the acreage of the last crop the percentage of fall sown being 39
per cent of the whole against 32 per cent fall sown in 188687
and 16 per cent in 188586 The prospect is 5 per cent below
an average with weather conditions very unfavorable on May 1
In some counties where the greater part of the crop is fall sown
the prospect is much better than average
WHEAT
The acreage in wheat is gradually decreasing The condition of
the crop is not so good as it was one month ago with few excep
tions Eust is reported in many localities notwithstanding the
dry cool weatherwhich is considered to be unfavorable to the
development of this fungus Eain and warm weather now would
probably greatly promote the spread of this pest
COTTON
There is no increase in the acreage devoted to cotton The
conditions have been quite unfavorable for securing good stands
and only fifty per cent of the area already planted and to be
planted is now up Owing to bad weather the planting is
46MAY CROP REPORT1888
generally later than usual by several days taking the whole State
though somewhat earlier in North Georgia This refers to the
portion of the crop already planted much of which is yet to come
up Practically it may be considered that but onehalf the crop
was planted up to May 1 since fully onehalf was either not
planted or the ground was too dry to germinate the seeds The
reported general condition90 compared with an average con
ditionmust be considered as higher than the truth and the dis
crepancy will increase until more favorable seasons set in On
the whole the condition and prospects of the cotton crop is unsat
isfactory if not decidedly discouraging
SUGAR CANE AND EICE
A decided increase in the acreage of the sugar cane crop is re
ported being 106 as compared with last year The area in North
Georgia though an increase of 20 per cent is reported is still so
small that it is not taken into the account in calculating the acre
age for the State
The condition of the crop is 99 as compared with an average
Eice shows a reduction in acreage especially in the rice region
proper This may be improved by later sowings as the high
waters have greatly delayed operations in many places
CLOVER AND GRASSES
There is quite an awakening of interest in the subject of grass
culture especially in Middle and Southwest Georgia This is
manifested in a greater inquiry for information in regard to
grasses suitable for permanent pastures and meadows Attention
heretofore in the sections named has been chiefly directed to for
age plants or those intended for green soiling purposes and usually
planted in small rich lots around the barnyard A revival of in
terest in lucerne or alfalfa is one of the results of its introduc
tion of late years into the North Lucerne has been grown in a
small way in all parts of the South for forty years and its value
for green soiling and hay has been well known to most intelligent
farmers for many years
FRUIT
The reports show that the peach crop will be almost a complete
failure in many counties no section giving a higher condition
476 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
than 38 per cent of a crop The sections best adapted to peaches
and which usually produce much the larger yields show the great
est injury from the cold The young fruit continues to drop from
the trees and it is probable that the yield of the entire State will
be less than onefiith of a full crop Pears and apples are in
much better condition the first promising possibly onethird of
of a crop and the second onehalf a crop Grapes as usual
are practically uninjured by cold as they bloom much later and
give promise of a full crop though somewhat later than usual
STOCK
The general condition of work animals is rather better than
usual the figures being 101 as compared with last year Cholera
among hogs is reported in many counties but the disease is not
so generally violent and the stock of hogs averages 100 in con
dition and numbers
SUPPLIES
There is quite an increase in both the cash and credit prices of
corn May 1 as compared with the same date last year In 1887
May 1 the average cash price throughout the State was 68 cents
the credit price 92 cents May 1 1888 the cash price was 79
cents the credit price 98 cents Last year the credit price was
353 per cent greater than the cash price this year the credit
price is 25 per cent greater than the cash price The average
length of credit is about five months which gives 5 per centum
per month or 60 per centum per annum as the price farmers pay
for credit on one of the staple farm productions
48CONSOLIDATED CROP REPORT FOR MAY 1888BY SECTIONS
SECTIONS
c North Georgia
Middle Georgia
Southwest Georgia
East Georgia
Southeast Georgia
Average for the State
Oate
40
Wheat
Be
Cotton
9
2 5 CD
so 03
s s
s
a s
C 33
5

Sugar
Cane
Rice
Sor
gum
ftOJ
si
55
102
97
105
Clover
and
Grasses
Fruit
Stock
Supplies
c x3
Z p
101
5
c
CO
5 S3
33
6 3
H O
0
D o3
aw
p
105
95
99
102
97
100
85
97
101
105
101
98

a
o
W
c
K
I8 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
THE FARMERS ALLIANCE
This new organization for the benefit of farmers is meeting
with perhaps greater favor than any similar institution that has
ever existed The rapid growth and immense popularity of the
Alliance is evidence of an almost universal sentiment among
farmers that some concerted action must be taken to reassert and
maintain their independence and to defend themselves against
monopoly and extortion As a means of disseminating informa
tion encouraging home independence and selfreliance of resis
tance to extortion and of concerted action in all matters of ffeneral
interest to the agriculture of the country this organization prom
ises to be of immense benefit In view of the past history of
similar cooperative movements it behooves the intelligent lead
ing members to steer as wide as possible of the dangers that beset
all such efforts Farmers should remember that there is more
promise of good results and practical benefit to themselves from
changes that may be effected in their own systems and methods
than from efforts made to change the methods of others
It is true that farmers as a class have been for years between
the upper and nether millstones and the pressure of the grinding
has generally been severe It is hoping against hopeagainst
uniform experienceagainst human natureto expect to reduce
areas in one crop and increase areas in another by mere force of
resolutions and pledges There must be a conviction upon the
mind of each individual farmer that a particular plan of action or
radical change of system is the best for himregardless of what
others may do The safe and wise course for any farmer to pur
sue is that which does not depend for success upon an unenforced
and unenforcible cooperation on the part of others
It will be the pleasure of the Commissioner to cooperate with
the new organization in all practical efforts to advance the inter
ests of our common agriculture and to build up anew the inde
pendence and prosperity of the farmers of Georgia
THE IMMIGRATION MOVEMENT
The attention of farmers and real estate owners is invited to
the efforts now being made to induce immigration into the State
50MAY CROP REPORT1888
The Central Railroad in connection with the State Agricultural
Society has recently established a Bureau of Immigration for
the purpose of disseminating throughout the North and West
reliable information concerning the climate soil field crops min
erals woods etc of Georgia The aim is to induce parties from
those sections to visit our State purchase our unoccupied or sur
plus lands and settle among us and aid in developing our resources
and building up the material interests of the State Under the
charge of Mr W L Glessner the Central Railroad Company
about midsummer will send a special car loaded with illustrative
samples and specimens of crops minerals woods etc to the
saveral State and District Fairs of the North and West The car
will be a miniature of Georgia as far as practicable During his
trip Mr Glessner will organize excursion parties to visit our State
Fair to which those who will have become interested by the
necessarily partial and imcomplete car exhibits will come to see
an enlarged edition of the objective illustration Arrangements
will be made with the several railroads of the State to give merely
nominal rates of transportation on farm products and samples of
natural resources for exhibition at the State Fair in October
Hon W J Northen President of the State Agricultural Society
of Georgia has been very active and effective in his efforts thus
far to secure the cooperation of the Central Railroad Company
and will continue to devote a large part of his time and energies
to the accomplishment of the objects in view The farmers of
Georgia and the real estate owners generally will be the chief
beneficiaries of this enterprise Its direct and only object is to
build up the material interests of the State by increasing the
demand for farms and enhancing their market value increasing
our population and thereby adding new life and energy to our
labors The farmers throughout the State should give their
hearty and active cooperation as individuals and as organized
clubs and County Societies to the enterprise Every one should
feel that he has a duty to perform and resolve to perform it The
time is propitious the occasion is opportune the enterprise is in
the hands of those who are vitally and directly interested in pro
moting the agricultural interests of Georgia Let every indi
vidual at once formulate his plans for cooperative effort in this
direction let every farmers club at once initiate and organize
efforts to illustrate their section and county at the State Fair
The Commissioner is in hearty sympathy with the movement
and will give it all the aid in his power
5110 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
NOTES FEOM CORRESPONDENTS
NORTH GEORGIA
BanksFarmers are working harder fertilizing better and using better
tools this spring than formerly and the idea seems to be prevalent that the
farmer must and will get out of debt this year I hope they all will
D H P Garrison
Catoosa and WalkerI live on the line and cultivate land in both coun
ties Dry for three weeks Very wet all the winter up to that time Oats at
present very unpromising Too dry for corn or cotton to come up well Fruit
almost a total failure The soil not in good plight for a full crop A I Lbkt
CatoosaNo rain in parts of the county since the 9th of the month
needing rain badly clover and grass will be short from present appearances
as well as spring oats Three frosts in this monththe one on 18th unusually
heavy for time of year Clover fields looked white with it
John LS Henderson
ChattoogaWe have three weeks drouth at present that has injured
clover grass and oats I noticed some rust on the blades of the wheat although
I have seen good wheat with the blades entirely destroyed by rust Cotton
will not come up until it rains ground hard and some cannot be broken
J J P Henry
Cotton planting about over but too dry to come up well Corn planting
not over yet Wheat looking well oats sorry Farmers are preparing their
land better than usual This is one of the secrets of farmingprepare before
planting No trouble to make a crop it the land is prepared well
W F Tapp
Too early yet to make any report on Rorghum The continued rains in
early part of April have put cotton about ten days late Stock seems to be in
good condition No sickness No corn is selling on time Everybody seems
to be supplied D Wheeler
DadeThe spring has opened very early and horses and cattle are living
well on the range Farmers cheerful Hogs came through the winter in line
condition Oats are suffering for want of rain Gardens were never more
promising and there is a tendency to improved methods of gardening
J W Bryan
Farmers are rather late frost 27th and 28th The freshets the 9th and
10th of this month did considerable damage to bottom and hillside land I
believe the farmers of Dade are in better condition to begin their crops than
at any time for the last five years Stock in good condition and enough sup
plies to make their crops and not much in debt G A R Bible
52MAY CROP REPORT1888
11
DawsonCrops of all kinds are at least ten days late owing largely to the
effect of the heavy freshet especially on bottom lands Cotton is not up
enough to tell with any degree of certainty as to the stands We have been
having some frosts that would have injured it if it had been up
P J Clarke
FanninWe have had some very cold weather and it has killed most all
of the peaches and over half of the apples Samuel Higdon
Farmers are well up with their work and every kind of crop raised in
this county bids fair to make an average crop W J Witt
FloydI never saw wheat more promising The Grazing Oats are all
right and a full stand on the ground The Rust Proof Oats were badly killed
out by the cold and there is not a fourth left on the ground in some places
nearly all killed out I am fully satisfied that the rust proof is not adapted to
this chimate It will not stand cold or drouth What we want is a hardy oat
No doubt there is an oat more prolific than the grazing oat and equally as
hardy as the grazing oat if we knew where to get it What Georgia
wants is a hardy prolific oat John H Dent
Farmers are generally in better condition than for several years past
Thos N Pinson
Clover and grasses on uplands are very fine and but for the drowning
out on river bottoms would have been increased 50 per cent more
Felix Corput
ForsythFrom all indications we will do well with our crops in this
county this year The farmers are exerting all their energies and we think if
seasons are favorable their efforts will be crowned with success We are much
earlier getting through planting this year than common T L Sims
FranklinConsidering how much it has rained this winter the farmers
are progressing finely J B D MoWhorter
All the early planted cotton was damaged by frost on the 20th and 21st of
this month Some fields had to be planted over All that was up was badly
damaged The corn crop is not materially hurt J R Sewell
GilmerCorn is not yet up enough to say what the stand will be Wheat
and rye is ten days earlier than average The February sowing of oats was
badly frozen out Very little cotton planted in the county More grass
sowed this spring than usual N L Osborn
GordonUp to the heavy rains about the 1st of April wheat was unu
sually fine Good stands On overflowed lands the heat was ruined The
crop looked well until recently Rust has appeared on the blades if it attacks
the staik at so early date the crop will be ruined O H Davis
Fall oats badly hurt spring oats very small on account of dry weather
Wheat looking unusually well on manured lands and is now blooming Some
53
12
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
rust in flat places Some peach trees have as much fruit as they ought to
have Pears apples and cherries and plums are short A Roff
GwinnettA large average has been sown in oatsabove an averagea
considerable amount of the February sowing haviDg beed killed out by freez
ing the early and late sown have escaped and are looking well Farmers are
buying more commercial fertilizers than ever before which is certainly a mis
take Farmers should never purchase more fertilizers than they can judi
ciously handle in an ordinary season J M Pool
Last two weeks dry weather has been very favorable to fetch the crops
Some farmers having neglected to break stalk lands cannot now plow on
account of the land being so hard Hence they cant plant until it rains
J W Baxter
HabershamWe had a considerable frost on the night of the 20th and it
is with uncertainty that I make the report of the fruit crop Beans and peas
together with cotton that is up are looking very unsatisfactory on account of
the recent cold snap Hogs are in the finest condition that I have ever seen
them at this season of the year L J Btjsha
HaralsonThere is some rust on wheat confined to the blade at present
though it is feared that the crop will be seriously affected as it has made its
appearance so early H T Reid
We find cotton in this section does better not planted very early
R D Latham
There was but little wheat sown last fall The acreage in oats is greater
by a considerable amount than last year but the cold has injured the uplands
and the rains have almost ruined the lowlands J W Biqgers
HartOwing to a freshet on the 8th of August all corn crops on lowlands
were destroyed leaving the farms having bottom lands upon which the corn
was principally made with not more than 25 per cent of the usual supply
while the upland farms made fully 100 per cent B B Parker
JacksonFarmers generally are better up with their work than usual in
good spirits Had it not been for the freshet last August Jackson county
would have been doubly supplied with corn Many farmers have gone to
work to save their lands from washing which is one of the secrets of the
future prosperity T S Johnson
Negro labor becomes more uncertain every year which is very discourag
ing to farmers White labor is better The Farmers Alliance has encouraged
white labor and don much good by advocating intensive farming and making
farms selfsustaining J T Rogers
MadisonVery cool for the season some frost last week and killed some
cotton that was up but time enough to plant over Wheat looks fine so do
oatsboth spring and fall Farmers Alliance is rapidly taking in this county
Hurrak for the farmers J T Patten
54MAY CROP REPORT1888
MurkayMuch of the cotton crop is not yet up nor is all yet planted
early planting is well ud and looks promising There has not been a general
rain during the month of April and the farmers are not done planting corn as
much of the lowland is yet too hard for breaking H Heartsill
PatjldingFarmers generally are in better condition than they have
been for neveral years They are less in debt and buying but little on the
credit system The Farmers Alliance is doing good in this county It
encourages industry and economy among its members the raising of their own
supplies and to keep out of debt T J Owen
The farmers are more determined to keep out of debt this year than ever
before While there is no material change in the area planted in corn and
cotton we will owe less this fall than any fall in ten years Threefourths of
the farmers have joined the Alliance and all seem to be hopeful of the future
We are determined to make our farms selfsustaining and be a free people
Beni T Dkakk
The farmers are somewhat behind with their work not through planting
yet The oat crop was badly damaged by the freezes and freshets The
farmers are not going in debt as usual The peach crop seemed to suffer most
on high open elevations on account of heavy winds
P P McBrayer
PickensAll crops except corn and cotton are suffering from three weeks
drouth 1 Less of debt or store credit 2 Less of phosphates and more
guano 3 A more than average supply of roughage saved last year and a
better condition of stock than usual We want more spelling books and fewer
shot guns more sheep and fewer dogs B F Reed
This county is in good condition people in good spirits and county rising
gradually L J Allrkd
The spring has come on very early though we have had several white
frosts from the middle of April up to the 24th day but with little damage to
stuff E R Allred
PolkTwo light irosts last week together with several very cool days and
nights injured cottonto what extent I am unable to say Young vegetables
potato slips etc were hurt not seriously except on high land The fruit
crop will be an almost ttal failure Jno O Waddell
RabunOwing to the very wet weather in March farmers are behind
with their crops it will be the 10th of May before the majority will finish
planting We have fine weather now and the farmers are making good use of
the time We haye had light frosts for the last four mornings
F A Bleckley
TownsOwing to the heavy mast last fall our hogs are still fat in the
mountains and the increase has been wonderful No disease among the hogs
55
14
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
The hay and fodder will not near be consumed this season and we have a good
deal of corn to spare yet M J Brown
WalkerToo dry for oats and clover Too soon for other crops to be suf
fering yet as corn and cotton is just earning up J J Broyles
Early planted corn leoks well stand not very good Heavy rains the
last of March have caused lands to bake very much No cotton up nr will
be until we have rain Have had about three weeks drought and some are
unable to finish planting cotton J A Clements
The winter has been mild stock of all sorts come through in good condi
tion The spring has been earlier than usual but heavy rains have retarded
farming operations Cotton is not yet planted but will be in a few days
Compost in larger quantities per acre has been more generally used than ever
before J T Wood
WhiteHardly any cotton up in White county some rust on wheat no
rain for three weeks C H Kytle
Hurds grass blue grass and red clover grows splendidly in this section I
am trying Johnsons grass think it will do well For several years the winters
have been too severe for fall sowing of oats and the man that sows wheat on
good land from 15th of August to 10th of September is sure of an average
crop Had no hog cholera for three years F L Densmore
WhttfieldFor ten days too dry for breaking land This has prevented
cotton and corn already planted from coming up Farm work much behind
for the time of year
MIDDLE GEORGIA
BaldwinWe have had so many heavy rains this season that the ground is
packed and farmers are ton days late It is very dry and windy at this time
Rye is looking well but has the rust May wheat is headed out but very low
and small heads and has the rust Since prohibition went into effect in this
county hands work until Saturday night and their stock is greatly improved
H C Vinson
BiBisCondition of all crops is low from the want of rain Should seasons
come in the course of ten days the estimate would immediately rise to an
average in all plowed crops Threefourths of the oat crop is springsown and
is just now beginning to boot and is suffering from the lack of moisture But
as stated there is time enough yet Prospect generally favorable
W D H Johnson
The unusually havy rains of last March did great damage set us back
in planting caused land to bake Stands of corn rather poor but looking
well Would like to get a little flour corn seed if department has any on hand
B T Rat
No seeds of any kind on handCommr
56MAY CROP REPORT1888
15
ButtsWheat crop is looking promising Fall oats are a success this time
Spring oats are looking well but need rain at this time Our farmers are
economizing koth their time and means and trying to make their farms self
sustaining All in all the farmers are at least twentyfive per cent better off
than they were last year this time H C Thaxton
ButtsWe all belong to the Alliance in this section and think it a good
thing and will accomplish much good if we all dont get in too big a hurry
open our doors too wide and mix too many things with it We still keep up
our club also We ought to keep all designing men out of the Alliance if
possible so do not be in too big a hurry for members brothers of the Alliance
T G Preston

CampbellThe unprecedented cold and rains caused farmers to be behind
in preparing their land for planting A good deal not broke up yet and is
now so hard it cant be plowed We have had no rain in part of the county
for three weeks On the whole the prospects for all crops are exceedingly
gloomy J s Dodd
Crops both corn and cotton are in fine fix wheat looks well oats need
rain stock generally in good condition Farmers cheerful and the Alliance
booming p h Steed
Farmers are generally behind with their work The spring so far has been
very wet and unfavorable for farm work Cotton planting was earlier in con
sequence of the bottoms not being in a condition to prepare for planting corn
hence they had to devote their time to the cotton lands almost entirely The
late cool weather has been injurious to cotton The present outlook is not Yery
favorable J J Beall
Farmers are generally worse behind than common on account of contin
ued rains I think the farmers are taking more interest in raising their sup
plies than formerly Here is a great point for the Farmers Alliance to con
sider Raise their supplies at home and keep them on the farm Dont cut a
stick for the merchant and then grumble because he cracks your head with it
Henry N Cochran
CarrollDry and
injures that already up
cool weather prevents cotton from coming up and
Wheat is looking well Labor scarce
H A McDaxiel
ClarkeThe farmers are in the same rut but little change in area and in
planting If they could hit one good crop hundreds would change their
mode and style of planting but the load debt they are carrying prevents
any change now R T Pittarb
ClaytonI never knew cotton planting so late but the farmers have got
their land in good condition before planting The oat crop is very promising
wheat is good but not much sown The farmers are making a greater effort
to raise plenty of home supplies W P Jones
57
16
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
ColumbiaLand so very dry cotton cannot come up and so hard that corn
cannot be worked Prospect for farmers gloomy If it does not rain very
soon oats and wheat will be a total failure S C Lamkin
We are in the midst of a severe drought Many have not finished prepar
ing land for cotton and bottom land for corn Uplands do not come up
and oats are in a critical condition There is great depression among planters
J A Walton
It is unusually dry for this season of the year as it has been three weeks
since rain with no prospect of any Cotton planted April first is up with a
fair stand but not doing well as the nights have been very cold with three
successive frosts The greater part ot the crop is not up and will not be until
we have rain The crop of spring oats is a failure M I Branch
CowktaThe prospects of the farming class are not to say very bright
yet we live in hopes of a better time coming The farmers are organizing t
protect themselves endeavoring to show to the world that we can work
together to accomplish the ends we desire W A Smith
DeKalbThe weather is quite dry at this writing May 2 and will very
much endanger the prospect of a stand of late planted cotton we cannot get a
stand on our late planting until it rains The early planting is up but the
weather has been cold with slight frost and it is not looking well There is
generally a good stand of corn Wheat and oats came through the winter
without being injured but they are needing rain very much and this is a very
critical time with them T J Flake
The farmers are behind owing to so much rain in the early spring but
they have about finished planting The cool mornings are making corn and
cotton look badly but the stand is good There is some rust in wheat though
not general yet W H Carter
DouglasCotton planted late not much up yet The farmers are ten
days later this spring than common But few of my neighbors have used any
guano this year Wheat looking well oats looking well first sowing killed
out some by the cold Peaches scattering apples very good prospect also
grapes Prospects favorable Corn good stand up B H Phillips
ElbertFruit of ail kinds doing well Never saw peaches as fine at this
time of the year B H Heard
It is very dry at present and if we dont get rain soon it will cut oft
wheat and oats considerably especially spring oats There are a good many
that have not finished planting cotton yet owing to the land getting so hard
thejT cannot prepare it D M Carlton
FayetteOwing to the wet spring farmers are generally behind with their
farm work The cool weather prevents cotton from coming up well
F D HlTKLL
68MAY CROP REPORTli
17
The present cold winds not very favorable to cotton coming up Corn
looking well Spring oats doing very well on the whole outlook favorable
for farming interests Labor scarce because of the demand for hands on rail
road More attention given this spring to clover German millet Kaffir corn
and the grasses IsAAC G WooLSEY
GreeneRye is injured by the rust wheat has taken it oats are looking
well and with suitable seasons a bountiful supply will be harvested We are
needing rain No bottom land corn planted yet What was planted will be
planted over owing to the heavy rains Aug N Asbury
HancockRain greatly needed Oats will be injured materially if it does
not come soon John Turner
HarrisThe two conditions most essential to the quick germination and
healthy growth of cropswarmth and moisturehave been absent during the
greater part of April No rain having fallen here since the 10th hence the
low percentage in the present condition and prospect of crops Pastures also
are rapidly failing and with the stock law in force stock are suffering On a
petition of a few individuals the last Legislature arbitrarily put the stock law
in force in this Cataula and two adjoining districts regardless of the interests
and wishes of a majority of the people benefiting to this extent the Chicago
pork packers and lard refiners more than the common farmers of this section
of the country Where such unjust and inopportune measures will benefit one
inhabitant it will damage ten The stock law means no stock for the landless
J B Pate
The spring opened backward with us Then too much rain for a few days
after which we have been very dry I think the peach and apple crops will
be a complete failure Mr Cashley who is a dear lover of peach juice says
he dont think we ever will have another good crop of fruit until the Infernal
Revenue is taken off of peach brandy He may prove to be a prophet
P H Jr
HeardWe had a great deal of rain up to the 25th of March and it got
the farmers behind Since dry weather they have pushed their work and now
are fully up The weather is very dry and cotton cant come up until it rains
J C Brewer
HenryLight frost April 22d 23d and 25th on low lands but very little
damage done to growing crops The stand of corn was never better no replant
inS t0 ao Jas A C WYnn
JonesCondition of all grain crops good except that we are needing rain
The planting of cotton is at least ten days behind and much that is planted
cannot come up until it rains j w Haskins
Dry and red land too hard to plow Farmers are getting at a standstill
without rain The hard dashing rains packed the land in the early part of
5918
DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
April and it has continued so dry that the plow cannot he made availahle in
such lands So serious damage yet if rain should come in a short time
R T Ross
LincolnIn consequence of excess of rain from January to April 10th
farmers are generally backward in putting their crops in the ground Not
more than 33 per cent of the cotton crop has been planted this 20th and but
a small per cent of corn on bottom land We are needing rain at this time to
enable us to prepare our lands and to bring up the seed J M Dill
Cold rains of March and dry cold winds have retarded farming Ground
now packed too hard to plow Peaches still continue to fall off but still much
better prospect than last year All other fruit seems to be doing well though
too cool and dry Strawberries especially are doing fine Commercial manures
have been more in demand than usual especially those for composting which
well Farmers are very hopeful though small grain is threatened with
N A Crawford
We are in the midst of a drouth of about four weeks Only
Ten davs of cool nights have been damaging to
argues
rust
planted
The dry weather is inr
McDuefie
the early planted cotton up
the young crops Spring sown oats are very poor and will bo a failure unless
rain falls in a few days Much of the red lands hard and not prepared or
Fall oats are good H McCorkle
iproving the oat crop materially Prospects flatter
ing forrain at this writing 30th More cotton yet to plant than I ever saw
before at this season of the year A E Sturqis
MonroeA drouth of five weeks has retarded the coming up of cotton and
injured the oat crop Inconvenience in having wheat thrashed and ground
has nearlv caused its abandonment in portions of the county In the last seven
years 75 per cent of the peach trees have died of the yellow blight All san
guine along the banks of the Ocmulgee K C Taylor
The terrible rains in March delayed farmers two weeks and packed the
ground making thorough plowing an impossibility Little or no cotton plant
ed before loth of April caused by March floods All bottom corn gone four
weeks without rain More attention given to stock and provision crops than
heretofore GuY Taylok
We are in the midst of the usual spring drought having had no rain since
the freshet about April 1st Lands are becoming very hard and a number of
farmers are behind and will be behind when Gabriel blows his horn
E B Taylor
MorganWhile there is fifteen or twenty per cent of peaches yet on the
trees I dont think we will have but very little good fruit It will be faulty
and lull of gum Farmers are buying less with the exception of guano and
working harder than I ever saw them J T Newton
60MAT CROP REPORTU
19
Cotton has been damaged by cold very much in last ten days There is
more or less rust in wheat G S Hanlietbr
NewtonThe prospect for cotton has not been so bad since I began farm
ing The very late spring and excessive rain has left the ground in a very
bad condition The cotton does not come up and is quite unhealthy where up
The continual rains seems to have damaged the stalk of wheat and many fields
are heading out very low and yellow from ground up with very short heads
Please urge the planting of wheat field in corn by cutting off the wheat when
in the dough for the stock thus utilizing the poor wheat and increasing the
bread crP L P Livingston
A large crop of watermelons etc large crop of peanuts planted potatoe
slips ready for planting when it rains gardens flourishing and all hands
pushing More fertilizers by 25 to 30 per cent than I have ever known used
ths season T A Walkek
OolethorpeWheat has some rust The present drouth will no doubt
check the rust but is otherwise injurious to small grain crops
C A Stevens
The fruit crop will probably be considerably affected by the cold spell
about the last full moon The excessive rains in March and up to the middle
of April threw the farmers back and made them look blue They are now
about up and look cheerful jAMES j Gkm
PikeJust at this time we are in the midst of what may prove a very
serious drought Up to a few days ago the prospect for small grain was more
flattering than for the last four years The wheat will be damaged bv the dry
weather The oat crop will be almost a failure unless we have rain soon A
great deal of the cotton will not come up without rain so that next months
report may be very materially changed for the better or worse So far the
corn has started off unusually promising Ground hard dry and cloddy
E W Rose
Our people have bught more guano than was ever known before giving
money notes at from 25 to 28 dollars per ton All farmers seem to have
plenty of hands who are doing well so far Our prospects are good in every
way except we buy too much on time at ruinous prices The Alliance can
not help we need a law to make men pay their debts and we would buy
3 S Williams
RocKDALEThe condition of all crops planted so far is very good as our
farmers have pushed their work and have their ground in fine tilth Oats have
been killed more or less on all farms and the stand is not so good as it should
be but at this time is looking well All Sand pears have been killed and I
think they bloom too early for this section of the State
Patrick H White
The late preparation of cotton lands has been the main cause why cotton
will not compare to an average with last year being too dry for it to come up
6120 DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
Reaches as well as other fruit will be light owing to the heavy frost while in
John B Keen
bloom
Owing to the high winds that have been blowing for the last ten days and
cold nights cotton is coming up very slow There being a crust foimed on
the top the early crop will not come up till it rains Corn is looking well the
wheat ciop looks fine where it was well prepared Frost on the morning of
the 25th J S Albert
TaliaferroFarming operations have been greatly retarded during the
past week in consequence of the dry weather which has followed the excessive
rains in March and April Wheat and oats are very promising but need rain
Corn is looking well Cotton is very irregular seed planted last week will not
germinate until it rains Light frost on 25th and 26th instant Stock of all
kinds in normal condition Saml J Flynt
The spring has been most unpropitious for planting The first week of
March was cold but those who planted that week have fair stands of corn
thouh during the following weeks there fell floods of rain There was not
much chance to plant any more until after the first of April and the corn
planted then has not come up well We are now having a season of very dry
weather oats and wheat are suffering and it is impossible for cotton to come
Hip The outlook is not at all encouraging L L Veay
TalbotSo far the seasons are very unfavoiable this spring Cotton plant
ing not yet finished on account of the hard land from dry weather cotton not
yet all up Corn looks very well with good stands now receiving its first
working but cant be done as it ought to be Oats are poor for want of rain
t4 i t ot S A Freeman
but not too late yet
TR0UPVery little rain fell during April The entire rainfall during the
month was only 125 inch Very little cotton has yet come up All small
grains suffering for rain Stands of corn quite good H H Cary M D
tjPSOnFall oats did well and are fine only ten per cent of a crop sown
Too dry for the wheat after such hard beating rain with no April showers
Cotton is also troubled from some causecant come through the crust caused
by usino too much turn plows in spring Increased interest in sorghum suf
fering very much for rain T J Middlebrooks
WaltonNeeding rain to make cotton come up twothirds of crop can
not come out until it does rain Heay rains since planting corn has caused
land to bake and first working will necessarily be imperfect Rust has made
its appearance on wheat though slightly as yet Farmers rather gloomy over
the dry weather and cotton not up J M Gresham
WarrenWe are in a three weeks drouth Oats are suftering for rain
Cotton cannot come up until it rains The farms are almost at a stand still
owine to dry weather and hard land Onethird of cotton crop not planted
6 D W Rogers
62MAY CROP REPORT1888
21
Most of the farmers are diversifying their crops The planters all go fpr
cotton and guano Wheat nearly abandoned and putting in more oats Hog
prospect good Horses and mules in good condition Very dry and cold
Some frost and cotton is sick
J A Shivers
SOUTHWEST GEORGIA
BakerCorn and cotton both later than last year on account of excessive
rains Oats sown in the fall are very promising One more good rain in the
course of a week would make them very heavy W L Curry
BerrienOat crop finest I think I ever saw here corn backward but
good stand and looking well where land not too low Fruit I think almost a
failure in places at least it is so around this place J J Parish
Our stock have all pulled through the winter in better condition than
usual save hogs Cholera took ofi about half our stock hogs Pears dropped
from the cold weather and very few are left peaches are all gone apples are
now in full bloom never saw them so late H T Peeples
BrooksNo rain since the first of April Oat crop almost ruined Good
stands of corn generally also of cotton where planted early Cotton is look
ing unusually well and the farmers are well up with their work as the spring
has been favorable since the first of March T W Jones
Farmers have had excellent seasons to work this spring We have had
but very little bad weather and have not been too dry Farmers generally
are better up with their work than usual for May 1st W W Wade
CalhounWe have had no general rain in about three weeks and the
late cotton is not well up Oats are needing rain badly Farmers generally
well up with their work p p Griffin
ChattahoocheeSevere rains on 26th and 27th of March since have had
but little and land is hard and dry Impossible to break land now not having
been broken before hard rains F V Schley
ColquittThe LeConte pear set early in February and was killed out
badly by the freeze in March Not more than 10 per cent of a full crop left
F G Walker
CrawfordWheat is badly rusted and spring oats will be a failure with
out rain in a few days Cotton except early planting has failed to come up
and that is dying out rapidly Stands of corn generally good on land not sub
ject to the bud worm but the plant is very small J W Dickey
DecaturThere has been purchased in this section more fertilizers than
any year previous but on much better terms What is the remedy for fleas
on chickens W B McDaniel
Hen lice or mites are probably meant by fleas Clean out nests and
roosting places and burn all litter Wash the poles and all places infested
6322 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
with kerosene oil Dust the fowls while on their roost with carbolic powder
and Persian insect powderCommissioner
Your formula for composting and mixing or making a complete Guano
has done much good to farmers saving them money Compost is extensively
used this spring and giving satisfaction Crops with compost under them are
much better than those fertilized with commercial guano Farmers are look
ing more to their interest in buying supplies I think with your valuable aid
to farmers we will succeed E A J Rich
DoolyThe heavy rains of March has thrown planters badly behind in
their farm work The cold snap of the latter part of March destroyed all of
the early varieties of peaches Cotton is looking very droopy from the recent
cool weather Simon P Odom
Our crops in this county both cotton and corn are better manured and
stands of both are better than usual In fact our crops start off with very
flattering prospects for this year Sugar cane stands fine and looking well
S W Coney
DoughertyOats that were sown in October and early in November are
made and where fertilizers were used wintersown oats are very good and one
more rain would secure a good yield Springsowed oats will be very poor
unless we get plenty of rain at once Most of the county has been without
rain for three weeks J L Doziers
EarlyOur apples are now blooming and may set a good crop We
are having a dry time although to the 19th of April the rain was more than
plentiful but we have had no gentle showers and hence the ground is crusted
and hard and makes crops look badly D M Wade
HoustonIn the western part of the county there has not been as poor a
prospect for apples and peaches in years Last year was a heavy apple crop
and this a very light crop Wm J Anderson
IrwinThere are good stands of corn and cotton on all the land that has
been planted long enough to be up The peach crop is all killed or so nearly
that it will fall off James Paulk
LeeThe cotton crop would have been still more advanced than it is up
to date but for the fact that for the past ten days the nights have been very
cool with continuous high winds during the day Corn is looking fine some
of it being plowed the second time it is now needing rain badly
R P Johnson
MaconThe corn prospect is not an average on account of the irregular
stand The bud worm is killing out a great deal of the plants Cotton is
about all planted but is not up We have had drought since 2d of April
only a few partial showers in some sections of the county Where it was
64MAY CROP REPORT1888
23
planted before the heavy rains the stand is bad The general outlook is
gloomy in the extreme Oats need rain Wheat fine but has the rust
J B Murray
MarionCorn is generally plentiful for farming purposes and some little
to spare tor nonproducers that occupy our towns and cities and up to this
time none has been imported More flour is consumed by white and black
than usual as it is cheaper or fully as cheap as meal Wheat is rusting so
is rye and oats needing rain Heavy rains have washed our lands and caused
them to bake as it never rains but it pours Geo W 0 Munro
MitchellThe quantity of rain that has fallen this season is in excess of
any year for the last five or six Farming operations were in advance ot any
year previous for several in preparation thoroughness etc but the unusual
rainfall after the first of March and for several weeks after caused farmers to
lose all that had been gained and are now a little late The several cool nights
during the last fifteen days have caused cotton to look unhealthy Crops are
generally in pretty fair condition Forward oats are extraordinary acres of
choice land making from thirty to one hundred bushels Melons now as early
as any previous year Acreage fifty per cent increase Condition of stock
never better J B Twitty
We have had an immense amount of rain during March up to 15th of
April but are needing rain now to bring up late planted cotton and early
planted field peasthe latter is being planted more extensively of late years
for hogs Farm work of all kinds is moving on all right now labor abundant
and working well Stock are in better condition than usual which we attrib
ute to the absence of whisky T R Bennett
MuscogkeThe early planted corn was damaged so badly by frost that
most of it was plowed up and replanted Early cotton has full stands late
planted is not up and needs rain Fall oats are good and a large acreage was
sown Spring oats were planted late and it will require a moist May to make
a fair crop B T Hatcher
SchleyThe farmers of our section are gradually tending toward diversi
fied farming More attention is given to stock raising and the tendency is
toward improved stock Some few thoroughbred males have been introduced
into our section and their services are very generally sought
D W Rainey
TaylorThe farming interests in this section are very much depressed
but there seems to be a determination on the part of farmers to raise a plenty
of hog and hominy this year I am running on fine stock grain and the
grasses I have Crowned Grass Kingand the Holstein cowQueen
A M Walker
The small per cent of peaches that are left are much damaged The
LeConte pear tree is blighting badly and I think it a failure in this section
The Alliance movament is helping the farmers in this county J T Adams
6524
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
ThomasFarmers as usual are still going down hill and never will build
up much until there is some way for them to get money at low rates of inter
est so that they can build their farms up and then they could turn over a new
leaf The Farmers Alliance is doing good work L H Player
Farmers well up with their work rain badly needed Oats will be cut
off onehalf if we dont have good rains within a week Daniel A Horn
WebsterWhile corn is higher this year than at the same time last year
the farmers of this county have as a rule enough to run them until corn is
ripe The peach crop is almost a total failure and no pears
T J Stapleton
WorthFarmers are badly behind on account of so much rain There is
much land not planted yet Stands of corn poor on account of so many heavy
rains The stands of cotton are good up to this time 50 per cent not up
W A Hall
EAST GEORGIA
BullochThe seasons since March 25th has been unusually fine Best
stands of cotton and corn I ever saw and crops to date April 27th in line
condition Very cool U A Sorrier
BurkeThere is a disposition to increase the acreage in cotton on account
of the improved prices All crops that are up are doing well except oats
which are small and threatened with rust The drouth now existing in this
section and following the late heavy rains is retarding very much the coming
up of the crop recently planted and has already much damaged the oat crop
I B Jones
DodgeCotton is late because of so much rain until April 10 and so dry
since that the seed cannot germinate until it rains again Hogs more plenti
ful than for several years Every one that has tried my remedy for hog
cholera is pleased with the result As soon as a hog takes cholera kill it and
burn the carcass and the disease will hardly ever spread The same is true of
chicken cholera Nicholas Rawlins
GlascockWe are having dry weather now which is doing much damage
to the oat crp which looked very promising up to middle of April rather
above an average especially the fallsown The drouth also prevents get
ting a good stand ot cotton Seaborn Kitchens
JeffersonA month since this whole county was inundated with water f
the rains being very heavy washing the land breaking milldams washing
bridges away etc At this time we are very dry Very little cotton up Oats
badly cut off Corn looks well Wheat badly injured by rust
A E Tarver
There has no rain fallen since the last week in March with the exception
ef one light showei Seventyfive per cent of the cotton crop is in the ground
66MAY CROP REPORT1888
25
and not more than 10 per cent taking the county over is up and it is now
too dry for seed to germinate with no prospect for rain at this writing
Thos Hardeman
LaitrensWe are having a serious drouth preparation and planting cot
ton considerably retarded Prepared lands badly packed by late March freshet
Commercial manure used to an excess and as we think to a very serious loss
to the farmers Horses mules meat flour and manures come lrom abroad
Alas poor farmer d T Chappell
MontgomeryHad no rain in most places this month Farmers are badly
behind in getting their lands rebroken since the freshets also in getting their
cotton planted J A Wooten
Owing to dry weather very little cotton is planted yet It is too dry to
finish planting corn The prospect of corn that is up is good Cool nights
cause the drill worm to worry us very much T P Williams
ScrevenWe are in the midst of a drouth Only about 25 per cent of
cotton is up The farmers are up if they could plant A great effort is making
to surpass former years in all products E B G
TatnallOwing to the present continued cool spell it is not safe to cal
culate on crops Should this weather continue five days longer cotton would
have to be planted over in this county Corn is looking quite feeble from the
effects of the cold J S Lanier
TelfairThe excessive rains and cold in March and then dry and
cold east winds through April has caused farmers to be late in planting crops
of all kinds Many had to plant corn a second time to get a stand Very
little cotton planted and up all are waiting for rain to plant
Wm P Williams
WashingtonCotton planting a little later than last year owing to its
being too dry to finish planting The peach crop is almost a total failure
again in consequence of the cold weather H N Hollifield
At this writing April 25th the weather is cold and dry Young cotton
just coming up is having a hard time That which has not come up will not
until it rains W A Snelling
WilkinsonCrops suffering for rain ground is so hard cannot be plowed
Twentyfive per cent of cotton not planted what has been planted within the
last ten days cannot come up until we have rain Andrew I Miller
No rain since April 10th Cotton poor stand some not planted land
not broken is too hard to plow hence poor stand Wheat has rust or mould
some fields are total failures Oats suffering for rain cant make a full crop
Jas A Mason
6726
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
SOUTHEAST GEORGIA
BryanIt is exceedingly dry about 50 per cent of the cotton crop is yet
to plant and it is now too dry to get it up without rain at an early day the
cotton crop in this section will be very backward Corn is up and generally in
good condition More guano has been bought this season than ever before
P W Williams
Every crop wants rain it is very dry There is fully onefifth or more
of the land intended for cotton either not planted or the seed have failed to
sprout for want of moisture Philip D Cory
CharltonCotton needs rain Some complain of its dying owing to
drouth Corn an average stand and looks well so far Oats if we do not get
rain soon will be light A G Gowen
ChathamThe season is backward cool nights with dry weather If it
does not rain soon the trucking business will be a failure C A J Sweat
CoffeeOwing to the dry spring the farmers are fully up with their work
Some complaint of imperfect stands both in cotton and corn Oats though
not so many sown are doing well Sugar cane though a perfect stand is not
doing well on account of the dry weather The peach crop will be almost an
entire failure Joseph Bailey
EffinghamNights too cool for young plants to grow weather extremely
dry fine time for a farmer to put his crop in good condition
Frank R Tarver
GlynnHogs have been dying in this neighborhood with a disease some
what resembling cholera They become very weak and shiver and shake in
the hot sunshine Cant some good old farmer give a receipt for same
J R Doerflinger
LibertyThe extreme dry weather has prevented a good stand of cotton
so far A J Hendry
Seeds have germinated unusually well crops generally well up and
mostly worked once It is now very dry but we have great faith in the tra
ditional rain first week in May Oats have been very fine now needing rain
My rye sown from March to February very goodthe earliest much the best
some barley planted as a test lor winter grazing seems to suffer most for
want of rain Jas A M King
The spring opened more favorable this year than usual and the farmers
who planted cotton early got a full stand Cotton planted after the 10th of
April almost failed to come up on account of the ground being too dry
J O Davis Jr
MoIntoshOur county has none of the large cotton plantations that are in
other sections of the State but what is planted is on the intensive system
68MAT CROP REPORT1888
27
Rice is the principal product and it is almost too early to tell much about the
crop as the planting has been retarded by a freshet in the Altamaha river
Geo E Atwood
PierceWe have good seasons here for the last few days fine prospects
for a good crop A L R Avant
WakeOur farmers have more life and are taking out all stumps from
their fields moving out their fences and saving some money They pay cash
for their guano and supplies Glenmore is building up with welltodo farmers
to back it planting more truck and setting out pear trees J M Steger
WayneOur farmers are doubling their energies and with good seasons
and health there will be a good harvest The continued cold winds are hard
on the cotton crop here W H Roberson
PASTUKAGE AND DAIKYING IN HOLLAND
By Prof Schatzmaxn Formerly Director of the Agricultural School at
Krentzlingen Switzerland
Translatedfrom the French by Miss E L Howard
The great difference which exists in some respects between our pastures and
those in Holland are due to difference in climate and soil The Dutchman
true to his calculating nature does not spend his money in making costly barns
to hold his forage but makes large hay stacks near his stables and thatches
them with straw This light thatch is supported by four props which can be
easily taken down or set up
Each pasture has one or two vats filled every day with fresh water where
the cattle can drink all they require On our Alps the cattle must go a long
way twice a day to be milked at the chalet so they really do not have the rest
they need In Holland the milkman rows in a light boat to the cows where
they are at pasture
It is believed that all cattle in Holland are descended from the Fresian race
which is now considered the best stock They are white with reddish grayish
greyblue and blackish spots The oldtime Dutch cow with a thin body long
tail narrow chest and awkward limbs is disappearing The animals now are
well built have round bodies and short legs Some of the peasants estimate
the milk product at three gallons to the cow while Prof Hengereld shows in
a work he published cows do not give as much milk now as they did formerly
this he attributes mainly to the poor food given the calves But to judge by
the general look of the cows they must milk well the rich pastures must have
a great deal to do towards that result
6928
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
Very seldom any cattle are kept all the year around in the stable In spite
of the common origin of the cattle it is very easy to distinguish between those
from each province It must be difference in soil climate food and manner
of care which originated and kept these distinct markings A good many
foreign cattle were introduced in the southern part of Holland but that has
now stopped for they claim their own stock is easier to feed and keep better
than young imported animals
The Dutch stables are distinguished by remarkable cleanliness The ani
mals are generally stabled in long lines with their heads turned towards each
other Behind them is the usual trench for cleanliness Back of the trench
or trough and the wall is an alley Between the heads there is sufficient room
for carrying the food The young cattle have a separate stable the calves
have an enclosure in the cow stable Instead of a bar a vertical post is placed
in the ground at the head of each animal to which are attached ropes in such
a way as to move up and down as it lies down or gets up The post is often
furnished with an iron ring to which the cow is fastened The ring can
move easily either up or down They are carefully curried every day and
rubbed down Twice a week the tails are washed and the hair cut
The tail of each cow is tied by a string which is fastened vertically to a rope
running from one end of the stable to the other Twice a day the troughs of
the stable are cleaned and washed out as well as the alley next the wall The
food is given in the most methodical manner In winter a feed of twenty
pounds of hay mixed with good straw is given twice a dayat 5 oclock in
the morning and 4 oclock in the afternoon The animals are watered at a
fountain in the same stable In sping summer and fall they are kept in the
pasture and well cared for there In many of the countries where the climate
is much milder than our Swiss climate the beasts are covered with a piece of
coarse cloth running from the withers to the root of the tail this is kept in
place by a rope passed under the stomach This it is claimed both increases
the quantity of milk and steadiness of flow Where there are no trees in the
pastures posts are planted for the cattle to rub against
The fattening animals are always in the best pastures with plenty of rubbing
posts Peasants who make a business of fattening always keep as many head
as the pasture can bear and make money at this if they select animals with
fine loose skin and hair The milk industry in Holland is in the hands of the
peasantry and is practiced differently in different provinces Cheese making
is the chief business with some and butter making most profitable with others
The most striking point of the Dutch dairying is the excessive neatness in
the buildings and in the vessels used They know their product cannot be
brought to the highest point unless cleanliness is the very soul and govern
ing principle of their industry
The milking pails are brilliantly clean and could not be made brighter Im
mediately after milking the milk is strained and carried to the dairy in various
vessels in different wayssometimes in wooden barrels by boat and sometimes
in pails hung on each end of a yoke across the shoulders As soon as received
70MAT CROP REPORT1888
29
At the house the milk is again strained and poured into receptacles for cooling
The cooling of the milk is absolutely essential in butter making so both at
the stables and at the farm are either reservoirs of water or basins of stone in
which the milk vessels are placed until the foam has entirely disappeared and
the milk has come to the same temperature as the water around the pails In
this way the souring or turning of the milk is retarded and the separation of
the cream is better done than in Switzerland where the milk is left without
straining in the warm stable and in a close atmosphere where perhaps it has
already taken all kinds of odors
The dairy is generally on the north side of the house near the kitchen and
and in a basement several feet lower than the kitchen and protected from the
heat of the sun by trees planted near Nothing is allowed near this spot that
can impart odors to the milk the flooring is of tile or brick and is kept scrup
ulously clean as are the shelves and walls where the milk vessels are kept
The latter vary in form or material according to the province
The milk is generally kept twentyeight hours before the cream is taken off
but at the end of twelve hours the first skimming is done The mistress of the
dairy is particular to examine the cream if at the proper point for skimming
rather than keeping exactly by the number of hours We must acknowledge
that these dairy women in Sweden Denmark and Holstein understand their
duties admirably and it would be well for us if we sent young persons from
Switzerland to Holland to learn their methods of butter making
The cream is kept in oaken casks furnished with covers which are kept on
until the cream sours and so thickens that a spoon can stand straight up in it
If this thickening does not occur soon enough in summer a little buttermilk is
poured in or if in winter the cask of cream is warmed The milk is used in
cheese making the buttermilk is consumed in the house or fed to pigs or sold
in the village market
The churns are generally shaped like a cask and furnished with upright
dasher others with horizontal dasher furnished with rotary motion The tem
perature of the cream is regulated in summer by putting the churn in fresh
water and in winter by pouring in warm water
The butter is taken out of the churn and put in a flat pan with a hole in it
through which the butter milk runs off The butter is well salted and washed
until the water runs off perfectly clear Then chopped with a knife made for
the purpose somewhat like a sawthis chopping is to find any specks that
might be in the butter This knife is called a butter saw Holland butter is
sold in the market as from Denmark and Holstein The salt used is very fine
and the proper quantity is tested by the taste and eye and not by weight The
salting is done little by little and continued until the butter has a uniform
color For retail the butter is done up in different forms but must have a cer
tain weight to sell in the market For the general market it is put up in
barrels of different sizes
It is difficult to give the winter butter the summer color They u a sub
stance called Orleans tied in a piece of cloth and dissolved in clear warmed
7130
DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
butter This preparation is of a reddish brown To use it in coloring the but
ter it must be warmed again and put in at the same time the salting is done
the amount of coloring used is not measured but put in until the desired color
is reached
The Dutch make all kinds of cheese to suit the markets The white and red
Edam cheese which has such a reputation is exported to England France
Italy Spain and America Pour or five million pounds of this cheese are ex
ported from the northern port of Alkmaar
There is a permanent exposition in a building at Utrecht devoted exclusively
to the implements of agriculture This exposition is different from others in
that great attention to the agriculture in which their people are particularly
devoted For example you find there an historic development of horticulture
and the milk industry A grand salon is devoted to this where are gathered
all such utensils and apparatus from the smallest to the largest These latter
are represented by models The first thing strikes you what a great differ
ence there is between the tools of the different provinces Take for example
the milk vessels for setting milk The pans from Frise are made of a single
piece of wood with a deep long oval cut to held the milk and copper pans
of the same shape also Immense earthen pans from Rotterdam and the Hague
are very tall narrowing rapidly to the bottom There are round pans from
Chelderland like those we use in Switzerland North Holland shows very
flat glass pans and Suthern Holland pans tolerably tall and made of tin
We see from this that Holland like every other country differs on the ques
tion as to depth of milk vessels in raising cream to the surface as well as best
of which to make the vessels
The difference between the churns is greater still The usual upright shape
is always there but with various methods of facilitating the work Sometimes
a spring at the bottom helps to push the dasher up and down or a lever acting
on the dasher or a wheel whose votary motion gives the up and down move
ment to the dasher A dog or horse is used as motive power according
to the amount of cream used Churns with horizontal dasher furnished with
paddles are also exhibited with other churns whose complicated machinery
renders them practically useless Churns with the upright dasher or the hori
zontal dasher are the only ones used
Horsehair strainers are the only ones used The kind we use in Switzerland
are not so perfect for they allow foreign bodies to pass through Metalic ones
on exhibition in Paris are excellent and those with double bottoms are partic
ularly to be recommended All must be washed every time they are used or
the milk receives an odor as it passes through
The tinlined copper and brass pails used in holding and carrying milk are
elegant in shape and brilliantly clean These pales take a great deal of time
to keep clean and I dont see they have any advantage over the much cheaper
cylindrical tins used in France
72MAY CROP REPORT1888
31
The wooden moulds used to shape butter for the retail market are oval or
bell shaped and make the butter very attractive looking in the market Each
locality has its own particular form of mould for the retail market
The exposition at Utrecht gives excellent and agreeable instruction to the
agricultural population and is of practical value in this way that the machin
ery is gratuitously kept in motion and open to all In that way keeping up
the interest in the subject both for the people and the government
There is a weekly butter sale at Delft where hundred and thousands of casks
and barrels of butter are sold under public control and forwarded from there
in every direction The butter is examined by running a butter gimlet two or
three feet long longitudinally through the cask to judge of the character of its
contents One is surprised to find the excellence and steady evenness of the
butter sold there Nothing better can be desired in the neatness and pack
ing One remarkable point is the severity of the laws regulating this indus
try in Holland The dimensions and weight of barrel thickness of stave kind
of wood used are points all minutely prescribed by law The casks are an
nually remarked by legal commissioners These regulations are pushed too far
in Holland but at the same time we must acknowledge they have greatly con
tributed to the reputation this industry enjoys in Holland and greatly facili
tates the sale of butter One cannot sufficiently admire the skill shown by the
merchants commissioners and peasants in examining the products at the
market in Delft
73Special Circular No 70
New Series
QUESTIONS FOR JUNE CROP REPORT 1
RETURNABLE JUNE 1st 1888
Department of Agriculture
Atlanta Ga May 15 1
Deae Sie Please answer the following questions and mail promptly so as to reach this
office by the first day of June
AN AVERAGE CROP or AVERAGE CONDITION or anything
with which comparison is made is always taken as 100 Thus if the
corn crop at any time is 10 per cent better than last year or 10 per cent
better than an average it should be reported as 110 in each case and if
10 per cent below these standards it should be 90 Never report 10
percent better or 10 per cent worse but 110 or 90 as the case
maybe Avoid vague comparisons such as some better hardly so
good above an average etc
In making up your answers let them apply to the whole county in which you reside or as
far in every direction as your knowledge may extend not simply to your own farm
If a crop about which questions are asked is not grown in your county use the character X
If you have not sufficient data to make an approximate estimate leave the space blank
Very respectfully
J T HENDERSON
Commissioner of Agriculture
I For what county doyou reportCounty
II Your name
III Your postoffice
752 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
1 CoenCondition compared with an averageper cent
2 OatsYield or prospective yield if not harvested compared with an averageper cent
3 To what extent injured by rustper cent
4 WheatYield r prospective yield compared with an averageper cent
5 To what extent injured by rustper cent
6 CottonStand June 1 compared with a perfect standper cent
7 Condition compared with an averageper cent
8 SugarcaneStand compared with a perfect stand percent
9 Condition compared with an averagepercent
10 Potatoes IrishYield or prospective yield compared with an averageper cent
11 Potatoes sweetAcreage compared with an averageper cent
12 RiCECondition compared with an averageper cent
13 PeanutsAcreage compared with an averagepercent
14 MelonsCondition compared with an averageper cent
15 TobaccoAcreage compared with last yearipercent
16 PeachesPercentage of a full cropper cent
17 ApplesPercentage of a full cropper cent
18 PearsPercentage of a full croppercent
19 GrapesPercentage of a full croppercent
SheepClip of wool compared with an average clippercent
7iQUESTIONS FOR JUNE CROP REPORT
Please write very plainly
REMARKS
County
Sign name hereCIRCULAR No 105 1
New Series
CROP REPORT
FOR THE MONTH OF JUNE 1888
SHOWING
THE ACREAGE AND CONDITION OF GROWING CROPS
THE FIRST OF JUNE AND OTHER MATTERS
RELATING TO AGRICULTURE IN GEORGIA
Commissioner
ATLANTA GEORGIA
Constitution Publishinc Company
1888
7r7U
76 vCircular No 105
New Series j
CROP REPORT
FOR THE MONTH OF JUNE 1888
Returned to the Department of Agriculture June 1 1888
Department of Agriculture
Atlanta Ga June 8 1888 j
GENERAL REMARKS
The reports from correspondents are unusually full in number
and in details of crop conditions and a careful reading of Notes
from Correspondents from nearly every county in the State will
give a very clear idea of the general condition of farm operations
and crops
THE WEATHER
The drouth which set in after the heavy rains of March and the
early part of April was brought to a close by copious rains which
fell varying in the different sections of the State from the 12th
to the 22d of May The seasons continued good until June 1
many correspondents complaining of too much rain which inter
fered with the proper cultivation of crops
The temperature throughout the greater part of May was rather
too low for the healthy development of the cotton pant and this
circumstance together with the too abundant rains has had a
somewhat retarding effect on the crop The seasons and tempera
tuie on the first day of June were all that could be desired in
every section of the State
77
74 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
The reports of condition and prospects of the crops from North
and Middle Georgia have rather a gloomy tinge In the lower
three sectionsSouthwest East and Middle Georgiathe pros
pects are generally very good and in many cases even flattering
On the whole the condition of crops has advanced since last
report and the indications are favorable for good yields provided
the weather conditions continue good in the future
CORN
Stands of corn are good except in low lands where the bud
worm and cut worm have been very destructive The stalk is
rather small for the season but the color is good and the plants
are healthy and vigorous and the fields in good state of cultiva
tion
OATS AND WHEAT
The generous rains of the latter half of May resulted in a won
derful improvement of the oat crop In some counties the yield is
reported as the best since 1882 The crop is better in Southwest
Georgia than elsewhere the yield being 95 compared with an
average The yield of the State at large will be 87 compared
with an average crop
Wheat has been seriously injured by rust the extent of injury
from this source being 20 per cent The evil appears to be most
serious in North Georgia and Middle Georgia
COTTON
The condition of this crop on the first of the month was 91
compared with an average which is 7 points lower than the re
ported condition June 1 1887 The stand is fairly good in every
section averaging 93 compared with a perfect stand In this
respect there is very little difference in the several sections The
stand being so nearly perfect the cause of the comparatively low
condition is found in the tact that a large part of the crop failed
to germinate at the proper time on account of dry weather
Hence although stands are now good the plants are small and
the crop is backward some ten days on an average Compara
tively few complaints of lice and other insects have been received
78IUNK CROP REPORTU
In view of the favorable weather since June 1 now June 8
the condition of the cotton crop is not discouraging at this time
FRUIT
No change since May 1st is reported in the percentage of yield
of peaches pears and grapes but apples have declined from 68
per cent of a full crop to 59 The repeated failures of the peach
crop are having a discouraging effect on growers of this fruit Is
it not true that the proportion of good peach years has grown
much less in the last thirty years If true what is the cause
Climatic conditions have undergone no change that is discover
able by the observation of instruments Can it be attributed to
the more general planting of grafted and budded trees than
formerly
SPANISH PEANUTS
This variety of peanuts is becoming very popular with farmers
They mature so quickly that two crops may be produced on the
same land if desired in one season and some farmers are pleased
with the plan of planting them in stubble fields in June It is
one of the most promising acquisitions for years past
THE EFFECT OF CROP REPORT PUBLICATIONS
A correspondent from Campbell county says I find that a
great many think it works an injury to the farmer to place before
the speculator the condition of the crop Is it not a fact that
such publication benefits the speculator more than the farmer
In reply it may be admitted that if information of the condi
tion of crops were given the speculators alone they would have
greatly the advantage of the farmer But such is not the case
nor is it the purpose of these reports to give information to the
speculator or dealer in farm products The primary object is to
inform the farmers themselves
The dealers and speculators have their own machinery for gain
ing information of crop prospects entirely independent of official
publications It is to their interest to keep well posted in regard
to these prospects and if such information were in their exclusive
control they would use it to their own advantage and withhold
the facts from farmers except when it suited their interests to
796 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
communicate them If no official crop publications were made it
is plain that farmers would be at a disadvantage Speculators
and dealers would be posted while the farmers would be in the
dark Such publications are in the interest of truth and fair
dealing
Where the prospective yield of the wheat crop or the cotton
crop is as well known to the producer as it is to the cotton or
grain exchanges prices will be necessarily adjusted according to
the law of supply and demand and no advantage can be taken of
ignorancewhere all are equally informed
If official reports of crop prospects should be abandoned then
the producers would be compelled to rely for information on the
speculators and the latter will be presumed to use their knowl
edge for their own advantage
INSPECTION OF FERTILIZERS
The same correspondent remarks that There is also a great
deal of dissatisfaction about the way guano is placed upoti the
market Please explain
Our correspondent does not say in what respect the sale ot guano
is unsatisfactory or whether the complaint is against the manner
in which the inspection law is executed or the details of the law
itself An attempt to explain without a more definite know
ledge of the ground of complaint would not be likely to give sat
isfaction The Commissioner is aware that the law is defective
in some important respects but he can do no more than execute
it as faithfully as possible with the means at his command This
he claims to have done especially during the season just passed
Nearly two hundred thousand tons were personally inspected and
samples taken by the six inspectors and the tags applied to the
bags under their personal direction and generally in their imme
diate presence The work amounted to nearly twentyeight
hundred distinct inspections Every car load of fertilizers enter
ing the State for sale has been entered by an inspector in person
either at Augusta Savannah or Toccoa or at its final destination
Extraordinary diligence and care have been employed to prevent
a single car load or bag of fertilizer from reaching the hands ot a
farmer before being personally inspected by an inspector
80IUNE CROP REPORT1888
The greatly increased number of fertilizer factories within the
limits of the State and the shipments entering the State at points
where it was impracticable to station an inspector have required
the whole timealmost day and nightot two of the six inspectors
during the season The chemist has been overwhelmed with sev
eral thousands of samples The Commissioner is confident that
the law as it is has been faithfully executed
The Commissioner has been informed that some instances have
occurred towards the close of the season and where farmers were
very urgent for the immediate delivery of their fertilizers where
agents have delivered fertilizers to farmers without giving the
inspector time to reach the point of delivery Several such cases
by direction of the Commissioner have been reported to the pros
ecuting officers of the circuits where the offenses occured to the
end that the penalty of the law may be imposed Farmers who
receive uninspected or untagged fertilizers have certainly no right
to complain Every farmerevery good citizenshould feel in
duty bound to discourage all such violations of law and to report
the same to the Commissioner or one of the inspectors It has
been the sincere desire and earnest purpose of the Commissioner
to protect the farmer and prevent imposition The farmers them
selves should cooperate with the commissioner and his inspectors
in enforcing the law He invites snggestions from them in regard
to changes in the law or in the details of execution
BUCKWH EAT
In reply to an inquiry from Mr J W Stroud of Crawford
county the following information is given
Backwheat from buckbeech and wheat socalled from the
resemblance in shape of the grain to that of the beeh nut and the
uses to which it is applied belongs to the Order Polygonacese
and is botanically known as Fagopyrum esculentum The grain is
black or gray threeangled and about the size of common wheat
It will grow on even poor soils and has long been used as a soil
improver but it gives better results on good land Sandy soils are
best but it will grow on a great variety of soils Potash is the
dominant fertilizing element required and hence wood ashes are
a valuable fertilizer for buckwheat but any of the ordinary fertil
81
8 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURKGEORGIA
izers including stable manure will do Buckwheat is highly
valued as a honey plant although the honey from its flowers is
dark colored When sown for bees or for improving the soil it
should be sown in April if for the grain August is the proper
time to sow it in Georgia It commences to bloom as soon as six
inches high and continues without intermission until killed by
frost When the grain is the object the crop should be mown
when the greatest number of seeds are ripe at one time Cut it
while the dew is on with a grass blade or mower and when dry
thresh with flails or run through a spike thresher and thoroughly
dry the grain Sow broad cast if the land is pretty clean at the
rate of half bushel of seed per acre and cover with a harrow Or
the seed may be sown in three feet drills two quarts being suffi
cient for an acre Forty bushels per acre is not an uncommon
yield
The grain is excellent for fowls of all kinds and for hogs It
would doubtless be a good plan to sow stubble lands in buckwheat
in June as a soil improver Two crops may be turned in on the
same land the same season the second requiring no seeding
The seed are worth 2M per bushel and may he had of Mark
W Johnson Seed Co of Atlanta
BOG CHOLERA
Mr S P Odom asks for a remedy for hog cholera
There are several forms of the disease popularly called hoy
cholera and it may be safely said that no remedy or cure has yet
been discovered Individual animals have been known to recover
from an attack or at least survive and such recovery is attrib
uted to remedies employed or the treatment given But it is
doubtful if in any case the disease has yielded to treatment Care
ful and longcontinued scientific investigations have been made
and the general result is that it is practically useless to attempt
to cure an animal that has been infected with the disease The
most economical and expedient course to pursue is to kill every
hog in which the disease has manifested itself and will not yield
to treatment hum or bury deeply the carcasses and rely on pre
venting the spread of the plague by the use of disinfectants Tf a
specially valuable animal should become affected it may be well
to attempt its cure but the sick should he at once widely sepa
8JUNE CROP REPORT1888
rated from the well The following prescription ha been used
with supposed success
2 tbg flowers of sulphur
2 flbs sulphate of iron copperas
2 Ihs madder
ft black antimony
h lb nitrate of potash sulphur
2 oz arsenic
Mix the above in 12 gallons of gruel for 100 hogs or give on
pint doses to each daily Give to both sick and well where the
latter have been exposed
Not only should the sick be separated from the well animals
but each class should be moved to new and clean quarters or pas
tures Burn up the old beds sprinkle walls and floors of sheds or
styes with a solution of one pint of pure carbolic acid to ten gal
lons of soft soft water All discharges should be deeply buried or
treated with a solution of one ounce of chloride of zinc to two gal
lons of water The person who attends the sick should not have
anything to do with the well hogs All food and water should be
clean and pure If these directions are faithfully followed the
disease may be stayed in its progress and stamped out Every
farmer should see and inspect his hogs as well as all other ani
mals every day and act promptly on the very first appearance
of diseaseCONSOLIDATED CROP REPORT FOR JUNE 1888BY SECTIONS
SECTIONS
North Georgia
Middle Georgia
Southwest Georgia
East Georgia
Southeast Georgia
Average for the State
Corn
Oats
2S
op
o2
98
92
91
92
103
84
85
92
85
1 Wheat Cotton
re

si t a
C5 en f S M
a 3 It 0 5 2 re
a Ifl P c
c re
s a

X a
t H EC U
80 21 96 92
72 21 94 89
89 20 92 92
81 15 93 87
94 99
21
80 93 91
Sugar
Cane
Tobacco
re B
Fruit
Sheep
Peaches Apples Pears
Crapes
97
91
100
99
100
42
21
27
31
68
71
45
50
60
64
50
50
39
36
48
95
97
94
95
98
85
91
96
98
90
hi
S
H
c

w
c
d
t1
H
d
w
I
C
JUNE CROP REPORT1888
11
NOTES OF COEEESPONDENTS
NORTH GEORGIA
BanksThe heavy rains have drowned out much lowland corn that will have
to be planted over The wheat has the rust worse than in several years The oat
crop never was better nor much more needed The continued wet weather is
getting farmers somewhat behind with their work many are not done chop
ping cotton and grass is growing rapidly W J Burgess
A smart frost the loth and cold east rain for two days about the 20th set
the cotton crop back badly causing a good deal of it to die Rust on the blades
of the wheat will cause the grain to be light William M Ash
Cotton is only about half as large as same time last year
D H P Garrison
More attention is being given to stock raising than heretofore which I
think is a step in the proper direction Gbo W Wiley
BartowMay 19 and 20 we are having a slow rain which will greatly
benefit the growing crops
Oats and clover were suffering from drouth
W A Chann
CatoosaEine seasons Outlook nattering Fertilizing corn with com
post is a very common thing this year in Catoosa and the crops so fertilized
are extra good Black rust on the wheat 26th May
Jno B Henderson
ChattoogaOwing to late cold weather and rain cotton is looking very
badly Has a brown dead color and grows very slowly and is infected with a
bug or flea that is sucking it badly Some spots were entirely killed by frost
There has not been such a prospect for pears in several years as now What
peaches and apples there are are large and healthy looking and unless some
misfortune will be very choice The hog crop is better than it has been for
years W P Poster
Cotton commenced dying rapidly during the rain which commenced about
May 19 but fortunately very little had been chopped to a stand so that it did
no great damage Has stopped dying since the rain D Wheeler
CherokeeFrost on the 15th inst killed cotton in several sections Since
then we have had copious rains which has brought out the lingering plant to a
pretty good stand Farmers are well up with their work
J J A Sharp
Wheat up to about the 15th of April promised a good crop About that
time rust confined itself to the blades until the wheat commenced turning it
then struck the stalk and my opinion is that the low flat hollows will not be
worth culling High dry land is the place to make wheat in this country
M S Paden
8512
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
ConnThe damage to the oat crop was caused by the excessive cold weather
during the first of the spring and the wheat crop is almost entirely ruined
by rust Prospect for good crops is splendid and farmers are hard at work
We have no loafers out in our part of the country J Y Alexander
Farmers are beginning to see more plainly the need of clover and grasses
and will soon grow more ot them J J Greer
Farm rs are not near done chopping out yet On account of the cold
rainy weather the cotton looks very baddont think any of it is killed Corn
looks very well Wheat has some rust on the blade Joseph Martin
DadkCorn is generally very small The late rains have increased pros
pects in yield of oats considerably There is so little wheat sown that it is
hardly noticeable Our farmers seem to be very hopeful and have renewed
their energy Apples and peaches are dropping very badly A severe frost
the fifteenth of last month did considerable damage G A R Bible
North end county very dry G J Stokks
The wheat has been looking very fine but the rust is striking it and if the
wet weather continues will damage it considerably Jas R Allison
Constant showers have kept our crops in fine order Gardens never morn
promising The frost May 15th made a few apples drop but left a full crop
Farmers making best use of homemade manures also much commercial fer
tilizer used J W Bryan
About onefourth the wheatfields has the rust on the bladewill damage
the yield materially Corn cleannever looked better at this season of the
year Oats thin on the ground but looking well G W Stewart
Dawson Corn is somewhat backward as a great deal of it was bitten down
to the ground on the night of the loth of May but that only sets it back for a
time Cotton was also bitten down but with most of farmers there were
enough seed to make a fair stand though it will be later in maturing Oats
badly cut off by the cold dry weather P J Clarke
The outlook for all crops is very Mattering Wheat will fall below an
average owing to late seeding and rust Oats both fall and spring were never
better Corn is fully up with an average in size and the stand was never
better Cotton though small is growing A 1 Looan
FanninFrom all indications we will do well this year The farmers are
exerting all their energies and we think if seasons are favorable their efforts
will be crowned with success Samuel Higdon
Floyd Rust is damaging the wheat crop very badly cannot tell yet to
what extent Cool nights and excessive rains have been a great drawback to
cotton consequently it is very small and late There is a large crop of Spanish
peanuts planted J P McConnell
86JUNK CROP REPORT1888
l
The condition of corn has somewhat improvedit is generally clean and
even where small is strong and healthy The late rains have improved the
condition of the oat crop at least 20 per centrust only found in low places
The wheat crop is generally much injured by rustnot over 75 per cent of a
full crop can be made against 110 per cent prospectively reported for May
The chilly damp weather ot the past week caused cotton to look badly for a
few days but the hot weather has brought it out and now looks much better
than before the rains Sweet potato vines are generally much injured by bugs
Apples shedded badly and Shockleys are rusting to considerable extent The
grape crop has never been more promising Sheep and wool industry a thing
of the past in this county too much CUR dog Felix Cokitt
Clover is being harvested and will average 110 The same may be said of
Timothy orchard grass and Herds grass The weather now is very favorable
for millet The weather has been throughout May too cold for melons and
cotton 1 Lindsay Johnson
ForsythHorses are afflicted in this vicinity with a disease of the skin
similar to farcy seems to itch and causes them to lick themselves takes the
hair off The eruption discharges a bloody water A small number have died
Would like to know a remedy H N Sutton
Farcy is a milder form of glanders but will eventually run into the latter
There is no cure for it Every horse affected with suspicious symptoms should
be entirely separated from all other animals and if certain that it is farcy or
glanders he should be killed and his carcass burned Commissioner
The prospect for corn cotton and oats is tolerably good Wheat is very
sorry Thomas L Dims
FranklinIn some localities peaches are plentiful Apples are generally
plentiful Wheat is going lo be pretty fair not injured verv much by rust yet
The farmers are generally behind J B D McWhortek
Corn on upland looking well too much rain for bottoms A large per
cent not planted yet The cotton crop is not looking well was damaged by
frost on the 15th of May Wheat has the rust very badly Oats are fine
better than they have been tor years John K Sewell
GilmerTheearly sown oats were injured by the March freeze Red mold
on the blade of wheatI dont think it hurts the wheatno rust on stalk yet
Some apple trees are full and others have very few on them N L Oshorn
GordonCorn and cotton small for the season First too cool and dry then
excess o rain Cotton is not doing well If the summer is not very favor
able a full crop cannot be made O H Davis
All crops looking well now Cotton strong and healthy looking Wheat
has rust that may injure it Some of it has passed that period but may fall
down There will be peaches and apples for home use but I have seen no
pears S Roek
8714
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
If rust does not out it short we are expecting an average crop It is on
the blade now and may strike the stalk and injure it seriously Tobacco plant
beds have been injured and in some instances ruined by bugs and planters
say they cannot make over half a crop for want of plants We have had
too much rain this month to get crops in good shape J G B Erwin
GwinnettThe continuous rains of last week were very damaging to
cotton causing much of it to die and injuring the stand materially That
which survived looks poor and unpromising A full crop can hardly be hoped
from the present outlook Corn is more promising and with favorable seasons
may give an average yield R D Winn
HabershamCorn in this section of the county is at least ten days later
than it was at this time last year Farmers very badly behind with their crops
on account of so much rain in May Some of the farmers are beginning to
awake to the fact that less cotton and more grass and grain is the only hope
for the men living on the wornout lands of northeast Georgia
S 1 Busha
The wheat crop does not show any damage from the late frost yet Ap
ples are dropping off very bad at this time Almond Hulsey
HallUpland corn is looking well and is well worked owing to the cotton
being so late and irregular in coming up Killing frost in low lands 15th of
this month W F Wallib
Both corn and cotton are small owing to the recent cold snap Farmers
are nearer up with their work and in better spirits than usual Live stock and
particularly hogs are more plentiful and in better condition than usual Farm
ers are less in debt than they have been for the past five or ix years
A R Smith
HaralsonWheat is seriously injured by rust Forward sowing will do to
cut in a few days and will to a great extent escape injury but late sowing
will hardly be worth cutting Oats are very thin on the land but if not injured
by rust will make a lair yield Having fine rains at this time H T Reid
Corn is in fine condition and growing rapidly Cotton growing slowly on
account of late frost and recent continued rains Wheat nearly a failure
seriously injured by rust Oats have no rust as yet Farmers are well up with
their work j w Biooers
JacksonWe are having continuous rains Wheat has rust which may
yet lower the prospective yield Have heard of no rust in oats Our cotton is
about fifteen days late with gloomy prospect General complaint about failure
to get a stand of melons Many of us have planted three timesthe green bug
the cause Any remedy C B Irwin
Try spraying the vines with a solution of one pound London Purple to 80
gallons of waterCommissioner
88JUNE CROP REPORT1888
in
Wheat not a good stand in many
G M D Moon
Upland corn fully equal to an average
places and cut off fully onethird by rust
The oat crop promises to be good There is some rust in wheat and the
crop is not so far advanced but that it may be much injured Present prospect
very favorable for cotton and corn Jefferson Jennings
The late wheat is almost a failure It is worse rusted than I remember
overseeing it Many farmers are cutting now though it lacks at least ten days
of being ripe The velvet head wheat a forward variety has been harvested
with but little damage by rust I have not heard of any rust in oats We sow
rust proof almost entirely in our section We saw some Burt oats they are
almost ready to harvest J L Smith
MiltonThe farmers are getting behind on account of rain The grass is
taking cotton Oats are very fine Wheat is injured by rust Young corn is
doing well John B McCollum
MurrayFarmers are somewhat behind with their work owing to wet
weather I never saw better stands of cotton and corn The prospects are
flattering if the rains do not prevent farmers from cleaning their crops Some
rust on wheat R L Beck
Wheat has rust on the blade Cotton is promising All crops are doing
well though late The condition in the county is above an average
G Jackson
PauldinqCorn looks promising Cotton is somewhat backward and the
stand is not very good owing to frost in early May Wheat badly injured by
rust It attacked the blade before it got its growth and it is now on the stalk
P P McBrayer
We have a very good corn crop Cotton is very small but good Stand
generally injured by frost No peaches apples about half C C Embry
We are still hopeful Most all the farmers have joined the Alliance and
are staying at their farms closer than I ever saw them We believe there is a
good time ahead tor the mother of the country The children are grumbling
but we cant help it Benj T Drake
PickensThe drouth has ended We now have a fine season in the
ground The 15th of May we had a white frost which damaged garden vege
tables greatly and killed the cotton on low land below a stand Rust on the
blades of wheat is cutting the per cent down The dry weather injured the
oat crop The farmers are now in high spirits E R Alred
PolkThe four days of rain accompanied by cold nights while it brought
out oats wonderfully caused cotton to die out and the bud worm to badlv injure
bottom corn Hence the stands of neither are as good as they should be
John 0 Waddell
89IS
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
RahunWe had a killing frost on the 15th which nipped the most of the
orn beans etc May has been up to the 22nd too wet and cold for our corn
crop but we have a fair stand and it is growing finely for the last ten days
The wheat is filling well and bids fair to yield an average crop The rye crop
crop up to this time has never been better April was too dry for the oat crop
but the rains in May has greatly improved them 1 ust now they are beginning
to head F A Blecklky
TownsOur fruit crops will be almost a total failure on account of the late
frost I fear that some corn on low lands is badly injured by the frost No
rust on wheat at this writing 1 N Gikson
Corn has a very sorry stand It has rained for the last four days continu
ously which will make oats and wheat if it will quit soon Old corn plenty in
the countywill not sell for 40 cents cash W R MConneli
We had a considerable frost on the morning of the 15th which bit our
potatoes and corn Wheat is heading very low and I fear the crop will be
short If J Brown
WalkkbCotton is a good stand and looks well Corn is small but is
growing well Oats better than usual Wheat is now taking rust on the straw
and may be cut very short Other crops look well Crops all well worked
J Y Wood
Weather very favorable on cotton and corn Since the 20th of May cot
ton is ten days behind Too much rain now F M Toumi
WhiteOur crops are looking fine and are in good fix T A Oakes
On the 15th of May we had a frost that damaged the growing crops to
some extent The prospect for wheat is now better than it has been in five
years Stock generally is in good condition hogs are doing well in the moun
tains on last years mast V L Densmore
WhitfieldCorn backwardgood stand and now grassy Wheat struck
with rusf and scabbing with two weeks nearly constant rain
W C RlCBAKDSON
MIDDLE GEORGIA
BaldwinWe have had good seasons and farmers are looking more cheer
ful Corn is small but if seasonable will make a good crop Spring oats have
improved since the rain set in We have a tine rain at this time
H C Vinson
BumCrops are small for the seasoncased by cool rainy weather through
out April and first part of May B T Ray
The condition of all crops is below an average for the want of rain up to
ten days ago at which time and since we have had a sufficiency While the
erops are small the seasons are very favorable for their growth
W D H Johnson
0JUNE CROP REPORT1888
17
ButtsConsiderable improvement in crops since the 21st when we had a
general rain throughout the county Cotton is all up but two weeks late not
more than half thinned out Corn is small but is growing fast and bids fair
to make a good crop Spring oats will generally get high enough to cut but
are injured by the drouth We belong to the Alliance but we must make our
selves something individually before we can do much collectively If the
brethren will not expect too much and go slow and stop buying we will be
benefltted H C Thaxton
Corn is looking better since the rain on the 20th cotton looks badly and
is dying especially that which has come up since the rains it dont come up
right I see some just gets at the top of the ground and dies But the old
addage is A bad beginning makes a good ending The best cotton crops I
ever made I had bad stands T G Preston
CampbellToo much rain in May continuing up to present date 31st
Wheat injured badly with rust bottom lands in bad condition oats good
Farmers Alliance doing much good The farmers are determined to relieve
themselves of the selfimposed tariff paid the West for corn and meat amount
ing to millions of dollars annually instead of relying upon the promises of
politicians for tariff reform etc This is right and by raising their own sup
plies using economy and industry we will have a prosperous and happy
country J J Beall
The Commissioner heartily endorses the above spirit of determination and
commends it to all farmers
The crop of wheat is poor being badly injured by rust Oats where a
good stand was obtained is tolerably good Corn looks well where it has had
the proper amount of work Cotton is coming along finely and looks very
promising Interest in stock raising on the increasework animals in better
condition than usual Pastures larger and better Farmers generally cheer
ful F H Steed
Cotton small but growing finely corn looking well Farmers getting
well up with their work The peach crop in this part of the county another
failure Stock of all kinds in fine condition The general outlook much
better than at last report J S Dodd
The cold weather for the last few days with the rain has been very detri
mental to crops of all kinds except oats Wheat badly damaged by rust The
last planting of cotton up finely but the grass is predominant Farmers badly
behind with their work but abreast with the Alliance J J Strickland
I find that a great many think it works an injury to the farmer to place
before the speculators the condition of the crop Is it not a fact that such
publication benefits the speculator more than the farmer There is also a
great deal of dissatisfaction about the way guano is placed on the market
Please explain Henry N Cochran
See article elsewhereCommissioner
9118
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
CarrollThe late rains have saved the oat crop and the yield will be
much better than we thought a few weeks ago The frost in May hurt the
cotton crop badly reducing the stand in many places Wheat nearly ruined
with the rust Rust has just appeared upon the oats Bud worms were more
destructive this spring than for many years M R Russell
Cotton is much injured by cold nights and so much rain Wheat was
prematurely ripened by the rustthe yield consequently much cut off Oats
as yet not troubled with rust G A McDaniel
ClarkeThe wheat harvest already commencedeight to ten days earlier
than usual The new railroads in this section demoralizing labor
R T PlTTARD
ClaytonCorn is looking well and so far has been well cultivated Farm
work is well advanced except in cases where there is an over croc
A P Adamson
Cotton is a little backward owing to the extreme cool nights through May
the stand is a little defective caused by trost J C H Sneed
Wheat is badly damaged by rustvery nearly a failure Oats are taking
the rust some and will be somewhat damaged Farmers well up with their
work W P Jones
ColumbiaIt has been so very dry through the month of April could not
plant the hard land Since the 10th of May it has been raining so much the
low lands have never been dry enough to work I think the prospect for a
cotton crop as poor as I ever saw Thirty days later than usual All the moist
lands are very grassy and too wet to work S C Lamkin
Planters are behind with their work The dry weather and hard ground
retarded many and stopped some entirely from preparation and planting many
not finishing planting before the 15th or 18th of May Corn on bottoms is not
promisingfirst too dry and cloddy to plow and plant now too wet to work
The outlook not very cheering but genial sunshine frequent showers and
elbow grease will accomplish wonders J A Walton
Splendid rains have fallen since May 1st and crops of corn and cotton
have been greatly benefitted Late cotton has come up and the stand is almost
perfect Oats have been greatly benefitted and fall oats will give a fair yield
J Q Spines
CowetaCotton is all of two weeks late and many farmers did not get a
stand until after the recent rains The condition of the crop is at least fifteen
per cent off as a very large part of the crop is not yet chopped out owing to
the excessive rains and scarcity of extra labor With the exception of wheat
the prospect is at this time very flattering Apples pears and grapes an
abundant crop A W Stokes
92JUNE CROP REPORT1888
19
The prospect in general is somewhat flattering The seasons have been
very propitious and the farmers generally are in better spirits hoping hy their
united efforts they will accomplish much to their benefit in the reduction in
price of all supplies and increase of value in those things they make to sell
In other words we expect to buy so little that we can say to the cotton mer
chant this is our cotton and unless you give us our price you cant get it for
we have meat and bread at home W A Smith
The above has the ring of genuine independenceCommissioner
DeKalb The rains of the 19th and 20th of May were general and a per
fect stand of cotton soon appeared The plant appears to be healthy and grow
ing but late rains have been excessive work is retarded and the prospects are
that injury will result trom grass and want of thinning T J Flake
DouglasCorn prospect fine Cotton looks well to be planted so late Rut
little rust on wheat and none on oats Oats are too thin on the ground to make
a full crop The Farmers Alliance is moving harmoniously Every good
farmer should become a member and help battle for home and rightsfor pro
tection to ourselves and posterity May all join us in the battle against oppres
sion B IT Phillips
The nortwestern portion of this county was visited with the most destruc
tive hail storm on the 23d instant that has ever been known by the oldest
inhabitants of that portion of the county I suppose there is half a stand of
cotton left where it was not chopped out Corn and oats damaged consid
erably Jno G Maxwell
ElbertToo much cold and wet for cotton and melons Half the cotton
crop is not thinned out It is very grassy and too wet to clean it Spring
oats are getting to be fine as well as fall oats My Burt oats that you sent me
several years ago are very fine both fall and spring sowings
D M Carlton
Fayette Wheat is badly injured by rust and fly Should the rains con
tinue three or four days the wheat uncut would be virtually lost as the straw
is so tender from rust it will fall down Corn and cotton small for this time of
yeartoo much wet cool weather General outlook gloomy
J G Posey
The late rains have very much improved the condition of spring oats
There is also an average stand of cotton The corn prospect is very good On
the whole farmers have the prospect of being amply rewarded for their toil
Isaac G Woolsey
Owing to the cool weather of April and rain in May cotton on sandy land
is a poor stand Red mole in wheat has injured it Farmers are behind with
their work in this county p J Hewell
9320
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
Corn is doing well The late rains have improved oats wonderfully If
no disaster befall them there will be a good crop harvested The wheat crop
is poor injured by rust Stands of cotton generally good Chopping nearly
completed The other crops do not receive the attention they are entitled to
tmt are in fair condition Q C Grick
EultonCrops in this section look well since the rains of last week and
farmers are very busy Many of them are sowing German millet much more
than heretofore More corn and peas are being planted this year than ever
before G M Fishback
GreenA good deal of bottom land unplanted yet Owing to excessive
rains farm work is behind Aug N Asbury
HancockWe have had heavy rains this week and grass is getting a good
headway as most of the labor has been in the harvest field The fall oats are
good and the spring crop is going to turn out pretty well The wheat is uni
versally poorall injured by rust J W Cawthon
Good seasons have pushed the crops well up In the midst of a wet spell
now and grass promisingbut hoeing not behind so far Will have more
peaches than once believed though some orchards are bare Spring oats im
provedbut few sown in fall H L Middlebrooks
Corn and cotton both stunted on account of cool days and nights Have
had but few nights of cotton growing weather John Turner
HarrisThe drouth continued here to the 8th of May up to which date
the oat prospect was indeed gloomy Since that date bountiful rains have
fallen improving the oat crop wonderfully and bringing up the belated cotton
The prospect for corn is much better at this date May 28 than the same date
last year Cotton is badly in the grass both having come up together
J B Pate
Would it add much to the expense account of the Department to print
about once a year a list of the names of your correspondents giving postoffice
address of each This would doubtless lead to an interchange of letters be
tween your correspondents in the interest of agriculture
Plynn Harqett Jr
What do other reporters think of the suggestion If generally desired the
Commissioner will either publish a list of names and postoffice addresses of
crop reporters or append the postoffice of each to his notesCOMMissioNER
Corn is quite small for this time of year May 20th we had one of the most
destructive floods for several years which has damaged bottom land severely
The weather is now warm crops are growing finely and everybody is feeling
good W D Cook
HeardThe recent rains and cool weather have retarded the cotton but
94JUNE CROP REPORT1888
21
the last few warm days and nights have improved it very much The oat crop
is not high but the heads are very fine and the yield will be good
G B Ward
It has been almost a continuous rain during May40 per cent of the crop
not chopped yet Corn has been well worked and is very fine
J C Brkwkr
HenryCorn cotton and grass are all on a boom
Thos H Stallworth
Since the rain commenced all vegetation has new life Corn cotton pota
toes grass and in fact everything is flourishing Oats have come out beyond
all expectations The prospect now is flattering for a good crop of corn and
cotton J A C Wynn
The seasons have been good on cotton except cool weather which caused it
to die out some Corn good and oats better than an average of five years
The Burt rust proof variety matures at least two weeks earlier than others
and with the same chance makes about as good oats ripening by the first of
June Merrkl C Lowe
JonesCorn while checked by the drouth is in good condition and prom
ises a fuli crop Early cotton is good but the bulk of the crop did not come up
until the recent rains and consequently the crop as a whole may be put at three
weeks late By persistent effort and proper push on the part of the planter
there is no reason a full crop should not be made R F Ross
LincolnWe have had excess of rain during the month which has been
detrimental to the young cotton especially on gray lands Bottom land corn
has also suffered from excess of moisture Much of the bottom lands are yet
unplanted The corn crop generally is from ten to fifteen days late The late
rains were very beneficial to spring oats bringing them up to a full crop
Wheat generally has the blade rust and will be damaged from this cause 40 per
cent J M Dill
Cotton getting grassy Oats doing fine The cotton crop is about two
weeks later than usual A large acreage in corn and a good oat crop assured
N A Crawford
MeriwetherMuch rain has caused peaches to rot and fall off We have
had rain in excess for two weeks and grss in cotton is plentiful
B S Clements
Wheat in this county has ceased to enlist the interest of the farmers
Elour is cheap and they say we can buy it cheaper than they can make it
The lands have been run in cotton so long and stimulated with guano to such
an extent that unless we manure highly the yield is very unsatisfactory
J H Williams
9S22
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
Oats that were sown in the fall are fine Spring oats need rain very badly
and will yield very little unless it will rain soon R M McCaslan
MonroeFine rains have secured good stands of cottonthough two weeks
lateand advanced its condition from last report Corn small but good color
Work very well advanced Guy Taylor
Corn and cotton growing nicely and grass is booming but the farmer has
his sleeves pushed up K C Taylor
McDuffieTen inches of rain with northeast winds this month killed out
the stands of cotton and caused the bud worm to kill the corn in the bottoms
and all lands not thoroughly drained A E Sturgis
MorganCotton is late for the season a good portion of the crop not
chopped but the condition is good Corn is also late We have had tine rains
lately and with fair weather now the crop can be easily managed
G D Perry
Cotton has not been seriously injured by the drouth and cold though
dwarfed Corn prospect is promising Farmers are working harder than I
ever saw them before An Alliance has been organized in the county with
much opposition G S Hanleiter
The warm weather since the fine rain of May 20 is doing much to reclaim
the crops from the effects of the former cool and dry weather and the mer
chants as well as most other classes cant help feeling a little more serene
J H Gaissert
NewtonNo rain in this part of our county to do any good until 20th May
then 24 hours washing lands badly All cotton chopped had to be rechopped
We had a fine time to finish in and I do not remember any year when all the
crop was so nearly finished chopping in May All crops are now in fine grow
ing condition T A Walker
OglethorpeThe percentage of Spanish peanuts planted in this county
this year excels by far anything ever known before James J Green
All crops now promise fair Some cotton not chopped out but generally
in fair condition Corn and peas promise well and grass is fine
Corn has suddenly advanced to nearly one dollar cash per bushel and the
farmer is indulging in his annual wail and making his annual resolve I will
make my own corn hearafter but alas how treacherous is the memory of
the farmer c A Stevens
PikeFarmers are backward in chopping cotton because it was late in
coming Corn though small has a good color and is growing nicely
E W Rose
Corn and cotton look fine good stands of both
stand and is fine
96
Cotton nearly all to a
C R WatsonJUNE CROP REPORT1888
2S
PutnamProspect for all spring crops is good Corn where well worked
is well advanced and is fine Cotton stands good and it looks well Pall oat
crop poor spring oats on good land fine The outlook today for a good crop
is brighter than we have had for several years J L Dennis
RockdaleThe recent rains have brought up good stands of cotton and
the prospect is fair for an average crop W L Peek
Generally the prospect is good at this time for corn and oats cotton not
being far enough advanced to form any estimate yet P H White
I fear the wheat will fall to 50 per cent Rust has killed the bade and is
attacking the stalk Cotton has been damaged by hail and frost Oats dam
Aged by frost No tobacco worth naming J P Rowein
TaliaeerroThe month of May was very wet Por fully a fourth of the
time the ground has been too wet to plow As a consequence grass is growing
At a fearful rate and the farm work is much behind Cotton has come up as
well as could be wished and corn though small is looking well
L L Veazy
Too much rain during month for most crops Plows have not run much
over half the time Cold weather up to 16th May has checked the growth of
cotton excessive rains since that date have prevented the rapid cultivation
necessary to give the young crop a good send off Farmers are making a more
general effort than ever before to make full food crops D N Sanders
TalbotCrops of all kind are doing their best Farmers seem cheerful
and hopeful are pushing their work with a vim and are determined to conquer
General Green if possible The corn crops where properly worked in time
are fine indeed S A Freeman
A drouth of about six weeks duration up to the 20th inst has greatly re
tarded the growth of corn and stands of cotton since which we have had abun
dant seasons greatly reviving vegetation a continuance of which with the
tendency of farmers to cut short expenses greatly aided and induced by the
teachings of the Alliance I think will enable most of them to realize a brighter
future D G Owen
The seasons are very favorable and the prospects never more better The
oat crop good Farming operations are moving on all right and farmers are
in high spirits and better condition than for several years Twothirds of the
farmers have joined the Alliance and are looking for brighter days in the
future L B McCroney
TroupAt present we are having too much rain Cotton on gray lands is
poor and grassy Corn on good uplands is fine but on bottom lands is poor
Grass has a fine start but with hot sun and good work I think we will conquer
And pull through
UpsonCorn small Cotton not a stand till after May 12th I have a few
tfull blood Merino sheep which are not near so bad to jump and are better
9724
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
for wool If they continue so I think sheep will be kept more than they are
now Thos J Middlebrooks
WaltonBud worms have been very destructive to both upland and bot
tom corn Late rains have just brought up a stand of cotton Forward chop
ping will have to be done over Good seasons for the last ten days Grass
growing rapidly and extra farm laborers scarce and exhorbitant wages asked
Day laborers around towns are a curse to the farmers except the merchant
farmer who can pay a days wages with 40 cents in goods and call it 65 cents
J M Gresham
The wheat crop badly damaged by rust Oat crop scattering Corn
good stand Cotton ten days late stand good Crops all clean and land in
fine tilth J E Nunnally
WarrenApril too dry cotton failed to come up Rain May 9 very
wet and cool ever since Cotton looks very badly Chopping at least two
weeks late J L Matthews
Cotton late stand poor chopping going on bravely Corn very small but
in good condition Eall oats fine now cutting spring sown poor Fine sea
sons warm and fine cotton weather All crops ten to fifteen days late
James A Shivers
The grain crop not flattering The cotton good stand but two weeks back
ward and in bad ordergrassy The blackberry is just coming in and prom
ises to be fine and there is a good deal depending on it Plenty of rain
D W Rogers
P SI wish you would send me a good pen
WilkesWheat almost ruined by rust During the past month too wet
and cool for cotton melons and such like crops The rains have saved the oat
crop without which it would have been a total failure
John T Winofield
All crops in this county are in a fair condition except cotton which is fully
three weeks late with only a tolerable stand Farmers are just beginning to
chop out and recent heavy rains and cold weather makes the plant look very
badly W A Pope
SOUTHWEST GEORGIA
BakerOwing to cool weather cotton has lost ten points since last report
but as the seasons have been favorable for corn it has gained ten points
Reuben Jones
In making out estimates it is well to keep in mind one fact which can not
be reported in these returns towit that the heavy and continuous rains of
February and March prevented the planting of much land that had been pre
pared It is probable that every farmer failed to plant much of his best spots
from this cause This fact will affect the corn crop ot this section considerably
and to some extent the cotton W L Curry
WJUNE CROP REPORT1888
26
BerrienMy figures are very high and flattering so is our general crop
better I think than I ever saw it and in better condition Our fruit crop is
a failure save grapes which promise a fair yield We are beginning to hus
band our blackberries in good earnest which are now ripening and the fruit
jars of last year are being brought into requisition H T Peeples
Attention to such smaller resources of the farm as blackberries is a favora
ble indicationCommissioner
Too much ram but crops are doing well nevertheless
J E Williams
Crops are looking finely Rain plentiful Jas Htjtchinson
Oat crops fine and about harvested Corn crops very good Cotton look
ing fine and continued good seasons Fruit unfavorable with the exception of
the LeConte pear which promises a fair crop H J Parrish
We are now having too much rain for cotton though I think late oats
which will do to harvest in June are benefitted by constant showers Hogs dying
in many places in this county with cholerasocalled J J Parish
BrooksRain came in time to benefit the oat crop but too late to make a
full crop Has been raining more or less for two weeks Corn crop good
cotton clean and looking well Less hog cholera than usual and more hogs
than for several years J W Tony
After a long drouth we now have too much rain Twenty per cent cotton
has come up since rains and grass in the young cotton is troubling farmers
Hogs fine and generally healthy Stock of all kinds in good condition There
is plenty of corn and oats for all purposes and some being shipped to other
points Quite a good deal sold in carload lots Will ship 600 to 800 cars
melons R I Denmark
We are having fine seasons for crops to grow and they are in good clean
condition up to date J W Haddock
CalhounFall oats were much better than usual Spring oats not so good
The weather during the month of May was favorable for cleaning the crops
and rain enough to keep them growing finely The outlook for all crops is
good and farmers generally in good spirits Frank P Griffin
ChattahoocheeAll crops are looking very well Oats fine Farmers
are giving special attention to their corn crops W P Fielder
Clay We are having fine rains now and crops are very promising Full
crop of oats W T Credille
The late frost and hail storm damaged our corn and cotton Only quite
recently had rain enough to bring up late cotton The drill worm has dam
aged corn considerably on all bottom lands T M Killinqsworth
CrawfordAt one time our prospects were very gloomy but late rains
have revived everything Cotton that was planted late failed to come up as
99DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
the ground was dry but after chopping and siding was over the rains set in and
just such a stand of cotton you seldom ever saw Corn is small but looks
well is of good color and is growing fast I just never saw such a come out
as there has been in the Spring oat crop Fall oats are fine but there were but
few sown No peachesare tempted to destroy orchards Applesfair crop
LeConte pears dead Where can I find the Pink Eye potatoe Can you tell
me anything about buckwheat its nature when to sow and how much per
acre Sent to Macon after a dollars worth of seed and the gentlemen brought
me two sacks of flour I wish to sow for bees My honey crop is fine up to
date Am doing my best with about twenty stands of Italians will report net
proceeds I have about four acres planted in Spanish peanutsthey are the
idea for hogs J W Stroud
Corn inferior stand and small for the time of year Cotton is looking
well now since the recent rains but very small and irregular stand Wheat
is very poor all cut but none threshed Oats are ordinary Farmers are
working with a vim James W Dickey
DecaturCholera among our hogs ergot among our cattle and the Farm
ers Alliance among our farmers We thank you in behalf of our organiza
tion for your suggestion of our noble organization This county now has a
county organization and much good can and will be derived from it by the
farmers W B McDaniel
DoolyGenerally dry up to 15th of May but seasonable rains since then
Both cotton and corn are in better condition than usual S W Coney
The recent rains and warm weather have produced quite a favorable change
in crops Oats will be much better than was anticipated The hog cholera
has made its appearance and is doing considerable damage We want a
remedy for the cure ot the disease Who can give us one
Simon P Odom
DoughertyPlenty of rain since the 7th inst Corn has improved rapidly
but is generally small yet and will require good seasons to bring the crop up
to an average The fall sowing of oats is harvested and the yield is the best
since 1882 A W Cosby
Cotton two weeks late and very small Some fields that were highly fer
tilized and rich lands planted in March are fine and blooming but the
bulk of the crop is small Best oat crop since 1882 Corn very promising and
in good condition The farmers in Southwest Georgia are hard down to work
and using economy With favorable seasons for three months Southwest Geor
gia will be in better condition than for ten years past J L Dozier
EarlyCrops are much improved in appearance since our last report Corn
has a fine appearance and is in good condition Rains have been quite gen
eral but much heavier in some places than in others Cottonstand fair and
condition good Yield of fall sown oats very fine and all housed safely Spring
sown much improved by late rains R H Lanier
100JUNE CROP REPORT1888
UBRAP
2T
of qeo
Corn is small but has a fine color now Cut worms have m
the stand of cotton since it was chopped J B Hobbs
HoustonThere is not more than from 10 to 20 per cent of a crop of
peaches apples and pears raised in this part of the county Grapes of all kinds
a full crop Cotton late but near a full stand I believe that two crops of
chufas may be grown in one year the second for seed of the first I am trying
it and if I succeed will write you Wm J Anderson
LeeWe have had fine seasons which have been very propitious for the
annihilation of the young grass and May Pops Farmers seem to be pretty
well up with their work Melons are looking well and are growing rapidly
we have three hundred acres planted in a radius of four miles
R P Johnson
MaconPlenty of rain and farmers are now more cheerful The oat crop
has improved wonderfully Corn is small but healthy and vigorous Cotton
that was planted early is looking well The wheat crop is the best in several
years J B Mltrray
MarionToo much rain Bottom land wet and late Too cool for cotton
and it looks badly B T Peacock
Rain more frequent and showers heavier and land washed more this than
any season I can recollect for the last 30 years consequently there is a great
deal more grass than usual and cultivation is farther behind than usual Both
corn and cotton small the latter fully ten per cent not chopped out and the
former stalks spindling and color somewhat yellow in many fields
Geo W C Mitnro
MillerCorn and cotton is two weeks late Sugar cane a good stand and
looking well Fall oats a fine crop Spring oats light Peaches almost a
failure Apples about half crop Hardy Strickland
Cotton ten days late on account of excessive rains in spring but in fine
condition cut worms have injured the stand to some extent Bud worms in
corn Condition of crops very good I S Clifton
MitchellThe ravages of the dreaded pear blight at one time was really
discouraging but there has been a reaction and the fruit growers are now much
more hopeful of final success All kinds of stock are in good condition We
have had but little cholera Our farmers are hopeful notwithstanding the
present backwardness of crops generally T R Bennett
This has been an extreme year The winter and early spring rains were
excessive then came some weeks of dry and cool weather especially nights
which injured the stands of early planting During the latter part of April
and the first days of May we had some very hard and damaging rains The
weather now is propitioushad recently the very finest of seasons The crop
prospects improving now J B Twitty
10128
DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
MuscogebThere were the finest stands of cotton up to a week ago I ever
saw but the extreme cold nights and continued rains have caused the lice to be
worse than I ever saw them causing the stand to be badly broken on the gray
and sandy lands The plant is quite small for the season Corn looks well
but small but with good seasons will make good crops L F Humber
Corn small but a good color Cotton is something later than last year
Since the rain and the past few warm days cotton is looking much better
Prospects good for threefourths of a full crop of oats C Oqletree
SchleyTne seasons have been good to date and where the proper culture
has been given the crops are fine Labor is somewhat demoralized and cant
be relied onis growing worse year by year 1 hope to see the day when there
will be more reliability in this essential to successful farming
E S Baldwin
StewartThe late rains have improved very much the prospects cf crop
of spring sown oats Crops are looking well where they have been fertilized
and cultivated W W Fitzgerald
The late rains have brought spring oats up to a good crop But little
wheat sown and that badly injured by rust Acreage in peanuts greatly in
creased the Spanish variety planted mostly G W Ard
TaylorField crops all seem to be backward on account of continued dry
weather in April and May though a fine season came a week ago Many
farmers are not through chopping Work stock in good condition As the
stock law is agitated in many counties would a question in your reports touch
ing the satisfaction given where tried be inappropriate It might be upon
the information obtained other counties could act more advisedly I merely
suggest J T Adams
I was in Butler last week and found the price of white peas at the Alliance
store to be 1 but another merchant one of the largest in the town asked me
150 for the same kind of peas So it seems that the Alliance is doing some
good United we stand divided we fall In unity there is strength
A M Walker
All growing crops are forging ahead very rapidly and if seasons continue
good for another month there will be a fine forage crop Edgar Stewart
Corn is now growing rapidly and prospect good Cotton is very small
but has commenced to grow Our farmers as a rule have adopted the motto
Work hard economize and keep out of debt This will certainly bring
scccess D e Brown
TerrellThe seasons have been very unfavorable for the growing crop
The cutworm and bowl worm have injured stands of corn and cotton in places
badly Elijah Belflower
Crop prospect very promising Oats are being harvested and are good
102JUNE CROP REPORT1888
Most of the farmers fertilize them well Seasons good and labor plenty Pros
pects better than for years Stock are in good condition and feed is plenty
E G Hill
ThomasThe farmers are taking more pains in preparing their lands before
planting Stock is better cared for than heretofore The hog cholera is not
prevailing as bad as it has been heretofore Tell the correspondents to rub the
chickens heads with coal tar it will kill the chigoes which he calls chicken
fleas Chigoes will kill young chickens It is a new insect that has appeared
in some parts of the country L H Player
WebsterThe late rains are making spring oats look very well Pall oats
are very good Negro labor becomes more uncertain every year which is very
discouraging to farmers White labor is better The Farmers Alliance has
encouraged white labor and done much good by advocating intensive farming
and making farms selfsustaining T J Stapleton
Seasons have been favorable for working crops labor plentiful and crops
generally in good condition though a little backward R A Bell
Wilcox As a general thing crops are being better cultivated this season
than usual More attention is being given to fruit growing Better stock
than the wire grass is talked of A B Cain
Seasons fine Crops clean but small Prospects good for a fair crop
D P McCrimmon
WorthStands of cotton are badly broken on account of cut worms and
lice Corn on low lands is all ruined by bud worms Oats are nearly all saved
with a good yield W A Hall
EAST GEORGIA
BullockCrops in fine condition and much larger than last year at this
time Oats light caused by April drouth C A Sanir
BurkeIt is gratifying to see the gradual though yet small annual increas
ing attentson to the enlarging of the provision crop which means increase in
number and condition of all stock on the farm and this again means an im
provement in all respects in the condition of the owner of the farm
J B Jones
DodgeCrops look very well and we have good stands of both corn and
cotton James Bohannon
Crops look better and growing finely Oats damaged by drouth to some
extent The farming interest improving in this county and the prospect good
for a greater improvement hereafter D M Btjchan
EmanuelThere has been five weeks drought in some sections of thig
county It made some of our farmers late in getting a stand of cotton
E W Lane M D
1030 DEPARTMENT OP AGKICULTDREGEOKQIA
GlascockEarly varieties of wheat escaped the rust and consequently
gave a full average yield Fall sown oats were never better The stand of
corn is very bad and consequently the crop is below par
Seaborn Kitchens
JeffersonThe long dry spell in April and May has caused all crops to
be small for this season of the year but the good seasons now are brineins
crops up finely A E TARV1fR
While the spring has been unusually mild crops are very backward The
long drought in the latter part of April and first of May has caused much late
planting of cotton In many places it is just peeping thr jugh the ground
S M Clark
Owing to the protracted dry spell in April a large percentage of cotton
did not com up until about two weeks ago While both cotton and corn are
two weeks late both look healthy and are in first rate condition The outlook
is favorable Pears almost a failure The LeConte a majestic fraud up here
Henry L Battle
JohnsonThe heavy rains early in spring filling the bottoms full of water
and overflowing the same and the nights being cool the cotton prospect is not
so good Corn looks well G W Tapley
Crops are small but in very good fix j p Kennedy
Laurens A dry April and a wet May portends a bad crop year PuU
stands of cotton not up till 20th of May Early April plantings of cotton in
good condition Corn small and spindling and far behind last year
J T Chappell
Corn very small Cotton about 20 days late and very small Oats are
very poor except where manured Burt oats are doing better than rust proof
WF Howard
Crops greatly improved by recent rains Cotton planted after the drought
in April seems to be doing better than old cotton T J Blackshear
is MoNTGOMERYThe Prospect for cotton is not flattering about half the crop
a e J C Clements
Owing to drought cotton is just up Corn is looking very well and farm
ers are hopeful TPWilliams
Crops are in fine condition They were slightly damaged by heavy rains
recently The fruit crop is almost an entire failure G M T McLeod
ScrivenWe were four weeks without rain which retarded the growth of
crops to some extent but I think crops have suffered more from cool nights
than drought w c Bowl
At present we have good seasons Farmers well up and the crops look
well 1 he wool clipping is something better than usual E B Gross
TatnallThe corn crop is exceptionally good and in good condition Cot
ton planted in March is good and a good stand that planted in April is just
now getting to a stand and as we plant black seed cotton here it cant make
over a half crop Peaches and pears are all killed and will not have a half
crop of apples Every farmer in the State should plant Spanish peanuts and
Kaffir corn John Hughey
104JUNE CROP REPORT1888
31
Crops of all kinds are late but have improved wonderfully since the rains
began J S Lanier
Since last report seasons have been favorable for farming Cotton gen
erally is in good condition and all other crops have greatly improved Fruit
very near a failure Some hog cholera Wm F Williams
warmth and showers has raised our crops and
H L WlMBERLY
its
TwiggsMay with
spirits
The wool clip is good in weight and quality but the sheep are few in
number and growing smaller on account of the stock law A large per cent
of the cotton was not up until the recent rains since which it is growing finely
Fred D Wimberly
WashingtonCotton is not all up but looking well Labor plenty and
doing finely Our prospects very good All farmers are behind with their
work H N Hollifield
but improving
I A Mason
WilkinsonFine rains Corn and cotton very small
Outlook rather gloomy at this writing
SOUTHEAST GEORGIA
BryanCorn sweet potatoes sugar cane and rice are looking remarkably
well Cottonstand poor but looks well The long staple variety is planted
on the coast and it is rather late to remedy deficiency in stand The frosts
used up the fruit set on LeConte pear trees I know of no other varitey planted
Philip 1 Cory
The corn crop fine Season good
Cotton up and doing very well
P W Williams
CamdenThe recent rains have done the crops much good The oat crop
has been cut off 25 per cent by the dry weather of April and May
E A McWhorter
CharltonHave had fine rains and vegetation of all kinds is growing
nicely Robt Hatcher
We have had good seasons for three weeks past The prospect for all
crops is good Aaron Dowling
Corn is better than usual Oats much better than anticipated
A G Gowen
ChathamCrops have all suffered from cold and drouth but the recent
rains will no doubt bring everything forward rapidly except oats which was
too far advanced to be benefitted much
C A J Sweat
ClinchWork is well up and crops promising Farmers have used more
fertilizers this season than usual and are pleased with the result We are
stumping the lands and tilling better than usual L C Mattox
The prospect of a corn crop in this county was never better Cotton is
later than usual The peach crop is about a failure and the pear crop will be
very light The farmers are well up with their work Many of them are
taking the stumps out of their land and gradually tending toward the inten
sive system M Tomlinson
CoffeeCotton is smaller than usual Corn and sweet potatoes are doing
well Oats cut off by drought to some extent The apple and peach crops are
almost entire failures Joseph Bailey
10532 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
EcholsCrops are growing as if by magic and though small for the season
are looking well No fruit worth naming except pears Hogs in some locali
ties are dying of ehslera We have now a new pest called chigoes or Texas
fleas which are very fatal on young chickens etc G W Prime
CoffeeThe seasons since May 1st have been remarkably fine Corn has
improved twentyfive per cent Cotton that was up early is doing finely
Good crops of peanuts will be made on stubble land Farmers are cutting
their oats and planting peanuts as they do much better than common peas
J B Pafford
EffinghamCotton and corn both an imperfect stand from the long
drought have been much injured from the cool nights and the cut worms but
have improved since the rain 0 E Smith
Weather cool Farmers up with their work Season dry Hog cholera
prevailing Bud worms are bad F R Tarver
GlynnThere will be but few Irish potatoes made in Glynn on account of
the inferior tubers planted Potatoes which were purchased by planters of this
county for Early Rose proved to be Godsknowswhat for I can not tell
There has been a great swindle perpetrated upon the farmers this year in the
purchase of their seed potatoes In the future I would advise all to procure
their seed of a reliable seed house J R Doerflinger
LibertySeasons are fine All crops are booming and the heart of the
busy farmer is made glad But the great curse here is ignorance as to the
elementary principle of the tradeso much waste of labor on undrained soils
Beg the farmer to ditch ditch ditch Millions have been lost to this low
country for want of drainage An excess of rain now would blight all our
cropsjust for the want of some cheap ditches Alfred J Hendry
All crops are above good averages and oats are made
Jas A M King
The dry spell has at last been broken and when rain came it found corn
clean of grass and also what cotton came up early Chickens that are small
are killed by fleassomething never known before My wife has lost 90 per
cent of what were hatched Can some one suggest a remedy
J O Davis Jr
McInToshSince the recent rains set in the crops look more promising
D R McIntosh
All crops at this writing are very promising Geo E Atwood
PierceWe have had a great deal of rain for the last two weeks Every
thing is booming Fine crops and fine prospects H L R Avant
WareWe have several farmers that have plowed their oat ground and
planted corn and it bids fair for a good crop Some have planted rice after
oats and it did well Our farmers are all in good heart Corn good oats
good In fact this seems to bo a season for a good crop of everything We
want more fanciers and breeders Our stock are all healthy and a good in
crease J M Stiger
Wayne Farmers here seem to be in better condition financially than they
were last year The dry weather during the last of April and first of May
checked the growth of crops but now the showers of rain have come and the
crops grow and the farmers smile W H Roberson
106Special Circular No 711
New Series
QUESTIONS FOR JULYCROP REPORT
Returnable July 1st 1888
Wheatyield compared to averageper cent
Wheataverage yield per acrebushels
Oatsyield compared to averageper cent
Oatsaverage yield per acrebushels
Glover and Grassyield compared to avper cent
Compared to an average condition and prospect of
Cottonper cent
Cornpercent
Riceper cent
Tobaccopercent
Sweet Potatoesper cent
Sugar Caneper cent
Melonspercent
Peachesper cent
Applespercent
Grapesper cent
exiics

Correspondents Name
Postofflce County
07CIRCULAR No 106
New Series J
CROP REPORT
FOR THE MONTH OF
JULY 1888
SHOWING
THE ACREAGE AND CONDITION OF GROWING CEOPS
THE FIEST OF JULY AND OTHEE MATTEES
EELATING TO AGEICULTUEE IN GEOEGIA
T T HEITDEESOIT
CoBunlseionei
ATLANTA GEORGIA
Constitution Publishing Company
0Circular No 106 j
New Series
CROP REPORT
FOR THE MONTH OF JULY 1888
RETURNED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE JULY 1 1888
Department of Agriculture
Atlanta Ga July 9 1888
GENERAL REMARKS

The weather during the month was quite variable in its con
ditions in different sections of the State It was generally dry
String the first half the rains commencing in some sections about
the 15th in others later until finally on the 26th and 27th pretty
general rains occurred A review of the Notes from Corres
pondents will disclose the fact that the crops are remarkably
spotted throughout the State ranging in prospect and condi
tion from one extreme to the other The condition of the crops
Taries widely even in the different neighborhoods of a single
onnty
wheat and oats
The yield of wheat was not so good as was anticipated in last
report the actual yield compared to an average being only 65 in
the State against a prospective yield of 80 on the first day of
June Southwest and East Georgia report 93 and 85 respectively
1114 DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
against 89 and 81 on the first of June but North and Middle
Georgia show a great falling off from the prospective yield on
June 1st the figures being now 55 and 54 respectively against
80 and 72 This reduction was due to the increased development
of rust in these two sections the weather being favorable for its
propagation while the crops in Southwest and East Georgia were
forward enough to escape the fungus almost entirely
The oat crop is about what was expected a month ago taking
the State over the yield in South Georgia and Middle Georgia
being considerably less and the sections fully maintaining the
June expectations In the yield of both wheat and oats the unu
sual spectacle is presented of North and Middle Georgia falling
below Southwest and East Georgia
CORN
The condition and prospect of the corn crop has fallen from 95
on the first of June to 91 on the first of July in the State at large
the reduction being chiefly due to a decrease in North Middle
and Southeast Georgia Southwest and East Georgia holding their
own
The crop throughout the State is very uneven and variable
The weather conditions however at date of this report are gen
erally favorable throughout the State and with a continuance of
the same until the middle of July there will probably be a suf
ficiency of corn produced for home demands
COTTON
Like the corn crop cotton is also very spotted different cor
respondents from the same county sometimes giving very widely
different reports
Drouth in some sections lice and cold winds in others too much
rain in others are assigned as causes of the decadence of condi
tion from 91 on June 1st to 88 July 1st
As in the case of corn the conditions now are favorable and
with a continuance of seasonable weather throughout July the
prospect will rise very materially A good stand and clean
healthful growing condition of the plants at this date is a good
basis upon which to predicate a fair yield if the weather be rea
sonably propitious until September 1st
112CONSOLIDATED CROP EEPOET FOR JULY 1888By Sections

Wheat Oats and Condition and Prospect Compared to an Average
Grass
tp be at 1 3 M 3 to i il s bfi al 2
5 S 5 5
B M P fa S
P e P 0 ai
a 3 s 2 s p a o e
11 o P 0 1 s a P s g 2 P a o o o a N O o o A o V dq 0 OJD a en 00 a o o3 V f OJ 5 OJ ft a 55 5 O
ee 55 40 79 140 92 90 93 91 94 93 91 40 68 92
54 44 80 120 91 86 87 89 95 96 86 24 73 92
93 72 92 127 105 91 92 93 90 94 98 88 33 49 95
85 60 86 140 77 90 98 99 98 102 86 33 50 91
90 150 94 95 89 86 95 99 91 35 71 92

65 45 85 135 94 88 91 92 91 1 95 98 88 1 33 62 92
t1
o
O
hd
W
c
13
IDEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
NOTES EKOM COKEESPONDENTS
NORTH GEORGIA
BanksJune has been dry and a tine time to clear the crops of grass
Good rains up to the 27th Wm M Ash
Cotton fifteen days late Fine rains and farmers well up with their work
W J Burokss
Corn and cotton dont seem to grow this year as well as usual Crops are
yet small and dont look thrifty Geo W Wiley
BartowOwing to the cold and late spring cotton and melons are a little
behind We have good seasons to date John P Jones
Crops small for the time of year but in fine growing condition and farm
ers well up with work W A Chann
Catoosa and WalkerToo much rain wheat and oats rusted Grass
fine clover tolerable AI Leet
ChattoooaRust has injured oats very much Cotton had begun to growr
but it is now raining with cold east wind W P Foster
Rust struck wheat rather late but damaged it badly Cotton though
small for the time of year is thrifty and growing Corn is very good Oats
were damaged slightly by rust D Wheeler
CherokeeRust appeared on what has been considered heretofore rust
proof oats m S Pade
BadeA windstorm on the 28th blew down corn and oats that had been
cut badly G w Stewart
Wheat not yet threshed out and oats not yet harvested
G W Stokes
Corn fine but badly blown down Grapes rotting badly Oats and wheat
both injured by rust G A K Bible
DawsonFine seasons now Corn good Wheat and oats are injured by
rust and smut D E Smith
Wheat has not been threshed but the yield will not exceed four bushels
per acre Cotton is backward PJClarke
FanninCorn is in fine condition and is growing rapidly Wheat nearly
a failure on account of rust S Higdon
FloydAll crops look well and are growing off finely Millet is very
K0 J P McConnell
114JULY CROP REPORT1888
Corn is fine Cotton is good and growing very fast Fine seasons Got
ten taking on fruit well and bids fair to make a good crop
N C Sandbss
Cotton and melons are much improved in the last ten days A heavy
crop of clover has been harvested in good condition and the second crop i
growing fast J Lindsay Johnson
Cotton is in good growing condition but generally small Wheat was
cut off by rust Sweet potatoes and melons injured by insects
Felix Corput
ForsythCotton and corn look well and are in fine condition Rust ia
wheat and oats T L Sims
FranklinCotton and corn are looking very well but we are very dry
Crops are clean and with a good season we will be all right
J B McWhortbr
Corn good and looking well Cotton small but doing well
John R Sewell
GilmerCorn looks well on high land low lands are injured by too much
rain Wheat was injured by rust Fruit crop very good Hogs dying of
cholera L Tankersly
Wheat was injured a few days before it was cut by rust Not yet threshed
Some rust on oats N L Osborn
GordonCorn is doing very well and warm weather is improving cotton
But little oats seeded but the yield is good J G B Erwin
All cultivated crops have improved since last report but cotton is two
weeks late O H Datis
GwinnettCotton and corn small for the season but look thrifty About
two weeks late indicating about twothirds of a crop J T Baxter
Good seasons and clean crops are general Not so much indebtedness on
the part of farmers M P King
Corn cotton and all crops are very much improved since last report
R D Winn
HabershamCorn is small but all that could be wished in breadth of
stalk and blade Peronapora almost universal with black rot on Isabella and
kindred grapes Can any correspondent give me the name of a farmer who
has made a success of tiledraining savannah or peaty land and at what
ost Jas P Phillip
Cotton and corn are late but growing finely Moses Walters
Hogs are dying with cholera Rain plenty and labor is scarce Gras n
4oing fully as well as crop 8 J Buuba
115t DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
HallCannot tell the average per acre as wheat and oats have not yet
been threshed A R Smith
HakalsonCrops were badly damaged by a rain and wind storm which
occurred yesterday J W Biggers
HartPine seasons yesterday Crops are late but looking well having
been well cultivated Alex White
JacksonGood general rain on the 27th instant June
Jefferson Jennins
Cotton smaller than usual but generally in good condition Wheat was
ruined by rust Prospect for corn and cotton good T S Johnson
MurraySeasons were good during June and the prospect is good for
fine crops of cotton corn and potatoes H Heartsill
PauldinoWheat was generally ruined by rust Seasons have been good
and cotton though small bids fair for an average yield P P McBrayer
The farmers are in fine spirits We have never had a better prospect for
a corn and cotton crop We will pay out of debt this fall and then be true
Alliance men B T Drake
PickensIt was quite dry until the 26th 27th and 28th when we had
general rains The growing crops are in a flourishing condition and farmers
are in fine spirits E R Allred
Cotton in Northwest Georgia slim Corn excellent B P Reed
Rust ruined wheat and oats Corn and cotton are late but looking well
Needing rain at this time L J Allred
RabtjnSince last report rust has taken both wheat and oats which has
reduced the yield fully one half Pine seasons and the corn is good
F A Bleckley
TownsRust has injured wheat 40 or 50 per cent and there is some rust
on oats but cant tell the extent of injury yet J N Gibson
Wheat is cut short by rust but we have a fine crop of rye of which we
raise a good deal M J Brown
UnionThe rust has nearly ruined the wheat and oats
E F Parks
WalkerCotton has been backward but is now on a boom Rust ruined
a good wheat prospect J J Broyles
Weather very favorable since May 20th F M Young
WhiteThe cold rains in the latter part of May caused the rust to attack
wheat amd oats Budworms injured the bottom corn but the crop is good
F L Dinsmore
116JULY CROP REPORTli
Rain in gentle showers sufficient to make corn and potatoes look well
J B West
WhitfieldWheat ruined with rust and oats thinned by freezing Corn
is late but looks well and seasons are good J P Groves
Wheat rusted Oats blown down badly Too dry for grass
W C Richardson
W D H Johnson
MIDDLE GEORGIA
BibbHaving too much rain for all crops
ButtsAll field crops are growing rapidly and looking well Plenty of
rain W S Hunt
CampbellRecent heavy rains have injured crops on low sand lands
and uplands aTe badly washed I I Beall
Corn is promising Oats fine but damaged by wet weather Cotton
small but has good color F H Steed
Two much rain at present Crops growing finely and farmers in fine
spirits J J Strickland
Rust ruined wheat and some of it will not be cut Some parts of the
county have not had rain in three weeks J S Dodd
ClarkeCotton is late in starting off Small grain again ruined by rust
Crops are generally clean R T Pittard
CarrollThe storm that has raged for the last week injured both corn and
cotton I never saw crops grow faster M R Russell
ClaytonWe are having splendid season
and very promising
Crops are in fine condition
W P Jones
ColumbiaCorn crop is very poor and the cotton prospect is not good
The July crop will be very light M I Branch
From some unknown cause the corn crop is far below an average Cotton
is doing well but is two weeks late J I Spires
Cotton is at least thirty days behind last year S C Lamkin
CowetaWe have not suffered a single day for rain Early planted corn
and cotton where they have been well worked look fine Let all the farmers
rjlant less fertilize more and work better and no doubt we will all be better off
Wm A Smith
T1j rains have been excessive Cotton is small arid all of ten days late
A W Stokes
DuKaibWe are having fine rain and corn and cotton are doing finely
though ten or fifteen days late W H Carter
11710
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
DouglasWheat killed by rust Oats rusty and blown down by the wind
storm of the 27th Cotton is ten or twelve days late Up to the 27th corn
would have averaged 100 but it was badly blown down and damaged by the
wind on that date y jj Nalley
Cotton is small and the corn has been damaged by wind
B H Phillips
ElbertMost too dry for crops to do well Cotton ten days late
S D Elder
The labor question is the question of the day Labor is becoming more
and more unreliable j L Thornton
FayetteThe ground is now thoroughly wet and forward corn will need
but little more rain Q c Grre
Heavy rains damaged cotton and wheat Corn is doing well
F D Hewell
GreeneToo much rain fields grassy and will probably continue so for
some time n
O M bANDERS
Where well cultivated crops are looking very fine
Aug N Asbury
HancockToo much rain for grapes and they are rotting badly We have
two or three showers per day Grass fine John Turner
Plenty of rain grass under control and crops growing finely
H L MlDDLEBROOKS
We have had fine rains during the past few days and things look a little
bnghter for farmers j w Cawth0N
HarrisA heavy wind and rain storm on the 27th and 28th broke down
20 per cent of the corn w D CoOK
Rains plentiful Crops free of grass and growing finely
J B Pate
HeardCo very much injured by heavy rains and winds on the 27th and
28th J B Wade
Henry CholeraBefore the war I had cholera in my hogs every
year In 1864 I lost sixteen in four days A friend told me to boil common
poke root to a strong tea salt it well and give it to the hogs to drink I did
so giving the tea in wheat bran to some ten or twelve trat were then iek
All of them got well I havnt had cholera since using as a preventive occa
sional dosing with poke root tea and giving plenty of salt and water all the
time and keeping the lice off K j Harper
Seasons are good and we have flattering prospects for all crops
JA C Winn
118JULY CHOP REPORTIS
11
JonesCrops are small for the time but we are having good seasons and
crops are thriving P T Ross
LincolnMay too wet June too dry Cotton two weeks late corn
small N A Crawford
We are in the midst of a three weeks drouth Prospects of sill kinds
gloomy Cotton twenty days late The stalk worm destroying corn
J M Dill
McDuffieCorn and cotton have improved rapidly for the last ten days
Good rains the past week J H McCorkle
Cotton one month behind former years Corn the poorest in twenty
years A E Stcrgis
MeriwetherThe rain and wind storm on the 27th was very heavy
Cannot yet tell the damage to corn B S Clements
MonroeContinuous rains since the 13th have given General Green quite
the advantage More rain moretaters Kos C Taylor
MorganCotton a little late but looking well Corn is very fine Dont
think our county will buy much next year J T Newton
Crops are comparatively clean Fine seasons today Corn is about made
Cotton blooming G S Hanleitkr
We have had abundant rains within the last week and grass is booming
but with fair weather now we can hope for a fair crop G D Perry
NewtonCorn small for the season but late rains have caused a fine pros
pect for an average crop Cotton is fine and in good condition Larger pea
crop than usual T A Walkkr
Corn that was well fertilized and cultivated is good The yield and quality
of wheat are very poor Can you not get us a better seed wheat
L P Livingston
OglethorpeCotton is very small but clean and with fair showers will
make a good crop W T Nash
Has been dry in places for three weeks but no injury has resulted
Splendid rains in the last few days C A Stevens
Weather now favorable to all crops John T Hurt
PikeCorn and cotton are fine Very heavy rains and some grass but no
danger if we have a few clays of dry weather C R Wilson
Cotton is very small Having too much rain and many farmers are in
the grass Some are not through chopping E W Ross
Considerable rain for the past few weeks and grass is booming
G A Williams
11912
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
PutnamFine seasons and prospects are good O W Reid
Seasons good crops clean prospects fine J T Dennis
RochdalePlenty of rain Cotton is small but looks healthy and the
fields are generally clean Patrick H White
Cotton two weeks late Corn injured by wind Grapes rotting very
badly G F Rowan
Seasons all that could be wished to date Melons injured by bugs
Wm L Peek
Seasons fine throughout June and prospect for a continuance Rust on
oats for the first time caused by too high fertilizing J S Albert
TaliaferroHeavy local rains during June and in those places there is
much grass Other places have been dry First cotton bloom noticed on the
24th L L Veazy
TalbotSeasons are good and grass in abundance hut the prospect is flat
tering L B McCrort
Very fine seasons to date and all crops in fine growing condition The
early planted corn is nearly made Farmers are hopeful S A Freeman
TroupWe have had rain and considerable wind which has injured corn
Jas Patillo
Cora is small and ten days late Cotton also ten days late Too much
rain for the last few days H H Cart M D
UbsonCotton had a hard time at the start and can never recover from
bad stands and small size Seasons are good T J Middlebrooks
WaltonPortions of the county very dry through June hence crops are
small though in good condition to benefit by the good seasons now at hand
J Gresham
WarrenCotton small and late hut good stands and healthy Corn
crops are poor Blackberry wine plenty tis good in sicknesseverybody
sick Politics125 D W Rogers
WilkesUpland corn is fine too wet for bottoms Cotton is two or three
weeks late Oats good for the acreage Have heard of but two crops of wheat
that are not affected by rust although many others sowed the same variety
Jno T Winofield
SOUTHWEST GORGIA
BakerFine rains have fallen in the last few days
W L Curry
Too much rain for cotton Corn doing well Crops in fine condition
Reubkn Jonbs
BerriexFine seasons everything on a boom
120
H T PkeplesJULY CROP REPORT1888
IS
Corn and cotton are now growing finely having had a good rain a few
days ago J Parish
BkooksJune has been dry and corn will be cut short Had good rain on
the 27th Peaches a failure W W Wad
CalhounPlenty of rain throughout the county at this time but some
sections have been dry W T Perry
Seasons have been very favorable for crops and where fertilized and well
worked they are very good No room for complaint F P Griffin
Chattahoochee Rains abundant since the 27th ult and crops are doing
their best F V Schley
Seasons are fine and crops are good wherever they have been properly
worked W P Fielder
ClayPine rains have fallen in the last ten days and corn cotton and all
vegetation are doing finely T E Speight
ColquittCotton has improved wonderfully within the last two weeks
and with good seasons during July a good crop may yet be made
F J Walker
The seasons have been fine and the crops have been generally well
worked J T Hammond M D
CrawfordAbundance of rain now Cotton and corn are both small for
the time of year and corn is about as spotted as I ever saw it The latter is
shooting too low and is dodging to shoota bad sign but if the seasons con
tinue good through July corn on good land and not so far advanced may
prove to be unusually good J W Stroud
DecaturWork stock are in better condition at this time than I have
seen them in several years W B McDaniel
Crops are clean Drouth cut off what was a promising oat crop Rains
now general and plenty 0 J Munnerlyn
DoolyIt has been rather too dry in many localities for the last three
weeks and until yesterday when a fine rain occurred S P Odum
Corn and cotton are clean and are doing finely Plenty of rain now
S W Coney
DoughertyThe corn crop is now assured and is the best since 1882
Frequent rains have caused a rapid and succulent growth of the cotton weed
and the caterpillars have already made their appearance causing great appre
hensions in the minds of farmers the crop being so late The cotton out
look is not promising but corn peas and potatoes are fine and a large area
has been planted J S Dozier
Excessive rains for the last few days A W Crosby
121
14
DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
EarlyThere were five and a half inches of rain during June and corn i
on a boom Cotton is looking well but needs work D M Wade
A continued drouth in a portion of the county is doing great damage
D B Hobbs
Since last report corn had declined ten points in many localities in conse
quence of drouth but is recovering In other localities the crop is fully up to
ayerage R H Lanikr
IrwinSeasons good and crop prospects as good as they have been for
years Jas Paulk
LeeWe are now having fine seasons the first time the ground has been
wet for forty days K P Johnson
MarionCorn is tasseling low but has a good color Cotton is unusually
small for the 1st of July but may come up in size as rains are abundant and
frequent GB0 w C Mtjnro
Corn has improved 20 per cent since the recent rains Too much rain
for cotton Crops are clean B T Peacock
MillerHaving fine rains Crops of all kinds looking well Farmers are
well up with their work H Strickland
Corn injured by drouth Cotton small but very full Seasons now goodr
and corn will greatly improve J S Clifton
MuscogeePlenty of rain and crops are doing well Cotton is small but
well fruited The outlook is good C Oqletree
Corn small and very poor The extremely cool spring made cotton back
ward and small and bad stands G P Humbkr
RandolphHog CholeraMr S P Odom wants a remedy for cholera I
have had no cholera among my hogs in eighteen years I salt them regularly
occasionally putting in a little assafoetida and give them lye soap
R Filingim
The crop prospect is very good excepting corn the stalk of which is small
With plenty of rain it can make a tolerable fair ear The farmers of Randolph
county are wideawake to stockraising but are still planting too much cotton
James M Taylor
SchleyThe seasons have been good in some parts of the county while
ther parts have suffered for rain E S Baldwin
StewartRecent rains have improved crops wonderfully
G W Ard
Cotton small and poor stands but is growing and looking well Corn
large enough and of good color General rain on 27th J G PiNieTON
122JULY CROP REPORT1888
lfr
June has been very dry and corn prospects are poor the plenty rain now
has improved them somewhat W W Fitzgerald
SumterSeason fine for corn but too much rain for cotton just at this time
G W DlLLARD
TaylorCotton ten days late Corn small but may ear well Plenty of
rain J T Adams
TerrellFine rains up to date and crops are very good E G Hill
Dry weather has injured corn 25 per cent in places Cotton not so large
as usual but is growing and taking on fruit
Thomas We are having more than enough rain for crops E L Neei
WebsterOwing to drouth corn is not so good as it should be Now rain
ing Thos J Stapleton
WorthFine seasons and everything looks promising
EAST GEORGIA
BullochCotton small but in fine condition We are having too much
rain C A Sorrier
DodgeCotton has improved since last report and now bids fair for an
average crop Rain in abundance D M Btjchan M D
The dry weather and cool nights and lice have nearly ruined the stands of
cotton Jas Bohannon
The seasons have been very favorable for the growing crops
S B Coody
GlascockExcessive rains have injured cotton and corn
Seaborn Kitchens
JeffersonCorn small cotton small The seasons fine and the abun
dant rains may help the poor corn A E Tarver
Both cotton and corn are poor but owing to recent rains we make our
report 10 per cent better than we would have done ten days ago
S M Clark
LaurensFor three weeks past corn has greatly improved Cotton has
just got under good headway growing J T Chappell M D
Cotton greatly injured by continued rains Corn cane and potatoes are
good Thos J Blackshear
MontgomeryCrops are generally clean and they are splendid Plenty
of rain and the prospects are good for the farmers G M T MoLeod
PulaskiStands of cotton very much injured by cutworms and lice
Plants dwarfed by cool nights and east winds J P Brown
TwiggsRecent rains have improved corn very much The stalks are
small but the ears are heavy Cotton small and grassy F D Wimberly
128i
DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
ScrevenGood seasons at present Corn and cotton are sorry on account
of too much wet weather E B Gross
TatnallCorn is laid by and is on a general boom Two weeks more of
good weather and we will have plenty of corn for 1889 John Hughey
WashingtonCrops all poor on account of cold spring and too much rain
arly in the season J C Harman
The peach crop is much better than was anticipated Cotton is small but
clean and looks well Corn is not so good as usual and we fear the crop will
be short H M Hollifield
WilkinsonToo much rain for cotton but corn is doing well and potatoes
and sugar cane are fine Grass is making headway but farmers are hard at
work and have used more economy this year than customary
J A Mason
SOUTHEAST GEORGIA
BryanCorn is good and seasons are fine Cotton is backward and
unless seasons are late the yield will be short P W Williams
All crops need rain Have had but few showers during the monthnot
adequate to the wants of the crop Phillip D Cory
CharltonThe corn crop was injured to some extent by a two weeks
drouth A Dowling
CoffeeVery dry for the past four weeks
Joseph Baily
EcholsSince last report drouth has damaged crops some especially corn
G W Prine
EffinghamThe spring and summer have been dry and crops are small
but we are having fine rains now and crops will improve
Amos P Rahn
Seasons medium Crops are generally fair Hog cholera is bad in some
portions of the county Frank Tarver
LibertyGood idea to give the address of each correspondent Sulphur
mixed with wet meal and fed to poultry will prevent and destroy chigoes and
other parasites and without ill effects on the fowls Jas A M King
We have had good seasons for the last few weeks and hope to catch up
Cotton is growing fast J O Davis Jr
McIntoshPlenty of rain and all crops are very promising
Geo E Atwood
WareAll our crops are good as we could ask Seasonable rains and
good farming have prevailed this year J M Stiger
WayneCrops are nearly all made and our farmers are almost jubilant
over the prospect W H Roberson
124JULY CROP REPORT1888
IMMIGRATION TO GEORGIA
17
The attention of farmers and other citizens of the State is again called to the
efforts being made by the Georgia Bureau of Immigration under the
auspices of the State Agricultural Society and the Central Railroad of Georgia
to illustrate the capacity and resources of our soil and climate and thereby to
attract honest industrious homeseekers and induce them to settle in our
healthful and hospitable climate One of the methods devised is unique in
conception and will prove attractive and instructive A special car is being
fitted up a Georgia on Wheels which will be filled with illustrative speci
mens and samples of Georgia products and sent through the Northwest some
time in August in charge of Commissioner Glessner and assistants The
following is taken from the Southern Empire the organ of the Bureau
In the car will be a representation of all the varied products and industries of
Georgia From the mountains of North Georgia will come specimens of gold
silver iron lead marble manganese graphite mica talc and other minerals
together with grains and fruits Prom Middle Georgia will come samples of
wheat rye oats corn barley cotton vegetables fruits butter honey and
grasses Prom Southern Georgia will come rice sugar cane syrup sugar sea
island cotton olives melons palmetto grey moss yams and all the products
of that semitropical region Prom the forests will come specimens of yellow
pine cedar cypress gum oaks hickory poplar turpentine rosin etc From
the manufactories will come samples of cotton and woolen goods wooden ware
iron and a long line of manufactured articles The Commissioner is sparing
no pains to make the exhibit both complete and attractive and he has enlisted
in his aid enterprising men in every section of the State He asks all who
have any special products peculiar to their section manufactured articles or
curiosities to send them to him without further invitation Articles of special
value will be returned when so requested Mark all articles for exhibit
W L Glessner Commissioner of Immigration Americus Ga and ship by
1st of August Label each article with name of specimen name of donor and
county and notify Commissioner of its shipment
Papers throughout the State are requested to copy this article and urge the
people of their county to prepare and print a description of its resources and
advantages for distribution throughout the North shipping them to the Com
missioner not later than the 10th of August
COTTON CATERPILLARS
As the time is at hand for making proper arrangements for preventing the
annual depredations of the caterpillar the Commissioner requested Dr L B
Clifton recently appointed Entomologist of this departmeut to prepare a short
article on the subject embodying much information and thfi latest practical
12518
DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
methods of destruction as will enable farmers to protect their crops from these
pests The subjoined article is therefore published for the benefit of farmers
and the Commissioner urges that prompt action be taken especially in those
counties in which this destructive enemy is mest likelv to appear
In regard to the proper strength of the solution of London purple it is
proper to state that the experiments ot Inspector O T Rogers made under the
direction of the Commissioner on the farm of Mr B S Kittrell of Johnson
county in 1883 indicated that a mixture of one pound of London purple to
from 80 to 90 gallons was about the right proportion It is probable how
ever that the London purple obtainod from different sources varies in purity
and strength which may account for the different proportion recommended by
Dr Clifton It would be well for each farmer to experiment with solutions of
different strengths the aim being to secure a solution just below the strength
that will injure the cotton foliage
THE COTTON WORMAletia xylina
OrderLepidoptera FamilyNoctuidce
About all that is known of this insect together with the method of its
destruction by poison may be stated in a few words
The caterpillar comes from an egg deposited by the moth generally on the
under side of the first or lower leaves of the cotton weed The eggs hatch in
from two to eight days The caterpillars while small do very little damage
They merely burrow into the under surface of the leaf leaving a trace of yel
lowish stain These burrows may easily be distinguished on account of their
form and color
The worms make their appearance the first brood from May until July
depending on the locality and season In Florida and Southern Georgia they
may come as early as the first of May while in the northern part of the State
they hardly ever show up until about the first of July There are in the lat
itude of Macon from three to five generations of these caterpillars while on
the Gulf there may be as many as seven or even eight generations in a single
season In about three weeks the caterpillars complete their growth and spin
a rude cocoon frequently using a rolled leaf for this purpose In another week
the moth is released from the c coon and within twentyfour hours proceeds to
deposit eggs for the second generation A single female moth may lay as
many as eight hundred eggs and should they all go through the changes with
out accident it would be possible for one moth to be the maternal ancestor of
20000000000 caterpillars in a single season Five or six full grown caterpil
lars on a plant would endanger the cotton crop
Now it is evident that war should be waged on the first or spring brood of
caterpillars The cotton plants are then small and the worms are more easijy
discovered It also takes much less fluid to spray the leaves at this time The
126JULY CROP REPORT1888
19
young caterpillars are more susceptible to the poison and the destruction of
one worm at this early date may represent the destruction of eight hundred a
month later and more than a million during the entire season
The poison should be applied to the spot on which the caterpillars are feeding
It would be possible to spray thousands of gallons of insecticide fluid on the
tops of the leaves without destroying a single caterpillar while they are still
young and feeding on the under side of the leaf It is extremely difficult to
wet the under side of a leaf with flnid applied from above The pores
through which the plant respires are generally on the under side of the leaf
and nature has so provided as to protect them from being wetted from above
Then the only effective method is to apply the spray to the under side of the
leaves Here I must admit that no spraying apparatus with which I am
acquainted is perfectly adapted for this work but it is to be hoped that the
ingenuity of some of our inventive geniuses will contrive to supply this want
As to the poisons to be used a large number have been suggested but the
most effective as well as the cheapest seems to be some form of arsenic in
solution
An excellent fluid for the purpose may be made by any one of ordinary
intelligence as follows
Arsenic one pound
Carbonate of soda four ounces
Place these in a gallon of soft water and boil until dissolved
This gallon of solution should then be diluted with 150 gallons of water and
used as a spray applied to the under surfaces of the cotton leaves where the
young caterpillars are feeding By carefully watching the underside of the
leaves for the first appearance of the worms a small quantity of this fluid will
destroy them
Paris green may be used instead of the above One pound of Paris green to
about fifty gallons of water and used in the same manner
London purple may also be used but must be continually agitated to keep
it suspended in the water One pound of London purple to one hundred
gallons of water is about the right proportion All these substances are
preparations of arsenic
To summarise Commence war on the caterpillars as soon as you discover
their presence Destroy the first generation if possible They are not the ones
that do the greatest damage but their descendants of the next and succeeding
generations do the injury and the easiest way is to destroy the first arrivals
After the worms reach nearly their full growth they eat so ravenously and
rapidly that little can be done Examine the under side of the lower leaves
carefully and often Remember the caterpillars are very small when first
hatched and a lens will very much facilitate an examination Look carefully
for the yellowish cresoentshaped markings left by the worm where it has
tunnelled the under surface of the leaf If you find these you may be sure the
oaterpillars are on the plant somewhere and you should look until you find
them and at once apply the remedy L B Clittoit Entomologist
12720
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
AGEICULTTJKAL EXHIBITS
In addition to the Annual State Eair of the State Agricultural Society of
Georgia several other expositions and fairs will be held during the coming
fall as follows
Georgia State Fair Macon Ga October 10th and continuing 10 days
Augusta National Exposition Augusta Ga October to November 1st
Ohattahoochee Valley Exposition Columbus Ga October 4th to October
13th
Northeastern Fair Athens Ga October 1st
To visitors from other States and especially to those from the North and
West of this Union nothing is more gratifying and instructive than collective
and classified exhibits of the peculiar products of our State When brought
from the several counties to one central point and attractively and conven
iently displayed for examination the time and expense of visiting every sec
tion is saved and the necessity for a preliminary exploration of the State by
those who contemplate settling among us is removed Farmers and owners
of mineral properties timber lands waterpowers etc should avail themselves
of these opportunities to advertise these attractions and resources Seeing is
believing and ocular proofso easily afforded at an expositionof the pos
session of productive soils rich mines and ore beds and of the adaptation of
our soils and climate and individual farms to the production of the finest
and best specimens of cattle horses sheep poultry grain cotton etc is the
most convincing and the best calculated to arouse interest and suggest land
purchases and locations Every citizen who feels an interest in the develop
ment of his State ought to contribute in some way to the success of those expo
sitions at least to that of the one most convenient Let each for himself or
let Agricultural Clubs Alliances or Granges join together in making exhaus
tive exhibits of the productions of their counties and neighborhoods and thus
illustrate our resources
128siei iai Circular No 72
New Series
Questions for August Crop Report
fiTo be returned to the Office of the Depart
ment of Agriculture by August 1st 1888
What is the condition and prospects of
1 Cotton compared to an average
2 Corn compared to an average
Rice compared to an average
4 Sugar Cane compared to an average
5 Sweet Potatoes comp to an average
6 Tobacco compared to an average
7 What are the profits of the Melon
crop compared to last year
8 Give date of first appearance Cotton
Catterpillar
9 Period of excessive wet weather from
July to
10 Period of drouth from
Julyto
per cent
NAME
POST OFFICE
COUNTYCIRCULAR No 107
New Series
CROP REPORT
FOR THE
MONTH OF AUGUST 1888
AM FINAL REPOBT OF
INSPECTIONS ANALYSES AND STATISTICS OF
COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS
Koi THE SEASON OF 188788
j t xaE3NriDiRso3sr
Ccraraissioner
atlanta georgia
Constitution Publishing Company
1888
1ACROP REPORT
FOR THE MONTH OF AUGUST 1888
Returned to the Department op Agriculture August 1 1888
Department of Agriculture
Atlanta Ga August 9 1888 j
GENERAL REMARKS
The weather and general conditions affecting crops during the month of
July have been unusually free from incident worthy of remark except that at
no time were the prevailing conditions the same throughout the State During
the first half to twothirds of the month rains were rather excessive in many
counties moderately abundant elsewhere and rather dry throughout the
whole month in a few counties notably in eastern Middle Georgia At the
close of the month the condition of the State as to seasons was what is usually
called spotted the rains of the last week being abundant in some localities
and very light or entirely wanting in others
This crop has a little more than maintained the condition and prospects
reported for July 1st In North Georgia the condition is 92 against 90 one
month ago Middle Georgia 87 against 86 Southwest Georgia 93 against 91
East Georgia 80 against 77 while Southeast Georgia has fallen to 92 against
94 The general average of the State is 89 against 88 The average condition
of the crop for the State August 1st 1887 was 101 and this figure was thought
to be too low at the time but the remarkably severe storm of August 4 1887
reduced the condition at once to 90 The condition of the crop may therefore
be described as one point less promising than thai of the crop of 1887 on Au
gust 5th or after the storm alluded to
1314 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
Very few fields had sustained any decided injury from want of rain up to
the 1st of August though rain was much needed in many counties Rust is
doing considerahle damage on white sand soils chiefly in Southwest and East
Georgia Intelligent observing farmers however say that rust always
strikes the crop on such lands so soon as the plants become loaded with bolls
The condition of the corn crop has materially improved since last report the
advance being mainly in North and Middle Georgia and Southwest Georgia
The comparative condition is thus represented in figures In North Georgia
97 against 93 Middle Georgia 94 against 87 Southwest Georgia 100 against
92 East Georgia 87 against 90 Southeast Georgia 96 against 95 in the
State at large 95 against 91 This shows a general improvement of 4 points
since July 1st
MELONS
The question was asked of correspondents What have been the profits of
the melon crop as compared to last year The same question was asked in
the questions for the August crop report of 1887 A parallel statement of the
answers for each of the sections for the two years is interesting The numbers
given indicate the profits as compared with the year next preceding the latter
being assumed as 100
COMPARATIVE PROFITS OF MELON CROP FOR THREE YEARS
North Georgia
Middle Georgia
Southwest Georgia
East Georgia
Southeast Georgia
The State
1887
Compared with
1886
100
97
127
97
70
1888
Compared with
1887
98
87
79
i i
81
81
81
The table shows at a glance that the profits of the business of growing mel
ons has fallen off considerably since last year It is a fact that melon growers
are discouraged by the unexpected meagerness of returns This result is due
to three causes each of which may be removed or modified
1 The want of information by the grower and shipper of the state of the
markets at different points as to supply and the consequent glutting of some
markets and insufficient supply of others This may be remedied by concert
J 32AUGUST CROP REPORT1888
of action and the establishment of a melon exchange at some convenient
point for distribution
2 Want of care in rejecting overripe and undersized melons A very few
melons of small size or uninviting appearance or overripe condition will
frequently reduce the salable price of a carload to less than cost of freight and
commissions The orange and lemon growers of Florida have learned this les
son and never ship culls with good fruit
3 Probably too high rates of freight It would certainly be to the future
interest of the railroads to aid in developing and perpetuating this source of
freight income by as low a tariff as possible Carrying at a loss now may aid
in the establishment of melon growing as one ot the permanent industries ot
the South and a reliable and remunerative source of income to the railroads
While it is true that instances have occurred in which the sales of shipments
did not cover freights and commissions yet on the whole there is reason to
believe that the business of growing melons has been fairly profitable to the
most skillful growers and shippers and that it will become more reliable in the
future It is comparatively a new business and there is much to learn by the
farmer who has never before planted more than a mere patch for family use
CONSOLIDATED CROP REPORT EOR AUGUST 1888By Sections
Condition and Prospects compared with an average Profits of Melon crop compared with last year
Sections B o o Q a u o O 2 a os O OS M 3 DD 5 03 O Pi is 0D o o o OS 0 o H
North Georgia 92 87 93 80 92 97 94 100 87 96 75 90 90 91 97 96 100 98 94 96 96 98 91 93 91 84 86 96 100 87 79 77 81 81
Average for the State 89 95 86 99 95 91 81
1336 DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
THE OLD BEMEDY AGAINST COTTON CATEEPILLAES
The planters who farmed on the Chaltahoochee River lands and in those
sections of Georgia where the soils were rich and fresh and on which the cotton
grew tall and luxuriant used to practice a very simple but effective remedy
against the cotton caterpillar That was some fortv or fifty years ac When
the worms made their first appearance a day was appointed by the common
consent of the farmers in a neighborhood when each farmer on his own
farm would make diligent search and destroy every worm that couVl be found
This was repeated at a proper time The result was the worms were so
thinned out that no serious damage was done Three years ago a neighbor of
mine had four or five acres of very fine cotton on which the caterpillars
appeared in large numbers although very few observed elsewhere in the
neighborhood Neglecting any effort to destroy them the worms spread over
the neighborhood Some few persons destroy the first that appear and all
they can afterwards but it is indispensable that all act in concert and destroy
them on every farm I believe if farmers would act together in this way they
would not be troubled much by the caterpillars
I am satisfied that the subject and the suggestions herein offered are of suffi
cient importance to justify you in calling attention to it in your August Crop
J r W J Anderson
Port Valley
184FERTILIZER REPORT
ANALYSES COMMERCIAL VALUES AND STATISTICS
OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS AND CHEMICALS
Inspected Analyzed and Admitted to Sale in Georgia During the
Season of 188788
Department of Agriculture
Atlanta Ga August 10 1888
EXPLANATION OP THE TABLES OP ANALYSES
The tables commencing on a succeeding page give the analyses and the calcu
ated Relative Commercial Values of all fertilizers and chemicals inspected
analyzed and admitted to sale in this State during the season of 188788
RELATIVE COMMERCIAL VALUES
Extract from Circular No 103
The estimation of Relative Commercial Values of fertilizers has heen the
uniform practice of the Department since the first fertilizer bulletin was published
in June 1885 Circular No 12 Old Series It was not the intention of the
Commissioner to indicate by the publication of these values the absolute prices at
which fertilizers should be sold to the farmer but simply to enable the farmer to
compare the commercial quality and probable agricultural value of the different
137
10
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
brands with each other The idea was well expressed in the following extract
from Circular No 9 New Series issued July 24th 1880
If each fertilizer contained but one valuable ingredient the percentages of
that ingredient would correctly indicate the comparative value of the fertilizers
But as the large majorit of the brands contain two or more ingredients differing
widely in agricultural and commercial value and in the percentages in which
they enter into the composition it is found very convenient to add together the
calculated commercial value in dollars and cents of each ingredient as a basis of
comparison and a guide to the purchaser
Early in each season by correspondence and otherwise the Commissioner
ascertains the cash prices at which the different materials which enter into the
manufacture of fertilizers may be purchased at the port of Savannah as well as
the prices of standard acid phosphates and manipulated fertilizers From these
prices the commercial or market values of the three valuable elements ammonia
phosphoric acid and potash are deducedmaking a fair allowance for cost of
manipulation and handling and the Relative Commercial Values in the table
are based on these elemental values and approximate the cash value of a single
ton of the fertilizers in Savannah Ga In the course of trade and sharp competi
tionespecially near the close of the business seasonthe ruling prices of fertili
zers often vary considerably from those of the opening of the season But it is
impracticable to change the prices of elements fixed at the commencement of the
season as explained withiut confusion and conflict between the successive fertili
zer bulletins of the same season Asa consequence of the competition of trade
and the reduction of prices of fertilizers in the course of the same season such
prices will sometimes be materially lower than the published Relative Commer
cial Values as occurred towards the close of the season of 188687
Throughout the season of 188687 the valuations of the three elements which
form the basis of the calculated commercial values were as follows
Available Phosphoric Acid7 cents per pound
Ammonia 16 cents par pound
Potash K O5 cents per pound
The usual correspondence and inquiry has resulted in fixing the following as
the estimated cash market values of the three elements as they are found in a
single ton of average fertilizer bagged and delivered on board cars at Savannah
and the same are the basis of the calculations of Relative Commercial Values in
the tables which follow and will be maintained throughout the season of 188788
Available Phosphoric Acid6 cents per pound
Ammonia 14 cents per pound
Potash K O5 cents per pound
It will be seen that this is a reduction in the valuation of elements as compared
with the basis of last season amounting to in available phosphoric acid one and
onehalf cents ammonia two cents potash remaining the same This reduction
will account lor the lower Relative Commercial Values of many familiar brandg
as compared with last year
For instance An acid phosphate containing twelve per cent available phos
phoric acid at a valuation of seven and onehalf cents per pound for this element
would have been rated last season at 1800 per ton while at six cents the sam
138ANALYSES OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS188788
11
would be rated a 1440 per ton A fertilizer containing ten per cent of available
phosphoric acid and three per cent of ammonia would have been rated last season
at 2460 per ton the present season the same fertilizer having precisely the same
composition and the same agricultural value would be rated at 2040
FINAL REPORT OF THE CHEMIST
UNIVERSITY OF GEORGIA
Chemical Laboratory
Athens Ga July 14 1888
Hon J T Henderson Commissioner of Agriculture Atlanta Ga
Dear Sir I have the honor to report that during the present season there
have been analyzed in this laboratory 413 official samples of commercial fertili
zers These were as follows
Regular samples 377
Special samples for farmers 30
Duplicates 6
413
These consisted as follow
Complete Fertilizers 276
Aeid Phosphates 69
Acid Phosphates with Potash 46
Acid Phosphates with Ammonia 4
Chemicals 18
413
The following additional analyses have been made by your directions
Artesian and Mineral Waters 11
Minerals Ores etc 7
18
Total number of analyses431
Thanking you and the gentlemen ol vour office for many courtesies during the
season I have the honor t be
Very respectfully yours
H C White

13tTABLES of Analyses and Relative Commercial Values of Commercial Fertilizers Chemicals Etc Inspected Analyzed
and Admitted to Sale in Georgia During the Season of 188788
TABLE IAmmoniatkd Superphosphate of Lime
6 3 O Plwspht ric Acid
NAME OF BRAND 4 o X a 210 225 185 215 2 25 250 230 117 150 175 065 185 100 105 285 200 075 310 200 150 145 115 90 125 100 250 225 5 o CO 0 M 270 190 180 335 190 225 325 200 310 325 175 505 265 165 070 305 140 410 225 240 575 275 190 2 15 230 245 205 6 3 3 o Eh 985 1005 1130 1050 1040 1035 11 00 1225 11 25 11 50 1010 11 10 1025 1015 1C20 10115 1055 1020 10 25 9 90 II 85 10 20 1170 1070 10 80 10 65 075
1225 1250 1250 915 915 1175 910 1050 1250 1210 1410 1020 14 10 920 1250 12211 1875 1150 1075 1010 1200 1040 1170 875 1250 S75 715 815 950 715 850 810 775 1025 815 825 835 6 05 760 850 350 700 9 15 610 800 750 410 745 980 7 75 850 820 810


o Ammouiated Soluble Phos oAmmoniated Dissolved Bone

Adairs Ammouiated Dissolved Hone Acme Fertilizer Ammouiated Dissolved Bone Phos Americus Guano


Ashley Soluble Guano mAmmoniated Alkaline Phosphate






Bradleys Patent Fertilizer Bowkers Cotton Fertilizer
s

215
245
280
2 20
250
255
240
255
310
225
235
225
21H
2
251
2111
2511
225
250
270
210
210
220
20S
225
251
225
5
O X
o H
210 1994
275 2167
225 2365
150
215
220
210
336
260
185
22i
175
245
1 40
150
200
175
lKi
225
175
1 05
127
130
110
18Q
2120
2163
2176
2202
2184
2548
2270
2155
2187
2077
2107
21101
Pill
2100
2029
2170
2109
2029
2061
2140
1996
2036
2108
FOR WHOM INSPECTED
Patapsco Guano Co Baltimore
Baldwin Fertilizer Co Savannah
Robertson Taylor Williams
Charleston
A tlanla Guano Co Atlanta Ga
Jno Merryman Co Baltimore
Jno Merryman Co Baltimore
Atlanta Guano Co Atlanta Ga
Adair Bros Co Atlauta Ga
Acme Fort Co Wilmington NC
G Ober Sons Co Baltimore
Williams Clark Co New York
Chesapeake Guano Co Baltimore
M T D J Mclntyre Savannah
II C Fisher Seey Newnan Ga
Ashley Phosphate Co Charleston
Chesapeake Guano Co Baltimore
US Miller Co Baltimore
Peudleton Guano Co Atlanta Ga
Slingluff Co Baltimore
Ashepoo Phosphate Co Charleston
Americus Guano Co Americus
B R LeggBro Marietta Ga
Atkinson Read Co Augusta
Navassa Guano Co Wilmington
Griffin Fertilizer Co Griffin Ga
Bradley Fertilizer Co Boston
Jno D Weld Savannah GaI
BY WHOM AND WHERE MANU
FACTURED
Patapsco Guano Co Baltimore
Baldwin Fertilizer Co Port Royal
Ashepoo Phos Co Charleston S C
Atlanta Guano Co Atlanta Ga
Jno Merryman Co Barren I N Y
Jno Merryman Co Barren I N Y
Atlanta Guano Co Atlanta
Michigan Carbon Wks Detroit Mich
Acme Fert Co Wilmington N C
G Ober Sous Co Baltimore Md
Williams Clark Co New York
Chesapeake Guano Co BaltimoreMd
M T 1 J Mclntyre SavannahGa
Coweta Fertilizer Co Newnan Ga
Ashley Phos Co Charleston S C
Chesapeake Guano Co BaltimoreMd
H S Miller Co Baltimore Md
Pendleton Guano Co Atlanta Ga
Slingluffd Co Baltimore Md
Ashepoo Phos Co Charleston S C
Americus Guano Co Americus Ga
B R Iegg Bro Marietta Ga
Georgia Chemical Works AugustaGa
Navassa Guano Co Wilmington NC
Griffin Fertilizer Co Griffin Ga
Bradley Fertilizer Co Boston Mass
Bowker Fertilizer Co Elizabethport
O

W
H
g
H
C

2
n
p
d
IS
I
Q
N
C
EC
OBuffalo Bone Guano
dBaldwin Cos Am Dissolved Bone
Bradleys Ammoniated Dissolved Bone
Burke County Fertilizer
Bone Compound
Bakers Standard Guano
Beef Bone and Blood Fertilizer
Barrys Granger
Barrys Chemieals
Baltic Guano
eClarke Soluble Guano
Chappells Champion Superphosphate
Crown Guano
Capitol Cotton Fertilizer
yCotton Food Guano
Cairo Guano
Cotton Fertilizer Ammoniated
Cherokee Ammoniated Bone
Chesapeake Guano
Cumberland Bone Superphos Lime
Coweta High Grade Guano
Cotton Seed Compound
mChesapeake Ammoniated Bone
i1 mCotton Maker
Cotton Seed Meal Mixture
Colquitts Ga StandardGuano
Chatham Guano
Colgate Manure
Colquitts Ga Standard Guano
Cotton and Corn Fertilizer
Clifton Complete Fertilizer
Colquitts Ga Standard Guano
Cresent Bone Fertilizer
Carolina Fertilizer
Crittendon Guano
Chattahoochee Guano
Crown Guano
nCarwilds Eagle Ammd Bone Superphos
oChatham Guano
Cotton and Corn Compound
Cranstons Ammd Dissolved Bone
Cranstons Compound for Cotton and Corn
Doubly Am Truck Fanners Special
Dixie Guano
Davy Crockett Guano
1 10 i an 7 05 285 990 240 380 2240
rn 2 in 8 55 220 1075 240 210 2172
in no 1 50 8 10 820 11 30 240 150 2178
1200 150 0 85 330 10 15 2UU 18b 1963
10 HO on 8 85 130 10 15 24n 275 2165
11 f 9 85 0 85 325 1010 2111 225 202a
n on 950 7 no 305 1005 215 225 2033
in so 1 85 9 75 187 11 02 221 115 2126
10 fin 1 85 o 70 1 95 11 05 225 120 2110
nsn 1 87 9 70 190 11 00 218 120 2122
mon 2 8n 8 15 270 10 85 251 110 2112
o 90 210 8 0 195 10 15 270 28U 22 a4
845 in 0 30 340 10 20 260 22a 2177
s an 125 5 80 425 10 05 275 300 2276
u n 2 in 7 o 280 1010 240 200 21184
11811 280 5 00 560 1000 280 230 2280
IS 50 1 75 Pi 50 355 10 05 2 20 165 1987
in n 1811 6 fill 410 1070 200 225 2237
1R 50 2 on 57n 525 10 95 2n 181 2199
11 75 111 7 55 280 1085 221 230 21188
10 75 081 0 05 215 11 20 221 2 22 la
10 50 11 75 8 55 230 10 85 215 280 21M
IW 200 7 no 305 10 05 2 in 101 1011
1220 2nn 7 no 315 1U 05 210 1 aO 1944
15 111 095 22i in no 220 160 196
8 215 6 55 310 975 2U0 27a 200a
lfi 20 150 fi Na 280 965 220 200 10 1
1125 50 r 8ii 805 9 811 215 175 1959
8 20 7 an 800 1080 280 215 209a
li no 1 50 s no 310 1110 210 178 209a
11 5 0 A 15 495 liin 240 175 2179
9 25 1 50 7 95 300 10 25 2U0 12a 191a
142n 175 SOO 210 10111 220 175 2003
11 75 10 7 85 240 1025 275 200 2200
in 15 200 i 50 275 921 310 17a 2153
875 055 6 35 445 10 80 275 260 2320
850 250 7 60 350 1110 275 250 2353
in on 185 5 15 405 920 220 160 1880
15 9 35 5 00 IOi 1025 220 118 20U1
lio 1 111 6 5 279 904 212 178 ISall
1050 185 10 00 130 1180 242 176 2209
in4n 125 795 280 in 75 242 152 2119
9 70 i no 7 0 295 in15 705 380 3572
in so 280 5 no 500 inon 280 230 2286
825 110 875 170 in 45 60 12a 2107
AdairBros Co Atlanta
Baldwin Fertilizer Co Savannah
Bradlev Fertilizer Co Boston
WilkiusNeely JonesWaynsboro
W t II M Colliding Baltimore
Chemical Co of CantonBaltimore
S W Travers it Co RichmondVa
E Barry Augusta Ga
E Barrv Augusta Ga
Battev Hamilton Rome Ga
Maddox Rueker Co Atlanta
P S Chappell t Son Baltimore
Treadwell Abbott Co Atlanta
S W Traverse Co Richmond
Savannah Guano Co Savannah
Raisin Fertilizer Co Baltimore
Navassa Gno Co Wilmgton X C
Commercial Guano Co Savannah
Chesapeake Guano Co Baltimore
Charles Ellis Savannah Ga
II Fisher SecV Vownan Ga
T M Swift Prest Elberton Ga
Chesapeake Guano Co Baltimore
Chesapeake Guano Co Baltimore
Georgia Chemical Works Augusta
J H Carlton Union Point Ga
Commercial Guano Co Savannah
Chemical Co of Canton Balmore
T 1 Lowe Hemphill Ga
F H MeGintv Norwood Ga
Clifton Client Phos Co Atlanta
J E it H J Randolph Jefferson
Hammond Hull Co Savannah
Bradley Fertilizer Co BostonMass
Hartshorne Huger Savannah
LaGrange Oil MilUt MfgCo La
Grange Ga
Treadwell Abbott to Atlanta
Z W Carwild Jr Savannah Ga
Commercial Guano Co Savannah
Ashley Phos Co Charleston
Cranston Alexander Augusta
Crauston Alexander Augusta
Wilcox Gibbs Guano Co Savh
Raisin Fertilizer Co Baltimore
J M Smith Pleasant Hill Ga
Furman Farm Impt Co Fast Point
Baldwin Fertilizer Co Port Royal
Bradlev Fertilizer Co Boston
Waynesboro Oil Mill Fertilizer Co
Waynesboro
W H M Goulding Baltimore Md
Chemical Co of Canton Baltimore
S W Travers Co Richmond Va
Mfd for E Barry Augusta Ga
Mf1 for E Barry Augusta Ga
Mfd for Battev Hamilton Augusta
Southern Phos Co Atlanta Ga
P S Chappell Son Baltimore Md
Walton Wlninn Co CharlestonSC
S W Travers Co Richmond Va
Savannah Guano Co Savannah Ga
Raisin Fertilizer Co Baltimore Md
Navassa Guano Co Wilmington N C
tommercial Guano Co SavannahGa
Chesapeake Guano Co Baltimore
For Charles Ellis New York
Coweta Fertilizer Co Newnan Ga
Elbert County Fertilizer Co Elberton
Chesapeake Guano Co Baltimore
Chesapeake Guano Co Baltimore
Georgia Chemical Works AugustaGa
The Green Fertilizer Co Union Point
Commercial Guano Co SavannahGa
Chemical Co of Canton Baltimore
T 1 Iowe Hemphill Ga
F 11 MeGintv Norwood Ga
Clifton Chem Phos Co Clifton
1 F t II 1 Randolph Jefferson Ga
Hammond Hull Co Pt Royal SC
Bradley Fertilizer Co Boston Mass
Commercial Guano Co SavannahGa
LaGrange Oil Mill Manfactring Co
LaGrange Ga
Mfd for Treadwell Abbott Co At
lanta Ga
Wilcox Gibbs Guano Co Savannah
Commercial Guano Co SavannahGa
Ashley Phos Co Charleston S C
Mfd for Cranston Alexander Au
gusta Ga
Mfd for Crauston it Alexander Au
gusta Ga
Wilcox Gibbs Guano CoSavannah
Raisin Fertilizer Co Baltimore
J M Smith Pleasant Hill Ga

a
o

w
c

W
H
IS
IsTABLE I Continued
NAME OF BRAND
Phosphoric Acid
Dobba Animd Cotton Fertilizer 11125
Dissolved Ammd Bone and Potash
Davy Crockett Guano
Empire Guano
Eddystone Guano
Excellent Georgia Standard Guano
bE frank Coes Am Bone Superphosphate
aExeelsior Guano
Eutaw Fertilizer
Etiwan f I tin no
Eddystone Soluble Guano
Fdisto Ammd Superphos
Eagle Ammd Dissolved Bone
Empire Guano
Eddystone Guano
Farmers Ammoniatcd Dissolved Bone
Furmans High Grade Guano
Farmers Favorite Guano
AForest City Ammoniatcd Dissolved Bone
iForest City Ammoniatcd Dissolved Bone
Farmers Friend Guauo
Farmers Standard Phosphate
Farmers standard Guano
Giant Guano
Georgia Test Guano
Gossypium Phospho
Gairdner Arnolds High Grade Fertilizer
ciGeorgia state Grange Fertilizer
jGeorgia State Stand Am Superphosphate
Golden Grain Guano
Georgia Cotton Compound
Georgia Pacific Guano
Georgia State Standard Amd Superphos
Game Guano
1415
850
1080
1500
950
915
I 120
107
920
101E
1410
1350
1010
1350
1475
1020
1210
1250
1180
1160
121
1150
1080
1150
1250
25
1550
1500
1220
12ni
1380
12i i
1365
210
135
150
220
221
100
225
210
100
21
165
210
200
235
221
140
075
40
165
225
225
111
085
230
215
130
125
210
250
125
125
255
165
320
S
a
810
s 31
500
630
800
8 50
720
910
800
1 95
775
710
525
500
9 50
S70
900
850
905
7 35
910
8 50
5 00
7 55
6 85
870
855
820
695
830
640
550
1751
2
250
170
500
3ft
2 Ill
190
280
250
310
185
260
350
580
185
FOR WHOM INSPECTED
1029
1000
1000
10 CO
I 125
1040
1 Hi
1010
11 00
1111
980
103
1009
II 0E
85
165 1115
280 11 50
210
22
105
27
20E
150
560
25
34 1
190
220
155
290
245
Ilo
2351085
3001 9 75
11 11
1085
1010
10 10
1115
11110
1060
1019
11121
10 III
1075
975
9S5
11175
1080
220
240
2210
2SII
2511
215
250
240
a in
2 15
260
210
2111
225
2SO
21
275
2 Ill
225
215
215
2 Ill
200
280
2
205
22i
240
210
215
2 Ill
201
235
220
175
410
125
2
200
150
215
200
185
180
200
200
120
2IU
1211
22D
202
225 1
1909
2280
2121
2000
2102
2084
2219
2198
2101
211211
2222
2100
20 80
BY WHOM AND WHERE MANU
FACTURED
2100
2125
200 2221
240
2211
1211
150
215
220
280
2111
171
210
250
27
2 i
200
2 10
2S5
2200
2111
2028
21011
2112
22M
2120
22110
20
2172
2008
22 12
2207
2221
2200
2071
Davie Whittle Petersburg Va
G Ober Sons Co Baltimore Md
James M Smith Winterville Ga
Raisin Fertilizer Co Baltimore
Clark Cove Guano CoNew Bedford
Wilcox Gibbs Guauo Co Savh
Juo Merryman Co Baltimore
Savannah Guano Co Savannah
Ashepoo Phos Co Charleston
Etiwan Phos Co Charleston SC
Jno M Green Atlanta Ga
Edisto Phosphate Co Charleston
Bradley Fertilizer Co BostonMsss
Raisin Fertilizer Co Baltimore
Clark Cove Guano CoNew Bedford
Mass
Hammond Hull Co Savannah
Adair Bros Co Atlanta Ga
Bradley Fertilizer Co Boston
Hammond Hull ct Co Savannah
Hammond Hull Co Savannah
I a 1 4 Co New York
G Ober Sons Co Baltimore
G Ober Sous Co Baltimore
Raisin Fertilizer Co Baltimore
Jno Merryman Co Baltimore
Geo W Scott Co Atlanta Ga
Gairdner Arnold Elberton
Baldwin Fertilizer Co Pt Royal
Hammond Hull Co Pt Royal
Adair Bros Co Atlanta Ga
G Ober Sons Co Baltimore
ino M Greene Manager Atlanta
Hammond Hull ct Co Pt Royal
Baltimore Guano Co Baltimore
Davie Whittle Petersburg Va
G Ober Sons Co Baltimore Md
James M Smith Winterville Ga
Raisin Fertilizer Co Baltimore
lark Cove Guano Co New Bedford
Wilcox Gibbs Guano Co Savannah
E Frank Coe Barren I N V
Savannah Guano Co Savannah
Ashepoo Phos Co Charleston S C
Etiwan Phos Co Charleston S C
Mfd for Clark Cove Guauo Co New
Bedford Mass
FMisto Phosphate Co Charleston S C
Bradley Fertilizer Co Bostou Mass
Raisin Fertilizer Co Baltimore Md
Clark Cove Guano Co New Bedford
Mass
Pt Royal Fertilizer Co Pt Roval S C
Furman Farm Impt Co EastPoint
Bradley Fertilizer Co Boston Mass
Hammond Hull Co Pt Royal sc
Hammond Hull Co Pt Roval SC
Read i Co New York
G Ober Sons Co Baltimore Md
G Ober Sons Co Baltimore Md
Raisin Fertilizer Co Baltimore
Jno Merryman Co Barren Island
Geo W Scott Co Atlanta Ga
Gairdner t Arnold Elberton Ga
Baldwin Fertilizer Co Port Royal
Hammond Hull Co Pt RoyalSC
Furman Farm Impt Co East Point
G Ober Sons Co Baltimore Md
Clark Cove Guano Co N Bedford
Hammond Hull Co Pt Roval ic
The Baltimore Guano Co Baltimore

i3
W
C

O
W
M
Q
a
t1
H
n
so
I
c
c
M
Qp Georgia state Standard Superphos
Gem Guano
Good Luck Guano
Gem Guano
8Georgia stale Standard Amnid Superphos
sGarnett Stubbsit Co Amd Hone Superphos
Gibbs Co High Grade Ammd Phos
Jilt Edge Amnid Bone Guano
Gaxrett Zellars Ammd Dis Bone
Hope Guano
Home Mixture
Hopes Ammoniated Dissolved Bone
HH Cos Pure Anl BHigh Grade Veg Per
Homestead Guano
Harvest Queen Guano
Harmons Standard Amd Dis Bone
p Hardees Cotton Ball Ammd Superphos
pHightower it Cos Damascus Amd Dis Bone
High Grade Ammd Fertilizer
Harvest Queen
Houghs Ammd Dis Bone Guano
Horse Shoe Brand Ammd Dis Bone
Hunts Favorite
Home Compound
Horse Shoe Ammd Bone
co High Grade Ammd Fertilizer
Highly Ammd Melon Raiser
I X L Ammoniated Bone
Imperial Guano
Jonahs Gourd Guano
Jackson High Grade Ammd Fertilizer
cJ T Hunts Favorite
J S Wood it Bro Ammoniated Dis Bone
p J P Williams Co Standard Phos
Jarrell Haire Co Formula
Jacksons High Grade Guano
J W Harle it Co Raw Bone Superphos
J J Sparks Bone Soil Food
iaek Thompsons Ammd Dissolve d Bom1
Kramers Patent Superphosphate
King Cotton Guano
King Guano
Koton Guano
Kramers Ammd Dissolved Bone
King Guano
Lowes Georgia Formula
L it R Ammoniated Bone
Listers Standard Phosphate
Listers Ammoniated Dissolved Bone
Lees Ammoniated Phosphate
1510
1220
1 I oil
1025
1350
1350
1075
1050
850
1080
11Jii
50
1210
1020
1050
1550
1510
1510
1350
1350
925
825
820
1025
820
1450
1500
IB 10
820
11150
1126
920
12211
1510
1050
1200
1110
1000
1510
9911
950
1000
825
950
1080
950
14
1175
1180
550
210 775
200 700
215 025
215 710
2211 825
825
7 60
2211
17
115
155
230
160
180
225
015
22
065
210
210
085
080
210
300
2 lo
13
780
1
08l
220
210
III
10
10
2110
210
1
1
2 Ill
065
210
1 70
105
200
080
210
230
225
350
2
250
150
0
7 50
011
960
0 95
725
10 35
8 20
7Ml
7 75
775
915
9
715
6 011
7511
7115
185
920
900
li 50
8 05
8
890
850
60
775
741
810
785
775
7 75
5 15
X Ml
500
820
820
500
10 0E
7 38
885
875
735
205
305
380
330
2HI
2011
2
340
270
560
070
335
190
185
2 70
250
205
2i
205
085
395
115
260
310
331
190
0 7
300
260
1
1511
165
III
205
28
2411
295
185
255
481
150
520
305
305
560
210
300
151
210
275
1040
10 05
1015
1040
10 25
1025
1115
1015
1021
10DO
1030
1010
915
1220
10 90
1030
1010
1010
11211
1010
11 10
10
1010
101
820
11
9 75
950
10 1
1040
1045
1015
101
1040
1025
1050
1080
960
1040
111711
10 30
1020
1125
11 25
10 60
1215
1120
1115
10
1010
210 250
210 150
2H0 155
210 200
2 1 275
245 275
25 175
221 210
220 175
281 230
295 310
1105 230
671 610
2Dll
210 300
220 180
210 50
210 250
2 10 1511
325 310
200 511
275 180
161
2110 2511
285 oon
21111 175
210 490
230 100
2 180
285 320
2 80 325
Mill 2 15
231 2 5
210 2511
240 215
2111 227
225 085
250 5IXI
2 10 250
2111 1 011
271 1511
225 150
271 310
251 121
281 230
251 185
225 285
321 2511
26C 175
300 125
211si
1911
21 15
211111
2191
2191
2112
2lill
20115
22su
2H72
22 911
3584
2192
2196
2152
2086
2086
2101
2432
2142
22 Ill
2030
2112
17SI
2151
22111
1914
2110
211111
23iH
2107
21011
20811
2117
2185
21101
21152
2081
2035
2142
2011
2110
2101
2286
2112
2259
21188
2205
2177
Hammond Hull it Co Savannah
Chesapeake Guano Co Baltimore
Thos D 0 Ruth Baltimore
Chesapeake Guano Co Baltimore
Hammond Hull Co Savannah
Hammond Hull it Co Savannah
E J Powers Wilmington N C
T R Ramspeck Decatur Ga
Geo W Scott CoAtlanta Ga
Raisin Fertilizer Co Baltimore
Columbus Fert Co Columbus
R V Bovven Hawkinsville
Hammond Hull Co Savannah
Adair Bros it Co Atlanta Ga
Dwight L Roberts Savannah
Savannah Guano Co Savannah
Hammond Hull it Co Savannah
Hammond Hull it Co Savannah
11 11 Collier Albany Ga
H S Miller it Co Baltimore Md
Macon Oil it For Co Maeon Ga
Anderson it Bro Marietta Ga
Maddox Rucker it Co Atlanta
A P Wright it Co Thomasville
Rounsaville it Bro Rome Ga
H H Collier Albany Ga
Baldwin Fertilizer Co Savannah
1 S Wood Bro Savannah Ga
Atlanta Guano Co Atlanta Ga
Butler it Turner Camilla
Almond Moon Jackson
H C Fisher Secy Newnan Ga
1 s Wood it Bro Savannah
Hammond Hull it Co Savannah
Jarrell Haire it Co Crawford Ga
Almond it Moon Jackson Ga
1 W Hark it Co Atlanta Ga
G Ober Sons Co Baltimore
Hammond Hull it Co Savannah
Read Co New York
Rawls it Perry Cuthbert Ga
Raisin Fertilizer Co Baltimore
Rome Oil Mill Fer Co Rome
Ino Merryman it Co Baltimore
Raisin Fertilizer Co Baltimore
Georgia Chemical Works Augusta
Lorentz Ritler Baltimore
Dwight L Roberts Savannah
Dwight L Roberts Savannah
J D Lee Jonesboro Ga
Hammond Hull it Co Pt Royal
Chesapeake Guano Co BaltimoreMd
Thos D C Ruth Baltimore Md
Chesapeake Guano Co Baltimore Ml
Hammond Hull it Co Pt Royal SC
Port Royal Fertilizer Co Pt Royal
E J Powers Wilmington N C
T R Ramspeck Decatur Ga
Geo W Seott it Co Atlanta Ga
Raisin Fertilizer Co Baltimore
Columbus Fertilizer Co Columbus
R V Bowen Hawkinsville
Hammond Hull it Co Port Royal
Michigan Carbon Wks Detroit Mich
Listers Agl and Chem Wks Newark
Savannah Guano Co Savannah Ga
Hammond Hull it Co Pt Royal SC
Hammond Hull it Co Pt Royal SC
Hume Bros Co Pt Royal S C
H S Miller it Co Baltimore Md
Macon Oil it Fertilizer Co Macon Ga
Northwestern Fertilizer Co Chicago
Southern Phosphate Co Atlanta Ga
South Ga Fertilizer Co Thomasville
Northwestern Fertilizer Co Chicago
Hume Bros it Co Pt Royal S C
Baldwin Fertilizer Co Pt Royal S C
Savannah Guano Co Savannah
Atlanta Guano Co Atlanta
Butler it Turner Camilla Ga
Almond Moon Jackson Ga
Covveta Fertilizer Co Newnan Ga
Raisin Fertilizer Co Baltimore Md
Hammond Hull Co Pt Royal S
Jarrell Haire it Co Crawford Ga
Almond it Moon Jackson Ga
J W Harle it Co New York
G Ober it Sons Co Baltimore Md
Hammond Hull it Co Pt Royal SC
Read it Co New York
Rawls Perry Cuthbert Ga
The Raisin Fertilizer Co Baltimore
Rome Oil Mill Fer Co Rome Ga
J Merryman it Co Barren IslandNY
Raisin Fertilizer Co Baltimore Md
Georgia Chemical Works AugustaGa
Lorentz it Ritler Baltimore Md
Listers Agl and Chem Wks Newark
Listers Agl and Chem Wks Newark
J D Lee Jonesboro Ga

F
k
00
K
00
o
o
B

tr1
W
N
6S
goTABLE I Continued
NAME OF BRAND
Lockwoods Cotton Grower
L tt C Pis Bone with Ammonia and Potash
Listers Corn Fertilizer
Melon Raiser
xMascott A D Bone
Mastodon Ammd Sol Phosphate
Matehless Cotton Grower
Moores Fertilizer
Miles I X L Ammd Superphosphate
Melon Fertilizer
Montgomerys Raw Bone Superphos
Manning Lindleys High Grade Guano
w Marietta High Grade Gnano
Navassa Ammd Cotton Fertilizer
Nassau Guano
Oglethorpe Ammoniated Diss Bone
Olympic Guano
Our Own Guano
Owl Brand Guano
AOld Dominion Quauo
AOglethorpe Ammoniated Dissolved Bone
iOglethorpe Ammoniated Dissolved Bone
Old Hickory Guano
Olympic Guano
n Oriental Ammd Bone Superphosphate
Old Reliable
Our Best for Corn
Oriental Ammd Bone Superphosphate
7Port Royal Cotton Fertilizer
ePotent Pacific Guano
Plow Brand Raw Bone Superphosphate
Powhattan Raw Bone
Patapsco Ammoniated Sol Phosphate
Planter Soluble Bone
1050
1130
1215
1250
1410
1150
li
1210
1125
1050
810
850
1100
1211
1150
1500
1020
1420
1S50
1320
1260
1180
1075
1125
1000
1250
10001
50
1500
1000
50
1251
1125
1230
Phosphoric Acid
2
2
090
235
100
231
250
100
250
005
310
240
150
305
220
250
12
210
12
250
165
22
115
lio
185
250
095
230
250
280
350
320
275
225
815
810
l HO
7 65
701
10 00
900
725
775
910
7 10
735
910
750
750
820
s10
730
7 50
S 50
850
9 05
700
810
515
8 10
S75
680
8 20
815
i 85
7 20
7051
850
3101125
320 1130
130 11 20
245
21
210
200
235
235
141
275
290
120
33
331
15
2 10
2S0
3
3111
235
105
290
22c
405
270
1
345
155
270
311
2S0
380
22
1010
10
1210
11 00
9 00
1010
10
1015
1025
1030
1080
10so
975
1050
1010
11 25
11 50
10 Si
1010
10 50
io 3
920
1080
1151
1025
975
1085
1025
1010
1085
1075
210
215
375
305
2 10
250
250
210
215
220
2
210
280
235
270
210
250
210
225
270
235
215
200
220
220
220
250
2 31
3111
2511
31
320
21
235
CP
a

a

r j






OS

QJ
K
FOR WHOM INSPECTED
175 2113 Clarence Angler Atlanta Ga
125 2083 Langston Woodson AtlantaGa
350 2744 Listers Agl A Chem WksNewark
N J
275 2509 Baldwin Fertilizer Co Savannah
175 2077 M T fc D 1 Mclntyre Savannah
210 2348 Georgia Chemical Works Augusta
175 2195 Georgia Chemical Works Augusta
250 1990 L A Moore Sharon Ga
125 1931 Langston Woodson Atlantala
510 2392 Baldwin Fertilizer Co Savannah
200 21ss Montgomery Co Rome Ga
1 Ill 1958 Manning Lindley Co P Sprgs
185 2205 Marietta Gnano Co Marietta Ga
231 i si Pope Fleming Augusta
160 22 12Jno I Weld Savannah
250 20os Hammond Hull Co Savannah
195 21 551 o lelks A Co llawkinsville
2iii 2084 Savannah Guano Co Savannah
275 2255 Davie A Whittle Petersburg Va
225 2361 Maddux Rucker Co Atlanta
3 in 2300 Hammond Hull Co Savannah
330 2111 Hammond Hull Co Savannah
200 2188 National Fertilizer Co Nashville
220 20781 O lelks a Co Hawkinsville
Ion 1880 Z W Carwild Jr Savannah Ga
120 2032 Hammond Hull A Co Savannah
Iso 2110 awls v Perry Cuthbert Ga
120 1911 Ashlev Phos Co Charleston C
250 2008 Hammond Hull Co Savannah
i in 2112 Ma0 0ix RuckerCo Atlanta
235 2317 Walton Wliann A Co Wilmington
210 2020 LoreutzA Rittler Baltimore
080 2068 Patapsco Guano Co Baltimore
225 2173Adair Urns t Co Atlanta
BY WHOM AND WHERE MAM
FACTORED
Georgia Chemical Works AugustaGa
Bower Fer Co Elizabethport N J
Listers Agl A Chem Works Newark
X 1
Baldwin Fertilizer Co 1t Royal S C
M T 0 1 Mclntyre SavannahGa
Georgia Chemical Works Augusta
Mfd for Orr Hunter Athens Ga
L A Moore Sharon Ga
Mfd for Langston A Woodson Mil
ford Conn
Baldwin Fer Co Pt Royal S C
Northwestern Fer Co Chicago 111
Manning Lindley A Co P SpngsGa
Marietta Guano Co Marietta Ga
Navassa Guano Co Wilmington X C
Bowker Fer Co Elizabethport N J
Hammond Hull A Co Port Royal
1 lelks Co llawkinsville la
Savannah Guano Co Savannah Ga
Daivie ii Whittle Petersburg Va
Southern Phos Co Atlanta 4a
Hammond Hull A Co Pt Royal SC
Hammond Hull A Co Pt Royal SC
National Fer Co Nashville Tenn
J O lelks A Co llawkinsville Ga
Tiie Wilcox A Gibbs Guano Co Savh
Hammond Hull A Co Pt Royal SC
Rawle Perry Cuthbert Ga
Mfd Z W Carwild Jr Charleston
Hammond Hull Co Pt Royal SC
Southern Phosphate Co Atlanta
Walton Wliann A Co WilniiugtnDel
Lorentz A Rittler Baltimore Md
Patapsco Guano Co Baltimore Md
Adair Bros A Co Atlanta la

63
IS
H
C
s

63
II
O
d
f
d
63
tel
I
Isl
c
63
OFlow Boys Brand
Pendletons Aramd Superphosphate
Perkinson Spier Fowlers High G Guano
Pure Gold Guano
Patrons Ammd Dis Bone
Palmetto Fertilizer
Peruvian Dis Bone Guano
Penguin Guano
o Pomona Guano
w Planters Pride Guano
Potato Manure
Reliance Ammoniated Superphosphate
Roekdale Standard Guano
Rock City Superphosphate
Royal Guano
Rock City Superphosphate
Rabbit Foot Guano
Roughtons Pet
R C Little Cos Ammd Dis Bone
oStonewall Guano
fcSamana Guano
Star Brand Guano
Southern Ammoniated Dissolved Bone
j Soluble Ammoniated Superphos of Lime
g Slingluffs Dissolved Bone
Special Cotton Fertilizer
Standard Ammoniated Bone
Soluble Sea Island Guano
South American Guano
Sea Fowl Guano
m Seals Ammoniated Bone
Sunny South Ammd Phosphate
oStonewall Guano
Sterling Guano
Scholze Complete Fertilizer
Standard Phosphate
Soluble Guano
Southern State Standard
SLerns Ammd Raw Bone Superphosphate
Stonewall Brand
wSolid South Guano
Standard Ammd Soluble Guano
Soluble Pacific Guano
Standard Bone Superphosphate
Sibleys Ammd Dissolved Bone
Stono Soluble Guano
Truck Farmers Special
725 080 985 225 1210 225 325 2407
1250 130 080 320 10 00 350 325 2315
1125 200 810 315 1125 231 175 2171
530 220 800 210 1010 230 150 2006
1210 215 815 205 1120 215 150 2096
1125 085 900 220 11 20 230 150 2138
1150 120 790 220 1010 200 22C 2160
1150 110 795 210 10 05 260 225 2159
122 235 5 60 465 10 25 220 155 2001
1100 150 910 120 1030 280 185 2205
400 100 885 115 1000 575 490 32711
910 300 680 100 1080 215 210 2108
1120 075 7 60 251 1010 225 175 2017
950 110 7 25 325 1050 280 225 2269
1010 210 780 240 1020 210 281 2176
920 185 720 255 9 75 275 215 2155
1030 192 9 70 190 11 60 220 117 2126
1021 190 975 100 1165 218 120 2127
1051 100 8 00 190 990 200 122 1850
1020 185 605 505 1110 225 225 2187
1328 250 S 50 300 1150 270 225 2361
1225 150 820 210 L03I 220 161 2012
122 220 780 255 1035 200 215 2017
1015 275 880 200 1080 235 235 2189
025 275 1220 200 14 20 250 2101
785 120 730 310 10 40 221 3315 2109
1350 200 750 280 10 30 275 160 2106
1080 230 500 560 560 1060 10 60 280 280 230 230 2286 2286
1080 230 soo
1120 220 850 210 10 60 260 100 2100
1220 200 700 305 10 05 210 150 1014
1050 115 675 340 1015 220 210 2044
1225 235 5 60 465 1025 220 155 2001
1175 251 850 270 1120 240 150 2166
025 520 580 450 1030 210 075 1899
1410 085 020 095 1015 320 300 2414
1325 185 6 50 370 1020 215 150 1976
1250 180 605 105 1010 215 230 2011
1020 100 985 125 1110 250 175 2207
1120 250 700 300 1000 240 230 2102 2205
1100 150 910 120 1030 280 185
1050 075 9 75 145 11 20 235 135 2137
1610 250 605 450 1055 250 260 2226
1550 210 5 80 435 1015 225 150 1998
1050 185 080 187 1167 220 120 2138
1050 210 890 110 1000 248 120 2014
1025 125 810 265 1075 450 380 2930
Rogers Worsham Co Macon
Pendleton Guano Co AtlantaGa
Perkinson Spier it Fowler Wood
stock Ga
Manning Lindley Co P Springs
Langston Woodson Atlanta Ga
Ashepoo Phos Co CharlestonSC
R J Taylor Hawkinsville Ga
T O Jelks Co HawklnsvilleGa
Commercial Guano CoSavannah
Marietta Guano Co Marietta Ga
II s Miller Co Baltimore Md
Walton Whann Co Wilmington
Olivers Oil Fer Co Conyers
National Fertilizer Co Nashville
Bradley Fertilizer Co Boston
National Fertilizer Co Nashville
Gray Bros Augusta Ga
R E Roughton Augusta Ga
Wando Phos Co Charleston S
Chesapeake Guano Co Baltimore
Maddox Rucker Co Atlanta
Allison Addison RichmondVa
Maddox Rucker Co Atlanta
G Ober Sons Co Baltimore
Bojkin Catmer Co Baltimore
P S Chappell Son Baltimore
Savannah Guano Co Savannah
Raisin Fertilizer Co Baltimore
Raisin Fertilizer Co Baltimore
Bradley Fertilizer Co BostonMass
Chesapeake Guano Co Baltimore
T R Ramspeck Decatur Ga
Commercial Guano CoSavannah
Clarence Angier Atlanta Ga
Scholze Bro Chattanooga Tenn
H s Miller Co Baltimore Md
Ashley Phosphate Co Charleston
C L Montague Co Savannah
Standard Guano Chemical Mfg
Co New Orleans
James G Tinsly Co Richmond
Marietta Guano Co Marietta Ga
standard Guano Chemical Mfg
Co New Orleans
J O Mathewsou Co Augusta
Ashley Phosphate Co Charleston
R P G T Sibley Augusta Ga
E II Frost Co Charleston S C
Wilcox Gibbs Guano Co Savh
Rogers Worsham Co Macon Ga
Pendleton Guano Co Atlanta Ga
Perkinson Spier Fowler Wood
stock Ga
Manning Lindley Co P Springs
Bowker Fer Co Elizabethport N J
Ashpoo Phos Co Charleston S C
Joseph W Polhill Hawkinsville Ga
J O Jelks ct Co Hawkinsville Ga
Commercial Guano Co Savannah Ga
Marietta Guano Co Marietta Ga
H s Miller Co Baltimore Md
Walton Whann CoWilmgton Del
Conyers Oil Fer Co Conyers Ga
National Fer Co Nashville Tenn
Bradley Fertilizer Co Boston Mass
National Fer Co Nashville Tenn
Mfd lor Gray Bros Augusta Ga
MTd for R E Roughton Augusta
Mfd RC Little Co Gainesville Ga
Chesapeake Guano Co BaltimoreMd
Southern Phospate Co Atlanta Ga
Allison Addison Richmond Va
Southern Phosphate Co Atlanta Ga
G OberA Sons Co Baltimore Md
lioykin Carmer Co Baltimore Md
I S Chappell Son Baltimore Md
Savannah Guano Co Savannah Ga
Raisin Fertilizer Co Baltimore Md
Raisin Fertilizer Co Baltimore Md
Bradley Fertilizer Co Boston Mass
Chesapeake Guano Co Baltimore Md
T R Ramspeck Decatur Ga
Commercial Guano Co Savannah Ga
Georgia Chem Works Augusta Ga
Scholze Bro Chattanooga Tenn
H S Miller Co Baltimore Md
Ashley Phos Co Charleston S C
Savannah Guano Co Savannah Ga
Standard Guano Chemical Mfg Co
New Orleans
JasG Tinsley Co Richmond Va
Marietta Guano Co Marietta Ga
Standard Guano Chemical Mfg Co
New Orleans
Glidden Curtis Boston Mass
Ashley Phos Co Charleston S C
Georgia Chem Works Augusta Ga
Stono Phosphate Co Charleston S C
Wilcox Gibbs Guano Co Savannah
tr1
K
CO
El
CO
c
1
o
o
rs
3
11
i
N
ECTABLE Continued
NAME OF BRAND
oThe Complete Cotton Fertilizer
The Complete Cotton Fertilizer
Tennessee Superphosphate
Vegetable Fertilizer
Vegetable Grower
Varnadoes Dissolved Ammoniated Bone
Wando Soluble Guano
Wilcox Gibbs Manipulated Guano
Walton Guano
W P Lane Bro Ammoniated Dis Bone
Wando Soluble Guano
rf Walton Guano
01 p Westons Ammoniated Dissolved Bone
sWestous Ammoniated Dissolved Bone
s W T Lane Bros Ammd Dissolved Bone
Wilcox Gibbs Co Manipulated Guano
Walkers Gold Dust
Yows Ammd Dissolved Bone
Zells Economizer Phosphate
Zells Ammoniated Bone Superphosphate
Zells Calvert Guano
Average
1225
1275
950
12
1000
1375
1225
1250
1210
1375
820
1210
1510
1350
1350
820
1000
950
13 20
1325
1325
Jhosphoric Acid
235
305
075
070
090
215
180
175
175
200
220
065
210
220
220
200
150
250
215
215
310
w
560
450
805
775
800
650
785
6 20
810
800
820
820
775
825
825
425
980
625
750
720
810
465
430
a
225
325
385
295
340
210
1025
8
1080
1000
1125
1035
1080
960
1020
310111 10
190
155
265
200
200
475
178
485
260
260
220
1010
9
1040
10 25
10 25
900
1158
1110
1010
980
1030
220
240
250
360
300
260
235
275
200
210
250
220
210
245
245
260
256
210
225
225
230
1047 246 214
155
325
215
625
180
250
160
260
160
3 00
1911
2Id
2511
275
275
221
1911
180
155
2211
185
c Z
K
2001
2053
2211
2833
2370
2220
2114
2182
1944
2220
2102
1986
2086
2191
2191
2028
2296
2072
1997
2011
2065
FOR WHOM INSPECTED
Commercial Guano Co Savannah
Commercial Guano Co Savannah
National Fertilizer Co Nashville
Baldwin Fertilizer Co Savannah
National Fertilizer Co Nashville
Chemical Co of Canton Balmore
Wando Phosphate Co Charleston
Wilcox Gibbs Guano Co Savh
Walton Co Guano CoSocial Circle
Hammond Hull Co Savannah
Waudo Phos Co Charleston S C
Jno M Green Atlanta Ga
Hammond Hull Co Savannah
Hammond Hull Co Savannah
Hammond Hull Co Savannah
Wilcox Gibbs Guano Co Savh
Georgia Chemical Works Augusta
Edisto Phosphate Co Charleston
The Zell Guano Co Baltimore
The Zell Guano Co Baltimore
The Zell Guano Co Baltimore
BY WHOM AND WHERE MANU
FACTURED
Commercial Guano Co SavannahGa
Commercial Gnano Co SavannahGa
National Fer Co Nashville Tenn
Baldwin Fertilizer Co Savannah Ga
National Fer Co Nashville Tenn
Chemical Co or Canton Baltimore
Wando Phos Co Charleston s
Wilcox Gibbs Guano Co Savannah
Walton Co Guano Co Social Circle
Hammond Hull Co 1L Royal SC
Wando Phos Co Charleston S C
Walton Co Guano Co Social Circle
Pt Royal Fertilizer Co Pt Royal SC
Pt Royal Fertilizer Co Pt Royal SC
Hammond Hull Co Pt Royal SC
Wilcox Gibbs Guano Co Savannah
Georgia Chem Works Augusta Ga
Edisto Phos Co Charleston S C
The Zell Guano Co Baltimore Md
The Zell Guano Co Baltimore Md
The Zell Guano Co Baltimore Md

z
EC
Q
d
H
w
I
o
C
Ed
oTABLE IIAcid Phosphate Dissolved Bones Natural Guanos Chemicals Etc
NAME OF BRAND
Ashephoo Dis Bone with Am and Potash
Acid Phosphate
Ashepoo Bone Ash
Ashepoo Aeid Phosphate
Avalon High Grade Acid Phosphate
Atlantic Acid Phosphate
Acid Phosphate
Atlantic Dissolved S C Bone
i1 Ashepoo Dissolved Bone
Atlanta Soluble Bone
Acid Phosphate
Acid Phosphate without Potash
aAcid Phosphate with Potash
Acid Phosphate
Atlanta Soluble Bone
6Adairs Acid Phosphate
Acid Phosphate
Acid Phosphate and Potash
Acid Phosphate
Acid Phosphate
Avalon Acid Phosphate
Ammoniated Soluble Phosphate
Acidulated Kock
Ammoniated Fertilizer
Ashepoo Bone Ash
Alkaline Superphosphate
Ammoniated Dissolved Bone
Bone and Potash
Bone and Potash
Bates Acid Phosphate
1425
1500
1420
1250
1155
1350
1020
1340
1400
1250
950
1350
1520
1550
1250
1250
1150
1050
1160
1315
1420
1115
1410
1320
1250
1350
1360
1250
1735
1120
Phosphoric Acid
110
090
200
250
125
200
210
125
175
200
125
130
175
215
220
250
125
075
085
850
800
1010
1025
1020
10 50
950
12 20
1470
12 10
850
12 50
1175
1250
10
1150
925
920
1110
1120
1050
785
1120
825
1015
810
4
1060
1140
1325
175
360
405
285
440
445
300
1025
1220
1416
13 10
1460
14 95
1310
250 14 70
160 10JO
250
770
390
330
200
375
370
500
400
300
340
275
265
230
285
245
420
530
310
210
250
1460
1620
16 40
1505
1450
14 55
15 20
1425
1320
1410
1460
1325
1050
1350
1110
1260
1230
1010
1370
1350
1575
185
210
210
190
200
L55
240
220
175
165
210
175
220
220
325
375
If
U o

1874
1674
1888
1772
1752
1949
1812
1764
1956
1752
1944
1968
1961
1740
1746
1824
1710
18 64
1912
1752
1765
1803
1K20
1948
16
1696
1852
1969
1995
1890
FOR WHOM INSPECTED
Ashepoo Phos Co Charleston
Navassa Guano Co Wilmington
Ashepoo Phos Co Charleston
Ashepoo Phos Co Charleston
Jno Merryman Co Baltimore
Atlantic Phos Co Charleston SC
Atlantic Phos Co Charleston S C
Atlantic Phos Co Charleston SC
Robertson Taylor Williams
Charleston S C
Atlanta Guano Co Atlanta Ga
Hartshorne Huger Savannah
Georgia Chemical Works Augusta
Georgia Chemical Works Augusta
Clifton Chem Phos Co Atlanta
Atlanta Guano Co Atlanta Ga
Adair Bros Co Atlanta Ga
Slingluff Co Baltimore
Pendleton Guano Co AtlantaGa
Edisto Phos Co Charleston S C
W J Barn well Hawkinsville
Edisto Phos Co Charleston S C
Atlanta Guano Co Atlanta Ga
Edisto Phos Co Charleston S C
Ashepoo Phos Co CharlestonSC
Slingluff Co Baltimore
Ashley Phos Co Charleston S C
Baldwin Fertilizer Co Savannah
Baldwin Fertilizer Co Savannah
Griffin Fertilizer Co Griffin Ga
BY WHOM AND WHERE MANU
FACTURED
Ashepoo Phos Charleston S C
Navassa Guano Co Wilmington NC
Ashepoo Phos Co Charleston S C
Ashepoo Phos Co Charleston S C
Jno Merryman Co B Island N Y
Atlantic Phos Co Charleston S C
Atlantic Phos Co Charleston S C
AllanticPhosphtcCo Chaileston S C
Ashepoo Phosphate Co CharlestonSC
Atlanta Guano Co Atlanta Ga
Impd by Hartshorne Huger Savan
nah Ga
Georgia Chemical Works Augusta Ga
Georgia Chemical Works Augusta
Clifton Chemical Phos Co Atlanta
Atlanta Guano Co Atlanta Ga
Furman Farm lmpt Co East Pt Ga
Slingluff Co Baltimore
Pendleton Guano Co Atlanta Ga
Edisto Phos Co Charleston S C
Wappoo Mills Charleston S C
Edisto Phos Co Charleston S C
Atlanta Guano Co Atlanta Ga
Edisto Phos Co Charleston S C
Ashepoo Phos Co Charleston S C
Slingluff Co Baltimore
Ashley Phos Co Charleston S C
Baldwin Fertilizer Co Port RoyalSC
Baldwin Fertilizer Co Pt Royal S C
Griffin Fertilizer Co Griffin Ga

Ir1
CO
co
O
Q
C
W
Q

W
H
N
ft
coTABLE No IIContinued
NAME OF BRAND
Bowkers Dissolved Bone Phosphate
Bales Phosphate Guano
Brannous Soluble Guano
Bales Phosphate Guano
Baltimore Dissolved Bone
Boyds Standard Acid Phosphate
Boyds Standard Aeid Phosphate
Baltimore Dissolved Bone with Potash
B Cos Acid Phosphate
Barrys Biphosphate
X Barrys Acid Phosphate
Chatham Acid Phosphate
cCharleston Acid Phosphate
Cotton Seed Guano
Colquitts Ga Standard Guano
Clifton Acid Phosphate
Crown Acid Phosphate
Cotton Brand High Grade Acid Phosphate
Carroll High Grade Guano
Cranstons Acid Phosphate
Dissolved So Ca Bone Phosphate
DeLeons Dissolved Bone Phosphate
Dissolved Bone Phosphate of Lime
Diamond Soluble Bone
Dissolved Bone
Dissolved Bone
Dissolved Bone
Dobbs Chemical Compound
Dissolved Bone
Dissolved Bone
Etiwan Acid Phosphate
Edisto Acidulated Rock
Phosphoric Acid
1310
1020
915
850
925
1150
1250
1050
1 150
1450
1375
1350
1050
7
121
850
1010
1175
850
1570
1220
1510
11 in
1350
1475
965
1150
1250
1125
1015
1550
1500
150 1050
0S0
125
280
2511
185
125
225
110
ii 85
085
140
305
1111
115
320
310
220
110
095
185
155
235
275
06
235
105
110
2011
005
135
050
855
9 25
075
8in
1150
illIlll
7SO
10 50
1305
1315
950
800
SHI
1130
075
11 15
660
1100
1170
1165
10 55
11 10
1215
485
115
800
11 15
1255
1075
1380
305 1355
315
250
li
27
225
385
270
360
310
311
435
170
22
2211
1711
I
300
121
2711
3 15
300
435
3111
395
770
Ili
385
400
335
355
210
11 70
11
II 20
11 1
13 7
13S
inu
11 10
1015
1020
14 90
14 20
10 25
10311
11 Oil
1150
I I 15
10 80
1070
1515
II 05
14 90
11 50
10lo
1255
111115
11 85
1575
1591
1430
1620
Iin
155
100
131
17
IMi
a a
180 1800
200
255
200
IIlll
050
l
225
L30
1
isil
211
2111
105
113
531
115
1SSI
2009
1821
1862
1700
178
1933
1092
2068
2069
1788
1984
1930
1910
1080
1555
1698
1807
2117
1818
1758
1788
1740
932
1830
199s
11122
1890
1908
1831
1944
FOR WHOM INSPECTED
Jno U Weld Savannah Ga
I A Hale Rome Ga
National Fertilizer Co Nashville
1 A Hale Rome Ga
Slinglufl Co Baltimore
11 Bovd Griflin Ga
1 D Bcvl rilnn i
Sltnglull it Co Baltimore
Baldwin Fer Co Savannah Ga
E Barry Augusta Ga
E Barry Augusta Ga
Commercial Guano Co Savannah
Stono Phos Co Charleston s C
Jarrell llairc A Co Crawford Ga
I F Edwards Crawford Ga
Clifton it Chemical PhosphateCo
Atlanta
Walton Whaim i Co Charleston
E 1 Powers Wilmington X C
Kramer Mandeville Carrollton
Cranston Alexander Augusta
Ga
G Ober Sons Co Baltimore
Hartshorne linger Savannah
J O Mathewson Co Augusta
Walton Whann Co WimgtnDel
Edisto Phos Co Charleston S C
Ashley Phos Co Charleston s c
Atlantic Phos Co Charleston S C
Walton Whann Co Charleston
Chem Co of Canton Baltimore
Standard Guano chem Mnfg
Co New Orleans
Etiwan Phosphate Co Charleston
Edisto Phosphate Co Charleston
BY WHOM AND WHERE MANU
FACTURED
Bowker Fertilizer Co Elizabethport
J A Bale Rome Ga
National Fertilizer Co Nashville
J A Bale Rome Ga
Slingluff Co Baltimore
Mnfl for 11 Bovd Griffin Ga
Mnfl ImI I Boyd Griffin Ga
Slingluff Co Baltimore
Baldwin Ferlizer Co Port RovalS C
Mnfd for E Barry Augusta Ga
Mnfd for E Harry Augusta Ga
i ommercial Guano Co Savannah
Stono Phosphate Co Charleston S J
Jarrell Haire Co Crawford Ga
L F Edwards Crawford Ga
Clifton ct Chemical Phos Co Atlanta
Ga
Walton Whann Co CharlestonSC
E 1 Powers Wilmington N
Kramer Mandeville CarrolltonGa
Mnfd for Cranston Alexander Au
gusta Ga
G Ober Sons Co Baltimore Md
Commercial Guano Oe Savannah Ga
Pacific Guano Co Charleston S C
Etiwan Phosphate Co Charleston
lOlislo Phosphate Co Charleston
Ashley Phos Co Charleston S C
Atlantic Phos Co Charleston S C
Mnfd forS C Dobbs Athens Ga
Chemical Co of Canton Baltimore
Standard Guano Chem Mnfg Co
New Orleans
Etiwan Phosphate Co Charleston
Edisto Phosphate Co Charleston SC
to
pS

PS
H
C

o
Ed
h1
Q
d

a
PS
I
o
PS
c
RJEtiwan Dissolved Bono
Eutaw Acid Phosphate
English Acid Phosphate
1650
1625
1410
Etiwan Ammoniated Dissolved Hone
Ezells Dissolved Bone
Enoree Acid Phosphate
Eagle Acid Phosphate
Furmans Ammoniated Soluble Bone
5Furmans Acid Phosphate
Farisli Furmans Formula
Franklin Acid Phosphate
Forest City Acid Phosphate
Georgia State Grange Acid Phosphate
Georgia State Standard Acid Phosphate
Georgia State Standard Acid Phosphate
Georgia state Standard Diss BonePhos
Grays Bone Phosphate
Grays Bone Phosphate
Home Fertilizer Chemicals
High Grade Acid Phosphate
Heaths Soluble Bone
High Grade Dissolved Bone
H S Miller Co Standard Phosphate
1 Hardees Cotton Boll Acid Phosphate
5 H C H Cotton Plant Bone
Kainit
Kainit
Kainit
Kainit
Kainit
Kainit
Kainit
Kainit
Kainit
Kainit
Kainit
Kainit
Kainit
Lockwood Acid Phosphate
Marietta Guano Co High Grade Acid Phos
Merrymans High Grade Acid Phosphate
oMagnolia Acid Phosphate
Magnolia Acid Phosphate
Nitrate of da
National Fertilizer Co Aeid Phosphate
1510
1050
1015
1520
1450
020
100
055
120
210
lio
210
165
080
125
095
250
100
U80
275
086
085
150
1 40
1110
10 50
11 46
810
1150
915
1010
8 50
11 50
945
7 50
12 00
1115
12 00
1150
1150
10
1110
105
100
110
110
150
090
085
310
250
090
0
1175
950
11 80
11 50
1140
13 02
L225
1115
10 5
1175
1250
10 80
310
210
265
300
330
390
115
295
370
315
560
270
300
210
270
270
345
305
1420
1310
1410
365
375
395
175
391
30S
235 1 1 110
340 14 55
3115
330
185
1450
1505
It 35
105
F65
1760
150
115
180
1704
1747
1692
1952
1770
1716
1465
1848
1824
1822
1575
1764
lliIS
1692
1704
1704
1704
1698
281
1848
1830
1890
S418
1836
2061
1275
1245
1340
1350
1280
1310
1260
1285
1265
1220
1240
1310
12
450 2202
1746
1740
1961
1872
4928
1764
310
T32
1275
1245
1340
1350
1280
1310
1260
1285
1265
1220
1240
1310
1275
155
150
Etiwan Phosphate Co Charleston
Ashepoo Phosphate Co Charleston
The Wilcox Gibbs Guauo Co
Savannah
Etiwan Phos Co Charleston
Ashepoo Phos Co Charleston
Ashepoo Phos Co Charleston
Ashley Phos Co Charleston
Adair Bros Co Atlanta Ga
Adair Bros Co Atlanta Ga
Adair Bros Jo Atlanta Ga
Ashley Phos Co Charleston
Hammond Hull Co Savannah
Baldwin Fertilizer Co Savannah
Hammond Hull Co Savannah
Hammond Hull Co Savannah
Hammond Hull Co Savannah
Baldwin Fer Co Savannah
BaldwiuFer Co Savannah
Boykln Carmer Co Baltimore
Savannah Guano Co Savannah
Adair Bros Co Atlanta Ga
Pelzer Rodgers Co Charleston
H S Miller Co Baltimore
Hammond Hull Co Savannah
Gray Bros Augusta Ga
Jno Merryman Co Baltimore
Pelzer Rogers Co Charleston
Savannah Guano Co Savannah
Baldwin Fertilizer Co Savannah
Wilcox Gibbs Guano Co Savh
Adair Bros Co Atlanta Ga
Edisto Phos Co Charleston S C
Atlantic Phos Co CharlestonSC
Commercial Guano Co Savannah
Wando Phos Co Charleston
Navassa Guano Co Wilmington
John M Green Atlanta Ga
E J Powers Wilmington N C
Clarence Angier Atlanta Ga
Marietta Guano Co Marietta Ga
Jno Merryman Co Baltimore
Georgia Chemical Works Augusta
Ga Chem Works Augusta Ga
Atlantic Phos Co Charleston
Nat Fertilizer Co Nashville
Etiwan Phos Co Charleston S C
Ashepoo Phosphate Co Charleston
The Wilcox Gibbs Guano CoSavan
nah Ga
Etiwan Phos Co Charleston S C
Ashepoo Phos Co Charleston S C
Ashepoo Phos Co Charleston S C
Ashley Phos Co Charleston S C
Furman Farm Impt Co East Pt Ga
Furman Farm Impt Co East Pt Ga
Furman Farm Impt Co East Pt Ga
Ashley Phos Co Charleston S C
Hammond Hull Co Pt Royal S C
Baldwin Fertilizer Co Pt Royal S C
Hammond Hull Co Pt Roval SC
Hammond Hull Co Pt Roval SC
Hammond Hull Co Pt Royal S C
Baldwin Fer Co Port Royal S C
Baldwin Fer Co Port Royal S C
Boykin Carmer fc Co Baltimore Md
Savannah Guano Co Savannah Ga
Furman Farm Impt Co East Point
Atlantic Phos Co Charleston S C
H S Miller Baltimore Md
Hammond Hull Co Pt Royal SC
Mnfd for Gray Bros Augusta Ga
Impd by Jno Merryman o
Pelzer Rogers Co Charleston S C
Impd by Savannah Guano Co
Impd by Baldwin Fertilizer Co
Impd by Wilcox Gibbs Guano Co
Impd by Furman Farm Impt Co
East Point
Edisto Phos Co Charleston S C
Atlantic Phos Co Charleston S C
Commercial Guano Co Savannah Ga
Impd by Wando Phos Co Charles
ton S C
Impd by Navassa Guano Co Wil
mington N C
Impd by Jno M Green Atlanta Ga
Impd E J Powers Wilmington N C
Ga Chemical Works Augusta Ga
Marietta Guano Co Marietta Ga
Jno Merryman Co Barren Island
Georgia Chemical Works Augusta
Mnfd for Orr Hunter Athens Ga
Impd by Atlantic Phos Co Charles
ton S C
National Fertilr Co NashvilleTenn

f
K
Co
PJ
CO
C
S
r
C
a
is
IS
Q
S
IS
N
IS
Ed
COTABLE IiContinued
NAME OF BRAND
Navassa Acid Phosphate
Oglethorpe Acid Phosphate
eOglethorpe Acid Phosphate
rfOglethorpe Dissolved Bone Phosphate
O K Dissolved Bone
Orchilla Guano
Our Dissolved Bone Phosphate
Pomona Acid Phosphate
Potash Acid Phosphate
gj Pioneer Acid Phosphate
Port Royal Dissolved Bone
Pure Dissolved So Ca Bone
Pure English Acid Phosphate
aPatapseo Guano Co Acid Phosphate
Pure Raw Ground Bone
Port Royal Acid Phosphate
dPort Royal Dissolved Bone Phosphate
Phosphate Potash and Ammonia
Potasso Phospho
Pioneer Acid Phosphate
Palmetto Acid Phosphate
Potash Acid Phosphate
Raisins Acid Phosphate
Raiubow Soluble Phosphate
Soluble Bone
cStono Acid Phosphate
Sunny South Acid Phosphate
Southern Acid Phosphate
Slingluffs High Grade Acid Phosphate
Sterling Acid Phosphate
St J Ravenel Acid Phosphate
Standard Acid Phosphate
Stonewall Acid Phosphate
Standard Acid Phosphate
1375
1350
1300
1300
1150
64S
1325
1100
1115
1010
12
1550
1280
1520
Phosphoric Acid
I
130
085
085
085
160
12
10 75
1115
1150
11 50
010
1300
1300
1200
1030
1120
112
1 17
020
925
1350
1050
1275
1275
1165
1500
1250
1020
ll
1385J
125 11
185 10
150 8
245 7
090
150
065
090
2215
085
085
350
160
250
100
115
115
300
120
306
250
835
250
065
250
2211
135
210
M
1050
875
1235
1000
1205
1215
1085
245
305
270
270
200
550
455
405
290
530
305
1110
260
330
o
3

S
flU
PS



o c
y Tt
H

P
18 i
1480
1420
112
1110
550
16 05
15 05
11 65
1245
14 85
14 35
1510
15 05
FOR WHOM INSPECTED
BY WHOM AND WHERE MANU
FACTURED
155
170
270
270
305
500
120
32
200
345
370
300
470
325
305
510
380
150
320
315
345
14 20
1420
1025
13 20
1220
13
11 60
1355
11 75
1510
1420
1440
1415
1385 015
1615
475
l25
025
100
320
165
155
14 50
1525
1530
1430
510
230
390
125
210
1020
1806
1718
1059
1782
1722
1812
10111
1739 Navassa Guano Co Wilmington
1776 Hammond Hull Co Savannah
1704 Hammond Hull Co Savannah
1704 Hammond Hull Co Savannah
1964 Orr Hunter Athens Ga
S W Travers Co Richmond
Commercial Guano Co Savanh
M A Lowry Dawson Ga
Lorcntz tt Ritter Baltimore Md
Ashley Phos Co Charleston S C
Hammond Hull Co Savannah
Cheml Co of Canton Baltimore
Wilcox Gibbs Guano Co Savh
Patapsco Guano Co Baltimore
11 R Legg Marietta Ga
Hammond Hull Co Savannah
Hammond Hull Co Savannah
Pendleton Guano Co Atlanta
Geo W Scott Mnfg Co Atlanta
Ashley Phos Co Charleston
Ashepoo Phos Co Charleston
John M Green Atlanta
Raisins Fertilizer Co Baltimore
Atlanta Guano Co Atlanta Ga
Columbus Fertilizer Co Columbus
Stono Phosphate Co Charleston
Jno M Green Atlanta Ga
1704
1704
2120
1814
1854
177
150
1696
2005
1812
1984
1728
1698
1701
2018
1710
1830
1830
Maddox Rueker Co Atlanta
Slinglurt Co Baltimore
Clarence Angier Atlanta Ga
Wappoo Mills Charleston
Waudo Phosphate Co Charleston
Commercial Guano Co Savannah
1716 Walton Whann Co Charleston
Navassa Guano Co Wilmington N C
Hammond Hull Co Pt Roval
Hammond Hull Co Pt Roval
Hammond Hull Co Pt Royal
Mnfd for Orr Hunter Athens Ga
Impd by S W Travers Co Rich
mond Va
Commercial Guano Co Savannah
Commercial Guano Co Savannah Ga
Lorentz Rittler Baltimore Md
Ashley Phos Co Charleston S C
Hammond Hull Co lt Royal
chemical Co of Canton Baltimore
Impd by Wilcox Gibbs Guano Co
Patapsco Guano Co Baltimore Md
sterns Fer bem Mfg Co N OLa
Hammond Hull A Co Pt Roval S C
Hammond Hull Co lt Royal SC
Pendleton Guano Co Atlanta Ga
ie W Scott Mnfg Co Atlanta Ga
Ashley Phos Co Charleston S
Ashepoo Phos Co Charleston S C
Americus Guano Co Americus Ga
Raisins Fertilizer Co Baltimore Md
Atlanta Guano Co Atlanta Ga
Columbus Fertilizer Co ColumbusGa
Stono Phosphate Co Charleston S c
Clark Cove Guano Co New Bedford
Mass
Southern Phosphate Co Atlanta Ga
SHngluffA Co Baltimore Md
Ga Chemical Works Augusta Ga
Wappoo Mills Chariestit S
Wando Phos Co Charleston S
Commercial Guano Co Savannah
Mnfd Battey tt Hamilton Rome Ga

H
C

0
sa
Q
t1
d
i
0
o
0Stono Acid Phosphate
Stonewall Acid Phosphate
Sunny South Acid Phosphate
Scotts High Grade Acid Phosphae
Scotts Animal Ammoniated Guano
The Sovereign Ammoniated Superphosphate
Wando Acid Phosphate
Wilcox Gihhs Gos Superphosphate
Walton Whann Co Amd Dissolved Bone
West Dissolved Bone
Wando Ammoniated Dissolved Bone
Wando Ammoniated Dissolved Bone
Walkers Dissolved Bone
X X Acid Phosphate
Average
850
1475
1050
1025
50
1575
1220
1050
1125
1020
1100
1020
1375
1350
310
085
085
165
140
275
075
125
410
315
25
210
OIO
175
1075
1230
1040
1050
850
600
1105
700
630
10 15
810
920
14 60
1180
345
355
580
535
270
510
405
780
520
305
365
470
110
280
1420
15 85
1620
1585
1120
1110
1510
1480
1150
1410
1175
1390
1570
14 60
1381
135
075
125
000
125
170
250
180
l50
040
110
1829
1902
1944
1902
1892
1792
1812
2051
1980
1692
1910
1708
1994
1752
E H Forest Co Charleston
Commercial Guano Co Savannah
T K Ramspeck Decatur Ga
Geo W Scott Mnfg Co Atlanta
Geo W Scott Mufg Co Atlanta
John M Green Atlanta Ga
Wando Phosphate Co Charleston
Wilcox Gibbs Guano Co Savh
Walton Whann Co Charleston
John R West Maeon Ga
Wando Phos Co Charleston
R B Jarvis Charleston
Walker Son Augusta Ga
Walton Whann Co Wilmington
Stono Phos Co Charleston 8 C
Commercial Guano Co Savannah
T R Ramspeck Decatur Ga
Geo W Scott Mnfg Co Atlanta Ga
Geo W Scott Mnfg Co Atlanta Ga
Clarks Cove Guano Co New Bedford
MilSS
WanioPhosphate Co Charleston SC
Wilcox Gibbs Guano Co Savannah
Ga
Walton Whann Co Charleston SC
John R West Macon Ga
Wando Phos Co Charleston S C
Wando Phospho Co Charleston S C
Mnfd for Walker Son Augusta Ga
Walton Whann Co WilmingtonDel
t Rawboue or bone meal contains no revertedI acidI proper as ithas j f n
ble though practically it is much more available M planrfood WgSokedomthe same bulkbeing in eve
JtSffi SdSlrotKlS by letters a bi etc prefixed to tl e same those havmg
The whole of the phosphoric acid is therefore reported as Insolu
A good finely ground bone meal is worth about W0
every respect identi
ng the same letter
in the same table being identical are sacked andjPPedtram WP derived frora natural guanos it speedily becomes available if from animal bone
s JSMS foA fisiderable lelsthof time
haveThereforo value in this connection if immediate results are not desired
Natural guanos and bones

t1
GO
00
c
Q
o
te
o
r

f
B
W
H
N
IS
GO24
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
REMARKS
During the season of 188788 there were inspected analyzed and admitted t
sale in Georgia 20800739 tons of Commercial Fertilizers and Chemicals The
following table shows the amount inspected by each inspector
O T Rogers resigned December 31 529425 tons
M A Stovall resigned October 31 90000 tons
E KidSey6151000 tons
J H Pate killed in railway accident March 162713060 tons
R O Pate appointed March 26 302710 tons
JW Murphy42l2465 tons
A F Woolley 1441843 tons
210036 tons
00 tons
W B Jones
M D Irwin appointed January 128502
Total20800739 tons
The following table shows the number of inspections made by each inspector
during the season the average number of tons in each inspection the whole num
ber of inspections made and the average amount of each
Number
of
Inspections
Average
Amount of
each
Inspection
O T Rogers
M A Stovall
R Ridgely
J H Pate
R O Pate
J W Murphy
A F Woolley
W B Jones
M D Irwin
Total
152
83 63 tons
6 150 tons
558 110 tons
681 39 tons
99 30 tons
494 85 tons
328 44 tons
227 110 tons
349 81 tons
2825
74 tonsANALYSES OP COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS1887
25
COMPARATIVE TRADE IN FERTILIZERS
The following table shows the number of tons inspected for each of the last
thirteen seasons
There were inspected during the season of 187565531600 tons
There were inspected during the season of 187677582400 tons
There were inspected during the season of 18778 9317800 tons
There were inspected during the season of 187898504900 tons
There were inspected during the season of 18798011958300 tons
There were inspected during the season of 1880115240400 tons
There were inspected during the season of 1881212542700 tons
There were inspected during the season of 1882312537700 tons
There were inspected during the season of 1883415184900 tons
There were inspected during the season of 1884517015300 tons
There were inspected during the season of 1885616070500 tons
There were inspected during the season of 18867166078 08 tons
There were inspected during the season of 1887820800739 tons
AMMONIATED AND NONAMMONIATED FERTILIZERS OR ACID
PHOSPHATES
Of the whole amount of iertilizers placed upon the market during the past sea
son 13621039 tons were Ammoniated Superphosphates and 67978 tons were Acid
Phosphates or Dissolved Bones It is well to remark that those brands which con
tain not less than eight per cent of available phosphoric acid and two per cent ot
ammonia are classed as Ammoniated Superphosphates and those containing less
than two per cent of ammonia and not less than ten per cent of available phos
phoric acid are classed as Acid Phosphates or Dissolved Bones This classification
is made without regard to the name of the brand as will be seen by reference to
the tables The fertilizing materials which do not belong to either of the fore
going are classed as Chemicals and Compounds other than Ammoniated Superphos
phates and Dissolved Bones Of this class there were 3819 tons inspected and
analyzed and are included in table No II
The number of tons of Acid Phosphate or Dissolved Bones inspected in Georgia
during the past thirteen seasons is as follows
For the season of 187566499 tons
For the season ot 1876712842 tons
For the season of 1877815332 tons
For the season of 1878910291 tons
For the season of 18798013906 tons
For the season of 1880122036 tons
For the season of 1881220602 tons
For the season of 1882331017 tons
Dor the season of 1883439154 tons
For the season of 1884535012 tons
For the season of 18856 37451 tons
For the season of 1886740899 tons
For the season of 1887867978 tons
15326 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
Of the whole quantity inspected the percentage of Acid Phosphate for each
season is as follows
For 187561116 per cent
For 187671282 per cent
For 187781962 per cent
For 187891222 per cent
For 1879801163 per cent
For 188011511 percent
For 188121642 per cent
For 188232473 per cent
For 188342578 per cent
For 188452055 per cent
For 188562334 per cent
For 188672462 per cent
For 188783074 per cent
The following averages for the past thirteen seasons will he found interesting
GENERAL AVERAGES OF ALL FERTILIZERS
Available
Phosphoric
Acid
Ammonia
Potash
For the season of 18745
For the season of 18756
For the season of 18767
For the season of 18778
For the season of 18789
For the season of 187980
For the season of 18801
For the season of 18812
For the season of 18823
For the season of 18834
For the season of 18845
For the season of 18856
For the season of 18867
For the season of 18878
923
1094
1087
1143
1195
1024
1096
1088
1103
1082
1113
1101
1139
1166
265 517
253 249
252 275
279 223
270 166
258 133
253 141
248 147
253 150
247 155
224 144
243 165
245 194
246 212
These are the general averages of all fertilizers including Acid Phosphates for
the seasons namd It is proper to remark that the averages of Ammonia and
Potash are of those brands nly which are shown by analysis to contain these
elements and not of the whole number of brands analyzed
154ANALYSES OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS188788
27
AVERAGES OF AMMONIATED FERTILIZERS
For the season of 18745
For the season of 18756
For the season of 18767
For the season of 18778
For the season of 18789
For the season of 187980
For the season of 18801
For the season of 18812
For the season of 18823
For the season of 18834
For the season of 18845
For the season of 18856
For the season of 18867
For the season of 18878
Available
Phosphoric
Acid
873
1036
1051
1083
1152
953
1030
1020
1022
978
1036
1015
1030
1047
Ammonia
284
298
273
279
270
259
253
248
253
247
229
243
245
246
AVERAGE OF NONAMMONIATED FERTILIZERS
For the season of 18745
For the season of 18756
For the season of 18767
For the season of 18778
For the season of 18789
For the season of 187980
For the season of 18801
For the season of 18812
For the season of 18823
For the season of 18834
For the season of 18845
For the seasen of 18856
For the season of 18867
For the season of 18878
155
Available
Phosphoric
Acid
1105
1199
1168
1310
1320
1244
1260
1248
1255
1259
1287
1262
1345
1381
Potash
531
279
243
225
164
135
145
258
148
157
151
164
196
214
Potash
385
464
454
216
163
128
130
105
156
148
130
168
185
207
28 DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
The number of brands inspected analyzed and placed upon the market for each
season since the organization of the Department is as follows
Por the season of 18745HO brands
Por the season of 18756101 brands
Por the season of 18767125 brands
For the season of 18778127 brands
Por the season of 18789162 brands
Por the season of 187980182 brands
Por the season of 18801226 brands
Por the season of 18812270 brands
Por the season of 18823 354 brands
Por the season of 18834336 brands
Por the season of 18845369 brands
Por the season of 18856345 brands
For the season of 18867322 brands
For the season of 18878377 brands
These are exclusive of chemicals and other preparations for making or compost
ing manures at homes
The number of brands of ammoniated and nonammoniated fertilizers for each
season is as follows
Por the season ot 18745
Por the season of 18756
For the season of 18767
For the season of 18778
For the season of 18789
Por the season of 187980
Por the season of 18801
For the season of 18812
Por the season of 18823
Por the season of 18834
For the season of 18845
For the season of 18856
For the season of 18867
Por the season of 18878
Amoniated Nonammoniated
86 24
68 33
85 40
90 37
119 43
135 47
163 66
187 83
239 115
210 126
229 140
215 130
206 116
242 135
156ANALYSES OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS188788 29
RECEIPTS AND EXPENDITURES INCIDENT TO THE INSPECTION
OF FERTILIZERSSEASON OF 188788
RECEIPTS
Fees on 208007 39 tons at fifty cents per ton 10400368
EXPENSES OF INSPECTION
2108992 Inspectors tags at 2 per thousand 425399
Express charges on tags and samples drayage telegrams
postage etc 25991
Bottles wax stationery etc 27896
Traveling expenses of Inspectors 129765
Net amount paid into the treasury 9791317
10400368 10400368
Total amount of fees paid into the Treasury 9791317
Drawn from treasury on account of salaries Inspectors
salaries to October 1188813 months 939273
Chemistssalary to October 1 1888 13 months 325000
Total salaries13 months 1264273
Net balance in the treasury 8527044
9791317 9791317
The net balance in the treasury for the season of 187778 was 3590577
For the season of 187879 3126767
For the season of 187980 4643847
For the season of 188081 6406028
For the season ot 188182 5025132
For the season of 188283 5081090
For the season of 188384 6213392
For the season of 188485 7018375
For the season of 188586 6536137
For the season of 188687 6810735
For the season ot 188788 8527044
Increase compared with season of 188687 1716309
w5New Series
Questions for September Crop Report
girTo be returned to the Office of the Depart
ment of Agriculture by Sept 1st 1888
What is the condition and prospects of
1 Cotton compared to an average
2 Corn compared to an average
3 Rice compared to an average
4 Sugar Cane compared to an average
5 Sweet Potatoes comp to an average
6 Tobacco compared to an average
7 What casualties have affected the
cotton crop
8 Give date of first appearance Cotton
Catterpillar
9 Number of stock hogs compared to
last year
10 Condition of stock hogs compared
with an average
per cent
percent
per cent
NoteIf you desire a reply to any practical question of
interest to farmers put your inquiry in as few words as pos
sible in a separate envelope The inquiry and answer will
be published if of sufficient general interest
NAME
POST OFFICE
COUNTY
nCIRCULAR No 108 1
New Series f
CROP REPORT
FOR THE
MONTH OF SEPTEMBER 1888
SHOWING
THE CONDITION AND PROSPECT OF GROWING CROPS
THE FIRST OF SEPTEMBER AND OTHER MATTERS
RELATING TO AGRICULTURE IN GEORGIA
3 T XaE2NTI3EKSOiT
Coaaazaaisslc
ATLANTA GEORGIA
Constitution Publishing Company
1MCircular No 103
New Series
CROP REPORT
FOR THE MONTH OF SEPTEMBER 1888
Returned to the Department of Agriculture
September 1 1888
Department op Agriculture
Atlanta Ga September 6 1888
GENERAL KEMARKS

The conditions during the month were rather unfavorable than
otherwise for the crops not already matured The variable
weather conditions that prevailed during the greater part of July
and which were brought to a close by general rains during the
last week of the month were again resumed early in August and
prevailed as before until the last week in the latter month No
widespread disaster of storm or flood has occurred yet the sea
sons were not such as to cause any material and general improve
ment in the prospects of either of the leading crops The effect
of the heavy rains during the first part of this month remain to
be seen
COTTON
The general average condition and prospect of this crop ha
fallen from 89 on the first of August to 85 on the first of Septem
ber a loss of four pointSi In North Georgia the reduction was
163
4 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
from 92 to 87 Middle Georgia 87 to 8G Southwest Georgia 93
to 83 Bast Georgia 80 to 79 and in Southeast Georgia from 92
to 91 This shows that the condition of the crop in Southwest
Georgia has declined more than the aggregate reduction of the
other four sections This was due to the more general prevalence
f rust and at the same time the depredations of caterpillars
Drouth and rust are pretty generally assigned as the cause of
injury throughout the State though too much rain is noted in a
few counties On the whole the crop in the State at large was three
points better than at the same date last year when it was 82 on
the first of September The very heavy rains that have fallen
throughout the State since the date September 1 to which these
estimates refer will doubtless very seriously impair the quality of
the cotton and somewhat reduce the final yield of the crop
COEX
The prospective yield of this crop is two points lower than the
prospect one month ago The dry weather severely injured the
late corn in North Georgia and to a limited extent in Middle
Georgia The other sections show no change other than may be
harged to a slight reduction of estimates after the fodder was
pulled
The average for the State93 is still higher than the estimate
f July 1 when it was thought that the crop promised to yield
nojugh for all home demands
MLNOP CROPS
Sugar Cane and Sweet Potatoes have yielded somewhat to the
dry weather and show a reduction of condition and prospect of
two points in the former and three in the latter as compared with
August 1 Tobacco has somewhat improved showing an advance
f three points
STOCK HOGS
The reports indicate a falling off in the number of stock hogs
as compared with last year and their condition compared with an
average at this season The farmers of Georgia made less pork
last year than the year before and the probable supply the coming
164SEPTEMBER CROP REPORTU
winter will be still less This means that the quantity of home
raised pork produced this year in Georgia will be less than sixty
per cent of what will be necessary next year
CONSOLIDATED CROP REPORT FOR SEPTEMBER 1888 BY
SECTIONS
Condition and Prospects
Compared with an Av Stock
erage of Hogs
SECTIONS 6 O C 0 0 0
p 0 0 u s c 2 5 a
o a 0 s 8s 0 2 0 II P
U J 2 CB tj H fc 0
North Georgia 87 86 83 79 95 88 99 90 95 93 77 80 92 Sl 92 80 102 97 98 87 102 97 94 92 96 88 88 92 93 91 96 92 90 931 99 96 98 94 93 96 97 98 91 97 86 94
Middle Georgia
Southwest Georgia
East Georgia Southeast Georgia
Average for the State 85

165THE DOCTRINE OF CHEMICAL FERTILIZERS
By M Geo Ville
Translated by Miss E L Howakd
Before separating last month I promised to return to fully explain
the doctrine or Chemical Fertilizers
That this explanation may be useful and complete I place two prin
ciple ideas in a strong light In the first place to show the fundamental
truths of the doctrine in all their scientific severity your minds must
be free from the prejudices they may have formed and indifferent to the
objections which can he made or that have already been made
In the second place to define what is from the point of view of our
real knowledge the signification of the agricultural methods which the
past has proved valuable in what the new agricultural doctrine is allied
to or differs from these methods on what point they continue them
and upon what other points they separate from them and how the
present in its most advanced progress is connected to the traditions
which the past has bequeathed to us
As soon as we try to raise the veil which has so long concealed from
us the mysteries of vegetation we find ourselves confronted by a fact
which astonishes which seems at first to be inexplicable and which
however must be explained The number of known plants is two hun
dred thousand Poets sing about them botanists classify and describe
them they teach us in what their organization resembles each other or
how they differ and howthanks to their different characteristicsthe
vegetal kingdom can be divided into groups like the provinces of a
vast empire The chemist in his turn acts differently He neither sings
nor describes he analyzes Forms are to him but an ephemeral mantle
what preoccupies him and what he wishes to find is the substance of
vegetation in its very essence Of what are plants formed of what ele
ments and what is the exact number of them
A strange and unexpected result the severest analysis answers that
their composition is always the same Trees shrubs herbs mosses
algae are all melted away in the crucible of the chemist into these
14 elements These we must class into two lists
106SEPTEMBER CROP REPORT1888
Mineral elements
f Carbon
Organic elements Oxygen
Nitrogen
Phosphorus
Sulphur
Chlorine
Silicon
Iron
Manganese
Calcium
Magnesia
Sodium
Potassium
Organic elements are those which are dissipated in vapor and smoke
during the combustion of vegetation Mineral elements are those which
remain in the form of ashes Thus two grand facts sum up this first
part of our studies variety in form unity in substance
Here the vegetal kingdom is defined in two words
Twentyfive years ago gentlemen a young and very modest student
richer in hope than in property full of ardor for the chemical sciences
to which he had devoted himself conceived the ambition of solving this
question
To produce an entire plant with simple chemical compounds exactly
as we produce soap glass litharge etc in a factory
To accomplish this daring feat as others did not hesitate to call hardi
hood bordering on folly it was necessary by previous studies of living
plants to define the most available form of chemical compounds of
which we must make use
It is needful we make an explanation here V egetation contains as
we have said phosphorus potassium chlorine nitrogen etc now as
we cannot employ these bodies in an elementary state it was necessary
for each one of them to search out and define the natural composition
under which they would be apt to cooperate in vegetal life
More than this the power to manipulate a new force had to be learned
Life without which we cannot think of producing a living being
and defining the methods under which one can associate the effects of
this force with those of chemical affinities
In the formation of a plant chemical affinity determines the combi
nation between the powerful elements set at work Life regulates the
effects of the affinities it guides and directs these evolutions as the
rudder directs the ship What is the result of this longcontinued study
which has cost me fifteen long years of efforts struggles sacrifices and
often bitterness The doctrine of chemical fertilizers
Ah let me show you the primitive conception of this capital demon
strationthe fruit of labor lighted by my youth the honor of my mature
life with the expectation that it may become a solace in the future
167
8 DEPARTMENT OF AGKICULTUBBGEOBGLA
The first point to be cleared before entering into the heart of the diffi
SlLrll6 Lf fn WhlCh WUld reSPnd in ite Pical
texture to all the needs of plant life and which could however furnish
1W d6ment f mfiti0n YU not 0eand no inhe
slightest degree a nutrient
My choice rested on sand calcined in a porcelain stove so as to deprive
concentrS T CUM p098iblr COntain then ated by
matter wl00 l Mve M traces of iro or rthy
TdtunTed gtnfly hldS laStly wa8hed with distUled water
and bnmed a second time Thus it became pure and insoluble silica
hirti V tfteltht Smi W8S thus PrePared vessels suitable for
holding had to be found Pots of biscuit china were used that as a
piecau ion were coated with pure wax to prevent saline exudations
cult vS UmVlrsal exPence of horticulturists proves that plants
cultivated in a small space grow better if their roots are so placed that
ntheghort WCTe 8 that there Were longitudinal slits
with h n V tlK rtS Kpread themselves freely in a basin tilled
with distilled water in which the pots were placed
tYhl7Tat f T f moisture which the immediate contact of the
of the Z Ule Sh6et f Water might produce the lo part
POWsWWa inch deeP with fragments from the lining of a
porodaln furnace that had been used for several years and subjected to
a heat equal to heat like that in the crater of a volcano then the frag
ments were broken with a hammer so the very centre ofeachpiefe
watirTff ng T f then that of the distilled
water and finally burned a second time
Excuse the seemingly useless details This is a serious matter The
EvervTw h VegtaI fe frm a11 determined elements
Eve 3 detail that assisted in this was of essential value To omit a
single precaution was to ruin the very foundation of the experiment
methods hti0nS are valuabe y fr the exactness of ite
thSubj2ilod you now klow We wU1 now go into the spirit ofthe
Tn a soil thus prepared which could furnish no element of nutrition
to a plant and was simply a mechanical support wheat was sown
W hat was the result of this experiment
The grains of wheat germinated then pushed stems above the soil
that grew fifteen or twenty inches high and at last showed a resemblance
lit 71 V6fgeS f grahl But what kind of vegetation It
looked as if from the depth of Greenland
The straw was not larger than a fine knittingneedle the head about
an inch long and the grain reduced to the exterior skin was no larger
than a millet seed s
168SEPTEMBER CROP REPORT1888
VtesMlt Seed 1 gramme crop 6 grammes
Thus in burnt sand all foreign matter excluded the plant having no
other source of food but air and water gives vestiges of grain and an
appreciable amount of straw
Let us state clearly the first deductions from this point
Analyze a cereal plant grown in such conditions and you find 45 to 59
per cent of carbon the soil contained not a trace of carbon It was
then natural to ask if the addition of such a substance would affect the
crop of wheat
Carbon was added to the burnt sand and to have the carbon in an
absolutely pure condition crystalized sugar most carefully purified and
burnt in vases of platina hermetically sealed was used
Now what was the result of this addition
Absolutely none From burnt sand there were i grammes of crop
With the addition of carbon to the sand the crop was 5 grammes
It was easy to foresee thiscarbon being insoluble in waterbut we
will interpret nothing and stick to facts only The intervention ofcar
bon added nothing to the neutrality of the burnt sand
Then it was asked what will happen if carbon in combination witli
hydrogen and oxygen be added to the burnt sand This was tried in the
most varied forms of hydrocarbonaceousmatterstraw cellulose gums
starches oils etc These different substances never showed the slightest
effect
Lastly these same substances were tried after alteration by contact
with the air had formed them into the blackish matter called
humus to which the old traditions of agriculture had given so valued
an office
To get this humus in a pure state the result of the alteration of vege
table matter I went to the Department of Landes and went into the
old forests of sea pines where the needles falling every year produce by
spontaneous alteration this black matter soluble in potash which is the
essential characteristic of humus Then the sands along1 the shore as
white as snow were used as a medium inert as burnt sand containing
however humus which had not been formed by the use of any other
chemical fertilizer
Under these conditions what was the result Exactly the same as
from burnt sand 6 grammes of crop
You will see in all this gentlemen there is no question either of theory
or of doctrine but simply authenticated experiments destined to con
vert abstract conceptions into the testimony of parts
Let us return to our conclusions
In burnt sand free from all additions moistened with distilled water
vegetation is languishing and precarious With substances composed of
carbon hydrogen and oxygen even in the form of humus the result is
16910
DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
no better no appreciable effects However the three elements carbon
hydrogen and oxygen in themselves represent 9o per cent of the weight
of vegetation This brings us to the following capital conclusions
1st The elements which predominate in the substance of vegetation
do not come from the soil
2nd These elements either isolated or combined with each other are
destitute of all fertilizing action
These conclusions thus presented to your minds we will continue our
programme
Besides carbon hydrogen and oxygen plants contain ten minerals and
nitrogen
What is the relative degree of importance of these two orders of min
erals which form but a comparatively very small part of vegetable
substance
Let us first try the action of these ten minerals To do this add to
burnt sand ashes from the burning of wheat including straw chaff and
grain Sow and water What happens under these new conditions
Exactly or very nearly that produced from burnt sand alone Eight
grammes of crop instead of six The improvement is very little Let
us see further The conclusion is not less unexpected than from the two
preceding relative to the inertia of compounds formed of carbon
hydrogen and oxygen
Of the four organic elements of which vegetation is composed
three exercise no fertilizing action The reunion of the ten mineral
elements is not more efficacious
Thus of the 14 elements found in vegetation thirteen have no
appreciable action
What will be that of the fourteenthnitrogen A new experiment
in which we add nitrogen to the burnt sand under three different forms
under the form of nitrogenous vegetable matter powdered lupines
and in the most simple forms of salts of ammonia and of nitre
The effect of this addition was immediate Until then wheat showed
pale dwarfed languishing this time the foliage was a dark green For
a short time I believed the secret of vegetation was at last found but
this was alas but a hope soon undeceived After these first indications
of activity followed again a feeble appearance The crop was nine
grammes instead of six The most evident fact was the green coloring
of the leaves Encouraged however by this result the idea came to
me of associating nitrogen with the minerals Make the experiment
yourself This time the effect was magical the plants were perfect
They shot up as they grew Their leaves were of the deepest green
showing a vitality which could not be checked Life flowed freely from
this association and this just before inert and sterile sand lose sud
denly to equality with the most fertile soil
170SEPTEMBER CROP REPORT1888
11
Happy the day when this result burst upon my sight Impossible to
deny itNature was sovereign in her proofs Every day the stalks of
wheat gained in solidity and height They ended in beautiful heads
from which I took grains of wheat comparable with those grown under
the most favorable conditions
Let me repeat it gentlemen that the whole secret of vegetation
flowed from this experiment In a soil composed of inert elements
offering the plants but the aid of a simple supportby the help of a little
nitre or salts of ammonia and the ashes of wheat was grown 20 50 100
times the weight of the seed and in the crop was found the amount
of carbon hydrogen and oxygen the addition of which to the burnt
sand showed no effect
What is the mysterious source from which the wheat has
drawn these three bodies which form as we can not repeat too often 95
per cent of weight of its substance The answer is now very easy Ex
perience says the carbon comes from the air it is therefore useless to
give it to the soil The hydrogen and oxygen originate from the water
with which the sand was moistened and nature holds the rain responsi
ble for furnishing them to the plants
But two conditions are absolutely necessary that vegetal activity can
utilize the two inexhaustible sources which are always open to it the
soil must receive nitrogen and the minerals Suppress this addition and
air and water now so active and fruitful return to the category of inert
and passive agents
Here there is life and thereis death on one side abundance and on
the otherinexorable poverty
Now we will descend from these heights to the realities of practical
life
Take the first point
Production in a soil in itself inert and passive of vegetation compara
ble in all points with those coming from good soilby the aid of simple
chemical products On this first point there is no possible dispute
New conclusion
Of the 100 parts of vegetal substance 95 come from air and water so
we may say and without metaphor that vegetation is almost condensed
air and water
Practical rules
Work in burnt sand and then minerals with nitrogenous matter are
necessary but in natural soil nitrogenous matter and the three minerals
phosphate of lime potash and lime are sufficient Make in whatever
soil you will two parallel experiments one with ten minerals that you
know and the other with the three onlythe nitrogenous matter equal
in both casesand the crops are in all points equal
Why ten minerals in burnt sand and only three in natural soil
Because the natural soils always contain those whose suppression has
17112
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
been recognized as possible namely iron silica chlorine manganese
magnesia and soda etc
With minerals there occur the same that has been produced with car
bon hydrogen and oxygen of which you know air and water are the
real source they are excluded from the fertilizer because all soils even
the poorest are superabundantly supplied with them
In calling the chemical fertilizer complete fertilizer which contains
nitrogen phosphate of lime and in saying this fertilizer is proper for fer
tilizing all soils we advance two rigorous and legitimate propositions
rust because experiment has formulated them and in the second place
if the fertilizer did not contain all which the plant possesses we are per
fectly easy knowing that air water and soil are so made as to supply
all m which it is lacking If at first these two propositions appear
paradoxical you see that in reality the paradox is but apparent We
then repeat the chemical fertilizer does not contain all that the plant
possesses but it does contain all that is needful to produce one because
the natural elements inert and unavailable without its concurrence
enter thanks to it into the grand current of vegetal life
Thus you find lighted up and clearly shown the strange proposition
that by the aid of a fertilizer composed of four bodies you can produce
plants which in reality contains fourteen bodies
But in a practical point of view there is another conclusion flowing
from the preceding and which is of still greater importance
Here is the conclusion With one of fertilizer you gain ten of crop
with one hundred of fertilizer a thousand of crop with ten thousand
one million
How is this possible How with one of fertilizer make ten of crop
But you have already answered The fertilizer has only one odd value
m vegetal nutrition The ninetenths of the substance of vegetation
monies from air and water
In prescribing manure for the soil you do not say you give it the
equivalent in substance and in weight of the crop which it produced
Why should you give it carbon hydrogen and oxygen which the
earth does not give the plant Why should you give it silica iron
manganese etc of which it contains an inexhaustible supply
When one speaks of manure and restitution to the soil it ought to be
well understood hut it can be but a question of partial restitution
From the point of view of vegetal nutrition the restitution is total
from the point of weight and bulk it is not total and needs to be but
partial And thus are explained and justified these two fundamental
WbblHUTn Vr1 rStS f10 Whe eCOnomy ofsoil Production
With the help of four substancesphosphate of lime potash lime
7 JE Plaits which contain fourteen differentelene
V th 10 of fertilizer you produce 100 of crop Keep up this system
mdehmtely and by its aid you improve the soil instead f exhausthtit
to he continued
17213
SEPTEMBER CROP REPORT1888
THE BAGGING QUESTION
The recent action of the bagging trust a combination of the manufac
turers of jute bagging in this country in arbitrarily advancing the price
of bagging has aroused the just indignation of all farmers It is under
stood that this advance is not based upon any of those causes which
rdinarily justify an increase in the price of merchandizesuch as mm
sual scarcity greater demand for consumption etc There is no serious
claim of justice but a simple practical assertion of the merciless power
of monopoly This robberlike demand occurring just at the opening of
the cotton season places the planter in an embarrassing position He
wes his merchant for supplies advanced upon the faith of a prompt
delivery of sufficient cotton to liquidate these debts The merchant
owes others who have extended him credit on the same basis The
wheels of trade and commerce depend upon the usual unimpeded move
ment of the cotton crop What shall the farmer do under these circum
stances The question in part is simply and easily answered It is
quite clear that every farmer should meet his maturing obligations that
are based on promises to deliver cotton or to pay the money at the
usual time If he cannot raise the money otherwise he ought to deliver
or sell enough of his cotton crop to meet all demands of this character
or make such other arrangements as will satisfy his creditors
It seems equally clear that the cotton should be ginned and baled in
the usual way or if covered with different material than the customary
bagging that it shall be subject to the approval of a reasonable and gen
erous creditor The advance in the price of jute bagging is not sufficient
to amount to a serious tax on any individual farmer and even if it were
much higher he would not be justified in permitting his creditors to
seriously suffer while seeking to defeat the exactions of the bagging
trust Those farmers who are out of debt are more fortunately situated
But even they should exercise the same sound judgment anddiscretion
which determines them whether to sell or hold their cotton for a
better price If all or nearly all were in this condition of independence
it would be a comparatively easy matter to whip the trust They
could hold back the bulk of the crop in the seed until an inevitatable
advance in the price of cotton and reduction in the price of bagging
would cooperate to his advantage
Would that the farmers weiie as they ought to be in this condition of
independence
This point settled it remains to discuss the problem more generallj
How to defeat the unjust monopoly and how to prevent such combi
nations in the future or if formed how to break them down are prac
tical questions The first suggestion of course is the use of other mate
rial than bagging made of imported jute and the first that occurs to the
mind is cotton cloth Why not cover or wrap the raw material in a
eoarse cloth made especially for the purpose and of the same material
Why not cover it with gunny cloth or any other material that will
answer the purpose of reasonable protection against waste fire or other
damage
The question of comparative cost of cotton cloth is one that concerns
the farmer alone and it is for him alone to consider That it secures
173 14
DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTUREGEOKGIA
r can be made to afford better protection against fire than the ordinary
jute bagging no reasonable man will deny What other objection can
be urged Warehousemen and shippers say cotton cloth will not
stand the hooks that are used to handle the bales The reply is
what is the necessity for using hooks or why not use hooks with sev
eral prongs Not one farmer in ten uses any kind of hooks and yet he
must handle his cotton in loading it upon his wagon It would be
quite as reasonable to object to the use of a material entirely acceptable
in every respect except that it could not be cut with the cotton gimlet or
sampling knife Must the farmers of the South be compelled to cloth
their seven million bales of cotton to suit the peculiar shape and style of
the insignificant cotton gimlet or the temper of the samplers knife
Are there not millions of bales of cotton domestics blankets and other
goods upon which the laconic legend Use no Hooks is obeyed and
respected Would it not well to reduce the weight of cotton bales to
two hundred pounds and adopt a uniform standard of dimensions
The suggestion that cotton cloth will not stand the sharp edges of th
grooved compress follower even if plausible might be met with sub
stantially the same reply
The staple industry of ten States of the Union is too immense in its
importance the aggregate value is too great the number engaged in
the labor and sweat of production is too large to permit the arbitrary
dictation of those who live by merely handling and moving the crop
from the farm to the factory
It may also be urged as a reason for using cotton cloth for bagging
that it will thereby create a new use for the raw material and therefore
tend to enhance the price
It would require probably not less than five pounds of cotton cloth to
each bale or for a crop of 7000000 bales a total of 35000000 pounds of
cotton This is equivalent to 78000 bales of cotton or rather more than
one per cent of the whole crop The manufacture of this amount of
cloth would give additional employment to our own cotton mills The
entire cost of 45000000 yards of jute bagging now required for the crop
of the South which at even ten cents a yard amounts to 4500000
would be kept in the South instead of being distributed all the wav
from here to India
The same considerations may be urged in favor of any other home
material that might be substituted for India bagging May we not rely
with confidence on the ingenuity and enterprise of our manufacturers
to discover and utilize some of the crude textile resources of the South
A few words on the question whether the farmer gets paid for his
bagging The solution is easy and unquestionable If the bagging
and ties covering a bale could be sold in the final market of the cotton
for the same price paid for them by the farmer the latter would lose
nothing except the commissions for selling the same In fact however
the bagging and ties are worth just whatthey will bring in the mangled
and torn condition in which they are finally removed from the bale at
the factory
In Liverpool the customary allowance of tare is twenty pounds per
bale The Liverpool quotations of prices are for the net cotton This
deduction for tare at Liverpool is anticipated probably unconsciouslv
and discounted by the first buyer of the bale of cotton in the home
market and follows it all the way to its destination The farmer loses
the original cost of the bagging and ties less their market value as junk
Mock The farmer who shrewdly uses more than the customary amount
of bagging to cover a bale may steal a march on the unwarv buver
174 J SEPTEMBER CROP RREPOT1888
li
and pocket a small present profit provided the price of cotton is higher
than the price of bagging
It may be added that the National Government has the power and
the occasion certainly calls for its exercise to admit foreign made bag
ging free of duty While this might not and probably would not give
substantial immediate relief it would greatly relieve the situation and
tend to an early if not immediate reduction of the price of bagging
The newspapers of the South can do the farmers a great service by
thoroughly ventilating the questions here briefly discussed and m assist
ing them to maintain a determined resistance to the extortions of the
bagging trust Discussion will stimulate the spirit of inquiry and inven
tion lead to the adoption of new and better methods and to the discov
ery and utilization of other materials The farmers are aroused to a
sense of their vassalage to the trade of the world and need but to coop
erate in the assertion of their rights and to avail themselves of their
privileges and opportunities to emancipate themselves and their calling
from every form of oppression and extortion The present occasion may
furnish the inspiration towards the achievement of that independence
prosperity and contentment for which they have so long but so passively
yearned
SOME INQUIRIES
BUST IN COTTON
As rust in cotton is prevailing in our neighborhood our Club have
requested me to write you to ask if there is any remedy or means of
stopping it Any information will be thankfully received
Barnesville Ga J W Hanson Sec Mt ernon Agrl Club
Reply No immediate remedy for rust in cotton has ever been tound
Rust is believed to result from want of proper nutrition of the plant on
account of the scarcity of potash in the soil This would indicate that
soils on which cotton is predisposed to rust should be fertilized with
potash manures or fertilizers which contain a liberal percentage of pot
ash The application of hard wood ashes on such soils is a convenient
means of testing whether potash is neededas potash is the principal
active fertilizing ingredient of ashes Many experiments of this kind
have been made and the general tenor of the results is in support of the
theory that want of potash is the frequent cause of rust You know
that common hens sometimes lay soft eggs or eggs without shells
This is due to a deficiency of lime in their food and is easily proven
and remedied by furnishing the hens with powdered oyster shells or
limestone So in a somewhat analagous manner a deficiency ot pot
ash in the soil is indicated by the appearance of rust You will proba
bly have observed that rust usually appears first on soils that are ot a
very light color and sandy texture generally thin pine lands or light
grey soils Such soils are the ones on which experience has proved
that potash is a necessary ingredient in a fertilizer to be applied to them
Kainit is largely used as a source of potash and is about the cheapest
form in which potash can be had Cotton seed hull ashes is unexcelled
as a potash fertilizer but the supply is of course limited
RESCUE GRASS
Has the Texas Rescue Grass been tried in Georgia and is it a suc
sess Have heard that it is a fine forage and grazing grass It it will
do where can I get seed
Banksmlte Ga 1 A EAIj
175
16
DEPARTMENT OF AGRfCULTUREGEOKGlA
tiyManr yars ago General Alfred Iverson introduced into
tins State a grass which he called the Rescue grass which presume
is the kind referred to by you The botanical nlme of he C
Rescue grass is Bromus uniloides It belongs to the same genus wh
cliess or cheat and resembles the latter somewhat ItT a vev zood
grass but has not been largely sown in Georgia I think you Zn Vet
seed of it by applying to either the Atlanta Seed Co or the Mark W
Atxdoticior the Aied i
THE BEST WHEAT AND OATH FOR OEOR6IA
wlmtkindt186 Wlee CaD g0t the best seed heat and oats and
SfW Gl MARION PATMOK
KEPLYMy own aonviction is that the old Blue Stem wheat is
the most reliable variety we have ever had At least Uie Snorts fron
it are more uniformly favorable from all sections than those 0t a v
other varieties Most of the farmers who regularlv sow wheat sow the
Blue stem Several years since I distributed the Dallas wTieat
It gave good satisfaction in many places esneciallv in the lnJL
The best oat heretofore introduced so far as I know with eerraintv
hl ftUI pini22 that seed wheat grown in Minnesota or some
South 8tate wmProd better than seed raised Sr
Griffin 0a J RANSoa
kPLJ X k experience has shown that the best results are not
Lb rwfnter or iwheTO 7 Whfre the Seed elVafbeen grw
as a wiuiei or tan wheat On the contrarv I am of the miininn tit
seed from a more Southern locality than our oW1 would LosUikeh
wheat from Maryland or Ohio or other nnvtheri tif i y f
may llcltotoemIffffl t V1 T e8tions about farming as
COMMISSIONERS
HeSpecial Circular No 74
New Series
Questions for Crop Report October 1888
To Be Returned to the Department by the First Day of October
From present indications what will be the total yield in your County com
pared with an average total yield of the following crops
per cenl
1 Cotton
per cen
2 Corn
per cenl
3 Sugar Cane
per cent
4 Rice
per cen
5 Sweet Potatoes
3 Prospect for Pork compared with last yearP en
7 Average price per yard for jute cotton bagging in nearest market
October 1st 1887
8 Average price per yard of jute cotton bagging in nearest market
cent
October 1st 1888
9 Average number of yards used per bale by the formers in your
yard
county
10 Market price of middling cotton October 1 1888
Your Name
P O
County
OverInquiries and Answers
Lnder th head correspondents may subrait
cal nature n regard to agriculture ete If of sufficient general interest both
aquiry and answer will appear in the next Crop ReportCircular No 109 I
New Series j
Crop Report and Monthly Bulletin
FOR THE MONTH OF OCTOBER 1888
State of Georgia Department of Agriculture
Atlanta Ga October 9 1888
GENERAL EEMAEKS
The heavy storms of rain and wind which occurred during the
first twelve days of September covering the entire State proved
verj damaging to most crops not harvested but especially to cot
ton and rice The storms were most violent and the rainfall
greatest in the eastern and northeastern section of the State
causing great floods in the Savannah and Ogeechee rivers almost
without precedent in the history of the State By reference to
the Consolidated Tabular Report which follows the reduction of
the condition and prospect of the several crops as compared with
September 1 will be seen in detail by sections
COTTON
The general reduction of the condition of the cotton cropan
average of the Statewas 10 points or from 85 on September 1
to 75 October 1 This is duo almost entirely to the heavy storms
already alluded to In North Georgia the damage was 11 points
in Middle Georgia 14 in Southwest Georgia 3 in East Georgia
7 in Southeast Georgia 13 showing that the greatest injury
occurred in the valleys of the Savannah and Ogeechee rivers
The general average condition for the State is 3 points below that
of October 1 1887 It is quite evident that the sober second
thought of the farmers has reduced the first estimates of damage
CORN
The effects of the storms and floods are also seen in the reduction
of the condition and prospective yield of corn from 93 on Sep
tember 1 to 88 on October 1 The condition is now the same as
that of October 1 1887
OTHER CROPS
The Sugar Cane crop is reported but little under an average
while in tact it is probably the best crop we have had for several
years
Rice is not damaged as much as was first estimated showing a
reduction in Southeast Georgia where the bulk of the crop is
produced of but 4 points since September 1
177DKIARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
Sweet Potatoes have improved 3 points and give promise of a
full crop
MISCELLANEOUS
The questions in regard to the prices of cotton bagging on the
first day of October 1887 and the same date this yearthe average
quantity used per bale and the price of cotton were intended to
elicit facts which have a special interest at this time At 64 yards
per bale it required 45000000 yards of bagging for the crop of
188788 At 89 cents per yard the prevailing price of last sea
son the cost of the bagging for that crop was 4005000 Assum
ing that the crop of the present year will equal that of last year
the cost of covering it with jute bagging at 14 cents per yard will
be 6300000 or an increase of 2295000
The Commissioner has presented some practical views on the
subject of the Bagging Question elsewhere in this report
CONSOLIDATED CROP REPORT FOR OCTOBER
BY SECTIONS
1888
Condition and Pros
pect Compared with
an Average
be



0 u hf

00
D D s


ti
c C 1 V
z
Q
V 44 a oi

go
North Georgia
Middle Georgia
Southwest Georgia
East Georgia
Southeast Georgia
Average for the State
Average for the state Sept 1
Average for the State Oet 11887
83
89
135
L36
14
138
152
140
126
50
I OS
912
944
927
THE BAGGING QUESTION
The Commissioner is reminded by thecontest being waged between the
farmers on the one side and the Bagging Trust on the other of a conun
drum often propounded by an old wag of a fellow who once lived in a
neighboring village If an irresistable ball should strike an impene
trable wall what would be the result The Trust it seems in this
case is the irresistable ball and the Farmers Alliance the impenetrable
wall The bagging trust has set its figures high even at the threshold
of the season and accompanied these figures with threats of going still
higher while the farmers in the capacity of agricultural clubs and
Alliances have declared their unwillingness if not an avowed determi
nation not to pay the original much less the further advanced prices
that are threatened by the Trust Thus matters now stand and judging
178OCTOBER CROP REPORT1888
from appearances each is determined to hold his ground The Trust
stands robberlike with lips compressed and cries your money or your
life while the Alliance proclaims back again we will financially die ere
we will submit longer to extortion and wrong The situation isaserious
one What if wrought to desperation as a dernier resort the organized
farmers should withhold their cotton from the market The extent of
commercial troubles and disasters that would ensue would be incalcula
ble Small dealers would topple and fall first then larger next and
finally banks would succumb to so dire a calamity
With a view to mitigate as far as possible the present embarrassing
and threatening conditions the Commissioner has sought for informa
from every available source First and foremost he has consulted the
spinners of the neighboring mills to ascertain the chances of modifying
their machinery in time to meet the demand for bagging which now
goes up all over the country The reply is that it is impossible to make
the necessary changes in time to meet the urgency of the case so little
can be expected from that direction A ray of hope broke in from
New Orleans and the public was tantalized for a while with samples of
cotton bagging from the Lane Mills It was soon ascertained that these
goods could only be furnished at the rate of 15000 yards per day which
would not more than supply the local demand for bagging
Again in casting about the Commissioner heard of the pine straw
bagging manufactured in Wilmington N C and at once wrote the
Acme Manufacturing Co at that place to give all the partiulars as to
capacity price etc antl to inform him by return mail if relief could be
hoped for in that direction Partial success may be met with in that
direction but an answer has hardly had time to reach here as yet
The Rosedale Manufacturing Co of West Point Ga produce daily
1500 yards of AntiTrust Cotton Bagging forty inches wide and
weighing about thirteen ounces to the yard the price being 12J cents
per yard
Again a gentleman who has recently been corresponding with New
York merchants concerning many kinds of woven goods that might
answer for wrapping cotton ascertains that several lots of Dundee bag
ging forty inches wide and two pounds in weight could be bought of
E Myers Co 436 Produce Exchange New York also of Dunham
Bucklev Co 340 Broadway From the same source I also learn that
an article of burlaps weighing one pound to the yard forty inches wide
can be purchased from Taylor Bros Cincinnati Ohio at 9 to 9J cents
per yard An article of bagging can be had from Fearing Smith Co
of Cincinnati Ohio This grade of goods weighs one and three quarter
pounds to the yard is forty inches wide is cut in three yard pieces 100
pieces to the bale price 20 cents per piece This the correspondent
thinks is superior to the Dundee bagging
Now all the articles herein noted are eminently suited for bagging
purposes The price of the pine straw bagging was not given but it is
an excellent article weighing two and a half pounds to the yard and
closely resembling jute bagging in every respect except as to color it
being even darker than the straw as found in the forest In my
opinion it is the future covering for cotton The material for its manu
facture can be had for the gathering and the supply is inexhaustible
The burlaps referred to is closely woven forty inches wide and weighs
one pound to the yard This article would make handsome packages
and stand the hook It is worth as before stated 9 to 9 cents per yard
I presume all farmers are to some extent acquainted with the article
known as Dundee It is I believe of usual bagging width very closely
woven something like burlaps and sells in the New York market at
12 cents per yard All the articles referred to are such as would
inspection in anv market
179
4 DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
These samples and references are a few only which have been ascer
tained as the result of a single enquiry after bagging No doubt if the
markets of the West and North should be closely examined a sufficient
quantity might be procured to partly supplement the meager supply
that lias so far come to light But the farmer should duly consider the
delay incident upon making purchases in distant markets None but a
competent commercial man should be dispatched on such business and
be should be prepared to pay tbe cash
It occurs to the Commissioner that if some arrangement of the kind
already indicated lias not been previously made by the Clubs and Alli
ances the delay in effecting it will be so great as to seriously embarrass
the commerce of the entire country It should be steadily borne in
mind that this is now the 1st of October the day set for payment of
matured obligations
This much can be said in any event The agitation of the bagging
question has not been without compensating good Had it not been for
this agitation it would not have been generally known that such a
thing as the Lane Mills existed in New Orleans and that it was turning
out an article made from an inferior grade of cotton that answers per
fectly for baling our better grades Thus several hundred thousand
bales of inferior cotton may be properly used at home for bagging pur
poses instead of sending it abroad for a competing article which in
reality does not answer the purpose so well
Thousands of our own people will be made happy when they learn
that the pine straw which carpets the ground covered bv our illimita
ble forests can be made into a bagging at a cost cheaper than jute and
that the product in the judgment of others as well as the Commis
sioner is quite as good and in some respects superior because less
inflammable to the India product The adaptability of the waste cotton
and the use of pine straw in the manufacture of bagging should satisfy
the farmers that the intense agitation of the subject has not been in
vain It is now believed that the saw palmetto which exists so abun
dantly in the lower part of the State will afford an excellent substitute
for jute in the manufacture of bagging This matter has already been
enquired into and doubtless inventive ingenuity will soon devise the
necessary machinery for successfully manufacturing the same Then
farmers if you do no more you have already virtually whipped out yeur
adversary Henceforth if you will lend encouragement to your home
manufacturer you need no longer depend upon Bombay for the material
with which to cover your peculiar staple The only question is why
have we not thought of these things before Whyhave we spent mil
lions of money annuallywhen we might have had a better thing forless
money than we have been traversing the world to obtain With these
few reflections the question is dismissed hoping that should you as a last
extremity be driven to supplement with your coffee sacks and old rem
nants of one kind and another that you have at least largely reduced
the consumption and that hereafter you will remain inflexible in your
determination to stick to Southern bagging manufactories and aid in
developing an independent home supply of so necessary an article
180OCTOBER CROP REPORT1888
THE DOCTRINE OF CHEMICAL FERTILIZERS
By PftOF GEO VlLliE
Translated by Miss E L Howard
Continued from September Crop Report Circular No 108
Let us go back to the practical and follow from the point of view of
the fanners interests the consequences of these facts of prime impor
tance Suppose on the same soils you make four parallel experiments
with four chemical fertilizers containing all the fourphosphate of
lime potash lime and nitrogen Let all things be alike with these four
fertilizers except the nitrogen which will increase in proportion as you
go from the first to the fourth For example No 1 contains 17 pounds
of nitrogen per acre No 2 contains 34 pounds of nitrogen per acre No
3 contains 54 pounds of nitrogen per acre No 4 contains 74 pounds of
nitrogen per acre
Sow wlieat on these four parcels and as the amount of nitrogen in
creases in the fertilizer the return of crop itself increases in a corres
ponding proportion Instead of wheat sow peas or beans no effect is
shown the crops on the four parcels remain exactly the same With
the wheat increase of nitrogenincrease of crop with the legumes
under the same conditionsnothing absolutely nothing
instead of varying the amount of nitrogen increase the amount of
phosphate of lime On wheat the effect is absolutely nothing on the
corn sugar cane and the turnip on the contrary it will show itself by
an increase of crop Is it the potash that brings the increase On
wheat and corn no sensible effect on peas beans and Irish potatoes
you double the crop
What say these experiments so simple in making them and which
you can repeat at will What is their exact signification to me It is
that of the four bodies of which the fertilizer is composed there are
but three of themphosphate of lime potash and nitrogenwhich till
by turns a subordinate or prepouderent function according to the nature
of the plant Limeuseful to allshows on none in particular this
predominant function Now the knowledge of this factthe variable
subordination of the three terms of the fertilizeris you now know
the most efficacious means of obtaining with economy the maximum of
crop
I call the dominant of a plant the term of the fertilizer which by
preference affects the return of the crop Certainly these are the sim
ple and fruitful laws as they are to which one cannot object for it is
practical experience which formulates and fixes them
Before following the consequences of these facts will you allow me
gentlemen to show you a part of the practical proofs which are in a
degree consecrated
In 1868 Prof Duruy then minister of public instruction whose lib
eral and deeply honest nature hesitated at no initiatory step concerning
the public interest was so struck with the utility of these new ideas if
spread through the country that he did not hesitate to order the foun
dation of 1500 little experimental fields which were given in care of
the teachers who were called upon to become the promoters of pro
gress in a form the most elementary and yet the boldest Persuaded
that to elevate the agricultural people it was not only necessary to teach
them to handle the spade skillfully or to rake the ground smoothly
1816 DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
but it was needful to open their minds to the most fruitful principle of
science Prot Duruy proposed by these fields to seize the minds of the
children and let them be imbued with these essential practical facts
1st I he possibility of obtaining beautiful crops with substances which
were not manure and which though a thousand times less in weight
showed themselves more effective
2d To demonstrate that among these bodies four in number there
was one which regulated by preference the yield of the crop That
this term in these cases had the privilege according to the nature of
the plant to produce temporarily more effect than that of the three
others united Do you not think gentlemen that the propositions
announced and taught in the presence of the crops which proved them
true were of a character to produce a powerful impression on yountr
minds j
Now let us return to the testimony of experience destined to justify
this teaching Will you gentlemen cast your eves on this first table
What does it say
Of the first questionIs the chemical fertilizer more efficacious or
not than manure 350 experiment fields planted in beets reply
BEETS
eft arr n r CROP PER ACRE
52800 lbs of Manure29808 lbs
1050 lbs of Chemical Fertilizer33305 lbs
Second Question Does the dominant of the four terms of the Chemi
cal Fertilizer if employed alone produce more or less effect than the
three terms united
Dominant nitrogen27 070 lbs
Subordinate elements minerals 24464 lbs
Soil without any fertilizer 19907 lbs
And if instead of abstract figures the children are shown the pro
ducts of the crops which they have followed step by step and day by
day when growing do you not think gentlemen a precious srerm is
deposited m their minds which time cannot fail to bring into fruit
But let us leave the children at school and return to this capital point
Is it perfectly certain that the Chemical Fertilizer is superior to manure
lo the testimony of 350 fields cultivated in beets we add that of 505
others cultivated in Irish potatoes The advantage here is with the
Chemical Fertilizer
IRISH POTATOES
connniu s n AVERAGE PEB Act
52000 lbs of Manure13 728 lbs
1056 lbs of Chemical Fertilizer 14520 lbs
Finally the farm schools placed under the direct attention of the
Minister of Agriculture showed results equally clear and decisive Of
34 experiments the general average was
it ft Crop per Acre
45760 lbs of Manure O 0 lbs
1056 lbs of Chemical Fertilizer 33 520 lbs
Soil without any fertilizer21190 lbs
Do you wish added to these semiofficial results those given to us at
favorable1 gUr6S WiU chaSe but the testimony is equally
Ponder weigh the value and significance of these declarationswith
out precedent m the history of the agricultural world
BEETS190 KKSflTS
crop per Acre
44000 lbs manure m 793 bs
1160 lbs chemical fertilizer 45V12 lbs
182OCTOBER OROU REPORT1888
IBISH POTATOES83 RESULTS
35010 His manure1683 lbs
889 lbs chemical fertilizer19631 10s
WHEAT138 RESULTS
35000 lbs manure 27 bu
808 lbs chemical fertilizer 37 bu
Practice and theory lead to the same conclusion that the conditions
which regulate the production of vegetation are now exactly known
the agents which vegetal life set at work are equally well known and
the practical rules for their use are as precise as can be desired How
raise a doubt in the face of the experiments made in burnt sand How
deny the practical law when you understand the clear and fruitful idea
of the dominant f For fourteen years practice has each season renewed
its testimony at the experimental Farm of Vincennes For fourteen
years from this poor soil we see hemp grow ten feet high and for
fourteen years wheat has succeeded without diminution on the same spot
But perhaps you say this is reversing all we know and practice a
fatal condemnation of the practice of our forefathers Are you sure of
that How is the doctrine of chemical fertilizers a fact without antece
dent Who has the hardihood of saying that this doctrine is hostile
to the past The truth is that in the past we find the royal testimony
that she continues her traditions increased and fruetifyed by the sub
stitution of the vigorous methods of science with its most recent pro
gressfor the chance uncertainties of empiricism
There is a very simple way of proving that the doctrine of chemical
fertilizers is the enlarged continuation of the traditions which the past
has handed down 1 have only to show you how she can on occasion
ally herself while improving them to the old methods But first gen
tlemen one point about manure Are you sure that you agree among
yourselves and are certain to what its good effects are due Set prej
udices aside I pray you The answer to this question which 1 again
ask what is manure the answerweigh well the gravity and unex
pectedness of this declaration 4sa neri inferior ohemioal fertilizer
Here is the proof and demonstration In 100 parts of manure 80 are
represented by moisture Now it is evident that this is not the source of
the good effects of manure As far as this goes the least little rain is a
thousand times more efficacious This moisture is even a great incon
venience from the necessity it imposes of transporting and manipula
ting 80 per cent of inert valueless matter First result One hundred
parts of manure contain in reality but 20 parts of dry matter But
are the 20 parts of dry matter the less active Far from that From
these 20 parts we must deduct 13 parts represented by woody fibres
which have resisted the work of animal digestion as well as the putre
faction of the manure pit and in them analysis can show us nothing
but carbon hydrogen and oxygen whose neutrality and complete iner
tia was proved to us by the experiments in burnt sand
You seem to doubt gentlemen Well try the action of chopped straw
or sawdustwhich are both but carbon hydrogen and oxygen What
will you get from the use of them Nothing absolutely nothing So
the active part of 100 of manure is reduced to seven parts But whatdo
we gain from these seven parts Nothing Analyze and you will find
h parts represented by secondary mineralssilica iron soda etc of
which we have proved that the poorest soils have an abundance There
then remains as a final expression of the active parts of 100 of manure
16 parts consisting of
Phosphoric Acid02 per cent
Potash04
Lime06
Nitrogen 04
the four terms of the Chemical Fertilizer
183
DEPARTM ENT K AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
Conclusion Manure owes its good effect to the same agents as the
Chemical Fertilizer In reality it is a chemical fertilizer where a great
deal of inert matter is accompanied by a very small quantity of useful
products As I have many times said manure is to the chemical fertil
izer what the bark cinchona is to the sulphate of quininewhat the
crude mineral is to the metal Manure and chemical fertilizer act the
the same it is very plain The chemical fertilizer has however the
advantage througn its greater activity and certainty of action because
it has not a mass of inert matter Every part of the chemical fertilizer
is useful and active for it is all soluble and immediately assimilable by
vegetation But here a new objection opposes You understand gen
tlemen humus the old and respectable humus You remember what I
said in the beginning Humus as an isolated product exercises no
appreciable action Sand with four per cent of humus is no more fer
tile than burnt sand There is one case however where humus shows
a very useful concentrated effect that is when associated with carbon
ate of lime How does humus act in this case Does it bring the plant
any element of fertility proper to itself No it acts as agent in dis
solving the element of lime and this is so true that if you replace car
bonate of lime by sulphate of litne and better still by a mixture of
sulphate of lime and nitrate of lime of which the nitrogen enters as one
of the elements of the chemical fertilizer in pure burnt sand the crop
is equally as good as when chemical fertilizer anil humus and carbonate
arc all at once added to the sand
But nitrate of lime was not a salt that could be used as it was too
expensive and too soluble The idea of giving the chemical fertilizers
an auxiliary in a mixture of sod and carbonate of lime was freely used
at Vincennes on the experimental fields What was the result Prac
tically nothing To get an appreciable effect 8800 lbs of turf were
used per acre which made its use impracticable on account of its cost
while it accorded very well with our small experiments forthesoil
from the Leondes which I had made use of contained4 to percent
black matter soluble in potash After such facts my decision was soon
made Abandoning the idea of using humus I redoubled my efforts
to perfect the chemical fertilizer I went further 1 made use of all
my credit in the agricultural world to get experiments multiplied hi
soils well known to be destitute of humus such as the chalky soils of
our Champagne in the almost moving sands of the dunes of Holland
and the sand none the less sterile of your Compeine and when sud
denly the most reliable men tell you that 530 lbs of chemical fertilizer
spread broadcast in the Spring was sufficient in the natural soil of
Compeine to bring crops equally as good as those from soils worth 160
S240 320 per acre would you not believe the question of humus was
singularly cleared and simplified This is the explanation of my
apparent reticence I waited for the practical testimony of soils desti
tute of hum us
But we leave humus here and return to manure To the question
what is manure I reply without hesitation a chemical fertilizer of in
ferior quality and I justify this definition by new and essentially prac
tical facts first fact Experiment has established that the composi
tion of the fertilizer should vary according to the nature of the plant
The beet rape and wheat require much nitrogen rye but little the
legumes require none at all It is potash they need with a moderate
quantity ot nitrogen Corn and sugarcane exact a large quantity of
phosphate of lime How apply these rules with manure if used alone
I take the legumes as a first example They require a large amount of
potash and manure contains but little How are you to get it Use a
large quantity of manure But then on legumes you lose entirely the
nitrogen ol which they have no need Manure forming an indivisible
18JOCTOBER CROP REPORT1888 9
whole you can vary the quantity but not its composition Is not that
exactly the point where the chemical fertilizer has the advantage
Look at these five formulse prepared for beets Irish potatoes corn and
legumes Apart from the fertilizer for the legumes which contains no
nitrogen they arc all formed of the four terms which you knowphos
phate of lime potash lime and nitrogen They differ from each other
only in the respective amounts of these four terms They differ from
each other only in the respective amounts of these four terms which
are proportioned to the different needs of these various plants Manure
cannot give these different weights and thisisoneof the main causes
of its inferiority
WHEAT COMPLETE FERTILIZER NO 1
Per Acre
Superphosphate of Lime 362 lbs
Nitrate of Potash 176 lbs 1
Sulphate of Ammonia 220 lbs
Sulphate of Lime 308 lbs
nitrogen 76 lbs
1056 lbs
BEETSCOMPLETE FERTILIZER NO 2
Superphosphate of Lime 352 lbs
Nitrate of Potash 170 lbs t lu
Nitrate of Soda 352 lbs nitrogen 75 lbs
Sulphate of Lime 264 lbs
1144 lbs
1K1SH POTATOESCOMPLETE FERTILIZER NO 3
Superphosphate of Lime 352 lbs
Nitrate of Potash 264 lbs
Sulphate of Lime 264 lbs
s
Nitrogen 34 lbs
880 lbs
Here the nitrogen is lessened lu quantity but the amount of potash
is increased to 41 pounds
CORNCOMPLETE FERTILIZER NO 4
Superphosphate of Lime 528 lbs
Nitrate of Potash 176 lbs 1 w
Sulphate of Lime 352 lbs NltpBn 16 lbs
1056
The proportion of nitrogen is lessened but that of superphosphate is
carried from 352 to 528 lbs
LEGUMESINCOMPLETE FERTILIZER NO 5
Superphosphate of Lime 352 lbs
Chloride of Potassium 800176 lbs Nitrogen
Sulphate of Lime 352 lbs j
000
880
This time no nitrogen
If you wish to use rotation of crops the chemical has still the advan
tage Suppose the following rotation used
BEETSWHEATCLOVEROATS
There are but two ways of using manureput it all on one year or
repeat it several times In the first case there is it is true a good crop
of beets but it is to the detriment of the crops following Divide the
manure and the crop of beets is considerably reduced and as that crop
is expensive the producer does not gain if he does not lose Matters
18510
DKIAKTMENT OF AGK1CU LTUREGEORGLA
go quite differently with the chemical fertilizer give each plant in turn
and in the required quantities the agents of fertility they take by pref
erence
But you say how will we use manure and when will we use it The
answer is very simple Use the manure in reasonable amounts but
always give it an auxiliarythe chemical elementwhich exercises the
dominant function of the culture for the year We will be a little more
exact Have you but a small amount of manure Complete it by a
semiamount of chemical fertilizer which is a more active equivalent
than an increase of manure If you have 8800 pounds of manure per
acre per annum a simple addition of the dominant will be enough If
you wish to grow peas add only potash to the manure If you grow
corn add only phosphate of lime if beets use nitrate of soda or sul
phate of ammonia Avoid giving a plant an excess of what it does not
need and depriving it of what it does require Establish a true equation
between the composition the amount of fertilizer and the importance
of the crop which the nature and state of the soil will allow you to
realize
Do you wish me to throw a stronger light if possible on the practical
bearing of these indications and make their usefulness more apparent
Cast your eyes on the latter part of this table Look at the economic
results from these new ideas see what increase of crop is gained solely
by the use of a moderate amount of the dominant 1 use rape as an
example
Cbop per Ache
Mineral fertilizer without nitrogen12 bu
Mineral fertilizer with 52 lbs of nitrogen34 bu
Consequently the gain by use of nitrogenous matter may be thus
stated
52 lbs of nitrogen at 24c per lb12 48
26 bu rape more 166 per bu 43 16
Profit from the use of the nitrogen30 68
Have you any manure Nothing to prevent von from getting the
same result To do that use the manure in the Fall when sowing or
transplanting the rape and in the Spring at the first part of February
give it 200 lbs of sulphate of ammonia If the manure was used alone
the crop would be26 bu per acre with sulphate of ammonia it would
be 37 to 52 bu per acre Under these conditions the effect is the same
as with chemical fertilizer And how could it be otherwise since the
manure owes its good effects to the same agents Those who accuse
the chemical fertilizer with exhausting the soil talk nonsense and
those who accuse the chemical fertilizer with proscribing the use of
manure advance a proposition without foundation Bow can one pro
scribe the use of manure without proscribing the use of chemical fertil
isers themselves
To BE CONCLUDED N NEXT CROP REPORT
NOTES INQUIRIES AND ANSWERS
D V Summervllle Kaffir corn did well on the upland but the
same seed planted on bottom land failed to mature seed although the
heads came out and gave every indication of having seed in them Do
you know what caused it
Not being on the spot we can only suggest that a severe storm of wind
and rain occurring at the critical period of blooming might have pre
Tented fertilization You need not discontinue planting it for forage
i8tOCTOBER CROP REPORT1888
II
3
1
will
2
3
through apprehension that it will not perfect seed on bottom land If
it pleases you plant it so long as you produce seed on suitable land
M S P WoodstockCan there be a substitute for jute bagging
procured in time to relieve the farmers this season
See article on Bagging Question elsewhere
G W 8 Rising FawnI want to compost this winter a quantity
of oak leaves I have lime and stable manure How best to manage it
Pile the leaves and sprinkle each layer with slaked lime at the rate of
half bushel to a 2horse wagon load wetting thoroughly with water and
treading the mass down compactly Haul and distribute in the bedding
furrows in March or April for corn or cotton Apply your stable
manure senarately or compost with acid phosphate No need of cover
ing the piles of leaves simply make them wet but not leaching It
should be done by the first of January or before Stable manure would
not be benefited by mixing with the leaves
P P McB Oval1 Will Johnson grass be troublesome on bottom
land
2 Is it a good grass for pasture and hay
Where can seed be purchased and at what price
It is much more difficult to control or eradicate in bottom land and
probably give trouble if you should ever wish to get rid of it
It is a good grass for hay not so good fox grazing
Any large seed dealer in Atlanta Augusta or Macon Dont know
the price
W A N ViiAA RicaIn 1884 the number of cotton factories in
Georgia was looms 8843 spindles 340143 operatives 10000
bales of cotton consumed 100000 capital employed 13000000 There
has been a considerable increase since then but the figures are not at
hand
W F S NEWNAN What economic and substantial crops will take
the place of wheat and oats with least expense and least exhaustion to
land Wheat and oats do not pay expenses in this section
Clover and grasses
W A 8 PowblIjVILLB 1 Why is it that we cannot raise wheat
successfully as formerly
2 Cant we make a law by which the tillers may get a fair price for
their products and do away with trusts monopolies anil impositions of
banks by law
1 Under the same conditions of soil wheat will do as well as it ever
did The opening up of the immense wheat fields of the Northwest and
the great improvement in the means of transportation to market have
increased the supply and reduced the relative market price of wheat and
flour so that the production of wheat is not so profitable and necessary
as it once was when our lands were fresher and the market prices higher
2 Direct legislation to accomplish such a result is impracticable It
is the province of I lie statesmen of the country to legislate for the pro
tection of the legal rights of all citizens It is claimed that the tariff
laws of the country might be amended with great benefit to farmers and
working men Universal education will do more than anything else to
bring about equality of rights duties and burdens The best thing for
a farmer to do is to keep out of debt and raise his own supplies
i M DoUGIiASSVILIiEBest time and how to set Bermuda grass
March or April Plow and get the ground in condition as if for plant
ing corn Chop the jointed stems of the grass into pieces of two or three
joints or drop pieces of the sod in shallow furrows three feet apart and
cover with the foot Or sow the chopped stems broadcast and plow in
as you would small grain
B H H EliBERT CoI have raised the jute and find that it grows
very well and makes the best of horse collars Can you tell me what it
18712
DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
If you have any jute seed send me
will cost to start a bagging factory
some
lute ami Ramie are both excellent for the purpose ami the latter
in particular furnishes a very convenient resource for strings and
cords tor farm use Do not know the cost of a bagging factory plant
but presume it would he tar beyond the reach of an ordinary farmer
INojute seed on band
J B P Bayard it is believed that a deficiency of potash in some
soils is the man cause of rust in cotton What per centum of potash
m our standard guanos put down at the rate of 200 pounds per acre
would supply the deficiency
It would depend on the particular soil and its state of exhaustion or
depletion of the element of potash Most soils when fresh contain a
sufficiency of potash for cotton some will show a deficiency after a few
years of cultivation while others last a lifetime without betraying any
special lack Experiment on each soil or character of soil in a liven
section alone can determine the question
J H 8 Sandy Ridge1 have been farming in Henry county thirty
two years and have never hauled a sack of corn or bale of hay from
the railroad war times included My motto is pay as you go or
gonotat alt Under the conditions that now prevailand with all the
SPonhsfeeatagkfnT g him to get out of debt and
The famous John Randolph once said I have found the philoso
m n i 7 t i the best single motto that
5mfre ap adopt and they will never get out of debt and on their
t tx m e h a otto is generally adopted and adhered to
L lUivi lHst varietv of wheat time to sow
3 preparation ol soil 4 best fertilizers
1 The old blue st m or purple straw is most generally approved
About the time of first killing frost say early in October in North
Georgia latter part ol October in Middle Georgia November in East
and Southwest Georgia
3 Land that lias been in cotton tobacco peas or clover is the best
Plow close and deep and harrow line Putin with a drill if practicable
or harrow m with one of the improved harrows
4 Any standard highly ammoniated fertilizer containing potash if
the soil is old worn and gray land
ftiNnhnFv ANOLArfa any test been made of Flour corn as a
forage plant it being neb and succulent and the yield enormous
a foraZ ol u trnd TV eaPecialy recommend the Flour corn as
a forage plant It will probably prove an excellent ensilage crop
W L 1 Conyers Farmers would like to know where the material
ttonnfuUJ aggmg and bUrlap s s obtained Give informa
Jute bagging India bagging Dundee bagging Gunny bagging
Burlaps etc are names of different descriptions of cloth or bagging
all made of the same material jute lute is one of the principal rops
of India whence we get our supply The ordinary jute bagging is made
F rirsi llis ofthe jute stalks technically caHed butts
T VWtad VU1 bagging ready made from India and from
SltSabcbterplacethemanufactureoftherawmate
nal reached large proportions But most of the bagging used in baling
our cotton is now made in the United States principally at St Lou sf
of imported jute butts which are admitted at a very low rate of duty
ririV1 I VmPorted Ju bagging is sufficiently high to prevent com
ml V I1UVU focturers s tha we are constrained to look to
out domestic bagging factories for our supply These have formed the
evtoMn n M Ule Bagghg Trust lor the purpose of
extorting from farmers an exorbitant price for their products
188la
OCTUBEK CHOP REPORT1888
Jute is being successfully grown and manipulated in Louisiana but
the industry has not yet developed into large proportions owing to
difficulties in adapting machinery for decorticating the stalks The
climate and sods that are suited to the production of tropical sugar
cane are also well adapted to the production of jute and it is probable
that iu a few years the industry will be firmly established
J E N Walton CoCan Johnson Grass be eradicated after being
once well set on land Is it harder to destroy than Bermuda
It can lie eradicated only with considerable difficulty but it spreads
r slowly if not permitted to mature seed It is probably more diffi
very
cult to subdue than Bermuda It is not advisable to set land in John
son grass unless willing for its permanent occupation
R J D QuitmanWill the sudden and excessive changes of tempera
ture in South Georgia prevent the successful keeping of ensilage in silos
No The keeping of ensilage is not a question of temperature but
one ot exclusion of air Moreover the changes of temperature are
less sudden and excessive in South Georgia but the extremes are
higher in the scale than further North
J W S Knoxville1 What is the gain or loss in selling cotton seed at
122 to 1 cents per bushel and buying c s meal at S2200 per ton 2
What is the standard weight per bushel of green cotton seed
1 Estimating by analysis for fertilizing purposes 100 pounds ot
sound green cotton seed are equal to about 35 pounds of the best qual
ity ot cotton seed meal A farmer can afford to sell his cotton seed at
12 cents per bushel if he can get the best meal at 2200 per tonprovi
ded the exchange be made without any expense to him of handling
hauling and freighting In other words if the mill will take the seed
from the gin and deliver the meal in its place the above rates would
leave the tanner about even he will not have gained or lost anything
except the convenience of distributing the meal or composting it
instead of the whole seed Or if he sells seed at 15 cents per bushel
and buys meal at 2200 per ton he will make about 3 cents per bushel
less the cost of handling etc 2 Thirty pounds is the legal weight of a
bushel ot cotton seed in Georgia
W B McD Faeeville1 Will 8foot corn rows make as much corn
as 4foot rows by putting twice as many hills in each wide row as you
would in the narrow rows 2 Would cotton make as much in 6foot
rows putting twice the quantity of manure in each 6foot row as you
would in a 3foot row and planting Spanish peanuts between the cotton
rows
3 Where can I sell Spanish peanuts in quantities
4 What kind of sorghum is best for this Decatur county and wiiere
can seed be had
5 Would you advise raising sorghum where sugar cane can be grown
6 Can sorghum syrup be made in the same kettle we use for sugar
cane
7 Is there anything put in the juice to clarify it Do you or any
reader know anything of Sims Preparation which he claims will pre
vent syrup from fermenting
8 Would not fall sown rust proof seed that were grown north of here
be better than homegrown If so where can seed be had
1 In our opinion eight or even seven feet is too great a distance for
eorn rows where it is desired to get the greatest possible yield of com
but if peas be planted in the middles at the second plowing it is proba
ble that the aggregate production of corn and peas would exceed that of
eorn alone planted at any distance Mr David Dicksons rule was seven
feet
2 Answer above given will apply to this question It is probable that
such a plan would often prove profitable since the demands made upon
189
14
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
the soil by the two crops are not exactly the same and the peanuts
would mature a crop in advance of the full maturity of the cotton The
principle is the same as that involved in the close succession of crops
practiced so successfully by the best market gardeners and truckers
There is a limit of maximum width of corn or other rows with refer
ence to largest yield which varies according to seasons soils etc We
can only adopt such a medium width as experience tells us will give the
best results on the average
3 You can sell Spanish peanuts for seed to any of the large seed deal
ers in this city Atlanta and for confectionery purposes to the makers
of candy etc
4 The most popular variety in North and Middle Georgia is what is
known as Early Orange which closely resembles the old Imphee
variety It will also probably suit your section The Early Amber is
preferred for forage purposes aud where sugar is the object Seed can
be had of the seedsmen of this city and we presume of others else
where
5 Yes there is no conflict between the two crops and one will some
times succeed when the other partially fails Moreover sorghum can
be profitably grown on soils not fertile enough for sugar cane
6 Yes but greater care is required to make a good quality of syrup
in an ordinary kettle from sorghum than from sugar cane
7 Lime is most generally used as a defecating or clarifying agent
Know nothing of Sims Preparation
8 I see no reason why such seed should be better The red rustproof
oat originated it is said in Mexico or Central America Almost uni
versal experience with Northern varieties of seed oats is unfavorable
R H L DamascusI have a horse that has been infested with lice
the most of his life three years old I have tried sulphur lard and
kerosene mixed as an ointment It will remove them for a time but
the lice soon return Give a remedy
Try the following infusion Steeptwo pounds of tobacco in three gal
lons of water for two hours Sponge the animal thoroughly especially
in the parts most infested once a week for three weeks The following
to be used in the same way is also a good infusion Steep three pounds
of quassia chips in one gallon of water for one hour Probably the
trouble with your treatment is that you do not repeat the application
until all the eggs or nits have hatched
R P J SmithvilleIs it your candid opinion that there is any com
mercial fertilizer equal to a good compost of solid stable manure and cot
ton seed for corn It so how much in weight would be necessary to
each hill against say to one pound of the compost and how and when
applied
A careful study of the lecture by Geo Ville now appearing in these
reports will give you a complete answer to your question The efficacy of
stable manure and cotton seed depends upon precisely the same elements
as the active elements of commercial fertilizers But stable manure and
cotton seed alone in compost is not advisable because they do not form
a complete fertilizer You should have a large proportion of phosphoric
acid which i3 always present in standard commercial fertilizers but of
which stable manure and cotton seed contain but a small percentage
not sufficient to balance the ammonia in these home materials The
true policy for the farmer to pursue is to use all the stable manure and
cotton seed he can collect and add acid phosphate to them in compost
If still short of manure then buy fertilizers from the best sources Read
the lecture carefully
J B M Garden Valley1 Has the Alliance been of any benefit to
the farmers of Georgia If so in what respect 2 Do themerchants
as a rule charge more than a living profit for goods sold to farmers 3
190OCTOBER CROP REPORT1888
15
Is there any chance for farmers to borrow money for less than 18 per
cent from banks
1 There is no doubt of the benefits of the Alliance to the farmers of
the State The farmers have become more thoroughly aroused and better
united in the determination to rind out the causes of their depression
and to remove them In many places they have been able to purchase
supplies on much more favorable terms than before The present intense
agitation of the bagging trust is mainly due to the efforts that can
be traced to the Alliance The organization may make mistakes but
the general results must prove beneficial to farmers and their cause
2 The annual Supplements Reports of this department for many
years past show that fanners are required to pay for credit at the rate of
from fifty to seventyrive per cent per annum It is much cheaper or
the farmer to pay the 18 per cent interest for money than to pay the
usual credit prices of the merchants
3 We suppose farmers can borrow money from banks at as low rates
as any other class provided they give the same character and quality
of security The merchants get a somewhat doubtful security and
charge high for credit the banker generally exacts a more available
security and charges a correspondingly lower rate of interest As a rule
farmers have no business to borrow money or to buy on a credit
J B T CamillaIt is a fact as regards this section that the unfer
tilized land age and wear considered will not produce as it did before
commercial fertilizers were used Why is it 2 Or has the longcon
tinued use of fertilizers made their use a necessity This theory is true
as to the human system is it also true as to the soil and plants
1 It is because larger crops have been annually taken off the soil
than if no fertilizers had I icon used The fertilizer added to the soil stimu
lates the plant to appropriate and the soil to yield to the plant more
of the elements of plant food contained in the soil naturally than if no
fertilizer were applied If the fertilizer applied does not contain the
elements of plant food in the proportions demanded by the invariable
composition of the crops cultivated especially if the lacking element is
the one in which the soil is most deficient the soil will soon become
exhausted of the deficient element at least in an available form as
plant food It will then no longer produce as good crops as formerly
unless the deficiency be made up The element most commonly applied
which exerts this socalled stimulating effect on the soil is ammonia
which causes a vigorous growth of stem and foliage and thus demands
an increased quantity of the elements already in the soil and returns a
larger crop Of course the soil will soon exhibit signs of exhaustion
under such treatment especially when it is remembered that more of
the elements of fertility in the soil are annually washed away by the
rains than are removed in the crops produced on the land
2 There is no doubt of the fact that the continued use of fertilizers
becomes a necessity when we continue to cultivate the same land in
clean crops like corn and cotton Precisely the same is true of the use
of stable manure It was a necessity that first induced its use it does
not become any more a necessity If an acre of soil contains the neces
sary plant food mostly in unavailable form to produce one thousand
bushels of corn before it will have become entirely exhausted and
ordinary continuous cultivation in that crop without mai ure would
reach the stage of exhaustion in one hundred years would it be bad
policy to fertilize the land and cause it to yield the one thousand bushels
of corn in twentyrfive yrears
The soil cannot be likened to the human body in a comparison of the
sort suggested it is the plant that sustains that relation The plant in
the one case and the human body in the other are the objects to be
supplied with food The theory has no such application
191IB
UK PA RTMENT OF AGRICULTURE GKORGIA
O C 8 AmericusWhat was the cost per ton of analyzing the com
mercial fertilizers inspected in Georgia the past season also the total
amount paid by consumers of commercial fertilizers for the year 1888
The total cost per ton for inspecting analyzing tagging publishing
bulletins including salaries of inspectors chemist and one clerk in the
office amount to about 114 cents per ton on the 208007 tons inspected
for the season of 188788 I estimate that the average cash value of the
above amount was20per ton which would give as the total amount
paid by farmers4160000
E G H BromvoodWhat is the best proportion in which to mix
acid phosphate cotton seed meal and kainit
For general purposes the following is a good formula
Acid phosphate1400 pounds
Cotton seed meal 400 pounds
Kainit200 pounds
2000 pounds
These proportions may be varied very considerably using more kainit
on old worn pine soils and less meal and less meal and kainit on
low richer soils Exact proportions are not so important as many con
sider
L H Player Thomasville Ga wishes to know if any farmer has seed
of the Rescue grass for sale
A B C Dams MillIs pine sawdust as good an absorbent and
retainer of urine droppings etc as pine straw
No pine straw is more porous is a better absorbent and contains in
itself more plant food than the saw dust
Dr 1 T StephensvUleIs cotton seed meal worth as a manure
as much as the seed pound for pound
Pound for pound cotton seed meal of best quality is worth nearly
three times as much as the whole seed Thirtyrive pounds of meal are
about equal in fertilizing value to one hundred pounds of seed
A J M IAghtfootWhen is the right time to sow Johnson Grass
Seed Have you any grass seed for distribution
September is the best time to sow in Middle and North Georgia and
October in Lower Georgia but it may also be sown with perfectsuccsss
in March and April on well prepared land and brushed or lightly har
rowed in I have no grass seeds for distribution
J R D Fancy Bluff Best mode of applying guano and how much
to the acre for cabbage on sandy land My intention was to broadcast
the same at the rate of four hundred pounds per acre and harrow in
Of course it will depend entirely on the present condition of the land
Even on land that is in high state of culture you may safely apply one
ton on an acre for cabbage broadcast which is the proper way to
manure when very large quantity is applied Four hundred pounds per
acre would be a very moderate dose of fertilizer for a crop of cabbage
You should use a highly ammoniated fertilizer say one thousand
pounds of cotton seed meal with eight hundred pounds of acid phos
phate and two hundred pounds of kainit
ERRATUMFERTILIZER CIRCULAR 107
The analysis of Wando Ammoniated Dissolved Bone reported in
Final Fertilizer Circular 107 page 23 is erroneous the sample from
which it was made having been mixed by the Inspector through mis
take with an acid phosphate The analysis referred to is the one
requested by R B Jarvis Charleston S C
J T HENDERSON Commissioner
192NEW SERIES
Circular No no j
SPECIAL INSTRUCTIONS TO INSPECTORS
INSPECTION OF FERTILIZERS
IN GEORGIA
Prescribed by J T HENDERSON Commissioner of Agriculture
FOR THE SEASON OF 1888
ATLANTA GEORGIA
W J Campbell State Printer
Constitution Jon Office
1888
193
RULES AND REGULATIONS
Season of 188889
New Series
Circular No 110
Department of Agriculture
Atlanta October 10 1888
The Commissioner prescribes the following Rules and Regulations for the
Inspection of Fertilizers hereby abrogating all previous Rules and Regula
tions
I Every package of fertilizer or chemical for manufacturing the same
or for composting intended for sale or distribution within the State of
Georgia shall have the manufacturers guaranteed analysis placed upon or
securely attached to each package by the manufacturer If the fertilizer
is in bags it shall be distinctly branded stamped or printed upon each sack
If in barrels it may be either branded stamped or printed upon the bead
of each barrel or distinctly printed upon good paper and securely pasted
upon the head of each barrel or upon a shipping or other tag and securely
attached to the head of each barrel In every case it must be distinct This
manufacturers guaranteed analysis shall show the following determina
tions viz
Moisture at 212 per cent
Insoluble Phosphoric Acidpercent
Available Phosphoric Acidper cent
Ammonia actual and potentialper cent
Potash K20per cent
If nitrogen in the form of nitrate is claimed the fact must be stated in
the Request for Inspection
II To facilitate the transaction of business any manufacturer dealer
agent or other person who procures the inspection of a fertilizer after it
is inspected and has the inspectors tag attached in compliance with law
may proceed to make sales thereof before the official analysis is completed
Provided he gives a written obligation to cancel all sales in case the fertili
zer is condemned by the Commissioner of Agriculture This obligation is
embraced in the Request for Inspection which must also set forth the
guaranteed analysis according to the form therein prescribed and
The Commissioner has uniformly held that it the guaranteed analysis shall Include such
of these live Ingredients as the fertilizer or chemical is claimed to contain it will be a Substan
tial compliance with the taw ami the Rules and Regulations Some judicial decisions seem
to indicate that this paragraph must be literally complied withthai the full list of ingredi
ents tuns appear in the Guaranteed Analysis even if one or more of them is net contained in
thegoodB Asa matter of prudence it would he well lor manufacturers to comply literally
with the law in this respect The Commissioner will not change his ruling on this point until
constrained to do so by express judicial opinion or Legislative enactment
194SPECIAL INSTRUCTIONS TO INSPECTORS
addressed to the proper Inspector The Request for Inspection must be
made out and signed in duplicate and one copy sent to the Commissioner
of Agriculture by the person requesting the inspection
III Inspectors shall not furnish any tag or device to be attached to any
fertilizer or permit it to be offered for sale or distribution unless the manu
facturers guaranteed analysis is plainly placed upon each parcel or pack
age before offering the same for sale or distribution claiming in the case
of any Ammoniated Superphosphate that it contains at least eight per
cent of available Phosphoric Acid and two per cent of Ammonia and
of any Acid Phosphate or Dissolved Bone that it contains at least ten per
cent of available Phosphoric Acid Neither shall any such tag or device
be furnished or applied to any fertilizer that is in a damaged or unmer
chantable condition
IV If a fertilizer shall be offered for inspection and sale branded as an
Ammoniated Superphosphate it must appear that the guaranteed analy
sis claims not less than two per centum of ammonia otherwise it will not
be admitted to inspection and sale under such brand
V Inspectors after collecting inspection fees and taking samples shall
have applied under their personal supervision unless absolutely impracti
cable Inspectors tags one to each package of fertilizer before the same is
offered for sale or distribution Inspectors tags will have printed upon
each the words and figures Inspected18889Georgia also a fac simile
of the signature of the Commissioner of Agriculture Whenever it is found
to be absolutely impracticable for Inspectors to personally supervise the
application of tags they may be delivered to the order of the person pro
curing the inspection In such cases Inspectors must avail themselves of
all practicable means to satisfy themselves that the tags so delivered have
been properly applied to goods that have been regularly inspected during
the season indicated
Tags brought over from any previous season cannot be applied to new
goods nor can they be redeemed by this Department
VI The Inspectors tag when attached or applied in compliance with
law is a recognition that the fertilizer to which it is attached has the con
sent of the Commissioner of Agriculture to go to sale under the conditions
prescribed in Rules I and II above recited
VII All inspections must be made within the limits of this State
All fertilizers manufactured in this State for sale or distribution in this
State must be inspected and tagged and the fees paid before leaving the
mill or factory
All fertilizers entering the State at Augusta Savannah or Toccoa
intended for sale and shipped on through bills of lading to points in the
interior must be inspected and tagged before leaving said cities For the
purpose of such inspection and in accordance with an agreement made
with the railroads leading into the interior of the State from the said cities
f it is desired to offer an acid phosphate or dissolved bone containing in addition to ten
per centum of available phosphoric acid a quantity less than two per centum of ammonia
the presence of the latter may be indicated by adding to the brand name the words with
ammonia or words of like import
195DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
ears loaded with fertilizers will be detained long enough to permit a thor
ough inspection and the application of tags under the personal supervision
of an inspector
VIII The following appointments of inspectors have been made for the
season of 1S889 and during the active business season they will be located
as indicated and should be addressed accordingly
A F Woolley Savannah
Randolph Ridgely Augusta
M D Irwin Toccoa
W B Jones Atlanta
1 L Anderson Atlanta
S R Murphey Atlanta
Whenever it may become necessary to facilitate the business of inspect
ing fertilizers and transportation of the same the Inspector or Inspectors
on duty at one point may perform any official duty at any point in the
State
Inspections can be made at other points in Georgia than those named
above when necessary but if in such cases the fertilizers shall have come
into the State at any port or station where there is an Inspector and shall
have escaped inspection through no fault of the Inspector at such station
the necessary expenses of the Inspector in going to make such inspections
and returning to his published post of duty must be paid by the parties
procuring such inspections
IX In all cases of inspections in bulk at the factory the manufacturer
his agent or the person shipping the fertilizer will be required to report to
the Commissioner of Agriculture on the first tenth and twentieth of each
month the shipments of such fertilizer made during the previous period
often days showing the brand number of tons the name and address of
consignee date of shipment name of Inspector who inspected the bulk
from which shipments were made and the date of the inspection covering
said bulk The object of this requirement is to enable the Inspector to
subsequently inspect the same goods wherever found
X In all cases in making inspections samples must be taken by the
Inspector inperaon He must provide such samplers as will penetrate to
the center of the package and samples must be taken from a sufficient
number to fairly represent the wholenot less than oneteuth of the pack
ages in lots of ten tons or over and not less than onefifth of the packages
in lots of less than ten tons
XI 1 Manufacturers and dealers in fertilizers before making each ship
ment o fertilizers into Georgia for sale or distribution are required to give
timely notice to the Commissioner of Agriculture directly and also to the
Inspector at the port or place where the same is to enter the State in
writing of such shipment giving the name of the vessel or railroad on
which shipped the name of each distinct brand and the number of tons of
each I he number and kinds of packages and their weight and the name
and place of the consignee Fertilizers sold by dealers outside this State
direct to farmers or consumers in the State and consigned directly to the
peihe ers and without the intervention of an agent within the State are
196SPECIAL INSTRUCTIONS TO INSPECTORS
not subject to inspection In such cases the manufacturer or shipper must
give the same notice as in the case of other shipments stating the addi
tional facts
2 The shipper or his agent at the point where the cars are loaded must
accompany the shipping instructions to the forwarding agent with a sep
arate request for inspection for each car load This request will be
attached to the freight bill of the car to which it refers The shipper must
also mail to the Commissioner at Atlanta Ga a consolidated request for
inspection covering the entire shipment and stating the brands number
of tons of each and destination
3 Cars must be so loaded as to permit access to every bag of fertilizers
without moving any This may be done in cars of small tonnage capacity
by placing the bags on end with the lugs up In cars of larger capacity it
may be done by placing the bags in tiers on each side the car leaving an
alley way in the middle the lug ends to the middle This is an important
detail and its observance will save time and labor to the Inspector and the
taggers and extra expense to the shipper
4 On arrival at Augusta Savannah or Toccoa the train conductor will
deliver the requests for inspection to the Agent appointed to receive
them who will at once notify the Inspector at his post and deliver to him
such requests The cars containing fertilizers will be detained long
enough at Augusta Savannah or Toccoa to permit the Inspector to take
samples and the shippers agent to attach tags
5 Shippers or the parties liable for the inspection fees must make satis
factory arrangements with the Inspector for the prompt payment of the
said fees either remitting by mail or authorizing the Inspector to draw
sight drafts The labor necessary handling of bags in cars and attaching
tags will be performed in behalf of the shippers by an agent appointed for
that purpose to be paid by the shippers in monthly bills approved by the
Commissioner
6 Shipments by sea through the ports of Charleston Port Royal or other
ports outside this State and thence by railroad into Georgia should con
form to the same details as if the shipments originated at Charleston Port
Royal or other railroad points The shipper himself or his agent must
furnish the railroad forwarding agent with the requests for inspection
for each car etc
7 Manufacturers are earnestly enjoined to faithfully comply with the
Rules and Regulations as contained in this Circular and the foregoing
details Such compliance will save embarrassment delay and extra
expense in case oars loaded with fertilizers should pass through Augusta
Savannah or Toccoa without inspection through no fault of the Inspector
XII As far as possible all fertilizers must be inspected at the port of
entry or place where they come into the State Inspectors are required to
be vigilant and see that none escapes Dealers in the interior of the State
to whom fertilizers coming into the State at points where there are no
inspectors are consigned must give timely notice to the Commissioner of
Agriculture and to the Inspector at Atlanta and must be prepared to fur
nish the Inspector with the necessary guaranty and give all required obli
1976 DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
gations and to pay to him the inspection fee by the time the fertilizer
arrives All persons in Georgia who expect to deal in fertilizers or have
fertilizers shipped to them during the coming season for sale or distribu
tion will please take due notice and make all necessary arrangements to
meet the requirements of law promptly when the fertilizer reaches the
State and thus save delay and embarrassment The law must be enforced
and parties interested will greatly oblige by taking such timely steps as
will insure its easy execution without annoyance to themselves or others
X111 An Act To protect more effectually the planters of Georgia from
imposition m the sale of fertilizers etc approved February 26th 1875
provides in section I That from and after the passage of this Act it shall
not be lawful to sell or offer for sale any fertilizer manufactured in this
State or to bring into the State for sale and distribution any lertilizer manu
factured beyond the limits of the State unless before offering for sale or
the sale or distribution of the same there shall be an inspection andan
analysis made of it etc Section III of the same Act provides for the
punishment according to section 4310 of the Code of 1882 of any person
selling fertilizers without inspection
An Act to render more efficient and economical the inspection and
analysis of fertilizers etc approved February 26th 1877 provides that
Any manufacturer dealer or other person offering any fertilizer or
chemical for manufacturing the same for sale or distribution in this State
without having a brand tag or such other device as the Commissioner of
Agriculture may require showing the analysis thereof shall be guilty of a
misdemeanor and on conviction of the same shall be punished as pre
scribed in section 4310 of the Revised Code of 1878
Section VI of the abovecited Act approved February 28th 1874 requires
the Inspectors to prosecute violators of these laws
The law will be rigidly enforced and the Inspectors held to a strict per
formance of their duties
XIV The season for inspecting fertilizers will be from October 1st to
September 30th
XV The method of analysis recommended by the Convention of
Agricultural Chemists held at Washington D C on the 28th of July
1880 with such modifications as were adopted by the Atlanta Convention
of May 15th 1884 and subsequent conventions of the same Association
will continue to be employed by the Chemist of the Department in the
analysis of all commercial fertilizers
SPECIAL INSTRUCTIONS TO INSPECTORS OF FERTILIZERS
It is of the utmost importance to the planters and people of Georgiato
yourself and the Department of Agriculturethat your duties be well and
faithfullyperformed You arc placed as a sentinel to sec that the interests
of the farmers of Georgia are well guarded in their purchase of commer
cial fertilizers that they arc protected from imposition in every purchase
that they make and that the laws defining your duties and the regula
tions of the Department are rigidly executed in every case You are in
198SPECIAL INSTRUCTIONS TO INSPECTORS
your official acts to render full justice to all parties The strict execution
of the law and full protection from imposition to all farmers will not work
injustice to any manufacturer or dealer
In the discharge of your duty in addition to the foregoing Rules and
Regulations you are to be governed by the following special instructions
giving some details which could not be well set forth elsewhere viz
1 Fertilizers purchased outside of the State by a consumer or farmer
in Georgia for his own use and not for sale or distribution shall be permit
ted to pass without inspection if the purchaser desires it provided it be
sent directly to said purchaser addressed or consigned to him person
ally and not directed to or passing through the hands of a commission
merchant or third party You must as far as practicable report all such
shipments to the Commissioner of Agriculture giving the names of brands
the names and places of consignees and the number of tons and enter
the same in your official record
2 You must not inspect any fertilizer till the person or firm desiring
inspection has
a Paid you in cash the inspection fee of 50 cents per ton for every ton to
be inspected For which you must sign and deliver a printed receipt accord
ing to blanks furnished you
b Placed the exact name in full of the fertilizer to be inspected and the
guaranteed analysis of the same upon each package
c Tendered you a Request for Inspection on the blanks furnished
lor that purpose embracing an obligation to cancel and make null all sales
which may be made of said fertilizer before the official analysis thereof is
made if after being analyzed the Commissioner of Agriculture shall in
pursuance of law prohibit its sale The request must also contain the
guaranteed analysis corresponding to that placed upon the package
You must not inspect any fertilizer if the minimum per centage of any of
the valuable ingredients named in the guaranteed analysis is less than that
required by law viz 8 per cent of available phosphoric acid and 2 per
cent of ammonia in ammoniated superphosphates or 10 percent of avail
able phosphoric acid in acid phosphates or dissolved bones Natural guano
and fertilizers that have not been treated with sulphuric acid are not sub
ject to this standard
3 You must require in each bulk inspection the names of each brand
proposed to be shipped from such bulk and in every case you must report
the names of brands and numbers with which the goods therein reported
are identical in composition
4 Immediately after taking samples of any brand of fertilizer in the
manner described in Rule IX of the Rules and Regulations they must be
thoroughly mixed but not triturated or ground in a mortar or otherwise
When samples are forwarded to the Department for analysis they must be
in the same mechanical condition in which they are ottered for sale to the
planters of the State After the samples are thus thoroughly mixed you
will from the mixture till two glass bottles securely seal them with wax
stamp your official seal upon the wax and then carefully and correctly
label themone with a label showing the inspection number name of the
199
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
fertilizer inspected the place at for whom inspected and the date of
inspection and the other with a label showing the number of inspection
You must then deliver both in person to the Commissioner or carefully
box and ship them to him by express
5 You must make an Inspection Report ofeacli inspection of each
brand of fertilizers on forms to be furnished you In cases where the same
brand is loaded in more than one car of the same train or section of a
train the whole being included in the same shipment the several car loads
must be included in one consolidated report to which you must attach
all the Bequests
6 You are required to keep in a book a full and accurate record or
minute of every official act performed by you embracing in the record of
each inspection the number and date of inspection name of the fertilizer
or chemical by whom and where manufactured person requesting and
place to whom consigned and where where inspected number of tons
inspected amount of fees received number of tags delivered how and
when sample was forwarded the inspection number of identical brands
samples taken from same bulk and such other facts as may be necessary
to a complete history of the inspection
7 You are required to make a full and complete report on the first day
of each month of the work done dining the previous month on blanks
furnished you for this purpose This report must show the actual state of
your business on the last day of the month to which it refers
8 You are required to make daily deposits of inspection fees in the
State Depository most convenient to the credit of the State Treasury
reserving such amount upon notice of the Commissioner as may be
required to pay for tags and other necessary expenses
9 You must remain constantly at your post of duty unless express
leave of absence be granted you by the Commissioner
Report promptly to the Commissioner any violation of law
The book of records or minutes is the property of the Department and
must be neatly and correctly kept It must be filed in the Department
with your final report made at the end of the fertilizer season
Blanks will be furnished you for making all your records entries and
reports and stationery for official correspondence
Inspectors tags will be supplied to you on your requisitions freight pre
paid and you must retain the cost of the same and all charges from fees
received and pay the amount to this office at the end of each month
The Act of February 2ii 1S77 requires you to pay over to the Comptroller
General on the first day of each month all moneys received for inspection
fees during the preceding month This must be lone in whatever manner
the Comptroller Jeneral may prescribe and you must satisfy the Commis
sioner that this duty has been performed ljor n salary certificate will be
issued in you
You are specially required to guard against any misappropriation of
Inspectors tags or any violation or evasion of the law or any attempts to
do so and make full reports to the Department of Agriculture
You will be required to render a strict account of all tags issued to you
and held liable to the treasury for the amount of fees represented by any
tags not satisfactorily accounted for
Any information you may need will be given at any time Instructions
will be given promptly in any case in which you may desire them or about
which you are in doubt
Inspectors will be held to a strict performance of all duties required of
them by the law and the rules regulations ami instructions defining their
duties No neglect or irregularities in the discharge of their duties will be
tolerated anil perfect sobriety at all times is strictly enjoined
J T HENDERSON
Commissioner nf Agriculture
200Circular No 113
New Series
Supplemental Crop Report
OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE FOR
THE YEAR 1888
ALSO REPORT OF ANALYSIS AND COMMERCIAL VALUES
OE COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS
Inspected Analyzed and Admitted to Sale to January 5lh 1889
State op Georgia
Department of Agriculture
Atlanta January 10 1889
YIELD OF CROPS
The total yields of the different crops of the State as compared with
an average yield of each both for the several sections as well as for the
State at large are given in detail in the table which follows these com
ments
In the absence of any effective machinery for collecting absolute sta
tistics in bales of cotton bushels of grain etc the Commissioner is con
strained to rely as usual upon the judgment of crop reporters The
results though doubtless sometimes wide of the truth are as reliable
and trustworthy as any similar estimates The movements of cotton
receipts at the ports weekly deliveries from plantations socks on hand
etc partake somewhat of the value of absolute statistics but are neces
203DKlAKTMKNT OK AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
sarily later and to that extent of less practical value than estimates
based on the judgment of intelligent farmers and merchants who arc
familiar with the crop prospect and final yield in their respective coun
ties
These estimates show a yield of fifteen per cent less than an average
production of cotton in the State against a yield often per cent less
than an average in 1887 or a total yield in 1888 of rive and onehalf per
cent less than the total yield of 1887 The average price December 1
1888 was 863 cents against 900 cents December 1 1887
The total product of corn is 93 compared with an average or two per
cent less than the total product of 1887 While the total crop produced
in the State the past year was practically equal to that of the preceeding
year it is not so well distributed the eastern part of Middle Georgia
having produced less than a supply
A reference to the table will show the yield per acre of the principal
and most of the minor crops of the State for the year Sugar cane is
the only one of the lesser crops that shows a yield larger than an aver
age It will be noticed that wheat oats and field peas were far below an
average yield
The area sown in wheat is 98 and that of fall oats 90 compared with
last year This reduction is chargeable to the excessive rains in the fall
which delayed the harvesting Qf the cotton cropalready late in matur
ingand preventing the sowing of a larger area
ASH AND CREDIT
The reports show that the average cash price of bacon during the year
was 971 cents per pound and the credit price payable November 1 was
123 The average cash price of corn was 77 cents the average credit
price 98 cents Assuming as usual that the average time of indulgence
given in time purchases of these two articles of prime necessity to have
been four months it will be seen by simple calculation that the farmers
who have bought bacon on a credit have been required to pay about 26
per cent over the cash price for the four months credit or 65 per cent
per month or at the rate of 78 per cent per annum The buyer of corn
has been made to pay 27 per cent over the cash price for four months
which is 67 per cent per month or at the rate of 80 per cent per
annum The previous year the time price of bacon was 75 per cent
and the time price of corn 9 per cent per month over the cash prices
respectively or 90 and 108 per cent per annum
This reduction is probably one of the results of the efforts of the
Farmers Alliance to reduce prices and to induce farmers to pay the
cash The greater the number of cash buyers the lower the cash price
and the smaller the number of credit buyers also the lower the credit
price But the greatest loss to the farmer is not the amount paid for
creditlarge as it is but it results from buying corn and bacon at all
either for cash or on time The great loss is in not producing these
204SUPPLEMENTAL KOI REPORT1888
articles of prime necessity or some equivalent for them in abundance
f bacon costs the farmer five cents per pound to produce it at home and
he buys it at 9 cents cash he loses 4 cents on every pound if for 12
cents he loses 3 cents more a total of 7 cents per pound The same
argument will apply with more or less force to corn flour lard butter
etc
A farmer who produces hisown bacon lard corn mules etc succeeds
better than his neighbor of equal skill and judgment in other matters
not because the first can make cotton cheaper but because he makes and
saves more money in producing these supplies because there is more
money in making these than in making cotton at present prices It is
a grave and often a ruinous mistake to consider the production of cotton
the chief aim of farming and the production of food supplies as mere
drawbacks on cotton production Food shelter and the ordinary
every day necessaries of life should be the prime consideration and the
more direct the method of procuring them the more profitable will be
the general results of farming
CONDITION or FARMERS
The general condition of farmers is not quite so good as it was a year
ago the figures being 97 in comparison This is mainly due to the occur
rence of destructive storms and floods in portions of Middle Georgia
North Georgia and Southwest Georgia show a slight improvement
The indebtedness of farmers is sixteen per cent less than a year ago
being eighteen per cent less in North Georgia one per cent greater in
Middle Georgia fifteen per cent less in Southwest Georgia two per
cent less in East Georgia and fortyeight per cent less in Southeast
Georgia It is again to be remarked that the indebtedness is less in
those sections which are less devoted to cotton culture
The amount of farm supplies purchased was twelve per cent less than
the amount purchased in 1887 showing the greatest decrease in North
and Southeast Georgia as before
SEED TESTS
The results of experiments in the planting of improved seeds distrib
uted confirm previous opinions of the great value of this feature of the
Department work The Spanish peanut and Kaffir corn have continued
in favor and are almost universally accepted as valuable and timely
acquisitions The Commissioner proposes to continue this feature to
the extent that may be justified by the funds available
205TABLE Consolidation of Supplemental fVop ieo rt for 1888 ify Sections a
Total Prodt compard to an average Average Yield Per Acre Average Price Miscellaneous December 118881 Miscellaneous H
H f h tc t c u H 1 m w
h a 05 S a 01 05 05 05 05 OJ St a 3 05 W 2 05 w H
3 p P a f Si
SECTIONS a 3 g 1 Jjj CO 3 co CO 3 S3 CO s 3 co a o b oT p 3 H CO CO O O a 3 3 3 O a 05 a a S3 CO 3 P cu a S3 S3 05 a cy 3 CO 3 3 u 05 a CO 3 a 5 d 90 II Si OS p 0 d ga 3 0 si 0 CQ g It git a 0 8 a CD a Ss a 50 a Sg 2 8 X 05 33 oS 1 3 a 0J 4J aa oS A O w 3 ggJ ii co a asi 05 05 aS 05 ksi PS Cl 0 el aS la CO SB fl O t059 5 C H C a 11
c O a o O 65 o 05 S3 CO a o s bo 3 o o o a N O O o S3 CO a o i u 0 0 a z 0 a 3 z 0 3 s 0 0 O So 5 5 13 a EC
86 80 90 94 2 99 148 97 94 48 53 70 141 122 119 185 193 237 72 65 71 914 877 8 28 52 68 61 90 123 119 45 66 58 96 96 100 80 94 95 97 99 99 99 96 96 69 12 63 90 92 94 102 90 101 821 102 1011 94 85 105 98 101 83 91 84 991 904 954 122 112 126 5 7 75 84 97 100
87 102 37C 3 63

81 89 87 94 366 2 88 98 102 63 143 111 233 262 112 8 3 s 60 76 86 122 59 66 105 88 94 95 93 89 59 73 93 93 95 98 100 82 980 1025 124 131 81 84 106 102 J
52 91 ft

83 87 93350 114 111 56 90 127 121 237 178 78 75 803 900 68 66 109 107 57 58 98 93 90 77 97 94 95 98 01 62 92 88 97 98 81 85 98 101 88 85 971 889 123 116 77 72 98 98 Ee
Average Jan 1 1888 95 350 Q
SUPPLEMENTAL CROP REPORT1888
A SHORT TALK TO THE FARMERS OF GEORGIA
The old year with its successes and failures its struggles and its disap
pointments has passed away while the new year is upon you with its
new demands its new opportunities and its new hopes Let the dead
past bury its dead and recall only its memories that you may avoid its
errors and its failures The whistle of the locomotive on new lines of
railway the chatter of thousands of spindles and looms in new fac
tories the blasts of new furnaces the growth of villages into towns
and towns into citiesall proclaim the eve of a development and
prosperity in all the departments of industry except farming that we
have never before witnessed How is it with the farmers Have you
been laggards in the race for prosperity wealth and happiness that
springs from successful effort and enterprise Let us see for upon your
success depends the continued success of all others or your enslave
ment as the hewers of wood to all these other industries All these
must draw their life blood from the food and material furnished by the
toiling efforts of the farmers Without the cotton and grain the cattle
upon a thousand hills the butter and cheese the fruit oil and wine of
the husbandman all these industries must fail and cease You farmers
of Georgia have made during the past year not far from one million
bales of cotton worth fortyfive millions of dollars thirty million
bushels of corn worth over twenty millions of dollars seven million
bushels of oats worth four millions of dollars besides many millions
worth of potatoes peas syrup and other minor products to say nothing
of the new sources of production found in the growth of melons grapes
pears etc All this notwithstanding unpropitious seasons and yet it
is true that you are not in as prosperous condition as these figures would
seem to indicate There has been progress and improvement but there
is yet a demand for greater progress and there is still large room for im
provement
In the effort to retrieve losses and escape from embarrassments and
oppression you have wisely sought the power and influence that comes
from organized effort You are fast realizing the power of union and
cooperationthe philosophers stone which may yet turn to gold the
efforts of the future You are learning the reasons why you the pro
ducers of wealth are not receiving the due rewards of industry and
production In your investigations you have discovered that while the
cause of your failures heretofore rests largely with yourselves yet
there have been long existing combinations and customs trusts and
exactions and Legislative indifference if not absolutely spoliations
that have helped to turn the stream of wealth that has its fountain in
your soil into other channels enriching others while you have been
despoiled
Let the good work continue Let farmers know and understand
their wants their faults their rights and their remedies Temper your
L07DEPARTMENT OF AGRICU LTUKEGEORGIA
efforts with wisdom justice and moderation and while demanding
what is due you be careful to give every man his due Be not cajoled
by designing wolves in sheeps clothing or led by men whose real
aim is their own advancement and aggrandizement
I have from time to time for nine years past urged upon you the
practical reforms in farming methods as well as advised and encouraged
the cooperation now so happily and hopefully inaugurated The
Farmers Alliance is upon the right line in urging upon farmers the
spirit and practice of independence that independence that naturally
belongs to the calling of a farmer Among all the sound maxims none
is more peculiarly applicable to the business of farming than that of pay
as you go It should be the aim of every one of you to reach that
condition when you will owe no man nothing and will be able to
pay the cash for every article that you buy
Recent events illustrate the power of concerted action and wise intel
ligent cooperation The increased appropriations for public schools
the benefits of which will be chiefly enjoyed by you the establishment of
a State experiment station and experimental farm and other measures
pending are proofs of the influence that you are now exerting on the
destinies of the State through your representatives But I am digressing
from the line of thought I intended
The present system of agriculture grown out of the poverty of the
people is an abnormal one The practice of devoting all our energies to
the production of a single cropcottonwhile all others have been con
sidered as merely subsidiary is an unwise and ruinous policy In ante
bellum days we had a system of rotation of crops imperfect as it may
have been and the production of corn oats wheat bacon and other
supplies was a much more prominent feature of our farming than it has
been in the last twentyrive years Learned discussions were then had
as to the best succession of crops and the best methods of reclaiming
and preserving our lands If then when our soils were comparatively
fresh how much more important now when our fields have been
deprived of their humus and largely denuded of their original surface
soil It is not my purpose now as time and space are wanting to map
out in detail a plan of rotation and succession and soil recuperation
But I am quite confident that you cannot permanently improve your
lands without increasing the area in food crops and pasture for stock
and giving more attention to the growing and fattening of stock
horses and mules milch cows and beeves hogs poultry etc In the
meantime the cowpea furnishes the cheapest and most convenient of
renovating crops Suppose you divide your farms into two equal but
shifting or alternating halves onehalf in corn and cotton the other
half in small grain pasture and forage crops When the small grain
comes off make a hay field of it in the fall and in the spring sow liber
ally in peas In the fall save as much pea vine hay for consumption by
horses mules and cattle at home as can be used and turn under the
208SUPPLEMENTAL CROP PvEPORT1838 7
remainder to aid in building up the soil and enriching it with humus
and soluble plant food Plant peas in every acre of corn These are
mere suggestions often made before but never yet generally adopted
If some such system be adopted and generally followed the results
would surprise those who have never tried it Rotation of crops natu
rally tends to intensive farming it is in fact an essential part of such a
system applied to general farming Too many successful illustrations of
intensive farming have been brought to notice especially in the neigh
borhood of large cities to doubt its superiority when compared by
results with the extensive system that has so long prevailed If any
farmer doubts let him try two cempetitive acres One under the usual
scratching land and cropstarving plan and the other under the most
approved style of high manuring deep plowing improved seeds im
proved implements Try it on five acres extend it gradually and then
more rapidly as proofs cumulate and doubts vanish
Diversity of crops should also be a feature of the system Not such
diversity as would take into the plan of the farm operations and the list
of crops on an individual farm every crop grown in this country or
even in the South A farmer should not undertake to produce every
thing that he may by possibility produce on his farm but he should
cease to rely on one crop alone for bis money crop one crop alone for
his stock grain crop one crop alone for his bread crop one crop alone
for hog food and lie should cease to rely on the merchant or on the
West for any of those articles that he now produces sparingly The
farmers of Georgia should produce all the corn and oats farm horses and
mules beef milk and butter bacon lard flour poultry eggs mutton
and wool fruits and vegetables required for use or consumption in Geor
gia This is the very least that you should accomplish
Of the above list there is hardly a farm in the State that will not
profitably produce nine out of ten of the products named in abundance
for home consumption and most of them in sufficient surplus to supply
the wants of all the nonproducers in the State You cannot make cot
ton at 81 or 9 cents per pound under the system that has been in vogue
There is more money in almost any one of the articles enumerated in
the long run than in cotton
Another feature that belongs to the intensive system is the adoption
and use of the very best implements for doing the work of the farm
Still another item is the selection and planting of the best and most
prolific varieties of farm plants Many of these details of change from
old to new and better methods can be accomplished with but little cost
and will more than repay the small outlay before the first years crop is
marketed or harvested I might also very properly and confidently
stress the importance of breeding mules and horses for the farm I am
satisfied that there is no one article of the list heretofore habitually
purchased by farmers that can be more profitably produced by the
farmer at home than the mules and farm horses that he must have
The farmer as a rule should keep mares instead of geldings and breed
from them the mules needed One brood mare will keep a four plow
farm well stocked in mules and do almost full work besides For any
surplus there will always be a demand and ready sale at home until the
supply outgrows the demand In large sections of the State even the
best thoroughbreds and roadsters can be bred with as great a profit as
on the high priced lands of Kentucky
2091 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
REPORTS ON SEEDS TESTED REMARKS OF CORRES
PONDENTS ETC
NORTH GEORGIA
BanksThe Spanish ground pea did well as also the big Tennessee
corn but the latter did not stand the wet fall as well as hardier varieties
W J B
Half probably more of our farmers cannot pay their current in
debtedness this fall and some have nothing to go on another year A
great number are leaving for the West o W W
BabtowThe past crop made with less expense though the yield is
less than an average and the farmers are in better condition than for
several years More wheat sown and a larger area in grass and clover
and less cotton will be planted next spring y a C
ChattoogaThe Egyptian beet is hardy and a rapid grower but
not otherwise extra Early WInningstadt cabbage is good and almost
sure to head and comes early Cheese pumpkin a humbug so is the
nutmeg melon Jumbo melon a good grower and sweet Big Tennes
see corn not extra good General condition of farmers greatly im
proved and improving for which we thank God D W
Dont like Kaffir corn Farmers seem more determined to get out
of debt but theres a hard road to travel y p t
CherokeeThe Jumbo melon is splendid Spanish peanut very
prolific and earlygood for stock j j A y
The Herlong cotton is rather too late for this section requires high
manuring to force it forward Impress on farmers to make their own
supplies M g p
CobbI think the farmers in my county are in better condition than
at any time since the war Less provisions bought more attention to
grasses and better stock J T L
BadeThe Yellow Oronoco tobacco seed you sent me is the best
variety ever introduced into this countyeasy to cure bright and yel
low Big Havana is very large but requires very careful handling to
cure well Owing to blight some say or other cause very few tobacco
seeds have matured in this county Spanish peanut does not come up
to the reports of its success in Middle and Southern Georgia Hog cholera
has been very bad and large numbers of hogs have died
G A R B
PeasAmerican wondergood Beansearly Valentineearly
210SUPPLEMENTAL CROP REPORT1888 9
and good Okrawhite velvetpreferred to others Cornbig Ten
nesseefine ears but more injured by early frost than smaller varieties
Mrs J W B
GilmerField peas an entire failure having been bitten by frost
did not even make seed L T
GordonMy experience with Kaffir corn is satisfactory made 18 to
HO bushels per acre cutting stalks for stock feed O H D
HbershamJumbo melon only ordinary Egyptian beet is fine
and giant curled mustard is all that could be asked Spanish peanuts
are a success M W
Spanish ground peas did well yielding about 40 bushels per acre
Kaffir corn is also good and will pay to raise for forage and for seed
A H
JacksonThe Jones Jumbo melon is not excelled by any J J
LumpkinThe past year I made 180 bushels of corn on five acres
without manure Great deal of hog cholera F V M
MurrayOwing to unusuallv wet fall all crops are badly injured
and wheat sowing cut short Twenty per cent of the cotton is yet in
the field q j
PauldingSpanish peanuts not so good as last year on account of
drouth Tennessee big white corn did well
Pickens There is no doubt your influence through the press and
otherwise has held the farmer back from running into debt So far so
good Now we ask you to lend your influence to the enactment of a
dog law so as to encourage the sheep industry B F R
PolkWe have thoroughly tested Jones and Hawkins cotton and
find them all that was promised
Hog Cholera RemedyOne tablespoonful of common soda mixed
with bran mash to each hog given twice a day for three or four days
will cure any case if the hog is not too far gone to eat J O W
Rahun Kaffir corn did well The Spanish peanut was good The
big Tennessee corn too late The Missouri Dent is a good corn for us
The Cuban Mammoth Prolific corn has a big name but wont do here
E S
UnionHog cholera has been raging and fully fifty per cent of the
hogs have died which will make bacon scarce Other stock are healthy
as usual H L C
See report from Polk county
WalkerWe are nearly out of debt and there is a great disposition
towards the improvement of our landsand the introduction of fine stock
21111
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
HabebshamLast year 1887 I planted Early Amber and Goose
Neck side by side on uniform land The Amber made 160 and the
Goose Neck 290 gallons of syrup per acre This year I planted Goose
Neck alone on the same quality of land the yield was260 gallons Syrup
from the Amber is very dark That from Goose Neck bright as honey
The Amber is not worth planting J F G
MIDDLK GEORGIA
Baldwin 1 find the Spanish peanut to be all that is claimed for it
Our ordinary corn better than the big Tennessee Everybody is bursted
merchants and all H C V
BibbSeeds sent did well especially Georgia collards Spanish pea
nuts and Jones Herlong cotton The big Tennessee corn not so good
as our old kinds T G P
Oamtbekl The present distress amongst the agricultural class can
not be easily accounted for Cotton it is true has fallen oft fifteen per
cent of an average but prices has been something over for the last five
years yet there is great distressamounting almost to a panicin
money matters It dont seem possible that the farmers could have
overtraded for nothing has been preached by them and to them but
retrenchment and economy for the last twelvemonths yet the fact
remains that collections are poorer than for years past J J B
Cabboll Am glad to note that there 1ms been great improvement
in stock of all kinds since the stock law went into effect two years
ago h L McP
The farmers generally are in much better
ago having bought less and worked better
Yavtiin Farmers not in quite as good condition
to short cotton crop
Ooweta The most intelligent farmers agree that on the whole
farmers are worse oft financially than they were ten years ago In my
own neighborhood say five miles square I know that they are grow
ing poorer every year with increasing crops W F S
Tennessee big white corn is a good variety The Spanish groundpea
and Kaffir corn are both good The Kaffir solves the corn questionand
with the Spanish peanut we can raise our pork cheaply 1 find the sor
ghums the most economic feed I can raise for stock from July until
Christmas y g
DOUGLAS Tennessee white corn did well and is a good variety 1
cannot recommend groundpeas Farmers should plant less cotton more
corn wheat and oats and raise their supplies at home It is easily
done for I have not failed in twenty years W H V
212
condition than a year
m it it
last year owing
A P ASUPPLEMENTAL CROP REPORT1888
11
HANCOCK Farmers very much depressed Drouth and flood bad
weather for harvesting crops short crops low prices have almost par
alyzed the laboring class J W
Farmers are better off because they arc living more at home
1 T
HarrisHave any of your reporters experimented with the Peerless
Cotton seed They are being advertized and boomed by a certain At
lanta firm and if it is a better cotton than the Petertin Eureka and
the Bob etc the farmers should know it F H
Big Tennessee corn no better than the ordinary varieties Teosinthe
proves to be an excellent summer forage easily cultivated and relished
by all stock and yielding two cuttings It headed out about November
lst but failed to mature seed J B P
LincolnFarmers are in much worse condition than I have known
them for years The trouble is they dont plant enough of food crops
and plant too much cotton A C
McDuffikThe worst year on farmers this county has ever experi
enced Potatoes and peanuts are the only crops that have done well
Floods of early fall smashed everything and farmers are despondent in
consequence and all business more or less paralyzed We verily believe
a revolution has begun and this years failure may prove a blessing
We must abandon the old plans We would do well to study some of
the ways of our fathers We can succeed if we will H McC
The Peterkin cotton is well adapted to my county It is mite pro
lific and 1350 pounds of seed cotton will yield 500 pounds of lint I
made over 400 pounds of lint to the acre on eleven acres this year
A E S
MeriwethkrJones Herlong cotton the best lever planted Buck
wheat made a poor yield and the birds and chickens were so fond of it
that but little seed were saved B S C
Spanish groundpeas a great success and a great many were raised
B M McC
MorganThe introduction of the two plantsKaffircorn and Span
ish peanuts alone would amply repay the State for maintaining the
Department of Agriculture if farmers would cultivate them as they
should One of my neighbors made at the rate of forty to fortyfive
bushels per acre of the Kaffir which is much more than Indian corn
will yield and the feeding value of Kaffir is nearly equal to the Indian
Both Kaffir corn and Spanish peanuts may be successfully grown after
wheat and oats in time to fatten pork if the land is in good heart
1 T N
Oglkthorpe All seeds sent proved
213
rood The too much cotton and12
DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
not enough corn and meat policy is showing its ruinous effects in a
striking manner J J G
PrKENow generally conceded that the Spanish peanut is a success
I think farmers are more in debt now than at any time since the war
The outlook for a large majority of them is not hopeful yet the indica
tions are that less cotton will be planted next year than for years past
E W R
PutnamThe floods of 1887 destroying so much corn together with
a crop of cotton this yeartwo hundred thousand dollars short of an
averageleaves the farmers in worse condition than for years The Al
liance is doing a good work in encouraging a spirit of economy and the
planting of more graih and less cotton The Alliance cooperative store
has been successful in every sense and it would be well for county alli
ances to correspond with the executive committee in regard to its work
ing J T Dennis Eatonton Ga
PockdaleKaffir corn good for stock and poultry Tennessee big
corn did well about ten days earlier than common com but isinclined
more to rot J S A
All seeds did well If a farmer expects to be short of feed in June
and July I advise planting an early crop of whippoorwill peas
TaliaferroSpanish peanuts fully sustain all claims made for them
L E V
Chufa seed should be soaked a full week before planting them in
order to secure a good stand Planted in sandy soil 1 rind it a better
crop for hogs than Spanish peanuts D N S
Taibot Jones Improved cotton good Tennessee white corn not
good too soft y h E
Spanish peanut is destined to become a favorite The Farmers Alli
ance has done a great deal of good by organization aud cooperation
S A F
TkoupAll seeds did well
J P
Upson As to wheat growing I suggest that a number of farmers
next year plant one acre each during the last days of October merely
scratching in the wheat well pulverizing the clods T J M
SOUTHWEST GEORGIA
BerrienSome corn and cotton tests made in this county this year
resulted as follows Corn forty to sixty bushels per acre seed cotton
1200 to 1500 pounds per acre No extraordinary results from seeds
received from the Department H T P
None of the seeds sent by you did well this year on account of con
tinued rains except early in the spring Many bales of cotton rotted in
214SUPPLEMENTAL CROP REPORT1888
13
the fields and potatoes almost a failure and what few were made taste
sour J J P
BrooksThe Alliance has already improved the condition of farm
ers very much There has not been a time in twenty years when the
farmers were more determined to buy less and to pay cash for what they
do buy If the Alliance accomplishes no more than to stop the policy
of buying on credit it will have done more than all other influences
combined since the war The next best thing it can do will he to abol
ish fences then our redemption will be complete T W J
Grass and hay are growing in favor
stock
More grass more grass more
R J D
ColquittThe Spanish peanut planted deep and covered shallow
and planted late say June 1st and dirt worked to the vine as it grows
will make more hog feed than any crop except chufas The latter excel
all crops for hogs They too should not be planted until the first of
June One acre of chufas fertilized with one hundred and fifty pounds
of guano will fatten ten hogs without a grain of corn or other food One
peck will plant an acre Oat or wheat stubble is the place to plant them
F J W
WaltonThe price paid by oil mills for cotton seed and the low
price at which flour has been sold this year together with short crops of
wheat for three years have reduced the interest in growing wheat
Hardly any fall oats sown for two years past Spanish chufas are a
success and more will be planted Sweet potatoes rotting badly
DoughertyMore oats put in last fall than in ten years
J L D
EarlyRailroads factories mills foundries are declaring good divi
dends nearly every town is building up merchants with 1000 invest
ed in business are beating 5000 invested in farming Where lies the
trouble is puzzling my brain J B H
Such a crop of sugar cane was never seen in this county before
D M W
HoustonThe Legislature should provide by law requiring each tax
receiver to gather from each farmer returns of crops and stock It could
be easily done
There is already such a law on the statute book but it has long been
a dead letter no compensation being provided for doing this extra
workCommissioner
IrwinTennessee big white corn will not do for this warm climate
All other seeds did well except that Kaffir corn was cut short by a
drouth Kolb gem melons did well one weighing 50 pounds
J P S
21514
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
MaconOne hundred pounds of cotton seed meal sown on oats in
February will do inore good than twentyfive bushels of cotton seed put
on at fame of planting j g
MitchellThe farmers have bought less on time but the short
cropof cotton and the low price have disabled them from paying as large a
percentage of their time purchases as last year On many farms com
mercial fertilizers failed to be profitable and there will be less used next
year The Alliance propose buying direct from the factories 1 B T
MuscooeeThe great and important thing is to urge upon farmers
to produce all their supplies at home j F H
RandolphOur farmers are every year adding to the proportion of
supplies made at home At our recent stock exhibit we had nearly one
hundred head of horse and mule colts which will be worth 100 a head
by next fall f F c
This is encouraging Let every county do as well or better in this
and other departments of true farming and the country will then be
prosperous and the farmers cheerful and happyCommissioner
TaylorThe farmers are in better condition than in several yeare
Cotton has commanded a better price and the quality was good
J T A
ThomasGarden seeds have not done well
Webster
per acre
Spanish peanuts are excellent I made
L H P
thirty bushels
G W D
The tax returns for 1888show considerable increase in aggregate
value of property What proportion of this increase belongs to cities
towns and railroads and how much to agriculture Cannot farmers
make their vocation sufficiently remunerative and otherwise attractive
to retain the boys and young men on the farm rather than see them
drawn into professional pursuits j b W
The Spanish Peanut is the salvation of the South T J S
Our people are practicing more economy than last year Altogether
the signs are favorable Big Tennessee corn produced well enough but
the weevils destroyed it by the first of November Kaffir corn a failure
in this climate R A B
Kaffir corn ougln to succeed as well in Webster as in any part of the
State with same quality of soil and same culture Commissioner
WorthI consider our county is twentyfive per cent better oft on
account of the improved seeds sent out by your department Our farm
ers are in better condition than they have been in years They have
but little money but are generally out of debt and nearly a years sup
ply of provisions on band But one thing in the way and that is
politics yy jj
216SUPPLEMENTAL CROP RKPORT1888
15
EAST GEORGIA
In some
C A S
BuijLOOHToo wet to sow oats in lower half of county
localities nearly all the stock hogs have died of cholera
The Alliance is on a boom and I think will do much good if man
aged rightly Spanish peanuts is a valuable acquisition B F L C
BurkeMurrain has prevailed among cattle considerably in cer
tain neighborhoods and there has been a prevailing fatal disease which
is called cholera for the want of a better name But the only two
or three cases in my own herd have appeared to be spinal rather than
intestinal since remedies which act on the kidneys have proved most
effective A few cases of glanders occurred among the horses of Mr
Wadley but the disease was promptly stamped out under the direction
of a veterinarian from Macon who caused every suspected animal to
he killed and his body burned J B J
Jefferson Farmers are beginning to appreciate the importance of
saving hay and next years crop will quadruple that of this Rye is
being largely sown for winter pasture and stock raising has acquired a
healthy impetus H J B
Another gratifying report ComR
JohnsonIf the farmers can pull through next year I think they
will practice more economy They are already bracing themselves to
it and many say they will live on less if they half perish 1 H H
No necessity to perish nor to suffer for any good thing Only cease
to buy mules corn bacon lard butter etc and produce them in abun
dance at homeCommissioner
ScrevenThe Spanish peanut excels every new variety of seeds
The Kaffir corn is destined to be a great help to farmers The worm is
very bad on Indian corn in bottoms while the Kaffir does better on
bottoms and is not troubled by the worms E B G
Telfair The vegetable seeds proved to be excellent Jumbo melon
very fine Dhurra corn does not pay to raise Is Kaffir meant Span
ish peanut a success and Peterkin cotton very fine
W F W
INQUIRIES
Under this head the Commissioner invites farmers to submit such
practical questions as occur to them in the prosecution of their work
If of general interest the answers will be published in the next report
if of mere personal character a reply will be sent by mail Let inqui
ries be short and pointed and relating to but one subject matter and do
not wait until the end of the month to send them
21716 DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
PINE STRAW UNDER COTTON
Would like to have your opinion about putting pine straw under
cotton Would it rot sufficiently if put in the furrows now in a wetcon
dition I want to try it but think the straw should have ashes or lime
Waleska Ga J J A R
Ans Pine straw alone put in the furrows now would hardly rot suf
ficiently in time to do the cotton much good in the early stages of growth
It would be better to sprinkle lime along at the rate of a half bushel to
each large two horse load of straw You could not afford to pay more
than 5 a ton for lime for this purpose or ten cents per bushel for
the air slacked lime The chief office the pine straw will perform
will be to absorb and retain moisture It does not contain a large per
centage of plant food and cannot be converted into a fertilizer proper
in the true sense of the word
FARMERS ALLIANCE
What do you think of the Farmers Alliance
Iron Rock Ga
J B D
Ans The Commissioner is in hearty sympathy with the avowed
objects and aims of this new order and is a member of the organization
There is no doubt of the fact that it has already accomplished a great
deal of good Its tenets are wise and wholesome its objects praisewor
thy in the highest degree and its methods in the main have been pru
dent justifiable and effective By means of the Alliance other organi
zations aiding the farmers are learning to appreciate their true relations
to the public and to realize their power and influence for the good of
their calling when exerted in the form of organized effort
JOHNSON GRASS
1 Please tell us where we can get seed of the Johnson grass and
whether it is valuable for hay and what kind of land suits it best
2 Also what kind of fertilizer is best lor corn and the best way to
use it
Ans 1 Johnson grass is very highly appreciated by perhaps a ma
jority of the farmers who have tried it The chief objection to it is that
it is difficult to eradicate when once it has taken possession of land
especially if it be low lying or bottom land It will give good resulte
on any land that will make good corn the richer the soil the better as
is the case with all truly valuable crops Seed can be had of any of the
large seed dealers as Mark W Johnson Seed Co and Atlanta Seed Co
of this city and J H Alexander Seed Co of Augusta Ga
2 Corn should have a fertilizer with a good percentage of ammonia
An ammoniated potash superphosphate or a fertilizer that contains am
monia phosphoric acid and potash Any of the high grade or standard
218SUPPLEMENTAL CEOP REPORT1888 17
commercial fertilizers will do well on corn Vegetables generally require
a larger percentage of ammonia and potash In your county you ought
to produce a large quantity of stable manure which is good for all crops
This you can do by raising cattle and feeding highsaving all the
manure
BUCKWHEAT
We did not know what time to sow the buckwheat seed you sent us
Many of us never saw it growing Please tell us when to sow and how
to cultivate T G P
Flovilla Ga
Ans Buckwheat is sown for two distinct purposes viz As a honey
plant and for the grain of which buckwheat flour is made If for bees
sow about cotton planting time in rows three feet apart and about two
or taree quarts of seed per acre covering as if cotton seed Cultivate as
for cotton but without thinning the plants It commences to bloom as
soon as a few inches high and blooms all summer If the object is
grain then sow the latter part of July or early in August in the same
way and cut and thresh when there appears to be the largest quantity of
ripe seeds Or the seed may be sown broadcast about one bushel per
acre and harrowed in on clean well plowed land You may scatter the
seeds in the corn field at the last plowing and secure a good bee pastur
age besides filling the soil with seed for future volunteer crops Buck
wheat does not require the strongest land and the crop is a good land
improver
BEST TIME TO PLANT COTTON AND BEST PREPARATION OF LAND
1 When is the best time to plant cotton and what is the best prepa
ration for land What the best fertilizer and what kind of seed is the
best for planting
2 Is terracing better than hillside ditching
3 What is the cheapest and best feed for mules and horses V
4 Is lucerne better thanked clover for pasturage and hay
Woolsey Ga j G w
Ans 1 If you had asked one more question what is the best
method of cotton culture a full answer would have required a trea
tise or extended essay on the subject The time to plant the best prepa
ration of the land the fertilizer to be used and even the variety of seed
will in varying degrees depend on the character of the soil its peculiar
topography or location and other conditions none of which you have
named I might say in general terms that early planted cotton that
is cotton planted in your county about the 10th to the 20th of April
usually gives better results if fertilized than later planted I cannot
undertake to say which brand of fertilizers is best even if I knew
There are several varieties of cotton between which I would be troubled
21918
DEPARTMENT OE AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
to decide viz the Peterkin Peerless Jones Eureka Hawkins Improved
Herlong etc Each of chese is good and there is no great difference
between them in point of profitable results
2 Terracing is believed to better under most circumstances than
hillside ditching
3 Oats and hay or fodder and good pasture witli plenty of lucerne
peavines millet sorghum and corn
4 Lucerne is not good for pasture but is specially good for feeding
green or wilted throughout spring and summer It makes a hay fully
equal if not superior to clover hay
STANDARD OF FERTILIZERS
Would it not pay the farmer if the standard of commercial fertilizers
were double what it now is F D H
Milners Store
Ans It would depend upon the price that the farmer would have to
pay for a fertilizer of double the present standard The present law
requires that a fertilizer shall contain not less than eight per centum of
available phosphoric acid and two per centum of ammonia This gives
a very fair fertilizer and the results from five dollars worth of it applied
to an acre of land would be just as large as from the application of five
dollars worth of a fertilizer that contains sixteen percent of phosphoric
acid and four per cent of ammonia In the latter case your five dollars
would purchase certainly not more than half as many pounds probably
less of the higher grade as of the lower As a rule it costs more to make
a ton of a very high grade fertilizer than it would cost to make two tons
of a grade of just half the quality If the standard were raised to six
teen per centum of phosphoric acid and four per centum of ammonia
then a very large quantity of comparatively low grade materials such
as cotton seed and cotton seed meal and some forms of phosphoric ma
terial could not be utilized at all in the manufacture of commercial fer
tilizers It would drive out of the trade all manufacturers who have
been depending largely on the use of cotton seed meal The inevitable
effect of raising the standard would be to increase the price and this
increase would probably be greater in proportion than the improvement
in the standard quality The limit of quality of acid phosphate made
of the best quality of Charleston rock is about seventeen percent
beyond which its manufacture cannot be profitably carried Cotton
seed meal contains only eight per cent of ammonia and so on In point
of fact manufacturers do not content themselves with barely coming up
to the standard The average of all brands is nearly fifty per cent
above the requirements of the law
VOLUNTEER OATH
Many farmers are depending on volunteer oats instead of sowing seed
220SUPPLEMENTAL CROP REPORT1888
19
Some good farmers say they will make others say not Please give
your opinion j w H
Popes Ferry
Ans Volunteer oats are not always to be relied on for a crop If there
is a good stand and the land is in good heart and not too much infested
with the weeds which spring up in fall and early winter they will often
make a better crop than if plowed up and resown in the spring A
fairly safe judgement may be based on the apparent thriftiness of the
plants and the stand A top dressing of one hundred pounds of cotton
seed meal per acre about the middle or last of February would oreatly
benefit the crop I will be obliged if farmers who shall try the experi
ment will report the results to this Department for publication
SWEET POTATO ROT
Was it the warm wet fall that caused the rot in sweet potatoes If
digging potatoes after ripening in dry weather then airing well for
several days then covering well will not protect them then you
will bestow a blessing by giving a recipe that will be proof against rot
I had 100 bushels to rot in three weeks after digging K C T
Popes Ferry Ga
Ans Such a recipeone that is absolutely infalliblehas not yet been
discovered and probably never will be The complaint of rot is remark
ably generalalmost universal throughout the State Ripeness of the
tubers at the time of digging which is nothing more than a dormant
condition as to growth caused by dryness of the soil a uniform tem
perature and dryness in the hill or bank digging about the time of first
frost are points that pretty uniform experience agrees upon How
these conditions are to be secured is a question about the details of
which the best farmers differ It is possible that you may have covered
your hills too thickly early in the winter or too early after digging
The problem of how to keep potatoes with practically uniform certaintv
has not yet been solved notwithstanding the occasional publication of
a plan that never fails
LABOR SAVING IMPLEMENTS
Is there not a necessity for labor saving implements in making and
handling a cotton crop in order to keep abreast of the times and to
enable us to give better pay to labor Will not the south have to reduce
areas enrich the soil and give better cultivation C A S
Sandy Cross Ga
Ans There is certainly room for the exercise of inventive skill in the
production of labor saving implements for cotton culture Excepting
the cotton planting machine nothing has been invented within the last
thirty years that has met with anything like a general adoption and use
There have been decided improvements in the shape and affectiveness
22120 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
of simple tools like sweeps scrapes aud hand hoes and a great reduc
tion in their cost but no machine for ridging up the soil for plauting
cultivating a row at a trip chopping to a stand or gathering the crop
has yet been generally received and adopted
Of course fewer acres higher fertilizing and better cultivation is a
universally accepted theory but not yet an accomplished fact Farmers
listen well they are often excellent advisers but it is often the case
they do not practice what they preach to others The farmers of
Georgia understand the principles of agriculture better than did their
fathers but they are so straitened by circumstances that they find it
difficult to get out of old ruts and follow the leadings of their own
judgment
AVERAGE PRODUCT OF CORN AND WHEAT FOR FIVE YEAKS
Please tell us what has been the average product of wheat and corn
for the past five years
Panola Ga J F R
Ans The average annual product of wheat aud corn in the
United States for five years past was about as follows
Wheat 450000000 bushels
Corn 1000000000 of bushels
The average yield per acre of the two crops in Georgia for five years
was
Wheat 625 bushels per acre
Corn 1075 bushels per acre
LAND TOO RICH FOR COTTON
Can you make land too rich for cotton I have several acres around
my barn and stables that produce a large weed but does not boll well
The same land when in corn gives a large stalk but in some cases no
ear What is the cause J A 8
Ans Your land is probably too highly supplied with ammonia
from the constant use of stable manure Plant a small short jointed
prolific variety of cotton like the old Dicksons select and give more
distance Cannot conceive of land too rich for corn Possibly your
variety of corn is not a good one Cease to use stable manure and apply
acid phosphate alone
POTASH ON LIGHT SOILS
1 Does potash benefit light lands By careful test it seems to do
harm on mine
2 What is the cause of the advance in the price of fertilizers
Montezuma Ga A J C
Ans 1 Potash is oftener helpful on light sandy soils than on
any other kind Possibly your soil does not require potash but a mod
erate application would not be at all likely to do harm
222SUPPLEMENTAL CROP REPORT1888

2 It is due to the advance in the price some of the raw materials of
which the fertilizers are compounded consequent upon the very large
demand and consumption of fertilizers last year and in anticipation of
a like demand for the coining crop
COTTON SEED FOE HOUSES AND MULES
Is there any mode of preparing cotton seed so that horses and mules
will eat them A B C
Davis Mill Ga
Ans1 know of none The most practicable method is to feed the
cotton seed meal mixed with chopped straw or other dry forage It is
certainly a great waste either to feed cotton seed whole or use the seed
or the meal directly as a fertilizer The meal is too valuable a food the
oretically at least to be used for manure especially in view of the fact
that the manure resulting from feeding the meal is almost as effective
and valuable when used on a crop as the meal itself
COTTON CULTURE AGAIN
The farmers would be glad to know the best variety of cotton the
time to plant and the best plan of cultivation E B G
Buck Creek Ga
Ans Please refer to answer to a similar inquiry elsewhere
SUGAB CANE SYBUP IX ROCKDALE COUNTY
The following is the substance of a report of the result of an experi
ment in the culture of sugarcane by Hon W L Peek the same being
verified by the gentleman himself
One acre of loamy sandy bottom land was planted 1888 in ribbon
cane The following is the result showing the cost of production
yield etc
Cb
576 gallons syrup 50 cents 288 00
Fifteen loads of fodder 15 00
303 00
Db
Total cost 14 cents per gallon every expenseI 80 4
Net profit on one acre 222 36
The above is certainly a remarkable result especially when it is con
sidered that it is only within a few years that it has been thought possi
ble to produce cane so far north as Rockdale county The report closes
as follows
This beats cotton raising in fact it beats anything but ribbon cane
Next year Colonel Peek will plant the same acre in cotton and see what
2222
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEDUGIA
the difference is in the yield This syrup is superior to the average
New Orleans syrup and sells readily in any market at 60 cents per gal
lon retail
The ground upon which the above was raised was a loamy sandy
bottom land This year the cane matured six feet It will grow on
rich land but is not so profitable With such a yield as this is what is
the reason the farmers of this county cant raise a full supply for this
county Is there any reason for sending off an immense quantity of
money every year when we can keep it at home
THE DOCTRINE OF CHEMICAL FERTILIZERS
BY PliOF GEORGE VIJlK
Translated by Miss E L Hoivard
Continued from October Crop Report Circular No 109
What does the new doctrine say Here it is
If you have manure never use it alone complete and improve it in
such a way as better to meet the requirements of the plant andthanks
to this additionyou will certainly obtain an increase of crop without
increase of risk or expense I say without increase of cost because
thanks to the addition of one or two chemical productsyou can reduce
the amount of manure without injury to the crop You see gentlemen
if the agricultural doctrine took its point first from the artificial produc
tion of plants by the aid of simple compounds in spite of all the tradi
tions bequeathed by the past the moment this doctrine descending
from the height of science enters into the practical region so far from
proscribing the use of manure it says to the farmer Do not abuse too
strong manuring but rectify complete the imperfect composition of
manure which is a very different thing
But in industrial questions it is not sufficient to formulate rules you
must go further and inquire if it is possible to draw economic advan
tages from them We thus come to the point which in industry is the
touchstone without appeal viz the question of money Have you
ever asked yourselves gentlemen whence come the profits in agricul
ture and what are its true sources When the question is stated in
such terms it is no longer a question of little matters of personal skill
which in business language are called the tricks of the trade
The question I state is higher more general it is the scientific theory
of profit and instead of proceeding by abstract demonstration 1 will
proceed by analogy and by comparison
224SUPPLEMENTAL CROP REPORT1888
28
Suppose a mill has the use of a large capital in setting up a hundred
thousand spindles and is furnished otherwise with the most perfect
machinery What will happen if these hundred thousand spindles be
furnished with but half the cotton they could spin The effective
work would be burdened with the frightful cost of fifty thousand empty
spindles revolving Fuel supervision first cost of investment paying
off general expenses will end in the dead loss of 50 per cent product
from the mill In agriculture to produce but 18 or 20 bushels of wheat
per acre when by an Increase of manure you could get 37 to 52 bushels
is committing the same error as with the mill in question for the gen
eral expenses labor and taxes remain the same and the crop is bur
dened with the costs which would have produced the excess of 20 bush
els of grain which were not produced
To make still clearer the truth of this parallel between the source of
profit in agriculture and in manufacturing industries it is only neces
sary to recall the conditions regulating agricultural production
These conditions are three in number 1st Heat and light which the
sun furnishes and whose combined action forms one of the most salient
features of climate 2nd The mechanical preparation of the soil plow
ing harrowing etc to facilitate the absorption and drainage of rain
water 3rd The amount of fertilizer
To make a closer comparison between agricultural and industrial
work we may say the plant is the machine the soil the foundation
which supports it the fertilizer the first matter which it transforms
and the sun the hearth which animates the whole system From this
the justification of the three terms sun soil and fertilizer We can add
nothing or next to nothing to what we receive from the sun its effects
escaje our control but in the preparation of soil by machinery and its
fertilization by fertilizers a new horizon and an almost limitless one is
open to us To prove this I can show you all things equal as they
say at school the profit is in proportion to the fertilizer given to the
soil
At the time when the revered Mathew de Dombasle directed the insti
tute at Roville the cost of growing a bushel of wheat was 109 as is
shown by the account published by the eminent agriculturist
f Rent of land3 60
t General expenses4 26
Fixed expenses j Work of omtivation3 44
L Seeds3 68 14 98
r Manure5 92
anable costsHarvesting2 72 8 64
Total costs23 62
From which must be deducted for straw 4 00
There remains19 62
This puts the cost at 109 per bushel
22524 DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE GEORGIA
Well suppose at the time Mathewde Donibasles lived without chang
ing the organization of the Institute of Roville to the 1560 of manure
was added 960 worth of chemical fertilize per acre what would have
been the result To bring the 18 bushels per acre up to 40 bushelsto
reduce the cost of growing a bushelfrom 109 cents to 69 cents
This is too serious a matter for us to be content with simple assertions
We need figures that each one can control as he will 1 take up the
proceeding account and introduce the new element of an increase of
fertilizer
Fixed costs in the first accountsl4 vs
Variable costsManure15 52
Harvesting etc 4 gf
Total costs135
From which deduct straw 7 60
S27 70
Costs 2770 instead of 1962 crop 40 bushels instead of 18 bushels
which brings the cost per bushel to il cents
The expenses of cultivation at the Institute of Roville have no anal
ogy with yours but what matter The result that 1 wish to make clear
to you would be the same in spite of the changes which you could make
in this or that item of the amount provided the economy of the two
accounts does not change You see the profit increases or diminishes
according to the amount of fertilizer used
The doctrine of chemical fertilizer then asserts as an axiom that lib
eral fertilizing is necessary always and everywhere either with manure
or with chemical fertilizer Whether stock raising and handling large
amounts of manure is profitable or not depends on the profit from the
animals but whither the amount of manure used is large or small there
is always advantage to be gained by using chemical fertilizers as an
auxiliary In other terms to cultivate profitably the soil must be
highly manured that is provided all the fertilizing substance be used
which the climate and local conditions will allow tin vegetation to
utilize
I also add Ibis That the system may be a permanently profitable one
the soil must receive more phosphoric acid more potash ami more lime
than the crops take from it As to nitrogen it is only necessary to give
the soil the half which the crops require for the air makes up the
balance
These two rules in a measure sum up the whole of scientific agricul
ture Observe and apply them no matter whether by the use of manure
or chemical fertilizer There is here no question of principle or dogma
but a question of fitness and cost of production In the past you were
under an empire which ruled you You were forced to keep animals
and meadows as an inflexible part of the great struggle to maintain be
equilibrium between the agents of fertility the soil gained or lost This
226SUPPLEMENTAL CROP REPORT1888
25
process is lacking in these days It corresponds neither to the economic
conditions of our time nor to the wants of consumption The price of
land is too high the manual labor too dear and the changes of methods
in agriculture are too great
Besides where will you be with the panacea of the past in the
regions where drouths make the growth of forages impossible In the
regions where fruitgrowing is best where the vine occupies ninetenths
of the soil how will you get manure enough
Another point of view We are accused of proscribing the use of
manure In reality the use of chemical fertilizers is the surest most
rapid and most economical method of increasing production At Ro
ville in the time of Mathew de Dombasks the crop of wheat was 18
bushels per acre and 2200 pounds of straw I have already said that
an increase of chemical fertilizer worth 960 per acre will bring the
grain to 40 bushels but what I did not say but which should have
been added is that the amount of straw is also doubled it goes from
2200 pounds to 4400 pounds per acre Now what must be done with
the excess Sell it Every where that it is yossible as in the neigh
borhood of large cities I do not hesitate to advise the sale for no
opportunity must be lost of making money But where the straw can
not be sold there is no way of utilizing it but by turning it into manure
As soon as chemical fertilizers are used on a farm the animals are better
fed and the litter more abundant The manure pit has to be doubled
Impossible to deny this for the evidence proves it
Let us set vain objections aside and recognize the truth of this affir
mation that chemical fertilizer give you power to command vegetal
activity as oil gives you command of motive power This is neither a
theory nor an opinion it is a fact firmly established by the testimony
of practical results until now without precedent
As I have already said and cannot too often repeat this is no question
of theory or of doctrine but a question of fitness and profit Does
manure cost lee s than the chemical fertilizer Then make it Does it
cost moreis its price over 240 per ton If so substitute chemical fer
tilizers
In this age f free discussion one need not have the ambition to be
believed by his word alone T have never sought this The faith which
animates me is too deep to fear contradiction In exchange for the
efforts I have made for twenty years to throw light on these grave and
difficult problems I ask but one thing the renunciation of prejudice
and a faithful belief in experience
Although the season may be a little advanced consent gentlemen to
make two parallel experiments one for wheat and the other for rye On
two parcels of id feet square each selected in the middle of the poorest
piece of wheat broadcast in the first 14 po mils of sulphate of ammonia
previously mixed with an equal quantity of fine dry earth On the
second parcel spread 53 pounds of complete fertilizer No 1 Make the same
22726
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
experiment for rye on two parallel parcels of 60 feet square each On
the first spread 14 pounds of sulphate of ammonia and on the second 40
pounds of complete fertilizer No 1 taking care to mix first with equal
quantity of fine dry earth to make sureit is easily and regularly spread
If you consent gentlemen to listen to my request as I have listened to
yours you will see how the situation will change since it is you who
will give strong guarantees of the truth of my assertion
Before seperating gentlemen look back a moment and make a sum
mary in a few quick and exact propositions the most sciliant results of
this meeting
Four principal sources share in vegetal life and contribute to the pro
duction of crops air rain soil and fertilizer Each one of these sources
has its part marked out before hand and the art of producing economi
cally is to give the fertilizer the part that is due to it and never mis
understand this Contrary to the past belief that to keep up the fertility
of the soil you must give it back pound for pound what the integral of
all the substances contained in the crop it is only necessary to give it a
little more phosphoric acid potash and lime and only the half of the
nitrogen and its native fertility will not be diminished on the contrary
It will be increased day by day
The fertilizer is not and ought not to be in the work of agriculture
merely a valuable addition used to complete what the plants find always
in abundance in air and soil
One point not less essential is the necessity of varying the composi
tion of the fertilizer to suit the needs of each plant From this point of
view farm manure is inferior to the most inferior fertilizer and great
advantage is always received by completing it by the addition of chemi
cal fertilizers
We again say manure always heavily by the permanent use of other
fertilizer than you grow on the farm Make use of rotation as much as
you can for this allows you to speculate as you wish either in the pro
duction of meat or sale of forages In other words instead of being
ruled and enslaven by inflexible formulae use and enjoy the liberty of
action gained by other methods Faithful to these teachings besides
feeling the satisfaction of being master of your labor you will see your
business prosper your profits increase andby extension of your own
successyour country itself more prosperous and prepared to go safely
and calmly through the formidable crisis which all the rest of Fjurope
seem alas condemed to suffer
228SUPPLEMENTAL CHOP REPORT1888
27
GEORGIA AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT
STATION
The Commissioner congratulates the farmers of Georgia on the pas
sage at the ecent session of the General Assembly of an Act to establish
an Agricultural Experiment Station for the investigation of questions of
practical and vital importance to Agriculture For the information of
the people the Act in full is herein published The Board of Directors
provided for in the Act are also given and they will meet at the office
of the Commissioner in Atlanta on February 4 for the purpose of
organizing the Hoard and to initiate steps looking to the organization
location and equipment of The Station and the Experimental Farm
An Act to establish in this State an Experimental Station and an
Experimental Farm to be known as the Georgia Experiment
Station to provide for a Board of Directors for the location and
management of the same to apply the annual donation made
by the Federal Congress in the Acts approved March 2 1887
and July 18 1888 providing for the establishment in the several
States of Agricultural Experiment Station of fifteen thousand
dollars to the support and maintenance of the same to appro
priate a sum of money to carry this Act into effect and for
other purposes
Section I Be it enacted by the General Assembly of Georgia and
it is hereby enacted by the authority of the same That there shall be
established in this State an Experiment Station and an Experi
mental Farm to be known as the Georgia Experiment Station
Sec II Be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid That
within thirty days after the passage of this Act the Governor shall
appoint a Board of Directors who shall be charged with the con
trol and general management of the said Georgia Experiment Sta
tion The Governor shall select one member of this Board from
each Congressional District and the selection shall be made from
the practical and successful farmers of said district respectively
The Commissioner of Agriculture for the time being shall be ex
officio the President the Chancellor of the University of Georgia
for the time being if for any cause there be no Chancellor then
the acting chairman of the University Faculty and a member of
the Faculty of the State College of Agriculture and Mechanic28
DEPAKTMKNT OK AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
Arts annually to be designated by the Governor shall be exofficio
members of said Board of Directors Thirty days from the date
of their appointment the members of said Board shall meet at the
Capital on the call of the Governor and shall proceed to organize
by electing one of their number as Secretary
Thereupon they shall draw for their respective terms of office
namely Two for a term of one year two for two years two for
three years two for four years and two for five years Annually
thereafter the Governor shall appoint two members for a term of
five years
Sec III Be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid That at its
first meeting said Board of Directors shall give sixty days notice in
not less than three newspapers of this State that said Board will
receive bids or proposals from counties communities or persons
to donate lands and buildings or lands or money for the purpose
of inducing the establishing at a given point oisaid Georgia Ex
periment Station In selecting a site for said station the Board
shall have reference to the central portion of the State and the
accessibility of the place offered the healthfulness of the locality
and the adaptability of the land to represent the variety of soils in
this State The said Board shall dispose of all questions involved
in the proposals that may be made as their judgment may dictate
to be for the best interests of the State The Boards choice of a
site shall be communicated to the Governor and the necessary
papers shall be executed and duly recorded and filed in the office
of the Secretary of State The property which may come into
the possession of the said Board under the terms of this Section
shall be the property of the State of Georgia
Sec IV Be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid That
said Board of Directors shall be and the same is hereby consti
tuted a body corporate with continued succession of members
with power to purchase property for the purposes of this Act
receive property by bequest or donation sell the products of said
Georgia Experiment Station sue and be sued plead and be im
pleaded in the name and for the benefit of this State In the
event no acceptable response is made to the advertisement author
ized by the provisions of Section III of this Act the Board shall
proceed to purchase a site for said Georgia Experiment Station at
some central point in this State Pioviaed that a purpose to pur
chase receive or sell as authorized by this Act shall first have
been formally made known in detail to the Governor and shall
have received his endorsement and approval
280SUPPLEMENTAL CROP REPORT1888
29
Sec V Be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid That a
minute record of all receipts and expenditures of money shall be
kept by the Board and shall quarterly be submitted to the
Governor for his inspection
Sec VI Be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid That
the specific object of said Georgia Experiment Station shall be to
determine the capacity of new plants for acclimation the
manurial value of fertilizers and composts making soil tests and
testing the purity and vitality of seeds examining grasses and
other plants investigating the growth requirements and compar
ative value of different crops studying the economic production
of milk and butter and of conducting such other tests and making
such other investigations and experiments in the field as are
suggested in An Act of the Federal Congress approved March 2
1887 entitled An Act to establish Agricultural Experiment
Stations etc as may bear upon questions connected with either
the science or the practice of Agriculture In carrying out the
provisions of this Act the Board of Directors shall employ one
Superintendent and such other employees as may be necessary for
the proper conduct of said Georgia Experiment Station in its
several branches or departments
Sec VII Be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid That
wherever located said Georgia Experiment S ation shall be
regarded as connected with the State College of Agriculture and
Mechanic Arts established under An Act approved February 27
1875 and nothing in this Act shall be construed to prevent or
forbid the Board of Directors of the Georgia Experiment Station
locating the experimental farm at one point and the laboratory or
scientific branch or department of the said Georgia Experiment
Station at some other point
Sec VIII Be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid That
any and all purchases of apparatus etc made by the Trustees of
the University of Georgia with the first Fifteen Thousand Dollars
any moneys subsequently drawn which passed into their hands
from the United States under the provisions of the Acts of
Congress approved respectively March 2 1887 and July 18 1888
and by reason of an Executive order from the Governor of this
State dated June 14 1888 shall be subject to the order of the
Board of Directors hereinbefore provided for to be used by the
latter in furtherance of the provisions of this Act
23130
DKPAKTMKNT OH AGRICHJLTUKKC KOKG1A
Sec IX Be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid That
all future annual appropriations under the Act of Congress ap
proved March 2 1887 and July 18 1888 shall be drawn by the
the Governor and held to the order of said Board of Directors to
be used by them in the terms of Acts of Congress herein men
tioned and of this Act
Sec X Be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid That to
carry into effect the provisions ot this Act the sum of Five
Ihousand Dollars or so much thereof as may be necessary be
and the same is hereby appropriated out of moneys arising from
the inspection fees on guanos and said Five Thousand Dollars as
aforesaid shall be set apart and applied as herein prescribed next
after the general provision for the salary of the Commissioner of
Agriculture and ol his clerk and superior to all other claims upon
the fund arising from said inspection fees The said sum of Five
Ihousand Dollars shall be paid to the Board of Directors on the
warrant of the Governor based on the certified statement of said
Board showing that the money is to be used in pursuance of the
provisions of this Act Payments shall be made from time to
time as the necessities of the case may demand
Sec XI Be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid That
said Board of Directors shall prescribe rules and regulations for
its own government and for the government of all persons who
may be employed at said station as aforesaid The said Board
shall fix the salaries of the officers and employes of said station
Bi ennially the said Board shall make through the Commissioner
of Agriculture a full report to the Governor at the same time
reports from State House officers are submitted and quarterly
through the department of Agriculture said Board shall publish
the results achieved at said Georgia Experiment Station on the
line indicated in Section six of this Act
Sec XII Be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid That
the Board of Directors shall meet quarterly for the transaction of
business The members shall be paid their necessary travelling
expenses and board bills while in actual attendance upon the duties
Of their office These expense statement of the individual mem
bers shall be duly certified by themselves and must have the ap
proval of the Commissioner of Agriculture Upon presentation
of these statements the Governor shall draw his warrant on the
State Treasurer for the necessary amount the same to be paid by
the 1 reasurer out of any moneys not otherwise appropriated The
Hoard shall not continue in session at the expense of the State a
232SUPPLEMENTAL CROP REPORT1888
31
longer time than two days at each quarterly meeting The Board
shall fix from time to time its own place of meeting in the State
Sec XIII Be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid That
all laws and parts of laws in conflict with this Act be and the
same are hereby repealed
BOARD OF DIRECTORS OF GEORGIA AGRICULTURAL
EXPERIMENT STATION
Hon J T Henderson Comr of Agri exofficio Presidt Atlanta Ga
Rev W E Boggs DD Chancellor University exofficio Athens Ga
Prof H C White Ph D State Agl and Mehl College Athens Ga
Practical Farmers
1st DistG M Ryals Savannah 6th DistEden Taylor Forsyth
2nd DistJ M RushinBoston 7th DistF Corput Cave Springs
3rd DistW Brady Americus 8th DistJ B ParkJrGreensboro
4th DistJHMobley Hamilton 9th DistJ N Twitty Jefferson
5th DistW L Peek Conyers 10th DistP J Berckmans Augusta
238nfAPPENDIX
Note The Proceedings of the Georgia State Horticultural Society is
incorrectly paged and the Biennial Report of the Commissioner of Agri
culture is not paged at bottom Hence these two pamphlets could not
be referred to for the General Index and are therefore placed in this
AppendixNEW SERIESCIRCULAR No 111
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
Thirteenth Annual Meeting
Georgia State Horticultural Society
HELD IN THE
City of Thomasville August 1st and 2nd 1888
CHARTERED July 14 1876 ORGANIZED August 16 1876
Reorganized Under New Charter Aug 1 1882
Published Jointly by the Society and the State
Department of Agriculture
ATLANTA GA
W J Campbell State Printer
Constitution Job Office
1888CONSTITUTION
Article 1 The name of this Association shall be the Georgia State
Horticultural Society
Article 2 Its object shall be the advancement of the sciences of Pomo
logy Floriculture Arboriculture and Kitchen Vegetable growing
Article 3 Its members shall consist of annual and honorary members
who shall be elected by ballot at the annual or semiannual sessions of the
Society The annual fee shall be 200
Article 4 The meetings shall be held at such times and places as may
be designated by the Society and special meetings may be convened at any
time on the call of the President
Article 5 Its officers shall consist of a President one VicePresident
from each Congressional District of the State a Secretary and a Treasurer
The President Secretary and Treasurer to be elected by ballot at the regu
lar annual meeting and to serve until their successors are elected and
inaugurated The VicePresidents all to be elected by ballot at this meet
ting those representing districts having odd numbers to serve one year
and those representing the districts having even numbers to serve two
yearsonehalf to be elected each year thereafter to serve two years
Article 6 This Constitution may be amended at any annual meeting
by a twothirds vote of the members present
203BYLAWS
1st The President shall preside at all meetings of the Society call meet
ings of the Executive Committee and under its direction have a general
superintendence of the affairs of the Society and direction of the expendi
tures of money He shall appoint all committees unless otherwise ordered
2nd In case of death or inability of the President his official duties shall
devolve upon such one of the VicePresidents as may be elected by ballot
3rd The VicePresident shall by correspondence and personal inter
course with the fruit growers and horticulturists of the various counties of
their respective districts endeavor to organize local societies They shall
appoint four members of their Congressional District and with their aid
prepare and forward to the Secretary before or at every annual meeting of
the Society such reports as have immediate connection with the condition
of fruits progress in their culture new seeding fruits or any other topic
relating to horticultural progress in their respective districts These reports
to be condensed by the Secretary for publication
4th The Secretary shall attend to all the correspondence of the Society
and with the aid of a reporter keep a record of the transactions of the meet
ings and prepare these for publication subject to the approval of the Presi
dent He shall file and preserve all papers and books belonging to the
Society
5th The Treasurer shall receive and keep an accurate account of all
moneys belonging to the Society disburse the same on the written order
of the President which he shall retain and file as vouchers He shall
make an annual report to the Society of the receipts and disbursements
which with the vouchers shall be referred to a special auditing committee
appointed at the annual meeting
Before entering upon his duties he shall give bond to the Society in the
sum of one thousand dollars for the faithful performance of his duties such
bond to be approved by the Executive Committee
6th The Executive Committee shall consist of the President VicePresi
dents Secretary and Treasurer They shall subject to the direction of
the Society manage all its affairs
7th The following Standing Committees shall be appointed by the Presi
dent immediately after his election or so soon thereafter as practicable
A Standing Fruit Committee consisting of rive members It shall be
the duty of this committee to report annually on native and foreign Iruits
to examine and before the close of the session report on all new seedling
204GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY 5
fruits that may be exhibited and to make an ad interim report on those
that were exhibited in an unripe condition at the meeting of the Society
but had subsequently attained a state of maturity and on such other seed
lings as may have been submitted to their inspection during the Societys
vacation
8th A Standing Committee on Synonyms consisting of five members
shall be appointed annually It shall be their duty to report annually to
the Society at its regular meeting
9th Standing Committees to consist of two or more members each shall
be appointed annually upon the following subjects viz
Meteorology in its relation to Horticulture
Entomology and Ornithology in their relations to Horticulture
Ornamental and Useful Trees and Plants
Ornamental Gardening
Kitchen Vegetables
Wine Making
Packing and Shipping Fruits and Vegetables
10th A Standing Committee on Transportation to consist of five mem
bers
11th Special Committees shall be appointed by the President immedi
ately after the organization of the annual meeting on Peaches on exhibi
tion during the session on Apples Pears and Miscellaneous Fruits on
Grapes and Wines on Vegetables It shall be the duty of these committees
to make a full and careful report upon each and every individual collection
on exhibition noting their condition and special merits if any also any
particular methods of cultivation by which improvements are made evi
dent
12th No medal diploma or money shall be awarded by this Society as a
testimonial of excellence for any fruit plant flower or vegetable offered
for exhibition The verdict of the Special Committee shall be the highest
commendation of the Society
13th Vacancies occurring in committees shall be filled by the Chairman
of each and in case of his death or inability to serve his place shall be
supplied by the President of the Society
14th No person shall be a member or be allowed to participate in the
deliberations of the Society who shall not have paid his fee in full before or
at the beginning of the session of the Society
15th Honorary members shall consist of persons of distinguished merit
in horticulture or natural science and nonresidents of Georgia They shall
be entitled to all the privileges of the Society without the payment of
annual fees except on questions of finance
16th These ByLaws may be altered by a twothirds vote of the mem
bers present
205OFFICERS
President
P J BERCKMANSAugusta Ga
VicePresidents
1st Congressional DistrictG W BENSONCumberland
2nd Congressional DistrictH H SANFORDThomasville
3rd Congressional DistrictS H RUMPHMarshallville
4th Congressional DistrictDr H H CARYLaGrange
5th Congressional DistrictDe SAMUEL HAPEHapeville
6th Congressional DistrictA J WILLIAMSTobler
7th Congressional DistrictCol GEO H WARINGCement
8th Congressional DistrictDe W L JONESAthens
9th Congressional DistrictGEO H JONESNorcross
10th Congressional DistrictDe J P H BROWNAugusta
Secretary and Treasurer
T L KINSEYSavannah
STANDING COMMITTEES
ON NEW FRUITS
L A Berckmans Augusta
H H Sanford Thomasville
A J WilliamsTobler
J D HustedPomona
E R Anthony Maeon
ON SYNONYMS
Dr Samuel HapeHapeville
David MilneMaeon
Dr E H GreeneHapeville
W K NelsonAugusta
W W ThompsonSmithville
2078 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
ON WINE
John KellerMarshallville
J C BucherAtlanta
Felix CorputCave gpring
Geo H WaringCement
Dr Neil MclnnisAugusta
ON ORNAMENTAL AND USEFUL TREES
It J ReddingAtlanta
Mrs W E BrownFort Valley
Geo H MillerRome
W D BeatieAtlanta
J D HustedPomona
ON PACKING AND SHIPPING FRUIT
Samuel H RumphMarshallville
H F EmeryAtlanta
T J GrizzardHapeville
J A EverettFort Valley
A H HansellThomasville
ON METEOROLOGY
Prof J S Newman Auburn Ala
Prof W L JonesAthens
ON ENTOMOLOGY
Prof J E WillettMacon
ON VEGETABLES
Mrs J W BryanDillon
Geo UhlAugusta
V E LambertAtlanta
C DecknerAtlanta
G W Benson Cumberland
ON TRANSPORTATION OF FRUITS AND VEGETABLES
Dr H H CaryLaGrange
H F EmeryAtlanta
W E BrownFort Valley
Geo UhlAugusta
L L VarnadoeThomasville
208LIST OF MEMBERS GEORGIA STATE HORTI
CULTURAL SOCIETY1888
Allen N LPowersville Ga
Anthony E LMacon Ga
Bachman 8 WTilton Ga
Bailey D J JrGriffin Ga
Baldwin E BMarshallville Ga
Baldwin D FMarshallville Ga
Bates M LGriffin Ga
Beatty Griffin Ga
Beatty MrsGriffin Ga
Beattie W DAtlanta Ga
Berckmans P JAugusta Ga
Berckmans L AAugusta Ga
Berckmans Robt CAugusta Ga
Blackshear T EThomasville Ga
Blair G HJacksonville Fla
Blakely B R Griffin Ga
Bonchelle L BThomasville Ga
Boyd J DGriffin Ga
Brown V EFort Valley Ga
Brown Mrs W EFort Valley Ca
Bryan Mrs J WDillon Ga
Bryan HowardDillon Ga
Bucher J CAtlanta Ga
Bunch J W Hamburg S C
Bunch G AClarks Hill S C
Burr S B Thomasville Ga
Camp E NPucketts Station Ga
Cassels L MAtlanta Ga
Carter L W Thomasville Ga
Cary Dr H HLaGrange Ga
Cleitt J H M Powersville Ga
Cleitt O APowersville Ga
Chumm W WPowersville Ga
Corbin ChasWilloughby Hill Ga
Cone W HIvanboe fa
Corput FelixCave Springs Ga
Crocker C APomona Ga
Cureton F SPucketts Station Ga
Cureton JasPucketts Station Ga
Deckner ChasAtlanta Ga
Deckner Miss LillaAtlanta Ga
Denmark R LQuitman Ga
DePass J PArcher Fla
Douglass T LMarshallville Ga
209

10
DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
Edwards J AMarshallville Ga
Emery H F Atlanta Ga
Emery Mrs H FAtlanta Ga
Everett J AFort Valley Ga
Everett Miss L JFort Valley Ga
Everhart Dr G MAtlanta Ga
Farrior J OMarshallville Ga
Farrior Mrs J OMarshallville Ga
Fleming las LAugusta Ga
Forrester J DChipley Fla
Frederick J VMarshallville Ga
Frederick D BMarshallville Ga
Frederick T JMarshallville Ga
Gailhard J DHome Ga
Gibson T R Augusta Ga
gape Dr SamlHapeville Ga
gape Miss B RHapeville Ga
Harwell W AAtlanta Ga
Hasselkus H WGriffln Ga
5ays ASmithville Ga
Hays Mrs OSmithville Ga
Hays Miss ClaraSmithville Ga
Houser J A Fort Valley Ga
Houser Mrs J AFort Valley Ga
Hopkins M HLouisville Ga
Howell A BChattanooga Tenn
gugies G L Sunny sik Ga
Hughes Mrs G LSunnv Side Ga
Husted J D Pomona Ga
Husted Mrs J DPomona Ga
James IB Fort Valley Ga
Johnson RPSmithville la
Jones W CAugusta Ga
Jones G T Fort Valley Ga
Jones Miss S LFort Valley Ga
Jones Miss MFort Valley Ga
Jones Dr W L Athens Ga
Jones J B Herndon Ga
Jonas Dr S J MThomasville Ga
Keith JnoHGriffln Ga
Kinsey T LSavannah Ga
Keller Jno Marshallville Ga
Keller Mrs J MMarshallville Ga
Lambert V E Hlanta Ga
LeHardy Dr J CSavannah Ga
Manvilk A HJacksonville Fla
Maule Geo ullsta Ga
MitchelL Dr T J Griffln Ga
Milne David Macon Ga
filler G H 1lln Ga
Mroml M HMilledgeville Ga
McDonald KMSumter P Ga
Me urns Dr NeilAugusta Ga
McKinnon R M Thomasville Ga
Moore B TMarshallville Ga
Murph JFMarshallville Ga
210GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY
11
Newman Prof 1 8Auburn Ala
Neille E LThomasville Ga
Nelson W K Augusta Ga
Niles COMarshallville Ga
Oetter RudolphVineyard Ga
OConnor Prof WCave Springs Ga
Parker E A Barnesville Ga
Patterson Dr JnoQuitman Ga
Piper A G Jamaica Ga
Pharr E Z Forayth Ga
Phelps Rev LymanSanford Fla
Ive J C Pleasant Hill Ga
Quarterman W FThomasville Ga
Ramspeck G ADecatur Ga
Reed H WWaycross Ga
Redding R JAtlanta Ga
Redding Mrs R JAtlanta Ga
Reval JulesAugusta Ga
Rice W HMarshallville Ga
Rooks O PGardenia Fla
Rose E W Barnesville Ga
Rumph E M Marshallville Ga
Rumph LAMarshallville Ga
Rumph Li A JrMarshallville Ga
Rumph S HMarshallville Ga
Sanford H HThomasville Ga
Simmons J MPerry a
Smith diaries TPomona Ga
Snow M F Fort Valley Ga
Spangler S RSunny Side Ga
Stafford J A Barnesville Ga
Starnes H NMarietta Ga
Sutherland JohnPomona Ga
TaberGLGlen St Marys Fla
Taylor E Smithville Ga
Thomas J G Milledgeville Ga
Thompson W WSmithville Ga
Thompson Mrs W WSmithville Ga
Chi George WAugusta Ga
Varnadoe L LThomasville Ga
Varnadoe L AThomasville Ga
Van Dyke A GSunny Side Ga
Van Dyke CM Sunny Side Ga
Walker James WAugusta Ga
Watkins J B Thomasville Ga
Walker J FFori a
Warder WmWilloughby Hill Ga
Waring George HCement Ga
Warren T DByron Ga
Warren WEPowersville Ga
Wayman S M Pomona Ga
Wayman Mrs S MPomona Ga
Willet Prof J E Macon Ga
Williams A JTobler Ga
Williams Miss N LTobler Ga
Williams J C Thomaston Ga
21112
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
Williams Miss MThomaston Ga
Williams W FWarm Springs Ga
Willingham T HByron Ga
Williamson N JGoggansville Ga
Williamson P JCollier Ga
Woodruff W WCement Ga
HONORARY MZMBERS
Wilder Hon M PBoston Mass
Crayton Hon B FAnderson S C
Fumass Hon B WBrownville Neb
Gray Prof AsaCambridge Mass
Green Mrs C CClayton Ala
Meehan ThomasPhiladelphia Pa
Quinn P TNewark N J
Sims Col B MCharleston S C
Thurber Prof GeorgeNew York
Hexamer Dr F M New York
Deceased
212PROCEEDINGS
Thomasville Ga August 1st 1888
The Thirteenth Annual Session of the Georgia Horticultural
Society was called to order by President Berckmans at 11 a m in
the courthouse at Thomasville
Prayer was offered by the Eev Geo W Mathews of Cuthbert
after which Mayor W H Hopkins introduced Judge Augustin H
Hansell who in an eloquent and appropriate address welcomed
the Convention to Thomasville and extended the freedom of the
city
President Berckmans then introduced Prof J E Willett of
Macon who in behalf of the Society responded to the address of
welcome paying a glowing tribute to the enthusiastic hospitality of
Thomasville the immortal glories of the LeConte pear and the
advantages of this climate as a winter resort
The roll of delegates was then called and perfected by Secretary
Kinsey and the Committees on Exhibits announced by the Presi
dent as follows
COMMITTEES ON EXHIBITS
On PeachesDr H H Cary Chairman W E Brown W K Nelson
H F Emery L L Varnadoe
On Apples Pears and Miscellaneous FruitsA J Williams Chairman
David Milner J C Bucher Wm Warden Geo L Taber
On GrapesJ S Newman Chairman John Keller E A Parker Dr
N Mclnnis J D Husted
On WinesGeo H Waring Chairman Dr Samuel Hape Jules Reval
Dr G A Bunch A H Hansell
On Plants and FlowersMrs W E Brown Miss N L Williams Miss
Belle R Hape Mrs R J Redding R C Berckmans
On VegetablesGeorge Uhl T E Blackshear V E Lambert L A
Rumph W W Thompson
President Berckmans then delivered his annual address as fol
lows
PRESIDENT BERCKMANS ADDRESS
Ladies and Gentlemen and
Members of the Georgia State Horticultural Society
The pursuit of Horticulture proves by the magnitude of this assembly
which I have the pleasure to cordially greet as well as the honor to address
21314 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEOEGIA
that it combines the elements of progress and sociability united to intelli
gence
We come together because of a desire to lend our efforts towards the
public good and also to meet with kindred spirits and strengthen the
bonds of friendship which unite us
The work before us is both important in its ultimate results and diversi
fied in its extent We are honored with the presence of many eminent
scientists who will address you upon topics bearing intimately upon pro
gressive as well as advanced Horticulture and from whose teachings we
will receive most valuable information
It is not my intention to speculate upon theoretical schemes which might
in the dim future enable us to reach ideal perfection but to call your atten
tion to a few facts which come practically before you with the work of
your association
STATE AID
For the past twelve years we have labored unceasingly and disinterest
edly that our efforts might build up an organization from which nothing
would emenate but good to every one
How far these efforts have been successful may be evidenced from the
increased interest which our most enlightened and progressive citizens
have taken in our labors as well as from the higher standard of our Pomo
logical and Vegetable products of each succeeding year
Still our work is necessarily slow and partially barren in its aims so
long as we shall have to depend upon the limited income derived from our
annual membership fees Membership fees do not afford sufficient means
to pay for the running expenses of the Society and the publication of elabo
rate proceedings Every kindred organization of some years existence has
recognized this fact and unless State aid was secured their work was beset
with obstacles difficult to overcome
Our finances have as you will see from the report of your treasurer been
most economically managed The expenses of printing your proceedings
for the past three years have generously been shared by our worthy Com
missioner of Agriculture your excellent Secretary has generously given
you his services for the past ten years without receiving any pecuniary
compensation his labors in your behalf have been more arduous thaii
many might suppose and often his private business interests have suffered
in consequence The only item of salary has been that paid for reporting
at your sessions with our present income we may increase the size of our
proceedings and include therein additional useful information for those
who cannot personally participate in our discussions
I am aware that the difficulties connected in securing State aid are mani
fold still I believe that by the judicious efforts of all our members some
plan may be perfected that will eventually secure an appropriation from
our State Government and thus enable you to publish such varied and
detailed reports of your work as will favorably compare with the publica
tions issued under the auspices of the Michigan Missouri and other socie
ties subsidised by their several States
THE POLICY OF THE SOCIETY
which has for its standard article 2 of the Constitution viz Its object
shall be the advancement of the sciences of Pomology Floriculture
Arboriculture and Kitchen Vegetable Gardening should never deviate
from the course adopted at the inception of this organization as in this
lies its strength usefulness and longevity I cannot too earnestly urge you
to hold these principles inviolate and guard them from ever being ignored
214GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY
15
We again unite our personal knowledge of these sciences that we may
through the honest expressions of our views and the disinterested discus
sions arising therefrom reach such results as will commend our work to
the respect of our fellowcitizens
SESSIONS NOT TO BE LOCALIZED
The past history of the Society proves the wisdom of not localizing its
sessions Its work is missionary in a manner and its usefulness and life
are increased by holding its meetings in different localities thereby draw
ing continually new and active working material and diffusing increased
information
EXPERIMENT STATIONS
One of the wisest Acts which were lately passed by Congress is the appro
priation of 685000 for Agricultural Experiment Stations By the terms
of this Act establishing a Station in every State this sum is to be added
annually by the United States Government to the appropriation made by
each State for that purpose
While the term Agricultural Experiment Station is used there is no
reason why the claims of Horticulture should be ignored Every progres
sive agriculturist will admit that the crops having the highest money value
can be produced only by the most skillful and scientific cultivators men
who devote their time knowledge and financial resources to this end As
a result lands that produce such crops which are mainly Horticultural
are the most valuable and bear a heavier share of taxation than the aver
age land devoted to the staple field crops It seems therefore just that
whatever pursuit adds the most to the productive resources and revenue of
the State should receive an adequate recognition in the work of the Sta
tion
I am aware that the work of organizing the Station at Athens is a most
arduous task as everything is new and as there is little of past work to
build upon the highest skill united to vast experience must be brought
forth results must necessarily be slow for some time to come and ample
time and opportunities given the Director in charge before the benefits
which will flow from this source can become apparent
That criticism will arise is to be expected but before this is made let the
question first be answered as to whether the support of our progressive
men has been such as would have secured a speedier and better result
It is fortunate that a judicious selection has been made of a scientist who
is fully competent to undertake the difficult task but unless he receives the
hearty cooperation of every liberalminded and progressive Horticulturist
in Georgia his work must be retarded and the anticipated good remain in
the nebulous future Now is the long wishedfor opportunity for advanc
ing Horticultural education by giving the Director all the aid within our
power that his labors may be made to yield the best results in the shortest
possible time
We recognize that agricultural and consequently political economy
must first be studied in the field upon the scene whence our productive
wealth is evolved then with the aid of a systematic scientific couise in a
well managed institution do we learn the true methods from which the
power and wealth of a nation are derived
Our annual reunions and Exhibitions of fruits and vegetables which may
be termed free schools of Horticulture have afforded a few opportunities
for that class of education which should have been provided by those who
being selected as the peoples representatives in the State Councils thereby
assume the responsibility of popular education
21516
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
NECROLOGY
By the death of Professor Asa Gray of Cambridge Mass and one of
your honorary members the scientific world has lost one of its most dis
tinguished and eminent representatives His life was dedicated to the
advancement of knowledge and human progress His universally known
works upon Botany have popularized this knowledge throughout our land
and will ever remain an indestructible monument to his memory
Our earlier sessions seemed incomplete without the presence of our genial
VicePresident E C Grier For some years past his duties as Secretary of
the State Agricultural Society prevented his attendance at our annual
reunions but his cordial cooperation in our work never failed us He has
been removed from his earthly work but his memory will ever be revered
by those of us who learned to appreciate his warm friendship and the good
ness of his heart
I desire to call your attention to the Horticultural Department of the
forthcoming
AUGUSTA NATIONAL EXPOSITION
which is recognized by its Board of Directors as entitled to special preemi
nence and in order to make the display of Fruits Flowers and Vegetables
worthy of this great commonwealth a most liberal schedule of premiums
is offered for competition Unusual attention has been paid in providing
ample room for the exhibits as well as every convenience required for
keeping these in good condition The Exhibition will open October 10th
and continue until November 17th Premium lists and every information
desired by exhibitors will be cheerfully given by the Secretary Mr J H
Alexander Augusta Ga
As Horticulture will be one of the most attractive features of the Expo
sition I trust that every one of our members who has any fruit flowers or
vegetables on hand will enroll his name among the exhibitors and thus
add to the success of this part of the Exposition
On February 6th 7th and 8th 1889 the
AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY
will hold its 22nd biennial session at Sanford Florida This with one
exception when the Society held its session at Richmond Va in 1871
will be the first opportunity for Southern Pomologists to meet with the
leading representatives of our pursuit from the Eastern Northern and
Western States and British Provinces It is needless to say that this is the
oldest largest and most influential organization of its kind in the world
and its work is truly national in its scope We have with us a delegation
from the Florida Horticultural Society which has met here with a special
committee of the American Society and arranged a programme for the
work of that session to which I most cordially invite every member of the
Georgia State Horticultural Society to become a participant and make
the forthcoming session one of the most important and useful within the
history of that old society
And now my friends and brother Horticulturists I will conclude these
remarks by urging you to continue your work in lending your efforts to
educate your sons and neighbors in a pursuit that brings pleasures com
forts health and refinement
At the conclusion of the Presidents address Dr H H Cary
offered the following resolutions which were unanimously adopted
Resolved That the city authorities of Thomasville be invited to seats in
this Convention
216GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY 17
Resolved That the officers and members of the Thomasville Horticul
tural Society be invited to seats in this Convention and to participate in
its discussions
Resolved That the citizens generally and ladies particularly be invited
to attend the meetings of this Convention and all are invited to examine
the display of horticultural and floral products in the hall of the Masury
building
The report of Secretary and Treasurer Kinsey for the past year
was read and adopted as follows
Savannah June 30 1888
T L Kinsey Treasurer in Acct with Georgia State Horticultural Society
1887 Dr
June 30 To balance from 1886 3 28
Aug 15 To annual dues tor 1887252 00255 28
Cr
March 2 By paid expressage on Missouri Reports 2 00
March 10 By paid expressage on Iowa Reports 2 00
July 13 By paid Fretwell Nichols printing 6 25
July 29 By paid Jas L Gow printing 11 25
Aug 4 By paid H N Starnes reporting17 00
Aug 4 By paid Telegram 50
1888 By paid for stamps and envelopes 7 00
Feb 4 By paid Agricultural Department printing 82 50
March 15 By paid expressage on Michigan Reports 1 75
June 30 By paid postage and envelopes 6 00136 25
To balance 119 03
E O E
Savannah June 30 1888 T L Kinsey Treas
On motion of Dr Samuel Hape a recess of ten minutes was
ordered for the purpose of permitting members who had not paid
their dues to settle with the Secretary
Upon reconvening the President announced the speakers for the
afternoon session and stated that there would from this time on be
instituted a Question Box into which any member who so de
sired might drop such questions as he wished information upon
These would be read at the conclusion of the regular programme
and answers elicited
The Society was then adjourned to 3 p m
August 13 pm
The Convention on reassembling proceeded to hear as follows
an essay from Prof J E Willet of Macon on
THE HIBERNATION OF INSECTS
Reading the wars of Csesar when at school I was somewhat puzzled by
the statement that such and such a legion went in hibernisinto winter
21718
DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
quarters Our late civil war solved this with many other military myster
ies When the winter rains soften the roads the roads become impassa
ble and when winter blows snow and ice through all the air mortal man
cannot face them day and night and live In war winter is the time
of inactivity Sickness too has its winter quarters The death of the
late Emperor William of Germany found his successor Frederick lan
guishing in the winter resort San Remo in Italy whence he hurried to
Berlin to wage the heroic but unequal contest of duty and disease for less
than one hundred days And this beautiful city of Thomasville which has
invited the Horticultural Society of Georgia to meet in her halls has be
come the San Remo of Georgia and attracts by her genial climate thous
ands of those who seek health and recreation from the unfriendly winters
of the North and West
If lordly man must have a winter refuge how does the tiny insect fare
Has it a San Remo If I had said twenty years ago that some insects ac
tually migrate from colder regions to subtropical lands to spend the winter
and return to their original homes again in the spring to lay their eggs and
to die the statement would have been received with incredulity And if
I had said that some butterflies migrate and thus survive the winter it
would have been pronounced impossible What a butterfly live three or
four months Gay child of a few sunny days what magic could keep its
tiny silver cord of life unbroken for so great an age This is a new subject
of investigation and almost all about it is yet to be learned I only now
state a few facts
In the fall of 1878 I saw many large sulphuryellow butterflies passing
Macon Ga from the Northwest to Southeast The flight continued for
several weeks During that time one of my old students sent me by mail
from Alabama tone of the same butterflies and mentioned the great num
ber passing the point he was at That winter the wife of a distinguished
judge of Southwestern Georgia then recently deceased told me that her
husband had pointed out to her the migration of this butterfly twentysix
years before that timesay in 1852 and that she had witnessed the migra
tion every year of the twentysix I have now observed it for ten years
making a period of observation running through thirtysix years In the
spring of 1879 and every spring since I have seen the yellow butterflies
returning in the reverse direction from Southeast to Northwest They
were in diminished numbers and their gay wardrobes were seedy and
travelstained They had wintered in Florida and were returning home
weighed down with the infirmities of age to perform the last duty of
nature and to resign their lives
This was a complete migration back and forth As complete as that of
the wild geese and ducks and pigeons and robins that come to South Geor
gia and Florida from arctic and temperate lands to find food to sustain
them during the winter which has cut off their proper food in their sum
mer homes
Besides this yellow butterfly called Callidryas Eubule I have seen pass
ing Macon in the spring four or five other species returning from the
South An additional fact is the assembling of some of these butterflies
in great numbers on the trees in the fall in the Northern States as if pre
paring for flight This resembles the similar assembling of our martins
preparatory to their flight South This migration of butterflies and of
other insects is best studied in the Southern States through which the
swarms pass to their Southern limits
But to return to the hibernation of most insects which remain in the
places of their birth Insects are known in four stagesthe egg the larva
or usually active stage the nymph or chrysalis the inactive stage and the
218GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY
19
imago or mature stage These stages are seen in almost any wasp nest
The small paper cells which are just begun contain eggs the first stage
the cells half completed or nearly completed contain white larva or grubs
with black heads the second stage When these larva or grubs attain
their full growth the mother ceases to feed them and caps over the cells
with paper the larvse cast off their white skins and assume a brown color
and shape resembling in part the mother wasp this is the third or pupa
or chrysalis stage And finally the imago or mature wasps cut through
the paper caps and issue in the fourth stage
Now insects hibernate or pass the winter in some one of these four
stages I will illustrate by insects well known to the horticulturist
And first I give as an example of insects hibernating in the egg stage
the Apple Tree Tent Caterpillar Clisiocampa Americana It is more com
mon in the Northern States than with us It is known by the unsightly
webs of silk which the caterpillars weave between the limbs The cater
pillars lie quiet in these silken houses most of the day issuing usually once
in the forenoon and once in the afternoon in processions to feed on the
leaves of the apple tree Their eggs are deposited in late summer or fall
on the smaller twigs in ringlike clusters and composed of fifteen to
twenty rows containing in all from two to three hundred The eggs are
firmly cemented together and coated with a tough varnish The cater
pillars issue the next spring Another species Clisiocampa sylvatica is
very conspicuous on our wild cherry trees frequently denuding them
entirely of their leaves
Secondly I select as an example of insects hibernating in the larval or
caterpillar stage the Twig Girdler Oncideres eingulatus which I described
m a report to your body a few years ago It is the beetle which girdles the
small twigs of the pear the pecan the English walnut the hickory the
persimmon and other trees The ground under these trees is frequently
littered in winter with the fallen twigs The proceedings of the twig
girdler in providing a home and food for her young during winter are truly
admirable Selecting a small twig she deposits with her piercer several
eggs under the bark at different points near the extremity Descending
the twig then a foot or two she neatly bites out the wood to form a
trough which thoroughly girdles the limb The part of the limb above
the girdle dies and is dislodged by some heavy wind and comes to the
ground The young grub feeds upon the wood of the fallen twig and
emerges a beetle the next summer If the fallen twigs of the persimmon
which show the gnawed groove are kept damp by being covered with
leaves until the next July the twigs on being split open will be found to
contain the white grubs in the galleries which they have excavated length
wise in the wood
The habits of the oakpruner Stenocorus putator are no less remarkable
but the grub here does the cunning girdling which is done by the mother
just described and still more strange the grub girdles the oak twig on the
inside instead of on the outside The fallen twigs under our large oaks
will confirm what I now say The mother pruner deposits her eggs under
the bark and leaves them The young grub mines through the wood to
the pith and then excavates the wood upwards and downwards At the
proper time it cuts away the wood out to the bark at the bottom of its
mine and with a favorable wind the girdled twig comes to the ground
The boring habits of the girdler and pruner grubs readily suggest to your
minds that the grubs of most of the legion of borers that bore the wood
of the apple the oak the hickory the pine the locust etc hibernate in
these trees as larvse The wooden walls ward off the cold and at the same
time furnish food for the imprisoned insects
219
20
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
Thirdly There are many examples of the hibernation of insects in the
third or chrysalis stage
Many years since I placed some grass worms in a bowl filled with soil
and fed them with grass until they were fullgrown when they disap
peared On digging into the earth in the bowl I found them but much
changed They were no longer caterpillars but each had changed into a
brown conical footless legless mouthless wriggling thing which could
neither crawl nor eat They chose to simply lie still and wait for some
thing to turn up In a few days their brown skins split asunder and a
lot of drab colored moths turned out and then flew away as soon as
their wings were dry These brown wrigglers are called pupse nymphs or
chrysalids The grass worms of the last brood enter the earth and hiber
nate as pupse
Our cosmopolite boll worm which has a sweet tooth for corn cotton
bolls tomatoes beans and almost every vegetable also takes his rest in
the earth and hibernates as a pupa
Ploughing or spading in the garden in the winter or spring turns up
frequently great brown pupse three inches long and each with a curious
appendage like the handle of a pitcher They are generally pupse of our
great giant tomato worms which have thus passed the winter under
ground Similar pupse ploughed up in sweet potato fields are the sweet
potatoe sphinx and those ploughed up in tobacco patches are the tobacco
worm They are three species of the same genus and very much alike the
first is called MacroaUa Carolina the second Maorosila cingulata and the
third Macrosila quinque maculata Their moths are among the largest
and resemble humming birds as they fly from flower to flower in the twi
light and are known as the humming bird moths
Another interesting class of insects that hibernate in the nymph stage
is the Bombycidce or cocoon spinners Our Chinese silk worm Bombyx
mori spins its cocoon in which the pupa matures in a few days and issues
as the cream colored moth The moth lays her eggs which remain until
next April in this climate and then send forth the tiny silk worms
But in many others the cocoon seems to be designed as a protection to
the enclosed pupa from the cold of winter We have several notable moths
of this class I call attention particularly to the cocoons found on the oak
elm walnut hickory apple cherry plum and sassafras Those found on
the apple cherry and plum arc fastened securely to the twigs and are seen
dangling on the trees when every leaf has fallen Those found on the sas
safras and wild cherry are enveloped in leaves but the leaves are tied to the
twigs so that should the leaves detach themselves from the twigs thev do
not fall to the ground Those on the oaks elms walnut and hickory are
enveloped each in a leaf and go to the ground on the fall of the leaves
These cocoons may be gathered in the winter or early spring and laid
away in drawers when the moths will make their way out in May or June
Nearly every spring there are brought to me from one to three species of
these cocoon moths They are noble fellows with huge gorgeous wings
from three to seven inches across They make grotesque attempts at fly
ing aimlessly flopping their apparently overgrown wings This is by day
But at night they soon escape into the air and sail away to And their
mates They are nightflyers The most beautiful of theseto my taste is
called Actias Luna or the Luna moth Its color is a delicate lightgreen
with a transparent eyelike spot on each forewing and the hindwings ex
tending back in a sort of tails The wings measure from four to five inches
across The cocoons are found on walnut and hickory trees Then there
are two rich brown moths called Emperormoths The largest called
Platysamia Cecropia measures five to seven inches across the wings and is
220GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTUKAL SOCIETY
21
our giant moth The cocoon is found on the dead leaves of the apple
cherry and plum I see examples nearly every spring The other Emper
ormoth is called Callosamia Promethea and measures three to four inches
across the wings The cocoons are said to be found on the sassafras and
wild cherry enveloped in leaves tied to the twigs But the most interest
ing of the four is called lelea Polyphemus Its wings are ochreyellow in
color with transparent eyelike spots and measure five to six inches The
cocoons are found on the oak and elm and the silk is fair in quality and
unwinds very easily The caterpillars have been raised in quantities on
small oaks and the hope is indulged that they may become valuable silk
spinners The moth is called the American silkworm moth
Finally insects hibernate also in the mature stage I will save two ex
amples
The survival of the winter by the female wasp will occur to every one
As the time for frost approaches the wasps become annoying by congre
gating m our houses especially in unused rooms and attics The first
thought is to kill them out or to drive them out But there is no need of
hostility There is no fight in them They are only trying to steal a warm
dark crack somewhere in order to sleep through the winter I do not
know whether the males are so farseeing or not But they do not survive
the winter A sharp sister might say that it is a case of the survival of
the fittest The proceedings of Mesdames Wasps when the warmth of
spring has awaked them from their dreams may be given in a tew words
Each mother wasp after selecting a place for the home of her family at
taches the stem to its base of paper and fashioning very shallow cells of
paper deposits in each cell an egg and rears around hera happy family as
described just now
My second example is that of the cottonworm It is an occasional vis
itor in Middle Georgia and is contemplated there in the light of an
insect curiosity But in Southern Georgia it is an important factor in
determining the cotton crop The U S Government in the year 1878
established a commission of experts and local observers for the investiga
tion of this insect Most of the necessary information was collected in the
first and second years but one fact in the history of the insect its hiberna
tion was not determined until the spring of the year 1882
Very divergent theories on the subject were entertained Some held
that because brown chrysalids like those of the cottonworm were
ploughed up in the winter these were chrysalids of the cottonworm and
that the cottonworm hence hibernated in the ground in the chrysalid
form But in the first place as the cottonworm spun its cocoon on the
cotton stalk all summer to enter the ground in the late fall on the
approach of cold would have been a departure from its usual habits
Accordingly the local observers were instructed to notice carefully the
habits of the last brood of worms I watched as the local observer for
Georgia at Macon Georgia the cottonworm in its various stages during
September and October 1878 There was no disposition to enter the earth
no visible change in their habits Eggs caterpillars chrysalids webbed
up on the stalks and moths were seen everv day Finally November 1
brought a killing frost and eggs caterpillars and chrysalids were swept
away Only a few moths darted about for a few days and then every
vestige of the race disappeared until the next fall In the second place
on this point chrysalids similar to those of the cottonworm were collected
from the earth ploughed up at various points during the winter and
were submitted to entomological experts at Washington In no case was
there found a chrysalid of the cottonworm but those sentand they
were manywere all identified as the chrysalids of wellknown moths
22122
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
Another theorythat of Prof A R Grotewas that the cottonworms
in the Gulf States were all killed by the cold and that cottonmoths came
by flight every spring from adjacent tropical landsas Cuba and Central
Americato reestablish the race in this country
Another theory which proved the true one was that the moth hiber
nated as a moth in counties near the Gulf and that the first broods of
spring moths migrated northward to stock the young cotton fields But it
required much work to establish it I came to Thomasville and visited
also Baconton during Christmas week 1878 in search of cotton moths
but though several kinds of moths were found not a cottonworm moth
rewarded the most careful search Other observers in the Gulf States
made the same report And finally a trained observer traveled the cotton
States from Texas to Florida and then crossed over to the Bahama Isles
and returned to Washington without having found a single cottonworm
moth 111 all the route But Prof C V Riley Entomologist of the Agri
cultural Department felt so assured that the moth hibernated in the sub
tropical portions of the Gulf States that lie kept up observations through
agents from winter to winter until success came in 1882 In his own
language taken from his report in the Agricultural Report 1881 We
have during the past winter been able to obtain moths during everv
month and have watched them in fact until the early part of March
We have found the eggs deposited also in the early part of March just
as the hibernating moths were disappearing and I found the worms of all
sizes on bottom cotton during the latter part of that month And again
in short there is nothing more fully established now than that the moth
hibernates principally under the shelter of rank wiregrass in the more
heavilytimbered portions of the South and these moths begin laying on
the rattoon cotton when this is only one inch or so high My impression
is that these moths were furnished Prof Riley from Archer Florida
south ot the socalled frostline These cottonmoths may survive the
winter then at any point where a killing frost does not reach them
Any one who contemplates the propagation of the life of animals and
plants will be astonished by the wonderful provision of instincts passions
and mechanical appliances by which this great end is accomplished The
provision for the preservation of this life through the blasting cold of win
ter is equally admirable
f Tme sdel thLsstin fche hibernation of insects and have seen
that this feeblest folk of all the animal kingdom lives through the rigors of
winter and Ins race is thus carried down the centuries as perfectly as are
the lordly lion the ponderous elephant and the giant whale
A few butterflies as we have seen hibernate by migrating from temperate
to subtropical climes A study of this subject in the subtropical regions
where many onus of life are seen in the winter which are unkown hi
summer such as wild geese robins etc etc may enlarge the list of migrat
ing insects Other insects attach their eggs to twigs and coverthem with an
impervious varnish and the little sparks of life within fliose eggs are not
extinguished by the cold of winter Other catt rpiUars boring in the bark
and wood of trees are shielded from cold and survive the winter Many
insects ream away the winter as insensate Pupa in the warm bosom of
mother Earth And finally some mature insects as wasps defy the cold
by the very force of life while others like the cottonwormmoth sur
vive south ot the frostline and then by the wonderful powers of flight
carry their race to the northern limit of the temperate zone
Prof J S Newman of Auburn Ala was introduced by the Pres
ident as not only a valued member of the Society but a distinguished
GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY
23
h
I
exGeorgian and a special zealous and devoted friend to Horticulture
Prof Newman delivered an interesting impromptu address on
THE SCHOOL OF HORTICULTURE
Beginning by showing the universality of Horticulture its broad dissem
ination throughout the civilized world its elevating refining and ennob
ling influence upon the physical mental and moral nature of man and m
conclusionthe startling anddepressing ignorance of its first principles exist
ing everywhere in our midst and the importance and necessity for dissem
inating information regarding it Prof Newman proceeded to show the
desirability of establishing for this purpose a proper course of technical
study inour institutions of learning starting at first as an adjunct to the
technological departments of our colleges and gradually being extended to
the high schools This course should include a thorough training on an
experimental farm located at each station for the purpose of explanation
practice and illustration
Technology embraces all the arts why not Agriculture and Horticul
ture The mechanical population of the State of Georgia embraces 3 per
cent of the population while the horticulturists amount to 8 per cent
Therefore this industry should be entitled to recognition m this particu
lar Prof Newman then concluded his address by an able exposition of
his idea of what such a school and course should consist in detail
Upon the conclusion of this excellent and well received effort Dr
Samuel Hape of Fulton county read an essay on Apples in the
South as follows
APPLES IN THE SOUTH
An idea prevails to a considerable extent among prominent fruit growers
in all sections that apples cannot be successfully or profitably grown in the
South If this idea is correct it should be known in order to protect the
innocent novice in fruit growing from engaging in an unprofitable and
unsatisfactory business If on the other hand however this somewhat
prevalent idea is a mistake it should be corrected and an industry that
promises so much and has so many possibilities ought to be enhanced
alike by those engaged in fruit culture as a calling as well as those who
simply desire a variety of fruit for family use and comfort An argument
entered into here to show the value commercially as well as for home use
and consumption of this popular fruit would be out of place and a reflec
tion on the intelligence of such an audience as I am addressing It can
however be truthfully asserted without doubt that no fruit grown can be
put to so many uses or handled with the same advantage as the apple Its
long list of varietiestaking in nearly the four seasons enabling the intelli
gent and successful cultivator to have it on his table almost the year round
is certainly a most desirable quality in any fruit As to the great value of
the apple there can be not a single question or doubt The only question
now is Can it be successfully and profitably grown A writer in a recent
number of a Texas journal says the South can excel the North in winter
apples but thousands would indignantly dispute this proposition as arro
gant yet Mr A 1 Downing orchardist and nurseryman of Long Island
N Y some fortv years ago published a work entitled Fruits and Fruit
Trees of America in which he states The South is raising a superior
winter apple to what is possible for the North to produce I am at a loss
22324 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
to account for this fact only on the hypothesis that the longer season at
the South causes the juices to become more thoroughly elaborated He
reiterates the same paragraph in lus second edition some twenty years
ago Another writer says The apple is the most neglected though the
most valuable fruit grown in the Southern States Nothing s nearly he
says illustrates the neglect of this important fruit in the South as the
fact that by lar the most valuable apple in a commercial point of view in
this country or Europe either for the general market or stand or table
use originated in Todd one of the southern counties of Kentucky
Neglected in its native country it has been sought for in other fruit
growing States Many of its producers have become wealthy from the
proceeds of its sales It is the only apple in America that has been shipped
extensively to Europe in packages as small as half barrels While it is not
firstclass in flavor yet its large size and beautiful color causes it to sell tor
fifty per cent more in Southern cities than any other variety That there
are some difficulties in the way of apple culture is an admitted fact But
let us inquire as to what fruit can be successfully cultivated without care
or attention Are apples grown at the North without it Do our North
ern friends escape the ravages of insects or effects of extreme cold Tn
the extreme north and northwest the cold is so intense that a special com
mission of intelligent fruit growers including such scientific and progres
sive men as Prof Budd of Iowa and others from Canada went on a
special mission to faroff Russia in order to secure such varieties as would
withstand the extreme cold of those icy latitudes Yet these persevering
and industrios people are rewarded They have not the long list of fruits
to fall back on that blesses our sunny land and yet they propose to keep
trying and experimenting until their list of fruits will be swelled and in
creased so as to get from that cold rigid climate all that nature can permit
to grow in that latitude That apples can be grown all over the South suc
cessfully is shown by the fact that they do grow That exceptional cases
exist in low flat sandy lands where many varieties would be out of season
and not adapted at all to such soils is admitted In fact all fruits have to
be grown intelligently if grown at all The points for us to determine
however are soils location of orchard and varieties
In the first place we do not want a poor soil of any kind A deep rich and
rather moist soil suits the apple In fact it requires it The land should
be well drained and rotting if possible And right here let it be stated
that yon cannot reasonably expect success nor do you deserve it by starv
ing your trees They will not endure it and if you persist in doing so
failure will inevitable result No fruit grower should risk all on two or
three varieties The present season lias shown the folly of such a course
Some varietiesnotably the June appleswere full and commanded as
much in the market or more than later varieties The apple with me has
never proven an entire failure as the result of frosts While some varieties
are a complete failure in the off year yet others are full and pay well
Unlike other fruits you can plant with a view to specialties table cider
drying or shipping An orchard of apple trees intelligently planted and
properly cared for afterwards will no doubt pay handsomely A neighbor
of mine who has 300 Yates apples in bearing realized over 900 last year
Me will m my opinion lose both trees and crop within a few years unless
he cuts away half of his trees having fallen into the very eommon error
or planting the trees too close After removing the large crop of last vear
a heavy dressing of fertilizer ashes or stable manure should have been
given Ihe trees already show this neglect Another effort on the part of
nature to mature a heavy crop next year may finish the career of a large
number of these trees and the orchard will begin to decline
224GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY
25
No apple tree in my opinion should be nearer to another than 30 feet
It does not depend so much on the habits of different varieties so far as
distance is concerned in planting as might be supposed Take 30 feet as
the distance and plant an apple orchard and it is quite reasonable to sup
pose that in the course of a few years at least the roots will extend fifteen
feet each way Now if they do not exceed that distance the roots will
interlace each other and it can be readily seen that one tree will rob
another of both nourishment from the soil and moistureboth indispensa
ble to the healthy growth of the tree and no more shortsighted suicidal
and unprofitable policy can be pursued than to crowd your trees Is it not
better to have ten vigorous healthy productive trees than twenty sickly
starved specimens with some small insipid undeveloped fruit on them
Then again your orchard if crowded will die soon disappointment in
every respect will result from this course and yet from some inexplicable
reason nine out of every ten people planting fall into this error
The space allotted to this paper will not permit going into all the details
of planting But on one point I will insist Do give your orchard an
opportunity to reward you Do not expect your land to yield you corn
oats rye etc and then a heavy crop of fine apples besides Under no cir
cumstances sow small grain in your orchard One of the least objection
able crops when you have first planted your orchard is either cotton or
sweet potatoes Cowpeas too make an excellent crop for an orchard
They feed largely from the atmosphere and shade the ground The culti
vation necessary for a crop of sweet potatoes also shading the soil renders
them a good crop for the purpose named
Well informed entomologists estimate no less than 300 species of insects
that prey on our orchards a large number of which can be successfully
fought We should bear in mind however that a vigorous healthy tree
will not be near so eay a prey to insects as a sickly starved tree with
scarcely any vitality The small wormy fruit finds no purchasers whiie
the sound ripe well grown attractive fruit is always sought for It is a
question of profit too Is it not better to get 100 per bushel for nice
attractive fruit than to pick up diseased illshaped fruit carelessly handled
at fifty cents and go begging at that
While the claim of this paper has been to no real originality yet its
object and purpose was to call attention to what was believed to be a neg
lected industry caused either from false impressions and prejudices or
want of proper investigation of the subject and lack of practical experience
Every thing therefore that adds to our resources increases ourwealth or
enlarges our industries will add to our permanent prosperity ajid happi
ness as a people With cold storage too the possibilities of the apple crop
are still increased and the bright brilliant hues of the Red June may
become a familiar object of interest at our Christmas feasts The Yellow
June and Red Astrachan may add to the variety for the same purpose and
the tastes of all gratified by preserving without regard to season your
own special favorite
The President then announced Dr Hape and other essayists ready
to reply to any interrogatories the members of the Convention might
see fit to put
Dr Hape himself announced that he stood prepared to answer all
questions as stated for it unable to give a suitable reply he had a
friend at his elbow referring to the President who certainly was
capable of supplying needed information
22526
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
Mr Brown Do you fertilize your apples in the spring or fall
and if in the fall do you plow in the fertilizer
Dr Hape I fertilize in the fall in order that the copious winter
rains may dissolve the plant food and carry it to the roots of the
trees
Col Bedding We are all convinced that one reason why we
do not plant apples more extensively in this section is the long
time that must elapse before we can hope to obtain adequate returns
I therefore suggest that the trees be planted closer at first so as to
double the crop at five years of age and afterwards as they grow
larger thin out until they are reduced to the standard distance It
will take nerve to do this I admit but it is the universal practice in
arboriculture and among foresters in Europe and we must educate
ourselves up to it I have myself pursued this plan successfully with
scuppernongs
Dr Hape The only objection to that would be the interlacing of
the roots and the consequent retarding of the growth Therefore I
incline to planting trees or vines in the first instance at the distance
apart which they are eventually intended to occupy
Mr Deckner There is no question but that close planting injures
the trees more than it benefits them It is better to spread outthe
land can be utilized for other crops
A member inquired what remedy was most effective for the curculio
Dr Hape The best remedy is to prevent their generation This
can be done by keeping clean the ground under the trees removing
decaying fruit and leaves Turning hogs into the orchard is an eco
nomical way of affecting this
Mr Deckner I haveseon airslacked lime used round the trees
with good results
Prof Willett We have good books and excellent authorities
on the subject of insects and their ravages and their study will
be productive of much permanent good The best entomological
work I know for general use by the horticulturist is a most excellent
treatise on insects and their habits by William Saunders of London
Canada This work includes the insect enemies of all fruits is well
illustrated with colored plates is published by Lippincott Co and
costs only two dollars I would like to see it in the hands of every
member of this Society
220GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY
27
Before taking up the Catalogue for discussion it was proposed that
Mr W L Glessner of Americus Commissioner of the Georgia Bu
reau of Immigration under the auspices of the State Agricultural
Society should be heard in explanation of his mission to the West
Mr Glessner accordingly took the floor and explained that the
Central Railroad has fitted out a car for an extended tour through
the Northwest and the purpose of the Bureau was to fill this car with
an extensive assortment of agricultural horticultural and manufac
tured products secure space at certain of the great fairs and exposi
tions to be held in the fall and to exhibit the contents of the car at
these fairs as an illustration and advertisement of the resources of our
State The plan of operations has been thoroughly matured and sys
tematized but the Bureau still wanted certain horticultural products
to make out the exhibits and especially a large assortment of apples
which he begged the Society would assist him to procure In the
West the idea was generally prevalent that it was prima facie
evidence that malaria did not exist in a locality successfully pro
ducing apples and hence their value as an advertising card
The Catalogue was then taken up
APPLES
Astrachan RedVicePresident Williams This apple is very pro
lific with me Not uniform but a good apple nevertheless
The President The catalogue errs it should be described as not
prolific when young
Dr Hape I heard that Rumph was shipping them yet
Mr B T Moore It is decidedly one of the most prolific apples
we have at Marshallville
Mr Clark I move that the word not be stricken and very
substituted
So ordered
Ben DavisProf Newman Would like two stars for this excel
lent apple in the middle region
Ordered
Hileys EurekaMr Clark I move to strike from the list
The President I should regret to see this done I havo received
fine specimens from Mr Rumph and they proved good keepers
We should be very careful how we take adverse action on a good
winter keeper
22728
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
With us it is a vigorous tree and bears and keeps
I think its rating should stand as at present
Mr Moore
well
Prof Newman
So ordered
JulianDr Hape This apple is not properly appreciated It
hears well is good for table and cider cooks well and requires little
sugar I regard it as one of the best summer apples we have
Kansas QueenThe President Showy and prolific
KittageskeeKr Kitmph Excellent flavor but rots
Prof Newman I regard it good for preserving only
It was moved and carried to strike one star from the middle region
Kentucky Red StreakMr Snow A good bearer and 1 move two
stars for middle region
So ordered
LanierDr Bunch Showy large and of good quality
Moultries WinterProf Newman A poor apple not productive
a straggling grower though a good keeperits only recommenda
tion
The President Individual experiences of course differ this apple
has been highly recommended in the past I would like to ask Prof
Newman the kind of soil he reports it from
Prof Newman Canebrake prairie and I still think two stars
overrate il I dont think its quality is even good
Mr Nelson With me a shy bearer but of fair quality
Eetained as at present
Mrs BryanThe President A few years since some apples were
sent to Macon to Dr Cary as Buncombe but attracted great attention
on account of their remarkably fine appearance and quality They
were Wallace Howard The next year Mrs Bryan was brought in
with it equal if not superior and it has risen steadily in favor ever
since
Two stars ordered for mountains
MckajackProf Newman My experience is that it isnt tit to eat
A straggling grower and doesnt mature well
VicePresident Waring It is good in the mountains
Prof Newman I speak only for the middle region
VicePresident Williams My experience coincides with Prof
Newman On vote retained as at present
228GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY
29
RomaniteDr Hape I think its rating too high
Dr Cary Does President Berckmans know any difference
between Romanite and Shockley
The President They are very similar as to fruit but there is a
difference in the growth and habit of the tree There is a Northern
Romanite and a Southern one the latter being a synonym to Shock
ley The Romanite is straggling in growth and fruit larger than
Shockley but not so sweet
Maj Williams The President has described Romanite precisely
yet I dont think the words unsurpassed in quality should appear
in the catalogue Would suggest good or even excellent I
move therefore to substitute good for unsurpassed
Col Waring Should say excellent for mountain region and
strike unsurpassed Ordered changed as follows Good quality
excellent in mountain region
Simmons RedMr Thompson I would like two stars tor coast
region
The President The quality of the apple is not extraordinary but
it boars continuously having on its branches blooms immature and
ripe fruit at the same time One star was finally ordered for the
coast and two for the middle region
ShockleyCol Waring It is doing excellently in the mountains
Dr Hape My trees are loaded
Dr Cary My trees are badly affected by fungus and the fruit is
speckled I noticed this fungus also on Shockleys yesterday at
Fort Valley
Col Waring We could never do without it in our section
The President I think Dr Cary most gracefully apologized to
the Shockley last year We should not again humiliate him by
forcing another
Summer QueenMr Bachman I would like two stars for moun
tains It is an exception when it doesnt bear a full crop of fine
showv fruit It certainly deserves the name of Never Fail It
is a fine shipper and promising Ordered
Striped JuneDr Hape Kills itself in bearing Too prolific
Sweet BoughDr Hape A shy bearer
TauntonKv Thompson Strictly a winter apple in middle
region
22930
DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
Dr Have It is coming into market now in Atlanta and is
nearly ripe with me eight miles off
Mitchells CiderVice Pres Sanford I want two stars foij the
coast It has been cultivated in this region for sixty years and is a
fine apple So ordered
No new apples being announced for trial the next head was taken
up
PEACHES
AlexanderDr Hape Eots badly I have almost abandoned it
Mr Moore Precisely so with me
Col Waring We still want two stars for this peach in the moun
tains It doesnt rot with me
Prof Newman It rots badly with me
The President Have suggested the use of sulphur and have my
self adopted it this year sulphuring Alexander three times with the
best resultsno rot to amount to anything It is best to sulphur with
a bellows as soon as the fruit is well set This can be done at a cost of
fifty cents per acre It is best to go through the orchard with the
bellows from time to time as the process serves as a preventive of
fungus in the first instance and afterwards destroys it if formed I
have not only saved Alexander in this way but Hales also even
when a steady rain was pouring at the time they were gathered and
shipped The price obtained was 8 a bushel and I attribute it
entirely to the use of the sulphur One or two puffs to a tree with a
crooked nozzle bellows are sufficient I hope every member of the
Society will be induced to sulphur next year It will certainly give
satisfactory results
PeenToThe President It was a question whether or not we
should admit this peach to our catalogue as it was altogether unsuited
to the climate of Georgia but in deference to our Florida friends it
was catalogued It should be noticed that it is described as adapted
to Florida only
Mr Brown This should be sufficient to prevent its trial through
ignorance in this State It does not fruit in Georgia but the descrip
tion in the catalogue I regard as sufficiently cautionary
Mr Taber I am within twelve miles of the Georgia line at Glen
St Mary Fla and succeeded in getting a crop of PeenTo three
years out of four It does exceedingly well with me
230GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY
31
Mr Reed Have had one crop of firstclass peaches of this
variety at Waycross in three years The first year the trees were
too young the second year they bore well and this year the fruit
was destroyed by frost
NEW PEACHES
Dr Gary A friend showed me two seedlings recently one a cling
and the other a free stoneboth seedlings of Chinese cling He said
they resisted cold remarkably and he had shipped over 500 boxes of
them this year They bid fair to prove valuable Will keep an eye
on them and report next year
Dr Hape As for power to resist cold 1 have several varieties
budded on same stock of which Elberta only stood the cold this year
The President Were they all in the same stage of inflorescense
Otherwise the deduction which naturally follows your statement is
valueless
Dr Hape I cannot say did not notice particularly
Dr Cary I have always found Elberta quite sensitive to cold
Prof Newman We have kept at our station in Alabama a careful
record of some fifty varieties and have noticed that only those
which bloomed after the 20th of March were saved while those in a
more advanced stage of inflorescence having the calyx open prior
to that date lost their fruit As a rule the earlier the maturity of
the peach the later it blooms We will however continue this
record and will doubtless obtain valuable deductions in course of
time
At this point on motion adjournment was ordered to 830 a m
Aug 2nd

Thomasvillb August 2 1888
The Convention reassembled at 850 A m and the discussion of
the Catalogue was resumed Nectarines and Aprieots being passed
without remark the next head taken up was
NUTS
The President The vast importance of the nut crop to this section
seems still to be ignored though many varieties of nuts can be suc
cessfully raised by us Among the most important stand Pecan I
23132
DEPARTMENT OE AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
know a party in Louisiana who received forty cents gross per pound
for his cropsixty nuts to the poundand they retailed at one cent
per nut This man obtained five or six bushels to the tree I feel
that I must again urge our members t pay more attention to this
important industry It will prove surprisingly profitable
PEAKS
LeConteThe President I am surprised that no one says any
thing regarding the main crop of Thomas county and this section
We came here in part hoping to learn something of LeConte Can
not Mr Yarnodoe give us some points
Mr Vaenadoe My experience has been pleasant It affords us a
very fine income if we understand shipping but that is our weak
point We must know when how where and to whom to ship The
universal mistake lies in rushing into market as soon as the fruit
turns instead of holding for better prices Where we have done
this we have proved successful where we have ignored it we have
failed There are some sections of this country where our shipments
fare badly and where the dishonesty of the commission men is no
torious On the whole JSTew York city and other eastern points
prove the best markets I have this year sold the bulk of my crop
well Some sixty or seventy crates that went in the wrong direction
were of course stolen
Mr Varnadoe thou proceeded to read his last account sales from
New York showing that his LeContes brought from 550 to 800 per
bushel or from 175 to 300 per crate
Continuing he said One of the principal mistakes wo make in
cultivation is that our trees are generally too crowded They should
stand forty feet apart Eesults would then be different It is true
the quality of the LeConte is only fair but they sell well which is
of more importance I have sometimes noticed that the trees are
affected by a parasite that stings the young buds and damages them
considerably It is sometimes termed blight in this neighborhood
The yield is simply enormous I can gather forty bushels on an
average from old trees planted forty feet apart Some shipments I
made east sold at nearly double the price of Bartletts The tree
however has a tendency to break down by the weight of its fruit as
it continually overbears Older trees ripen their fruit later but
the younger trees bear larger fruit I have recently been consider
232GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY 33
ably troubled with yellow leaves and shedding of foliage Can the
l resident tell us what causes this
The President J hall ask a gentleman who is well informed on
tungi if his s not a species of fungus What do you say Prof
Newman J
Prof Newman 1 am notposted on this affection of the ZeConte
The President It is evidently fungus and Prof Taylor of Wash
ington will corroborate the assertion and name the species It is
not caused by frozen sap as has been suggested
Prof Newman Has Mr Varnadoe noticed an insect that attacks
the twigs and branches boring into the limbs and producing rot
SecKiNSEY This bug is found on Bartlett and Duchesse also
Prof Newman I have only noticed it on the ZeConte family
Keiffer etc J
The President At the Barnesville session of the Society similarly
injured twigs were exhibited and submitted to Prof Willett our
entomologist who corresponded with Prof Eiley of Washington
ad described the insect fully The twigs were not affected by
zymotic blight but by the stings of the insectan importation from
vrope I he remedy consists in burning the affected twigs to
destroy the larvae The correspondence between Profs Eiley and
Willett on the subject can be found in the proceedings of the Barnes
ville Convention
Secretary Kinsey The larvae are deposited in the twig just above
the hole the beetle makes They do not cut the limb off but it dies
gradually as described by Prof Willett in his essay
KeifferMr Varnadoe Overbears from infancy The wood is
more brittle than the LeConte and the excess of fruit causes the twi
to take a downward set giving the tree eventually the appearance of
a weepingwillow
The President Thinning is the only remedy
Mr Varnadoe Thats just where the shoe pinches it requires
courage to do this and I for one lack the necessary nerve
Chorus Me too
GarberThe President There is a plate on exhibition by Mr
Thompson of Smithville quite ripe and very showy Something
should be said about it as it is not satisfactorily rated in the cata
logue
No response
233a
34
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
Smiths HybridThe President Hasnt yet borne for me though
I have had it for years
PLUMS
Wild GooseDr Jones Has it sufficient pollen to fertilize itself
The President It is generally considered defective in this particu
lar The Blackmailis another notable instance of the Chickasaw
type with this failing My experience is with crowded trees in a
large orchard so I have had no trouble but isolated trees will not
fertilize thoroughly Other fruits sometimes fail in this respect
MariannaDr Bunch Has done well with me this year
The President Not so large as Wild Goose nor as good nor as
early but I am open to conviction if there is experience to the con
trary
Prof Newman Has any one had satisfactory results from the
use of Marianna as a stock on which to bud peaches
The President It strikes well from cuttings and therefore might
be utilized for that purpose but as it is of recent introduction a de
cision can scarcely have been reached so soon
Mr Wayman I have had satisfactory results for one
Mr Vandyke As a budding stock Marianna bears about the
same relation to peaches as quince stocks do to pears
RobinsonThe President This follows the Wild Goose it is not
so large but similar in shape and quality and lasts for three weeks
making a good succession with the former It will pay growers on
this account 1 have also fruited another plumParis Belle from
Texas The season of the Wild Goose with me extends from the last
of May to June 25th followed by Robinson which lasts to July 20th
when Paris Belle finishes the season by running three weeks longer
I regard this as a good succession Newnans is a good plum but a
slowT grower and liable to break off
Prof Newman Hughes Columbia and Missouri are later varie
ties and bear when Wild Goose and Weaver fail
The President As far as the money value of the plum crop is con
cerned mj experience has been that Wild Goose has averaged 800
in New York for ten years past this year 1000 Mr Rumph
received about the same returns The advantage of Wild Goose is
that it can be picked green or just as it is on the point of turning
234GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY
35
By the time they reach market they are highly colored and attrac
tive Robinson grows well but Newmans does not their fruit is
similar 1 would like to see Robinson starred for middle region
So ordered
Kelseys JapanMr Eeed I had an excellent crop at Waycross
last year on two trees One tree had 120 large plums While curcu
lio attacks them it is repulsed and seldom gets through the skin
This year they did not do so well
The President I have seen Mr Tabers plantation of Kelseys at
Glen St Mary Fla
I introduced the fruit myself from California in 1883 I have
fruited it three years They set their fruit in early March but this
year the heavy March freeze destroyed all but a few I carried spec
imens to Boston last year in September weighing 3 ounces This
year 1 had one ripe weighing 4 ounces about 22nd July The diffi
culty in raising them in Middle Georgia will always be their prema
ture blooming but in the LeConte section I think they will do well
The farther South we go the later it puts out I noticed this in
Florida this year Generally the further South the later all decid
uous plants seem to leaf and bloom in spring The Kelsey will not
prove reliable in North Georgia Its quality is excellent the flesh
meaty and solid its size wonderful and it dries well
Rev Mr Phelps The past season in Florida was unusually
mild and nevertheless Kelseys have failed to fruit They did not
bloom until April We have been greatly disappointed in it
Dr Hape What about size
Mr Phelps From U to If or 2 inches long but this year they
appear misshapen
NEW PLUMS
The President There are in Japan more than one Kelsey plum
many of them are merely European varieties renamed But there
are two distinct types one the Kelsey strain as Botan a red
plum Ogon like the Imperial Gage very yellow round H by If
inches ripened this year June 15 Early varieties of the Kelsey
strain will likely do well with us as they like early peaches bloom
the latest Quality of Ogon is only secondclass should call it good
while Kelsey is very good
23536
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
Again there is the Satsuma or blood plumpit small flesh firm
dark red and of fine quality It is said tobloom later Ogon could
be safely put on our list as promising well So ordered
President Berckmans resumed Cumberland a seedling from the
mountains is a good plum and should be on the list
Ordered
Mr Reed I would like more information regarding Botan I find
it does as well as Ogon and Kelsey
No response
Mr Husted With regard to Marianna 1 fruited it last year and
this but this year the fruit was smaller and inferior to the last crop
The tree is a deep rooter and stands heat well It would make fine
stock for building
Mr Snow We have lost all our Wild Goose this year from dark
brown spots What are they
The President Some kind of fungusprecisely what 1 dont
know
GRAPES
BrightonProf Newman Mildews ought not to be on the list
Dr Hape Never mildews with me It is a good grapeone of
the best we have
The President It has an additional meritit is very prolific
and with me free from rot
GatawbaMr Everett Does well at Fort Valley should have
two stars for the middle region
Dr Gary Still doing well in Troup shows no indication of rot
ting
Mr Starnes Shows no signs of rot now in Cobb should have
one star restored for mountains
Col Waring Does not do well for me in Bartow
Mr Starnes That is because your soil is limestone
Mr GtAieliard It does well in Floyd and should be given one
star for mountain region On vote so ordered but two for middle
region refused
DelawareThe President I here exhibit photographs of a Bel
aware three years old grown by Felix Corput of Floyd It shows
107 bunches and is simply magnificent
Mr Starnes An excellent grape with me and should have two
236GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY 37
stars for mountains Am surprised that it has been this long with
out them So ordered
Mr Bucher I saw recently a Delaware grafted on Warren
which the first year made a growth of some 60 feet the next year
it made an immense yieldsome 1800 or 2000 bunchesand this
year the bunches are too numerous to count
Moores EarlyMr Husted Earlier than Concord and better
Smaller bunches than either Worden or Concord but flavor good and
berry large
The President I do not like it and rate it half a grade below
Concord1
Mr Husted It is certainly a whole grade better around Griffin
The President Due entirely to difference of locality
Dr Hape The Worden is the superior of both in my opinion
NiagaraDr Hape Have fruited it two years It is promis
ing and productive a good grower of good quality and handsome
appearance but liable to rot When sacked it proves very successful
The President I did not plant Niagara for some time on account
of its being sold under restriction so have only fruited it two seas
ons But Mr Satterthwaite of Aiken S C has been very success
ful with it planting it largely and monopolizing the Augusta market
obtaining 2i times the price brought by other grapes This year
however it is a total failure and I learn Mr Satterthwaite will not
market 2000 pounds from a vineyard of many acres
Mr Reval It has proved a poor grape this year and would not
bring a higher price than other grapes Generally however it does
better
The President Aiken is a high well drained ridge noted for its
salubrity and fruitgrowing capacity therefore this failure is all the
more significant
WordenMr Husted Not so strong a grower as Concord but
quality more delicate branches more uniform and is earlier sells
readily
WarrenThe President Mr Peed has St Augustine on exhibi
tion it is supposed to be identical with Warren or Herbemont
Mr Reed St Augustine is an immense bearer and successful in
Florida which as its name indicates is its home I regard it as
identical with Warren
23738
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
Missouri RieslingMr Bucher An excellent grape I would
like to see it doublestarred for middle region Ordered
ThomasMr Starnes I see no reason why this should not be
doublestarred for the mountains as well as Scuppernong It is
equally as good a grower and as reliable a bearer while it is far
superior for wine
The President Yes and for the table as well Two stars
ordered for mountains
DuchessThe President Hardly promising has too much for
eign blood
Prof Newman The worse rotter out of 54 varieties at our sta
tion
Mr Bucher Rots badly but if bagged is preserved and retains
its flavor a long time
Dr IIape Does well for me only when sacked I suggest first
quality but liable to rot So ordered
Lady WashingtonMr Starnes Does well with me bunches
fine and showy quality good no rot a slow grower its only fault
Would like one star for mountains Ordered
TriumphMr Starnes A splendid showy grape of superior
quality bunches enormous and no rot It is growing in favor in
my section and I ask for one star for mountains
The President I endorse the Triumph in every respect it well
deserves its name
Two stars ordered for middle region and one for mountains
Peter WylieThe President If it did not rot it would be the
best white grape on the list
NEW GRAPES
Dr Hape I move that Empire State be added to our list it is
a magnificent grape in appearance and quality and very promising
Ordered
The President A choice seedling of JBstivalis originated by
Judge Joseph B Jones of Burke county has been reported to the
American Pomological Society and rated and is here now on exhi
bition This is Bertrand and equal to Delaware in every way as far
as quality is concerned and ought to be catalogued
After some discussion this was finally orderedGEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY
STRAWBERRIES
Charles DowningProf Newman Tender and undesirable
though of good flavor I move to strike from list
The President It is one of the only four I grow largely It
stands next to Wilson in point of value My soil suits it Prof
Newmans may not I should be sorry to see it left out
Retained
One of the best berries that can be
Would like to have it doubled starred
I want two stars for this berry in the
SharplessMr Starnes
grown for a local market
for the mountain region
Ordered
CrescentMr Gailliard
mountains
Ordered
ManchesterMr Bucher Does well with me in DeKalb
The President I have discarded it
QalceronDr Hape Good grower but only medium in size
Does well
Neic BerriesThe President I would like the Hoffman added
to the list I have fruited it two years It is a Charleston berry
dissimilar to Nunans which is planted to sell not eat Hoffman is
a decided improvement on Nitnans
Secretary Kinsey 1 saw Hoffman two inches in diameter on
exhibition in Savannah and I move one star for the coast
The President I would like to have one star also for the mid
dle region
Both ordered
Mr Bucher I would like Belmont rated as promising well it
is equal to Sharpless colors well and is productive
Ordered
The President I have fruited Jewell two years Last year it
bore indifferentlythis year better but it has a peculiar pinkish
color and is soft It is only suited for amateur culture
Dr Bunch I wish to know if any one has experimented with
Jessie
No replies
RASPBERRIES
CuthbertMr Gaillard Would like two stars for mountains
23940 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
Mr Buciier I also would like two stars for the middle region
Both ordered
TurnerProf Newman I think it deserves two stars for middle
region
Ordered
Golden QueenThe President II burns badly J would not
recommend it
Prof NEWMAN I consider it among the best of berriessuperior
to anything I have out of twentyeight varieties Too little atten
tion is paid to raspberries anyway by nurserymen They deserve
warmer recognition I move Golden Queenbe catalogued
The President If you can keep it from burning I agree with
you I think however your praisfe too high But for this defect it
would be very valuable
Dr Hape None of the light varieties are as good as the black or
red nor do they sell as well
Ordered catalogued as promising well
FlorenceProf Newman I would also like this yellow berry put
on list as promising
Ordered
BLACKBERRIES
Mr Buchee I move to add Early Harvest to the list
The President This matures two weeks before any of the others
is very productivesmall hut good for market Ordered
Prof Newman How can rust in blackberries be prevented
Dr Hape Did you ever try ashes Potash will prove a prevent
ive
Prof Newman have never used ashes High manuring seems
to increase rust
The President Do you really think high manuring will produce
rust
Prof Newman do I have frequently noticed it
The President What kind of fertilizer have you thought most
likely to produce rust
Prof Newman Nitrogenous manures but potash and other
alkalis will tend of course as Dr Hape says both to prevent and de
stroy it
LltGEORGI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY 41
Mr Wayman My experience is that rust may also be cheeked
by removing the affected parts
Georgia MammothMr Bucher This is a new Atlanta berry
and an excellent one Very promising
MULBERRIES
DowningDr Gary With me worthless except for shade This
is all it is good for It is a poor bearer and I move to strike
The President Oh I certainly hope not your soil cannot suit
it It generally does well Retained
StubbsMr Gailliard I want two stars for Stubbs in mountain
region Ordered
JAPAN PERSIMMONS
The President The report of last years committee contains all
le ii
fruit
the information we have been so far enabled to gather regarding this
Having finished the catalogue the regular order of business was
continued by the introduction of Dr W L Jones of Athens who
proceeded to deliver an excellent impromptu address on the
HISTORY PROGRESS AND SCOPE OF THE EXPERIMENTAL
STATION AT THE UNIVERSITY OF GEORGIA
Dr Jones stated in brief that the Georgia State Agricultural Col
lege was established sixteen years ago by means of the share of this
State in the National land fund To this it was soon found advisa
ble to append an Agricultural Experimental Station 1 his led to
another Act of Congress establishing the stations as adjuncts to the
colleges created by the Land Script Act
The scope of the station under the Act is broad and liberalnot
limited to agriculture proper but embraces horticulture fruit and
vegetable growing Therefore it is as much a horticultural as an
agricultural station and as such should be regarded with peculiar
interest by fruit growers
The General Act establishing these stations was passed in March
1887 but Georgia did not receive her quota until June 1888 The
whole of the first years appropriation of 15000 was thus left free
to be employed in buildings and equipments including apparatus of
every kind microscopic meteorological etc as well as an excellently
chosen working library
24142 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEOKGIA
The old Bock College building three stories high in the suburbs
of Athens and the University farm of sixty acres has been devoted
to this purpose The staff has not yet been filled for instance the
Botanist is still to be secured
While thus thoroughly equipped the Station yet needs the cooper
ation of the Horticultural Society by means of minute individual
reports on any topic which are cordially invited
When in full operation there will be quarterly bulletins issued from
the Station and an annual report These will be published in circu
lar form and in the papers and mailed to members of the Horticul
tural Society
It will be some time before the Station is in thorough working
order as there is no need or wish to take precipitate action and
everything will be managed so as to secure only substantial lasting
results The cooperation of the Horticultural Society is agin
urgently requested
Pres Berckmans then briefly urged the members of the Conven
tion to do their best to assist in this work of disseminating horticul
tural knowledge universally throughout the State
Mr J D Husted of Vineyard was then introduced who read an
interesting essay on
THE NEED OF BETTER VARIETIES OF FRUIT AND HOW TO
OBTAIN AND MULTIPLY THEM
It is well understood among fruit growers that of the many hundred
varieties of fruit in cultivation only a few possess all the good qualities
desired and fruit growers are now looking for other varieties better
adapted to their special wants
Quite distinct lists are needed to meet the varied purposes for which
fruit is grown for home markets and near towns and cities the greatest
excellence is desired with less regard for other qualities For culinary use
still another character of fruit is required and for distant markets still
anotherlarge size and beauty to appear attractive solidity of flesh and
firmness ot skin to endure transportation longer time in maturing to
ensure disposal hefore decay early medium and late ripening in order to
furnish a supply as long as possible endurance in Southern latitudes
resistance against changes of temperature against frosts and storms against
mildews blight rot and insectsthese are a part of the necessities of the
fruit
Then again the same varieties do not succeed in all localities and a
special list for the different latitudes and sections will be required
A broad field is here presented in which the skill and patience of the
originator may find employment for many years before the list of fruits
for cultivation will be satisfactory Although valuable new varieties have
been added to the list of fruits within the last few yearsthe ideal fruit
has not yet been produced It would be a difficult task to select a dozen
varieties from among the known sorts that would be free from objection
and both producers and scientists are seeking for new varieties to sunnlv
this common want
242GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY
43
All standard varieties and high grade seedlings have been so improved
and carried beyond the type from which they originated that there
exists in the seedlings produced from them a strong tendency to revert
back toward their primitive condition However a few varieties are
known to perpetuate their kind from seed with little variation and some
are quite persistent in thus producing nearly true from seed even when
growing in contact with other varieties
This result is supposed to be obtained from the peculiar structure of the
pollen or the stigma or pistil or all these combined in some way resisting
fertilization except by pollen from their own variety From these causes
and other agencies of operation several types of fruit have been perpetu
ated for many generations but these seedlings do not and probably never
will produce fruit of the best quality They are not uniform in their time
of ripening in appearance or in quantity and they will not endure trans
portation equally well This varied character of the fruit produced from
them is a great obstacle to their profitable cultivation These seedlings
can be slowly improved by continued selections and planting of seed from
the trees producing the finest fruit But there is a limit to the practical
application of these means either for the highest improvement or for pro
ducing fruit of a specific character for as as the fruit is by these selections
improved beyond the original type the greater will be the tendency to
reversion If the markets required fruit of only medium character then
the best seedlings would be found most profitable because they are easier
grown and are more productive but such is not the fact Neither the
producer nor the consumer will remain satisfied with any production that
comes short of the greatest excellence
For reasons apparent to the practical fruit grower other methods should
be adopted for the production of improved varieties and also a mode of
propagation that will retain the excellencies of the original fruit without
deterioration
The fruit can best be accomplished by cross fertilization This may be
effected by artificial means or from natural causes The latter plan
though not as specific as the first offers to the originator a rapid means of
obtaining new varieties This is done by growing the varieties desired to
be crossed in contact or in close proximity to each other when many of
the fruits will be fertilized by pollen from the adjoining trees Insects
and especially honey bees are active and useful agents in this work
Trees grown from seeds selected from such fruit will often produce fruit of
an intermediate character and sometimes superior to either parent When
the fixed habit of the original type is thus broken up the propagator is
in possession of the very best material for further improvement Seedlings
from these will be found to sport in different lines one or more distinct
types may appear and each may be comprised of several members perhaps
closely resembling each other and combining many of the best qualities of
the parents Now by continued selections and plantings of seeds from
one generation of fruit bearing age fo another and keeping in view the
most important qualities of the fruit desired continued improvement
may be obtained and although the ideal of the originator may not be fully
reached yet in the succeeding generations of fruits produced varieties
may be obtained possessing many and perhaps most of the good qualities
so long sought for and in advance of or superior to any known variety Now
comes the most difficult part of the problem to be solved After many
years of toil and anxiety a single tree is produced bearing almost a perfect
fruit and adapted to some particular use it almost supplies a long felt
want The tree also is symmetrical and vigorous the leaves are thick
and persistent and maintain a dark green color through the hottest weather
24344
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
and the most protracted drouth and all its excellences combined nearly
reacli the object sought Its equal may not be produced again from seed
in a lifetime The limit to further improvement has been approached
and advancement from this point must necessarily be slow Even the
seedlings will be more difficult to growand the tendency to reversion to the
original type more pronounced The matter of greatest interest now is
how can these improved fruits be multiplied in their purity Not from
seedlings for they are uncertain but hold on to whatever you have gained
by propagating from cuttings layers budding and grafting as the only
reliable methods of dissemination In order to bring out or develop to its
fullest extent the best points in any production it is imperative that con
ditions be furnished most favorable for the perfect development of all its
excellencies Turn a thoroughbred in to share with a lot of scrubs and it
cannot reacli its best estate because it lacks needed material to build upon
Reverse the order and turn a native in with thoroughbreds and it will
not equal them because it is unable to assimilate the rations furnished
The same holds true with the finest varieties of fruit placed where they
starve or their cultivation is neglected and their latent energies remain
unused and they attain only mediocrity Now give them all needful con
ditions and they at once appropriate all the elements necessary for their
full development and instead of being a puny dwarf become a lusty giant
In growing seedlings for new varieties give them every possible advant
age deepen the soil give ample fertilization a favorable location diligent
and often repeated cultivation and heir energies will be quickened their
full capacity for size and growth and quality will be developed and the
cultivator will be enabled to rejoice becauseof the progress be has made
Mr Piielps I would like to know how Mr Busted is sure he
has succeeded in obtaining any specific crossfertilization unaffected
by pollen accidentally introduced by the elements
Mr HusrED Specific success can only be verified subsequently
by results If the product resembles its parent it is evidently a suc
cessful fertilization unaffected by chance admixture
Mi Phelps It is an emperical process at best I get some
remarkable crosses where I have been most careiul in my operations
Insect life is a potent lactor in the distribution of pollen carrying it
great distances The winds too largely assist Not even by emas
culating adjacent stamens do I succeed in preventing cross fertiliza
tion by the former agency I shall consider my life far from wasted
if 1 can eventually introduce even one new fruit of sufficient merit
to prove a benefit to humanity when 1 am gone
Mr Hosted Apropos of insects I used to keep several stands of
bees and 1 found that they were indeed a wonderful agency in
cross fertilization Once from an orchard of 12110 trees 1 obtained
fifty excellent varieties by crossing
The President Your essay Mr Husted opens the door to a
vast amount of thought discussion and experiment It is what 1
244GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY
45
term the beginning of the progressive amelioration of fruits In
Florida last year Mr Phelps and I together studied the causes of
variation among the varieties in his orange groves and we found it
opened a vast field for investigation Now I wantto ask Mr Husted
what he has noticed as the immediate results of crossfertilization
Some well informed horticulturists notably Peter Henderson of
New York deny its efficacy and results I differ with them What
do you say
Mr Husted We certainly obtain an immediate result from mel
ons but with other fruit as apples and peaches I have not found
sufficient benefit accrue to warrant a pursuance of the work
The President In Rochester at a meeting of the American
Pomological Society in 1871 the difference between the varieties
exhibited as originating from one tree was so slight as to be of no
practical value
Mr Husted I could never make any practical use of my at
tempts
The President 1 have nevertheless known of instances where
the results obtained were valuablenotably in the case of strawber
ries whose size and flavor were improved by crossfertilization As
for large fruits Seveial years since I received a box of pears from
Mr A Smith of Cobb countyVicar of Winkfieldfrom one tree
containing many variations from the original type some resembling
Seckel others Bartlett etc according to the adjacent variety whose
pollen had affected the flavor of the respective samples of fruit I
have found this true also with the citrus family
Mr Phelps Yes I have myself noticed a cross fertilization be
tween lemon and orange so damaging that I was forced to remove
the varieties to a considerable distance from each other 1 wouldin
passing like to know if mildew is a fungoid growth
Mr Husted resuming previous topic In the case of the cross
fertilization of strawberries I do not know whether the size only of
crossed berries is increased by the complete fertilization of every seed
and the consequent expansion or whether the quality was changed
to correspond
The President The flavor of the fertilizing berry is undoubtedly
impressed upon the other changing its entire quality as well as size
Dr Hape Many notwithstanding deny altogether the existence
24546
DEPA KTVI EXT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
of a difference but I think that results are often dependent upon the
weather seasons insects etc in case of pistillate and staminate ber
ries in juxtaposition Mr Rogers of X 1 maintains this and J
have heard Judge Parry also ot N J substantiate his views espe
cially as regards pears
Col Redding Why should this result appear so incredible any
way J
Mr Husted For my part I do not consider it at all incredible
I have simply never obtained sufficiently valuable results to induce
me to continue the process
Col Redding By analogy an immediate effect from crossfertili
zation should clearly be inferred It is the case universally in agri
cultureespecially with com whose character is entirely changed
the tirst year There is no reason why this should not obtain with
fruits as well
Mr Thompson I have noticed it plainly evident in the case of
Keiffer and LeConte pears
The President You can see on the Exhibition tables instances
of this immediate effect in the case of LeConte
Mr Phelfs I think you will without doubt find by microscopic
examination on these LeContes the cellular structure of the Keiffer
The President This discussion tends immediately to this prac
tical suggestion If you can color LeContes you render them more
salable and this result is worth considerable experimenting
Mr Thompson That is true undoubtedly the highest colored of
my LeContes were iron that portion of the orchard adjoining the
Keiffer and this affords valuable food lor thought
Mr II W Reed of Waycross was then introduced and read an
essay on
SOUTHEAST GEORGIA ITS RELATIONS TO HORTICULTURE
Mr President and Members of the Georgia Horticultural Society
adaetCconvinf1lShnfrPeSin hnored me with invitation to
aaaress mis Convention of Georgias representative horticulturists I lies
tated in accepting what seemed to me an undertaking 1 eyem 1 m skil an 1
experience and accepted finally not with any hope of bringin before you
any thing original nor of shedding a ray of horticultural light into he
mind o any man whose life has been as most of yours a record of ton and
triumph m the field of Natures loftiest conceptions but I Sted with
the hope of more firmly identifying the horticultural terests ot Sou h
east Georgia with this grand Society that since its mpeption ha been a
246GEORGIA STATK HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY
47
guiding star a beaconlight of safety to the youthful inexperienced mari
ner on the sea of hortulan activity and with the still further desire of
acknowledging the compliment extended through me to the young men of
Wiregrass Georgia
Twenty years ago what was there of horticulture in the section I repre
sent Today what is there The contrast is written indelibly in the
minds of those snowcapped veterans who have struggled empty handed
against the tides of ignorance and indifference The New South is the
subject of many a lofty imagination and many a startling oration pictur
ingin glowingcolors the sunny skies balmy air and the wonderful wealth
of forest field and mountain We have today a New South in horti
culture particularly in that circumscribed yet ample section of our State
frequently referred to with a gentle but pardonable essence of satire as
the Wiregrass Region and this section offers to the young man especi
ally a field of study and profit unsurpassed The Old South cleared
away her magnificent wild orange groves and subordinated all other pro
ducts to the demands of King Cotton It will be argued and not with
out reason that with her limited and inaccessible markets what promise
was there hi the cultivation of any other crop as a staple But the New
South witnesses through the evolution of mechanical science a new
order of tilings Rapid fitimportation both by land and sea has made it
possible for the most sensitive fruits to be placed in distant markets in
their natural perfection and this fact coupled with the assurance of a rap
idly increasing consumption renders the subject of fruitgrowing one of
great importance to every section and individual favored by position soil
and climate and this belt of almost idle territory the emblem of which is
the simple bunch of wiregrass is daily showing to the observant its adap
tation to the development of a great fruitgrowing industry It will be the
labor of the Pomologist to develop that industry and by careful selection
adaptation and experiment to place within the reach of the fruitgrower
those varieties that are best suited to his requirements
The discovery of the LeConte pear its marvelous growth and bearing
qualities its comparative freedom from disease and insect depredations
and withal its fair quality have made it the basis and beginning of this
development The very influences which seem exerted against the intro
duction into our section of northern varieties of apples pears peaches and
plums also seem to combine in stimulating the LeConte to results unprece
dented elsewhere The question which has so frequently been the subject
of controversy between our leading horticulturists as to whether the
LeConte thrives best upon its own or foreign roots is one I think purely
of locality Both are right the LeConte as it travels northward responds
more readily to the influence of the stock which there thrives best although
I doubt if it ever attains the results that are met with in Southern Geor
gia and I know from several dollars worth of practical experience that
neither the LeConte nor the Keiffer thrive well on foreign roots in this
their natural habitat Moving southward into middle and soutii Florida
I have seen LeConte trees of large size and beyond the usual bearing age
entirely barren which shows conclusively that the LeConte zone extends
not many degrees either way from the latitude of the southern belt of coun
ties of the State of Georgia What this influence is that changes its char
acteristics with a change of latitude is beyond my depth of understanding
Leaving the Leconte which is a known factor in the calculation we must
now embark upon a sea of speculation with few charts or landmarks to
guide us respecting varieties and modes of culture and our further investi
gation may be continued under five general heads
FirstSelections of cions and stocks
24748
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
Horticultural science teaches that stocks and cions bear a reciprocal
influence but the measure of this influence must be determined in every
separate case J
The LeConte from its very vigorous healthy nature appears to possess
qualities as a slock for apples and pears not to be overlooked I have Bart
letts seven years old grafted on the LeConte that have grown every year
nearly equal to the growth of the LeConte itself while the Bartletts on
the foreign roots planted nearby at the same time scarcely grew at all
and after three years were finally rooted out I have also the Duchess
pear and Bed Astrachan apple three years old similarly grafted that have
done nearly as well The Bartletts have borne a few good pears for two
years 1 have also experimented with many other varieties for two years
some having done quite well others however dying after the first year
I learn on good authority that here are a few apples grafted on the
LeConte in Thomas county that are said to bear good crops of fin fruit
The fact that some varieties have failed however teaches us that we must
proceed with caution
1 am also experimenting with native Japan pears as a stock but as these
experiments have only been in progress one year I cannot speak in posi
tive terms I am certain the French pear and Northern apple stocks as a
rule will not suit our conditions
In peaches I have observed little difference between northern and south
ern grown peach stocks both seem to thrive except forth borer 1 am
not troubled with the root knot
For two years I have been experimenting with the Mariana plum as a
stock for Doth peaches and plums and from my experience thus far I feel
justified in announcing it worthy of extended trial and cultivation Our
peaches and plums thus far this season have made fully fifty per cent
better growth on this stock than on peach and other plums The advant
ages of the Mariana may be summed up in a few words Perfect robust
health a multitude of deep fibrous roots no suckers freedom from root
knot and borers easily worked by budding or grafting unites promptly
and firmly and keeps pace in girth with the most vigorous peach cion It
readily grows from cuttings fully per cent of mine having lived this
year s
With Japanese persimmonsour native seedling is far superior to the
native Japan for a stock there being hardly any comparison in the growth
of the two for the past season on my place When this fruit is better
understood and is grown upon native stock I look for it to become a staple
product of southern Georgia
With grapes I have known of remarkable instances of great improve
ment in the growth and production of Labrusca and Riparia upon our
southern Vulpina and Fstivalis and I see no reason why these isolated
experiments should not be extended to indefinite proportions Our iEsti
valis has as a stock for foreign grapes regenerated many of the renowned
vineyards of France by its resistance of the inroads of the Phylloxera
Vv by should it not be the source of our future viticultural success
SecondAs to the selection of native chance seedlings the proverb a
prophet is not without honor save in his own country cannot be more
fittingly applied than to the customary neglect of the valuable native seed
lings within our very doors This applies especially to peaches which
are raised by our farmers from seed of what is known as the Spanish or the
Indian Strain and many of these peaches are as fine as ever graced the
stands of b ulton market I have seen superior thinshelled Pecans native
1 ersimmons of peculiar excellencesuited well for market production all
unnamed and unknown seedlings awaiting the efforts of some enterprising
248GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY
49
nurseryman to bring their good qualities to the attention of his fellow men
These are but few of the instances i might mention where native chance
seedlings may play an important part in the general development
ThirdAn to the adaptation of alien or extraneous varieties By this
I mean such varieties as are not indigenous to our section and are either
from distant countries or from different parts of our own country This
opens a field in which we have made the greatest progress For years
Northern nursery agents have been Hooding the South with all kinds and
conditions of fruit trees and from this torrent a few have survived by a
process of natural selection and have adjusted themselves to their new
surroundings A few miles from where I live are some apple trees that
have borne for nearly thirty years tine crops of fine fruit and these trees
I learn were brought from another section The names of these varieties
were not preserved and T have not yet had an opportunity to classify
them
At Ochlochnee near here 1 once purchased some splendid peaches that
had survived in the same manner 1ml from such isolated cases of pure
accident we can expect to derive little real benefit We must pursue our
experiments on a more intelligent plan From certain classes of fruit as
the Persian strain of peaches pears and apples of Northern origin grapes
of the foreign Vinifera class we can expect practically nothing as the
experiments made with a few varieties have determined the late of
the entire class We find however in the fruits of certain portions of
Japan and the Islands of the West Pacific Ocean where the characteristics
of climate are similar to ours some which succeed admirably with us and
to these we can look confidently for a successful issue
The remarkable PeenTo introduced by Mr Berckmaus from Australia
with its numerous progenyseveral varieties of the plums of Japan and
the Japan persimmon have all been firmly established as successful for
general culture in our section Our experience with this class of fruit and
with many beautiful ornamental plants from the same source notably the
refined and unique Retinospora justifies our belief that no other country
will contribute in an equal degree to our future prosperity and suggests
practically a wide range of horticultural possibilities founded upon the
flora of the orient
FourthThe planting of seed from foreigu varieties This method has
already been touched upon in referring to the PeenTo peach which is a
production of seed sent to Mr Berckmans from Australia This is a
method of chance that offers little inducement to the propagator but which
may be resorted to with a possibility of success when his space and patience
will permit It is however almost certain that the seedlings of foreign
varieties which themselves are totally unsuited to us will hardly prove
more satisfactory Only generations of successive reproduction will modify
their characteristics and even then the result will hang in the balance of
doubt I have tested seedlings of foreign grapes with uniform failure
although I know of one case where a Malaga Grape seedling near Jesup
produced fair crops of fruit
In the order of natural progress we now arrive at the most refined of all
methods of horticultural investigation which I have included under the
fifth head viz The intelligent crossing of varieties bv artificial fertiliza
tion and the rearing of seedlings which are the results of such crosses
While this method has never been and perhaps may never be reduced to
an exact science it has been demonstrated that the pollen of one variety
has a marked though variable influence upon the fruit of another variety
fertilized by it This is the explanation of the variable form and coloring
of the fruit on certain PeenTo peach trees reported from Florida that
24050
DEPARTMKXT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
were undoubtedly planted In proximity to other varieties the artificial
fertilization being performed by the wind by bees or other influences A
correspondent from Oveido Fla also reports the marked influence of the
Blood Peach upon his neighboring PeenTos as seen in the red streaks
through the fruit of theatter This influence of the pollen extends in a
more positive manner to the seeds of the flower thus fertilized and fre
quently results in the production of a new distinct and superior variety
which is at once indigenous to the soil and climate where it is grown From
this source we may expect our most valuable additions to the flora of our
country and the advanced propagator pursuing this line of investigation
will carefully select the pollen of varieties strong in constitution and free
from disease as a stockbreeder would select a strong healthy thoroughbred
male to work up his inferior herd with a view of certain future satisfaction
and profit
I have thus in a very imperfect way drawn in faint outline the work
that lies before the horticultural tyro and have attempted to picture in
stronger detail what has been already accomplished for his guidance in
Southeast Georgia As to our success with all varieties I have not dealt
specifically as I assume that to be the work of your committee of the
whole where the experience of the greatest number will be brought out as
a more perfect substitute for the experience and observation of a single
individual Suffice it to say that I have initiated experiments not only
into tlie value of various fruits but also into the possibilities of a large
range of ornamental plantsand trees and I have no doubt from my success
thus far and from my observations of similar experiments made by others
that many of the most desirable fruitsand ornamentals of other continents
will swell the already large list of Southern flora that has made the South
famous in song and story 1 cannot conclude without adding emphasis to
a fact well known to theintelligent cuiturist regarding the great damage
done to the cause of horticulture by the too hasty and indiscriminate intro
duction and dissemination of varieties that succeed well elsewhere but are
strangers to our soil and climate Much of this is the result of ignorance
of the plainest principles of horticulture More is due to the financial
designs of a few Northern nurserymen Let our people proceed cautiously
experiment economically accepting only as final the plain results of actual
experiment and the outcome will lie success The deductions 1 have been
able to reach from my experiments thus far and from information obtained
from our most reliable sources have led in some cases to unassignable
generalities in others to convictions and in a few to knowledge but as
the years roll on I shall hope to increase materially this class of knowl
edge at the expense of the others
I cannot pass without offering a merited tribute to those selfsacrificing
leaders natures noblemen who have persistently delved into the mysteries
of her wonderful economy to bring to the worldto usso complete a
knowledge of her various ways that we can create in her marvelous labo
ratory new forms combining all the grace beauty and color of the most
beautiful flowers with the luscious nutritious properties of natures most
perfect food To Darwin Gray Johnson Lisle Downing Wilder Fuller
Berckmans and many others we owe a debt of gratitnde which we can
never repay And though we in South Georgia are only in the primary
grade of that school of nature we promise you that we will not always
remain at the foot of the ladder but will keep climbing until we can show
this Society and the world that not only our soil and climate anil geo
graphical position but also our people possess inherent qualities that will
advance us from the stage of mere posibilities and will entitle us to a place
near the highest pinnacle of successful accomplishment
250GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY 51
Dr Gary Have you noticed blight on any of your pears
Mr Reed No I have bad no instance
Dr Carv Are your Bartletts on LeConte stock doing badly
Mr Reed Yes but they are not yet sufficiently old to predicate
anything from
UrOAuv I have noted with peculiar interest the remarks of
Mr Keed m regard to the adaptation of the LeConte to certain zones
It does no do well with me in South Floridaas it there becomes an
evergreen or in Middle Georgia but between these two zones it
flourishes and is reported to do well in Connecticut
Mr Thompson True in Orange county Fla it does poorly It
fads to harden up its wood sufficiently 1 do not think LeConte will
ever be a success in extreme South Florida as a market fruitas far
south as Orlando for instance
vr1 pAHY Mj tVeeS are 8tiH further soutb and wont ear at all
Mi Phelps Tins is my experience with LeConte in Florida it
shows a disposition there to become an evergreen and bear littleor
nothing
COMMITTEE REPORTS
The Reports of the various Committees on Fruits etc were then
taken up and ordered spread on the minutes as follows
Dr II If Gary of LaGrange Chairman of the Committee on
reaches reported as follows
REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON PEACHES
To the Georgia State Horticultural Society
7KCOmmitte be leave t0 submit the following renort We fmrt
TePn nt6 Plate J peaches exhibited by John Ho user of Fort
flS htf i hSe eaChfS are marked Lemon Cling they arvery large and
W W oZsonofSmhf considerabfe defay52 DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
being of best flavor We request that Mr Thompson make report again
next year as we think them worthy of further trial
John W Parramore of Thomas county exhibits a specimen of Chinese
Clingone of four peaches on tree This peach weighs one pound size
12 inches in circumterence
Respectfully submitted
H H Caky Chairman
W E Brown
L L Vabnadoe
H F Emery
Committee
Maj A J Williams of Tobler Chairman of the Committee on
Apples Iears and Miscellaneous Fruits reported as follows
REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON APPLES PEARS AND MISCEL
LANEOUS FRUITS
To h Georgia Stah Horticultural Society
Your committee appointed to examine above named fruits make the fol
lowing report
S W Baehman has on exhibition of Apples 2 plates Horse1 plate Ham
ilton 2 plates Jackson winter plate Golden lied 1 plate unknown Crab
Of Pears 1 plate Seckel fine 2 plates Beurre Bosc 2 plates Bartlett 2
plates unknown 1 plate Baehman
P J Berckmans exhibits of Pears 1 plate Onandaga 1 plate Lawrence
1 plate Vicar of Winkfield 1 plate Duchesse 1 plate Mikado 1 plate Man
nings Elizabeth 1 plate Admiral Farragut 1 plate Henkel 1 plate Beurre
Clairgeau
Plums 1 plate Minor very good 1 plate Paris Belle 1 plate Cumberland
am 1 plate European Medlar
W W Thompson exhibits of Apples 1 plate Taunton 1 plate Shockley
1 plate Julian
Of Pears 2 plates Garber very fine 3 plates LeConte 1 plate Souvenir
du Congress 2 plates Keiffer good specimens 1 plate Seedling of Chinese
Snow 1 plate Bartlett 1 plate Margaret 1 plate Beurre Clairgeau
T S Dekle Bro exhibit fi plates LeConte pears
R B Mardre Jr has on exhibition 3 clusters of LeConte pears
L L Varnadoe Pears i plates LeConte fine 4 plates of fine Keiflers 1
plate Chinese Onince and 1 plate Pomegranates
McKennon McKennon exhibit 9 plates LeConte and 3 plates Keiffer
Pears
R P Johnson 1 plate Elgin Pippin and 1 plate unknown Apples and
of Pears 1 plate Duchesse 1 plate Vicar of Winkfield
Dr McTyre 1 basket White Figs
Dr 8 J Jones 4 plates LeConte Iears
P S Heath Bros f plates Keiffer and 8 plates Leconte Pears
W C Eason 1 plate LeConte Pears
M C Da vies 3 plates Keiffer and 1 tray White Figs
H H Sandford IS Keifler Pears on a limb 3 feet long 3 plates Keiffer
6 plates LeConte 4 plates Smiths Hybrid large and showy 1 plate
Howell 1 plate Pomegranates
F J Winn 16 plates LeConte Pears
W K Nelson Apples 1 plate Stevensons Winter 1 plateN Y Pippin
1 plate Shockley 1 plate Oconee Greening 1 plate Taunton 1 plate Yopps
252GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY
53
Favorite 1 plate Horse 1 plate Yates plate Buncombe 1 plate Fall Pip
pin 1 plate Tuscaloosa 1 plate Carters Blue 1 plate Equinetelee 1 plate
Holly 1 plate Cowan 1 plate Lanier 1 plate Ben Davis 1 plate July Queen
1 plate Oravenstein and 1 plate Faust
David Milne Pears 1 plate Leeonte 1 plate Belle Lucrative 1 plate
Howell 1 plate Bartlett 1 plate St Michael 1 plate Duchesse and 1 plate
Vicar of Winkfield
Dr L B Bronchelle 2 plates LeConte
Mrs Bronchelle 1 plate very nice and sweet sun dried LeConte Pears
Mrs L A Dreyer 1 basket containing 3 varieties Figs Brown Turkey
Black Iscbia and Wbite Marsailles all good specimens
H W Reed 3 specimens of 1 variety large Bet Apples beautiful
Lynian Phelps 3 plates everbearing Sicily Lemons 1 plate Guava not
named
Miss Maggie Williams 6 glasses beautiful
1 bottle Ketchup
Respectfully submitted
transparent Apple Jelly and
A J Williams Chairman
1 C Bucheb
William Wabdee
J Milne
Geo L Tabob
John Keller of Marsballville for J S Newman Chairman of the
Committee on drapes reported as follows
REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON GRAPES
To the Georgia State Horticultural Society
P J Berckmans of Augusta Ga exhibits the following varieties of
grapes Clinton Mary Wylie good in quality but not equal to Peter
Wylic Triumph Concord Elvira Othello bunches very straggling Nor
tons Virginia Eva Isabella Delaware Humbolt Cynthiana small for
that variety Pocklington Uhland Warden Noah Black July Diana
Martha Ives Goethe Louisiana Amber Maxatawny
D Milne of Macon exhibits the following varieties Niagara Noah
Mrs McLure Black Eagle Oatawba Agawam Diana Blue Favorite
large compact and well shouldered Delaware Warren Nortons speci
mens very fine Pauline
W K Nelson of Augusta exhibits the following Lady Pocklington
Perkins Concord Clinton Delaware Salem
Bueher and Bidwell of Decatur exhibit the following varieties Tri
umph specimen very fine Concord Prentiss affected very badly with
rot Berckmans bunches not very good best quality Delaware pro
tected by sacksthose in sacks ripening retarded berries extra large
Clinton Perkins Ives bunches fine Nortons Virginia Pearl Goethe
Black Defiance fine bunches Niagara sacked and not sacked the differ
ence all in favor of sacks Salem Brighton Senasqua Lady Washington
fine specimen Hartford Empire State fine specimen Duchess Diana
good specimen Lutie unworthy of cultivation Iona Black Eagle good
bunch Maxatawny GriersGolden Amber Mo Riesling Jefferson bunch
small Elvira Uhland Highland Perkins Ives
H W Reed of Waycross exhibits the following varieties Warren
fine specimens St Augustine synonymous with Warren Elvira specially
fine for that variety
25354
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
A P Rice of Griswoldville exhibits the Superb quality best bunches
fine
H H Sanford exhibits Concord
Prof Newman exhibits several varieties to show the difference in bag
ging and not bagging All do best when bagged excepting Delawarer
which is inclined to rot in bags
E R Anthony of Macon exhibits the following varieties Genevieve
Black Pearl Perkins Masons Seedling Mo Reisling Chasselas du Fron
tignacpurely foreign irregular in size quality best Belinda Keuka Tri
umphbunches the finest on exhibition Lindleybunches unusually well
rilled Maxatawnybunches fine berries unusually large Salem Trans
parent Jonahbunches fine and berry large Eva Delaware Challenge
Griers No 7 Ladyunusually good specimen Broctonsimilar in
appearance to Lindley Concordbunches fine and well ripened Rogers
No 2 Prentissquality best bunches small Peter Wykegood speci
men quality good Pizarro Duchess extra tine specimens Jessica
Elvira Amber Lutie a failure Cottage Niagarasuperb Crotonqual
ity best Jeffersonbunches fine Noah Hartford Naomibunches tine
quality good White Pearl Lenoir Buckhard ripens unevenly Bacchus
Elsinburgh Empire Statequality good Black Eaglebunches fine
Longbunches too compact Catawbagood specimens Black Julyfine
bunches Herman Blue Favorite Dianagood specimens MooresEarly
Warrenperfect A Seedlingbunches small quality good Griers No 4
Isabella Newton Scuppernonggood specimens Far West Porters Vir
giniafine specimens Conqueror Lady Washington Sweet Blacksmall
bunches large berry Vergennes Excelsior bunches large quality best
Eumelan Irving Crevelingquality good Barry Allens Hybrid quality
best Pauline Rices No 1 Highland bunches large vesfine speci
mens Eldorado Secretary Worden Harwoodquality best One with
out namebunches large berries extra large and black quality good
We find on exhibition a new seedling grape from Mr J1S Jones of
Herndon Ga named Bertrand bunch large berry medium loosely
arranged but not scattering seems to belong to iEstivalis type tender
juicy skin thin quality very good and promising as a table and wine
grape
Mr 1 I I lusted of Griffin exhibits bunches of Golden Chasselas grown
out doors resembling Malaga very much in appearance and quality
We are unwilling to close this subject without making special mention
of Mr Anthonys exhibit notwithstanding the bad condition in which
it arrived in consequence of being packed in large boxes His exhibit
bears evidence of skillful and careful cultivation Taken as a whole it
furnishes an object lesson to those interested in grape culture of excep
tional value We commend it to the careful study of all members who are
interested in grape culture either as amateurs or for commercial purposes
Indeed Mr Anthony has been conducting an experiment station so tar as
grape culture is concerned he has given his time and skilled labor to the
work of testing the varieties of grapes a practical report of the results of
which may be seen on his table in the hall Other grape growers can
profit by his successes and failures
Respect Cully submitted
1 S Newman Chairman
N MclNNis
John Keller
254GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY
55
Col Goo H Waring of Bartow chairman of the Committee on
Wines reported as follows
REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE OX WINES
To the Georgia State Horticultural Society
Your committee have examined the only wine on exhibition but it is
well worthy of notice It is only one year old It lias the bouquet of the
Madeira and the farewell of the Scuppernong It is more like the
Spanish wines We would advise the exhibitor to continue the manufac
ture of this wine as we predict for him a great success The exhibitor E
A Parker of Zebulon Ga assures us I hat he adds neither alcohol nor
sugar Respectfully submitted
Geo H Waring Chairman
Sam Hape
A H Hansele
a A Bunch
1 Keval
Mr GeorgeUhl of Augusta chairman of the Committee on Vege
tables reported as follows
REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON VEGETABLES
lo the Georgia State Horticultural Society
We the Committee on Vegetables beg leave to submit the following
report
We find exhibited by McKinnon McKinnon of Thomas county two
plates of fine Yam Potatoes
By O C Cleveland Thomas county two plates fine Yam Potatoes and
two very fine long Blood Beets
By R P Johnson Smithville sample of a very superior White Corn
By Dekle Brown of Thomas county one plate BullNose Pepper
By L A Varnadoe of Thomas county one plate White Velvet Okra
By L L Varnadoe one lot Bonnet Gourds
By Miss Maggie Williams two fine long Blood Beets one plate very
fine Velvet Okra
By Mrs Sophronia Mitchell of Thomas county one lot superior Sweet
Pepper
By H H Sanford Thomasville one lot extra large Cashaw six fine
Kolb Gem Melons three plates New York Egg Plants
By F J Winn of Thomas county one Saracene Muskmelon one plate
extra good New YTork Egg Plant
By a colored man M C Davis of Thomas county one plate Bullnose
Pepper
All of which is respectfully submitted
Geo Fiii Chairman
T E Blackshear
V E Lambert
L A Rumph
W W Thompson
25556
DEPARTMENT F AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
The Committee on Plants and Flowers reported as follow
REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON PLANTS AND FLOWERS
To the Georffia State Horticultural Soci
Your Committee on Plants and Flowi
1y
lS 111
leave to report as follows
Mr H H Sanford makes a very line exhibit of 68 greenhouse plants
consisting of 10 varieties of Palms varieties Crotons 3 varieties of Rex
Begonias 13 varieties Calladiums Tradescantias Fettonias Achemanes
Sarisevera Diefenbachia etc All the above plants show the effects of
good care and cultivation
Miss Mata Williamson exhibits 2 baskets of cut flowers
Miss Maggie Williams exhibits 1 specimen of the mammoth Sunflower
measuring inches in diameter
Mks E Bbown
Miss Belle R Hape
Miss N L Williams
Mks K J Redding
Robt C Bebckmans
Committee
Col R J Redding of Atlanta chairman of the Committee on
Ornamental and Useful Trees reported as follows
REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON ORNAMENTAL AND USEFUL
TREES
To the Georgia State Horticultural Society
In the range of ornamental trees much has been done by nurserymen
since your last report from this committee but this activity is noticed
principally in the discovery and introduction of different weeping trees
such as the Weeping Mulberry the Weeping Dogwood and the Weeping
Lilac all of which are beautiful in shape and succeed well in the South
The most noteworthy of the recent introductions in ornamentals are te
Japan Maples which if successful here we think will be valuable addi
tions to our list of deciduous ornamentals In Japan there are some twenty
two varieties of maples a description of which will be out of place here
They are more properly shrubs than trees as they only grow about I welve
or fourteen feet in height but this is no disadvantage for their brilliant
colors lend beauty to any landscape They like a cool place and our South
ern sun is too hot for them unless partially shaded We would advise
planting in some low moist situation where they will be shaded from the
afternoon sun
We have no novelties in useful trees to report but we have some facts
and some suggestions to present to this Convention It is a fact that the
black walnut tree makes good lumber and also that walnut lumber is
scarce and high priced now and is becoming more so every day Tl ere are
lands in Georgia adapted to the growing of the walnut and for nothing else
useful and we believe it would pay to plant these lands in black walnut
trees Poplar lumber is also scarce and becoming scarcer and we believe it
would pay to grow poplar for timber The Pauloionia Imperialis is a tree
of many good points which have heretofore been overlooked Its growth
is more rapid than that of any other timber tree growing when young
often twelve to fifteen feet in one year and in five or six years if grown in
256GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTCRA L SOCIETY
57
rich moist soil it makes a tree six to eight inches in diameter and above
thirty feet high As firewood when seasoned it is the equal of oldfield
pine making a good slow fire and the lumber is light strong and about
the texture and color of poplar it should never be cut for timber until
about twelve inches in diameter as when smaller the center is pith but
with age the trunk becomes as solid as a poplar If one has an old barren
hillside on his place we believe the Paulownia planted there although the
growth would not be rapid would still be a paying investment The lum
ber of the Paulownia would readily take the place of poplar in the manu
facture of boxes and light cabinet work
Respect lull v submitted
R J Redding
Mrs W B Brown
Geo H Miller
W D liEATIE
J D HUSTED
Committee
The Standing Committee on Xew Fruits through their chairman
L A Berckmans reported as follows
REPORT OF STANDING COMMITTEE ON NEW FRUITS
To the Georgia Slate Horticultural Society
Your committee beg to submit the following
in the line of new fruits
We find upon exhibition
PLUMS
Paris Belle a variety introduced by Dr W W Steele of Paris Texas
size and color similar to Newman quality fair heavy producer fruit
ripening through a space of six weeks not inclined to decay or sunburn
Recommended for trial Exhibited by P J Berckmans
CVAVAS
Two new varieties yellow and red Exhibited by Rev Lyman Phelps
Sanford Fla
LEMONS
Sicily Everbearing of large size and superior quality Exhibited by Rev
Xyman Phelps Sanford Fla
MISCELLANEOUS
Phisalis AlkekengiCherry tomato said to be desirable for making pies
Exhibited by Judge 1 B Jones Burke county Ga
PEACHES
Two seedlings of Chinese type Nos I and 2 No 1 white medium size
quality good cling No 2 pink mottled size above medium very showy
quality fair cling both said to be well adapted to Lee county Ga
GRAPES
Bertrand a most excellent variety bunches large compact shouldered
berry medium black flesh dissolving juicy vinous quality best Pro
duced and exhibited by Judge J B Jones Burke county Ga
Superb bunches compact large berries large very sweet skin thick
color blue black Exhibited by A F Rice Griswoldville Ga
25758 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
Belinda bunch small berry large pulpy foxy quality poor
Transparent bunch small berry medium sweet
New fruits examined during the vacation of the Society
PLUM
OgonJapan type Synonym Yellow Nagate medium lxlf inches
round with a deep suture golden yellow at full maturity flesh yellow
firm sweet of good flavor freestone quality good maturity middle of
Ju ne
of
UK APE
Early VictorFrom J Burr Leavenworth Kansas Bunches above
medium compact shouldered berry medium round blue black with
bloom flesh pulpy but dissolving juicy vinous sweet and free from foxi
ness quality very good maturity two weeks before Hartford and one
week before Moores vine healthy Labrusca type the earliest variety to
ripen so far and promises to be valuable for market
TEAR
IdahoFrom J A Evans Lewiston Idaho and said to belong to orien
tal type Large to very large irregularly shaped round skin pale yellow
or greenish yellow smooth flesh tine grained melting vinous juicy qual
ity best specimens red October 7 1887 weighs 15J ounces
L A Bebckmans
H H Sanpobd
A j Williams
J D Histed
E I Anthony
Committee
Dr II II Cary chairman of the Committee on
reported as follows
Transportation
REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON TRANSPORTATION
To the Georgia State Horticultural Society
Your committee beg leave to say that they have investigated the subject
of I ransportation as fully as the means at their disposal would admit We
nave had a full conference with the Middle Georgia Shippers Union
an incorporated company under the laws of the State of Georgia From
the officers of this company we have obtained very valuable information
they having obtained the best possible rates from the various transportation
companies We beg leave to submit the following as the result Rates by
carload from Atlanta to Cincinnati by fast freight time 36 hours 60
per carload of 25000 pounds From Atlanta to Chicagotime 2 days
about 80 per car of 26000 pounds by fast freight The sense of this com
mittee is that because of the excessive high rate charged by direct lines of
transportation to the East that shippers of fruits and vegetables be recom
mended to use the lines of transportation to Cincinnati where the compe
tition of the several express companies will enable them to reach Eastern
markets at much less exorbitant rates than those charged by direct routes
We also recommend that different societies or unions be formed through
out the state to encourage one another and cooperate together to secure
258 GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY
59
better rates of freight quicker transportation and prevent too great ship
ments at any one time to any one point
All of which is respectfully submitted
H H Caby Chairman
W E Brown
H F Emery
Committee
The reports of the various Congressional Districts were then read
and ordered spread upon the Minutes in the following order
FIRST CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT
No report
REPORT FOR SECOND CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT
ThomasviIjLE Ga August 2nd 1888
To the Slate Horticultural Society
In making this my annual report as vicePresident of the second district
I have nothing in the way of new fruits and plants Apples peaches and
plums have been almost a failure in most of this section This was owing
to a late cold snap in March
Grapes rigs and melons were a fair crop LeConte and Keiffer pears
have been much better than we could have looked for after such extreme
cold weather in March Many trees on my place were almost stripped of
their entire crop of fruit This seemed to be much worse in some places
than others Taken altogether I must say our pear crop has given us a
nice return in the way of remuneration as many of the growers will attest
The Japan persimmon was a failure owing to the cold snap before men
tioned My trees had all of their limbs killed entirely back The Giant
chestnut was badly damaged but it soon recuperated and put on the sec
ond crop and now they are blooming for the third crop that will ripen in
October Too much can not be said of the mammoth Japan chestnut
The melon crop has been bountiful though many of our planters came out
badly in their shipments from delays of transportation and excess charges
made by railroads I am satisfied our shippers have much cause to com
plain and I think this association should use every means in its power to
give as much relief in this way as possible Field crops are very good
wherever they have have good culture I am glad I can say at this time
that our people seem to have made up their minds to take hold of fruit
growing with a better understanding than at any time heretofore and I
am satisfied there will be more trees of various kinds set out this coming
fall than in any previous year since our Horticultural Society has been
organized I feel now as if new life had been infused into a once dead peo
ple on the subject of Horticulture
Respectfully submitted H H Sanford
VicePresident 2nd District
REPORT FOR THIRD CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT
To the Georgia State Horticultural Society
This has certainly been the most disastrous year on all varieties of fruits
in this District since 1876 The cold wave that visited us on March 23rd
25900
DEPARTMENT OF AtiKICU ITURKGEORGIA
almost made a total destruction of all varieties that had bloomed up to
that date At i a m the weal her was calm and fair and the thermometer
registered 27 ice 2 inch thick white frost
Peaches seem to have sustained a greater loss from this frost than any
other class of fruit as the most of the varieties were in full bloom but
some of the late blooming varieties and those planted on very high points
where there was a sufficient current of air to prevent frost escaped and
matured some fine fruit
PlumsThe crop of the Wild Goose DeCaradeuc Kelseys Japan etc
was about all killed but the few young trees of Marianna and Robinson
planted here that were old enough to hear fruited nicely
The Pear crop has been very good on the late blooming varieties but the
early bloomers bore very few Blight so far has not been as perceptible as
it was at this date last year
The Strawberry crop for the past two years has been very light indeed
and some of our growers seem to be weakening on them as a market fruit
while there are others who still have great faith in them and are arrang
ing to plant largely on such lands as can be successfully irrigated
The early varieties of Apples matured a full crop of the finest fruit we
have had for years and as a rule they sold at very remunerative prices
This being the offyear for the Shockley the supply of home grown
winter apples will not be so abundant as it was the past season
Grapes have been injured less by cold than any of the leading market
fruits and so far rot has not made its appearance to anv serious extent
Respectfully submitted Samuel H Rumph
Chairman Fruit Committee
REPORT FOR FOURTH CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT
To the Georgia State Horticultural Society
Your committee beg leave to make the following report for the Fourth
Congressional District of Georgia All the small fruits in this district were
fairly good The grape crop now ripening is fully up to an average The
apple crop is quite good though not a full crop Pears were badly injured
by the late frostsnot onefourth of a crop is being made I allude to the
ordinary variety as the LeConte is but little cultivated in this district The
same frosts that so badly injured the pear crop almost completely ruined
the peach many orchards producing no fruit others only a tvw scattering
peaches not over onetwentieth dive per cent ofacrop being made
Mr 1 H Parnell being the largest grower in the district shared the same
fate Mr Parnell however had two varieties that to a large extent
escaped the frost These were seedlings of the Chinese Cling one being a
cling the other being a clear seed both were quite showy and of tine qual
ity All of which is respectfully submitted H H Cahy
VicePresident
REPORT FOR FIFTH CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT
7b the Georgia State Horticultural Society
The fruit crop in this district as far as can be ascertained has been good
with the single exception of peaches This delicious fruit has been almost
an utter failure a few favored localities alone being the exception To the
usual spring frosts may be attributed this result and most complete has
been the work of destruction The failure of the peach crop for quite a
number of years has had the effect to greatly discourage fruit growers Let
200 GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY
61
us hope that we have reached the limit in this direction and another year
will itliess abundant yields of this luscious summer fruit
The strawberry crop was quite a large one and finer specimens are rarely
seen in any locality than were seen on the market the present season The
varieties shown were for the most purl of the old standard sorts and noth
ing new or very startling was exhibited as far as could be learned
The raspberry crop was the largest and the specimens the finest seen for
years This was true especially of the red varieties the Turner and Cuth
bert being cultivated most in this locality
Blackberries were abundant anil the season favorable tor their full
development and growth Of the cultivated varieties unusually tine
specimens were shown
The apple crop with most varieties has been very large 1 he striped
and red June Shockley Julian etc were loaded ivithfruit
Cherries have proven a failure
Pears where blight has not affected the trees are a fair crop
Grapes are exceptionally line and tree from disease and the crop just
gathering is certainly a very large one
From indications and observations based upon practical knowledge it
would seem that the outlook for fruit growers is very flattering in this dis
trict This is especially true of the small fruits of which a much larger
acreage seems to be planted than ever before Increased facilities lor ship
ping the grape have induced growers to plant largely and the hope is
entertained that this industry will prove not only satisfactory but highly
remunerative to the grower No new fruits of any special merit have been
shown to or been examined by the writer Saml HAPE
VicePresident
REPORT FOE SIXTH CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT
To the Georgia State Horticultural Society
We have had good growing seasons thisyear and as a result fruit bearing
trees and plants have made good growth and are thrifty and healthy
Apples are good as to quality and from a fair to a heavy crop except
where trees bore a full crop last year
The peach crop was almost entirely destroyed by frost there being only
a few specimens left in orchards generally with here and there in favored
localities enough for family use The same remarks apply to plums
Pear blight has been so destructive to trees that many are abandoning
the culture of this fruit The many trees of LeConte and other varieties
planted during a revival of interest in pears a few years ago have arrived
it seems at the age to be attacked by blight or it may be we are passing a
period of unusual prevalence of this disease My observations for the last
twenty years suggest to me that this disease may result from climatic influ
ences Often we have severe cold after a full flow of sap in spring killing
or diseasing the sap and sometimes we have in mid summer wet spells
causing a luxuriant flow of sap followed by several days of sweltering
warm sunshine scalding and coagulating the sap In either case sap sours
and I think blight germ is originated This question having been a per
plexing one for ages I scarcely hope for these suggestions to profit any
The melon crops are short which is owing to drouth at planting time
followed by too much rain
Kitchenvegetables have been abundant and fine
Respectfully submitted A 1 Williams
VicePres Sixth Congressional District
26162
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
REPORT FOR SEVENTH CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT
To the Members of the Horticultural Society Thomasville Qa
My report for this district for the year is not very bright The fruit cron
s been poor The peach crop is a total failure Plums bloomed welP
Mhti5EtUh y flUit Th Pear 1 i8fave noticed no
Wight rhe strawberry crop was moderate the fruit was good in some
places they fruited well and were satisfactory The apple crop promises to
gooXrrfe hir iItsvfailure 4pberries ne 8KM
on moderate Blackberries very fine but cut short LeConte
penis tailed Grapes poor The Cuthbert and Turner prove best with u
of raspberries Attached to this is Mrs Bryans report for I ok u Vlou
tarn Walker and Dade counties Ga Respectfully
Gbo II Waring
VicePresident Seventh District
REPORT FOR LOOKOUT MOUNTAIN
To the Georgia State Horticultural Society
StrawberriesA full crop
RaspberriesA full crop
Peaches onetenth of a crop
4viklitolT R1 MargaretM j
Promise of a full crop of fall and winter apples
1Vw i ery flue Bartletts now in perfection
Wild Goose PlumCrop a failure this season A full crop was set but
late freeze destroyed the young fruit P
bJMay and MoreUo CherriesOnefourth crop finer varieties killed in
VegetablesVery tine this season of every variety
Grapes have not rotted and are now ripening
Mes J W Bbyan
No report
No report
EIGHTH CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT
NINTH CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT
REPORT FOR TENTH CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT
To the Georgia State Horticultural Society
The apple crop has been a fair average and prices have been remme
nnnaCliS WAT fulliV 8ixty 1 eent lelow an average and the quality verv
poor The Alexander proved the best and bore the best fruit J Y
Kssssr f For p pp
262GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY
63
Strawberries were not up to an average either in quantity or quality but
prices ruled well and the growers found a ready market for the crop
Grapes not a full crop rotted badly The Concord proved the best
Blackberries and Raspberries were a full average The Early Wilson bore
a heavy crop of fine berries
A number of new fruits are still on trial and it may take several seasons
to fully test them
The above is respectfully submitted J P H Brown
Chairman Tenth District
PRESENTATION TO SECRETARY KINSEY
At this point Col Geo H Waring rose to a question of privilege
requesting a suspension of the regular order of business in order to
make a communication of considerable importance This was
granted whereupon Dr Saml Hape appeared bearing a handsome
silver and cutglass epergne and announcing himself as chairman
of the Committee on the Relations ol the Horticultural Society to its
Officers tendered the epergne in a neat though brief address to
Secretary Kinsey as a testimonial of the regard and esteem enter
tained for him by the Society and as a slight compensation for the
very valuable services he lias for so long gratuitously rendered
Great applause I
Mr Kinsey though taken completely by surprise yet retained
sufficient presence of mind to make a suitable response assuring the
members of the Society that even without any other visible token of
their affection and good will the hearty applause which had greeted
the presentation of their beautiful gift was to him sufficient assur
ance of their approbation His labors had been given fully and
freely to the Society for the sake of the advancementof horticultural
science and for the good of the profession of which he was an hum
ble member Nevertheless lie could but feel encouraged by this
evidence of their affectionate regard to persist in well doing and to
labor henceforth more zealously than ever for the good of their com
mon cause
After this pleasant intermission the regular business was resumed
ELECTION OF OFFICERS
On motion of Dr Cary before proceeding with the election of
VicePresidents in the several districts where their terms had
expired a recess of five minutes was taken in order to enable the
members of the different districts to consult and make nominations
263
64
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
Those districts wore the Second Fourth Sixth Eighth and Tenth
Upon reassembling VicePresident Hape took the chair Presi
dent Berckmans retiring as the election of President was first in
order
On motion of Dr Cart the Secretary was instructed to cast the
ballot of the Society for President This was done the Secretary
voting for Mr Berckmans who was thereupon declared electedand
a committee consisting of Dr Oaky Mr Etcher and Col Waking
appointed to notify Mr Berckmans of his reelection and escort him
back to his seat This he resumed amidst great applause and with
appropriate remarksfor the thirteenth consecutive time being call
ed on to serve in this capacity
The rules were again ordered suspended and the reporter was
directed to cast the ballot of the house for Secretary This was done
and Mr Kinsey reelected amidst further applause
The lollowing gentlemen were nominatedand unanimously elected
as VicePresidents from their respective districts
Col II IP Sanford from the Second
Dr II II Cary from the Fourth
Maj A 1 Williams from the Sixth
Dr W L Jones from the Eighth
Dr J P A Brown from the Tenth
AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY
The President announced that the approaching session of the
American Pomologieal Society at Sanford Florida in February next
would be one of unusual importance and interest as it would bo the
second Convention of that body ever held in the South That all
railroad and hotel rates would be reduced to a minimum and the
citizens of Sanford would royally entertain all guests having already
determined on extending to the Convention the courtesy of several
excursions to various points of interest in South Florida That the
Secretary would now or hereafter fill out blank certificates for all
members of the State Society who wished to attend and in conclu
sion he hoped the number of Delegates from this body would be
large in order to prove the deep interest our State took in horticul
ture
Dr Cary suggested that volunteers should be called on to enroll
264GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY
65
their names as delegates This was done and forty odd names en
rolled
J A Everett of Forl Valley Rudolph Oetter of Griffin and
W D Beatie of Atlanta were elected Delegates to the State Agri
cultural Society for the coming year
NEXT PLACE OF MEETING
Under this head Mr 1 1 Husted of Vineyard Spalding county
in the name and behalf o the citizens and City Council of Griffin
nominated that city offering their unstinted hospitality
This nomination was seconded by Col Geo H Waring and
unanimously passed
Dr Hape suggested that in the disposal of the fruit display in
Masury Hall the Railroads and Express Company be courteously and
substantially remembered
Mr Sanpord suggested that the contractor of the building just
approaching completion in which the display was exposed be in
cluded in this arrangement as he had taken considerable trouble to
prepare the Hall tor the exhibit
The President proposed that the entire matter be left to the indi
vidual exhibitors who could take such action as might seem best
Dr Carv offered the following resolutions of thanks
Be it resolved That the thanks of the Georgia State Horticultural Society
are hereby tendered to the citizens of Thomasville for the very elegant
hospitalities extended to us during our stay in their beautiful and progres
sive city and that such refined courtesies will be long remembered
Resolved further That our thanks are tendered to the Railroads for their
continued courtesies in giving us free transportation to and from this con
vention and to the Express Companies in giving us free transportation for
the exhibits and to the Press for reporting our proceedings
Resolved finally That our special thanks are tendered to President H
H Sanford and his colaborers the city and county officials and the pro
prietor of Masury Hall for making such complete arrangements for our
accommodation and convenience
These on motion of H N Starnes were adopted by a rising vote
and unanimously
QUESTION BOX
This was now openedthe first set of Questions signed by J C
Pye being as follows
Q 1 What is the best preventive of Borer in Peach trees
Mr Sanford Eemove the dirt and wrap newspapers around the
bole of the tree close to the ground
26566
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
Mr Thompson Use ashes in place of newspapers
Mr Starnes In Cobb we use a wash made of soft lye soap coal
tar and lime applied with a brush to the boles of the trees in March
after first removing the dirt
The President We remove the earth around the base and kill
all grubs put ashes and then hill up aiain in March
Q 2 What is the best time and age to bud
Mr Sanford As for age oe year old for peaches and plums
and two years for apples as Jor time any time from June as long
as the sap will run
Q 3 Is there any preventive for Yellows
The President We must first establish the fact that there is
such a disease as yellows in Georgia
Dr IIape Yellows undoubtedly exists as a disease or condition
It is caused by a failure of certain elements of plant foodnotably
potash and muriate of potash applied liberally on the surface
removes the condition and cures the disease
Mr Sanford For all that I will be upheld when I assert that
the grubbinghoe is the best and only remedy
Mr Husted Without question yellows exists as a disease We
had it in Michigan and I have seen it here attacking even strong
trees Specific manuring may tend to prevent but my opinion is
that the only cure is destruction
The President So the best answer to this question appears to
be The Grubbing Hoe
Q 4 What three varieties of winter apples are most salable for Middle
Georgia 1
Dr IIape Shockley Fates and Webbs Winter
Mr Husted Shockley and Yates are the best two I would
stop with them
Mr B T Moore Shockley Yates and Stephensons Winter
Q 5 Does variety of stock effect flavor of graft
Prof Newman It is impossible to say with certainty
Mr Husted Sometimes it has a marked influence I once
grafted Crawfords Early on wild plum and obtained an astringent
fruit clearly affected by the stock
The President In the case of pears quince stock heightens
color and hastens maturity but does not effect quality Pears on
Haw stock noticeably deteriorate
266GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY
Major Williams I dont think the stock has any other effect on
the graft than in making it thrifty or otherwise Have never known
it to affect flavor
Mr Sanpord Partly in this connection I would state that Dueh
ess dont do well on pear stock al all
Second Series signed by E W Rose
Q 1 What are the varieties of Scuppernong
The President There is but one variety of Scuppernong but
there are several varieties of the Muscadine type
Mr Sanford Nevertheless I have two kinds of Scuppernong
one large brown and early the other smaller lighter and later
The President That statement tends to produce confusion
Only one of them should be ranked as Scuppernong The question
properly stated should be What are the varieties of the Improved
Muscadine Type The answer to this will be found on page 63 of
last years catalogue
Q 2 Which are freest from decay
The President and Mr Sanford together None ever rot
Q 4 Will it pay to raise grapes for market
Mr Sanford That question can be better answered thirty days
hence when the returns are in
Q 4 Is there danger of overstocking the market
Secretary Kinset Never with good fruit
Q 5 How much can be relied on per acre as profit
Naturally no answer
Q 6 What distances apart should grapes be planted
President Berckmans That depends on circumstances staked
vines 8 to 10 feet square
Mr Sanford 6x8
Mr Bucher 8x10 or even further
Mr Starnes 8x8 or if land is no object 10x10 would be better
Q 7 What is the cost of production per acre
No answer
Q 8 How can curculio be kept off
Mr Husted I hardly know myself but the best plan is to keep
the decayed fruit away from the trees I would also spray
The President Any insecticide becomes effective when prop
erly applied The breeding grounds must be broken up of course
The United States government is looking into this matter through
26768
DEPARTMKNT OF AGRICULTUREGEOKUIA
Prof Riley the government entomologist but do absolutely success
ful plan has yet been recommended or adopted
Mr Husted Plum trees sprayed with London purple have been
benefitted and this is considered about the best known remedy for
curculio
Mr D B Frederick Had we not better otter a reward from our
Society to any one discovering a perfect remedy
Mr Husted That would be useless Other bodies have time and
again offered greater premiums than we could afford and the gov
ernment besides now has the matter in hand and will probe it to
the bottom This ended the Question Box
Dr Carv
PUBLICATION OF PROCEEDINGS
How about the publication of our Proceedings this
year
The President I think the arrangements made last year with
the Agricultural Department to share half the expense can be again
made this year
On motion the Publication Committee of last year Drs Cary and
Hape and Mr Bticher were reelected
Secretary Kinsey then explained that onaccountof the negligence
of the printer Mr Rumphs report on Peaches was omitted from last
years published proceedings The copy had been sent on and
returned as dead copy showing that the matter had been set up
but somehow failed to get on the forms The copy after revision
had been sent to the Commissioner of Agriculture and nothing more
was seen of the pamphlet until printed
President Berckmans confirmed this statement and went more
into detail in explanation of the accident assuring the Society that
every pains would be in future taken to prevent any recurrence of
such a mishap
Dr Hape I think it about time for the State of Georgia to take
hold of the publication of our proceedings We have risen to such
prominence that we certainly deserve it and I think we ought at
least to give the State the opportunity of doing something tor us
Michigan appropriates annually the sum of 1500 for the publication
of the proceedings of her State Horticultural Society and Minnesota
1000 I therefore move a committee of five be appointed to
memorialize the Legislature on this subject and that in accordance
268GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY
69
herewith they prepare and mail a circular to every member of the
Legislature as soon as elected
Prof Newman Previous to the adoption of the new Constitution
of Georgia the State Agricultural Society received annually 2500
which was declared unconstitutional afterwards and withdrawn The
only way by which this thing can be worked is to get an increased
appropriation from the Agricultural Department
The President I am aware of the constitutional provision pre
venting a direct appropriation of this character but there may be
hidden pathsbyways and alleysby which we can attain our goal
and Dr Hape seems well posted and familiar with them so I think
that we might effect some good by appointing this committee to study
the subject if nothing more and report at our next meeting
This suggestion was made a motion and carriedthe President
reserving his appointment
MISCELLANEOUS
Dr Hape We would do well to discuss more freely packages for
shipment We could spend our time to great advantage in this dis
cussion and much good would accrue from it
Nevertheless there were no suggestions made
The President announced that the Committee on Synonyms had
nothing to report
The Garber Pear action on which was yesterday postponed was at
this juncture again brought forward and Mr Thompson called on
for his opinion
Mr Thompson The Garberis a prolific bearer a vigorous healthy
grower and so like the Keiffer than only an expert could distinguish
between them Its quality is not remarkable Would like one star
for the coast Ordered
Prof Newman invited all members of the Society to attend the
approaching Convention of the Alabama Agricultural and Horticul
tural Society at Huntsville assuring them a warm welcome and a
trip worth taking into the great mineral region of the State
President Berckmans after thanking the Society for their patience
and courtesy during the sitting of the Convention announced the
adjournment of the Thirteenth Annual Session
P J BERCKMANS
T L Kinsey Secretary President
26970
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
CATALOGUE OF FRUITS
PLAN OF CATALOGUE
To enable the Society to publish a full and reliable catalogue of fruits
which are successfully cultivated in Georgia and in view of the vast differ
ences which the climatic influence of the several sections of our State hag
upon the same fruit cultivated upon the mountains or near the seacoast it
has been deemed advisable to divide the State into three distinct sections
1 The Upper or Mountain Region embracing that section of Georgia
between the 34th and 35th degrees of latitude N
2 The Middle Region between 32nd and 34th degrees and including the
southwestern portion of the 32nd degree
3 The Loiver or Coast Region comprising the counties of Chatham
Bryan Liberty Mclntosh Glynn and Camden
The explanations of the columns will be found under each class of fruits
The varieties named in the several lists are of recognized good quality
inferior or rejected varieties being omitted
Synonyms are given in a few instances only where it was deemed neces
sary these are placed under the adopted name in italics
One indicates that the varieties succeed well in the region named at
the head of the column Two indicate the varieties most highlv
recommended No indicates no report or that the variety is not suffi
ciently tested A Dash indicates that the variety is unsuited
APPLES
Explanation of Columns
Column 1stName of varieties
Column 2ndSeason of maturity
Column 3rdThe particular use for which it is best adapted
Columns 4 5 and 6The regions for which the varieties are recom
mended
Column 7thRemarks
Explanation of Aubkviatioxs
Column 2ndasowsS summer A autumn W winter E early
L late E S early summer L W late winter etc
Column 3rd UseK designates varieties recommended only for the
kitchen or cooking purposes D for drying C for those specially intended
for cider M those most valued for market Varieties not marked nun
be considered as table or dessert sorte
270GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY
APPLES
71
NAME
Ladv
Syns
Astrachan Red
BenDavisiftnNev York
Pippin
Buncombe Syns Meigs
Red Winter Pearmain
Red Pall Pippin
Black Warrior
Carters Blue Syn
Fitzpatrick
Carolina Greening
Green Crank Southern
Greening Green Cheese
Cannon Pearmain
Carolina Watson
Cullasaga
Chattahoochee
Disharoon
Early Harvest
Elgin Pippin
Equinetelee Syns Bache
lor Buckingham etc
EtowahSn Coopers Red
Pall Pippin
Family
Farrars Summer Syn
Robinsons Superb
Ferdinand
Grimes Golden Pippin
Gravonstein
Homony Syns Summer
Queen of KentuckySops
of Wine
Haleys Eureka
Horse
Hocketts Sweet
Horn
Julian
Jewetts Best
Kansas Queen
Kittageskee
Kentucky Red Streak Syn
Bradfords Best
Leever
Lanier
May Pippin
Mamma
i
ES
LW
M
A M
M
W
LW
s
EW
w
A
ES
A
A
Y
A
M
M
A
EW
ES
S
LW
S
LW
LW
S
s
S
L A
A
LW
A
ES
A
y
K
K
REMARKS
Profitable early market very prolific
Second quality excellent keeper
of bloom buds
Excellent In some soils liable to blight
Excellent tine keeper prolific
fine splendid
Large sugary very
grower
Excellent
Second quality tine keeper
Very large prolific profitable market
Requires strong clay soil
Excellent and fine keeper
Good quality fine grower
Universal favorite
Large and very good
to borer
Very good needs strong soil subject
Very good fi ne keeper
Large and very good pie prolific
Excellent and profitable summer ap
Very good lasts from July to October
Large good quality
Very good in mountain region State
Good in Middle and Western portion of
Excellent prolific
Late keeper lific lasts two months
Superior for cooking and drying pro
Prolific and good keeper
Good keeper open grower fruit
Productive excellent for cider showy
Very large very good stout grower
Very showy
Very prolific small very good
Pine grow er
Second quality late keeper
Showy fall apple good quality region
Very early reliable in middle or westn
Very good fine tree
27172
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
APPLES Continued
NAME
Mangum
Mavericks Sweet
Mitchells Cider
Moultries Syn ndian
Winter
Mrs Bryan
Neverfails Syn Rawles
Janet
NickajackrasSummer
our Berry Wonder etc
Nantahalee Syn Yell
Stone
Oconee Greening
Palmer or Pear Apple
Romanite
Red June Syn Carolina
Red June
Rhodes range
Simmons Red
Shockley
Santa
Summer Cheese
Summer Queen
Stevensons Winter
Striped dune Syn Early
Red MargretoftheSoth E S
Sweet Bough Syn Sweet
Harvest
Taunton
Tetofski
Webbs Winter
Whites Winter Pearmain
Wallace Howard
Wine Sap
Yates
Yopps Favorite
Yellow Transparent
REMARKS

M
M
Excellent prolific subject to moth
Very good good keeper unreliable
ix Promising well late summer
Good and late keeper
Showv and excellent
Excellent in some sections of middle
region unreliable apt to drop before
atttaining full size
soils
ery good apt to rot at core in some
Excellent
Medium pery good prolific gion
Good quality excellent in mountain re
f Early prolific very good bears very
I young profitable for market
Excellent summer fruit
Matures fruit from dune to October
Reliable in every section profitable
Verygood late keeper even on coast
Large prolific excelt forcookg dryg
Prolific and good market apple fing
Unsurpassed in quality bearing keep
Excellent
tine grower and prolific
Very good early sweet
Large showy good quality fine for
Dwarf excellent market open
Good grower
Good
Very showy and excellent
Quality very good
Small very good prolific and bears
Very good young desirable variety
Promising well for trial
LEADING VARIETIES OP APPLES FoITmTrkkT ORCHARDS
JuHanMHootyraCban Jl K HrVeSt StriPed June Horse
Autumn Buncombe Carters Blue Equinetelee Taunton
Wntkk Ren Davis Chattahoochee Greening Etowah Hocketts Sweet
Bdwarrior Ja Ki s Winter Yates S
272GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY
73
PEACHES
Explanation or Columns 1st Name of variety 2nd Classfreestone or
clingstone 3rd Color of flesh 4th Season 5th Use Remaining columns denote
the region etc
Abbreviations ClassF freestone C clingstone FleshW white Y
yellow R red SeasonE early V E very early M medium L late V
L very late Very early ripens from end of May to June 20th earlyfrom June
20th to July 5th medium from July 5th to August loth late from August 10th
to October 1st very late from October 1st to November 10th UseF for fam
ily use only M the most valuable for market 1 tile most desirable for drying
Varieties not marked may be considered good for home use
a G
CD So C
N A M E M j REMARKS
i U p 7 X r 5
2 c Q 03 t s
AexSyn Amsden V w V E M Quality very good bright color very
Amelia Syn Stro profitable
mans Carolina F w E F Very large very good
Austin C w V L Excellent October cling
Beatrice F w V E M vr Excellent below medium size tine colorrequires rich soil and thinning
Bustians October C w V L M An excellent very late cling
Baldwins Late F w V L Good late freestone
tChinese Cling C w E M X Excellent and large subject to rot
R E Lee C w E M Earlier than its parent Chinese cling
Church F w L M Very good September freestone
Columbia Syns
Indian Pace etc P Y M M I Excellent for all purposes variety
Crawfords Early F Y E M Very good and standard market
Crawfords Late P Y M Variable rots in some seasons
Darby C W V L M An excellent October cling later
Lemmings Septbr C V L Similar to Lemon clingripens month
Duff Yellow c Y E M iiHis Very large early second quality
Early Tillotson F R V E M Very desirable
Eaton Golden c Y L D Superior cling for preserving
Elberta F Y M M Very large and handsome
Fruitland P W L D Good for its season
Flewellen c R E Good early cling of Indian type
Fleitas St John variety
SynMay Beauty p Y V E M Very good early excellent market
Foster F Y V E M Earlier than Early Crawford
Grosse Mignonne F W M F Good but too tender for market
Great Eastern V W M M Very large variable in quality
Goodes October c R V L rf Very good late Indian cling
General Taylor c R V E M Very good early cling
Halos F W V E M Variable apt to rot in some localities
Honey Syn Chi able for Florida
nese Honej F W E F Very sweet blooms very early suit
Heath White Syn
White English C W L M r Excellent for preserving and market

27374
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
1 K A CHES Continued
N A M E
C
Indian Blood Cling C
LaGrange F
Late Admirable P
Lemon Cling Syn
Pineapple C
Louise Rivers F
Mountain Rose j F
Muscogee F
Newington Cling
Osceola F
Old Mixin Freestoe F
Old Mixon Cligstoe C
PeenTo C
Picquets Late P
tRivers F
Robinson
Stump the World F
Susquehanna F
SnowY
Scotts October C
Tinsleys Oct Cling
ThurberF
Tuskena C
R
W
W
Y
W
w
w
w
Y
W
w
w
Y
W
M
L
M
M
V E
M
M
M
L
M
M
V E
L
V E
M
M
M
V L
A L
M
Y E
M
M
M
Ml
F
O
REMARKS
M
Very juicy and good
Large pure white good
Very goodtoo tender for market
Superior Cling
Very goodripens 1 wk after Beatrice
Superior to Early York
Whitefleshed Columbia Good
Good freestone of Indian type
Excellent market variety
Excellent market variety
Adapted to Florida only
Best freestone of its season
Of1est quality large size too ten
der for market
Seedling of Chinese cling Worthy
of further trial
Superior market variety
Very large superior to late Crawfod
Pure white gI for preserving
Good late cling
Good late cling
Very large best quality
Lemon cling June
tScveral improved seedlings of Chinese
to decay than the original The following
of England are all inferior in quality to th
season viz Early Alfred Early Albert E
of Wales
Cling have been introduced less liable
new varieties originated by Mr Rivers
e Mountain Rose which ripens at same
irly Silver Magdala Dr Eogg Prince
LEADING MARKET VARIETIES IX ORDER OF MATURITY
Alexander Beatrice Louise Hah Early Tillotson Pleitas St John Tuskena
General raylor Mountain Rose Foster Early Crawford Chinese OMk
cos Tndi Tb lrEHl1n iV11 OTld rll1i Lemon glW M s
SaSiftiffiSiSKfiChurchl White Heath Cling k5
LEADING VARIETIES lOK SHIPPING TO NORTHERN AN WESTERN MARKETS
bSSJ5wVSST Crawford6 Kil Crawfords Ute
274GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY
75
FOR FAMILY IMC
Add to aboveEarly Rivers Hales Yellow St John Amelia Mountain Rose
General Taylor Cling Duff Cling General Lee Stonewall Jackson Chinese Cling
Thurber Lemon Cling Columbia Old Mixon Cling Picquets Osceola Baldwins
Late Heath White Lemmings September Cling Eatons Golden Bustians
October Austins Late Tinsleys October
UECTEIITES
Explanations and abbreviations same as Peaches
NAME 53 5 hi o O o 73 02 0 So C 3 o o Sb CD a 0 So c OS O Q REMARKS
Boston Downtown Early Newington Early Scarlet Early Violet p F C P P F C F F C C P Y R R R R R Y R R W R Y R W M M E E E M M M M E M M M Reports from every section
Golden Cling Hardwicke Hunts Tawny New White Red Roman Stan wick liable owing to attacks of the curculio

APRICOTS
Explanations and abbreviations same as Peaches
Breda
Early Golden
Hemskirke
Large Early
Large Red
Moorpark
Orange
Peach
Kaisha
St Ambrose
Royal
Turkey
Y
Y
R
Y R
R
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y R
Y R
Y
Trees are liable to be killed
by spring frost Only
desirable tor city gardens
or where protected by
surrounding buildings
27576
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICUL UORGIA
NAME
Large Sweet
Acid
Dwarf

REMARKS
The climate of mountain region is
too cold to grow this plant
Suitable for pot culture
InTXTTS
Pecan
Madeira or English Walnut
Cobnuts mid Filbert
Japan Chestnuts
Very prolific and desirable
Succeeds well in Middle Georgia
Pr
omising well
276georgia state horticultural society 77
eers
Explanation ov Columns1st name of variety 2nd season 3rd use 4th
stock upon which the variety succeeds beat remainder the region in which the
varieties arc recommended
AbbreviationsSeason and Use Same as those for Apples StockQ
quince S peat stock Where not marked the varieties thrive equally upon quince
or pear
NAME
n
Bartlett
Belle Lucrative
Buerre Bosc
Buerre Clairgeau
Buerre dAnjou
Buerre Die
Buerre Easter
Buerre Giffard
Buerre Langelier
Buerre Superfine
Buffum
Clapps Favorite
Doyenne dEte
Doyenne Boussock
Duehesse dAngleme
Flemish Beauty
Garher
Bowel
Keiffer
Lawrence
LouiseBonnede Jery
LeConte Syn Chise
Pear
Onondaga
Osbands Summer
Ott
Petite Marguerite
St Michael Archgel
Seekel
Stevens Gcnessee
Smiths Hybrid
Winter Nellis
M
M
M
M
S
A
S
s
s
s
ES
S
VE
S
s
S

M
W
REMARKS
Good everywhere hut subject to blight
Good for family use
Variable as to soil
Apt to lose its foliage
Yer good
Good
A late keeper
Very early poor grower
Very line in mountain region
Excellent hut rots at the core
standard only
Very good and tine color matures rapidly
Good very early but small
Slow bearer
Most profitable of all on quince
Good but liable to rot at core
Oriental type good
Very good
Productive and valuable as a late pear
Large and tine fine grower best on stand
Variable as to quality ard
table and market
Valued in South Georgia very good for
Vigorous grower good quality
Small but excellent and productive
Seedlin of Doyenne dEte and better
Fine grower good fruit
Slow bearer fruit best quality
Promising well
Best keeper
Oriental type
BEST VARIETIES FOR MARKET IN ORDER OF MATURIUY
Ox QuinceBuerre Giffard St Michael Archangel Buerre Superfine Howell
Duehesse dAngouleme Seekel Buerre dAnjou
On StandardDoyenne dEte Clapps Favorite Bartlett Belle Lucrative
LeConte Flemish Beauty Buerre Clairgeau Lawrence Keiffer Buerre Easter
and Winter Nellis
Oriental TypeDamio Mikado Garbers Mme Von Seibold Very pro
ductive and valuable for canning and evaporating
27778 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
ExPLIONOIfCoiN8lSt name of variety 2nd color 3d class whether
r4tl th eSt
Abbreviations red T yellow B blue G green P urnle
As for peaches Otaw 0 clingstone K freestone
NAME
C
Bradshaw
Goes Golden Drop
Columbia
Cumberland
Daiisn Sin Blue
Damson
Duanes Purple
DeCaradetjc
Green Gage
Harpers
I mperial Gage
Eelseys Japan
Lombard
Mogul Syn Morocco
Monroe
Marianna
Newnans
Ogon
Orleans SynSmiths
Robinson
Red Gage
Washington
Wild Goose
Yellow Gage
li
P
YR
G
R
G
P
P
I
G
i
i
REMARKS
Promising well
The curculio prevents this fruit from be
ing raised to any extent Where spe
cm eare is taken to destroy the insects
the varieties marked are recommend
ed The new varieties of the Chicka
saw type are comparatively free from
curculio and very prolific bearers
arieties in small capitals belong to
I nickasaw type
Promising
Promising well
Pr
omising well
278GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY 79
ZHTTIVE GEAPES
Explanation of Columns1st name 2nd variety 3rd season 4th use
Remaining columns for regions etc
A rmtKvi ations Color V white B blue or black R red PB pale blue
Season E early maturing from beginning to end of July M medium maturing
from end of July to Augustl5th L late maturing after middle of August VL very
late maturing after middle of September UseM market T table W wine
NAME
Type Labrusca or
Fox Orape
Brighton
Catawba
Concord
Delaware
Diana
Empire State
Hartford
ves
Maxatawney
Moores
Niagara
Perkins
Prentiss
Worden
TypeFstivalis Turn
mer Orape
Black July SnDev
ereux
Bertrand
Lenoir
R
R
B
P R
P E
W
B
B
W
B
W
II
w
B
T
Y
M W
T W
T M
Long JnCungham
Nortons Va
Warren yn Herbe
mont
Type Cordifolia
Frost Orape
Clinton
Type Riparia River
side Orape
Elvira
Missouri Riesling
Noah
lype Rotundifolia
Muscadine
Flowers
Seuppernong
Tenderpulp
Thomas
Eden
P B
B
P B
M
M
W M
T
M
M
M
T
M
T W
W
w M W
w M T W
w M W
B V L W
W L W
B L W T
P B E T W
B L T W
w
w
w
w
3
REMARKS
Very good quality good bearer
i ble to rot than formerly re
gaining its old standard
Among our best varieties
Best talil varty reliable slowgrwr
Good quality good bearer shipper
Promising
Good early variety for market
Prolific and no rot
Good variety shy hearer
An early shipper
Promises well
Good hearer no rot second quality
Suitable for amateur culture
Larger than Concord
Excellent shy bearer while young
Promising
Rots in middle region Excellent
for wine
Good but not productive
Good for wine
Apt to rot Excellent quality
Oood for red wine
Reliable in the upper middle region
Promising well
Better than Elvira for white wine
The latest of the type
Most certain bearer good wine
Pulps dissolving grape
An excellent early variety
Promising well

27980
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
NATIVE GRAPES Continued
N A M E
Hybrid Varieties
Berckmana
Duchess
Goethe Syn Rogers
No 1
Lady Washington
Lindley yn Rogers
No 9
Meriinack Sun Rog
ers No 19
Salem
Triumph
Wilder Stti Rogers
No 4
rving
Peter Wylie
O
II
w
gw
w
M
E
L
M
S
t3 a
H M T M
B
R
W
B
W
W
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
T
T
T
T
REMARKS
Vigorous better than Delaware
First quality but liable to rot
Good late
Strong
Good
One of the best of Rogers Hybrids
Good
White showy
Good and gaining in favor
Promising well
Best quality promising well
third
origin fourth
Explanation ov Columns First name second
use fifth season Remaining columns for regions etc
Abbreviations SezP pistillate all others are hermaphrodite Oriciin
E foreign A Amenean Us F family M market SeonV eaTi
N A M E
Belmont
Charles Downing
Crescent
Galceron
Hoffman
Monarch of the West
Manchester
Nunans
Sharpless
Triomphe de Gaud
Wilsons Albany
11 A
P
A M
A

E
L
V E
I
M K A I

O
REMARKS
280
Promising well
Good variable as to oils
Pistillated must he cultivated in al
ternate rows with other varieties
Promising well
Promising well
Promising well
Worthless in twiddle region valua
ble fin immediate coast
Sjze large and quality good
Very line where it does not burn
Best every report favorableGEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY
ESPBERKIES
81
NAME


0 c

bl o bC
3 o bSd as u
3 13 CO
0 Q
s 3
REMARKS
Class 1Cap Va
rieties
Gregg
Mammoth Cluster
Sehaffers
8pughegan
Class IIAmeri
can Red Varieties
Cuthbcrt or Queen
of the Market
Turner
Class 111Hybrid
of Foreign and
American Red
aniline
Golden Queen
Florence
Best of the black caps
One of the best for midseason
Late productive good shipper
Very early
Best and most reliable
Good
Good yellow productive
Promising well
Promising well
Kittatinny
Wilsons Early
Early Harvest
BLACKBEEEIES
Downings
Hicks
Stubbs
nvECTIEjIBrEIRIES


Good flavor acid moderate bearer
Inferior fruit very prolific recommended for
Large very good poultry and hogs
XjiivEoasriDS
Princess
Sultana
Hardshell
Blossoms are liable to be killed by spring frosts
Reports are unfavorable from the middle and
mountain regions
28182
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
FIGS
Explanation of Columns1st name 2nd size 3rd color 4th season
remaining columns for regions etc
AbbreviationsSizeS small L large M medium ColorW white or
yellow G green B hrown or reddish P purple or blue V violet Season
E early M middle season E and L early and late


r C
QJ 0
NAME 3 c Fl REMARKS
0
v 03
x O m w c
Angelique Syn
Earlv Lemon S w K Small good early
Brunswick Syns
MadonnaConsple L p EL iB Very large and desirahle
Black Genoa Al p M c
Black Ischia M p M Good
S V E B Small prolific and desirable
Brown Turkey M B EL c Best of all for middle region
Brown Smyrna M B M Very good and prolific
Green Ischia Syns
White Ischia
Green Italian M G ML Very good
Lemon M V M r Good
Violet Round AI W M
Nerii S W L Good
M W M Rather dry but prolific
CHEEEIES
Explanations and abbreviations same as Figs except color R red A amlx
D R dark red or nearly blaek Y yellow Y R yellow red
c C
NAME Sic Sc REMARKS
Sh o
c X X c
Belle de Choisv Al D R Al
Belle Magnifique M R Al
Blk HeartWerders L D R E
Black Tartarian L D R Al tfl Very earlv
Black Eagle L D R 3
Carnation Al R M Cherries are uncertain in middle region
Coes Transparent S A V Al except in a few localities where good
Early s Richmond AL R Al 0 crops are sometimes produced the Mor
May Duke 1 R K ello class being most desirable Trees
English Morello Al K Al should all be grown on Mahaleb stock
282GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY 83
CHERRIESContinued
NAME
G G
o O

d bC biD hr
3 K 0 aj
d D tn
u
s r 0 O Y 0 n3 z
REMARKS
Napoleon
Rockport
Roine Hortense
Governor Wood
Baumans May
Yellow Spanish
L R M 9
L A R E
L R M
L R M
L R E
L Y M j
QUI1TCES
NAM K
d rf d
o o 0

S 60 60 I

ft n
a T3 j
T3 3 O
REMARKS
Angers
Chinese
Orange or Apple
Portugal
Raes Mammoth
Pine quality preserving
Succeeds best in Southwest Georgia good for
Most generally cultivated
Large and line
Quinces need strong clay soil They are unproductive in gray land
Diospyros Kaki
It is almost impossible to give an accurate nomenclature owing to the
confusion which exists in the collections imported from Japan These col
lections seldom contain more than twelve varieties yet when the trees
bear fruit the same name is often found to apply to several distinct varie
ties or one variety has several names The best and most distinct varieties
have been included in this list and with such synonyms added thereto as
have been ascertained after several years trial and while no claim is laid
to strict accuracy the aim has been to reach this as nearly as possible
All the varieties are hardy in the middle and coast regions and occasion
ally in the mountain region
283
84
DEPARTMENT OE AGRICULTUREGEOKG I A
The fruit is usually of a bright orange red or vermillion the color being
more or less intense according to variety and begins to color when half
grown but should be allowed to hang upon the tree until just before frost
is expected or in the case of early ripening varieties when fully soft If
gathered before a frost there is a slight astringency next to the skin but
this disappears after being kept in the house for a few days or weeks If
allowed to be slightly touched by frost the flavor is much improved but
it will then not keep many days It is therefore desirable to gather the
fruit before frost if intended for keeping and then some varieties will keep
Until January or February The flesh is soft rich and sweet and with a
slight apricot flavor The fruit should be eaten with a spoon
Some varieties are apt to overbear and should have the fruit thinned so
soon as set in April
Trees are propagated mainly by grafting upon the collar of the roots and
upon the native species Seedlings vary in size shape and quality but as
the largest proportion are male plants and those which are fruitful are apt
to produce small and worthless fruit very little reliability can therefore be
placed upon seedlings so far as yielding edible fruit
AmongRound flattened deeply ribbed dark orange red 3 inches by
2 average weight 7 ounces although specimens weighing 16 ounces have
been produced very sweet and is edible while still solid maturity from
end of September to November nearly always seedless
CostataOblong and with blunt apex diameter 21 by 3J inches long
average weight 5 ounces light orange yellow keeps very late and is not
in eating condition until November or December trees upright and rapid
grower
HachiyaSynonyms Yomato Imperial etcUsually oblong and acute
apex 2J by 3 inches long perfectly globular specimens are however quite
as numerous as the former keeps very late
HyakumeSynonyms Pound DaiDaiMuru Tanenashi Seedless etc
Large globular deep orange red average 3 inches in diameter weight
8 to 16 ounces keeps late nearly always seedless
KurokumeVery large round somewhat flattened 3 by 3 inches aver
age weight 10 ounces keeps late nearly always seedless
MazelliSynonym MiyotanRound or slightly oblong slightly ribbed
orange red average weight 51 ounces very prolific and of dwarf growth
keeps late
OKameSynonyms Oblong Hyakume Mikado etcLarge 2J by 3J
inches oblong deep red nearly always seedless keeps late good grower
ZingiThe smallest of the list nearly globular average 2 inches pulp
quite dark very sweet and rich very productive matures during Octo
ber growth dwarf
KoTsuruOblong and with a very sharp apex 2 inches by 3 long very
prolific keeps late
284REPORT
OF THE
Commissioner of Agriculture
OF THE
STATE OF GEORGIA
EMBRACING THE YEARS 1887 AND 1888
J T HENDERSON COMMISSIONER
ATLANTA GEORGIA
W J Campbell State Printeb
Constitution Job Office
1888
Circular No 1121
New Series j
REPORT
To His Excellency John B Gordon Governor
Dear SirI have the honor tosubmit the following report of
the operations of the Department of Agriculture for the two years
ending September 30 1888
OFFICERS AND EMPLOYES
The following changes have been made in organization of the
Department since the date of the last report I had the honor to
make two years ago On the twentythird day of November 1886
Mr L W Livingston tendered his resignation as Inspector of
Fertilizers on account of declining health which was accepted to
take effect at the close of that month In his stead Col Walters
B Jones of the county of Troup was appointed and he entered on
his duties December 1 1886
On March 17 1887 Inspector John H Pate while travelling in
the discharge of his duty was instantly killed in the terrible rail
way accident near Blackshear on the Savannah Florida and
Western Railway Major Pate was a faithful and efficient officer
and his loss is greatly regretted by all who knew him On the 26th
of March 1887 I appointed Mr R O Pate to fill the unexpired
term of his lamented father
On October 1st 1887 Mr A F Woolley of Bartow county was
appointed Inspector vice Dr James S Lawton resigned on
November 1st 1887 Mr Randolph Ridgely of Burke county was
appointed Inspector in place of Gen M A gtovall resigned on
January 1st 1888 Mr Marcus D Irwin of the county of Rock
dale was appointed Inspector vice O T Rogers resigned
CAPTAIN AUGUSTUS R MCCUTCHEN
On the twentieth day of November 1887 this Department suf
fered an irreparable loss in the death of this mpst estimable gen
tleman and learned scientist For a little more than four years he
had uuder my appointment served the State and the country atlarge as Geologist and Mineralogist of this Department and a
Editing Clerk
It can be truly said of Captain McCutchen that no man was
more highly valued for his varied and accurate scientific attain
ments nor more esteemed for his many high qualities as shown in
all relations of life He was doubtless better iuformed in regard
to the geology and mineralogy of Georgia than any living man
and his devotion to his lifelong profession and his ardent attach
ment to his native State together with his habits of close observa
tion and patient painstaking industry especially fitted him for the
duties of the office he so worthily filled
On the first day of January 1888 Dr N A Pratt a former
chemist of this Department and well known as an agricultural and
analytical chemist of long experience and high character as well as
a practical mineralogist and mining expert having consented to
devote a small portion of his time to the work was appointed Min
eralogist of the Department at a nominal salary
Finding it desirable to have the services of a gentleman who is
familiar with the science of Entomology and prepared to give
advice and information in regard to insects beneficial or injurious
to vegetation on the 20th of June J888 I appointed Dr L B
Clifton of Macon Georgia Entomologist of the Department as I
was authorized to do under the organic law Dr Clifton serves
without pay being actuated by his love of the science and his devo
tion to the agricultural interests of the State and of the South
The organization of the Department and of the Inspectors of
Fertilizers is at present as follows
J T HendersonCommissioner
R J ReddingAssistant Commissioner
W 8 DeWolfCommissioners Clerk
N A PrattMineralogist
W B HendersonFertilizer Clerk
H C WhiteChemist
A F WoolleyInspector at Savannah
Randolph RidgelyInspector at Augusta
M D IrwinInspector at Toccoa
W B JonesInspector at Atlanta
J L AndersonInspector at Atlanta
S R MurpheyInspector at Atlanta
H H CarySuperintendent of Fisheries
L B CliftonEntomologistINSPECTION OF FERTILIZERS
Prior to the past season it has been the uniform practice to send
Inspectors outside of the State for the purpose of inspecting fertili
zers intended lor shipment into Georgia for sale The practice was
inaugurated by my predecessor in office and was continued by me
with important limitations and such precautions as were judged
to be necessary I have limited such extraterritorial inspections
to the cities of Charleston and Port Royal with one or two excep
tions in special cases at Wilmington N C This practice is not
forbidden by any provision of the inspection laws of Georgia and
was considered exceedingly convenient if not absolutely necessary
in view of the impracticability of stopping trams m transitu at
Augusta Savannah and latterly at Toccoa for the purpose of
inspecting fertilizers loaded therein and the utter Pdty
with the limited number of Inspectors at my command of follow
ing each car to its destination in the interior of the State Not
doubting in the least the legality of inspections made outside of
the State I considered them fully as reliable and protective as if
made in the State There is no solid practical reason why an
inspection made in Port Royal would not be as protective in its
results as one made in Savannah It is true however that some
purchasers of fertilizers and others looked upon such inspections
with suspicion and doubt and for this reason I was extreme y
anxious to confine the operations of the Inspectors to State limits
A the system however had continued so long without forma
objection or an adverse ruling of the courts as to its legaltv it
was impracticable to prevail on the manufacturers and the rail oad
authorities to submit to the delay and expense that would be involved
in the stopping and sidetracking for the purpose of inspection of
trains and cars oaded with fertilizers as soon as they arrived within
Finally the Supreme Court of this State in a case regularly
brought before them for review at the instance of Messrs Hammond
Hall Co of Savannah decided that the general laws of Georgia
do not authorize Georgia officials to perform their functions outside
its limits that the inspection law does not confer such authority
nor empower the Commissioner of Agriculture to authorize t by
rule or regulation and hence that such inspections were illegal
In Mtoiption of such ruling which was justified by an opinion of
the Attorney General I had already at the opening of the season
made arrangements to conform the system of inspections thereto
At a full meeting of the South Carolina manufacturers of fertilizers
who alonewere affected by the decision called by me at Charles
ton C I submitted to them a plan for inspecting their products
which I thought would be free from legal objections and at the
same time practical and effective
The plan was promptly accepted with the promise of cordial
cooperation on the part of the manufacturers It remained only
to secure the consent of the railroad authorities to permit the stop
page of all fertilizer trains at Augusta Savannah and Toccoa
Under the circumstances I met with no difficulty in securing their
cordial consent and full cooperation Under the modified system
which resulted all trains entering the State at Savannah Augusta
and roccoa loaded with lertilizers for sale in Georgia are stopped
and necessary sidetracked long enough to permit the Inspector
to go through the train take samples and supervise the application
ot tags Every fertilizer car is opened and entered by an inspector
and none s permitted to pass without inspection and the applica
tion of tags unless shipped directly to a farmer who has purchased
the fertilizer without the State or unless the car be loaded with
chemicals or ingredients for manipulation and subsequent inspec
tion and consigned to some factory within the State
Under this change in the system the labors of the Inspectors
have been considerably increased though confined mainly to the
city hunts of the three cities respectively The numbers of inspec
tions and samples have been very largely increased as will be read
ily seen 1 he plan has not worked without some friction in matters
ot detail but has probably commended itself to the approval of the
mass ot purchasers and consumers of fertilizers in Georgia The
past season there were two Inspectors constantly at Savannah one
at Augusta and one at Toccoa while the remaining three were
fully and actively employed almost day and night in inspecting fer
tilizers entering at several other points into the State neither of
which were of sufficient importance to justify the constant presence
of an Inspector and in inspecting fertilizers made at upwards of
forty domestic factories throughout the State It may well be ques
tioned whether the change in the systemthe limiting ot inspections to within State limits and the inspection in cars instead of in
bulk at the factoryhas added substantially to the degree of pro
tection that had already been attained Under the former plan of
inspecting large bulks at the factories the fact that the same goods
were liable to a subsequent special inspection within the State
in bags and often in the hands of the farmer was a substantial
guarantee of good faith and honesty on the part of manufacturers
The object of the Fertilizer Inspection Laws of this State is not
only to protect farmers and other consumers against fraud and imposi
tion but also to give them official and reliable information in regard
to the composition of the fertilizers offered for sale and their adapta
tion to the varying demands of the soils and crops The importance
of the strict enforcement of such just yet liberal requirements as ex
perience has shown to be necessary and effective in the accomplish
ment of these objects cannot be easily overestimated The use of
commercial fertilizers has become so general and their manufacture
and consumption have so far exceeded the expectations of the farm
ers of the original inspection law of 1874 and of the present Act
of 1877 that it is well to inquire whether the system which was
then adopted will merit the present demands and conditions
The tables which are hereto appended show that the total amount
of commercial fertilizers of all kinds inspected during the season
of 187475 was 48648 tons During the season of 187778 when
the present law went into effect the total amount inspected was
93 178 tons The increase has been very rapid since that time only
two seasons188182 and 18856showing an actual decrease in
the totals inpected as compared with the seasons immediately pre
ceding During the season of 188788 just closed the total amount
inspected was 208007 tons or nearly four times as great as the total
amount inspected in 187475 the first season after the organization
of the Department We may illustrate the magnitude of the pres
ent fertilizer business by the cash value of the fertilizers mspected
during the past season which amounted to little if any less than
five million dollars 5000000 Illustrated by the amount of gross
revenue collected from consumers by the imposition of the inspec
tion fee of 50 cents per ton we have one hundred and four thous
and and three 104003 dollars actually paid into the hands of
the Inspectors and a total of of ninetyseven thousand nine hun
dred and thirteen 97913 dollars actually paid into the StateTreasury an amount but little less than onethird of the annual
rental of the States magnificent railroad property
The present fertilizer law passed as we have seen in 1877 and
with no material amendment or alteration since its passage provides
tor the appointment of only one Chemist and not exceeding six
inspectors With the comparatively small volume of business at
that time and the much smaller number of distinct brands offered
For inspection it was not a difficult matter to execute the law in
accordance with the letter and spirit It was practicable not only
to personally inspect all the fertilizers offered but also to analyze
in the course of the season every sample taken by the Inspectors
In 187778 there were only three fertilizer factories in the Stat
nearly all of the fertilizers inspected coming from abroad during
the past season the number of local or domestic factories had
increased to fortythree These will annually increase in number
until in a few years there will probably be an average of one fac
tory to each of the cotton growing counties of the State The
increase in the number of factories and in the number of separate
and distinct brands each requiring a distinct inspection and analy
sis has far outstripped even the increase in the aggregate amount
of fertilizers requiring the greatesi activity on the part of the
inspectorsstill limited to the original sixto meet all the demands
upon them and most unremitting labor by the chemist until long
after the active season has closed to analyze less than one sixth ot
the samples taken by the Inspectors Moreover the demands for
inspection are frequently very urgent for immediate attention
I have thus called your attention to the rapid development of the
home manufacture of fertilizers for a double purpose Because
first It illustrates the growth of a spirit of selfreliancea depend
ence upon our own skill in the development and utilization of our
own resourceswhich must be gratifying to every citizen of the
State Twelve years ago we did not manufacture more than a
tenth o the 100000 tons of commercial fertilizers sold to our farm
ers now we make at our home factories more than half of the two
hundred thousand tons required to meet the annual demand a large
part of which is sold to adjoining States Secondly Because this
great present and prospective development calls for a correspond
ing development of our system of inspection and analysis I trust
that you may see proper to emphasize these general suggestions inyour communication to the General Assembly to the end that such
legislation may be had as may be judged necessary after careful
examination and consideration of the whole subject
In addition to the foregoing suggestions I beg to renew the
recommendations made in my biennial report for the years 18834
and repeated in my report to Gov H D McDaniel for the years
18856 on the subject of the standard analysis requred by the
present law In my judgment based on the reasons set forth in
the reports refened to greater latitude should be allowed to manu
facturers of fertilizers in formulating their goods to meet the vary
ing requirements of soils and crops This can easily be done with
out necessarily permitting the sale of lower grade goods The
requirement of the present law is that all amraoniated superphos
phates of lime shall contain not less than eight per centum of avail
able phosphoric acid and two per centum of ammonia and that all
acid phosphates or dissolved bones shall contain not less than ten
per centum of available phosphoric acid No allowance is made for
potash which is often a very important and necessary ingredient of
a fertilizer There is no reason why such a fixed relation should be
established between the percentages of the several elements of a
fertilizer
I have more than once referred to the great disproportion between
the actual cost of inspecting a ton of fertilizers and the inspection
fee of fifty cents imposed by the present law In order to arrive
at the approximate average cost of inspecting fertilizers I will
take the figures representing the volume of inspection for the past
eleven seasons or the period during which thepresent law has been
of force
The total inspection in 11 yearsIlll
The total fees collected in 11 years bam
The expenses of inspection may be stated as follows
33150
Salaries of Chemist 11 years 73 029
Salaries of Inspectors 11 years
Cost of Tags llyears 6632
Incidentals 11 years
Total actual cost 11 years1476310
Now divide 14763800 which is the total actual cost of inspec
tion for the eleven years by 1558171 the total number of tons
inspected and we have nine and onehalf cents nearly as the cost
of inspecting one ton
The expenses above given are those which are actually taken
either directly from the fees collected or paid out of the Treasury
as salaries to the chemist and Inspectors It is proper however to
consider that a large part of the time of myself and employes
and the cost of printing and distributing the circulars containing
the analyses of the fertilizers are properly chargeable to inspection
account n any jst estimate of the real cost of inspection and
analysis Adding 5000 per annum or 55000 for the eleven
years for this account we find that the total cost of inspecting a
ton of fertilizers for the period under consideration was a Httle
more than thirteen cents Taking the last season by itself and
estimating the cost of inspection on the same basis of allowance
the average cost of inspection analysis publication etc was 11 4
cents per ton It is generally conceded that the farmer pays the
inspection fees and it is pretty generally conceded that he ought
to pay them though the equity of the last proposition may well be
questioned Admitting however its propriety wherein is the
equity of the requirement that he shall pay greatly more than the
outside estimate of the actual cost of inspection During the
eleven years just considered there have actually been paid into the
ireasury on account of inspection fees the large sum of 736 863
all drawn from the pockets of the toiling farmers of Georgia It
occurs to me that these facts and figures should be presented to
your Excellency and through you to the General Assembly of the
State and to the people at large I have no hesitation in saving
that the inspection fee should either be greatly reduced or the
excess of fees over the cost of inspection should be devoted to the
development of the interests of that class of our citizens who are
thus unequally taxed I have before recommended such reduction
or the alternative suggested and now most heartily renew the same11
For ease and convenience of reference I beg to incorporate the
following tabulated information in relation to the details of the
inspection and analysis as taken from the records of my office
TOTAL NUMBER OF TONS OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS INSPECTED DURING
THE SEASONS OF 188687 AND 188788 FRACTIONS OMITTED
Inspectors and Stations
Season of
188687
Tons
O T Rogers Savannah
O T Rogers Savannah resigned Dec 31 1887
M A Stovall Augusta
M A Stovall Augusta resigned Oct 31 1887
R Ridgely Augusta appointed Nov 11888
1 H Pate Brunswick
J H Pate Brunswick killed March 16 1888
R O Pate Brunswick appointed March 261888
J W Murphey Columbus
L W Livingston Rome resigned Nov 30 1886
J S Lawton Atlanta
W B Jones Atlanta
M D Irwin Atlanta appointed Jan 1 1888
A F Woolley Toccoa
50350
37971
Season of
188788
Tons
294
19922
10475
3050
34421
9889
900
61510
27131
3027
42125
25100
28502
14418
166078 20800712
DUMBER OK INSPECTIONS MAD DURING EACH OP THE SEASONS OP 188687
AND 188788 AND THE AVERAGE AMOUNT OP EACH INSPECTION
Season of 188687 Season of 188788
Inspectors No of Inspection Average amtof each Tons No of Inspection Average amtof each Tons
O T Rogers M A Stovall 295 170 359 171 215 95 83 i 63 160
558 494 681 99 110 85 39
J W Murphey J H Pate 68 177 154 112
L W Livingston 12 145 254 68
A F Woolley 227 328 349 110 44 81


1232 134 2825 74
COMPARATIVE TRADE IN FERTILIZERS
laSffourhenseasonbsf f tonB insPected tor each of the
There were inspected during the season of 18745 48 648 tons
There were inspected during the season of 18756 55316 tons
There were inspected during the season of 18767 75824 tons
There were inspected during the season of 18778 93i78 tons
There were inspected during the season of 18789 85 049 tons
There were inspected during the season of 187980 119583 tons
There were inspected during the season of 18801 152404 tons
There were inspected during the season of 18812 125 427 tons
There were inspected during the season of 18823 125 377 tons
There were inspected during the season of 18834 151 Ufl tons
There were inspected during the season of 18845 170153 tons
1 here were inspected during the season of 18856 160705 tons
I here were inspected during the season of 18867 166 078 tons
There were inspected during the season of 18878 mfim tons
AveragetperlsreaZteen yearS1737598 tons
Average per season 124114 tons13
COMPARATIVE RECEIPTS AND EXPENDITURES FOR ELEVEN
W SEASONS
Expenses Deduct d
from Fees Re
ceived
SEASONS
18778
18789
187980
18801
18812
18823
18834
18845
18856
18867
18878
Total
31

93478
85049
1195831
1524641
125426
125377
151850
170154
160705
166078
208007
46739
42524
59791
75986
62713
62688
75915j
85072
80352
83039
104004
salaries of Cheui
ist and In
spectors drawn
from
the Treasury
436 65
434 50
459 41
600 14
778 10
881 60
315151116 35
42541836 52
I558r7lj7781823l342827l6154327
45131
40472
57210
72260
59397
60627
71534
1184
75560
78307
97913
3000 660
30001 6204
2900
3000
3000
3000
3000
3000
3000
3000
325i
oh
2 O
S5
4871
5200
6146
68 6
6400
7000
7200
7200
9393
738J595U3JlJ0jnM30632J
35531
31268
49438
64060
50251
50811
62134
70184
65361
68107
85270
13 Months
REPORTS OF THE STATE CHEMIST
ti Final Renorts of Prof H C White giving a general statement
ofe amounSeharacter of the analytical work done for the two years
are consolidated as follows
FERTILIZER ANALYSES 18g78
300 377
Regular samples 177
Special samples 18 30
Special samples for farmers 15 g
Duplicates 35
Revisions
545
Total fertilizer analysis
These were divided as follows 370
Complete fertilisers Guanos 1Q
Acid phosphates with ammonia 54
Acid phosphate with potash 80
Acid phosphate simple 31
Chemicals etc
MISCELLANEOUS ANALYSES
Artesian and mineral waters 3
Minerals ores etc 2
Other materials
413
276
4
46
69
18
11
T14
DISTRIBUTION OF SEEDS
Two years of continued experience in the distribution of seeds
and observation of the benefits of the same have served to confirm
my conviction before expressed of the great value and importance
of this feature of Department work Aside from the occasional
discovery or introduction of a valuable species of agricultural plant
before unknown the improvement in quality and the increased
yield of our ordinary crops must depend largely upon maintaining
a high standard of purity vitality and productiveness of our seeds
I he appreciation of the necessity for the best seeds of the best
varieties of agricultural plants that is manifested by so large a pro
portion of the farmers of the State is one of the most favorable
indications of improvement and progress
In my last report of two years ago inoticed the purchase and
distribution of one hundred bushels of Spanish peanuts a new
variety of a very familiar plant The first reports of results of its
ac 0n T T t0 beHeVe th3t WUld Ve a Y valuable
acqusfon I have contnued the distribution annually since the
Spring of 1886 and have now to report that my strongest hopes
have been confirmed The extreme earliness and great poductive
Zd t t rt T PeT are the Pemarkabe qHties that com
mend t to the farmer Two crops may be grown on the same land
n one season f desired the second crop being planted of seed just
harvested from the same ground J
As a fattening crop for hogs the ordinary peanut has long held a
high place on account o the ease and cheapness of production and
adaptation to the end The new variety promises to aidvery
greatly assuring a home supply of pork The new variety also
makes an excellent and very nutritious forage probably equal in
the latter quality to clover hay PnaDly equal n
My only regret in connection with the work of distributing seeds
the want of more funds for their purchase and distribution on a
more extensive scale
I am under renewed obligations to Senator Joseph E Brown for
his kindness in furnishing this Department with seeds from h
Gove nment Department for distribution to Georgia farmers
rhe following shows the kind and quantities of seeds that have
been purchased and distributed in the last two years15
LIST OF SEEDS DISTRIBUTED
SPRING OF 1887 Package
Quantity of each kind 2 500
20 bushels Kaffir Corn 9g0
4 Cuban Corn 2 200
10 Missouri Dent Corn
25 Dearings Small Seed Cotton
75 JonesImproved Cotton
25 HawkinsImproved Cotton 514
56 Spanish Peanuts jg00
75 pounds Melon Seed 2680
20 Tobacco Seed96q
30 Turnip Seed
SPRING OF 1888
2 560
20 bushels Bis Tennessee Corn o jq7n
125 Jones Improved Herlong Cotton Seed350
25 Spanish Peanuts 64
5 Kaffir Corno a72
12 American Wonder Pea3072
12 Valentine Beans 3072
47 pounds Winningstadt Cabbage320
5 Buncombe Cabbage 09
47 White Skin Onions207
47 True Georgia Collards
47 Cucumbers n72
47 Livingston Perfection TomatoJjiVlf
47 S G Curled MustardQ
94 Eclipse Beets00
94 Flat Dutch Turnips3OOQ
94 OkraVoOO
94 Large Cheese Pumpkins200
100 JonesJumbo Melon
94 Netted Nutmeg Melonm
15 Tobacco 425f
266 7Top Turnips160
50 bushels Buckwheat
74914
Total in two years
INSPECTION OF OILS
The remarkabe decrease in the last few years in the number of
accidents attributable to the use of low grade illuminating oils
must be credited largely to the legislation of 1881 which resulted
in the establishment of the present system of Oil Inspection and the
elevation of the standard from 110 degrees fire test to 120 degrees
It is comparatively rare to hear or read of an accident of this sort
simply because the standard has been raised and the inspection law
is more rigidly enforced than ever before
The Act of 1881 provides that The said Inspectors oilj shall
be appointed by the Commissioner of Agriculture one for each16
county in the State in which in his judgment the quantity of such
oils sold renders the presence of an Inspector necessary Provided
that in those counties in which Inspectors of Fertilizers are aopoint
ed they shall be exofficio Inspectors of Oils and no other Inspec
tors of Oils shall be appointed in said counties Under the Fer
tilizer Inspection Law the Commissioner is authorized to appoint
not exceeding six Inspectors of Fertilizers These six Inspectors of
Fertilzers had been uniformly located one at each of the principal
cities in the StateAtlanta Savannah Augusta Macon Bruns
wick and Columbus Under the Oil Inspection law thev became at
once exofficio Inspectors of Oils in the counties including these
cities The course of the oil trade has concentrated the business of
selling oils in these larger cities The result has been that the In
spectors of Fertilizers in the capacity of exofficio Inspectors of
Oils have inspected by far the greater part of the oils sold in the
State and received a corresponding share of the inspection fees
Havng no authority to reduce the fees for inspecting oils or power
to change the course of trade my only resource was to practically
separate the two offices by discontinuing the appointment of Inspec
tors of Fertilizers in the counties including the cities just named
ihe effect of this change has been practically to divert the business
of inspecting oils and the fees arising therefrom from the Inspect
ors of Fertilizers in the larger cities already named to the origi
nally appointed Oil Inspectors17
The following statement shows the number of gallons of oil
inspected by each of the Inspectors of Oils in the State the amount
of fees received by each and the totals for the State lor each of the
years ending respectively September 30 1887 and September 30
1888
REPORT OF OILS INSPECTED
During the Years ending September 30 1887 and Sep
tember 30 If
INSPECTION DISTRICT
Atlanta
Savannah
Augusta
Macon
Columbus
Rome
Athens
Dalton
Brunswick
Milledgeville
Thomasville
Albany
Americus
Gainesville
Totals
SEASON 1886 87
Gallons
670311
650845
220250
288850
236992
66211
84377
35800
68934
2673
300
857
105
1123
2327628
Fees
3725 60
3413 71
1229 50
1633 50
1263 69
658 46
824 69
221 75
689 34
23 50
3 00
8 50
1 00
11 00
i13707 24
SEASON 1887 88
S
Gallons
930365
552605
287500
381100
212858
54628
89610
14400
65965
9965
6000
3000
300
2608296
Fees
4857 03
3076 58
1495 00
1951 00
1113 76
545 77
895 59
98 00
659 65
98 00
60 00
30 00
3 00
14883 38
The following shows the total number of gallons of oil inspected
and fees received for each year since the present law went into
operation The law went into effect on January 1 1882
Nine months ending Sept 301882
Year ending Sept
30 1883
30 1884
30 1885
30 1886
30 1887
30 1888
Total Gallons Oil
Inspected
1039560
1695962
1762113
1767020
2103317
2327678
2608296
Total for 6 years and 9 months13303896
Total Fees
Received
6549 22
10719 02
11649 77
10576 27
12596 35
13707 24
14883 38
80691 2518
PUBLICATIONS
The usual monthly Crop Reports and Fertilizer bulletins have
been issued in about the same numbers as during the two years em
braced in my last report and it is not necessary to make a detailed
report of the number and character of each How to reach a much
greater number of the reading farmers of the State with the publi
cations of the Department has long been an interesting problem
The means at my command having due regard to the demands of
other features of Department work have not been sufficient to jus
tify the printing of more than eight to ten thousand copies of the
Monthly Crop Reports Moreover these reports have not been
issued excepting for the months from April to October inclusive
adding a Supplemental Report at the close of the year The
Fertilizer Bulletins have been limited to from three to four issues
during the active season of inspection of about ten thousand copies
each My desire has been to devise some plan by which I could
issue a monthly miblieation of fifty to one hundred thousand copies
so as to supply at least a majority of the reading farmers of Geor
gia with a copy each To this end I have secured the cooperation
of eightytwo of the weekly newspapers of the State in a plan by
which the Department will supply each of said papers monthly
with a printed twopage Supplement in sufficient number tointerfold
a copy to each county subscriber By this means the Depaitment
will be relieved of the large expense of postage heretofore incurred
in sending the Reports in pamphlet form through the mails as well
as the labor of addressing the wrappers The newspapers named
with one or two exceptions cheerfully agree to pay the small
charges on the packages of Supplements sent to them by express
No postage is required to be paid by newspaper publishers on cop
ies of their issues including Supplements sent to subscribers within
the county of publication So the only expense entailed on the
newspapers entering into this plan is the express charges on the
Supplements and the simple labor of interfolding the latter with
the regular issue of their papers I have put the plan in operation
only tentatively having printed and distributed about eighty thous
and copies of the October Crop Report in the manner indicated
The usual edition as heretofore issued in pamphlet form as I have
already stated has been from eight to ten tnousand copies and has19
never iu any instance been greater than sixteen thousand copies
The plan so far has worked satisfactorily and the newspaper pub
lishersmany of themhave warmly endorsed and approved the
scheme
My object has been not so much to reduce the amount heretofore
expended for printing as to make it go much farther by reaching a
much larger number of farmers It will doubtless become more
and more popular with the weekly papers of the State especially if
the Supplements shall be supplied for each month in the year The
possibilities of the scheme as a means of diffusing useful agricultural
knowledge and official information pertaining to fertilizers etc
among the masses are very great and I ardently trust that the
printing fund of the Department will be increased by an additional
appropriation if the benefits of the new feature shall require such
increase
FISHERIES
The report of Dr H H Gary superintendent of fisheries covers
the whole subject and is here respectfully submitted as a part of
my report I beg to call your attention to the suggestions of the
superintendent in regard to the establishment of a shad hatchery
and the importance of an appropriation by the General Assembly
for that purpose I heartily concur in tne views of Dr Cary as
prescribed in his report There is no longer any doubt of the
practicability of annually stocking our river with artificially hatched
shad fry Indeed it is only by such means that we can expect to
increase and perpetuate the supply of this universally popular fish
and thus reduce their cost to within the reach of the masses of the
people
We need only to supply the rivers of the State with a tew mil
lions of young shad fry every year and provide by law for fishways
over or around artificial obstructions to the passage of milters and
spawners to the headwaters of the rivers to insure an abundant
supply of shad
I beg also to call your attention to the suggestions contained in
Dr Garys report in regard to the importance of developing the
oyster fisheries of the State There appears no sufficient reason
why Georgia and other southern States should not make an effort
to develop this natural food resource20
REPORT OF THE SUPERINTENDENT OF FISHERIES
State of Georgia
Department of Agriculture
Office of Superintendent of Fisheries

LaGrange Ga October 20 1888
Hon J T Henderson Commissioner of Agriculture
I herewith submit my 5th Biennial Report covering the time since my
last report dated October 16th 1886 The same regret is now as then ex
pressed that the very limited appropriation at the disposal of the depart
ment has limited and embarrassed this important work
Still it is believed that the best possible use of these limited means lias
steadily advanced the work of the Fish Commission and that fish culture
now is no longer regarded as an experiment but a safe means of cheapen
ing and increasing the food supply The work of the last few years has
demonstrated these facts
ShadThe success attending the artificial propagation of shad during
the last decade has been simply remarkable Ten years ago no sbad were
found in any river in this State except those emptying into the Atlantic
ocean but by the artificial methods resorted to they are now found in all
the rivers emptying into the Gulf of Mexico as well as those emptying into
the Atlantic It has been mentioned in former reports that shad were not
found in rivers emptying into the Gulf until artificially planted During
the month of August 1887 Col M McDonald visited Georgia with a view
of establishing a central hatching establishment for the purpose of hatch
ing shad eggs Col McDonald now United States Commissioner of Fish
and Fisheries was then chief of the distribution of the United States Fish
Commission After a careful survey of the country Atlanta was selected
as the site for the hatchery for the purpose of distribution to the differ
ent points in the Southern States as the fact was well established that
the eggs for certain distances could be more successfully transported than
the young fry
On the 5th day of May 1888 Mr J F Ellis of the United States Fish
Commission arrived at Atlanta in charge of one of the cars of the Com
mission bringing a large quantity of shad eggs for hatching He also had
several thousand shad fry just hatched The process of hatching the eggs
was at once commenced using the socalled Artesian water It was soon
found that the vitality of the eggs was being destroyed Artesian water
was then used as a change of water on the young fry previously hatched
and they were all killed proving that this water when fresh from the well
will not answer the purpose It is believed that the sulphuretted hydrogen
gas contained in the water was the destructive agent While this was go
ing on Mr C F Page also of the United States Fish Commission passed
through Atlanta on his way to Washington Learning what was transpir
ing he secured a jar of the Artesian water and carried it to Washington
where young shad were introduced into it without apparent evil conse
quences Col McDonald then directed Mr Page to return to Atlanta with
his car with another lot of eggs and repeat the trial bringing the jar of21
Artesian water with the young fish in it they arriving in good condition
Mr Page at once commenced the process of hatching using the Artesian
water but his practiced eye soon saw the process was not proceeding fa
vorably and anticipating the same result as in the other trial he changed
from Artesian to river water As a result one million shad eggs were
hatched and safely planted in the Chattahoochee River At the time that
the hatching of these eggs was completed an alarm ot fire was sounded and
the fire pressure was put on the water The hatching jars could not stand
this increased pressure and were promptly disconnected When a recon
nection was made in a few minutes Mr Page at once declared that an in
creased quantity of alum was being used The result was that the balance
of the eggs were destroyed Quite a quantity of the fry was still in some
jars in the car and upon placing several hundred of them in fresh drawn
Artesian water they were killed in a short time The obvious inference
from the above is 1 that the Artesian water of Atlanta when fresh
from the well will destroy shad eggs but if time be allowed for the sul
phuretted hydrogen gas to escape the water would answer the purpose of
hatching and 2 that the minimum quantity of alum used in the filtering
of the city water would also be harmless It may be here remarked that
of all fish eggs shad eggs are the most easily devitalized by unfavorable
conditions The great importance of these experiments is my excuse for
giving them so much in detail
During the last two years by the aid of the United States Fish Commis
sion we have been able to plant many millions of shad fry in the rivers of
Georgia and there is now no difficulty in getting abundance of milters and
spawners for the purpose of artificial propagation And as the artificial
propagation of shad is no longer an experiment the Legislature is res
pectfully asked to make an appropriation sufficient to establish a hatchery
on a large scale at some point in the State We should annually plant
twenty million of shad fry in the waters of Georgia and at an expense of
onefourth of one cent to each inhabitant this can be done and it
needs no argument to show that it would be the best possible investment to
cheapen the food supply to the people of Georgia
German CarpAn increased interest has been felt in the cultivation
of this fish since my last report A large number of ponds had been
established in the State previous to November 1887 During that month
a large shipment was sent to Georgia to be planted in the open waters of
the State under the direction of the Governor and the State Fish Commission
His Excellency the Governor kindly delegated the selection of the waters to
be stocked and the details of the work to the Fish Commission of the
State Mr J F Ellis of the United States Fish Commission was the
manager in charge of the fish car sent to Atlanta for the work It was
decided to run three lines across the State striking as many rivers as
possible in these places One line was run from Augusta to Chattanooga
a second from Savannah to Columbus and a third from Savannah to
Chattahoochee and a branch from the first line from Atlanta to West
Point so that the Savannah and Chattahoochee Eivers both under the
jurisdiction of the State of Georgia as well as every river in the State22
might receive its quota From fifteen to eighteen thousand of these
young carp were thus planted In making these plants it became necessary
for me to visit a large part of the State and it was found that carp were
already in most of the streams Many of the badly constructed dams had
given way and the carp had escaped out of the 5000 ponds scattered all
over the State It was found that carp were being caught with hook and
line of all sizes from a fryling up to sixteen pounds and the universal
testimony seemed to be that these wild carp were of excellent table
qualities One gentleman in this county reported to me that in a hole
baited for suckers in one of our adjacent streams he had caught with
hook and line during the winter one hundred pounds of carp It is
believed that they are adapted for the open waters of the State and their
great fecundity and rapid growth will certainly make them very desirable
Numerous applications are on file in my office for young carp for stocking
fish ponds and as complete drainage is indispensable for the successful
culture of this fish in ponds I will take this occasion to again call attention
to a drainage apparatus devised by myself and now used in my ponds as
well as in many others in this and other States The great importance of
the subject induces me to introduce the cut and description as heretofore
published
The wood cut represents this simple apparatus that is recommended a
is a wooden box running crosswise through the dam from the lowest point
m tiie kettle so that it will insure the complete emptving of the pond
made of heart pine plank being twelve inches wide and two thick
securely nailed together The upright part 6 is of the same material and
size and joins it at right angles and of sufficient length to extend some
distance above the water line This is made secure to the horizontal
portion and it will be a great advantage to give the whole a dressing of
coal tar The side of the upright next to the end is left open and narrow23
strips are nailed to the uprights on the inside to constitute grooves for the
gate pieces c e c c d is a strainer of wire secured in a frame of the same
Le as the gate pieces c When it is desired to empty the pond remove
the highest gate piece c and substitute the strainer d When the water
line is lowered to the next gate piece remove it and substitute the strainer
for it as in the first instance and so on until the water is drawn down nearly
to the collector then the mud can be removed from the collector the fish
dispersing while this is being done The water can then be drawn oft until
the fish are drawn into the collector or kettle when they can be readily
removed with the dip net when the last gate piece can be taken out and
the kettle completely emptied The only defect is in making the gates
tiht If the water supply is abundant this is of no consequence as the
leakage would not allow the small fish to pass out and still might constitute
a part of the overflow But if the water supply is limited this might
lower the pond at a time when you could not afford to lose any water
Fortunately this defect can be easily remedied Prepare a plank of the
size of the opening of the box a let it be green lumber so that it will not
swell to prevent its being withdrawn pass this down along the side of the
uright 6 so it will include the opening in a then b can be filled with
sawdust for a foot or two and a little dirt if necessary which will entirely
stop the leakage a4
It is hoped that the United States Fish Commission will furnish the State
with sufficient young fry to supply all applicants
Oystbk CuiTUREIn my last report this subject was alluded to and I
beg to reproduce a paragraph from it
I am not aware that any attention has been paid to the cultivation of
oysters in this State but the possibilities of oyster culture along our coast
are enormous The numerous estuaries and protected channels would
Vield if put under culture immense revenues The State should at once
take some action on the matter I suggest that a shell fish commission be
established which might be done by enlarging the powers of the present
Fish Commission or by the establishment oi a separate Commission bav
ins jurisdiction over the matter
I desire to particularly emphasize this subject as since the above para
graph was written considerable attention has been devoted to oyster cul
ture The plan adopted by some of the northern States that have made
oyster culture a success is something like the following
A survey is made by the authorities of the State plats are staked oft
and privileges sold to applicants very much like the lands of the public
domain and protection rendered to the purchasers This would yield a
large revenue to the State and build up a very profitable industry
California SALMONSome years ago as stated in my last report
160 000 small fry were planted in the headwaters of the Savannah River
At the time of this planting doubts were entertained of its success as this
fish spawns in the fall at which time the waters of the rivers as they
enter the gulf or ocean are too warm to invite this fish to enter After
careful inquiry I find that none of these fish have returned to the Savan24
nah River Nearly all the Atlantic States have made the same trial and
as the reports of the different Commissions show with poor success except
in the extreme northern States
Fish Ways As has been stated in this report shad have been intro
duced into all the rivers of the State and since many of the rivers have
obstructions in the way of damsprecluding the possibility of the fish
returning to their spawning groundsthe attention of the Legislature is
respectfully called to this important subject Fish ways can be constructed
over and around dams which will afford very efficient means for the pas
sage of fish over these obstructions
I beg leave to state that I have been under great obligations to the
lamented Spencer F Baird late of the United States Fish Commission
also to his efficient successor Col M McDonald and to the railroads of
this and some of the adjoining States for their favors to the Fish Commis
sion of Georgia and to the press for many courtesies
Thanking you for courtesies extended in connection with official duties
by yourself and the gentlemen in your office I am very respectfully
H H CARY
Superintendent
List of Fish Commissioners and officers revised and corrected as
taken from the Forest and Stream up to October 15th 1888 with the
annual appropriations made in each State and the time of establishing the
Commissions 8
The United States
Col Marshall McDonald Washington D C
Capt J W Collins Assistant in charge of Fish Division
Pichard Rathborn Assistant in charge of Scientific Inquiry
Alabama
ol D R Hundley Madison
Hon Charles S G Doster Prattville
Commissioners first appointed 1881
Arizona
J J Gosper Prescott
Richard Rule Tombstone
fH Taggart Business Manager Yuma
ilWoU ommissioner first appointed April 1881
Arkansas
It H Rottaken President Little Rock
J W alloway Little Hock
W B Worthen Little Rock
Commissioners first appointed January 25 1870
California
Joseph Routier President Sacramento
J Dowme Harvey Los Angeles
5000Commissioners first appointed April 25 1870
Dominion ok Canada
Prov1 x wTty Ministerf fisheries Ottawa Ont
i ROMNCE of a ew Brunswick
W H Yenning Inspector of Fisheries St John25
Province op Nova Scotia
W H Rogers Inspector Amherst
A C Bertram Assistant Inspector North Sydney
Province op Prince Edward Island
J H Duvar Inspector Alberton
Province of Quebec
W Wakeham Inspector Lower St Lawrence and Gull Division
Gaspe Basin
Province of British Columbia
Thomas Mowat Inspector New Westminster
Province of Manitoba and North West Territories
Alexander McQueen Inspector Winnipeg Man
S Wilmot Supt of Fishculture New Castle Ont
Colorado
G F Whitehead Denver
3250Commissioner first appointed February 7 1887
Connecticut
Wm M Hudson Hartford
Robert G Pike Middletown
James A Bill Lyme
5000Commissioners first appointed September 11 1886
Delaware
Charles Schubert Odessa
Georgia
Hon J T Henderson Commissioner of Agriculture Atlanta
Dr H H Cary Superintendent of Fisheries LaGrange
Under the laws of the State these constitute the Board of Fish
Commissioners
By Legislative Act 1876 February 29

Illinois
N K Fairbank President Chicago
S P Bartlett Secretary Quiucy
Maj George Breuning Centralia
2500Commissioners first appointed May 20 1875
Indiana
Enos B Reed Indianapolis
1000Commissioner first appointed September 1881
Iowa
E D Carlton Spirit Lake
3700Commissioner first appointed March 30 1874
Kansas
S Fee Wamego Pottawatomie county
1000Commissioner first appointed March 10 1877
Kentucky
Wm Griffith President Louisville
P H Darby Princeton
John B Walker Madisonville
Hon C J Waltor Munfordville
Hon John A Steele Midway
W C Price Danville
Hon J M Chambers Independence Kenton county
A H Goble Catlettsburg
J H Mallory Bowling Green
2500Commissioners first appointed January 1 186726
Maine
Henry O StanleySfield Commissioners of Fish and Game
B W Counce Thomaston Commissioner of Sea and Shore Fish
eries
5000Commissioners first appointed January 1 1867
Maryland
G W Delawder Oakland
Dr E W Humphries Salisbnry
10000Commissioners first appointed April 1874
Massachusetts
E A Brackett Winchester
F W Putnam Cambridge
E H Lathrop Springfield
5000Commissioners first appointed May 3 1865
Michigan
Dr J C Parker Grand Rapids
John H Bissell Detroit
Herschel Whitaker Detroit
W D Marks Supt Paris
George D Massey Secretary Detroit
Wm O Butler Jr Detroit
7500Commissioners first appointed April 25 1873
Minnesota
Wm Bird Fairmount
Niles Carpenter Rushford
Robert Ormsby Sweeney President St Paul
S S Watkins Supt Willow Brook St Paul
Missouri
H M Garlichs Chairman St Joseph
J L Smith Jefferson City
H C Wert St Louis
A P Campbell Secretary St Joseph
Superintendents Philip Cuflin Jr St Louis Elias Cottrell St
Joseph
Nebraska
Wm L May Fremont
R R Livingston Plattsmouth
B E Kennedy Omaha
M E OBrien Supt South Bend
Nevada
W M Gary Carson City
1000Commissioner first appointed August 30 1866
New Hampshire
George W Riddle Manchester
Elliott B Hodge Plymouth
John H Kimball Marlborough
Superintendent E B Hodge Plymouth
1000Commissioners first appointed August 30 1866
New Jersey
J R Elkin Pennsgrove
William Wright Newark
F M Ward Newton
1000Commissioners first appointed March 29 1870Monroe A
27
New York
C G Blackford President New York
Gen R U Sherman New Hartford
Wm H Bowman Rochester
A S Joline Tottenville
E G Blackford Shellfish Commissioner
Superintendents Fred Mather Cold Spring Harbor
Green Mumford James A Marks Bloomingdale
15000Commissioners first appointed April 22 1868
North Carolina
Wm J Griffin Chairman Elizabeth City
J B Watson Englehard
Wm T Caho Bayboro
Ohio T
Hon C V Osborn President Dayton
John Hofer Bellaire
A C Williams Secretary Chagrin Falls
John H Lair Cincinnati
E D Potter Toledo
5000Commissioners first appointed May 3 1873
Oregon
F C Reed President Clackamas
E P Thompson Portland
R C Campbell Ranier
Pennsylvania
Henry C Ford President 524 Walnut street Philadelphia
James V Long 75 Fifth avenue Pittsburg
H C Demuth Secretary Lancaster
S B Stilwell Scranton
A S Dickson Meadville
W L Powell Harrisburg
Superintendents John P Creveling Allentown William Butler
7500Commissioners first appointed April 16 1866
Rhode Island
John H Barden Rockland
Wm P Morton Johnson
Henry T Root Providence
7500Commissioners first appointed in 1868
South Carolina
Hon A P Butler Columbia 01Q0
Supt of Fisheries first appointed December 23 1878
Tennessee
W W McDowell Memphis
H H Sneed Chattanooga
Edward D Hicks Nashville
Commissioners first appointed January 10 181
Utah
A Milton Musser Salt Lake City
Vermont
Hon Herbert Brainerd St Albans
1000Commissioners first appointed m 186528
Virginia
Dr J T Wilkins Bridgetown
2500Commissioner first appointed April 1874
Washington Territory
Albert T Stream North Cove Pacific county
Commissioner first appointed November 9 1877
West Virginia
C 8 White President Romney
F J Baxter Treasurer Sutton
James H Miller Secretary Hinton
500Commissioners first appointed January 1 1877
Wisconsin
The Governor exofficio
Philo Dunning President Madison
C L Valentine Secretary and Treasurer Janesville
Mark Douglas Melrose
A V H Carpenter Milwaukee
Calvert Spensley Mineral Point
E S Miner Sturgeon Bay
James Nevin Superintendent Madison
S7000Commissioners first appointed March 20 1874
Wyoming Territory
Louis Miller Laramie
750Commissioner first appointed in 1879
Dakota Florida Idaho Louisiana Mississippi and New Mexico haveno
nsh commissioners 29
GENERAL VIEW
My intimate relations with the farmers of the State and the con
dition of our agriculture enable me to say with confidence that
there are unmistakable evidences of continued improvement and
progress towards independence and a condition of contentment and
prosperity It were idle to claim unqualifiedly that the farmers
of Georgia are in a prosperous condition It is gratifying to know
that there is a steady improvement however that will evidently
result in an assured and permanently prosperous condition For
one I have never anticipated a rapid revival of agriculture in the
South The progress and results of the civil war gave such a
shock to our labor system as has rarely been experienced by the
productive industries of any age or country
Under all the circumstances the progress made in the recupera
tion of our farming interests has been wonderful rather than other
wise
Our farmers are slowly but surely adopting a more rational sys
tem of agriculture they have recovered from the dream of sudden
recuperation by the production of cotton they are ceasing to plant
and are learning to farm
The average farmer of today is unquestionably better informed
in regard to the principle of the science of agriculture than was the
average planter of thirty years ago
It is true that the tendency of the best intellect and enterprise of
the day is to engage in manufacturing enterprizes railroad develop
ment the learned professions Capital follows intellect and seeks
investment in the same channels In the last analysis the burdens
of taxationState and Nationalfall upon and must be borne by
the agriculture of the country In the midst of these and other
embarrassments the farmers are struggling manfully and hopefully
for success They are not only improving in the methods and
details of farm economy but by intelligent cooperation among
themselves they are striving to resist unjust exactions and unrea
sonable rates of interest and at the same time to take an intelli30
gent part in shaping the legislation of the country so that there
may be a more equitable division of the results of industry and a
more equal distribution of the burdens of taxation
There is no doubt of the fact that the farmers themselves are
largely to blame They have not been simply unfortunate they
have made mistakes and have followed after a delusion But they
are becoming alive to this fact while striving to rid themselves of
the burdens imposed by other hands and I confidently predict that
the next period of ten years will show a marked improvement in
all that pertains to the rural industries of the State The immense
strides made in the development of our manufactures mines rail
roads etc cannot fail to exert a reflex influence for the develop
ment of our agriculture
IN CONCLUSION
I desire to express my high appreciation of the efforts and labors
of the officers and employes of the Department to whose industry
and efficiency the people of Georgia are largely indebted for the
measure of success that has been attained in the administration of
this office
In this expression of appreciation and gratitude I include the
corps of correspondents and crop reporters throughout the State
Finally I wish to thank you Governor for the active interest
you have constantly manifested in the work of this Department
and for your earnest and sympathizing cooperation in my effort to
promote the prosperity and happiness of the farmers of Georgia I
have never appealed to you in vain for advice and assistance in the
discharge of the onerous and at times perplexing duties of my
office
All of which is respectfully submitted
J T HENDERSON
Commissioner of AgricultureA
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